1912-10-26 — Page 5

Page

Famerő

the life tekne Mechange of the love

INAPIER

JOHNSTONE'S

“SQUARE BOTTLE"

WHISKY.

UNVARIED FOR OVER.

150 YRAES.

THE SAME TO-DAY AS IN

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BEWARE OF IMITATIONS.

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and from ALL WINE MERCHANTS.

BELIABLE CONNECTION

FOR

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bush Pakety toy nil Tyregulārtikas.

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MARTIN'S

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1960

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FOR THE HAIR.

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DYSPEPSIA

and Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines.. may be speedily relieved and in a short time entirely cured by a safe and absolutely harmless remedy, recommended by the medical pro- fession of Europe.'

STOMALIX

ai this remedy is named, is introduced to the- public as the best and safest: Legatzientif all cases of weak, sluggish and tecjadrat dij

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Distributing Aguats i

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0

THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26ru, 1912.

THE GERMAN COLONY IN CHINA.at mutę

[BY LOUIS HAMILTON · IN UNITED EMPIRE."]

Little attention seems to be paid in the heart of the Empire to the foothold of Germany in China, and (apparently) almost none in the great Dominions. Yet surely the future of China and the part that Germany may play in the evolution of 400 millions of the world's population are matters which vitally con- cern every section of the British Empire. Australasia especially should take interest in this question. For the rest, old colonising nation that we are-using the word colonising in its modern sense. we have not learnt all our lessons yet. We can learn much from what Germany is doing quietly and unostentatiously in China Her introduction of order, health, system, education, and afforesta tion are respect-compelling factors which speak sloquently to awakening China of & country which to her is a new world. Power risen out of obscurity. She no longer looks upon Kiaochau as a thorn in her side, but as a sound spot, from of which the health-giving example Occidental civilisation radiates through the Celestial Empire.

'Germany's conviction that she needed a foothold in the Far East dates back fur- ther than is generally supposed. If this conviction was in no way widespread, yet there were politicians far-sighted enough -and in those days, hafore the consolida tion of the Empire, it required an extra- ordinary amount of far-sightedness-to recognise that a footing of a concrete form was an indispensable condition to any expansion of German trade and political influence in China. Amongst the first promulgators of this idea was Buron von Richthofen, who drew atteri- tion in Germany to the importance of Kinochau Bay as far back

1800.

Britain was in possession of Hongkong, Portugal of Macao, France of Tongking, Japan of Formosa before Germany gain- ed a permanent foothold on Chinese soil. The email settlement areas in Tientsin and Hankow secured by her after the peace of Shimonoseki could in no way be regarded as real strategical points, nor could they count as footholds. Germany had three places on the Chinese coasts in view Amoy, Samasul Bay, and Kiso chan Bay. Partly as the result of the murder of two members of the German missions in Shantung the latter place was finally decided on, and German war- ships appeared before Tsingtau, and troops were landed. On March 1th, 1898, a treaty was concluded between Germany and China whereby the Bay of Kiacchau was leased from China for a provisional torm of 90 years. The ultimate steps that led to this leasing of Chinese territory were not, however, solely actuated by commercial interest. The Chino-Japanese war had pointed to the necessity of a military base in the shape of a naval and coaling station for Germany, if she hoped to develop trade in the Far East and be in the position to protect it. On April 27th, 1898, the territory was de- clared by an Imperial edict to be German Protectorate.

a

The Bay of Kiaochau is an extensive inlet, the entrance of which is 13 miles ncross. The east side is low and rocky, and it is here the town of Taingtau has been erected in place of a forlorn and dilapidated Chinese village and military camp. The western side of the entrance is also rocky in character, and forms another promontory, the hills of which rise to 1000 feet here the shore is treacherous and dangerous, whereas that of the castern side of the entrance offers no difficulty to navigation, and has a The bay good stretch of sandy beach.

itself is so large that land at its head can only just be seen from the entrance, from which it is about twenty miles distant. The waters of the same gradually get shallower as its north side is approached, owing to an accumulation of sand.. Consequently the old Chinese city Kiao- chau (once a port of some importance) lies nearly five miles from the bay, and beyond the limits of the German Pro tectorate proper, which only extends to high-water mark around the head of the bay along its northern and western shores. The total area is 193 square miles; that of the "hinterland" sphere of influence, the demarcation of which is a 50-kilometre radins, is 2,750 English square miles.

The population of the Protectorate is roughly 160,000 Chinese; that of the town of Tsingtau 33,000 Chinese, and 2,000 Europeans exclusive of 2,000 German troops.

The Bay of Kiaochau, as a glance at the map will show, seems to be the natural entrance and exit for the Province of Shantung, and by many is considered the maritime key to the whole of the pro vince. Shantung itself, of all the coastal provinces of China, is economically the least exploited, and it compares in this respect unfavourably with the other maritime provinces. Yet this is not due to lack of natural resources in the interior; its coal alone will make it one of the most important coastal provinces of China. With the exception of the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River), which cuts through the north-western portion of the province, Shantung is not blessed with. great navigable streams, nor are the coal- fields tapped by the Hwang-Ho or Yün- liang-ho (Imperial Canal). The great canal would hardly be of any use for the transport of such heavy and bulky material as coal. Nor is it to be depend- ed upon as a waterway; and the Yellow River at its best only permits of a limited and slow water traffic.

Like many a country, the province needed that magic wand, the railway, to call forth undreamed-of development and prosperity, not only for itself, but for its hinterland, the coal and ron province Shanai. The fact that pari of the latter. province north of the Yellow River ia connected with Tientsin by a number of navigable rivers does not in any way detract from the value of the railway, owing to the fact that these rivers are frozen in winter.

It seems needless to remark that a port with coal at its door is best suited for a naval stronghold. Such a one was not easily found, and the number of ports to small lamentably choose from "Hongkong and Shanghai are the two emporia of the south, and in the north

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there were but two places pre-eminently One, suited to Germany's purpose. Tientsin, was for various international and other reasons out of the question; Kiaochau alone remained to be chosen. The places suitable for consideration along the southern coast did not full the required conditions Contrary to ex- pectations it was found that they had not even safe harbours. Certainly they would have economically well-developed hinterland; but none had an extensive hinterland; their limits are soon reached; nor would the exports from even the Dearest districts have flowed to a place which had to be newly founded, for each valley had its old-established trade and traffic outlet. Briefly there was no port with suitable interior possibilities "going

ап

begging" on the SE. coast, and the choice of a future German foothold lay perforce between the Yang-tse-tsiang and Yellow River, at a spot both protected and harbour anfe and offering ค anchorage, easily fortified, and free from ice.

The chief town of the Protectorate is Tsingtau. It lies near the end of the north-western peninsula that forms the narrow entrance of the bay. Its southern part looks to the Yellow Sea, its northern part stretches almost across the peninsula and faces towards the bay and the har bours (Kleiner Hafen and - Grosser Hafen"); thus the town has anchorage to the south (Tsingtau Bay) and to the north. The large harbour has three moles, the first accommodating five vessels with berths, the second likewise, the third is for kerosene ships. The frat mole pro- jects out towards a small island from which a sea-wall (five kilometres in length) has been built in a semicircle to the land, and the two form the entrance to the large harbour with its area of about 300 hectares, perfectly protected from the waves of the bay. Loading and unloading of ships, warehousing, etc., are carried out by the Government. The moles and quays of both harbours are connected up with the Shantung railway, enabling goods to be transferred at once The from ship to rail and vice versa. harbour works, among the best in East Asia, are lighted by electricity, and per- fectly paved; the sheds, warehouses, and other harbour buildings, either of brick or stone, are ornamental as well as useful, which is more than can be said for most buildings of this class. The Great Har- bour has a minimum depth of 9 metres. Finally there is a large shipbuilding yard known as the "Tsingtauwerft" provided with a 16,000-ton floating dock, a 150-ton crane, and a mile of quays. Both warships. and other ships can be docked and re- paired. The Small Harbour serves for coasting craft and junks, and possesses a landing-bridge 160 metres in length, and other conveniences such as coal, wood, and storage yarde and sheds.

Tsingtau was declared a free port in Soptember, 1808; it is a harbour with all the advantages of a treaty port. As a free port, remarks the Directory and Chronicle For Chins and Japan" (1910), it expecially recommends itself as an emporium, since the merchant could there store, free of duty, his wares from abroad, or his raw material brought from the interior of China Chins first levied import duties on goods coming there by sea if they were transported across the Protectorate borders; the export duties only applied when they were sent from the German Protectorate on arrival from Chinese territory. According to the 1800 Convention, however, Tsingtau ceased to be a free port, and duties are now collected there by the Imperial Maritime Customs. But in pursuance of a special agreement between the German and Chin- ese Empires, China refunds 20 per cent. of the duties collected. According to the Customs Report of 1906 "the principal object of the arrangement, which more- over afforded the opportunity of a political rapprochement and material concessions for mutual benefit on both sides, was the creation and promotion of trade and commerce between the Pacht- gebiet and the Chinese hinterland." The results of the first epoch have conclusively proved the wisdom of this novel arrangement. Under it trade de- veloped beyond expectation, and rose from a value of 2,000,000-taels in 1880 to 22,000,000 in 1905; and Taingtau, the former dilapidated fishing village, grew into a handsome city with a flourishing mercantile community and a promise of good profits and further development. Its success emboldened the merchants, foreign and Chinese, to ask for the limitation of the free area (which for merly comprised the whole Pachtgebiet) to the harbour on much the same lines as the German free ports Hamburg and Bremen: The chief advantage of this atep lies in the removal of Customs control from the railway station to the free area, and the consequent freedom of goods and passengers to pass in and out, from and to the hinterland, without hindrance or control of any kind-a traffic simplification from which a con- siderable trade was expected. This ex- pectation was reelised during the first year. The total value of the import and export trade of the year (30.7 million Haikwan tsels) showed an increase of 8-9 million, or 33 per cent, over that of the previous year. Another feature de serving of record is the influence on the Chinese. The new arrangement inspired confidence in the stability and future of the port, and has attracted artisans, traders, and wealthy Chinese firms, which, hitherto dealing with Chefoo, had kept aloof from the place.

BANISH

(Continued on Page 8.)

INDIGESTION

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Mr. Robt Woodgate, of Wither enden Cottage, Ticehurst Road, Stonegate. Sussex, r ting on April 18th, 1912, my Soree months I fell ill of indigestion. My ago trouble consisted of flatulence, head- ache, and constipation. The flatu- lence was so severe that I have many a time paced up and down my bed room all night long, quile unable to get a wink of sleep. A night spent in this manner would be followed by an equally dreadful day of dull, For a long oppressive headache. time I could find no relief, though tried many riedicines and several different kinds of treatment, but two bottles of Mother Seigel'n Syrap cured me completely."..

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17