1913-08-28 — Page 5

ather Folmer &

The lite "Merchany of the Last

WAPIER JOHNSTONE'S

'SQUARE BOTTLE "

WHISKY.

UNVARIED FOR OVER

150 YEARS.

ACTIONS AND REACTIONSİ IN CHINA.

1-FOREIGN RELATIONS-THE .. STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY.

Continued..

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, THURSDAY, AUGUST 28TH, 1913.

From the considerations already advanced it is

a reasonable conclusion that the dis putes and struggles that characterized foreign intercourse under the Ch'ing dynasty would have occurred under the Mings also had they been ruling in the 19th century. What so long prevented the question from arising was China's geo- effected by her graphical isolation, remoteness from Europe, and as this pbstacle was gradually worn down and intercourse became more frequent, the

THE SAME TO-DAY AS IN gradual growth of foreign interests in

1745.

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free B

MARTIN'S APIOLASTEEL

[74

NOTICES TO CONSIGNEES

China and the great increase in the numbers of foreigners residing in or visiting the country soon made it evident that relations could not remain on the old footing. China began to feel oueasy at the influx of the barbarians," and the "barbarians" horrified China still more by elaiming that their laws were superior to those of China and refusing to submit to the latter, and finally by suggesting that their rulers were at least as great as the Son of Heaven, the Lord of Ten Thousand- Years!

This state of affairs gradually developed into the struggle of the West for recognition at the hands of China. This involved the overthrow of the self-satisfied superior attitude of the Chinese and more

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so of their Manchu rulers in the early given the same degree of "respectful reigning Emperor, Hsien-feng, days of foreign relations the Peking elevation" above the body of the docu- Court, either through ignorante or-con-ment-a very important point in Chinese, celt, held itself to be the overlord of the eyes. Article XI. of the same Treaty world, and claimed that the sovereigns of provided for the form of official corres the Western nations were its feudatories, pondence, and it was agreed that Her owing allegiance to and subject to the Majesty's Chief High Officer in China orders of the Emperor of China. Two should correspond with the Chinese High wars were necessary before China would Officers in the ches-hur form, ., on a admit the right of Western Powers to footing of perfecs equality (when Lord treat with her on a footing of equality, Napier, in 1834, attempted to announce the Canton Governor-General his and since then this right has had to be to guarded with jealous care, lest a slight assumption of office, his communication Captain H. Rohde, having arrived, Consignos omission or lapse in some point of Chinese was not received because it was in the of Cargo are hereby informed that their goods are being landed and placed at their risk in the etiquette, quite unimportant to Euro form of a "letter" instead of being a England. The next stage took place in Peking, with the exception of the Dutch hazardous and or extra-bazardous odorus of peans, should give Chinese mandarins an the Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf std Gedown opportunity to make the Western Power

FROM EUROPE,

THE H.A.L. Steamabip

THE

"OCKERMARK,"

"petition ").

ther Peace Protocol of 1901)

[629-3

time on the anti-dynastie movement never

that if the Powers had not protested I compelled to abandon bis aaaumed against China's ex parte action in this superiority and come to terms with a caso, she would have flattered herself that handful of outer barbarians, and this she had won a great diplomatic victory dealt such a blow at the traditional in- over them. It is only to be regretted that fallibility and impregnability of the similar diligence in guarding the Manchu rule that the inhabitants of the minutie of international etiquette was south and littoral were given new hopes. not shown when Prince Ch'ing violated The will to overthrow the Manchus had the same section of the Protocol by hold always been present with them, even in ing the ports of Director-General of the the palmy days of K'ang-hai, and these This did not complete the process of Army Board and of Prime Minister in inroads on the Imperial prestige encour exhibiting to the people of China their addition to his Presidency of the Waiwaged thert in their scheming by demon- pa. (The same solicitude for the smallest strating that the Emperor was not rulers in their true perspective, and of educating them to a realization of the points of procedure is shown in the com- all-powerful or supreme over the whole importance of the "outside countries "parative table of precedence contained in world, and by showing on how feeble a basis bis rule really stood. From that Article VII of the Treaty of Tientsin. They had been shown that, so far from

Tested the Taiping rebellion was -its- the Son of Heaven wing able to give his and in the ceremonial rules attached to

"dutiful" King of

greatest manifestation, since when there commands to the

The audience' question ig another

has been a succession of risings and England, it was necessary to form a

instance of the same kind. It was not autinies in Canton, connecting that special Office, with the Emperor's own' brother at its head, to conduct business until October 16th, 1872, that European epoch-making event with the revolution

Foreign intercourse brought in ita with the representative of the King of envoys were received in audienco at of 1911.

was complaisant train many other factor-missionaries. embassy of 1795 that 1901, when China was required to assent

over the Pou-t'ou question and- was education, the Press, and so forth-all of te the supreme importance of interccordingly transformed into a harlo which have had and still have a potent The right of direct communication

national relations. The Teungli Yamen, Governments, on a footing of equality was thus established. The Treaty of Tientsin members were all ez-officio in virtue of place subsequently to the marriage and took the matter another step forward. It their other posts, was reconstructed out emancipation of the Emperor Tung-chill, was held in the Tze-kwang Ko (Pavilion provided for the residence in Peking of of existence, being transformed at the of Purple Radianco), and in spite of the

British Envoy, and in particular Waiwupa (Board of Foreign Affairs),

the and individual Powers are examined. stipulated on his behalf that "He shall which was to take precedence over all the step forward that it represented, left of England has hitherto been datiful not be called apon to perform any other Boards. It was further stipulated room for complaint in two particulars,

ceremony derogatory to him as represent that there should be a prince or duke of The Pre-kwang Ko is not

intimately associated with the idea of for those immediately interested) were and submissive," while His Majesty's ing the Sovereign of an independent imperial blood at the head of the Board, Forbidden City, and was at the same time No Fire Insurance will be offested by us in terms as 'On every occasion before the fpation on a footing of equality with that and that he should hold no other offices vassalage, being the place in which the totally indifferent whether Manchuria of China. On the other hand, he shall (Prince Ching, it may be remarked, periodical missions from the tributary but the seizure by Germany of Kinochow. passed out of China's possession or not, taipan leaves Macao, and after he returns, it will be his duty to report to these the same forms of ocremony and white he presided at the Waiwunu, was

were habitually received. The choice of Dalny, and Japan's gradual absorption He must keep his station respect to His Majesty the Emperor as also, first, Director-General of the Army kings of Korea and the Liu-kiu Islands Russia's occupation of Port Arthur and Board, and afterwards Prime Minister.) this venue was unquestionably made with of Manchuria furnished agitators with a the Ambassadors, sub-prefect.

fine text, from which they could preach and diligently attend to his official are employed by

Ministers, or Diplomatic Agents of Hor The inauguration of Parliamentary malice aforethought, but the implied on the weakness of the Manchu rulers, duties,"

Even immediately after China Majesty towards the sovereigns of Government in China, and the establish-insult was rectified by the Pears Protocol the danger to the State resulting there hat had her first lesson, the Peace Com-

independent

equal European ment of a responsible Cabinet under the of 1901, Annex No. 19 providing that from, and the necessity for Chinese tako stops to missioner saw no impropriety in such

nations." China was, little by little, revised Constitution of November 3rd, audiences should take place in one of the patriots themselves to

protect their land. Inngunge as "Having experienced during being shown that her Emperor was net 1911, necessitated some change, the Con- balls of the Palace (the Chien eling We have seen that the Republic dawried month past that the Honourable supreme over the world, and that there stitution,Art, VIII., providing that Men-Kang), and also prescribing minutely the with promises of greater facilities, and Admiral preserves in his language a respectful sense of duty; that he has were those who were prepared. to dispute bers of the Imperial Clan cannot become etiquette to be observed at such audiences, improved conditions for foreign inter- abstained from causing any trouble, etc" his authority and even to lay down rules Prime Minister or Minister of State; thus completing the latest stage in the happened yet to justify hope for the

Co., Ltd., whance delivery may be obtained lose. face and constitute, in Chinese between the British and the Chin which had no statua of its own, and whats quinade. This first audience, which took influence in shaping the course of events.

against Bills-of-Lading countersigned by the Undersigned.

Optional Cargo will be carried on unless native to the contrary be given TO-DAY.

All Claims must be par ante, after which date presented within days

they cannot be recognized

No Claims will be admitted after the Goods have left the Godowns, and all Goods remaining undelivered after the 31st just will bo subject

to rent.

All broken, chafed, and damaged gools must

be left in the Godowns, where they will be

examined on the 30th inst.. at 9.30 AM.

any case wha'over.

This Steamer brings on Cargo:

Ex 6.6. "Senegambia" from Havre,

Ex 8.5. "Göteborg" from Göteborg.

Ex ss. "Frans" Erdin Abus.

Ex Es." Brands" from Skien.

Ex 8.5. "Björn" from Christianía.

HAMBURG AMERIKA LINIE,

Hongkong Office.

(1009

Hongkong, 25th August, 1913.

NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES,

THE P. & O. §. N. Co.'s Steamer

"NORE."

No Claims will be admitted after the Goody have left the. Gedowns.

E. A. HEV ETT,

Superintendent.

Hongkong, 2let August, 1913.

eyes, an admission of their country's superiority.

The affected superiority of China is reflected in the language used by her officials when referring to foreign coun tries. Thus, in 1837 we find the Governor- Cieneral of Canton saying, The King

representative was referred to în such

was

for him.

and

in

contest fought by the foreign Powers for the suppression of anything smacking of inferiority of states in their official relations with the Government of China.

FOREIGN RELATIONS-GENERAL RESULTS.

It is no more coincidence that Canten

of

and which will be considered in later articles,

On account of their direct effect on China's politics, the aggressions- of certain Powers call for mention here, though they will be dealt with in more detail when the relations between China

Probably the mass of the people (except

Cours

Needless to say, nothing has

further, they cannot in any province hold

fulfilment of these promises the indica Arrival Hongkong on 21st August, 1913, Of a piece with this was the treatment

tion, and there is far, more reason to Other points in connection with equality office in the administration." Accord

tions point rather in the opposite direc FROM ANTWERP, LONDON, MALIA of the carly Embassies. Lord Macartney

of Young China will seek to maintain PORT SAID, SUEZ AND STRAITS.

the old self-sufficient attitude and will Consignees of Carge by the above-ramad (1799) was regarded as an envoy from a of international intercourse provided for ingly, when Yuan Shih-kai formed his

anticipate that the overweening conceit made to carry in this Treaty were the comparative first Cabinet, Prince Ching had to retire and from the Waiwupu, his place being taken

carry on the old tradition of trying. vesel are hereby informed that their goods are tributary State, was

"a precedence of Consular officers being landed and placed AT TREI RK in the banners to the effect that he was

This, though an

whenever possible, to put foreign Powere of Chinese officials. a Consul ranking on aby Lang Tun-yen. Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown

from the Country Company's Godowns at Kowloon, whore each tribute-bearer

tion of slights. The off-hand called upon

to footing of absolute equality with an inevitable outcome of the changed con- was at first the cockpit of the struggle in a position of inferiority by the inflic Consignment will be sorted out Mark by Mark England," and

Protocol. The Chinese and delivery can be obtained as the Goods are fou-tou, but, by his firm attitude, Intendant of Circuit, and so on; and theditions, was a breach of the terms of the for the admission of foreigners into an of Fratuitous shines Gove-hat Government Chinn and that the Cantonese are now affected to treat the alteration of the constitution of the lauded.

Waiwupu is E straw showing the Optioral Goods will be landed here unless avoided this last humiliation. A Russian probibition of the use, with reference to instructions are given to the contrary within mission in 1805, and Lord Ambert's foreigners, of the character yi, "bar apparently did not realize this: the the most progressive and enlightened af Treaty-imposed 6 hours.

Goods not cleared within 8 days including mission in 1816, were, rendered abortive barian" (In The International Rela. change was announced, in a somewhat the Chinese peoples, or can it, on the direction of the wind, and the position owing principally to the deadlock arising tions of the Chinese Empire, p. 124. cavalier way, to the Legations, and little other band, be contended that the intellec-taken up by Liang Juhao (M. T. Liang) Ministry of Foreign Affairs is another date of arrival will be abject to rent.

to foreign influence. The

indication of the same sort. Mr. Liang No Fire Insurance will be effected by me to from the Chinese demand, and the Euro-Morse saye Barbarian is sanctified or no desire was shown to take into tual superiority of the Cantonese is dae on his assumption of the head of the say case whatever.

Damaged packages must be left in the pean refusal, of the prostration of the hy use, and is as adequate a rendering as account the other parties to the original solely

Chinese any other of the Chinese word "yi" agreement from which the Waiwapu superiority is innate, but intercourse with claimed that, contrary to the regular envoy before the Godowns for examination by the Consigness European

assumption of office, instead of his calling and the Company's surveyors, Messrs. GODDARD Emperor. Dr. S. Wells Williams' re- which actually designates the uncivilized derived its constitution. The Diplomatic foreigners provided first the incentive custom in Poking, the foreign Ministers the 'oulou question are peoples, especially those to the East of Body accordingly reminded the Waiwupu and then the opportunity for the develop should pay him an official call on his this mental superiority, on theta. The Diplomatic Body refused and Dovelas, ut 10 AM. on MONDAYS and THURSDAYS. All Claims must be presented marks on within ten days of the steamer's arrival here, worthy of quotation. (F. W. Williams China, who squat on the floor and do that this constitution was the result of an ment

This is pointed out in p.188 of deadlock arose, the only Minister to after which date they cannot be recognised. Life and Letters of Dr. S. Fell, Williams, not use chairs squatters' in a literal international agreement, and recommend culminating in the evolution of Young to pay this tribute to Young China, and

ed it to apply to the Powers for their China.

exchange visits with Mr. Liang being Events and Present the Trench, who arrived subsequently to p. 404.) Writing à propos of an Imperial seace.")

I felt

"As the means of the appointment of the Minister for Policies in China: Another step towards putting inter- assent to the change. Then the Waiwupu Bland's. Recent audience he says, "To-day

Unfortunately, too. D reasoned explanation of the

communication increased between West Foreign Affairs.

though the of nationalism that is

spirit more than over that we should then have national relations on a satisfactory foot gave 1)

done both ourselves and the Chinese à ing was the establishment of an Office of changes, pointing out that they sprang and East, the advantages of their characteristic of Young Chius leads to a trading centre the saras conceit and sell-sufficiency that wrong if we had made even a courtsey Foreign Affairs, the Tsung-li kkue from the inauguration of the "revised

1860 such Constitution and emphasizing the solemn strategic position as before the sovereign of China. The one bi-wu Ya-min. Prior to

any growth of national honour-the way great iden associated with him and his foreign intercourse as took place at inviolability of this instrument, and carried with it certain disabilities which, have on Drevious occasions led to the position in the minds of his subjects is Peking was conducted through the Lifan requesting that their despatch should be in the end, proved stimulating to the country's humiliation, there is no sign of communicated for the information of collective intelligence of the City of in which the foreign-educated officials Rams. For the unjust exactions sud of the Cabinet and of the Ministry for his rank above all other monarchs on Yan (The "Tribes Office"-Mongolian

Colonial Office), the... Government, that their indignities inflicted upon British traders Foreign Affairs have dealt with, e... the earth, and that he is officially the Vice- Superintendency

tions, points rather in the other direction. gerent, the Son of Heaven, of whom only foreign sovereigns being thus placed in assent thereto should be obtained, in

It is not, however, in the substance and JONSIGNEUR of Cargo are hereby informed one can, of course, exist in this world." the same category as the nomad, princes grder that the principle of a constitu brought down upon Canton the pains Opium Agreement, and the Loan negotia

all art being landed at their princesena tune the p might be Creativity and penalties of two disastrous wars

tion." Not until this was done did the home to an arrogant but quick-witted the now conditions in China will make so much as in her dealing with the factors Godowne of the Hongkong sud Kowloon Whart that laid down in the Peace Protocol of multifarious dignitaries of the Lamaist advanced in accordance with the constitu- Twice within twenty years was it brought method of her diplomatic intercourse that harian and his material equipment, at that foreigners have brought in their constitution of the Waiwupu.

Those train-extraterritoriality, education, etc. whartes delivery may be obtained.

The footing on which intercourse between No Claims will be admitted after the Goods of many a hard lesson, and as the gradual | could not continue when the representa-

or severe object lessons assuredly contributed the Powers and China is carried on has enforcement of the right of foreign envoys tives of foreign Powers were resident in All this might doubtless be character least, were worthy of study,

15 hair-splitting pedantry to be accorded and to claim due respect the capital, and, after the conclusion of

Republic is certain to attempt to compass us the representatives of their sovereigns peace in 1860, a special council was red-tape. That is a mistake: the case is to the education of the Cantonese, which been won only by repeated struggles and corresponds to and is typical of the appointed by the Emperor to decide upon just one example of the jealousy with has given them their ascendancy in every constant vigilance, and though

gain prestige, there is small chance of gradual breaking down of the barriers of the manner in which foreign affairs should which the smallest point connected with department of Young China's political modifications by which she may have to Chinese exclusiveness and the education he conducted, and, as a result of its the status of foreign countries has to be and intellectual activities."

It has already been shown that another either the artifices of Young China or the issued

guarded vis-à-vis China. It is one of the

{The first article of the series appeared. characteristics of China's diplomacy that result of these years of foreign inter- natural course of events working much she is always trying to trip up the Powers course was to exhibit to the people of change in the established order of things, over minute points of etiquette and so China the inherent weakness of the in the Hongkong Daily Press of Angust make them "lose face," and it is certain Manchu rulers. They saw the Emperor 25th.}

"BEN" LINE OF STEAMERS.

NOTICE TO CONSIGNEES.

5.8. "BENALDER," FROM MIDDLESBRO', LONDON AND STRAITS.

risk into the hardens and or extrs hazardous

or

and

and Godown Co, Ltd., whence and/or from the 1901 represents the learning by China hierarchy. This state of affairs obviously | Peking Legations accept the changed race that the methods of the outer bar. themselves apparent and take their effect

have bft the Gedowes, and all Goods remaining andelivered after the 2nd Sept. will be sabjeel to rent.

All Claims against the Steamer mast

preacuted to the Undersigned on or before the 9th Sept, or they sill not be recogzired.

All freken, chatod and damaged Goods are

to be left in the Godowns, where they will bo of the nation, it may be of interest to recommendations, a Decree was oramined on the 2nd Sept., at 11 AM

No Fire Insurance has been effected.

Bills of Lading will be countersigned by

GIBB, LIVINGSTON & Co.,

Agents.

Hongkong, 25th August, 1913.

[1011

trace the successive stages

干

on January 18th, 1861, commanding the In the preamble to the Treaty of Nan-formation of the Taungli Yamen for the king (1842) the titles of Queen Victoria purpose, and appointing, among others, and of the Emperor of China were both Prino Kung (1-hsin), brother of the then

ized

the