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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-001 - Sir Hug Cough-s China Military Correspondences - 1841-1843",
        "page_number": 253,
        "title": "CO129-001 - Sir Hug Cough-s China Military Correspondences - 1841-1843",
        "content_text": "\nNo. 7. Viscount Palmer- ston to Sir Henry Pottinger, \n\n2 June 1841. \n\nCORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO \n\nand military force as may be considered by the Governor-general of India suffi- cient for the service which it may be called upon to perform; but it is desirable that should proceed to China as soon as you can, if you find, ou reaching Calcutta, that such a force is already gone thither; and you should accompany that force, if it shall be despatched to China after you reach Calcutta. \n\nyou \n\nThe first operation which the naval and military force will have to perform, if that operation is not accomplished before your arrival in China, will be the re-occupation of the island of Chusan; and that should precede any negotiation on your part. As soon as Chusan is occupied, you should establish yourself there, either on shore or on board ship, as you may find most convenient; and you should send from thence a communication to be forwarded to the Government at Pekin, announcing your arrival, and stating that you are ready to treat with any Plenipotentiary duly commissioned and furnished with full powers by the Emperor of China for that purpose. \n\nIt is for many reasons inexpedient that you should negotiate in the neighbour- hood of Canton. The distance of that point from Pekin would furnish fair excuses for delays, which would be highly inconvenient; and the Chinese nego- tiator would, in the neighbourhood of Canton, be exposed to many influences unfavourable to such a settlement as Her Majesty's Government require. \n\nBut you might negotiate either in the neighbourhood of Chusan, or at the mouth of the Pciho River; and you will use your discretion in fixing upon the one or the other of these points, according to circumstances. It appears to Her Majesty's Government, that if the state of the season, and other considerations, should leave you at liberty to choose between those two points, there would be some advantage in negotiating at the mouth of the Peiho, because of the near- ness of that point to Pekin, and because, on account of that nearness, the nego- tiation might more easily be brought to an early conclusion, one way or the other. If you should negotiate there, it is desirable that the Admiral should accompany you thither, and that he should take with him, if the season admits of it, such a force as might give a respectable character to the mission; but this is less important now than it would have been before the Chinese had felt the force of the British arms. On the other hand, if you should negotiate in the neigh- bourhood of Chusan, the Chinese Plenipotentiary would have before his eyes greater and more manifest evidences of the power of Great Britain; but then the distance between that point and Pekin might justify and even render necessary delays which it is desirable to avoid. \n\nBut whatever arrangements you may succeed in making with the Chinese Plenipotentiary, those arrangements must be embodied in a Treaty, to be signed by yourself and by the Chinese Plenipotentiary, in the name of your respective Sovereigns; and to be afterwards ratified by each Sovereign; and you should obtain a formal announcement of the ratification of the Treaty by the Emperor of China, before you can consider the Treaty as valid, and before you send it home for the ratification of Her Majesty. The Chinese ratification will of course not be actually placed in your hands till Her Majesty's ratification shall have reached you for the purpose of its being exchanged with that of the Emperor. But the payments ought to begin, and the other arrangements should take effect, as soon as the Emperor shall have ratified the Treaty. \n\n(No. 17.) \n\n-No. 7.- \n\nCopy of a DESPATCH from Viscount Palmerston to Sir Henry Pottinger, Bart. \n\nSir, \n\nForeign Office, 2 June 1841. \n\nSINCE my instructions of the 31st ultimo were written, information has reached this country, that towards the end of February hostilities had recom- menced between the British forces in China and the Chinese Authorities, and that the forts in the Canton river had been forced and taken possession of by the British forces, and that British troops had occupied the British factory at Canton. \n\nHer Majesty's Government have not yet received the official accounts of these transactions, but may probably do so before the messenger departs from hence on the 4th to convey the overland mails to Marseilles. If those despatches should arrive before that day, and should lead to any change in the instructions \n\nalready \n\nMILITARY OPERATIONS IN CHINA. \n\nalready given to you, I shall not fail to write to you again; but in the mean- while, and as at present informed, I have to state to you that the only alteration which this intelligence seems to render necessary in my former instruction, is that you should be left at liberty to enter into negotiation at Canton, if, on your arrival there, you should find in that place any Plenipotentiary sent thither by the Emperor of China, for the purpose of negotiating with the Plenipotentiary of Her Majesty. \n\nYou will, however, even in that case, exercise your discretion as to removing the seat of negotiation to some more northerly point, if you should think it expedient to do so. \n\n--No. 8.- \n\nI am, &c. (signed) \n\nPalmerston. \n\nCorr of a LETTER from Viscount Pulmerston to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. \n\nForeign Office, 2 June 1841. \n\nMy Lords, I TRANSMIT to you, for communication to Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker, Viscount Palmer- \n\nNo. 8. who is about to proceed to India to take the naval command on that station, stou to the Lords a copy of the instructions (Nos. 16 and 17) which I have addressed to Sir Henry Commissioners of Pottinger, who is going out as Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary to settle the differ- \n\nthe Admiralty, ences between this country and China; and I have to signify to your Lordships \n\n2 June 1841. the Queen's pleasure that instructions should be given to Sir William Parker in conformity with what is contained in that part of the instruction to Sir Henry Pottinger which relates to the naval and military force. \n\nIt is the wish of Her Majesty's Government that the general direction and superintendence of the military and naval operations which may become necessary in China should be placed in the hands of Lord Auckland, Governor-general of India; it being convenient that this should be, on account of the greater near- ness of India to China, and also because the land force employed and to be em- ployed in China consists chiefly of troops sent from the East Indian Establishment. I have therefore to signify to your Lordships Her Majesty's commands, that instructions to this effect should be given to Sir William Parker, and that he should be directed to follow, in regard to the operations to be carried on in China, such directions as he may receive on that subject from the Governor- general. \n\nI have only to add, that it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government that the operations which it may become necessary to carry on in China should be directed as much as possible against the Chinese Government and its Authorities, and as little as possible against the Chinese people. That consequently, attacks upon forts, and the occupation of military and commanding positions, and the capture or destruction of war junks, should be the kind of operations to be preferred; and that in no case should towns be burnt or destroyed; that if it should become necessary to prevent commercial or other communication between different Chinese ports, that measure should, in the first instance at least, be enforced by sending private junks back, and by preventing them from coming out; and that seizure and detention of private junks should only be resorted to if it should ultimately be found necessary. Her Majesty's Government, however, do not include in the class of private junks those which may belong to the farmers of the public revenue. \n\nIt is probable that Sir William Parker would be able to send a force up the Yang-tse-Kiang, and to occupy an island in that river, near the place where the Grand Canal intersects the river; and he might, in such case, either content himself with stopping all communication between the northern and southern provinces by means of the canal; or he might, by blowing up the locks and sluices by means of which the canal communicates with the river, render the canal for some time useless for purposes of communication. As long as he might be able to maintain his position in the river, and thus to stop the traffic on the canal, it might perhaps be unnecessary for him to destroy the locks; or he might possibly attain the same purpose by letting the water of the caual out into the river. \n\nIt is also supposed that an island near Amoy might be occupied, which would give to the British forces the command of all communication between that town and the mainland, or between that town and the sea. \n\n596. \n\nB 3 \n\nUpon",
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        "id": 224590,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-018 - Others - 1846",
        "page_number": 496,
        "title": "CO129-018 - Others - 1846",
        "content_text": "50\n\nREPORT ON\n\nThe proximity of Chapoo (the seat of the China-Japanese trade) to Chusan is of considerable importance, as the merchants engaged in it would doubtless prefer making their purchases of foreign goods at Chusan, free from duty, to proceeding out of their way to Shanghai, to buy them at an enhanced cost.\n\nThe Japanese three centuries ago made Chusan their entrepôt. With 30,000,000 inhabitants—the finest climate in the world—rich in various commodities, and abounding in gold and silver,—Japan is within two or three days' sail of Chusan, and accessible at all seasons of the year. Our occupation of Chusan would sooner or later bring about an intercourse with that exclusive people, the Japanese, on the ground that we had formerly a factory in 1613, at Nangasaki, in Japan; that we were unjustly expelled; and that we have an equal right with the Dutch to trade on free and just terms with the Japanese.\n\nThere are several other places with which a trade might be opened with Chusan, viz., with Corea, which contains about 12,000,000 inhabitants; with the Loochoo islands; the coast of Mantchouria; the Kurile islands; and even with Kamstchatka, &c. In fact, a new and large commercial world would be opened to England.\n\nThe whale fishing is now being extended into the Northern Pacific, Chinese, and Japanese seas. Driven successively from the northern and southern polar regions, this gigantic and useful animal is seeking refuge in seas hitherto little frequented, from his untiring pursuers. To the whale-ships, Chusan would be an invaluable port for recruitment.\n\nIn viewing Chusan as a commercial emporium, it is important to bear in mind, that although the largest class of ships in the British navy may with as perfect safety reach Chusan, as any other part of the world, yet the navigation to the northward of Chusan is difficult, even for small-class vessels of 200 tons burthen; few of which reach Shanghai without getting on shore on a mud or sand-bank. It would be hazardous for large-class ships to navigate the Woosung river, on which Shanghai is situated.\n\nThe same remark applies to the gulf of Petchely, the Hwango or Yellow river, the Peiho, and the other ports and rivers to the northward of the Yang-tze-kiang.\n\nThis circumstance would give us a great advantage by enabling merchants to send goods direct from England in large ships to Chusan, where they would be transshipped direct to the English coasting craft or Chinese junks, without further expense. At present, goods are sent to Hong Kong or Canton, there warehoused, considerable expense incurred, and then re-embarked in small-class schooners or brigs for the northward; thus materially enhancing the cost of the goods, and delaying their transmission to the place of sale, namely, the richest and most populous districts of China which lie contiguous to Chusan, and render its possession in a mercantile view so important.\n\nEre long the valuelessness of our Consular stations, except Canton and Shanghai, will be fully perceived; it will then be acknowledged that the present stations were hastily and injudiciously selected; that other places, such as Suchoo, at the head of the Woosung river, Chinkeangfoo, near the Grand Canal below Nankin, and Tienstien, the port of the Peiho, were much better adapted for our trade. The annual expense of our Consular establishments on the China coast, of 30,000l. to 40,000l. a-year, without any corresponding advantage, will be severely felt, should the Chinese Government resolve to open no other ports.\n\n51\n\nCHUSAN.\n\nThe intrinsic worth of Chusan as a British port will then be more manifest; our possession of the island will force the Tartar Government of China to the adoption of a less exclusive system: for the natural and apparently instinctive love of a Chinaman for trade would make him the conveyer of our merchandise to the numerous ports and wealthy districts around our settlement; thus bringing about practically a free trade with Chusan, which ultimately the Tartar Government would be forced to recognize, protect, and encourage*.\n\nMaritime Position.—The navigation of the China Sea up to Chusan is perfectly safe and easy on all occasions. The difficulty of reaching\n\nSir James Urmston, who presided for some years over the East India Company's establishment at Canton, says, \"The island of Chusan is situated at a very inconsiderable distance from that part of China which avowedly comprises the most fertile and productive, as well as the most flourishing and opulent provinces and districts of the empire, where the most extensive trade and manufactures are carried on, and in a climate well known to be the most salubrious of any part of China.\n\n\"Chusan is not only most advantageously placed for general trade, but is, in fact, close to those districts which are more immediately connected with the British and foreign trade, that is, at no great distance from the tea and silk districts, and from those marts where British merchandise is required and diffused, as well as those articles which are exported to China from our dominions in India.\n\n\"It may be observed also, that Chusan is well situated for communications with Japan, should we ever be enabled to open a negotiation and establish a trade with that singular country.\n\n\"It may, moreover, be stated, that Chusan is particularly well adapted for offensive or defensive naval and military operations, as well as for interrupting the Chinese coasting trade, which navigate the whole coast of China to an immense extent and amount.\n\n\"It lays, in fact, in the very track of that trade, and the junks which trade with Manila, Cochin China, Siam, Batavia, Singapore, and other places to the southward of China.\n\n\"Viewing the question of a settlement on the coast of China in all its bearings, it appears unquestionable that Chusan possesses advantages infinitely superior to any other of an insular nature along the whole coast of China; and were we so fortunate as to be established there, there is every reason to believe that a most extensive and valuable trade would soon arise, largely benefiting the Chinese of all ranks and classes in that quarter, and proving, as it doubtless would, most advantageous and important to British enterprise and commerce.\" \"Nautical Magazine\" for 1841, pages 44 and 45. [Remarks by Sir James Urmston, in a pamphlet on China published a few years ago, and seen by me for the first time this day in the Straits of Gaspar, August 4, 1845. R. M. MARTIN.]\n\nLindsay's Journal of the voyage made up the Coast of China, has the following remark relative to the insular places: \"Superior to all is the island of Chusan. The advantages of a central situation on the coast, communicating with the very heart of China; of anchorages, harbours, fertility, population, climate, are here all united: Ningpo, Hangehow, Shanghai, and Japan, are distant only a few days' sail. Among these numerous islands (the Chusan group) there are almost as many valuable harbours or places of security for ships of any burthen. This advantage, together with that of their central situation, in respect to the Eastern Coast of China, and the vicinity of Corea, Japan, Loochoo, and Formosa, attract considerable commerce.\" \"Nautical Magazine\" for 1840, p. 302.\n\n£ 2\n\n439",
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    {
        "id": 224608,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-018 - Others - 1846",
        "page_number": 514,
        "title": "CO129-018 - Others - 1846",
        "content_text": "84\n\nBRITISH POSITION\n\nthe description and amount of goods, to be sent to the commissioner of customs at Canton, in a prescribed form, month by month.\n\nThis enactment, and these clauses, have, it is now fully acknowledged, struck a severe blow at the coasting trade; the duty and restrictions on the lorchas and small craft, rendering them too expensive, and the regulations on the Chinese vessels effectually prohibiting them from ever daring to ask for passes to trade with Hong Kong.\n\nThe supplemental treaty appears to have been most craftily designed for destroying any prospective benefit that Hong Kong might possibly have derived from the usual energy and enterprise of British merchants. Indeed, it is asserted by Mr. Gutzlaff, that while the treaty was negotiating, a proposition was seriously entertained of stationing a Chinese mandarin at Hong Kong, for collection of the duties to be levied here on behalf of the Chinese Government.\n\nAn examination of the Chinese tariff will show that the export duties levied by the Chinese Government are very heavy. On tea, the export duty ranges from 12 to 20 per cent.; on camphor, 12 to 15 per cent.; on cassia, 12 per cent.; and so on in various proportions throughout the tariff. It is also confidently stated, that the inland transit duties on British manufactures are still maintained at a high rate, and that our manufactures are thus effectually excluded from extended consumption in the interior of the country. The effect of transit duties in impeding the sale of goods has been manifested in British and in foreign India, where they are now almost entirely abolished.\n\nThe establishment of a perfectly free port to the northward, as, for instance, at Chusan, would tend to counteract these restrictions. The Chinese junks, when out of sight of their own ports, and unwatched, would freely purchase goods*, which the native traders would, through various channels, carry into the interior, without the Chinese custom-house stamp, which renders goods prohibitory, or which is an incitement to extortions at the different transit stations.\n\nIrrespective of the value which I have endeavoured to demonstrate in my Report on Chusan, of the military and naval advantages, and of the geographical position of that island, its intrinsic worth as a station for extended commerce is unquestionable; and the large number of peaceful inhabitants engaged in husbandry on Chusan and the neighbouring islands, is, in itself, an advantage for the promotion of our trade.\n\nOn the fourth point, namely, the cession of a barren, unhealthy, and useless rock, at the southern extremity of the empire, it is almost unnecessary to offer a comment, as few disinterested persons now deny that a great error was committed by our acceptance of Hong Kong. Time\n\n• Since the above was penned, the \"Hong Kong Register,\" a journal belonging to Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, & Co., contains, in an editorial article of 15th April, 1845, the following remarks:-\n\n\"A great many new houses and shops are building at Chusan, and a much larger number of boats and junks now frequent the harbour. Had we permanent possession of Chusan, it would be difficult to define the limit to which our influence in China, and our trade to Shantung, the north of China, Corea, and perhaps even to Japan, might extend either in British or in native bottoms.\"\n\nAND PROSPECTS IN CHINA.\n\n85\n\nand events have confirmed the accuracy of my report upon the island; it is still devoid of trade, and without prospect of any native or European traffic; its insalubrity* is beyond a doubt; its inapplicability for colonization, unfortunate geographical position, even as regards the Canton river estuary, and its inappropriateness as a military station for the maintenance of British supremacy in China, are now pretty generally acknowledged; and many who have spent large sums in building, under the delusion that Hong Kong would become a commercial emporium, would be glad to get back even a moiety of their outlay.\n\nThe supplemental treaty, which throughout was framed restrictively and adversely to British interests†, destroyed the only chance, however remote, that Hong Kong had of ever becoming a resort for junks from the coast. The treaty was, however, almost supererogatory, for natural and insuperable difficulties prevent the island ever being made worthy the name of a British colony. On a summary review of the past, it would appear that we have not derived the fair and legitimate advantages we had a right to obtain from the recent war, and that we have lost by diplomacy, the position which had been gained by the sword.†\n\n1st. In money we have not been reimbursed for the expenditure incurred during the war; and we are still incurring a very heavy and unprofitable outlay on this coast.\n\n2nd. The expected advantages from opening four commercial ports, in addition to the port of Canton, have not been realized: we are still restricted in our intercourse, locally and generally, and life and property are considered by no means secure, at Canton itself, within a hundred yards of the British factory; while ingress is still denied to the city of Canton, where the people are encouraged to treat us with marked contumely and insult, accompanied in some instances by robbery and violence, within sight of the city walls.§\n\n507\n\nagain in Jany Youb\n\n* During the year 1843, the deaths among the troops at Hong Kong were 1 in 31, at Chusan 1 in 294. By official returns printed in the \"Friend of China\" of April 16, 1845, it appears that the mortality of 1844 has been dreadful; on an average strength of 1800 men, the deaths were 373, and the invaliding 333—706, equal to one-third of the garrison! The survivors were unequal to one heavy day's march. Among the deaths were seven European officers; among the invalidings twelve European officers. Of sixty officers who lived at Chusan for eighteen months, not one died or invalided; and the troops are in as perfect health as if they were in England.\n\n† Her Majesty's plenipotentiary who framed this treaty, now declares \"that he was an umpire between Great Britain and China.” It was supposed that he was sent here for the protection and advancement of British interests.\n\nThe prohibition of vessels from Hong Kong alone, going beyond the 32nd degree of north latitude, has not been adverted to; the injustice, impolicy, and unnationality being so obvious. Such an edict, emanating from the Court of Pekin, seems quite consistent; but that it should be framed by a British plenipotentiary seems quite impossible.\n\n|| In July, 1845, Mr. Backhouse, and some of the Consular officers at Canton, were pelted with stones and covered with mud when rowing on the river for exercise, within a few hundred yards of the British Consulate.\n\nThe following letter refers to an outrage perpetrated a short time previous to this minute being written :—\n\n\"To Francis C. Macgregor, Esq., Her Majesty's Consul, Canton.\n\n\"Sir,\n\nBritish Consulate, Canton, March 18, 1845.\n\n“About seven o'clock this morning, while walking for exercise along the north wall, on the outside of the city, we were attacked by several Chinese, who had",
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        "id": 228147,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-027 - Public Offices - 1848",
        "page_number": 451,
        "title": "CO129-027 - Public Offices - 1848",
        "content_text": "444\n\n18 May 1847.\n\n[ 6 ]\n\nR. M. Martin, Esq. was likely to arise, it would be more injurious to our trade with China than the Government to a certain decree acknowledging the trade—Certainly not; our main trade at present is in tea, and the Chinese are as much dependent upon the sale of tea as we are upon the purchase of it. During the war, when we were capturing their cities, the tea trade went on as usual; therefore the efforts of the Chinese government to put down the opium trade would not affect our trade.\n\n3950. You do not think that a state of things which would lead to a piratical system in China would be injurious to our trade?—I do not perceive that it would have that effect.\n\n3951. You admit that the people would have opium; then if the government did all it could to suppress the opium trade, must not the result of their carrying out their views be a piratical state of things?—It would lead probably to severe contests, as in the recent melancholy case, where two vessels were cut off at Chimmoo Bay; but probably the Government of this country would be bound to interfere to prevent its flag being used for the purpose of smuggling opium into China against the laws of that empire.\n\n3952. Mr. Ewart.] Have any other means occurred to you of extending our trade with China?—I think a great deal may be done by opening collateral intercourse with the nations surrounding China. The first country to which I would beg the attention of the Committee would be Japan; we had formerly a factory in Japan, and in 1613 the Emperor of Japan granted a treaty of privileges to this country of a most favourable nature. I have discovered in the British Museum a copy of that treaty, a translation of which I beg to give in. It is written in the Firogane character, and gives us perfect freedom of access for all goods to Japan. We were ultimately compelled to abandon that factory by the aggressions of the Dutch, but for many years the Japanese government retained the English factory for them. I think it is possible to re-open our intercourse with Japan on the basis of this treaty, and that a mission, undertaken as Great Britain ought to undertake it, would be effectual in obtaining for us even better terms than the Dutch now have at Nangasaki. I will hand in the translation of the treaty. (The same was delivered in. Vide Appendix.)\n\n3953. This original writing is still intelligible to the Japanese?—Yes.\n\n3954. And therefore this instrument might be the basis of a negotiation with them?—Yes; the Japanese are very strict in adhering to promises.\n\n3955. How has the treaty been translated?—The translation is along with the original in the British Museum. A letter was also written from the Emperor of Japan, accompanying that treaty, to the King of Great Britain. There is an old translation of that, of which I will hand in a copy. (The same was delivered in. Vide Appendix.) The position of Japan, as evidenced upon this skeleton map (producing a map), shows how advantageous would be the intercourse with reference to China, and to the intermediate peninsula of Corea. Corea is a peninsula of about 500 miles long and 200 broad, with a fine climate, an excellent soil, and an industrious people; it would afford to us a considerable outlet for our manufactures. A harbour named Chosan, near the south-east extremity of the peninsula, has been visited recently by Sir Edward Belcher. It is a harbour to which the Japanese resort for trade with Corea; and as Corea does not belong to China, but has merely a ceremonial of investiture on the accessions of its sovereigns, it would be perfectly free for us to enter into commercial arrangements with Corea without any negotiation with the Chinese government. On Lord Macartney's mission in 1792, he was instructed to open a communication with Japan, Cochin China, and all countries, but the state of affairs prevented it. The French have recently sent a mission to Japan, but more complimentary than for the purpose of any commercial intercourse. The Americans have recently sent a mission, but they have been refused intercourse, for they are viewed as inferior in rank to the English, and probably it would not be deemed courteous to give the Americans access to Japan, when England has not yet applied. I learned at Java recently, from a Dutch gentleman who had returned from Japan, that the Japanese were expecting a mission from England, that they had translated the whole account of our war with China, and that it would be a favourable opportunity to make an impression upon the Japanese authorities, and to obtain commercial intercourse with Japan. Those islands may be termed the Great Britain of the China seas; they contain about 35,000,000 of inhabitants far more civilized than the Chinese, whom they hold in contempt; in fact they only permit six Chinese junks a year to visit them at one port, Nangasaki.\n\n[ 7 ]\n\nthan the Chinese, whom they hold in contempt; in fact they only permit six R. M. Martin, Esq. Chinese junks a year to visit them at one port, Nangasaki.\n\n18 May 1847.\n\n3956. And only one Dutch ship?—Two is the number now.\n\n3957. Have you examined the past and present intercourse between Holland and Japan?—I have reported on it to Her Majesty's Government.\n\n3958. Can you give the Committee any further information as to our former relations with Japan?—We had a factory there, and we were exceedingly well received.\n\n3959. For how long?—From 1613 to 1623. We were then expelled by the conduct of the Dutch, which was somewhat similar to the massacre at Amboyna, and they obliged our people to retreat from Japan.\n\n3960. What is the result of your inquiries into the trade between Holland and Japan?—The trade with Holland has diminished latterly, in consequence of the monopolizing spirit of the Dutch government; they are restricted to a single port at Nangasaki; but if we had free intercourse with the capital, with Jeddo, I think a very large trade might be carried on, not only with Japan, but intermediately with the adjacent places.\n\n3961. When did the ship called the \"Morrison\" go there?—I think the date was 1837; she went there on a mission from Canton, but was unsuccessful; no efforts were made to prosecute it. There is an island marked on that map, called Quelpaart's Island, which is worthy of attention as a trading station.\n\n3962. Is Quelpaart's Island, which is south of the peninsula of Corea, a good trading station? It is. The circumstance of its geographical position renders it most advantageous for a trade with Japan, with Corea, and with China. I understand that the country is fertile, and is covered with cattle; some of our ships visited it during the war, and obtained supplies there. If it were made a commercial trading station under the protection of a 10-gun brig, not expensively established as a colony, I think it would afford the means of trade with all the countries around, and time would indicate its value.\n\n3963. What is its relation to China?—It has no relation to China; it is connected with Corea.\n\n3964. Is it under a kind of feudal investiture?—No, it is a mere appendage to the peninsula of Corea.\n\n3965. Corea you state to be a country connected directly with the crown of China?—Only so far directly that the sovereign of Corea receives his investiture on coming to the throne, and sends annually some present to Pekin. The Coreans carry on trade at Pekin, but they are perfectly independent in their relations, and have been at war with China and with Japan.\n\n3966. Is it something like the Pacha of Egypt and the Turkish government?—It is probably so. It would be a great advantage to our merchants if they had Corea open to them for their traffic.\n\n3967. Quelpaart's Island would be a good position, having on one side China and on another the peninsula of Corea, and as a third side the Japan Islands?—Yes; I am not speaking of it as a colony, but as a trading station.\n\nAfter a few years it might be seen what advantages were realized; but in order to carry on a trade with the northern regions, it would be necessary to repeal the Act which prohibits British ships or subjects going beyond the 32d degree of north latitude.\n\n3968. Is that part of the present stipulation with China?—Not at all; it is a gratuitous Act, restricting ourselves. I never could understand what was the object of preventing British merchants seeking to push their wares into the northern regions. It is an Hong Kong Ordinance, No. 1, of 1846, creating penalties for any ship going beyond the 32d degree of north latitude. Ordinance was founded on an act of the Privy Council here originally.\n\nThe\n\n3969. And not based upon any understanding with the Chinese government?—Upon no treaties. There is another region to which a collateral trade might be carried on, and that is the region of Siam and Cochin China, extending South of China.\n\n3970. There are also the Loo Choo Islands?—They are small; Manchouria would form a station for our coasting traffic. Siam and Cochin China it is estimated contain a population of 50,000,000. We have a treaty with Siam, but it is so imperfect, that it has never been acted upon. It requires ships to take their guns out, &c. It appears to be subject to restrictions which would prevent",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-027 - Public Offices - 1848",
        "page_number": 460,
        "title": "CO129-027 - Public Offices - 1848",
        "content_text": "Bo\n\nQ\n\nTY\n\n453\n\nAppendix.\n\nReport on the\n\nIsland of Hong Kong.\n\nDissent in Council\n\nagainst Opium\n\nOrdinance.\n\nTranslation of a\n\nGrant or Treaty of Privileges.\n\n[ 24 ]\n\nopen to ships under every flag; and that encouragement be given for the resort to and settlement on the island of other European nations. If this be done, a few years will determine whether it be possible to create any trade, or induce any resort to Hong Kong. Large Government establishments, and an immense outlay of the public money for the last three years have produced no beneficial result; but the opium traders, and those who choose to resort thither, have a voice in the management of the affairs of the colony. There can scarcely be less general trade, less prosperity, less security to life and property, than now exists, with a large garrison on shore and a fleet in the harbour.\n\nIf there were any one advantage, political, commercial, financial, or religious, present or prospective, derivable to England from the existing establishments at Hong Kong, there would be some justification for the expense now being incurred, and for the great annual sacrifices of life; but when such advantages do not exist, it is worse than folly to persist in a course begun in error, and which, if continued, must eventually end in national loss and general disappointment.\n\nHong Kong, July 1844.\n\n(2.)\n\nR. M. Martin.\n\nDISSENTIENT on the Proposition for Licensing the Retail and Consumption of OPIUM\n\nin this Colony, on the following grounds\n\n*\n\n1st. Because the consumption of opium is not necessary to the subsistence and health of man, and is therefore a vicious indulgence.\n\n2d. Because the use of opium is not only a vice in itself, but the parent of many other vices; and whoever indulges in opium never ceases its use until poverty and death\n\nensue.\n\n3d. Because it is no justification to say, that as gin, beer, wine, and other fermented liquors are stimulants, attended with pernicious consequences when used continuously in excess, that therefore the use of opium may also be licensed by Government. The experience of civilized nations has shown that fermented liquors are advantageous to the healthful energy of man; but no experience has shown that opium is beneficial to the body or mind of man individually or collectively.\n\n4th. Because no Government ought to make private vice a source of public revenue.\n\n5th. Because, independent of the foregoing and other considerations, the peculiar position in which England at present stands towards the Chinese government on this subject, the strong feeling entertained by a very large and influential portion of the British community at home respecting the sale of opium in China, and the risk which his Excellency incurs of creating an unfavourable impression against his government, without any corresponding fiscal advantage to the State, renders it unadvisable to license the consumption of opium in this colony.\n\nDesirous of earnestly and faithfully advising his Excellency, these remarks are offered for the Governor's consideration with great respect.\n\n26 November 1844.\n\n(3.)\n\nR. M. Martin,\n\nTRANSLATION of a GRANT OF TREATY of PRIVILEGES conceded by the Emperor of Japan to the English, A.D. 1613.\n\n[Original in the Firogane or Cursive character.]\n\nImprimis.-Wee give free licence to the subjects of the King of Great Britain, viz., Sir Thomas Smith, Governor and Company of the East India merchants and adventurers, for ever safely to come into any of our ports of the Empire of Japan, with their shippes and merchandize, without any hindrance to them or their goods; and to abide, buy, sell, and barter, according\n\n[ 25 ]\n\naccording to their own manner, with all nations; to tarry here as long as they think good, and depart at their pleasure.\n\nAppendix.\n\nTranslation of a\n\nItem the 2d.-Wee grant unto them freedom of custom for all such merchandize as either\n\nGrant or Treaty of\n\nnow they have brought, or hereafter shall bring into our kingdom, or shall from hence transport to any foreign part; and do authorize those shippes that hereafter shall arrive and come from England, to proceed to present sale of their commodities without further coming or sending up to our court.\n\nItem the 3d. If any of their shippes shall happen to be in danger of shipwreck, wee will our subjects not only to assist them, but that such parts of shippe and goods as shall be saved be returned to their captain, or Cape merchant, or their assignees; and that they shall or may build one house or more for themselves in any part of our empire where they shall think fittest, and at their departure to make sale thereof at their pleasure.\n\nItem the 4th.If any of the English merchants or others shall depart this life within our dominions, the goods of the deceased shall remain at the dispose of the Cape merchant; and that all offences committed by them shall be punished by the said Cape merchant according to his discretion, and our laws to take no hold of their persons or goods.\n\nItem the 5th, Wee will that yee our subjects trading with them for any of their commodities pay them for the same, according to agreement, without delay or return of their goods again unto them.\n\nItem the 6th. For such commodities as they have now brought or shall hereafter bring, fitting for our service and proper use, wee will that no arrest be made thereof; but that the price be made with the Cape merchant, according as they may sell to others, and present payment upon the delivery of the goods.\n\nItem the 7th. If in discovery of other countries for trade, and return of their shippes they shall need meat or victuals, wee will that yee our subjects furnish them for their money as their needs shall require.\n\nItem the 8th. And without any other passporte, they shall and may set out to the northward upon discovery of Yead Yo, or any other part in or about our empire.\n\nFrom our Castle at Surunga, this first day of the ninth month, and in the eighteenth year of our dairy, according to our computation.\n\nSealed with our broad seal and underwritten,\n\n(4.)\n\nMinna Mouttano, Yei. Ye. Yeas.\n\nTO THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN,\n\nYOUR Majesty's kind letter, sent by your servant Captain John Sares (who is the first\n\nTo the King of\n\nI have known to arrive in any part of my dominions), I heartily embrace, being not a little\n\nGreat Britain.\n\nglad to understand of your great wisdom and power, as having three plentiful and mighty Kingdoms under your powerful command. I acknowledge your Majesty's great bounty in sending me so undeserved a present of many rare things, such as my land affordeth not, neither have I ever before seen, which I receive, not as from a stranger, but as from Majesty, whom I esteem as myself.\n\nyour\n\nDesiring the continuance of friendship with your Highness, and that it may stand with your good liking to send your subjects to any port or part of my dominions, where they shall be most heartily welcome; applauding much their worthiness in their admirable navigation, having with much facility discovered a country so remote, being nowhat amazed with the distance of so mighty a gulf, nor greatness of such infinite clouds and storms, from prosecuting honourable enterprizes of discoveries and merchandizing, wherein they shall find me to further them according to their desires.\n\nI return unto your Majesty a small token of my love (by your said subject), desiring you to accept thereof as from him that much rejoiceth in your friendship.\n\nAnd whereas your Majesty's subjects have desired certain privileges for trade and settling of a factory in my dominions, I have not only granted what they demanded, but have confirmed the same unto them under my broad seal, for better establishing thereof.\n\nFrom my Castle at Surunga, this fourth day of ninth, in the eighteenth year of our dairy, according to our computation, subscribed.\n\nG\n\nMinna Mouttano, Yei. Ye. Yeas.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-078 - Sir Robinson - 1860 [7-12]",
        "page_number": 381,
        "title": "CO129-078 - Sir Robinson - 1860 [7-12]",
        "content_text": "ART. II. It is further expressly declared, that the arrangement entered into at Shanghai, between Great Britain and Ireland, to retain a force, until the indemnity of eight millions of taels, guaranteed in Article IV of the Treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, between Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and His Imperial Majesty's Commissioners Kweiliang and Hwashana, regarding the residence of Her Britannic Majesty's Representative in China, is hereby cancelled, and that, in accordance with Article III of the Treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, Her Britannic Majesty's Representative will henceforward reside, permanently, or occasionally, at Peking, as Her Britannic Majesty shall be pleased to decide.\n\nELGIN AND KINCARDINE.\n\nART. III. It is agreed that the separate Article of the Treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight is hereby annulled, and that in lieu of the amount of indemnity therein specified, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China shall pay the sum of eight millions of taels, in the following proportions or instalments, namely:-At Tien-tsin, on or before the 30th day of November, the sum of five hundred thousand taels; at Canton, on or before the first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, three hundred and thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three taels, less the sum which shall have been advanced by the Canton authorities, towards the completion of the British Factory site of Shameen; and the remainder at the ports open to foreign trade, in quarterly payments, which shall consist of one-fifth of the gross revenue from Customs there collected; the first of the said payments being due on the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty, for the quarter terminating on that day.\n\nIt is further agreed that these monies shall be paid into the hands of an officer whom Her Britannic Majesty's Representative shall specially appoint to receive them, and that the accuracy of the amounts shall, before payment, be duly ascertained by British and Chinese officers appointed to discharge this duty.\n\nIn order to prevent future discussion, it is moreover declared that of the eight millions of taels herein guaranteed, two millions will be appropriated to the indemnification of the British Mercantile Community at Canton, for losses sustained by them; and the remaining six millions to the liquidation of war expenses.\n\nSeal of Chinese Plenipotentiary.\n\nSignature of Chinese Plenipotentiary.\n\nTREATY OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION, BETWEEN HER MAJESTY AND THE EMPEROR OF CHINA. SIGNED AT TIEN-TSIN, JUNE 26TH, 1858. RATIFICATIONS EXCHANGED AT PEKING, OCTOBER 24TH, 1860.\n\nHer Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, being desirous to put an end to the existing misunderstanding between the two countries, and to place their relations on a more satisfactory footing in future, have resolved to proceed to a revision and improvement of the Treaties existing between them; and for that purpose, have named their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:\n\nHer Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, a Peer of the United Kingdom, and Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle;\n\nAnd His Majesty the Emperor of China, the High Commissioners Kweiliang, a Senior Chief of State, styled of the East Cabinet, Captain-General of the Plain White Banner of the Manchu Banner Force, Superintendent-General of the administration of Criminal Law; and Hwashana, one of His Imperial Majesty's Expositors of the Classics, Manchu President of the Office for the regulation of the Civil Establishment, Captain-General of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Chinese Banner Force, and Visitor of the Office of Interpretation;\n\nWho, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, and found them to be good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:\n\nART. I.-The Treaty of Peace and Amity between the two nations, signed at Nanking on the twenty-ninth day of August, in the year eighteen hundred and forty-two, is hereby renewed and confirmed.\n\nART. IV. It is agreed that on the day on which this Convention is signed, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China shall open the port of Tien-tsin to trade, and that it shall be thereafter competent to British subjects to reside and trade there, under the same conditions as at any other port of China by Treaty open to trade.\n\nART. V.-As soon as the ratifications of the Treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight shall have been exchanged, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China will, by Decree, command the high authorities of every province to proclaim throughout their jurisdictions, that Chinese choosing to take service in the British Colonies, or other parts beyond sea, are at perfect liberty to enter into engagements with British subjects for that purpose, and to ship themselves and their families on board any British vessel at any of the open ports of China; also that the high authorities aforesaid shall, concert with Her Britannic Majesty's Representative in China, frame such regulations for the protection of Chinese emigrating as above, as the circumstances of the different open ports may demand.\n\nART. VI. With a view to the maintenance of law and order in and about the harbour of Hongkong, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to cede to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and to Her Heirs and Successors, to have and to hold as a dependency of Her Britannic Majesty's Colony of Hongkong, that portion of the township of Cowloon, in the province of Kwangtung, of which a lease was granted in perpetuity to Harry Smith Parkes, Esquire, Companion of the Bath, a Member of the Allied Commission at Canton, on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, by Lau Tsung-kwang, Governor-General of the two Kwang.\n\nIt is further declared, that the lease in question is hereby cancelled; that the claims of any Chinese to property on the said portion of Cowloon shall be duly investigated by a mixed Commission of British and Chinese officers, and that compensation shall be awarded by the British Government to any Chinese whose claim shall be by the said Commission established, should his removal be deemed necessary by the British Government.\n\nART. VII.-It is agreed that the provisions of the Treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, except in so far as these are modified by the present Convention, shall, without delay, come into operation, as soon as the ratifications of the Treaty aforesaid shall have been exchanged. It is further agreed, that no separate ratification of the present Convention shall be necessary, but that it shall take effect from the date of its signature, and be equally binding with the Treaty above mentioned on the High Contracting Parties.\n\nART. VIII.—It is agreed that, as soon as the ratifications of the Treaty of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, shall have been exchanged, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China shall, by Decree, command the high authorities in the capital, and in the provinces, to print and publish the aforesaid Treaty and the present Convention, for general information.\n\nART. IX. It is agreed that, as soon as this Convention shall have been signed, the ratifications of the Treaty of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight shall have been exchanged, and an Imperial Decree respecting the publication of the said Convention and Treaty shall have been promulgated, as provided for by Article VIII of this Convention, Chusan shall be evacuated by Her Britannic Majesty's troops there stationed, and Her Britannic Majesty's force now before Peking shall commence its march towards the city of Tien-tsin, the forts of Taku, the North Coast of Shantung, and the city of Canton, at each or all of which places, it shall be at the option of Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain to remain or not.\n\nThe Supplementary Treaty and General Regulations of Trade having been amended and improved, and the substance of their provisions having been incorporated in this Treaty, the said Supplementary Treaty and General Regulations of Trade are hereby abrogated.\n\nART. II. For the better preservation of harmony in future, Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and His Majesty the Emperor of China mutually agree that, in accordance with the universal practice of great and friendly nations, Her Majesty the Queen may, if She see fit, appoint Ambassadors, Ministers, or other Diplomatic Agents to the Court of Peking; and His Majesty the Emperor of China may in like manner, if He see fit, appoint Ambassadors, Ministers, or other Diplomatic Agents, to the Court of St. James.'\n\nArt. III.-His Majesty the Emperor of China hereby agrees, that the Ambassador, Minister, or other Diplomatic Agent, so appointed by Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, may reside, with his family and establishment, permanently at the capital, or may visit it occasionally, at the option of the British Government. He shall not be called upon to perform any ceremony derogatory to him as representing the Sovereign of an independent nation on a footing of equality with that of China. On the other hand, he shall use the same forms of ceremony and respect to His Majesty the Emperor as are employed by the Ambassadors, Ministers, or Diplomatic Agents of Her Majesty towards the Sovereigns of independent and equal European nations.\n\nIt is further agreed, that Her Majesty's Government may acquire at Peking a site for building, or will assist it in so doing. Her Majesty's Representative shall be at liberty to choose his own servants and attendants, who shall not be subjected to any kind of molestation whatever.\n\nAny person guilty of disrespect or violence to Her Majesty's Representative, or to any member of his family or establishment, in deed or word, shall be severely punished.\n\nART. IV. It is further agreed, that no obstacle or difficulty shall be made to the free movements of Her Majesty's Representative, and that he, and the persons of his suite, may come and go, and travel at their pleasure. He shall, moreover, have full liberty to send and receive his correspondence to and from any point on the sea-coast that he may select; and his letters and effects shall be held sacred and inviolable. He may employ, for their transmission, special couriers, who shall meet with the same protection and facilities for travelling as the persons employed in carrying despatches for the Imperial Government; and, generally, he shall enjoy the same privileges as are accorded to officers of the same rank by the usage and consent of Western nations.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-105 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1865 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 263,
        "title": "CO129-105 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1865 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "# Articles of Agreement\n\nChristian Era made this day of } being the day of the month of the year of the reign of Tungchi, Between S. ABENDANON, Esq., of Dutch Guiana, of the other part, as follows: The said native of China, of the one part, and doth hereby promise and agree to and with the said S. ABENDANON, his executors, administrators, and assigns, in manner and form following, that is to say :-\n\n1. That he, the said shall and will so soon as he shall be required by the said S. ABENDANON or his agent, embark on board the ship now lying at anchor in the Harbour of Hongkong and bound for Dutch Guiana, and remain on board the said ship henceforward until she proceeds to sea, and shall then proceed as a passenger on board the said ship, to Dutch Guiana, for the purpose of carrying out the stipulations hereinafter contained on the part of the said S. ABENDANON.\n\n2. That the said shall and will perform field or factory labour as S. ABENDANON, his executors, administrators and assigns may direct for the space of eight hours of each day during the term of five years (each year rated at 300 and each week at 6 working days, festivals acknowledged by the Government excepted) to be computed from the day of the date of the arrival of the said ship in Dutch Guiana.\n\n3. That the said S. ABENDANON shall provide the said with a free passage to the said Dutch Guiana, and shall supply him gratuitously with such food and clothing as may be necessary for the voyage.\n\n4. That so long as the said shall continue and be employed as such laborer as aforesaid, he the said S. ABENDANON shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid to the said wages at the rate of Six Dollars or an equivalent in the local currency per calendar month and free board for his wife (but no wages) and shall provide or cause to be provided for the said during the same service House and medical attendance with board during his illness (but no wages during that time), all free of expense.\n\n5. The said promising punctually and faithfully to observe all ordinances on labor, and to show such respect and obedience as laborers or servants owe to those whose service they are indentured.\n\n6. The undersigned S. ABENDANON or his agent declares to have engaged the above-mentioned for the purpose and under the conditions aforesaid, promising faithfully to perform the said conditions, kindly to treat or causing to be kindly treated the indentured person, and to pay or cause to be punctually paid his wages at the end of every week.\n\nBoth parties declare to be entirely satisfied with the above conditions and for the performance of the same to bind their persons and goods in the most efficient manner according to law.\n\nSigned  \nSigned",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-105 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1865 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "## Ordinance Concerning the Control on the Introduction of Free Labourers into Surinam\n\nOur Minister of the Colonies is charged with the execution of the present, copies whereof shall be sent to the General Board of accounts and to the Council of State.\n\nThe Hague, the 19th of March 1863.\n\n**(Signed)** **WILLIAM**,  \nThe Minister of the Colonies, **(Signed)** **I. D. FRANSEN VAN DE PUTTE**.\n\n(The two Ordinances \"Concerning the Control on the introduction of free labourers into Surinam\" and \"concerning the Premiums offered by Government for the introduction of free labourers into Surinam, as annexed to the present\" alluded to in the foregoing Royal Decree of 19th March 1863, also the Form of the Indenture have been altered, and amended, in a subsequent Royal Decree of January 1865 No., and all the alterations introduced by the last, aforesaid, Royal Decree of January 1865 are observed and inserted in the following Ordinances, with italic printing letters.)\n\n## ORDINANCE concerning the control on the introduction of free labourers into Surinam\n\n### CHAPTER I. OF THE FREE LABOURERS AND THEIR RECRUITMENT AS EMIGRANTS\n\n**Art. 1:** Throughout this ordinance the word \"emigrants\" means such persons as spontaneously leave their native countries or residences in order to perform field or factory labour in Surinam on behalf of third parties, during a fixed number of years, according to an indenture made to that effect.\n\n**Art. 2:** Emigrants may be embarked at such places or ports, which are not prohibited by Government and where a Dutch Consulate is established.\n\n**Art. 3:** Every one is entitled to engage Emigrants, either on his own account or on that of third parties, provided he is furnished with an Act of Notoriety and Admission, to be delivered by the Dutch Government or by the Governor of Surinam. The recruitment takes place under the immediate control of the Dutch Consul at the place of the operation.\n\n**Art. 4:** All local ordinances, legally existing or to be enacted, on the recruitment of emigrants, are binding and shall be followed up by the persons indicated in art. 3.\n\n**Art. 5:** Wherever in the present ordinance allusion is made to the intervention of the competent authority, it is to be understood to be the Dutch consuls of whatever rank they may be, or, where there are none, the magistrates or other local authorities.\n\n### CHAPTER II. OF THE INDENTURES\n\n**Art. 6:** The indentures made with emigrants by the persons mentioned in art. 3 are either passed in the presence of the competent authority or legalized by the same. The consuls respectively record all acts passed in their presence or legalized by them.\n\n**Art. 7:** The Indentures are to be made according to the form annexed to present Ordinance and must contain:\n| Detail | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Duration | the duration of the agreement expressed in writing, mentioning besides that each year of the indenture is rated at 300 working days |\n| Date | the date wherein the agreement is entered upon |\n| Working Hours | the number of working hours per day |\n| Hiring Party | the name and capacity of the hiring party, mentioning at the same time whether the contract is made on account of third parties |",
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        "page_number": 270,
        "title": "CO129-105 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1865 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "## § 3. Of the embarcation\n\nAt the embarcation of the emigrants, the master of the vessel causes to be drawn up in duplicate, by or in the presence of the competent authority...\n\n## Art. 23\n\nThe probable length of the voyage is determined as follows:\n- to any place north of the equator at ten weeks;\n- to any place south of the equator, but on this side of Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope, at fourteen weeks;\n- to any place beyond the said capes, when the equator is not passed once more, at twenty weeks;\n- to any place beyond the said capes, when the equator is passed once more, at twenty-five weeks.\n\nThe probable length of voyages not mentioned in the present article, and of voyages with ships entirely or partly propelled by steam, is determined every time by the committee of control, who in the best-mentioned case ascertains that there is a sufficient quantity of coals on board.\n\n## Art. 24\n\nFor each emigrant shipped, a quantity of fresh water is calculated to a want of four litres per day, whereof one litre and a half is daily put at his disposal. The water is preserved in casks or iron tanks approved by the committee of control.\n\nIf there is a distilling-apparatus on board, the provision of water is determined by the committee of control, who examine and test both the water and the distilling-apparatus, and ascertain that the store of fuel required for distilling is found on board.\n\n## Art. 26\n\nThe committee of control, in concert with the ship's physician, fixes whatever must be found on board for the sustenance of and attendance on the sick.\n\n## Documents required at embarcation\n\n1. a list stating the surnames, Christian names, sex, age, profession, religion, moral conduct, and last residence of each emigrant, with designation of the Heads of the families, if the engagement is made by families;\n2. a statement that the emigrants bear knowledge of the place of their destination and betake themselves to the colony of their own accord and under indenture to perform field or factory labor;\n3. a certificate concerning the state of health of the emigrants, to be delivered by a competent physician, in so far as no official person has been appointed for the purpose by the local Government;\n4. a voucher to be delivered by the competent authority at the place of embarcation that the provisions, the water, and the medicaments on board of the ship are of a good quality and in sufficient quantities.\n\nAll these documents shall bear the vise of the competent authority in whose presence they have been drawn up.\n\n## 4. On the departure of the ships and the touching at intermediate ports\n\nIn case a ship should not have put to sea seven days after the embarcation of the emigrants, or if she has during the voyage touched at an intermediate port, the voucher mentioned in the preceding paragraph sub 4 must be drawn up anew by the competent authority.\n\n## § 5. Of the obligations incumbent on the masters of the vessels during the voyage\n\nThe master carefully attends to whatever can promote cleanliness and the enjoyment of fresh air, to the due preparation and regular distribution of the food, to the nursing and...\n\nPage 270\nPage 271",
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    {
        "id": 268398,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-118 - Public Offices - 1866",
        "page_number": 378,
        "title": "CO129-118 - Public Offices - 1866",
        "content_text": "375\n\nment till the result\n\nLeen\n\nI was about to forward the Papers of Jen Joreman but now withhold them.\n\nThe H. H. Dollars (2) 3 Si. FRoger Quli Dollar were sent home. No more execrable Lordhame on kept anting.\n\nbon assayed & found Factory are regained for Ww. W. Robinson\n\nI is attached to the dispatch. 2 were sent to the Mont Hortefulley Gower that Am I to do with the uxining\n\n13\n\nI shall be glad to rid of them - ought they not be sent to the Agents to be changed which is regular. Just to HK\n\nafe\n\nF.o.\n\nWR",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-118 - Public Offices - 1866.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 269455,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-121 - Sir MacDonnell - 1867 [3-4]",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-121 - Sir MacDonnell - 1867 [3-4]",
        "content_text": "for Your Ladship's informalin.\n\nI have the hover to be,\n\nYour Sexdolipi\n\nThat obedient servant,\n\nRatud frums Murdonnell,\n\n18 bay\n\n∞\n\nBBB\n\nGovernor.\n\nTHE CHINA MAIL.\n\nHONGKONG, FRIDAY, MARCH 5, 1887,\n\nTHE PEKING FOREIGN BOARD ON WESTERN EDUCATION IN CHINA.\n\nWe have been favoured with the following translation of an important Memorial by the Foreign Board at Peking, relating to the establishment of the proposed School for the study of European sciences, the first memorial upon which subject we recently copied from the Shanghai newspapers.\n\nMEMORIAL by the Chinese Board of Foreign Affairs setting forth the arguments in favour of the study of astronomy and mathematics, and proposing regulations to this end.\n\nYour Majesty's servants present a respectful memorial in which they submit the views they have formed respecting the study of Astronomy and Mathematics, and an extended system for calling forth candidates, both private and official, for examination.\n\nThey humbly premise by observing that they have already, on the 5th day of the 11th month, (December 11th 1866), presented a memorial in which, in consequence of the existing need for pursuing astronomical and mathematical study with a view to the construction of machinery and firearms, they proposed the institution of a school in addition to that of the Tung Wen Kwan (the school for languages) and the selection of Manchoo or Chinese literary graduates of the second class or of the five subsidiary degrees of the same class, as also of officials of the 5th rank and below it who are already in actual employ, whether at Peking or in the Provinces, who should be enrolled after selection by examination, and the engagement by Europeans as instructors for the school, the regulations for which were to be carefully framed in detail and submitted for approval on the Imperial assent being signified to the proposition. In reply to the Memorial a decree has been issued, commanding that the proposition it contains be carried into effect, as has reverently been placed on record.\n\nYour servants now proceed to observe that the proposal for inviting candidates to examinations for the study of astronomy and mathematics does not in any wise imply a study due to mere curiosity and love of strangeness or deriving its impulse from the arts and science of the men of the West. It is simply that, inasmuch as the methods followed by Europeans in their manufacture of machinery are in every case derived from the knowledge of mensuration and numbers, now that China has formed the desire to study the principles of the construction of steamships and machinery, unless Western teachers are made use of as guides to expound the fundamental principles of construction which form the basis of mechanical skill, and the attempt be made to be our own instructors, a useless waste of the public money without advantage to the actual necessities of the time may be apprehended as the result. Your Servants have accordingly weighed this subject with repeated deliberation before setting forth the statement of their views. If, however, the matter be viewed without careful reflection, there will doubtless be some who will hold that the undertaking mooted by Your Servants is a matter brought forward without urgent necessity, and others who will deem it wrong to abandon the methods in vogue in China for the purpose of following in the footsteps of Europeans; whilst there will even be some who will maintain that for men of China to apply themselves to study under European instruction is a thing deeply to be ashamed of. Such views as these, however, only spring from lack of discernment in the questions of the day.\n\n73 $4390/67.\n\nThe necessity that China should devise means for giving strength to herself has by this time reached its highest extreme, and no man of discernment believes otherwise than that the way to strengthen ourselves consists in pursuing certain of the European studies and in the manufacture of foreign appliances. Among the Provincial Viceroys, such men as Tso Tsung-fang and Li Hung-chang have been able clearly to appreciate this principle, and to adhere firmly to its enunciation; and in their memorials they have constantly dwelt at length upon the subject. Last year, Li Hung-chang established a Factory at Shanghai, to which officers and men selected from among the troops of the capital have been sent for purposes to study; and quite recently Tso Tsung-tang has also requested permission to set on foot an Institute of Arts in Fukien, to select youthful and promising students and to engage foreigners as instructors of spoken and written languages and of mathematics and designing, to serve as a stepping-stone to the future construction of steamships and machinery. When the subject is thus regarded, it is plain that it is impossible to do otherwise than pursue the study of Western knowledge, and that this is not by any means the mere unsupported opinion of Your Majesty's present few Memorialists.\n\nIt may indeed be objected that transactions such as the hiring of steamships and the purchase of foreign arms, have already been carried out at the various Ports, and it may be asked, this plan being at once convenient and economical, what need exists for further trouble and expense? Views such as those are due to insensibility of the fact that the study which China stands in need of is in no wise confined to steamships, muskets, and artillery; but even on the ground of steamships and firearms, although the plan of hiring and purchasing as occasion dictates is a convenient one, yet by such a course the art of their production remains for ever in the hands of others, whilst by studying to elucidate their principles of origin, both the art is made intelligible and its practical application is placed within our power. The one course is an expedient to meet the requirements of circumstances, the other is a plan adapted to lasting needs; which of the two is the right one it requires no discussion to make clear.\n\nThis is the ...\n\nThe idea that it is wrong to abandon Chinese methods and to follow in the steps of European may also be dilated upon. It is to be remarked that the germ of Western sciences is in fact originally borrowed from the Heaven-sent elements of Chinese knowledge. The eyes of Western philosophers having been turned towards the East, and the genius of these men being minutely painstaking and apt for diligent thought, they have succeeded in pursuing study to new results. For these they have usurped the name of sciences brought from overseas; but in reality the methods (of their philosophy) are Chinese methods. The case with astronomy and mathematics, and it is equally so with the remaining sciences. China has originated the method, which Europeans have received as an inheritance. If now China be enabled to exalt herself to (their) level, and we thoroughly master the fundamental knowledge of these affairs, we shall no longer need to seek aid abroad when circumstances arise, and the advantages in this respect will assuredly be neither slight nor few. Moreover, the sciences of Europe were highly appreciated by your Majesty's sacred ancestor, the Emperor Benevolent (K'ang-Hi). During his reign, Europeans were ranged among the officials of the Court, were appointed as functionaries of the astronomical department: they were included in like favour with that which embraced their colleagues; in its comprehensive largeness the Imperial wisdom knew no distinction of country. Neither is it fitting that among the canons of the past which our reigning House upholds, ...",
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        "id": 274716,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-131 - Sir MacDonnell - 1868 [6-7]",
        "page_number": 351,
        "title": "CO129-131 - Sir MacDonnell - 1868 [6-7]",
        "content_text": "## Articles of Agreement\nmade this day of the month of the year of the Christian Era 1868, being the 7th year of the reign of Tungchi, Between, native of China, of the one part, and S. Abendanon, Esq., of Dutch Guiana, of the other part, as follows: The said doth hereby promise and agree to and with the said S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns, in manner and form following, that is to say :-\n\n1. That he, the said shall and will so soon as he shall be required by the said S. Abendanon or his agent, embark on board the ship now lying at anchor in the Harbour of Hongkong and bound for Dutch Guiana, and remain on board the said ship henceforward until she proceeds to sea, and shall then proceed as a passenger on board the said ship, to Dutch Guiana, for the purpose of carrying out the stipulations hereinafter contained on the part of the said S. Abendanon.\n\n2. That the said shall and will perform field and factory labour as S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns may direct for the space of ten hours of each day during the term of five years (each year rated at 300 and each week at 6 working days, festivals acknowledged by the Government excepted) to be computed from the day of the date of the arrival of the said ship in Dutch Guiana.\n\n3. That the said S. Abendanon shall provide the said with a free passage to the said Dutch Guiana, and shall supply him gratuitously with such food and clothing as may be necessary for the voyage.\n\n4. That so long as the said shall continue and be employed as such laborer as aforesaid, he the said S. Abendanon shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid to the said wages at the rate of Seven Dollars or an equivalent in the local currency per calendar month and medical attendance with board during his illness, but no wages during that time, and a bonus of ($60) sixty dollars after the expiration of the five years service, and a piece of arable land, or return to China for his bonus.\n\n5. The said promising punctually and faithfully to observe all ordinances on labor, and to show such respect and obedience as laborers or servants owe to those whose service they are indentured to.\n\n6. The undersigned S. Abendanon or his agent declares to have engaged the above-mentioned for the purpose and under the conditions aforesaid, promising faithfully to perform the said conditions, kindly to treat or causing to be kindly treated the indentured person, and to pay or cause to be punctually paid his wages at the end of every week.\n\nBoth parties declare to be entirely satisfied with the above conditions, and for the performance of the same to bind persons and goods in the most efficient manner according to law.\n\n7. It is also agreed that when the before mentioned term of Five years shall be concluded, the said shall be at liberty to remain in Dutch Guiana, to return to his native land, or to go to any other country which he may choose.\n\nThe immigrants enjoy all civil rights held by native citizens.\n\nSigned.....  \nSigned.....  \nfor S. ABENDANON.",
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    {
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        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-132 - Sir MacDonnell - 1868 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 129,
        "title": "CO129-132 - Sir MacDonnell - 1868 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "# Articles of Agreement\n\nArticles of Agreement, made this [day] of [month] in the year of the Christian Era 186[, being the 7th year of the reign of Tungchi], Between [name], native of China, of the one part, and S. Abendanon, Esq., of Dutch Guiana, of the other part, as follows: The said [name] doth hereby promise and agree to and with the said S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns, in manner and form following, that is to say ---- \n\n1. That he, the said [name] shall and will so soon as he shall be required by the said S. Abendanon or his agent, embark on board the ship now lying at anchor in the Harbour of Hongkong and bound for Dutch Guiana, and remain on board the said ship henceforward until she proceeds to sea, and shall then proceed as a passenger on board the said ship, to Dutch Guiana, for the purpose of carrying out the stipulations hereinafter contained on the part of the said S. Abendanon.\n\n2. That the said [name] shall and will perform field and factory labour as S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns may direct for the space of ten hours of each day during the term of five years (each year rated at 300 and each week at 6 working days, festivals acknowledged by the Government excepted) to be computed from the day of the date of the arrival of the said ship in Dutch Guiana.\n\n3. That the said S. Abendanon shall provide the said [name] with a free passage to the said Dutch Guiana, and shall supply him gratuitously with such food and clothing as may be necessary for the voyage.\n\n4. That so long as the said [name] shall continue and be employed as such laborer as aforesaid, he the said S. Abendanon shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid to the said [name] wages at the rate of Seven Dollars or an equivalent in the local currency per calendar month and medical attendance with board during his illness, but no wages during that time, and a bonus of sixty dollars after the expiration of the five years service, and a piece of arable land.\n\n5. The said [name] promising punctually and faithfully to observe all ordinances on labor, and to show such respect and obedience as laborers or servants owe to those whose service they are indentured to.\n\n6. The undersigned S. Abendanon or his agent declares to have engaged the above-mentioned [name] for the purpose and under the conditions aforesaid, promising faithfully to perform the said conditions, kindly to treat or causing to be kindly treated the indentured person, and to pay or cause to be punctually paid his wages at the end of every week.\n\nBoth parties declare to be entirely satisfied with the above conditions, and for the performance of the same to bind their persons and goods in the most efficient manner according to law.\n\n7. It is also agreed that when the before mentioned term of Five years shall be concluded, the said [name] shall be at liberty to remain in Dutch Guiana, to return to his native land, or to go to any other country which he may choose.\n\nThe immigrants enjoy all civil rights held by native citizens.\n\nSigned...... \n\nSigned for S. ABENDANON,",
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    {
        "id": 276034,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868",
        "page_number": 94,
        "title": "CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868",
        "content_text": "# Ad\n\nAlmost a year has elapsed since the receipt of the first consignment and there is no intimation of the Second having left England.\n\nI have the honor to enclose a copy of the original requisition for transmission to the Crown Agents, as the Flags required for the use of this Department are demanded.\n\n(Sd) H.G. Thomsett  \nHarbor Master\n\nTrue Copy  \nNo.110  \nLiv  \nHarbor Master's Office  \n93  \nHongkong 25th Oct/66.\n\nWith references to the circular dated January 16th 1866, issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty directing what Flags shall be worn by vessels under the Colonial Defence Act, I suggest that the following flags be applied for from England through the Agents for the Convener Colonel.\n\n| Flag Description | Size |\n| --- | --- |\n| Plain blue flags with the arms of the Colony in the centre | 6ft by 4ft |\n| Ensigns blue | 14ft by 8ft |\n| Pendant Blue | 8 yards long |\n| Union Jacks | 8ft by 4ft |\n| Ensigns Red | 14ft by 8ft |\n| American Flag | 6ft by 4ft |\n| French Hamburgh | ... |\n| Prussian Signal Station Factory Pack | ... |\n\n(Sd) H.G. Thomsett  \nHarbor Master  \n1067",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868.txt",
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    {
        "id": 276663,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868",
        "page_number": 719,
        "title": "CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868",
        "content_text": "REMARKS.\n\n$84*4*1==== 61T\n\n979'631 09 FISI\n\nLLO'SI\n\n6681 897*Þ 4F6*IFI\n\n099'Z ZEL′EBI\n\n809'I 218'91\n\n69 981\n\n\"NIMATI\n\nAPPENDIX No. 2.\n\nRETURN of Chinese Emigrating hence from the years 1855 to 1867, inclusive, for the undermentioned places under contracts of service for five years.\n\n  \n    Years\n    Names of Places\n    Males\n    Females\n    CHILDREN\n    TOTAL\n    WAGES\n  \n  \n    1855\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    1209\n    \n  \n  \n    1856\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    1203\n    \n  \n  \n    1857\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    2126\n    \n  \n  \n    1858\n    *SLIACY\n    \n    \n    \n    2126\n    REBT\n  \n  \n    1859\n    *TYLOI\n    4991\n    292\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1860\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    506\n    \n  \n  \n    1861\n    \n    1921\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1865\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    ...\n    \n  \n  \n    1866\n    **\n    319\n    33\n    \n    348\n    417\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    2370\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    356\n    120\n    \n    385\n    17\n  \n  \n    \n    RT\n    07\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    62\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    594\n    203\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    105\n    39\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    436\n    258\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    280\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    ******\n    69\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1867\n    WOMEN\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    TOTAL\n    \n    16,215\n    1,608\n    185\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    SUMMARY\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    MEN\n    *SITATY\n    \n    a Fu\n    \n    470\n    €456\n  \n  \n    \n    - party\n    \n    \n    \n    18,077\n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    18,400\n    1,677\n  \n  \n    GIRLS\n    *SAOU\n    \n    \n    \n    18\n    1885\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    1⠀⠀\n  \n  \n    TOTAL\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    4G\n    39\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    1,008\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    185\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    iv\n    \n  \n\n(Sd.) H. G. THOMSETT, R. N.,\n\nEmigration Officer, Hong-Kong.\n\nAPPENDIX No. 3.\n\nARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made this day of in the year of day of the month of the native of China, of the one part, and S. Abendanon, Esq., of Dutch Guiana, of the other part, as follows: The said doth hereby promise and agree to and with the said S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns, in manner and form following, that is to say:---\n\n1. That be, the said shall and will so soon as he shall be required by the said S. Abendanon or his agent, embark on board the ship now lying at anchor in the Harbour of Hong Kong and bound for Dutch Guiana, and remain on board the said ship henceforward until she proceeds to sea, and shall then proceed as a passenger on board the said ship, to Dutch Guiana, for the purpose of carrying out the stipulations hereinafter contained on the part of the said S. Abendanon.\n\n2. That the said shall and will perform field and factory labour as S. Abendanon, his executors, administrators and assigns may direct for the space of ten hours of each day during the term of five years (each year rated at 300 and each week at 6 working days, festivals acknowledged by the Government excepted) to be computed from the day of the date of the arrival of the said ship in Dutch Guiana,\n\n3. That the said S. Abendanon shall provide the said with a free passage to the said Dutch Guiana, and shall supply him gratuitously with such food and clothing as may be necessary for the voyage.\n\n4. That so long as the said shall continue and be employed as such laborer as aforesaid, he the said S. Abendanon shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid to the said wages at the rate of Seven Dollars, or an equivalent in the local currency per calendar month and medical attendance with board during his illness, but no wages during that time, and a bonus of ($60) sixty dollars after the expiration of the five years' service, and a piece of arable land, on return to China for his bonus.\n\n5. The said promising punctually and faithfully to observe all ordinances on labor, and to show such respect and obedience as laborers or servants owe to those whose service they are indentured to.\n\n6. The undersigned S. Abendanon or his agent declares to have engaged the above-mentioned for the purpose and under the conditions aforesaid, promising faithfully to perform the said conditions, kindly to treat or causing to be kindly treated the indentured person, and to pay or cause to be punctually paid his wages at the end of every week.\n\nBoth parties declare to be entirely satisfied with the above conditions, and for the performance of the same to bind their persons and goods in the most efficient manner according to law.\n\n7. It is also agreed that when the before-mentioned term of Five years shall be concluded, the said shall be at liberty to remain in Dutch Guiana or to return to his native land, or to go to any other country which he may choose.\n\nThe immigrants enjoy all civil rights held by native citizens.\n\nName- --, age\n\nSigned Signed for S. ABENDANON,\n\nnative of day of -1868, ta\n\nI certify that on this Hong Kong, in my presence, the above contract was fully, distinctly and intelligibly (as I believe,) explained to the above-named Laborer in a dialect which he understood that he expressed himself willing to be bound by its terms; and that he received the sum of Eleven Dollars as a Bonus.\n\nEmigration Officer.\n\n(Note. In the case of a female engaging herself on the same terms as the men, the Bonus to be paid her before departure will be $20 instead of $11, the amount given to a man.)\n\nGezien voor legalisatie der Handteekeningen van den Heer J. Baak, Edz: Agent der Surinaamsche Emigratie Maatschappij\n\nChinesche Emigrant en den Heer H. G. Thomsett Emigratie officier alhier my bekend, zynde het ommestaande Contract in myne tegenwoordigheid gepasseerd.\n\nHONG KONG.\n\nDe Consul der Nederlanden\n\n1868.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-134 - Public Offices - 1868.txt",
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    {
        "id": 276881,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-135 - Public Offices & Others - 1868",
        "page_number": 181,
        "title": "CO129-135 - Public Offices & Others - 1868",
        "content_text": "514\n\nStreet Musicians to desired so to do.\n\n2° & 3° VICTORIÆ, Cap.47.\n\nForty Shillings for the First Offence, and not more than Five Pounds for the second or any following Offence.\n\nLVII. And be it enacted, That it shall be lawful for any Householder within the Metropolitan Police District, personally, or by his Servant, or by any Police Constable, to require any Street Musician to depart from the Neighbourhood of the House of such Householder on account of the Illness of any Inmate of such House, or for other reasonable Cause, and every Person who shall sound or play upon any Musical Instrument in any Thoroughfare near any House after being so required to depart shall be liable to a Penalty not more than Forty Shillings.\n\nDrunkards guilty of riotous or indecent Behaviour.\n\nLVIII. And be it enacted, That every Person who shall be found drunk in any Street or public Thoroughfare within the said District, and who while drunk shall be guilty of any riotous or indecent Behaviour, and also every Person who shall be guilty of any violent or indecent Behaviour in any Police Station House, shall be liable to a Penalty of not more than Forty Shillings for every such Offence, or may be committed, if the Magistrate before whom he shall be convicted shall think fit, instead of inflicting on him any pecuniary Penalty, to the House of Correction for any Time not more than Seven Days.\n\nPersons using Carriages without Driver's Consent liable to Penalty.\n\nProhibition of other Nuisances.\n\nLIX. And be it enacted, That every Person who shall ride upon or cause himself to be carried or drawn by any Carriage within the Metropolitan Police District, without the Consent of the Owner or Driver thereof, shall be liable to a Penalty not more than Five Shillings, or if a Child apparently under the Age of Twelve Years it shall be lawful for the Magistrate to cause such Child to be detained until his Parent or Guardian can attend for the Purpose of having such Child delivered into his Care, and if such Parent or Guardian do not so attend before the closing of the Police Court for the Day it shall be lawful for the Magistrate to order such Child to be discharged.\n\nLX. And be it enacted, That every Person who, in any Street or public Place within the Limits of the Metropolitan Police District, shall be guilty of any of the following Offences, shall be liable to a Penalty not more than Forty Shillings for every such Offence; (that is to say,)\n\n1. Every Person who in any Thoroughfare shall burn, dress, or cleanse any Cork, or hoop, cleanse, fire, wash, or scald any Cask or Tub, or hew, saw, bore, or cut any Timber or Stone, or slack, sift, or screen any Lime:\n\n2. Every Person who shall throw or lay in any Thoroughfare any Coals, Stones, Slates, Shells, Lime, Bricks, Timber, Iron, or other Materials (except Building Materials, or Rubbish thereby occasioned, which shall be placed or inclosed so as to prevent any Mischief happening to Passengers):\n\n3. Every Person who in any Thoroughfare shall beat or shake any Carpet, Rug, or Mat (except Door Mats before the Hour of Eight in the Morning), or throw or lay any Dirt, Litter, or Ashes, or any Carrion, Fish, Offal, or Rubbish, or throw or cause any such Thing to fall into any Sewer, Pipe, or Drain, or into any Well, Stream, or Watercourse, Pond, or Reservoir for Water, or cause any offensive Matter to run from any factory, Brewery, Slaughter-house, Butcher's Shop, or Dunghill, into any Thoroughfare, or any uncovered Place, whether or not surrounded by a Wall or Fence; but it shall not be deemed an Offence to lay Sand or other Materials in any Thoroughfare in Time of Frost to prevent Accidents, or Litter or other Materials to prevent the freezing of Water in Pipes, or in case of Sickness to prevent Noise, if the Party laying any such Things shall cause them to be removed as soon as the Occasion for them shall cease:\n\n4. Every Person who shall empty or begin to empty any Privy between the Hours of Six in the Morning and Twelve at Night, or remove along any Thoroughfare any Night Soil, Soap Lees, Ammoniacal Liquor, or other such offensive Matter, between the Hours of Six in the Morning and Eight in the Evening, or who shall at any Time use for any such Purpose any Cart or Carriage not having a proper Covering, or who shall wilfully or carelessly slop or spill any such offensive Matter in the Removal thereof, or who shall not carefully sweep and clean every Place in which any such offensive Matter shall have been placed, slopped, or spilled; and in default of the Apprehension of the actual Offender the Owner of the Cart or Carriage employed for any such Purpose shall be deemed to be the Offender: Provided always, that this Enactment shall not be construed to prevent the Commissioners of any Sewers within the Metropolitan Police District, or any Person acting in their Service or by their Direction, from emptying or removing along any Thoroughfare at any Time the Contents of any Sewer which they are authorized to cleanse or empty:\n\n5. Every Person who shall keep any Pigsty to the Front of any Street or Road in any Town within the said District, not being shut out from such Street or Road by a sufficient Wall or Fence, or who shall keep any Swine in or near any Street, or in any Dwelling, so as to be a common Nuisance:\n\n6. Every Occupier of a House or other Tenement in any Town within the said District who shall not keep sufficiently swept and cleansed all Footways and Watercourses adjoining to the Premises occupied by him; and if any Tenement be empty or unoccupied the Owner thereof shall be deemed the Occupier with reference to this Enactment:\n\n7. Every Person who shall expose anything for Sale in any Park or Public Garden, unless with the Consent of the Owner or other Person authorized to give such Consent, or upon or so as to hang over any Carriageway or Footway, or on the Outside of any House or Shop, or who shall set up or continue any Pole, Blind, Awning, Line, or any other Projection from any Window, Parapet, or other Part of any House, Shop, or other Building, so as to cause any Annoyance or Obstruction in any Thoroughfare:\n\n8. Every\n\n515\n\nAshes,\n\n179",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-135 - Public Offices & Others - 1868.txt",
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        "id": 278172,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-137 - Sir MacDonnell - 1869 [4-5]",
        "page_number": 185,
        "title": "CO129-137 - Sir MacDonnell - 1869 [4-5]",
        "content_text": "sufficient & answer\n\nthe dufolit\n\nby saying but Land Grant has been glad to hear that\n\nthe office diff. of the Col. Sec.\n\nX\n\na\n\nGeneral\n\n6367 182\n\nanswer, such as Mr. Cox\n\nSuffered, will\n\nEfficient.\n\nI think, b\n\nAs du R Mi Damell is likely\n\nLeave, I see way lay\n\nI came away\n\nin shall hear an\n\nMaturity of wing\n\nRefert upon\n\nFeb: 1867,\n\nbe\n\nhas since\n\nR. Mr. Made\n\nhow her\n\nsein works\n\nwhen left-\n\nwith at his own\n\nacting supervision. It\n\nt u\n\nJames not\n\ndo\n\n...\n\nsali.\n\nof\n\nand thin\n\nbeen brought until\n\nmore\n\n- factory state & to longer\n\nRemodelling.\n\nThe\n\nforeign\n\nregard.\n\naffection that the Office of Ct. Ja\n\nshould be united\n\n& Auditor\n\nMat\n\nthe work of the\n\nZ\n\ntreasurer should be done\n\nMachs, fuel franulle not be\n\nthem. ready 2. consider hence Sie D.M.\n\nshall ban\n\ntheim in a\n\nA\n\nopportunity of submitting\n\ndefinite shape. A 8 June.\n\nIf the combina were\n\nBottles, and\n\nmore in General\n\njud in principle.\n\nMike cantant.\n\nchamps, depending when the character\n\n- Swenor for the time being-\n\nthe\n\nannual\n\nτ\n\nank which any individual\n\n- Governor will kindly undertake.\n\nFm. M. Mid.a\n\nwich h\n\nath\n\nB\n\ncopy to byland, thin Sherlimite of discussing his\n\nprofund with himmel.\n\nJan. 8/6.\n\n4m 16\n\nP. I think, be sure in mind that you have a staff of game, & intelligent, \"intupulen\n\nLan attracte\n\nHay Kay. G\n\nyou\n\n& Succeeding\n\nto the higher posts in the Government.\n\nThe arg\n\na is argument for retaining there Post, if they are not required, but a \"sufficient to\n\nlack of the recepity of Nursing it any large staff of Relis frusting.\n\nwh",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-137 - Sir MacDonnell - 1869 [4-5].txt",
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    {
        "id": 286234,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-154 - Public Offices - 1871",
        "page_number": 190,
        "title": "CO129-154 - Public Offices - 1871",
        "content_text": "# of Consequences\n\n**Admiralty Agent**\n\n189\n\nOperations of the preventive Service about to watch the coasts E & W of Hong Kong, the colony at risk of being to no small extent deprived.\n\nI will enumerate first the possible objections to my scheme, and having disposed of them, I will state what I conceive to be its advantages.\n\nThe junk trade, by which the British factory is largely benefited, will go far to diminish if, as I propose, the Chinese Customs are allowed, in the Dutch fashion, to bond the warehouses of the merchants for the resident merchandise, or to certificate here all goods brought to Hongkong, to show that they have either been warehoused or shipped in a hull.\n\nThe British public will most likely exclaim against the admission of any British Executive into the waters of a Port: Colony. The Answer is that by refusing to admit this Executive, we either support a trade which inflicts serious damage on the Customs Revenue of China, or we drive China to a course carried out at a Treaty post, and to levy duties on all cargo landed or shipped by junks.\n\nAs long as Hong Kong Harbour is free, there is no reason to look for any serious falling-off in the junk trade of Hongkong. But if the waters outside Hongkong are to be patrolled by a preventive service, not of foreigners, and overhauling junks within a short distance of the Colony, I have little doubt that a large proportion of the junks will...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-154 - Public Offices - 1871.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 308791,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-193 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 131,
        "title": "CO129-193 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "C. O.\n\n12803\n\nnach\n\nJUL 21\n\n128\n\n2.\n\nI enclose, for Your Lordship's information, the Attorney General's Report on this Ordinance.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nMy Lord,\n\nYour Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant,\n\nHopef\n\n29th March\n\nGovernor Hogmmander sich hief.\n\nNo. 2 of 1881.\n\nAn Ordinance enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice of the Legislative Council thereof, entitled \"The Census Ordinance, 1881.\"\n\n[14th March, 1881.]\n\nWHEREAS it is expedient to make provision for taking, from time to time, the Census of the Colony of Hongkong: Be it enacted by the Governor of Hongkong, with the advice of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows:-\n\nI. The Governor in Council may authorize and direct a Census to be taken of the inhabitants of the Colony at such times as he thinks fit, and may, from time to time, appoint and remove such officers as may be necessary for the purpose.\n\nNotice of the intention to take such Census, and of the date of such intended taking, shall be published in the Gazette at least ten days previously.\n\nII. The officers appointed to take the Census shall, in accordance with the instructions of the Governor, make such arrangements as may be necessary for the purpose.\n\nIII. Schedules shall be prepared under the direction of the Governor, for the purpose of being filled up by or on behalf of the several occupiers of every dwelling-house or place of residence in the Colony, and by or on behalf of the persons on board every vessel in the waters of the Colony, with such particulars as to the Governor in Council may seem fit.\n\nIV. The Governor in Council may, from time to time, make, and when made, revoke, add to, and alter regulations for carrying out this Ordinance, and all such regulations, revocations, additions and alterations shall be published in the Gazette, and shall be posted in such places and in such languages as the Governor in Council may direct.\n\nV. The master or keeper of every school, gaol, prison, hospital, or public or charitable institution, and the manager of every dock, factory, or place employing over twenty persons, and the proprietor or manager of every hotel, and the master or person in charge of every vessel lying within the waters of this Colony, shall be the enumerators of the inmates thereof or the persons residing therein.\n\nVI. All officers appointed under this Ordinance may ask all such questions as are necessary for obtaining the information required under this Ordinance.\n\nVII. Any person who, without lawful excuse, wilfully refuses or neglects to fill up and sign according to the truth of the case, or to alter or amend in any particular, if required to do so by the enumerator, any schedule so left at his house or place of residence; or to deliver the same to the enumerator or other officer when required to do so; or to furnish information to any enumerator, or to permit any enumerator to obtain information on board his vessel; or to answer any such question as aforesaid put to him by any enumerator or other officer, shall, on conviction before a ...\n\nPage 21\n\nThe Governor\n\nMy direct\n\nCensus and appoint and remove officers.\n\nFrust\n\nCensus to be taken.\n\nIN\n\nTHIS\n\nPAZZ KITENG,T=\n\n21-D S\n\nSchedules to be prepared.\n\nR.Kulathna.\n\nInmates of\n\ngaols, hospitals, etc., to be enumerated.\n\nEnumerators may ask questions.\n\nOffences.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-193 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [5-7].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 321179,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-207 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1883 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 556,
        "title": "CO129-207 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1883 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "40\n\nH\n\n553\n\nWhen they begin, I believe the two Ki will\n\n20zume,\n\nand we shall probably get next year a much larger revenue. Until then\n\nI believe that\n\nThe Increment,\n\nhas been obtained before -\n\nwe ought to get $300,000\n\nhowever, much be paid and show these\n\npeople that it will have its revenue –\n\nThe Yau wo look their posts and places\n\nthree times to take and three times\n\nthey had to return before the year was\n\nLog\n\nup the Chap Ching shows that, and the\n\n6 ser theng\n\n↑\n\n/\n\na\n\nI take out a license, and start a factory -\n\nAll can work\n\nunder the Government,\n\nbetween te bo he and the maps Shong\n\nbut the split is so great that I can't\n\nSee how\n\nthey can\n\nbe reconciled- Macao\n\ncan do much commerce for any time. There are\n\nno faults there. There is shopping;\n\nand all the water has to be carried\n\nfrom a long distance-\n\ngreed\n\nThe banking\n\nAnd Shipping facilities of this Island. Moreover, say nothing of the reputation\n\nof its water for purposes of opium working\n\nit is an advantage for\n\nand\n\nbuying\n\nover the other ports, and the Australian\n\nAnd Californian Merchants who live\n\nhere can conduct their business without\n\nMuch capital as\n\nThey can get\n\nthe\n\nBanks & buy their bills with documents\n\nattached",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-207 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1883 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 335251,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-234 - Acting Governor Cameron Governor Des Voeus - 1887 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 533,
        "title": "CO129-234 - Acting Governor Cameron Governor Des Voeus - 1887 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "# THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. PROGRESS OF HONGKONG.\n\nHer Majesty's Jubilee is one of those events that not only appeal to popular feeling but compel those reflectively inclined to study the changes during the past fifty years. It is not a time merely of state processions, of the pomp and circumstance of a Royal thanksgiving, of official odes of Jubilate ! and Io! Triumphe, but it is also a time of sober exlculation and comparison, so as to estimate what progress has been made.\n\nTo the August Lady herself the occasion, though not standing alone in the annals of her house, is of course, one of the highest moment and of liveliest satisfaction, and may be deemed by her as the crowning event of her long and well-spent life. And there is not the slightest doubt that this is also a feeling in which many of her subjects share, hence the desire to see the occasion worthily celebrated and permanently commemorated.\n\nOf the long list of English Queens, some of them may strike us with a sense of greater grandeur and dignity, a result due perhaps more to tradition and false historical perspective than to literal accuracy; some may have possessed stronger qualities of will and intellect, of wider culture, of more learning; others may have had greater personal attractions, or may be surrounded by a halo of chivalry and romance with which their misfortunes, merited or unmerited, and unrivalled beauty may have invested them, but there is no Queen in that long roll who has so entirely absorbed the enthusiastic and respectful affection of all her subjects as VICTORIA—and that only by the simple charm of true womanliness and pure goodness of heart.\n\nIn the Greater England over the sea, she is equally honoured by the descendants of the Cavaliers that founded Virginia, by the sons of the men of the old faith that founded Maryland, by the posterity of the Puritans that planted the tree of Democracy on Plymouth Rock, or by the pushing frontiersman of the West. In all her relations she has been eminently English; a loving wife, an affectionate mother, a typical English matron; and in times of trial, a self-possessed, courageous English woman—in brief, a model Queen of England!\n\nAmong contemporary Queens, our Queen stands on a pedestal apart. The late Pope, Pius IX., no mean judge of human nature, and in this respect not likely to be a biased judge, considered that she was incomparably the best of them all. \"She stood,\" he said, \"on a pedestal apart.\" In her political life, amidst the ever-changing vicissitudes of English party Government, her conduct has been above suspicion. She would not be a woman if she had not preferences towards this statesman or towards that, but, in her constitutional relationship towards all parties she has maintained the dignified attitude of An English constitutional sovereign.\n\nThe popularity and sympathy she won by her youth and natural grace of manner fifty years ago, she still retains, and that by her clear insight into the needs and aims of her people. Her reign has been an eventful one; it has been marked by many political struggles, and in these, no one has taken greater interest than the Queen herself, who has recognized throughout them all that special characteristic of Englishmen—\"to win reforms by Agitation, what others attempt by Revolution.\"\n\nTempting as the subject is to review the progress, material and scientific, commercial and political, of the Empire during the half century, we consider it more to our purpose to indicate what has been accomplished in the Far East during that time than to review the reign generally. Great as have been the strides of advancement in the West, we have not been lagging so very far behind in the East, retarded though we have been by the inertness of an old and partially fossilised civilization.\n\nChina fifty years ago was a very different country from the China of to-day. So different indeed, that unless a special study is made of the period in question, it is simply a sheer impossibility for the great majority of the residents here to realize the deplorable state in which affairs were then, to understand the helpless and hopeless position with regard to comfort, safety, and personal rights, in which the Jardine, Mathesons, the Dents, the Gibbs, Livingstons, the Turners, the Russells then carried on business in Canton.\n\nAs a description, however curtailed, of things as they were, these will bring into greater relief the points of differences and make a more effective contrast, and we shall, instead of going into long rows of figures and tables, adopt this method.\n\nIt is a mistake to think that Hongkong fifty years ago, was not thought of. The anxieties and annoyances of life at Canton had become so great that the conviction had entered the minds of the merchants, that nothing short of the possession of an island off the Coast of China, independent of the Chinese Government, could give the necessary security to life and property. Formosa, Chusan, Namoa, the Bonin Islands, and Hongkong were all suggested as more or less suitable.\n\nSurveys were made among the Ladrones, of which Hongkong is one, and we find so far back as the time of the Queen's Accession, an anonymous writer, supposed to be the then head of a firm now intimately connected with the history and prosperity of this Colony, suggesting that Hongkong should be the island selected.\n\nAfter describing the physical features and advantages as they are known to all of us, its beautiful, deep, landlocked harbour and clear springs of water, he becomes prophetic or is it the utterance of an oft-repeated prayer while writhing under a sense of official injustice? And says: \"If the lion's paw is to be put down in any part of China, let it be on Hongkong. Let the lion, under his guarantee, declare it a free port, and in ten years it will be the most considerable mart East of the Cape.\"\n\nIt is worth while, in passing, to note what this Canton merchant of half a century ago thought were the conditions of the success of Hongkong and to remind our local Conscript Fathers of the duty of handing them down intact and unimpaired to our successors.\n\nLife in the Old Factories had very little in common with the comparatively pleasant life that foreigners now enjoy in China. Home life was conspicuous by its absence. Foreigners in Canton were a community of mercantile monks, for the Government officials, ignorant of the refining influences of ladies' society, rigidly proscribed them and sternly banished them to Macao.\n\nThe site itself was insalubrious, and at low water, when the foreshore and neighbouring creeks were dry, smelled most abominably. The vilest rowdies inhabited the houses surrounding the factories, and the factory-site itself, if we mistake not, was not greater than the area of the base of the Great Pyramid. These were only minor evils. The residents, cooped up within their factories, were treated like so many denizens of a zoological garden. There they might amuse themselves as much as they liked so long as they made no uproar, as the officials...\n\nPage 527",
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    {
        "id": 336682,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-237 - Governor Des Voeus Acting Governor Stewart - 1888 [1-6]",
        "page_number": 398,
        "title": "CO129-237 - Governor Des Voeus Acting Governor Stewart - 1888 [1-6]",
        "content_text": "# Pateable Value is introduced for the first time, the procedure as to appeals simplified and provisions are introduced as to the numbering of houses.\n\n(Signed) Edw. L. O'Malley  \nMay 4th 1888.\n\n## Enclosure B.\n\n### The Daily Press.\n\n#### HONGKONG, MARCH 28TH, 1888.\n\nThe Council went into Committee on the Rating Bill.\n\nThe **COLONIAL TREASURER** moved, in the definition clause, that for the words “annual valuation” the words \"annual assessment\" should be read, and that for \"general valuation” in the same line \"general assessment” should be read. He said the alteration was merely a technical one, and he would have to propose it frequently throughout the reading of the Bill.\n\n**His EXCELLENCY**--I think it would be well, considering that this Bill has been before us some time, to give some reason for the alteration. I am not quite clear in my own mind as to what the difference in meaning is.\n\nThe **COLONIAL TREASURER**-The valuation of a property is simply the stating by an officer, brought in for the purpose, of the value. The process in England is this-a Vestry employs a valuer to give them an estimate of the value of the various properties in the parish. He does so and then the Vestry takes upon itself the responsibility of either accepting or rejecting his valuation. They are not bound by it. If they think it is too low they take the responsibility of raising it, or if they think it is too high they may lower it. Having done that they have fixed the rateable value of the property, which is generally the amount estimated, but not always. They take the valuer's estimate as a guide, and then assess it at either more or less. Here we have no vestry, and the valuer performs these two functions. He values the property and then he fixes it in the rate book at the value which he has fixed. He does in some cases revise his own valuation, but the assessment is that entry in the rate book which the valuer makes as the rateable value of the property on which the rates are to be paid.\n\n**His EXCELLENCY**-Do you think the alteration absolutely necessary? It is always inconvenient to alter all through an Ordinance.\n\nThe **COLONIAL TREASURER**-I don't think it absolutely necessary, but I must confess that while the Bill is in progress I should like to have it technically correct if possible. I do not press the point.\n\nThe **ATTORNEY-GENERAL**-It seems to me that \"valuation\" is better than \"assessment.” If the word \"assessment\" is substituted for \"valuation\" it might leave a sort of discretion in the hands of the valuer which is not desirable.\n\nThe motion was withdrawn.\n\nHon. C. P. CHATER, with reference to definition 2, said-I beg to propose an amendment, namely, that the last few lines in this section \"Such annual value shall include the value of any fixtures or fixed machinery which may be regarded as the proper fittings of the tenement and essentially necessary to its occupation by the tenant,\" be omitted, and the following words from the old Ordinance 21 of 1885 be inserted in lieu thereof; \"In estimating the value of a tenement the value of any machinery contained therein shall not be included.” I know that this Ordinance has been compiled under the careful supervision of the Colonial Treasurer, but in taking exception to the words in question I feel I am acting for the good of the colony, and my opinion is shared by most of the influential members of this mercantile community. I consider if this section be adopted in its entirety it will be, if not killing, at all events materially wounding the proverbial goose. I think too much zeal in the collection of taxes is to be deprecated.\n\nHon. P. Ryrie -Hear, hear; and the words which I propose should be omitted seem to me to have been inserted specially to the exclusion of the words of the old Ordinance, which I now propose to retain. I feel personally so confident that the proposed alteration is a mistake, that I would be more inclined, if it were necessary, to subsidize industries than to hamper them by placing a tax on machinery; for in encouraging machine shops and factories labour is invited to the Colony, which means of necessity increase of population and of the area of ground occupied, and thereby augmenting our rates and the revenue of the Colony generally. Surely then, Sir, it must be a near-sighted policy to attempt to tax these industrial establishments. In fact, I feel it almost an indirect tax on goods manufactured in this Colony, which I am sure your Excellency will admit is against the spirit of our constitution, and I have therefore much pleasure in proposing the alteration.\n\nHon. J. BELL-IRVING-I have much pleasure in seconding the amendment, and I fully endorse all that has been said by my hon. friend.\n\nThe **COLONIAL TREASURER**-This is a most important section of the Ordinance, and therefore I trust the Council will not think any time spent on it is spent in vain, because this definition is the very backbone, the mainspring of the Ordinance. If the hon. member's amendment be accepted I believe Hongkong will be the only place in the world where machinery is not rated. It is no doubt a very important question whether Hongkong should be the only place where machinery is not rated, and I confess much may be said in favour of the view that it should. I sympathise to a very great extent with the views of the hon. member and his seconder, but there are considerations on both sides and while I would refrain from attempting to influence the mind of the Council in any way, I feel bound to state what are the considerations on the other side. There are thousands of people here who, if they thought about the matter at all which I don't suppose they do, might express themselves something like this:-\"Hongkong is a great deal more comfortable place to me with 100,000 inhabitants than with 200,000 and would be more comfortable still with only 50,000. The only result to me of the large population of operatives flocking here to work machinery and every piece of ground being taken up and new streets being opened, would be that I would be a good deal more bustled and jostled than otherwise; I would be living in a quarter of the space and paying three or four times as heavy a rent.\" That is not only the view of the dilettante professional man who comes here for three or four years and goes away, or of the Government servant who has no interest in machinery or commercial enterprise, it is the view, or should be the view, if they thought about it at all, of tens of thousands of the Chinese here who find themselves pinched for room and have to pay excessive house rents in consequence of the over-crowding of the Colony. These are the considerations on the other side. If you consider the matter very carefully, it seems to me it is a choice between a possible injury to trade on the one side and an injustice on the other. It is possible that where enterprise is struggling and can only keep its head above water a tax might just turn the scale and induce the shutting up of some such establishment as our late lamented steam laundry. The $10 or so a month might perhaps just be the last straw which would make the establishment not worth carrying on. But if on the one hand you have a little possible injury to enterprise, you have on the other a considerable injustice to large numbers of people who would be paying less taxes if machinery in the Colony was paying its fair share. And then, sir, I scarcely see where this exemption is to stop. If machinery is necessary to enterprise so are piers, therefore exempt piers; and godowns, therefore exempt godowns; also houses for the godown keepers and the clerks, therefore exempt these; in fact the only people who would be taxed would be the public servants, who would probably be regarded as not essential to the progress of the colony. Finally, sir, your Excellency's contemplated reduction of taxation will probably leave the machinery-using establishments paying no more rates than at present, while the hard-working Chinese population will pay less. The machine using householder will only probably pay what he is paying at present or a little less.\n\nHon. P. RYRIE-If you carry out this principle you should assess all the houses as furnished houses. We have all machinery of some sort, gas lamps, cooking pots, and so on. If you have a factory, to furnish that factory you must put machinery in it.\n\nThe **COLONIAL TREASURER** (reading)-“Such annual value shall include the value of any fixtures or fixed machinery which may be regarded as the proper fittings of the tenement...",
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        "id": 341093,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-244 - Governor Des Voeus Acting Governor Fleming - 1890 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 119,
        "title": "CO129-244 - Governor Des Voeus Acting Governor Fleming - 1890 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "4. In addition to the efforts which the Registrar General's Department, in one way or other, might make to stimulate attendance at school, I beg to submit that the following measures would also tend, in a subsidiary sense, to stimulate school attendance.\n\na. The greatest defaulters in the matter of school attendance are those Chinese girls in the Colony, who are purchased servants owned by Chinese families.\n\nBut this subject of Chinese bond-servitude is an extremely delicate one, as it touches almost every well-to-do Chinese family in the Colony. I have in former years once or twice suggested registration of these girls, coupled with a mild form of moral pressure, that might be exercised by the Government, through the Registrar General or otherwise, to cause the owners of such girls to send them for a time to school. If it were possible to do anything by way of legislation in the direction of applying the root principle of the English Factory Acts to the system of Chinese domestic bond-servitude, so common in Hongkong, a most powerful stimulus would be provided to increase attendance in school.\n\nb. The children of the Chinese poor, living in the smaller villages and hamlets of the Colony, constitute another class of defaulters in the matter of school attendance, ranking next in importance, though numerically of comparatively small significance. In the absence of a law making attendance at school compulsory (which I do not advocate), this class of Chinese, mostly very poor people, keep their own children, and especially the girls, away from school to do the work of domestic servants in their respective families and also to assist in agricultural or cattle-herding work. As to the girls of this class of people, there are but few separate schools for village girls in existence. Any effort made in the direction of starting additional girls' schools in the villages would stimulate school attendance to a certain extent. The Grant-in-Aid Scheme is, of late years, operating beneficially in this respect, and the Government have made every effort to encourage the starting of girls' schools in the villages by grants of land for the purpose of erecting school houses. But much more remains to be done in this respect.\n\nI do not think, however, the Government should at once step forward and start girls' schools in the villages in a hurry. I think the Grant-in-Aid Scheme is capable of doing the needful work gradually, and in course of time, when the lately proposed Girls' School in town is formed, the Head-mistress of that Central Girls' School might eventually organize any movement that may be found necessary on the part of the Government for the establishment of girls' schools in places neglected by private educationists.\n\nc. As to the school attendance of the male children of Chinese poor in the Colony, there is but little needed in the way of a direct stimulus. Chinese parents, both in town and in the villages, are generally anxious to send their boys to school at least for a few years. What stands in the way, in their case, is what a School-attendance Officer could not remedy, viz., poverty and deficient school accommodation. Poverty is the principal cause that keeps large numbers of Chinese boys out of school, many parents being unable to afford the decent clothing which Chinese etiquette, even in the case of poor scholars, insists upon, or the periodical fees and presents which national custom allots to the teacher, or the desk which in almost all village schools must be supplied by the scholars. As regards school fees and furniture, the Government might, however, step in and do something to stimulate school attendance, by abolishing the fees now charged in the so-called Aided Schools, that is to say, by converting all the Aided Village Schools into Government Schools. The practical effect of this would be that the Government would charge itself with payment of full (instead of half) salary of the Village School Masters and provide the school room and school furniture in each case. This measure would make elementary education in the villages absolutely gratuitous, as it is in the elementary schools of the City of Victoria. I roughly estimate that, if the old furniture of the Government Central School, which the Government has already placed at the disposal of the Education Department for purposes of this sort, were applied to this end, the whole measure of making education in the villages gratuitous could be carried into effect at the beginning of the year 1890 by adding to the Estimates for 1890 the sum of $1224, viz., $1080 increase of salaries of 18 teachers and $144 rent of premises. I have always advocated the principle of making elementary education gratuitous and of charging adequate fees for the higher middle-class education, such as the Victoria College gives, and I would therefore but think it a consistent educational measure to make good the extra expenditure, incurred in making elementary education gratuitous throughout the Colony, by a corresponding increase of the fees charged in Victoria College.\n\nd. A further much-needed and most powerful stimulus to school attendance, both in town and villages, would be furnished by enlarging and improving the accommodation hitherto provided in Government Schools. If large and airy houses were substituted for the present wretched and over-crowded Chinese hovels rented by the Government, the result would be a very largely increased attendance in school. I have pointed out in many annual reports that the supply of school accommodation is throughout the Colony far behind the demand, and it seems to me that if the Government is determined to urge the people to send their children to school, the Government must first of all be prepared to provide sufficient school accommodation for them. At present, with the exception of a few high-class schools similar to the Victoria College in character, every school in the Colony would be condemned, as dangerously over-crowded, by the Imperial Education Code (1886), which demands at least 80 cubic feet of internal space and 8 square feet of internal area for each unit of average attendance, and most of our schools would be so condemned even if the dimensions thus required were reduced by one half. Unless the Government is prepared to provide increased school accommodation throughout the Colony, the best efforts of a School-attendance Officer would be rendered comparatively nugatory. School accommodation is, however, not only costly but requires time to provide it. All that can be done, therefore, is to proceed with a reasonable amount of despatch to remedy, step by step, the most glaring defects in this respect, and to let the work of the School-attendance Officer keep pace with the increase of accommodation. Ten years ago, I recommended the erection of six school buildings, and the recommendation was approved of, but there were other more pressing needs of the Colony to be provided for first. But now, since the new buildings for the Victoria College are completed, the new school premises, approved of ten years ago, might be taken in hand, and the erection of these would most effectively forward the accomplishment of the aim desired by the Secretary of State.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour most obedient Servant,\n\nE. J. EITEL, PH. DR.,\n\nInspector of Schools.\n\nHonourable F. STEWART, LL.D.,\n\nColonial Secretary,",
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        "id": 344451,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-248 - Public Offices & Others - 1890",
        "page_number": 449,
        "title": "CO129-248 - Public Offices & Others - 1890",
        "content_text": "446\n\n18\n\nis shoaling rapidly owing to the accumulation of earth washed down from the hills through a nullah which enters the harbour at that part. The proposal was declined because expensive reclamation works are required before the site offered in exchange would be fully available, and the Admiralty were not prepared to apply to Parliament for the money necessary to make the reclamation, to erect the new buildings, and to remove the machinery, and establish the yard on the proposed site.\n\n6. Sir H. Holland, however, understands that if the Colonial Government were willing, at their own cost, to undertake the transfer of the machinery and establishment, making all necessary works, and erecting buildings of the same capacity and character as now exist in the present yard, the Admiralty might be disposed to surrender the present yard and buildings in exchange for the proposed site at Kowloon, with the new buildings and other works to be effected as above mentioned.\n\n7. Such an arrangement, however, between the Admiralty and the colony would not, under existing circumstances, be acceptable to the War Office if the colony desired to build over the site of the naval yard, and would, doubtless, not be entertained by the colony if they were not at liberty to make free use of that site and of any land reclaimed from the harbour. It is, therefore, suggested that the colony might seek to acquire some portion, at least, of the military buildings situated between the Queen's Road and the harbour.\n\n8. The naval yard is flanked on one side by the North Barracks and on the other by the commissariat buildings, the three together forming a large block of land of great value. The two military portions would fetch a high price in the market, possibly sufficient for erecting elsewhere new barracks and other buildings in place of the North Barracks and commissariat buildings, as well as the additional barracks which will be required for the increase in the garrison which is contemplated. It might, it seems to Sir H. Holland, be possible for an agreement to be come to between the War Office and the colony, by which the former, instead of selling these two sites, might arrange to hand them over to the colony in return for the erection of barracks and other buildings at suitable places higher up the hill, the colony being required to expend, unless the work could be done for less, a sum equal to the value of the sites of North Barracks and commissariat buildings, as ascertained beforehand by agreement or arbitration, after allowing for the value of any site which the colony may have to provide outside the War Department lands.\n\n9. Sir H. Holland has been informed, though the Governor has not yet made any report upon the subject, that a scheme is on foot in the colony for an extended reclamation in the western portion of the harbour, commencing it is said in the neighbourhood of Belcher's Point and ending at the Government Wharf (Murray Pier), near the North Barracks. If any scheme of this nature is to be carried out at the present time it would necessarily postpone for some time the removal of the naval yard and the North Barracks and commissariat buildings as above suggested; but if the Secretary of State for War is disposed to entertain the question of such removal, it would be desirable that the Governor should be made aware of the possibility of such an arrangement being made in the future.\n\n10. I am accordingly to ask that Sir H. Holland may be favoured with the observations of the Secretary of State for War upon the subjects referred to in this letter.\n\nI am, &c.,\n\nThe Under Secretary of State,\n\nWar Office.\n\nJOHN BRAMSTON.\n\nWar Office to Colonial Office.\n\nWar Office,\n\n20th January 1888.\n\nI have the honour, by direction of the Secretary of State for War, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 16th instant, respecting the proposed extension of the Hong Kong Praya, which shall receive attention. A further communication will be addressed to you on the subject.\n\n8\n\n1100\n\nThe Under Secretary of State,\n\nColonial Office, S.W.\n\nI have, &c.,\n\nRALPH THOMPSON.\n\n19\n\nCaptain Superintendent, Pembroke Dock, to Admiralty.\n\nExtension of Praya Wall, Hong Kong. Result of Committee Meeting at Colonial Office, on the 9th January 1888.\n\nHer Majesty's Dockyard, Pembroke Dock,\n\n11th January 1888.\n\n8\n\n1187\n\nSir,\n\n1. I have to report, for the information of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that in compliance with their directions expressed in your letters of the 4th and 5th instant, D.W. 4275 and 4278, I attended at the Colonial Office at 3.0 p.m., on Monday the 9th, and met there Mr. Bramston, of the Colonial Office, Sir G. Phillippo, Chief Justice of Hong Kong, and Colonel Locock, R.E., representing the War Office.\n\n2. Sir G. Phillippo opened the discussion by stating that the population of Hong Kong was so rapidly increasing, that on sanitary and commercial grounds the Colonial authorities at Hong Kong were of opinion that at no distant date it would be necessary to move to other suitable sites the naval and military establishments, now occupying a central position on the sea front, and, therefore, interrupting the traffic from east to west.\n\n3. I pointed out that, from a naval point of view, the building of the proposed Praya wall across the sea front of the dockyard would be most inconvenient, and would much impair the efficiency of the yard, except on the amended plan proposed by Sir William Dowell, K.C.B., in his letter, dated Amoy, 5th May 1884; and further, that the naval yards should be laterally extended by the War Department handing over to the Admiralty the North Barracks, now occupied by the Royal Artillery.\n\n4. Colonel Locock, R.E., stated that there would be no objection on the part of the War Department to handing over the North Barracks, or such portion of the ground as the Admiralty might require, provided Lots No. 21 and 22, and another Lot east of the commissariat buildings, were handed over to the War Department by the colony, and the Admiralty paid the necessary money for acquiring the site, and erecting the buildings, &c.\n\n5. The Chief Justice, on the other hand, was decidedly of opinion that it was necessary for the colony that the North Barracks, naval yard, and at least as far as Wellington Barracks on the sea front of the Queen's Road, should be handed over to the colony, with no restrictions as to the purposes the land might be used for. If this were agreed to, he would be prepared to recommend to the Colonial Government that the land at Kowloon, as per plans enclosed in the Surveyor-General's letter of 5th March 1887, should be reclaimed, and the necessary barracks, buildings, storehouses, sheds, factory, and the machinery placed therein as now in the naval yard at Hong Kong, should be erected thereon, and handed over to the Admiralty free of all costs, in exchange.\n\n6. Sir G. Phillippo, in the course of his remarks, stated he believed that a new scheme had been started, and that it had the approval of the Local Government, which is to extend the present Praya wall from Belcher's Bay to Murray Pier (a point immediately west of the North Barracks) for a considerable distance into the sea, I believe about 100 yards. Should this be finally carried out, Sir George was of opinion that for the present the available money of the colony would be exhausted, and the proposed extension of the Praya eastward, past the naval and military establishments, would not at present be proceeded with; firstly, for want of funds; secondly, that sufficient land for immediate wants would be made available by the reclamation.\n\n7. I would point out, for their Lordships' consideration, that if this latter scheme is carried out, I am of opinion the silting up of the sea front of the naval yard, which has been going on for years, and has already proved of considerable inconvenience to the naval Service, would be very much accelerated, as the new Praya wall would interrupt the little tide which now assists in clearing away a portion of the large amount of debris that in rainy seasons is washed down from the hill sides, and silts up the sea front of this part of the harbour.\n\n8. My letter, dated the 15th of March 1887, to the Commander-in-Chief in China, and which is within the enclosed papers, gives plainly my opinion on the subject of the removal of the naval yard to Kowloon, and its advantages; this, taken with the knowledge that it seems next to impossible to extend the yard in its present position, and if some arrangement is not soon agreed upon, that in a short time the land now offered at Kowloon may not be available, except at an enormous cost, I would...\n\n1",
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        "id": 352930,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-260 - Governor Sir Robinson Acting Governor O-Brien - 1893 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 522,
        "title": "CO129-260 - Governor Sir Robinson Acting Governor O-Brien - 1893 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "519\n\n( 24 )\n\n5. Declaration of Lai A Hing.. \n\nI, LAI A HING, of Victoria, in the Colony of Hongkong, Trader and Commission Agent, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare as follows:-\n\n1. That I have a great many times purchased prepared Opium from Cheung Tak Company, the present Opium Farmer.\n\n2. That on the 10th September instant at about 6 o'clock P.M., my principal Leung Cheung gave me a delivery order for 24 tins of prepared Opium packed in four large parcels. I took the order to Tak Lung, the Manager of the Cheang Tak Company, and he gave me an Export Certificate and told me to get Opium at the factory at Praya West. Accordingly at about 6.30 o'clock that evening I got 24 tins of Opium from the clerk at the said factory and shipped them on board a small boat. About 3.30 o'clock on the morning of the 11th September instant I tried several times to take the Opium on board the steamboat Honam in this small boat but failed as the preventive officer was strictly watching until the said Leung Cheung who was then on board the steamer told me to take the Opium back so I took it back to Praya West and carried it ashore to the clerk in two journeys. This was about six o'clock in the morning.\n\n3. That on 12th September instant, the said Leung Cheung requested me to offer the preventive officer some bribe money so I went on board the Powan and talked with the officer Fung A-Shing. I requested him not to watch me so strictly and promised to pay him two dollars a voyage. He refused and I went away.\n\n4. That on the 12th September instant about 6 o'clock P.M. I again got a delivery order from the said Leung Cheung to get 24 tins of Opium. Accordingly I obtained them from the clerk at the factory at Praya West and shipped them in a boat for the steamer. As we approached I went ashore and went to the steamer. There I saw the said Fung A Shing and told him that the things had come. He told me not to send it there. I learned that the Opium was placed on board the steamer and then I went ashore. That same evening about 7.30 o'clock I heard that the Opium had been seized whereupon I reported the fact to the said Leung Cheung who went to the Opium Farmer.\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of An Act made and passed in the Sixth year of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth entitled \"An Act to repeal an Act of the (then) present Session of Parliament entitled An Act for the more effectual Abolition of Oaths and Affirmations taken and made in various Departments of the State and to substitute declarations in lieu thereof and for the more entire suppression of voluntary and extra-judicial Oaths and Affidavits and to make other provisions for the Abolition of unnecessary Oaths,”\n\nDeclared at No. 35, Queen's Road Victoria in the Colony of Hongkong this 23rd day of September 1889.\n\nBefore me,\n\nLS\n\nVictos H. Dracos, Notary Public,\n\nInterpreted to the said LAI A HING in the Chinese language by TSANG KAM CHUN, Interpreter to Wotton & Deacon, Solicitors, HONGKONG.\n\n(LAI A HING,)\n\n黎阿興\n\n( 25 )\n\n6.-Report of Case tried before the Honourable Mr. Wodehouse.\n\nPOLICE COURT.\n\n6th September.\n\nTHE LARGE SEIZURE OF OPIUM.\n\nA large seizure of opium was made on Thursday evening near Yaumati. Inspector Bremner having obtained information that an attempt was to be made to smuggle a quantity of raw opium, went off in a boat accompanied by a small body of police, about 8 p.m., and overtook two boats suspected of having opium on board. On one boat were found 414 balls of Malwa and 199 balls of Patna, and on the other 207 balls of Malwa and 160 balls of Patna. There were three persons in charge of each boat and these were arrested and brought before Mr. Wodehouse yesterday morning. The men in charge of each boat were fined $500 or six months' imprisonment, while the other occupants of the boat were each fined $50. Later in the day Mr. Webber applied for a rehearing of the case on the ground that he had a perfect defence for all the prisoners. The application was granted, and the case will be reheard on the 10th inst. [Daily Press, 7th September, 1889.]\n\nPOLICE COURT.\n\n10th September.\n\nIn the case in which six men were charged with removing 199 balls of Patna opium and 414 balls of Malwa without permission from the Superintendent of Imports and Exports, Mr. Webber stated that Mr. Francis had been retained for the defence, and asked for a further remand. Remanded until Friday,\n\nPOLICE COURT.\n\n13th September.\n\nTHE OPIUM CASE.\n\nThe case in which six men are charged with the illegal possession of several hundred balls of opium was again before the Court. Mr. Francis, Q.C., instructed by Mr. Webber, appeared for the defence, and explained that he was instructed on behalf of the owner of the opium. Mr. Dennys watched the case on behalf of the Opium Farmer.\n\nThe case arose out of a seizure made by Inspector Bremner on two sampans, and the charge was laid under the section of the Ordinance which prohibits the possession of opium in quantities of less than one chest. In this case the chests had been broken and the balls packed in bags.\n\nMr. Francis, addressing the Court for the defence, said the opium in question was the property of the Yune Tak firm, of which Lam Chune Sing was one of the partners. Lam Chune Sing was a licensee for the sale of prepared Opium under Ordinance 1 of 1884 and was, as he understood, the only person who had been directly licensed by the Opium Farmer for the purpose of selling prepared Opium.",
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        "id": 352931,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-260 - Governor Sir Robinson Acting Governor O-Brien - 1893 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 523,
        "title": "CO129-260 - Governor Sir Robinson Acting Governor O-Brien - 1893 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "520\n\n( 26 )\n\nHe issued sub-licenses, and had got from the Opium Farmer practically a monopoly of the sale of prepared Opium in the colony. The Opium Farmer was not at liberty to grant any licenses for preparing opium, having been deprived of that power, which former Farmers had. He had two establishments for preparing opium, one of which was over at Mongkok, and he was in the habit of receiving there and at his place here opium the property of his licensee, which he prepared for the licensee, charging him $100 a chest in all, $65 being for the fee and the remainder for expenses. At Mongkok Punti workmen were employed, and one method of preparation, and at the establishment on this side Amoy workmen and another method. The licensee if he wanted the opium for one purpose sent it over to Mongkok to be prepared and if for another purpose it was prepared on this side. On the 4th and 5th September he purchased twelve chests of opium and for the removal of these twelve chests to Mongkok the usual permits were obtained in the name of the Opium Farmer, who assumed the responsibility of the opium being accounted for. The learned counsel detailed the process by which permits are obtained and traced the connection by which he intended to show that the permits which would be put in applied to the particular opium seized. The opium was taken down to the cargo boat in chests, put on board before six o'clock and about that time the boat left. On that evening there was a very strong tide running with little or no breeze. The junk could make little or no progress and the opium was transferred to small boats to be taken over to Mongkok. At that place there was a long stretch of shallow water and mud without any proper landing stage, and it had always been the custom to unpack the opium either in the godowns or in the junk, for convenience in carrying it ashore, as they could not carry it in chests, and that was done in this case.\n\nHe would call people from the various godowns from which the opium was obtained to prove the marks and numbers of the chests, and the owner of the cargo boat, who would explain how the chests were broken and the opium put into bags on board the junk and passed on to two boats as the more convenient way under the circumstances of the tide and wind of getting it over to Mongkok. He would also call the Opium Farmer, who would state that what was done was with his consent, these people being practically his partners. The covers of the chests, with their marks and numbers, would also be produced. If he succeeded in proving what he had stated, he thought his Worship would have no difficulty in finding the opium was in possession of the prisoners simply as that of their masters, that their masters were properly in possession of that opium, amounting in all to twelve chests, and that it was properly and lawfully on its way to Mongkok.\n\nInspector Bremner was recalled for cross-examination. He stated the positions of the boats at the time of the seizure, and said that even under the circumstances of the tide on the night in question he would not expect to find boats taking that direction to reach Mongkok.\n\nIn reply to question by his Worship the witness said the man in charge of one of the boats told him they were going to Mongkok, but afterwards changed his mind and said he did not know where they were going. The man also said he was unfortunate to get caught, that the seizure was a good chance for witness, but that he was only to have had $10 for his share. There was a pass over the hills from Mongkok.\n\nLain Chune Sing, of the Yune Tak firm, No. 121, Praya Central, was then called, and gave particulars of the opium in question in accordance with the statement of counsel. He said the opium was sent to Mongkok because the expenses were smaller there and the water was better.\n\nL. G. D'Almada, clerk in the Imports and Exports Office, identified the permits and the applications on which they were issued.\n\n(97)\n\nKoh Ching Seng, the Opium Farmer, also gave evidence as to the Lam Chune Sing being his licensee, and of the custom of sending opium over to witness's factory at Mongkok. He had three factories, one at West Point, one at East Point and one at Mongkok. The reason he had a factory at Mongkok was that the water was better and there was a constant supply. The supply of Pokfulam water was not constant and was often muddy. He explained that he would have to account for the twelve chests of opium in question, as he was only allowed by his contract to boil 3,600 chests a year, and if he was debited with more than that quantity in the books of the Superintendent of Imports and Exports he would have to pay an additional sum for each chest.\n\nAt this stage the case was adjourned until Tuesday at 2.30\n\nPOLICE COURT.\n\n17th September.\n\np.m.\n\nLARGE CONFISCATION OF OPIUM AND HEAVY PENALTIES,\n\nThe case in which six men were charged with being in possession of 411 lbs. of Malwa opium and 1,382 lbs. of Patna opium in quantities of less than one chest were again before the court on remand. Mr. Francis, Q.C., instructed by Mr. Webber, appeared under instructions from the owner of the opium for the defence.\n\nThe case for the prosecution, as appeared at the former hearings, was that the opium was found packed in bags on board two sampans in the harbour at night. The defence was that the opium was being lawfully conveyed to the Opium Farmer's boiling establishment at Mongkok and that the chests had been broken and the contents packed in bags simply for convenience of landing.\n\nA number of witnesses were now called by the defence to trace the opium from the godowns where it had been stored to the sampans, and to identify it as the contents of the chests mentioned in the removal permits. The cargo boatman gave evidence to the effect that he had often previously taken opium on board his boat for Mong-kok and had it packed in bags on the way over.\n\nMr. Francis then addressed the Court.\n\nHe submitted that the opium seized was in the possession of the first, second, and fourth prisoners, the others being simply boat people. The possession by the first, second, and fourth was really possession by the Yuen Tak Hong, to which the opium belonged. The question therefore arose whether the Yuen Tak Hong was lawfully or unlawfully in possession of it, and he submitted the possession was lawful, the master of the hong having received permits in the name of the Opium Farmer from the Imports and Exports Office authorising him to transfer it from the godowns of the importers to the Opium Farmer's place at Mongkok. The master of the Yuen Tak hong was really the licensed retail seller of prepared Opium, under the Opium Farmer, and he was also a large exporter of prepared opium. There seemed to be no provision in the Opium Ordinance for the exportation of prepared Opium at all and no one was supposed to be in the possession of prepared Opium without a document in a particular form from the person from whom he bought it and that it was intended solely for local consumption.\n\nAs a matter of fact it was known the Opium Farmer had for many years past largely exported to California and other countries his own prepared Opium. The owner of the Opium in this case was in the habit of",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-260 - Governor Sir Robinson Acting Governor O-Brien - 1893 [9-12].txt",
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        "id": 353479,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-261 - Public Offices & Others - 1893",
        "page_number": 467,
        "title": "CO129-261 - Public Offices & Others - 1893",
        "content_text": "463\n\nThe Hongkong Telegraph\n\nHONGKONG, SATURDAY, JUNE 23, 1883.\n\nthe staff of the Army Pay Department, once think it would be advisable to place an acted as superintendent of Victoria Gaol inexperienced outsider over this deserving during the absence of the late Mr. M. S. officer's head. Unless Lord DERBY has TONNOCHY. Captain DEMPSTER is no doubt changed his views on the subject, an officer and a gentleman, thoroughly we are inclined to think that the A Few days ago an announcement ap-acquainted with every branch of the duties appointment of Captain DEMPSTER may peared in one of our contemporaries to the to which his life has been devoted; but Downing Street, and it shall not be our fault meet with considerable opposition in effect that Mr. W. M. DEANE, captain su- what knowledge can an army paymaster if his lordship is not placed in possession of perintendent of police, had arranged to go and honorary captain have of the technical full particulars of the business, as well as home on leave, and that Captain DEMPSTER working of the somewhat cumbrous ma- the opinions of the Hongkong public. had been appointed as his locum tenens. chine known as the Hongkong Police Believing this report to be merely one of Force? What can he know of the special \n\nChief Inspector HORSPOOL has been some the numberless cards constantly circulat-duties essential for such an important which his term of service has been one twenty years in the Hongkong police, in ing throughout the Colony, we did not position? Where has he acquired that consider it worth while to allude to thorough intimacy with Chinese criminal that the talent of success is nothing more long continued success, It has been said it in any way. However, although we life, and the jumbled up ordinances than doing what you can do well, and are still inclined to think that there of the Colony which have hitherto been doing well whatever you do without a can only be at most a vestige of truth regarded as a sine quâ non? If it is thought of fame. Mr. HORSPOOL may not in our contemporary's statement, the mat- possible for an army officer without any have spent years at Eton or Harrow, nor ter has been so generally discussed and is previous experience of police duties, to graduated at Oxford or Cambridge; but apparently regarded in well informed cir- assume the supreme command and sole it is perfectly well known, and has been cles as a settled thing, that the time has control of our large police department, a frequently acknowledged, that he per- arrived when our duty to the public very great deal of unnecessary fuss has formed the duties of captain superinten- renders it imperative that the subject been made in the past as to the value of dent of the Hongkong Police on several should be no longer ignored. \n\nthe services of Captain DEANE, and his pre- occasions in a manner that has never been It is seldom that our opinions on the af- decessors and assistants. And if the fairs of this Colony, or in fact on any sub- duties of captain superintendent can be effi- to the entire satisfaction of Governor Hex- surpassed in the history of the colony, and ject of whatever description, coincide with ciently performed by a gentleman who has Nessy, and the community at large. If those of the enterprising Individuals who had no experience, which we do not for one Captain DEANE leaves the Colony, there is periodically contribute to the columns of moment believe, why is it necessary to go only one man capable of efficiently filling the Daily Press under the nom de plume outside the officers of the Colonial Govern the vacant office, and that man is Chief \"Banian.\" But on this particular question ment to obtain a suitable person for the Inspector HORSPOOL, we are conscientiously able to thoroughly appointment? It any person can ade- himself and the best interests of Hong. Fortunately for endorse every word the \"tripartite al quately fill this office--and such ap- kong, Mr. HORSPOOL is quite Independent liance\" have rendered themselves respon-parently is the idea, as the duties of a of the Colonial Government, and besides sible for. \"Banian\" writes in this morning's paymaster in the army can have nothing has too high a regard for his own re- paper as follows:--- \n\nin common with the direction of an intric-putation to allow himself to be made ate police system-there can surely be the puppet of any piece of political no just reason why the civil servants of the chicanery. It must be apparent to all Crown should be put aside for a gentle-thinking men that the temporary appoint- man who has not the slightest interest ment of Captain DEMPSTER to the superin- in the welfare of the Colony! \n\n\"The appointment of Captain Dempster to the Superintendency of the Police seems to me to smack of a job. I allow that the gallant gentleman has all the qualities to suit him for the command of a regiment, the government of the Gaol, or the Superintendency of the Police, but when I call to mind that Mr. Chief Inspector Horspool came from home to join this specific department, has served many years, and on four different occasions acted during the absence of Capt. Deane, I am forced to the conclusion in which the majority of my readers will concur) that the appointment of the present incumbent distinctly savours of partiality, and at the same time puts an unwarrantable slight upon an able and exemplary Police officer. It is not only a slight, but a cruel hardship, Who can dispute the fact when I mention that on the former occasions when Mr. Horspool acted for Captain Deane he received not a cent of compensation (Captain Deane being on full pay?, whereas now that the Captain Superintendent goes home on half-pay another is found to reap the benefit? If Mr. Horspool was fit to act with no remuneration what excuse can be made for not nominating him now that an advantage will accrue from the acting appointment? This is one of the fantastic tricks worked in high places. others, but for the present will leave this case to be digested.\" \n\nI know of \n\nDANIEL O'CONNELL once said that nothing is politically right which is morally wrong. If it is true that Captain DEANE is going home on leave, and that Captain DEMPSTER has been appointed chief of the police, a \"job\" has been perpetrated which is not only grossly wrong in principle but is also a huge political blunder, and for which there can be no possible justification. Unfortunately there has been a good deal of jobbery rampant in connection with the police department for some considerable time past. It is no secret that an attempt was lately made to place as Mr. C. V. CREAGH's successor in the de- \n\nWe will go a little farther than the gentleman (or coterie of gentlemen) who penned the above paragraph, in our animadversions on what does not merely \"smack of a job,\" but is one of the most scandalous and bare-faced pieces of dis- gusting jobbery ever associated with the government of any British Colony-always providing that the report of Captain DEMPSTER'S appointment to temporarily puty superintendent-ship, a junior clerk in succeed Mr. W. M. DEANE in command of the Hongkong Police is not an idle rumour. Who is Captain DEMPSTER? We have carefully searched the Colonial Office list, without finding a trace of this gentleman's record of services. Army List we find the name of \" T. C. On turning up the DEMPSTER, hon. capt. and paymaster in The Gloucestershire Regiment \"the old \"Slashers,\" and an idea strikes us that this Captain DEMPSTER, who is actually on \n\ntendent-ship of police would practically mean, that Mr. HORSPOOL would do the work and the gallant Captain draw the salary. We venture to say that, unless the position is a mere sham and totally un- necessary for the proper management of police affairs, it would take Capt. DEMPSTER or any other inexperienced outsider at least twelve months to be of the least practical use to the department. \n\nUnder all circumstances it is to be hoped that the rumoured appointment of Captain \n\nDEMPSTER is without foundation. We should be sorry to see Sir GEORGE BOWEN commence his governorship with such a \n\ngross blunder. In all likelihood the public one of the government departments, who would protest, and although we should knew absolutely nothing of police duties. be reluctant to inaugurate an opposition This quiet little \"job\"--for it was nothing against His Excellency, in a flagrant case else was frustrated by the Earl of DERBY, of this kind no other honest alternative Secretary of State for the Colonies, who would be left us. It is, however, satis- pointed out that Mr. GEORGE HORSFOOL, factory to know that Mr. HORSPOOL holds chief inspector, had been able to satisfac-in his own hands the key to the situation. torily perform on several occasions the If Captain DEMPSTER Succeeds Captain duties both of chief and deputy superin- DEANE, Mr. HORSPOOL will undoubtedly at tendent, and therefore had deserved so \n\nonce resign-he could hardly do other. wise and maintain his self-respect-and we shall then have the comfort of knowing that the most important department in the local government service is under the sole control of a novice, who owes his appoint- ment, not to any special merits of his own but entirely to the favor of the Governor. \n\nwell of the Government that he did not",
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    {
        "id": 357185,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-267 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1895 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 42,
        "title": "CO129-267 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1895 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "# Speech by Mr. Brown\n\n80. He can in one instance show that the leading Chinese have not given him the most loyal support whenever they have been called upon to do so. You know, gentlemen, Chinese are a very quiet people - the leading Chinese (hear, hear) - they are law-abiding; they are afraid of the Government, and would never interfere with what the Government would do because they are afraid of the officials, the same as they are afraid of the officials of their own country, and they would never dare to interfere or disobey the orders of any Government, no matter where they are. (Hear, hear). Now, gentlemen, I thought the whole of last night, and it has been in my mind the whole time, what led to all this trouble, these strikes, and all these woes. It is all through misfortunate occurrences, misunderstanding between the Government and the Chinese - the Europeans, I say. This misunderstanding is due to the private meetings between Government officials and the leading Chinese. I think these meetings ought to be held in public so that both the European community and the Chinese will know exactly what has taken place between the Government officials and the Chinese. (Applause).\n\nAs it is now, if my information is correct, the Government officials send for a select few of the leading Chinese, or perhaps the District Watchmen's Committee, to consult on some things. Well, when they have met - whether when they meet is known to the public, I do not say - at least, I have not heard - but when they meet the Government officials, if the views of the Chinese agree with the officials, the credit of the case goes to the head of the department, but on the other hand, if their views do not agree with the officials, their views are disregarded. For example, I read only the other day, when the strike commenced, that the District Watchmen's Committee made two suggestions to the Government. One was to have the landlords registered instead of the head coolies, and after a few months to get the head coolies to register. The second point was to get the Government to measure the floor so as to see how many coolies the floor can accommodate, because the coolies, being ignorant of the law, did not know what 300 or 400 cubic feet meant. They think it is a room for one man. I do not think the Government will take these views, but still, before the law was passed, and after the views were properly presented to the Government and the Sanitary Board, the whole Committee might have considered whether their views were good or not; whether practicable or not. But this notion was entirely disregarded, and nobody knew until the last meeting.\n\nGentlemen, I think I am one of the largest property owners, and one of the largest business men in this colony; still, I have never had the honour of being consulted by the Government. The reasons, I do not know; it is a mystery to myself (Laughter). Some gentleman made some remarks to me yesterday and said, \"Now, why don't you leading Chinese come and help the Government and start coolie houses yourselves?\" It is very easy to say that, but you know the leading Chinese have to study their own business, and consider that by starting coolie houses they would be degrading themselves; besides, they consider they would be taking away the right of labour from other people. Therefore, it is impossible for them to start coolie houses. But, gentlemen, it appears to me that the only thing to stop any future trouble of this kind is for the Government to make the Chinese and the officials come in closer contact with each other, bring them closer together, and make all the meetings public. If they have anything to say, let it be said in public and not privately, whether they are Government officials or Chinese. That will stop all future misunderstanding or strikes of this nature. I shall be most happy to assist the Government or any gentlemen who may form the Committee to terminate the strike, and if any gentleman has any suggestions to make, I would be very happy to support them and to support the Government as well. (Applause).\n\n## Mr. Sharp's Speech\n\nMr. SHARP - I am sure we are indebted to Mr. Brown for having proposed that this meeting should not be immediately dispersed. We do not meet here simply to go away, and there are one or two things which I think may fairly be expressed for the benefit of all. (Applause). I think we are all convinced that the principal Chinese - the Chinese merchants - have nothing whatever to do with this strike (Applause); that, I am sure, is well known, but there is another class, a class of middlemen, a dangerous class in this colony, and a class which for many years past has made itself very injurious here, taking to itself rights which it does not in any way possess, and exercising authority and power over the humbler classes in Hongkong, a state of things which ought not to be allowed. It is an occult and powerful influence, and this strike is not a new thing. We have seen this over and over again, that it is owing to the influence of the bad over the good. As a rule, the bad should be afraid of the good; in Hongkong, the good are afraid of the bad.\n\nI think it would be a most terrible thing if what may be called the worst feature of the advanced civilisation of Europe were imported into China - that contest with jealousy, that war - for it is nothing else - between capital and labour, which threatens to reduce our country to a very low state. I hope we shall never see it successfully introduced here. Our hope in this colony is to derive advantage from the employment of Chinamen, the employment of the millions of China: the direct and indirect employment of them; the direct employment, as the large manufactures of sugar and others do, and the indirect employment, as the merchants do, by buying the products and exporting them to Europe. If that hope is interfered with by the springing up of these jealousies, it will dash the anticipation that we have of raising Hongkong above the difficulties of our present position.\n\nWe have manufactures springing up here, such as rattan preparations, glass works, and we have many other things springing up here; but the main difficulty is the rating of the Chinese. I never shall forget the answer of a tobacco manufacturer here. I do not remember his name, but his house is next to the Harbour Master's office. I asked him many years ago, \"Why do you have your large manufactory in Macao and have to run backwards and forwards, instead of opening a factory here?\" He said, \"Sir, I would gladly do it, but we cannot control our workmen here, and therefore I am obliged to carry on my work in Macao.\" He employs some thousands of workmen.\n\nIn England, it has recently been found necessary to interfere between contractors and their workmen. It may be necessary, if these guilds hold on in their injudicious and mischievous course, to have some legislation of that kind here in order to insure that a larger share of the enormous sums paid by the military, naval, and civil authorities for labour shall go into the hands of the men themselves, and is not abstracted by needy idlers, and that is the description which might fairly be attached to many of these men.\n\nWith regard to dealing with the strike, the Chinese, no doubt, are children. But parents do not discuss with children; they simply say that this or that is to be done, and they insist upon its being done. I think we may fairly do that with these men.",
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    {
        "id": 365140,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-279 - Public Offices - 1897",
        "page_number": 387,
        "title": "CO129-279 - Public Offices - 1897",
        "content_text": "383\n\n5\n\nMatches.\n\nCotton and\n\n4\n\nCHINA, Hong-Kong. During 1895 the corresponding import was nearly twice as much, being 25,180 gallons to Hoihow alone, none being carried to Tamchow.\n\nNext to kerosene Japanese matches are the most important article of import, and appear to have driven from the field all competitors from other countries. The quantity imported is steadily increasing from year to year, as the following will show:-\n\n1893 1894 1895 1896\n\nQuantity.\n\nLuport in-\n\nEuropean Matches. Gross. 138\n\n1,000\n\nJapanese Matches. Gross. 195,250 199,550 201,510 233,800\n\nThe import of Indian cotton yarn shows a most satisfactory increase, and the quantity of this commodity has been steadily rising since 1894, when there was a not inconsiderable drop. The quantity imported in the last four years has been :-\n\nKIUNGOHOW.\n\na-piece, two pigs under 30 catties each being counted as one, and the freight to Hong-Kong is from 30 to 60 c. a-piece. In Hong-Kong they are sold for 10 or 11 taels per picul, smaller weights being used than in Hainan, and the pigs being given a good full meal immediately before the weighing.\n\nIn the beginning of the year an albumen factory was started at Hoihow by a French firm at Haiphong. Both material and labour were cheap and plentiful, but I understand that the undertaking was not so great a success as was anticipated, owing to the competition of the home manufacturers. Only 190l. worth of albumen was exported.\n\nPartly through the operations of the above-mentioned firm the export of fresh eggs was nearly doubled in 1896. Salted yolks were also exported for the first time, the quantity, however, being insignificant.\n\nThe value of the exports of sugar, both brown and white, shows a very satisfactory increase. The value of the galangal exported during 1896 was nearly double that of 1895, being 6,324l. and 3,381l. respectively, but the quantity only rose from 20,513 cwt. to 26,572 cwt.\n\nThe following goods were brought down from the interior under transit pass in 1896:--\n\n1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896..\n\nIn-\n\nQuantity\n\nCwts.\n\n19,185 13,889 18,796 19,886\n\nQuantity.\n\nValue.\n\nCwts. lbs.\n\nDalangal 28,305 38 6,260 13 £ a. d. 1\n\nGround-nut cake Brown sugar 2,896 74 648 16 8 17,578 24 7,028 16\n\nWhite H 11,953 87 7,863 10 3 0\n\nTotal value 21,901 16 8\n\nRemaining cotton goods.\n\nTotal values.\n\nNative produce.\n\nExpors. Pigs.\n\nThe remaining cotton goods imported here in 1896 were of comparatively small importance; white shirtings, of which 11,178l. worth were imported, being the only article worth mentioning.\n\nThe total import of cotton goods amounted to 78,305l. 3s. 4d., against 61,994l. 4s. 7d. in the previous year; while the import of woollen goods of every description only amounted to 5,709l. 6s. 8d. in 1896 and 3,260l. 13s. 11d. in 1895.\n\nThe value of the native produce brought to Hoihow by steamer in 1896, though more than double that of 1895, was still quite insignificant, the figures being 299l. 10s. Od. and 86l. 7s. Od. respectively.\n\nPigs, as usual, were the chief article of export, and were almost exclusively sent to Hong-Kong. During the year under review no junks competed with the steamers in this trade, probably owing to the low freights ruling. The pigs, which have not been fattened up, are bought in the interior for about 9 taels per picul, the weights being large ones. The export likin is 25 c.\n\nKiungchow is one of the few ports in China where the British flag is less frequently seen than other foreign flags.\n\nThere was a slight improvement in the number of British steamers visiting the port in the year under review compared with the two previous years, the figures being 31 steamers, measuring 32,529 tons for 1896, against 27 steamers of 26,475 tons for 1895, and 27 steamers of 26,098 tons for 1894. Only 7 of these steamers in 1896 entered with cargo, while 10 steamers took a cargo away, the figures in this respect being less favourable than in 1895, when half, or even more of the number of British steamers entering and leaving the port had a cargo.\n\nBesides the increase under the British flag noted above, there was a considerable increase in the number of steamers under all other foreign flags except the Danish. In this instance the decrease was marked-from 141 steamers, of 60,587 tons in 1895 to 97 steamers of 49,481 tons in 1896-and was no doubt partly owing to the stranding of the Danish steamer \"Activ,\" in April. She was got off and towed to Hong-Kong to be docked and repaired, and in December she reappeared here as the French steamer \"Hailan.\"",
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        "document_key": "CO129-279 - Public Offices - 1897",
        "page_number": 393,
        "title": "CO129-279 - Public Offices - 1897",
        "content_text": "389\n\n5\n\nMatches.\n\nCotton and\n\n4\n\nCHINA, Hong-Kong. During 1895 the corresponding import was nearly twice as much, being 25,180 gallons to Hoihow alone, none being carried to Tamehow.\n\nNext to kerosene Japanese matches are the most important article of import, and appear to have driven from the field all competitors from other countries. The quantity imported is steadily increasing from year to year, as the following will show\n\n1893 1894 1895 1896\n\nQuantity, Import in-\n\n  \n    European Matches.\n    Japanese Matches.\n    Gross.\n  \n  \n    138 Gross.\n    195,250\n    1,000\n  \n  \n    199,550\n    201,510\n    \n  \n  \n    233,900\n    \n    \n  \n\nThe import of Indian cotton yarn shows a most satisfactory increase, and the quantity of this commodity has been steadily rising since 1894, when there was a not inconsiderable drop. The quantity imported in the last four years has been -\n\nyarn.\n\nKIUNGCHOW.\n\na-piece, two pigs under 30 catties each being counted as one, and the freight to Hong-Kong is from 30 to 60 c. a-piece. In Hong-Kong they are sold for 10 or 11 taels per picul, smaller weights being used than in Hainan, and the pigs being given a good full meal immediately before the weighing.\n\nIn the beginning of the year an albumen factory was started at Hoihow by a French firm at Haiphong. Both material and labour were cheap and plentiful, but I understand that the undertaking was not so great a success as was anticipated, owing to the competition of the home manufacturers. Only 1907, worth of albumen was exported.\n\nPartly through the operations of the above-mentioned firm the export of fresh eggs was nearly doubled in 1896. Salted yolks were exported for the first time, the quantity, however, being insignificant.\n\nThe value of the exports of sugar, both brown and white, shows a very satisfactory increase. The value of the galangal exported during 1896 was nearly double that of 1895, being 6,324l. and 3,381l. respectively, but the quantity only rose from 20,513 cwt. to 26,572 cwt.\n\nThe following goods were brought down from the interior under transit pass in 1896:\n\n  \n    1894\n    1895\n    1896\n    Quantity\n    Value\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    \n    Cwts. lbs.\n    £ s. d.\n  \n  \n    13,589\n    18,796\n    19,886\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Galangal\n    26,305 38\n    6,200 13 4\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Ground-nut cake\n    2,896 74\n    648 16 8\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Brown sugar\n    17,578 21\n    7,628 16 7\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    White sugar\n    11,958 87\n    7,363 10 8\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Total value\n    \n    21,901 16 8\n  \n\nThe remaining cotton goods imported here in 1896 were of comparatively small importance; white shirtings, of which 11,178l. worth were imported, being the only article worth mentioning.\n\nTotal values.\n\nNative produce.\n\nExports.\n\nPigs\n\nThe total import of cotton goods amounted to 78,305l. 3s. 4d., against 61,994l. 4s. 7d. in the previous year; while the import of woollen goods of every description only amounted to 5,709l. 6s. 8d. in 1896 and 3,260l. 13s. 11d. in 1895.\n\nThe value of the native produce brought to Hoihow by steamer in 1896, though more than double that of 1895, was still quite insignificant, the figures being 299l. 10s. 0d. and 86l. 7s. 0d. respectively.\n\nPigs, as usual, were the chief article of export, and were almost exclusively sent to Hong-Kong. During the year under review no junks competed with the steamers in this trade, probably owing to the low freights ruling. The pigs, which have not been fattened up, are bought in the interior for about 9 taels per picul, the weights being large ones. The export likin is 25 c.\n\nBritish.\n\nKiungchow is one of the few ports in China where the British flag is less frequently seen than other foreign flags. There was a slight improvement in the number of British steamers visiting the port in the year under review compared with the two previous years, the figures being 31 steamers, measuring 32,529 tons for 1896, against 27 steamers of 26,475 tons for 1895, and 27 steamers of 26,098 tons for 1894. Only 7 of these steamers in 1896 entered with cargo, while 10 steamers took a cargo away, the figures in this respect being less favourable than in 1895, when half, or even more of the number of British steamers entering and leaving the port had a cargo.\n\nBesides the increase under the British flag noted above, there was a considerable increase in the number of steamers under all other foreign flags except the Danish. In this instance the decrease was marked—from 141 steamers, of 60,587 tons in 1895 to 97 steamers of 49,481 tons in 1896—and was no doubt partly owing to the stranding of the Danish steamer \"Activ,\" in April. She was got off and towed to Hong-Kong to be docked and repaired, and in December she reappeared here as the French steamer \"Hainan.\"",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-279 - Public Offices - 1897.txt",
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    {
        "id": 377686,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 155,
        "title": "CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "## TRADE, AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES\n\n### A-IMPORTS AND EXPORTS\n\nThe Currency of the Colony remains unchanged. For details, see I (E) of the Blue Book Report for 1898, page 3.\n\nYear 1899.\n\n#### AMOUNT OF PAPER CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION\n\n| Bank | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China |  |\n| Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation |  |\n| National Bank of China, Limited |  |\n\nThe totals in tons of Imports and Exports for the last 5 years are as follows:\n\n| Year | Imports | Exports | In Transit |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1895 | 3,485,504 | 2,704,974 | 1,623,883 |\n| 1896 | 3,425,436 | 2,661,873 |  |\n| 1897 | 3,414,728 | 2,787,535 | 1,845,400 |\n| 1898 | 4,077,740 | 3,015,263 | 1,852,462 |\n| 1899 | 3,915,481 | 2,949,342 | 2,020,322 |\n\nThe following table shows the Imports and Exports of Junks in Foreign and Local trade during 1898 and 1899:\n\n| Month | 1898 Imports | 1898 Exports | 1899 Imports | 1899 Exports |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| January | 2,861,846 | 7,380,937 | 2,705,374 | 6,864,500 |\n| February | 2,904,785 | 8,276,109 | 2,181,212 | 7,524,192 |\n| March | 2,469,637 | 6,902,870 |  |  |\n| April |  |  | 2,049,940 | 7,974,167 |\n| May | 446,085 |  | 2,053,858 | 7,245,418 |\n| June | 448,083 |  | 2,605,052 | 6,256,547 |\n| July | 448,721 |  | 2,832,696 | 6,307,833 |\n| August | 446,892 |  | 2,966,243 | 6,779,418 |\n| September |  |  | 2,990,414 | 7,531,433 |\n| October |  |  | 2,919,855 | 7,526,644 |\n| November |  |  |  |  |\n| December |  |  |  |  |\n\nThe principal exports are kerosine and rice.\n\nThe following table shows the principal articles of Import in the years 1898 and 1899 in vessels of European construction:\n\n| Articles | 1898 | 1899 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  | 689,251 | 774,069 |\n|  | 783,876 | 945,440 |\n\nWhile British goods hold their own in the main with those of foreign manufacture, the following items may be specially noted:\n\nCements. Very little British Cement is now imported, the Hongkong manufacture being now chiefly used all over the East, with small quantities of Belgian make.\n\nRope. The local Company's article now entirely supplies the wants of the local market, to the exclusion of other manufactures, and in addition, large quantities of the rope are shipped to all Eastern Ports, and Australia.\n\nCoal. Japan imports of Coal supply practically all the local market, both for steamer and manufacturing uses. Cardiff Coal is imported almost solely for Admiralty use.\n\nMatches. These goods are now imported entirely from Japan; few local companies also make for this market.\n\nMetals. The principal demand in this market is for Belgian Iron owing to its cheapness; only small quantities of British are imported in comparison with Belgian. America will doubtless be very soon severe competitors for this trade, the facilities they have for manufacturing allowing them to import their metals as cheaply as from Belgium.\n\nWire Nails. These goods up till two years ago were imported entirely from Germany, now the trade is almost entirely done from the United States, their nails being fully as good and cheaper than the German article.\n\nMiscellaneous Articles including Hardware of all kinds, Glass, Cutlery, Beer, Cotton Hosiery and Woollen Goods come almost entirely from Germany, although America is now starting the importation of such also.\n\n### B. MINES, MANUFACTURES AND FISHERIES\n\n| Item | 1898 | 1899 | Increase | Decrease |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Beaus | $11,092 | $8,110 |  | $2,982 |\n| Bones | 600 | 1,800 | $1,200 |  |\n| Coal | 817,967 | 687,557 |  | 130,410 |\n| Cotton Yarn and Cotton | 36,011 | 34,470 |  | 1,541 |\n| Flour | 103,544 | 101,939 |  | 1,605 |\n| Hemp | 55,160 | 32,868 |  | 22,292 |\n| Kerosine (bulk) | 67,862 | 61,027 |  | 6,835 |\n| Kerosine (case) | 59,115 | 80,588 | $21,473 |  |\n| Lead | 4,200 | 6,468 | 2,268 |  |\n| Liquid Fuel | 2,150 | 2,137 |  | 13 |\n| Opium | 2,638 | 2,775 | 137 |  |\n| Pitch |  |  |  |  |\n| Rattan | 6,441 | 3,998 |  | 2,443 |\n| Rice | 747,995 | 771,830 | $23,835 |  |\n| Sandalwood | 2,055 | 535 |  | 1,520 |\n| Sugar | 267,422 | 1,151,149 | 883,727 |  |\n| Tea | 6,554 | 61,110 | 54,556 |  |\n| Timber, General | 46,599 | 1,135,828 | 1,089,229 |  |\n| Total | 3,388,499 | 5,189,808 |  |  |\n| Transit | $2,020,322 | $1,957,708 |  | $62,614 |\n| Grand Total | $5,408,811 | $5,189,808 |  | $219,003 |\n\nThe import of Coal had increased in an abnormal manner in 1898 which accounts for the falling off in 1899.\n\nThere are no mines in the Colony.\n\nTwo large Sugar Refineries, the products of which are exported to almost every part of the world. No figures are available to show their present position, but they are in a flourishing condition.\n\nA Rope Manufactory which entirely supplies the local market and does a large export business. The rope is made from the best Manila hemp.\n\nA Cement Factory with a branch for the manufacture of bricks and drain pipes. The cement of this Company has practically ousted the British manufactured article from the local market, being used for Civil and Military Works of all descriptions and by local engineers, architects and contractors, and is extensively exported to Japan, Manila, Straits Settlements, Australia and Pacific Coast Ports. The works were originally situated at Macao, but a large extension has now been made in the Colony and the output more than doubled. The price per barrel of 375 lbs. nett weight is from $4.00 to $4.50 (Silver). Bricks and pipes are largely used in the Colony and exported.\n\nA Cotton Mill which so far, however, has hardly realised expectations.\n\nEngineering and shipbuilding firms to the number of 8, which between them constructed 116 vessels of various descriptions (principally steam vessels) of an aggregate tonnage of 5,965 tons.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12].txt",
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        "id": 377687,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 156,
        "title": "CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "## LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND\n\nThe following table gives particulars of Land Sales, Extensions, and Grants on short leases made during the year under review:\n\n|             | No. of Lots | Area in sq. ft. | Premium | Annual Crown Rent |\n|-------------|-------------|-----------------|---------|--------------------|\n| **LES BY AUCTION**         |             |                 |         |                    |\n| Island of Hongkong | 3           | 192,651.00      | $4,458.00 | $105.10          |\n| Kowloon Peninsula  | 40          | 1,853,475       | 12,123.00 | 417.00             |\n| New Territory      | 88          | 1,994,338       | 16,581.00 | 0                  |\n| **TENSIONS GRANTED**       |             |                 |         |                    |\n| Island of Hongkong | 15          | 10,870          | 361,711.00 | 2,913.24         |\n| Kowloon Peninsula  | 23          | 32,353          | 554,862.00 | 522.10             |\n| New Territory      | 43          | 43,223          | -          | 15,716.00          |\n| **ANTS ON SHORT LEASES, &c.** |             |                 |         |                    |\n| Island of Hongkong | 104         | 112,168         | 104,649 | 18,629.24          |\n| Kowloon Peninsula  | 68          | 68,420          | -       | -                  |\n| New Territory      | 178         | 178,069         | 489.00  | 19,128.10          |\n\nThe sales of Crown Land were considerably in excess of previous years, the area and number of lots sold and the premium realised being five times more than in the year 1898. There was also much competition so that prices were greatly enhanced. One Inland Lot, favourably situated for Chinese shops and dwellings in the Western District, realised a premium of $14 per square foot, the highest price being $18.39 a square foot. There was a greatly increased demand for land in the Kowloon Peninsula and the value of land there has more than trebled during the last five years. The market town of Yaumati is now rapidly increasing and extending in a northerly direction.\n\nPrivate sales of land within the City of Victoria also increased greatly during the year, the number of conveyances or assignments registered in the Land Office during the year shewing an excess of eight and a half million dollars in purchase moneys paid over any previous year. The highest price per square foot obtained at private sale was $55.\n\nIt is to be noted that the first sale of Crown Land under the new condition of selling for a term of 75 years, renewable for one further term, took place in July, and 27 Lots under this condition were sold before the end of the year.\n\nThe appreciation in value of land is due to the fact that, owing to the insecurity of life and property in the neighbouring province of China, Chinese capital flowed into the Colony for investment.\n\nThe making of a Survey for the proposed Canton railway probably also had the effect of stimulating investment in landed property in the Kowloon Peninsula.\n\n## MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES\n\nThe principal of these firms is the Hongkong and Whampoa Dock Co. which, besides constructing 21 vessels, docked 330 vessels of an average of 2,336 tons each during 1899, the largest vessel docked being H.M.S. Powerful. This firm employed a daily average of 4,510 workmen and $1,225,280 in wages.\n\nThe boat building industry is also a very large one and is carried on by numerous Chinese yards, boats being largely exported from here.\n\nA Paper Factory. The paper made is for Chinese use and is largely exported to China. The manufacture of preserved ginger, which was formerly confined to Canton, has assumed large dimensions in the Colony, the principal market being Great Britain. Some large factories have removed from Canton to this Colony.\n\nThere are three factories on a very small scale for the manufacture of Chinese fireworks. This is a large industry in Canton and neighbourhood which the absence here of a duty on saltpetre and sulphur ought soon to attract to this Colony. Soy is another article the manufacture of which has been attracted to this Colony. There are 5 Soap factories, the latest addition being under the management of a German Firm; while for the manufacture of Vermillion, which is exported to Bombay, Japan, and North China, there are 7 small factories.\n\nWith the acquisition of the New Territory which affords room for expansion, Manufactures in this Colony are likely to increase to a considerable extent in the near future.\n\nSalt is manufactured at four places in the New Territory, the yearly output being about 4,180 tons, worth some $16,000, which in part supplies the local demands of the population, the fishing junks which keep the fish they catch while at sea in brine, and the various fishing stations where fish is salted and dried.\n\nA much larger quantity is, however, imported at certain places for the use of the fleets of fishing junks. The imported salt is also largely used for the salting and drying of fish, for which purpose it seems to be preferred to the locally manufactured salt. The manufacture of salt is an industry which is likely to increase and develop in the New Territory, and which is worthy of being encouraged, seeing the important connection it has with the food supply of the Chinese, one of whose staple articles of food is salt fish.\n\n## FISHERIES\n\nThere are no fisheries of any importance. The local demand for salt and fresh fish is met by a fleet of fishing junks and a large number of Net Stations, the fish that are required for salting being dried and salted on the beach.\n\n## AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES AND BOTANICAL STATIONS\n\nThe principal Agriculture in the New Territory is the cultivation of rice, which is almost entirely used for the consumption of the population, a small quantity being exported to the neighboring towns in Chinese territory. It is estimated that there are 90,000 acres under rice cultivation.\n\nThe next most important Agriculture is that of sugar. There are about 750 acres growing cane which is crushed in 81 sugar mills of a very primitive nature scattered over the territory.\n\nThe total value of the sugar produced annually is about $175,000, rather more than half the sum being required to cover wages and other expenses of crushing.\n\nA fourth of the sugar produced is used for local consumption, the rest being exported to Hongkong and Canton.\n\nNew varieties of cane have been imported by the Botanical and Afforestation Department which have been planted at certain places in the territory as an experiment.\n\nPine-apples are cultivated to a considerable extent and two factories, under Chinese management, in which they are canned are established in Hongkong.\n\nThe annual output amounts to about 39 tons of which a considerable quantity is sold locally, the rest being exported to England, America, Russia, and Formosa.\n\nNew varieties of pine-apple plants have been imported by the above-mentioned Department and have been introduced into the districts where the fruit is cultivated.\n\nCamphor trees are grown to some extent in the New Territory, and experiments are being made with a view to ascertaining the quality of the Camphor that can be produced from them.\n\n## SHIPPING\n\nThe total tonnage entering and clearing during the year 1899 amounted to 18,101,309 tons, being an increase, compared with 1898, of 835,529 tons, and the same number in excess of any previous year.\n\nThere were 44,278 arrivals of 9,052,501 tons, and 44,349 departures of 9,048,808 tons.\n\nOf British Ocean-going tonnage 2,587,478 tons entered, and 2,587,369 tons cleared.\n\nOf River Steamers (British) 1,774,728 tons entered and 1,775,441 tons cleared; making a grand total of British tonnage of 8,725,016 tons entering and clearing.\n\nOf Foreign Ocean-going tonnage 2,352,740 tons entered and 2,947,745 tons cleared.\n\nOf Foreign River Steamers 5,823 tons entered, and 5,823 tons cleared; making a grand total of Foreign Tonnage of 4,712,131 tons entering and clearing.\n\nOf junks in Foreign Trade, 1,849,435 tons entered and 1,846,749 tons cleared.\n\nOf junks in Local Trade, 482,297 tons entered, and 485,681 tons cleared.\n\nThus:\n- British Ocean-going tonnage represented 28.5%\n- Foreign Ocean-going \" 25.8%\n- River Steamers (British) \" 19.5%\n- Junks (Foreign Trade) \" 20.3%\n- Junks (Local Trade) \" 5.3%",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-301 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [9-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 378655,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-302 - Public Offices - 1900",
        "page_number": 469,
        "title": "CO129-302 - Public Offices - 1900",
        "content_text": "## \nTo be domiciled in Hong Kong.\n\n( ? ) Reply by stating that, subject to certain considerations, Chaubulan concurs.\n\n\"Mr Cox says that we have to support him merely because he was born in that Colony in 2301/56.\" Branston's minute in the margin of Concern reads, \"We shall not Kinfore.\" The inclosed draft passes in Mher dispetele, P3 of Pr, with alteration of \"municipal\" into \"Colonial\", which implies that there is prima facie case for Hong Kong supporting this Committee.\n\nThe MSS in `0802/92` argues that the former of each country maintaining prisons becomes Comitic in \"their nationality that country regardless.\" The Angle of that made to entertain dunkl. Similarly, many lunatics in recent years have had other foreign countries buy asylum in their own. It is rather rough on Hong Kong if it is impelled to huge prison lunatics and at the same time has to maintain its own from abroad. For three years, it has been explained to `XCR(85)72` that municipal issues are the hard normal issue. Reuter --12435-2000-1-99 and 16195-2000-4-99.\n\nChamberlain concurs with the sentence about the liability (Hong Kong judging that there is in Hong Kong) and under the minute of Mr. Stubbs. \n\nLi Retterbert says to proceed. We may have to pay eventuals but I do not think we should admit that the fact of birth in a factory abs makes that colony liable to support him all his life wherever he may have been residing if he becomes a pauper lunatic. `JBL2673`.\n\nSo proceeded; but frankly, to protect Hong Kong from paying draft alimony, Agutt mer 28. \n| File Ref | \n| --- | \n| `2301/56` | \n| `0802/92` | \n| `JBL2673` | \n| `XCR(85)72` | \n| `GR1178/1922/32(III)` is not present, but `12435-2000-1-99` and `16195-2000-4-99` are | \n| `4W520/3` |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-302 - Public Offices - 1900.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 381472,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 184,
        "title": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure Fo.7 to H.E.the Governor's Despatch No.227 of 23rd August, 1901.\n\n0.0.\n\n33035\n\nPARTICULARS of the Office now vacant as Armourer Sergeant to the Hongkong Volunteers and Hongkong Police in the Colony of Hongkong.\n\nDuties of office, and qualifications required for their performance.\n\nSalary and emoluments, and whether secured by a permanent law.\n\n  \n    \n    Care, preservation and repair of small arms and Machine Guns of the Hongkong Volunteers and Hongkong Police.\n  \n  \n    \n    Should be an Armourer Sergeant of the 2nd class (at least) Army Ordnance Corps.\n  \n  \n    \n    Should hold certificate from the Small Arm Factory.\n  \n  \n    £225\n    $1,800 per annum.\n  \n\nOther circumstances affecting the Office.\n\n  \n    Nature, number, and amount of securities required, and mode of furnishing them.\n    Free quarters when available. Until available $540 per annum house allowance.\n  \n  \n    \n    None.\n  \n  \n    Whether any, and if any, what provision is made from public funds for the passage from this country to elsewhere, of the persons sent to fill the office.\n    2nd Class passage will be provided out of Colonial funds.\n  \n\nActs or Ordinances making provision respecting any of the above particulars, and especially respecting permanency of the emoluments, the particulars of the security required, with references to the sections in which such provision is made.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 381849,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 562,
        "title": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "to point out that in my despatch No. 402 of the  Yst December last\n\ninvited\n\nto submit\n\nthe\n\nyou a scheme, based on recommendations of the\n\nCommittee appointed to Consider the salaries of the subordinate officers of Government, which \"should contain a complete classification of the whole subordinate service.\"\n\n3. Mr. Orig's\n\noffice should have been included in this list.\n\nI shall be glad to see by this what is notching and whether there\n\nare\n\nthe posts which\n\nhave similarly been\n\noverlooked.\n\nI have\n\nNo.\n\nake Yel\n\n1901\n\n18 Sep\n\nprevious Paper. Adony\n\n31962\n\nand Feb 6 Decohouty\n\nNancy of 37\n\n42906\n\n178) ~184)-0000-7-1600 -3000-31-1)\n\nsubsequent Paper.\n\nNo.\n\nProperty\n\nq. ft.\n\nHONG KONG\n\n32791\n\n(Subject.)\n\nC.O.\n\n32791\n\nRECE 15: 18 SEP 0\n\nBriquette Factory at Kowloon\n\nwao\n\nDESPATCH\n\nsold in apl. Prevent\n\nordurero\n\nank $14\n\nthe\n\n558\n\nhit in the\n\n(Minutes.)\n\nThis telegram.\n\nappears that it has delayed.\n\nIt repr\n\ntous\n\nFel of 13\n\nhelm of yesterday\n\nsand\n\nthe\n\nInforming admiralty\n\nBY. 19/9\n\nat once {mat\n\n17/1X\n\nYour",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 385861,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-312 - Acting Governor Major Gen Sir Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1902 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 466,
        "title": "CO129-312 - Acting Governor Major Gen Sir Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1902 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "463\n\n! \n\nIn a factory manner, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies granted me a small bonus in consequence.\n\nAs to my acting appointment from April, 1900, to September, 1901, His Excellency Sir Henry Blake is fully cognisant of the way in which the Department was managed.\n\nIt is hardly necessary for me to point out the great value of local experience in regard to the various matters which come under consideration in this Department. The conditions in Hongkong are so very different from those which prevail in many other places that local experience is rendered especially valuable.\n\nThe importance of the Department is increasing yearly and it is necessary that the Superintendent should be a man capable of taking in hand such practical works as the laying out of the \"King's Park\" and the establishment of an Economic Garden. Tree-planting will also require serious consideration in the New Territory. On many of the hills nothing but firewood (`Pinus Massoniana` which has been so largely planted in Hongkong) can be grown; others however give greater promise.\n\nBotanical and Herbarium work which has been accumulating for some years will take a considerable time to bring up to date.\n\nEver since I have been in the Colony I have taken an active interest in its Flora, and at the present time I am compiling a Descriptive Supplement to the \"Flora Hongkongensis\". Bentham describes 1,035 species of Flowering Plants and Ferns, but now over 300 (including Hance's list) have to be added. As many of these additional species have been described originally in Latin, it will take me some time to finish the translations and look up the list of synonyms. As I can only give my attention to this work after office hours, I should like to bring out ultimately a revised edition of the \"Flora\", and to include in it all the plants known from the New Territory.\n\nFor a number of years I have been Honorary Lecturer on Botany at the College of Medicine for Chinese.\n\nPerhaps I may be pardoned for pointing out that my salary for the first nine years was very small, and there was nothing but the possibility of promotion on the retirement of the Superintendent to encourage me to stay on.\n\nI therefore hope that the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Colonies will favourably consider my application and that he will be pleased to appoint me to succeed Mr.",
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    {
        "id": 388163,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-316 - Governor Sir Blake - 1903 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 339,
        "title": "CO129-316 - Governor Sir Blake - 1903 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "# \n\nEnglish legislation as to compensation, and our courts, than the principle that, without compensation, a violation of the rights of private property will not be permitted even for the general good of the community. That the public should pay for what it so acquires is an economical axiom which your petitioners feel sure has but to be stated to be received. Your petitioners, who believe they express herein the general sense of the landowners of the colony, would be glad to assist the Government, so far as they are able, in any reasonable sanitary experiment wherein the right to compensation is recognised. It should be remembered that the present landowners invested their capital in this description of property with certain rights attached, in the faith that such rights would be preserved, which, if they are not, a disastrous failure of public confidence must ensue. It should also be remembered that there is this radical difference between insanitary houses in England and such as may be called insanitary here, namely that the former are for the most part ancient structures, older than any restrictive building legislation, and openly defying the first principles of health, while the latter were erected in conformity with the sanitary and building laws of the colony for the time being in force. A house in Hongkong which the Bill would make insanitary has not only been hitherto tolerated by the Government, but is the very creature of the law; and, if innovations in the law compel the owner in the public interest to rebuild or alter his house, he should be compensated for any loss thereby occasioned him. It should also be remembered that the proposed legislation is at best but tentative and temporary, and that doubtless the antiquated sanitary principles of twenty years ago bear much the same relation to the accepted doctrines of today as will these to those of twenty years hence.\n\n## \n\n6. Regarding the principles of compensation whereon municipal improvements of the kind here contemplated have been carried out in England, your petitioners beg to refer Your Excellency to the following Public General Acts:-\n\n(a). The Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, opens with the recital that \"it is expedient to comprise in one general Act sundry provisions usually introduced into Acts relative to the acquisition of lands required for undertakings of a public nature and to the compensation to be made for the same.\" This is the keynote of the Act, which is devoted to effectuating the principle that everyone injuriously affected by any such undertaking shall receive full compensation.\n\n(b). The Towns Improvement Clauses Act, 1847.\n\nSection 21 provides that compensation shall be paid for any damage occasioned by the execution of the powers of the Act.\n\n(c). The Public Health Act, 1875.\n\nSection 121 (as also The Infectious Diseases Act, 1890, section 6) provides for the destruction of infected clothes and bedding, subject to compensation.\n\nSection 155 empowers the local authority to regulate the building line, subject to the compensation of any owner injuriously affected.\n\nThe Bill contains in the byelaws for Disinfection in schedule B a similar power, but without the relieving provision of compensation, which should certainly be given in these cases, as also wherever damage is caused in the process of disinfecting houses under the byelaws for the Prevention of Disease in the said schedule.\n\nContrast Section 6 (19) of the Bill; compensation should certainly be paid to any owner of land already leased from the crown who is required to sacrifice part of his land by a change in the building line.\n\nSection 308 propounds the principle of compensation in the following words:\" where any person sustains any damage by reason of the exercise of any of the powers of this Act, in relation to any matter as to which he is not himself in default, full compensation shall be made to him.\"\n\nThis is precisely the position wherein your petitioners claim that the Bill should place owners in this colony. But the following, among many others, are instances wherein the Bill would, without any compensation whatever, inflict the most grievous injury upon owners, in cases where they have fully complied with the existing law.\n\nSection 6 (54) of the Bill proposes to reduce the European reservation by an extensive tract. Many large and costly European residences have, in reliance on the existing law, been built within this tract, and the immediate effect of the approach of Chinese tenement houses would be to depreciate such property. If it is necessary thus to increase the Chinese building area, your petitioners submit that it should only be done on terms of compensation to owners who are injuriously affected thereby.\n\nSection 48 of the Bill. Your petitioners agree with the Government as to the necessity of preventing overcrowding in Chinese dwellings, but they suggest that the allowance of double the air space required by English Acts is excessive. The Chinese as a rule live much out of doors, use little artificial light, and no fires except a few sticks at certain hours of the day in the kitchen. The byelaws made in England by the Local Government Board under The Public Health Act, 1875, require in sleeping rooms three hundred cubic feet for each inmate, and The Factory and Workshop Act, 1895, requires ordinarily two hundred and fifty cubic feet. It is submitted that in Hongkong four hundred cubic feet as provided by The Public Health Ordinance, 1901, is ample, and that at any rate if the allowance recently fixed by the local legislature is now to be increased this can only be justly done subject to compensation for any loss thereby occasioned in accommodation and rent.\n\nSection 147 of the Bill forbids the erection of buildings more than forty feet deep without lateral windows. The effect of this is that owners of deeper sites already leased from the crown (e.g. Praya Reclamation lots) must sacrifice either every third house in a row or so much of the land as exceeds the forty feet. Putting aside all questions of the expediency of the prohibition, it is clear that these sacrifices should not be required without compensation.\n\nSections 148 and 149 of the Bill virtually forbid cubicles. Apart from the question of whether some form of cubicle is not practically necessary to the domestic life of the poorer Chinese, it is certain that their abolition would entail a loss of rent. The prohibition therefore, in the case of land already leased from the crown, should only be applied subject to compensation.\n\nSection 170 of the Bill provides in effect, as decided in the recent case of Knight v. Moses (6th July 1902), that the owner of a row of houses, erected in 1900 according to the then existing law, of however little depth, facing on one side a private street twenty feet wide and on the other (the kitchen) side a public street thirty feet wide, must, for the purpose of light and ventilation, pull down part of each house so as to make a farther open space; although if the streets had happened to be reversed, and the one on the kitchen side had been private, it would, even if only six feet wide, have sufficed.\n\nIt was also decided, despite the provision that a domestic building with two main frontages in different streets shall be regarded as two domestic buildings if the depth exceeds fifty feet,\" that such a building of less than this depth cannot have two frontages, but that one of ... \n\nPage 331",
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        "id": 392519,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-322 - Acting Governor May - 1904 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 538,
        "title": "CO129-322 - Acting Governor May - 1904 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "In addition to the particulars required above, state that the sugar is derived from a factory which does not work-sugar-cotes from either Russia, Denmark or the Argentine Republic.\n\nNo. V.\n\n536\n\nNo certificate is to be deemed valid after the expiry of twelve calendar months from the date of its issue, or such less time (if any) as may be mentioned in the certificate by the authority issuing the same.\n\nNo. VI.\n\nInasmuch as it is possible that sugar may occasionally reach Hong Kong before the arrival of the certificate of origin relating to the same and it would be inconvenient and expensive to importers if such sugar were not delivered from customs charge until the arrival of the certificate, it shall be competent for the Superintendent of Imports and Exports, upon application in the form in Appendix (A), to authorise the delivery of such sugar on the security of a deposit of such amount or of a bond in such penalty as he may think fit for the due production of the necessary certificates within a prescribed period, provided that he sees no reason for suspecting that the sugar emanates from a prohibited country.\n\nNo. VII.\n\nPending a final decision of the Permanent Commission, sugar from foreign States and their colonies not parties to the Brussels Sugar Convention, Denmark, Russia, and the Argentine Republic may be imported or brought into the Colony, upon payment to the Superintendent of Imports and Exports of a special duty per hundredweight equal to the countervailing duty which may have been given on the production or exportation by such foreign states or colonies as may have been declared by the Permanent Commission.\n\nSugar may be imported at the rate of countervailing duty used by the United States of America but not otherwise. Sugar imported or brought into this Colony in contravention of the foregoing Order in Council or of these Regulations shall be forfeited and may be disposed of as the Superintendent of Imports and Exports shall direct. The rates of countervailing duty referred to above and the countries to which they apply are given in the appendix to these Regulations, and any alterations will be notified from time to time in the Government Gazette.\n\nSuch bounty-giving foreign countries or colonies as are referred to in Regulation VI.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-322 - Acting Governor May - 1904 [1-5].txt",
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    {
        "id": 394484,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-325 - Public Offices & Others - 1904",
        "page_number": 474,
        "title": "CO129-325 - Public Offices & Others - 1904",
        "content_text": "471\n\nRules laid down by the Permanent Commission as to Certificates of Origin\n\n(TRANSLATION.) Article 1. In order to insure the application of the Convention, all foreign sugar coming into a Contracting State to be there consumed, refined or transformed shall be accompanied by a certificate of origin. Sugar not accompanied by such a certificate shall not be admitted, or shall only be admitted on payment of the highest of the special duties fixed by the Permanent Commission.\n\nArt. 2. Bounty-fed sugar shall be admitted in transit.\n\nArt. 3. The transit contemplated in Article 2 shall only be effected under the control of the Customs, either directly, or including transfer or storage in a bonded warehouse.\n\nArt. 4. The certificate shall be delivered in the country of production, of despatch, or of transformation of the sugar by the fiscal authority to be appointed by the Government of that State.\n\nNevertheless, the Government of the country for which the sugar is destined may, for greater safety, demand the additional guarantee of a Consular visa, so far as sugar coming from a non-Contracting State is concerned.\n\nArt. 5. The certificates shall indicate:—\n\n(a) The kind and quantity of sugar.\n\n(b) The kind, number and marks of the packages.\n\n(c) The country of origin or of despatch, and the country for which the goods are destined.\n\n(d) The method of transport (railway, ship, boat, &c.).\n\nThese certificates shall be valid for a period of time to be fixed by the authority which delivered them, but not to exceed one year (exclusive of the time during which the sugar shall have been stored in a bonded warehouse).\n\nArt. 6. With regard to sugar prepared in non-Contracting States, the certificate shall state, in addition, that it is derived from a factory which does not work sugar coming from a State to which a special duty or prohibition is applied.\n\nArt. 7. The certificate shall become invalid if, in course of transport, the goods have been transhipped in a State which grants bounties. Exceptions may, however, be allowed in the case of unavoidable circumstances or when it is a case of sugar coming from Contracting States which is in transit through those countries under conditions which guarantee its identity.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-325 - Public Offices & Others - 1904.txt",
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    {
        "id": 395956,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-328 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [1-6]",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-328 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [1-6]",
        "content_text": "# ENCLOSURE 5\n## Trade and Industries\n\nThroughout the New Territory the agricultural produce is chiefly rice, sugar, sweet-potatoes and ground nuts. A fair business is also done in fire-wood, especially in Tsun Wan, Sai Kung and the district round Tai Po. On the eastern side of the territory the villages along the coast line live to a great extent by fishing. Fine apples are grown at Tsun Mun.\n\nThe rice grown in the New Territory is either used by the growers or sold to the shops at the different markets for export. Hongkong rice being imported for consumption. The reason for this is that the local grown rice sells at a higher price than Hongkong imported rice.\n\nThe sugar trade in the New Territory is mostly exported to San Chun and Hongkong. Sweet-potatoes and ground nuts are used locally.\n\nThere is only one brick works in the New Territory, namely that at Castle Peak, which exports bricks/inferior quality to Hong Kong; there seems to be an opening for a good brick factory. Lime burning (coral) is also carried on, but mostly at parts of the New Territory served by neither of the two proposed routes.\n\nThere is only one establishment in the New Territory doing a considerable export trade, viz:- the San Ming Lung firm at Un Long which started business after the taking over of the New Territory and now employs from 80 to 140 hands according to the time of year. It manufactures firecrackers, Chinese wines and ground nut oil, exports bean curd and pigs, and deals locally in the above commodities.\n\nNo minerals are at present worked, with the exception of clay for the pottery works at Ngau Tau near Tai Po which manufacture very coarse ware for export to Kong Pun and local use. The trade done is quite small.\n\nSilver and lead exist, and there have been ... above Ho Lan ... the pan, we have... At ... in ... offe...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-328 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [1-6].txt",
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    {
        "id": 397291,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-329 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [7-12]",
        "page_number": 585,
        "title": "CO129-329 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [7-12]",
        "content_text": "582 \n\nRawlson Canton Railway Survey British Force \n\n## Description of Routes \n\n### Railway Set 2 (continued) \n\nThe country is thickly populated and the narrow valleys highly cultivated; rice, sugar, peanuts, and sweet potatoes are the chief crops. At Ho Long, a factory for the manufacture of oil from peanuts exists. Sham Shu Po's firecracker and joss stick industries appear to do good business, and at the Fo Tan neighbouring village, bricks and tiles are manufactured on a small scale.\n\nThis station would serve the thickly populated and pestilential Pat Heung, with or without a branch line.\n\nAt the 26th mile, the Pat Heung (or Shek Tin) River is crossed by a bridge of 3 spans. This river is tidal, but not navigable at the crossing by any craft at low tide. I am told an insignificant vessel occasionally passes there, so that a railway bridge would not interfere with any existing rights or privileges.\n\nAn alternative route is shown for this crossing on the plan, which shows better alignment but would be more expensive, as it would require a steel pile bridge opening, preferably reduced to say 20 spans of 20ft.\n\nFrom the 19th to the 28th mile, the work is all light. At the 28th mile, the gradient is 1 in 100 for 1,200 ft, culminating in... \n\n(9) \n## 16 \nFather...",
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    {
        "id": 404787,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-333 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 525,
        "title": "CO129-333 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "# 522 — 6 —\n\nIn Imports there is a decrease reported of 280,888 tons.\n\nIn Exports there is a decrease reported of 262,160 tons.\n\nIn Transit Cargo there is an increase reported of 263,492 tons.\n\nIn Bunker Coal there is a decrease of 15,349 tons.\n\nThe total reported Import Trade of the Port for 1905 amounted to 25,764 vessels of 11,328,015 tons, carrying 7,830,424 tons of cargo, of which 4,415,006 tons were discharged at Hongkong. This does not include the number, tonnage, or cargo of vessels in Local Trade.\n\nSimilarly, the Export Trade from the Port was represented by 25,814 vessels of 11,325,601 tons, carrying 3,011,305 tons of cargo, and shipping 651,523 tons of bunker coal.\n\n64,341 Emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year; of these, 48,289 were carried by British Ships and 16,052 by Foreign Ships; 140,483 were reported as having been brought to Hongkong from places to which they had emigrated, and of these, 113,796 were brought in British Ships and 26,687 by Foreign Ships.\n\nThe total Revenue collected by the Harbour Department during the year showed a decrease of $366.19 on that of the previous year and was as follows:\n| Category | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. Light Dues | $74,233.45 |\n| 2. Licences and Internal Revenue | $62,668.45 |\n| 3. Fees of Court and Office | $163,665.86 |\n| Total | $300,567.76 |\n\n## (c.) INDUSTRIES\n\nDuring 1905 supplies of all Sugars were greater than during 1904, and in sympathy with other markets local prices continued to decline throughout the year. There was however a good demand for Refined Sugar in China, resulting in a profitable business for the two local Refineries, but demand from other markets fell off owing to their being overstocked with European Sugars.\n\nAs was anticipated at the end of 1904 the Cotton Spinning industry worked under very satisfactory conditions during the whole of 1905, and the comparatively low price of Cotton, combined with an active demand for Yarn, allowed of good profits being realized all through the twelve months.\n\nThe increased demand for Cement from the \"Green Island\" Company's factory at Hok Un necessitated the raising of further capital and the provision of new plant to increase the output from 150 to 240 tons a day.\n\nThe Rope factory at Kennedy Town did good business but was not working to its full output of 20,000 lb. a day throughout the year.\n\nThere was some falling off in the repairing and docking of ships at Hongkong probably due to increased competition from other places.\n\n43 steam-launches and other vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 3,695 were built during the year.\n\nA new industry under European direction—that of silvering mirrors—was started at Causeway Bay.\n\n## (c.) FISHERIES\n\nA considerable proportion of the boat-population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and many others in the New Territory are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.\n\n## (d.) FORESTRY, BOTANICAL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE\n\n116,780 trees were planted in Hongkong during the year, and 50,052 in the New Territory. Further experiments were initiated with a view to utilising the more barren portions of the Colony, notably with the Tea Oil tree (*Camellia oleifera*) and the Wood Oil tree (*Aleurites cordata*). Cotton was tried in various representative situations but with very meagre results. Control of the plantations of Pine licensed to Chinese in 1904 was maintained; the few breaches of the rules that occurred were dealt with by withdrawal of the licence.\n\nOn the whole the licensing scheme seems to have suited the Chinese.\n\n## (e.) LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND\n\nThe amount received from sales of Crown Land was $392,259.76, being some $94,000 less than the receipts for the previous year. This falling off may be attributed to the general depression of business throughout the year and the consequent tightness of the money market.\n\nIn the early part of the year the intricate questions connected with Military lands and reserves in the Colony which since 1883 had formed the subject of continual discussion between the Military and Civil authorities were comprehensively dealt with by Major J. F. LEWIS, late R.E., deputed for that purpose by the War Department. An equitable settlement was proposed by that Officer, based on principles of which the adoption should minimize the chance of similar difficulties arising in the future. This settlement, accepted by the Governor and the General Officer Commanding, was approved by the Colonial Office, War Office and Treasury.\n\nBuilding land in the urban portion of the Colony and in the Peak District is limited in extent with the natural consequence that house-rents, especially on the higher levels, have advanced to an extent probably unknown in other British Colonies.\n\n## III—LEGISLATION\n\nTwelve Ordinances were passed during 1905, the most important measure being the New Territories Land Ordinance, No. 3 of 1905, which together with an amending Ordinance, No. 9 of 1905, is designed to facilitate the transfer of land in the New Territories and to provide a simple and inexpensive procedure for settling land disputes therein.\n\nAn amendment of the Vagrancy Ordinance, No. 2 of 1905, increases the liability of shipowners and masters who bring undesirable persons into the Colony, and enables rules to be made for the more rigorous treatment of vagrants in the House of Detention.\n\nProvision is made under the Merchant Shipping Amendment Ordinance, No. 5 of 1905, for the carrying of suitable lights by junks, and the same Ordinance extends greater facilities in respect of the navigation of steamships of small size plying between Hongkong and the neighbouring ports of the Canton Province by lightening the somewhat onerous conditions hitherto imposed.\n\n## IV.—EDUCATION\n\nThe number of Government and Grant Schools including Queen's College, is 83 of which 25 are Upper Grade Schools with a staff competent to give instruction in all the subjects of Standard VII, and 58 are Lower Grade Schools, under purely native management. Broadly speaking the Upper Grade Schools are taught in English, and the Lower Grade Schools are taught in the Vernacular.\n\nThe total number of pupils in average attendance at Government and Grant Schools was 5,353 against 4,970 in 1904. Of these, 1,797 were in Government and 3,556 in Grant Schools; 3,207 pupils received instruction in English, and 2,146 in the Vernacular. The proportion of boys to girls was 3,401 to 1,952.\n\nThe Victoria School for children of British parentage was opened at Caroline Hill, in 1904. The average attendance at this and the corresponding British School at Kowloon, taken together, was 93.\n\nLower Grade Anglo-Chinese Schools were opened at Tanglungchau and Aberdeen,",
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        "id": 406255,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-336 - Governor Nathan & Public Offices - 1906 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 260,
        "title": "CO129-336 - Governor Nathan & Public Offices - 1906 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "! \n\nN3 \n\nNo. 333. \n\nGentlemen, \n\nPublic Works Department, \n\nHongkong, 6th March 1908 \n\n1. With reference to your letter of the 16th November last, I now beg to forward you a tracing showing the area of land which the Government desire to resume from Kowloon Farm Lot 4 and the Remaining Portion of Kowloon Farm Lot 3. \n\n2. I am authorized to make your client the following offer :-- \n\n(a). Compensation to be paid at the rate of 3 cents per square foot for the area resumed. \n\n(b). A sum of $1,500 to be paid for the removal of the house on Farm Lot 4 to another site. \n\n(c). The lessee to be permitted to remove all crops at present standing on the area and to receive a sum of $200 for the fruit trees. \n\n3. In the event of your client agreeing to surrender the required area upon the above terms, the Government will be prepared to modify the conditions of the Crown leases of the lots so as to admit of the conversion of portions thereof into Inland Lots upon the following conditions :- \n\n(i). The option to convert to be exercised on or before the 31st December 1912 by notice in writing to the Director of Public Works. \n\n(ii). The area to be converted (including roads, lanes, &c.,) not to exceed the area resumed. \n\n(iii). A scheme for laying out the area to be converted to be prepared by the Director of Public Works upon the lessee signifying her desire to convert. \n\n(iv). The leases for Inland Lots to be for a term of 75 years, commencing from the date of approval of the conversion. \n\n(v). No premium to be paid in respect of the conversion of any area. \n\n(vi). Crown rent at the rate of $100 per acre to be paid in respect of any area converted and to commence from the date of a letter signed by the Director of Public Works signifying that the conversion of such area has been approved. \n\n(vii). A sum equal to 20 cents per square foot of converted area to be expended in rateable improvements within 2 years from the date of the letter referred to in (vi). \n\n(viii). So much of the area dealt with as may in the opinion of the Director of Public Works be required for roads and lanes to be surrendered free of cost to the Government provided that the lessee shall not be required to devote more than 45% of the area dealt with to such purposes. \n\n(ix). The Government to undertake to form any roads or lanes required in connection with the conversion of any areas within 12 months from the date of the letter referred to in (vi). \n\n(x). The present leases of the lots to be surrendered, when required by Government, to enable any conversion to be effected. \n\n(xi). Any structures interfering with the construction of roads to be removed by the lessee within 2 months after the receipt of a notice from the Director of Public Works requiring such removal. \n\n4. I have to point out that your client, in permitting the erection of dye-works, a soy factory and a feather-cleaning-and-sorting-factory on Farm Lots 3 and 4 has committed breaches of the terms of her leases, thus rendering it possible for the Government to re-enter and resume her lots, but, in the event of your client accepting the above terms, the establishments in question will be allowed to remain for the present, subject to their being maintained in a sanitary condition, on payment of Crown rent at the rate of $50 per annum per acre in lieu of the present rent for the areas occupied by the buildings, and on the understanding that in the event of such areas being included in any area to be converted as above indicated the conditions above specified will apply, and further that in the event of any part of the site of the above mentioned establishments being required for public purposes the buildings shall be removed by the Lessee within 2 months after receipt of notice requiring such removal without compensation for the buildings. \n\n5. Your client would be required to execute such deeds as the Government may be advised are necessary to carry out these arrangements. \n\n6. You will observe that the Government does not admit that the lessee of the Farm Lots has any right to convert or to claim permission to convert any part of the leased area into building land, \n\n7. It has been found that a number of insanitary structures, used as dwellings, &c., are standing upon the lots, having been erected without the permission of the Government, and I am directed to call upon your client to remove all such structures before the 30th April next. \n\nI have the honour to be, \n\nGentlemen, \n\nMessrs. DENISON RAM & GIBBS. \n\nYour obedient Servant, \n\n(Sd.) W. CHATHAM. \n\nDirector of Public Works. \n\n2\n\n3",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 528,
        "title": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "Extract from the Hong Kong Daily Press \n\n18th April, 1904 \n\n22696 \n\n9 1907, \n\nCHINA LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, LIMITED. \n\nThe sixth ordinary general meeting of shareholders in this Company was held at the office of the general managers, Messrs. Shewan Tomes and Co., yesterday morning. Mr. P. Shewan presided, other shareholders present being Sir Paul Chater, Messrs. H. P. White (consulting committee), R. Henderson (secretary), and Fung Wa-chun.\n\nThe SECRETARY having read the notice calling the meeting, the CHAIRMAN said—Gentlemen: The report and accounts for the year ending 28th February were issued to you on the 5th inst., and are now presented for your approval. The gross profit amounts to $79,966.66 as against $61,184.97 for the previous year, and the net profit to $46,459.10 against $31,219.89 last year—a fair improvement, but not so much as we had hoped and as it might well have been, had we not had rather bad luck. Last year we suffered from the boycott at Canton, and this year our earnings have been curtailed by two severe outbreaks of fire there. A number of good customers were thus lost to us for a time, but the quarters where these fires occurred are being rapidly rebuilt, and we hope before long to do a better business there than before. Interest on money borrowed is again a heavy item, and has reduced our profit by some $18,000. I cannot complain of this for the money was badly wanted and has been very useful, but I do feel it hard that we should lose over $7,700 in discount on the small coins, which we receive in payment of our bills, and which we cannot well refuse to take from our customers. Many of these coins are British coins, which the Government who issues them should never allow to fall below their par value. Apparently the Government, led away by the profit to be made on the subsidiary coins issued them to too great an extent, and so the interior of China became flooded with them. The Provincial Governments retaliated with a still baser coinage, and industries like ours have to suffer for want of forethought on the part of our rulers who now seem helpless to remedy the situation they have brought about, though surely it cannot be a difficult matter to prohibit the Chinese coins altogether and call in the British until the supply equals the demand. As it is, British coins are at a heavy discount in a British Colony, which it seems to me is a state of things far from creditable to those within whose jurisdiction this matter lies.\n\nThe cost of coal was a little lower than during 1905, but it was still much above the normal figure, while on the other hand the quality was worse than ever, so much so that we have now about decided to abandon Japanese in favour of Australian coal.\n\nOn the other hand, our experiment with a Diesel oil engine has so far resulted very satisfactorily with a substantial saving by the use of oil, compared with burning coal, although as the engine only got into regular working at the end of 1906 this economy has not appreciably affected the accounts before you. Our losses from the typhoon in September were about $2,500 in capital, and a small loss in revenue at Kowloon, and from wires at Canton about $1,600 in capital, and a heavy reduction in revenue which, however, will be recovered in time. You will see from the accounts that we have been at a large expenditure for additions, alterations and re-arrangements to the Power Station at Canton, which have been forced upon us through the Factory having been laid down by its original promoters in a cramped position, and with apparently no thought whatever of future extension or the expansion of business, which has since taken place. While these changes are absolutely necessary owing to circumstances beyond our control, they will at the same time create much more economical conditions and better working all round, but we have still a good deal more to do in this way before the plans of our manager, Mr. Marston, whose advice and recommendations in these matters we have found very reliable, can all be carried out.\n\nWe much regret that in spite of the fact that the present accounts show a substantial improvement all round and a larger balance of profit, we cannot, in face of the very serious amount of $749,970.10 due to our Bankers and other creditors, feel justified in recommending a repetition of last year's dividend. We, therefore, propose to dispose of the credit balance of $46,459.10 by writing off $21,459.10 as depreciation, and carrying $25,000 forward to credit of next year's Profit and Loss Account.\n\nAs you are all aware we are now raising a sum of $500,000 on debentures at 6 per cent which will pay off our present debts, and leave about $170,000 for further working capital. With part of this money we shall obtain two more 200 B.H.P. Diesel engines, one of which is actually required now, as all our plant is working full time, and to keep pace with the demand we have had to fall back on our spares, always a dangerous thing to do. The first of these engines should be working by November next, and the second a month or so later. This will give us three Diesels altogether on which there will be a marked saving in working expenses compared with steam. Our reason for ordering two of these engines at once is that they are in great demand at home, and the makers of them are so full of work that they must be ordered well ahead to secure the required delivery.\n\nI am pleased to say as regards our prospects that the demand for light continues to grow, and we have not the least doubt that there will be plenty of work for both engines when they are ready to start, for as I explained just now, the first one could be utilised at once if it were here. I do not wish to appear too optimistic or to mislead you by painting the future in too glowing colours.\n\n23341 \n\nrc 1 JUL 07 \n\n7 \n\n523",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 532,
        "title": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "Extract from the Hong Kong Daily Press. of 27th May, 1907.\n\nA. S. WATSON AND CO., LD.\n\nThe twenty-second annual ordinary general meeting of shareholders in Messrs. A. S. Watson and Co., Ld., was held at the offices of the Company in Alexandra Buildings on Saturday afternoon. Mr. H. Humphreys presided, other shareholders present being Sir Paul Chater and Mr. H. P. White (Consulting committee), Mr. J. A. Tarrant (Secretary), and Messrs. D. E. Clark and E. C. Lane.\n\nThe SECRETARY read the notice convening the meeting.\n\nThe CHAIRMAN said Gentlemen,-The report and statement of accounts having been in your hands for some days, I will, with your permission, take them as read.\n\nNet profits for the year amount to $102,366.03 as against $125,408.59 for the previous year; showing a falling off of $23,042.56. In our report last year on the working for 1905 we stated that we had benefited to some extent from the continued high rate of exchange but that business during the latter half of 1906 depressed. During the year the rates of exchange have ruled very much higher, the average rate for 1906 being approximately 2/1$\\frac{3}{4}$d, as against 1/11$\\frac{3}{4}$d for 1905; and whilst on the one hand the company has had the advantage of the increased purchasing power of the dollar, on the other, it has had to meet, or rather anticipate, the reasonable demand of the public in correspondingly reducing prices. So that the benefits accruing from the high exchange are very doubtful. There has been a continued and increased depression in trade in Hongkong and throughout China generally, and in common with nearly every trading and industrial company we have felt this depression and to it we mainly attribute the diminished profits shown. I would also specially mention that we have suffered considerable loss through the depreciated value of subsidiary coins, and I estimate that our total loss in 1906 from this cause to be about $15,000, as against $6,000 in 1905. Considering all these circumstances I think the results of the year's working are not satisfactory. Turning to the accounts you will find under the heading of \"Building improvements\" that there has been an increase of $34,131.04. Most of this increase has been incurred by additions and improvements to our business premises in Manila. These improvements were not completed at the end of the year so that there will be a further addition to this account during 1907. We expect, however, to be able to write off the whole of this expenditure in four years out of increased revenue; as besides largely increased sub-lettings the Manila branch has already benefited by increased cash sales. The extra accommodation provided for its soda water factory should also prove remunerative. \"Aerated water and other machinery and plant account\" shows additions amounting to $20,034.16, which have been for the most part occasioned by the opening of a new factory in Shanghai and further additions to our plant at Amoy. Amongst our assets Marine Lot No. 293 appears for the first time. This lot was purchased with the approval of your Consulting Committee in November last, and the object of your General Managers is eventually to remove the Des Voeux Road soda water factory to that site, where there will be four times as much room and greater conveniences for manufacture at less cost than obtains at present. San Jacinto property, Manila, has been increased by $8,028.60 which represents the price paid for a strip of land with buildings which almost completely shut our property off from the public road. We trust the disposition of the profits meets with your approval. Following our usual policy we have proposed to set aside $25,000 to write off as depreciation of machinery and plant, furniture and fittings, etc. In a business like ours $25,000 a year is the sound minimum amount, compatible with finance, that should be written off and I would prefer to see it larger. The business for the first four months of this year, I regret to say, shows no signs of improvement. I have no further remarks to make, but if any shareholder has any questions to ask, I shall be pleased to answer them.\n\nMr. LANE-I would like to know whether the reduced volume of trade is general in all the branches, or in Hongkong in particular.\n\nThe CHAIRMAN-There has been a falling off in the volume of trade, and also in profits, at every branch except one. There has also been slight falling off in Hongkong, and a falling off in Manila.\n\nMessrs. F. MAFFLAND and W. H. PORRA were reappointed auditors on the motion of Mr. CLARK, seconded by Mr. LANE.\n\nThe CHAIRMAN-That is all the business, gentlemen. Thank you for your attendance. Dividend warrants will be ready on Monday.\n\n22696\n\n527\n\nJUL 9 1907",
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        "id": 411543,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 43,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n\n(No. 2.) Sir,\n\n### Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received April 6.)\n\nYunnan-fu, February 16, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose copy of Intelligence Reports on affairs in Yünnan and Kueichow recently submitted to His Majesty's Minister.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n#### Intelligence Report respecting Affairs in Yünnan-fu and Kueichow.\n\n##### Commercial\n\nNative Opium.-The enforcement of the ten Regulations for the suppression of opium-growing and opium-smoking has been put off till after the approaching Chinese New Year (13th February, 1907). It is true that, at all events in the immediate neighbourhood of Yunnan-fu, there is a very considerable decrease in the area under poppy cultivation; but although certain timid or cautious farmers may have taken alarm at the recent edicts, I am assured that the great majority of the planters were influenced rather by the fact that the crop of 1905-6 could not be sold at a profit. Large stocks remained in the hands of the dealers, and local opium was being retailed at 12 taels the 100 Chinese ounces.\n\nThe weather, again, was unfavourable. During last December no rain at all fell, and the poppy seeds failed to germinate. The consequence is that the retail price has now advanced to 28 or 29 taels per 100 ounces, in addition to the consolidated tax of 115 taels a picul. I am told by no less a person than the head of the city li-kin collectorate, himself an opium smoker, that the result will be to largely increase the acreage to be sown with the poppy next season (1907-8), which hardly looks as though active measures of suppression are contemplated.\n\nI will endeavour to obtain copies of any local Regulations or Proclamations that may be issued. I am informed that the Provincial Government has reported to Peking that a return of the acreage under poppy cannot be made.\n\n##### Transport\n\nThe cost of transport, particularly between Tongking and Yunnan-fu, has greatly increased of late. For the eleven or twelve stages from Manhao (on the Red River) hither, as much as 13 dollars a-head has had to be paid for mules, almost exactly double the normal rate of 40 tael cents a-day. The reason assigned is the demand by the Government for mules to carry (a) the machinery for the new mint, (b) supplies of rice for the provincial capital. (Rice has been imported in considerable quantities from Kueichow.)\n\n##### Mint\n\nThe buildings have been completed, but no machinery is in position, or, indeed, has yet reached Yünnan-fu. It is worth noting that the buildings have been erected without any foreign aid, and that the tall factory chimney has been set up without any objections on the score of \"fengshui\" such as prevailed some years ago when the Arsenal was built. A detailed report shall be submitted when the Mint is in working order.\n\nA French Firm, L'Union Commerciale Indo-Chinoise, has established one of its Chinese assistants at a shop in Yunnan city, where foreign goods are sold, notably wines, beer, cigars, and groceries. The assistant is, I understand, given a price under which he must not sell, but over which he may make for himself what profit he can; he is also paid a fixed salary. The result seems to be that few sales are effected, the prices asked being exorbitant. Recently a young Italian, M. Aurely, has been sent to Yunnan-fu by the firm, and has taken up his quarters at the Railway Compound, now all but vacant. M. Aurely tells me that it is proposed, as soon as Yunnan-fu is opened as...",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 44,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## \n\na mart, to install here a large agency of l'Union Commerciale, with ten or a dozen Europeans. The firm would deal in all kinds of goods, including kerosene. From other sources I hear that although this firm succeeded in raising a considerable amount of capital in France last year, its prospects in Yunnan Province are not regarded as brilliant. A large sum was lost three or four years ago by the Mengtzu Agency through speculation in opium.\n\nThe Yunnan Syndicate is showing more signs of life than has been the case for some time. M. Lutz, the local Manager, has got as far as Mengtzu, where he is looking for a house in which to set up an extensive assayist's laboratory purchased in England. He is to be assisted by a young Englishman named Collins, now in Hong Kong. Both gentlemen contemplate visiting Yunnan-fu shortly, when I shall be in a better position to report on the proposals and prospects of the Syndicate.\n\nA Match Factory, to be run with capital largely raised in London and (I believe) Singapore, is in contemplation, but is being delayed by the death of one of the two local Managers, M. Schneebeli, a Swiss.\n\n## Proposed Distribution Agency for goods from India and Burmah\n\nThe Norwegian agent in Yunnan of the British and Foreign Bible Society (Mr. Edward Amundsen), a capable man with an extensive personal knowledge of Yünnan and Szechuan, laid before me last October a proposal to open depôts at Yunnan-fu and Hsiakuan for the display of samples of woven goods, hardware, watches, soaps, paper, medicines, boots, grocers' stores, and the rest. This proposal I transmitted, through the Government of Burmah, to the Rangoon Chamber of Commerce. In due course I was informed by the Chief Secretary that it had been passed on to the Chamber, but I am still without any acknowledgment from the latter. I regret to say that this apparent indifference to the furtherance of trade with Yünuan would seem to be characteristic of the present Rangoon Chamber.\n\n## Inland Transit Passes\n\nA local Chinese merchant sent in to me a petition affirming that a consignment of dried orange peel (\"ch'en pi\"), for which an inland transit pass had been taken out at Chungking, was being detained by the li-kin collectorate here. Petitioner represented that the pass had been granted to the British firm of Kung-tai (J. W. Stewart), but on making inquiries I found that it had been issued to the China Merchants Company. Although the goods had, by their passage through Hong Kong, acquired a foreign status, they are of Chinese origin; I did not, therefore, feel justified in doing more than to advise, informally, the Provincial Government to release them pending a reference to the Chungking Customs.\n\nThis is the first case for upwards of three years in which complaint has reached me of lack of respect shown to transit passes.\n\n## Laokei-Yunnan-fu Railway\n\nTowards the end of 1905 the Construction Company declared that the work could not be completed for the amount originally estimated, and that some sixty million more francs would be necessary. It was in connection with this demand that M. Beau, Governor-General of Indo-China, visited the province last March.\n\nHis Excellency was conducted along the line, up the valley of the Namhti, past the Mengizu Plain to La-li-hei, a point some three stages further north. Thence he returned to Tonking by way of Mengtzu and Manhao. The object of this tour was doubtless to show what difficulties had been, and remained to be, surmounted; but to thus confine the Governor-General's attention to a series of ravines was hardly the best way to convince him that the Yunnan Province is worth exploiting. However that may be, it is understood that M. Beau concluded that further financial aid must be given, and with that end in view has been personally consulting at Paris with the State Departments concerned. (He returned a short time since to Hanoi.)\n\nMeanwhile the French Government had sent out a Mission of Inquiry, headed by M. Drogue, Engineer-in-chief of the Ponts et Chaussées. He was assisted by two Engineers, MM. Constantin and Gervais, and by two Financial Experts, MM. Decron and Loisy. The Commission followed the line right up to Yunnan-fu, accompanied by M. Guibert, the Chief Superintendent, and M. Sainson, formerly Consul at Mengtzu, representing the Construction Company; by M. Jullidières, Acting Director-General of Public Works in Tongking, and MM. Metour and Kerler, representing the interests of the Colony; and by MM. Langrogne and Chemin-Dupontès, representing the Concessionnaires. Two days only were spent at Yunnan-fu, after which the party returned to Mengtzu along the earlier trace, through Tunghai. On their arrival at Mengtzu M. Drogue declared himself so disgusted with Chinese inns as to be unwilling to encounter the worst of them all, those between Mengtzu and Manhao. He accordingly elected to go down to Tongking by the Namhti route. Part of his following took the ordinary road to Manhao, while part continued to observe the original trace along the Sinhsien Valley.\n\nIt is confidently expected that, as a result of their reports, the money asked for by the Construction Company will be forthcoming. MM. Guibert and Sainson went to Paris with the Mission, M. Guibert's place being meanwhile taken by M. du Traz.\n\nService trains are running for at least 33 kilom. (say 20 miles) in Yünnan territory, and work is being energetically pushed everywhere. Some 46,000 coolies are now employed, costing per head in the Namhti Valley, in wages and rice, 1 dol. 20 c. a-day. At this (the Yunnan-fu) end of the line, the buildings of the station are complete except for doors, windows, and ironwork. All the staff of the section has been transferred elsewhere, and one European alone will be left in charge of the buildings and of the comparatively small remaining work on the embankments. It seems now fairly certain that the railway will be completed by the end of 1909.\n\nP.S.-A Reuter's telegram (Hong Kong, 24th January) reports that the French Government has approved the project of a loan intended to complete the Yunnan Railway.\n\n## Movements of Foreign Officials\n\nM. Leduc, “Député du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères,\" left Yunnan-fu on the 7th February, after a residence here of close on three years. I hear (from Chinese sources) that he has recommended his Government to bestow decorations on Hsing-lu, for many years Superintendent of the Department for Foreign Affairs in Yünnan and now Financial Commissioner in Kueichow; on Kuei-fu, his sometime Assistant, now Prefect of Chengchiang; on Chou Hang, formerly Magistrate at Mengtzu; and on Tang, French Secretary in the Foreign Department. In return a telegram was sent, about the 4th February, to Peking, asking for the bestowal on M. Leduc of rank of the Second Degree (Erh-p'in Ting-t'ai).\n\nWith the exception of four months at Foochow in 1887, M. Leduc has spent the whole of his twenty-one years of service either in the north, at Peking or Tien-tsin, or in this province, at Mengtzu and Yunnan-fu. He remains titular \"Premier Interprète\" —or, as we should say, Chinese Secretary—to the French Legation; but it is doubtful whether on his return to China at the close of this year he will take up the post.\n\nHe is succeeded here by M. Arnould, Consul of the Second Class. M. Arnould has been stationed at Aleppo, and is altogether ignorant of Chinese. He is some 52 years of age, and has been confined to his bed since his arrival, so that I have not yet had the pleasure of meeting him. He has brought with him his young son of 10, with the latter's governess, Mme. Arnould remaining in France with her daughter.\n\nM. Gélis, Assistant at the French Consulate-General, leaves for Foochow. He has been replaced here by M. Soulier, a young man who has spent five years in China, for the most part at Shaughae. He will act as interpreter for M. Arnould.\n\nTo the Yunnan-fu agency of the Imperial Chinese Post has been sent a Frenchman, M. Périer, at one time employed at the French post-office at Tien-tsin, but later on at the Chinese Post at Yochow. Hitherto the office has been run by Chinese alone, with the result that many complaints reached the Superintending Commissioner (at Mengtzu) of petty frauds or exactions. A recent notification by the Judicial Commissioner invites popular confidence in M. Périer and the three branch offices he has opened in this city.\n\nM. Mougeot, \"Receveur\" at the French post-office here, expects to shortly return to Tonquin. He has an uncle who is, or was, a Cabinet Minister.\n\n## Missions\n\nMgr. Fenouil, titular Bishop of Tenedos and Vicar Apostolic in Yunnan, died on the 10th January, aged 86. He came out to Hong Kong nearly sixty years ago, stayed on the island some two years, then proceeded to this province, where he resided continuously up to the day of his death. He was, I imagine, the oldest European resident in China. In earlier days he more than once went in peril of his life; but he died a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. For the past few years he led a very secluded life, indeed, never saw him. A Suffragan Bishop, Mgr. Excoffier, acted for him till a year or two ago, when the Suffragan returned to Rome, severing for some reason his connection with the Mission. Since that time P. Maire, the Pro-Vicaire, ...\n\nPage 43",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# (No. 8.) Sir,\n\n## Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n### Consul-General Fulford to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nMukden, December 22, 1906.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inform you that the British-American Tobacco Company's District Manager in Newchwang, Mr. Henckendorff, has complained to me that the cigarettes of the Company are being taxed in Tiehling, one of the marts in Manchuria opened to foreign trade by the Japan-China Treaty of December 1905. The Chinese agents of the Company have paid a considerable amount in this manner. In informing me of this, Mr. Henckendorff added that Japanese cigarettes were being forced to pay the same duties at Tiehling, but that they were being levied on the Chinese clients of the Japanese importers.\n\nAs nearly all the cigarettes of the British-American Tobacco Company are manufactured in Shanghae and classed and taxed there as \"native goods,\" I am in some doubt as to whether it would be correct to demand for them in Treaty ports exemption from any further taxation beyond that prescribed by the Treaty Tariff as in the case of foreign goods.\n\nI presume that ordinary native goods conveyed from one Treaty port or mart to another by foreigners for local consumption by the Chinese are not entitled to exemption from further taxation beyond that of the Treaty Tariff in the port of destination, at least when they have arrived in Chinese hands.\n\nThe question also of transit taxation on such goods between the Treaty ports connected by railway presents some difficulty. In the case of these cigarettes being sent from Shanghae to Newchwang via Chin Wang Tao, I have ascertained that, in addition to the usual coast trade duty of one and a-half times the export duty, a transit duty of half the export duty has been regularly levied to free them of li-kin along the railway. This duty is levied on the ground that they are native produce. Foreign goods are passed free under exemption certificates.\n\nI should be glad to be instructed as to the claim for exemption from taxation in Treaty marts, as the Company wishes to apply for a refund of the duties paid as above described in Tiehling.\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed) H. E. FULFORD.\n\n## (No. 2.) Sir,\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n#### Mr. Hosie to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nOffice of the Commercial Attaché, Shanghae, January 17, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch No. 1 of the 3rd instant, inclosing copy of a despatch from His Majesty's Consul-General at Mukden regarding the taxation of the British-American Tobacco Company's cigarettes in Manchuria, and directing me to inquire into the whole subject of the manufacture of these cigarettes and their treatment by the Imperial Maritime Customs at this port.\n\nThe history of the customs duty on cigarettes at Shanghae dates back to the year 1892, when a small factory called the Commercial Tobacco Company was established in Hongkew and manufactured cigarettes almost entirely for local consumption. There was an insignificant export and on this the Customs levied a duty of 4 m. 5 c. per picul, classing it, as there was no heading \"Cigarettes\" in the Tariff as prepared tobacco, and subjecting it to the same amount of duty.\n\nThe Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 authorized Japanese subjects and, by the most-favoured-nation treatment, other foreigners to engage in all kinds of manufacturing industries in the open cities, towns, and ports of China, and many industries, including the manufacture of cigarettes on a large scale, at once began to spring up in Shanghae, and the export duty of 4 m. 5 c. per picul on cigarettes was continued until the 22nd January, 1904, when an Order (No. 601), copy of which I inclose, was posted at the custom-house giving notice that Chinese manufactures of foreign type would from that date be liable to a single 5 per cent. ad valorem duty, and thereafter be free from further taxation. No reference to an export duty on goods manufactured by Japanese in China is made in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, but Article III of the Protocol supplementary to the Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of the 21st July, 1896, lays down that \"the Government of Japan concedes the right of the Chinese Government to enforce on articles manufactured by Japanese subjects in China such a tax as may seem expedient, provided that the same tax shall not differ from or exceed the tax paid by Chinese subjects,\" and on this Article, which reads more like the imposition of an excise tax than a customs duty, is based the claim of the Imperial Maritime Customs to levy export and coast-trade duties. On receipt of your despatch now under acknowledgment I called upon Mr. Hobson, Commissioner of Customs, who informed me that the amount levied on the cigarettes was the duty on local machine-made goods, and that he would look into the matter and give me details later. The same day he forwarded to me a Memorandum, copy of which I inclose.\n\nAt the time that Customs Order No. 601 was issued the British-American Tobacco Company's factory was undergoing reconstruction, and it was not until July of 1904 that the Company was again prepared to export cigarettes. It then found that the 5 per cent. duty was in force and had to be paid. Against this the Company vigorously protested, and a lengthy but fruitless correspondence took place between its Director and the Commissioner of Customs. The former thereupon forwarded copies of all the correspondence to His Majesty's Consul-General, who referred the matter to the Legation. The case was laid by Sir Ernest Satow before the Wai-wu Pu, and I inclose copy of Prince Ching's final reply of the 26th December, 1904, agreeing to the former's contention that duty should continue to be paid on the cigarettes at the rate of 4 m. 5 c. per picul, but while agreeing the Prince stated that \"the rule applicable to native products must be applied, that if, after payment of export duty, there is a re-entry into another port, coast-trade duty must be paid, and, if there is a further conveyance into the interior, customs dues must be paid at customs stations, and li-kin at li-kin stations.\" I inclose a copy of a letter from the British-American Tobacco Company accepting the above conditions. I take these conditions to mean that when the cigarettes have paid coast trade duty in a port—and coast trade duty is payable only once, however many ports are visited—en route to destination, they are not liable to any further taxation whatsoever in that port. After leaving the port they would of course be subject to such taxes as are legitimately leviable in the interior.\n\nMr. Fulford, in the third paragraph of his despatch, presumes that \"ordinary native goods conveyed from one Treaty port or mart to another by foreigners, for local consumption by the Chinese, are not entitled to exemption from further taxation beyond that of the Treaty Tariff, in the port of destination, at least when they have arrived in Chinese hands\"; but goods manufactured by foreigners in the open ports of China are not ordinary native goods, and the Treaty of Shimonoseki distinctly provides that such manufactured goods shall be treated as regards inland taxation on the same footing as foreign imports. The second paragraph of section 4 of Article VI of that Treaty lays down that \"All articles manufactured by Japanese subjects in China shall, in respect of inland transit and internal taxes, duties, charges, and exactions of all kinds, and also in respect of warehousing and storage facilities in the interior of China, stand upon the same footing and enjoy the same privileges and exemptions as merchandize imported by Japanese subjects into China.\" Foreign goods, no matter whether in the hands of foreigners or Chinese, are exempt from taxation in a port after payment of Tariff import duty, and the above section of the Shimonoseki Treaty places goods manufactured by foreigners in the open ports of China on the same footing. The framers of the Shimonoseki Treaty do not appear to have contemplated that goods manufactured by foreigners in China would be, as they are, exported to foreign countries and other Chinese ports; but when, in the latter case, they have satisfied the Imperial Maritime Customs by payment of export and coast trade duty, they should be exempt from further taxation in the port of such final duty payment, whether it is a sea, river, or inland port, and if inland and the goods have to be conveyed to it from another port by rail, there should be no railway transit taxes, for it may be taken for granted that the Chinese authorities are quite capable of exercising control over goods unloaded at stations between ports.\n\nI may add that I visited the factory of the British Cigarette Company in November last where cigarettes of pure American leaf were being turned out at the rate of 8,000,000 a day; that no suitable blend of American and Chinese tobaccos...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Art. 9. \nM. Splingaerd undertakes that, after making the additional purchases of machinery on behalf of the woollen factory, he will supply, with the exception of sheep's wool and fuel, duplicates of all the articles required for the machines, large and small. M. Splingaerd guarantees that they will suffice for ten years, and that there will be no deficiency in any respect.\n\n## Art. 10. \nM. Splingaerd will dispatch M. Geerts to get an estimate for the gold-washing machinery. He will also dispatch M. Müller to get an estimate for the additional purchase of cloth-weaving machinery. The articles bought will be enough for the purpose of washing gold and weaving cloth. If men of other nationality take over the works and declare that the articles supplied are in any way deficient or incomplete, M. Splingaerd will then be liable to make good such deficiency, and MM. Geerts and Müller will be punished according to foreign law.\n\n## Art. 11. \nThis Agreement for buying the two sorts of machinery must be recognized as made with M. Splingaerd alone. It is definitely understood that under no circumstances whatever may M. Splingaerd hand over the contract to another.\n\n## Art. 12. \nA plan of the woollen factory's area and buildings has been made at M. Splingaerd's direction by M. Müller, who has appended a certificate of their adequacy for the work. When the machinery arrives in Kansuh, no delay on the pretext that the site is too small will be allowed. The cloth woven, no matter whether fine or coarse, must be up to the musters shown by M. Splingaerd, and of the required measurement. Neither on the plea of the inferiority of the water in Kansuh, nor of the badness of the coal, may the blame be put upon the unfitness of local conditions.\n\n## Art. 13. \nM. Splingaerd is a man of good reputation, and having taken up the management of these two kinds of machinery on behalf of Kansuh, he should use every effort to open up this source of profit. He is entitled to a salary at the same rate as in the old Agreement, paid monthly. He is not permitted to make pretexts to go elsewhere.\n\n## Art. 14. \nThis Agreement is prepared in Chinese only, and in seven duplicates, one each of which is placed with the Wai-wu Pu and the Board of Agriculture, Works, and Commerce, the Viceroy of Shen-kan, the Treasurer of Kansuh, the Judge of Kansuh, the Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh, and M. Splingaerd, as evidence of good faith.\n\n(Signed)\n\nFebruary 4, 1907.\n\n**FENG**, Treasurer.\n**PAI**, Acting Judge.\n**LANCHOU TAOTAI PÊNG**, Director of Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh.\n**A. SPLINGAERD**, Belgian Secretary of Legation.\n\n**(2.)**\n\n## AGREEMENT \nmade between the Treasurer of Kansuh, the Judge of Kansuh, the Lanchou Taotai, Kansuh, and the Chief Bureau for Foreign Affairs in Kansuh, and the Belgian Secretary of Legation, M. Splingaerd.\n\nM. Splingaerd agrees to purchase at the Cockerill Works in Belgium two steam-launches made of steel, and sell them to Kansuh. They are to be brought to Kansuh by way of the Yellow River, and payment will be made for them on arrival. The purchase is authorized by his Excellency the Viceroy Shông as a means of opening for Kansuh a great power of profit, and so the Bureau of Foreign Affairs has, after consultation, drawn up this Agreement embodying the details in the following Articles:\n\n## Article 1. \nIt is clearly stipulated that these steel launches are to be 50 Chinese feet in length, 13 ft. 2 in. in breadth, and 1 ft. 5 in. of draught, all Chinese measurements. The launch with house on it will have a tonnage of 14,000 catties, 60 horse-power, and a speed of 25 li per hour. The launch without house will have a tonnage of 15,000 catties, 70 horse-power, and a speed of 30 li per hour. The launches shall be completely fitted throughout, and each shall carry five large wooden boats. The launches must be brought to Lanchou within six or seven months from the day on which this Agreement is signed, and payment will be made only after arrival. Dredging appliances are not included in the above fittings.\n\n## Art. 2. \nThe actual cost of the launch fitted with a saloon will be 16,000 Lanchou taels. It is agreed that in addition to this sum 2,000 taels for freight will be paid on the journey from Belgium by way of Chêng Chou (Honan) on the Yellow River straight to the provincial capital of Kansuh. The actual cost of the launch not fitted with a saloon will be 14,500 Lanchou taels, and in addition 1,000 taels for freight by way of the Yellow River to Lung Wang Shan. If it be found impossible in accordance with this Article to send the launches by way of the Yellow River to Kansuh, they are both to be returned; nothing will be paid for, and the Agreement will be cancelled; there can be not the slightest withdrawal, and any failure to perform will entail a heavy fine. Two plans and a model of the launches ordered will as a first step be handed to Kansuh to be put on record. Carriage and insurance are both included in the price to be paid for the launches. The Kansuh public will recognize no other charge whatever.\n\n## Art. 3. \nWhen the launches are on their way up the Yellow River, and come to difficult places, such as the Railway Bridge at Jung Tsê (Honan), or the three gorges at Shan Chou, or the Dragon Gorge at Han Chêng, or the Sandy Shallows and Noisy Waters at Ho Tao, with their sharp bends and hidden rocks, or any other dangerous spot, plans for proceeding up river must be devised. The expenditure on machinery, labour, and other necessary items, is chargeable to the works above mentioned and M. Splingaerd. The Kansuh public has no concern therein.\n\n## Art. 4. \nIf after arrival at Lanchou the launches, of which the purchase is by these Articles contracted for, prove a success in carrying cargo, so that the public obtains profit thereby, the Kansuh Bureau of Foreign Affairs may consult with M. Splingaerd, and draw up a further Agreement to buy more from the works in question on the same terms as the present purchase.\n\n## Art. 5. \nThis Agreement is made in Chinese only, and in six duplicates, of which one is placed on record with the Viceroy, one each with the Treasurer, Judge, Taotai, and Acting Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs, and one with M. Splingaerd, as evidence of good faith.\n\n## Art. 6. \nAll the above Articles are mutually agreed to by both parties. When this Agreement is signed, M. Splingaerd will then order the works mentioned to construct the launches and bring them to Kansuh. On their arrival, payment will be made by the Bureau of Foreign Affairs. Everything must be conducted in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, so that no complications may ensue. The intervention of the Government and the Minister may not on any pretext be sought. As regards import duty, application will be made to the Viceroy to issue a pass and notify the proper authorities.\n\n(Signed)\n\nJanuary 7, 1907.\n\n**FENG**, Treasurer.\n**PAI**, Acting Judge.\n**LANCHOU TAOTAI PÊNG**, Director of Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh.\n**A. SPLINGAERD**, Belgian Secretary of Legation.\n\n**(3.)**\n\n## Agreement.\n\nThe Treasurer, the Judge, the Taotai, and the Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh, having received instructions from the Viceroy of Shensi and Kansuh informing them that the Belgian Secretary of Legation, M. Splingaerd, had made him a written offer to buy a complete set of machinery and plant for working a copper mine, held consultation, and mutually agreed to draw up this Agreement, setting forth in the Articles which follow the rules regarding the cost in taels and the method of conducting the enterprise.\n\n## Article 1. \nAt Fêng Huang Shan, in Kansuh, is a vast quantity of copper ore. Belgian Secretary of Legation, M. Splingaerd, agrees on behalf of the Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh to buy a set of machinery for excavating the ore and appliances for boring shafts, crushing ore, and refining the metal.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 17,
        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Article regarding the Agreement between M. Splingaerd and the Kansuh Bureau\n\nThe actual cost will be 150,000 Lanchou taels, and the freight from Belgium to Lanchou plus miscellaneous expenses at the works during the first year will be 50,000 taels, a sum total of 200,000 Lanchou taels. This is a definite bargain and not subject to alteration. When the machinery has arrived in Kansuh, and been set up, M. Splingaerd guarantees its daily refining capacity to be 10,000 catties of refined copper. He further guarantees that the copper ore in Fêng Huang Shan can be worked for twenty years without exhausting it. After one full year, reckoning from the day on which the work starts, if the Bureau is obtaining big profits, it will refund to M. Splingaerd the 200,000 taels incurred by him on account of machinery, freight, and other expenses. If the output of copper in one year is insufficient to meet this sum, the Bureau shall be allowed after the first year to reckon up the amount of its profits from time to time, and according as they are large or small, make periodic payments against this sum due for machinery. M. Splingaerd has agreed with the Bureau that, while this sum will ultimately be paid in full, the Bureau will not be bound to pay it within any fixed time, nor may M. Splingaerd demand the least fraction of interest on this sum from the public of Kansuh.\n\n## Art. 2\nWhen the machinery bought by M. Splingaerd has arrived at the Fêng Huang Shan copper works, the furnaces will be built, houses erected, freight on the journey and also the employment and board of foreign workmen and miscellaneous expenses all paid out of the 200,000 taels—the cost of the machinery. The public of Kansuh will not furnish any funds. Also, the machinery, no matter what method be used, must produce daily 10,000 catties of copper ore; the amount may be more, but it must not be less. The deputy's salary, as also the coal and charcoal used daily, will be provided by Kansuh.\n\n## Art. 3\nThe Fêng Huang Shan copper mine has no foreign shares of M. Splingaerd's. The machinery was bought by, and is the property of, Kansuh. M. Splingaerd is an employé, engaged by Kansuh, to manage the machinery. Everything in the copper works is under the arrangement of the Director of the Bureau. M. Splingaerd may act only as head of the engineers and workmen to see that they do their work with energy; with other matters, he may not interfere.\n\n## Art. 4\nThis Agreement has been deliberated and decided upon by both parties, who have signed their names to it as a rough draft. Application will be made to the Shen-Kan Viceroy that he memorialize the throne for permission to work, and if that is obtained, this Agreement will then hold good. If permission is refused, this draft Agreement will then become waste paper.\n\n## Art. 5\nM. Splingaerd has grown up in Kansuh and has a good reputation, and since Kansuh has engaged him to manage the machinery and obtain the first produce of this copper mine, he is expected to co-operate in a friendly way with the Deputy and the local officials, and to seek the common weal. As regards the profits of the said copper mine, after defraying the cost of the machinery and the miscellaneous expenses, they will, whatever the amount remaining over, be divided into ten portions, and one portion will be presented to M. Splingaerd as a bonus for encouragement. This Agreement, however, is for a year's experiment. If the cost of the machinery is paid back within that time, the method of conducting the enterprise will be again deliberated upon and another Agreement drawn up. M. Splingaerd's proper salary will be the same as in the old Agreement, and will be paid monthly. No pretext for going elsewhere will be allowed.\n\n## Art. 6\nOf this Agreement, seven duplicates in Chinese have been made, one to be placed with the Wai-wu Pu, one with the Board of Agriculture, Works, and Commerce, and one each with the Shen-Kan Viceroy, the Kansuh Treasurer, the Kansuh Judge, the Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh, and M. Splingaerd as evidences of good faith.\n\n(Signed)\n\nFebruary 4, 1907.\n\nFENG, Treasurer.\nPAI, Acting Judge.\nLANCHOU TAOTAI PENG, Director Kansuh of Chief Bureau of Agriculture, Works, Commerce, and Mines of Kansuh.\nA. SPLINGAERD, Belgian Secretary of Legation.\n\nPage 7\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\nExtract from the \"Han Pao\" of May 16, 1907.\n\n### Sale of Kansu Mines to a Belgian Trader\n\nLAST year, Viceroy Shêng gave a contract for opening up some mining property in Kansuh to a Belgian of the name of Splingaerd (**Lin Tzu-mei***) and granted him permission to establish sugar, candles, oil, and wine companies. M. Splingaerd then proceeded to Shanghae to buy machinery for starting work. However, on his way back to Kansuh, he died suddenly, and we now hear that his son has sold the Agreement to a man of other nationality, and requested Viceroy Shêng to recognize the transfer. Sheng has allowed another Agreement to be drawn up by which, as we understand, even greater advantages have been given away than by the former Agreement. The Shensi and Kansuh students in Japan have heard of the matter, and are greatly alarmed. The telegrams they have sent on the subject to the Wai-wu Pu and the Viceroy of Shen-Kan run as follows:-\n\n\"To the Prince, Grand Secretaries, and Ministers of the Wai-wu Pu,\n\n\"We hear that Kansuh mines have been sold to a Belgian trader, a most astounding piece of news. What happened in Shensi is a warning. The scholars and people of the two provinces will never recognize the sale. We beg you to order the Viceroy of Kansuh to cancel the Agreement and give the working to Chinese, so as to avoid trouble in the future. Petitioners are the students of Shensi and Kansuh in Japan.\"\n\n\"To his Excellency the Viceroy of Shensi and Kansuh.\n\n\"We hear that the opening of the Lanchou mines has been given to a Belgian, and are astounded! With Shensi mines as a warning, the students and people of the two provinces will never recognize the transaction. We beg you to cancel the Agreement and give work to Chinese, so as to avoid troubles in the future. Petitioners are the students of Shensi and Kansuh in Japan.\"\n\nWe hear that since this Belgian has got the concession for the Kansuh mines, onlookers of other nationalities all want to have a finger in the pie. On the top of this, the Viceroy of Shen-Kan is very stupid and not versed in business with foreigners, so he is always getting done in the eye. For instance, a certain foreigner contracted for 186,000 taels to make an iron bridge over the Yellow River. Shêng agreed, and gave him an advance of 20,000 taels to buy the necessary materials. To his surprise, once the foreigner had left, he disappeared. The Viceroy inquired about him of the Consul concerned, but the latter refused to admit the man's existence. That was one case. Then again, there was a contract with a foreigner to run the woollen factory, who got an advance of 50,000 taels to go to Shanghae and purchase machinery. The foreigner at once went and bought over 400,000 taels' worth, and wired to Sheng to remit the money. On receiving the wire, Shêng had at the moment no money to send, but as the machinery had actually been bought and could not be returned, after much discussion to and fro, his Excellency got the matter settled by agreeing to pay a certain forfeit. So, this woollen factory scheme also fell through. This will give some idea of his Excellency Sheng's way of managing foreign relations.\n\nPage 0",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "**Memorandum for Heads of British Diplomatic Missions Abroad and general reference at Home**\n19 SEP 07\n\n1. Duly accredited Foreign Attachés, on obtaining the necessary authority from the Admiralty, are permitted to visit the Dock and Building Yards, Ships in and out of Commission, Victualling Yards, Hospitals, Educational and other of His Majesty's Naval Establishments when accompanied by an Officer in His Majesty's Navy.\n\n2. Duly accredited Foreign Attachés, on obtaining the necessary authority from the War Office, are permitted to visit Woolwich Arsenal, which includes the Gun Factory, Carriage, Laboratory, and Store Departments, the Enfield Small Arms Factory, and Experiments at Shoeburyness and elsewhere, unless some very special reason exists for refusal.\n\n3. Foreign Attachés will be permitted to view those Fortifications and Buildings which are open to the public generally.\n\n4. They are permitted to visit the Gunnery and Torpedo Schools at Portsmouth, and will be shown all fittings and apparatus that are not of a **Confidential** nature.\n\n5. They are, on receiving special permission, allowed to attend experiments of interest relating to Armour, Ordnance, Shipbuilding, &c., when the rights of inventors and others permit.\n\n6. It is, and will be the constant endeavour of the British Government to reciprocate, as far as possible, the facilities afforded to our Attachés abroad.\n\n**ADMIRALTY**,  \nMarch, 1906.  \nM. 0255.\n\n# 42264.\n`500-406, Pk. 414. E. & S.`  \n105",
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    {
        "id": 412487,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 247,
        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n35776 [August 26.]\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed) \n**E. H. FRASER**\n\n[28450]\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n#### No. 1\n\n**Agreement for the Perpetual Lease of a Piece of Land to Extend the Japanese Concession at Hankow, dated February 9, 1907.** (Translation.)\n\nWHEREAS both the Contracting Parties have come to an Agreement, the several Articles thereof are hereto appended :-\n\n| Article | Description |\n|---------|-------------|\n| Article 1 | It is agreed that the Japanese Concession Extension shall extend northwards from the boundary of the original Concession for 150 chang (1,500 Chinese feet), and that its east and west limits shall be in line with those of the original Concession. |\n| Art. 2 | The Hsieh Ch'ang Syndicate's match factory, a Chinese commercial undertaking, within the aforesaid Japanese Concession Extension, may function as usual, nor need it be forced to remove. On its part the Syndicate shall be bound by the Japanese Concession Regulations in the same manner as, and pay dues on the same footing as, Japanese merchants without differentiation, and the Japanese Government will extend to the Hsieh Ch'ang Syndicate the same measure of care and protection as it affords to Japanese merchants. Any future action of the Japanese Government in regard to the said match factory will at all times be governed by the general rule of placing it on the same footing with the Standard Oil Company's works now in the Concession. But this undertaking arises from a desire to protect Chinese commercial interests. Therefore, should at any future time the Hsieh Chang match factory, overtly or covertly, pass out of Chinese hands, it shall be out of the power of the Chinese officials to take any interest whatever in its protection. |\n| Art. 3 | In regard to this Agreement, the Hukuang Viceroy will order the Customs Taotai, in concert with the Japanese Consul, to depute officials to survey the Concession area and erect boundary posts. The remaining Articles of this Agreement shall be the same as those of the original Concession Agreement. |\n\nTwo each, Japanese and Chinese fair copies of this Agreement, shall be prepared and signed by both the Contracting Parties, and so soon as the high authorities of both countries shall have signified their approval thereof, they will be sealed and placed on record.\n\nDated the 27th day of the 12th moon of the 32nd year of the reign Kwang Hsü, being the 9th day of the 2nd month of the 40th year of Meiji (9th February, 1907).\n\nDone at Hankow.\n\n(Signed) \n**SANG, Customs Taotai, &c.** \n**MIDZUMO, Japanese Consul, &c.**\n\n### Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received August 26.)\n\n(No. 334.) Sir,\n\nPeking, July 7, 1907.\n\nAs reported in my telegram No. 131, I thought it advisable to see Prince Ching before replying to the question contained in the last paragraph of your telegram No. 76 as to the possibility of bringing pressure to bear upon China to secure the fulfilment of her obligations to us. The Prince, who is living at the Summer Palace, received me at the Wai-wu Pu yesterday morning.\n\nI expressed my regret at bringing his Highness into town for the visit, but explained the grave reasons which had obliged me to take the step. The conduct of relations with the Wai-wu Pu had been exceedingly difficult for some time past, and the situation had become so intolerable as to engage the serious attention of His Majesty's Government, who had come to the conclusion that the Imperial Government was deliberately trifling with its engagements. I had been here for some ten months, and although I had seen the Wai-wu Pu at least once a-week during that time, scarcely any perceptible progress had been made towards the solution of the numerous outstanding questions which had been handed over to me by my predecessor. A mere enumeration of these questions and a brief survey of the state in which they stood at present would perhaps best explain the reasons for the dissatisfaction felt by His Majesty's Government.\n\nThe Peking Syndicate's Shansi claim, the Tien-tsin-Yang-tsze Railway Concession, and the Soochow-Ningpo Railway extension formed the three main grounds of grievance, although there were many minor questions whose settlement had been vexatiously postponed.\n\nThe Peking Syndicate held two identical Agreements relating to two neighbouring Provinces--Honan and Shansi. The one for Honan had been in force for some three years, and no difficulty had been experienced in its working. A spurious agitation against the Syndicate, engineered largely by returned students from Japan, had been allowed to go on unchecked in Shansi until the authorities, rather than accept the responsibility of controlling their own people, preferred to break faith with the foreigner. The Imperial Government, in its turn, followed the lead of the province, and made no serious effort to execute an Agreement which it had attested with its seal as an evidence of good faith. The permit which had been promised nearly a year ago was still unissued, and the claim for compensation, daily increasing in amount, would soon attain proportions which would render its settlement a matter of urgency.\n\nTurning to railways, I said the delay had been equally long and unnecessary. The preliminary Agreement for the Tien-tsin-Yang-tsze line had been signed in 1899, and some four years had been wasted in negotiating the final contract. It was within my knowledge that the foreign negotiators had made great concessions and had gone to the limit of their powers in endeavouring to meet the Chinese on every point, but the only result was that, instead of their overtures being received in the spirit in which they were offered, an Imperial Decree was suddenly issued, practically undoing all their work.\n\nAs regards the Soochow-Ningpo extension, the case was still worse. There the Imperial Government had actively associated itself with the provinces in discarding the obligations it had contracted with us, and had gone the length of communicating to my predecessor a Decree practically cancelling the preliminary Agreement. His Majesty's Government had exercised great forbearance by allowing the question to remain in abeyance until the Canton-Kowloon negotiations were completed, but advantage had been taken of that forbearance to encourage the construction of the line by a native Company. We had now, in my opinion, arrived at the parting of the ways in this question, when the Chinese Government must be called upon either to fulfil its engagement or to render account for its failure to do so to His Majesty's Government.\n\nThe Prince, who frequently interrupted me by some expression of dissent, began his reply by a formal assurance that the Chinese Government fully recognized all the undertakings I had enumerated as Imperial obligations, which they were determined to enforce so far as lay in their power. He regretted the delay which had taken place, and could realize the displeasure which it had caused to His Majesty's Government, but the \n\nPage 244",
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        "title": "CO129-347 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1908 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "# 557 \n- 6- \n\nOne hundred and five thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven (105,967) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year; of these, 78,576 were carried in British ships and 27,391 in Foreign ships. The year 1907 has proved to be the record year in the history of the Colony for the numbers of emigrants shipped.\n\nOne hundred and forty-five thousand eight hundred and twenty-two (145,822) immigrants were reported as having been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated, either from this Colony or from Coast Ports. This includes 905 returning from South Africa. Of the total number, 112,742 arrived in British ships and 33,080 in Foreign ships.\n\nThe total Revenue collected by the Harbour Department during the year was $348,300 (including $24,098 previously collected by the Registrar General's Department for Boat Licences, the issuing of which was transferred to this Department from the 1st January, 1907), as against $298,106 collected in the previous year, showing an increase of $50,193:\n\n|  |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. Light Dues, | $80,389.00 |\n| 2. Licences and Internal Revenue, | 116,122.40 |\n| 3. Fees of Court and Office, | 151,746.30 |\n| 4. Miscellaneous Receipts, | 42.40 |\n| Total, | $348,300.10 |\n\n## (6.) INDUSTRIES\n\nDuring 1907, the price of refined Sugars in the East still further declined, principally as a result of the lower cost of Raw Sugar, but also owing to the determined competition of Japanese Refineries seeking to capture the local Refineries' old established Chinese connections. The quantity of Sugar refined in Hongkong was, however, larger than for years past, and was disposed of in China and other markets, although at a loss in some instances, and on very small margins of profit in others. By the end of 1907, the strenuous competition from Japanese quarters had, however, exhausted itself, and it is confidently expected by those best able to form an opinion that local industries will be able to maintain and improve their position.\n\nThe demand for Yarn during 1907 was even more unsatisfactory than during the previous year, which was undoubtedly due to the failure of almost every Yarn Shop in the Colony. These failures threw a quantity of Yarn on the market which had to be disposed of at a reduction of $20/25 per bale on the contract price. Owing to the large stocks on hand, it was found necessary to decrease the output of the local Cotton Mill by reducing the number of spindles running, and during the last three months of the year, \"short time\" was also resorted to.\n\nBoth exchange and the price of raw material have been in favour of the Rope Factory, enabling them to reduce their selling price to their customers to a lower limit than for some years. On the other hand, the lower price induced a greater demand, and the Factory's turnover accordingly showed a fair increase.\n\nNo further additions have been made to the plant of the Cement Company, which, with a good demand for Cement, has been kept continuously employed throughout the year.\n\nThe Flour Mills at Junk Bay were kept running continuously night and day, including many Sundays.\n\nFour hundred and twenty-two (422) vessels of 1,001,001 tons and 112 launches, lighters, &c., were docked and repaired, compared with 449 vessels of 1,063,454 tons and 79 launches, lighters, &c., in 1906. One hundred and eleven (111) steam-launches and other vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 6,311 were built during the year.\n\nA small new industry has recently been established in this Colony, i.e., that pursued by the Wai San Knitting Co., Ld., but the Company is still in its infancy.\n\nAnother recently established industry is carried on by the Imperial Brewing Co., Ld. Large quantities of their products are being exported to the various ports in China. The capacity of the plant is 2,750,000 gallons per annum.\n\n### (c.) FISHERIES\n\nA considerable proportion of the boat-population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and many others in the New Territories are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.\n\n### (d) FORESTRY, BOTANICAL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE\n\nIn Hongkong, fifty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-five (54,295) pits were dug and sown with pine seeds by the departmental staff. Thirty thousand pits were sown by contract with no result in the majority of cases. In the New Territories, 111,156 pits were dug by contract and sown by the department; while 24,557 were planted by the department, and 8,000 by contract. One hundred and fifty-two shade trees were planted in streets in Kowloon, and 45 in streets in Hongkong; while 265 trees were planted along the newly formed banks of May Road and Conduit Road. Six hundred and ninety-six bamboos were planted along roads at the Peak and elsewhere, while 92 Hydrangeas and 102 Azaleas were planted out on Crown land in various parts of the Peak.\n\n### (e) LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND\n\nThe amount received from sales of Crown Land was $161,459, being $154,274 less than the receipts for the previous year. This falling off may be attributed to the continued depression of business throughout the year and to general tightness of the money market. The principal items were for sites for a Cigar Factory in Kowloon and for a Brewery at Lai Chi Kok in the New Territories, a lot at North Point and land for an extension of the Standard Oil Company's new premises at Lai Chi Kok.\n\n## HI-LEGISLATION\n\nSixteen Ordinances were passed during 1907; two of which, No. 9 of 1907 and No. 10 of 1907, afford facilities to certain foreign companies for carrying on their business in the Colony in the same manner as if they had been incorporated under the law of the Colony; whilst another, No. 6 of 1907, continued the incorporation granted under the Ordinance of 1866 of the leading local banking concern for a further period of 21 years and empowered it to increase its capital subject to certain conditions.\n\nA Life Insurance Companies Ordinance (No. 11 of 1907) was passed in accordance with Imperial precedent to secure the solvency and permanency of companies carrying on the business of Life Insurance in the Colony.\n\nA Seditious Publications Ordinance (No. 15 of 1907) was enacted in order to prohibit the publication in the Colony of matter calculated to excite disorder, or to incite to crime, in China.\n\nA Companies (Local Registers) Ordinance (No. 16 of 1907) was passed based on the Imperial Act of 1883 and makes provision for companies registered in the Colony but carrying on business elsewhere to keep local registers of members.",
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        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "493\n\n2\n\nIn military affairs an almost feverish activity is being displayed. The spacious buildings of the new military school (\"Lu chün Hsiao Hsüoh Tang\") are complete; the barracks of the Lu Chün inside the city are being rebuilt and enlarged, and outside the North Gate, at Feng Huang Shan, quarters to accommodate some 5,000 men are finished. The construction of the new arsenal proceeds apace, both at the main establishment and the adjacent powder factory. I am told that the new small-arms factory will be in working order in six months' time; the present factory will then be removed from the old arsenal, which will be devoted to the manufacture of heavy ordnance. Companies of recruits are being brought up from all parts of the province to Chengta for training. They are well clothed in foreign (Japanese) style, apparently well armed, of good physique, and usually well-behaved. They are much in evidence in the city, frequently marching through the streets headed by their bugles and drums.\n\nIn the matter of education, the temporary reaction I chronicled a year ago would appear to be arrested, and the tide of Western learning is again running strong. In Chengtu new schools are again springing up in all directions, a technical college under the auspices of the Bureau of Commerce has lately been opened, and the transformation of the Provincial College from a High School into a University, with advanced courses in science, mathematics, and languages, will soon be an accomplished fact. Almost every issue of the \"Chengtu Daily Gazette\" contains a report of the opening or enlargement of a school, the engagement of teachers with foreign training, or the introduction of new subjects of instruction. It is a gratifying fact that the teaching of English forms a prominent feature in the curriculum of most of the new schools, but one could wish that a portion of the money which is so freely expended on buildings were devoted to securing the services of properly qualified teachers. What discipline can do for the Chinese schoolboy was strikingly exemplified at the primary school sports in October last, when some 4,000 boys, of ages ranging from 7 to 15, exhibited their prowess in athletics and drilling before the Viceroy and a large concourse of interested spectators.\n\nIn commercial and industrial affairs great, if often misdirected, energy is being displayed in developing the resources of the province. Associations are being formed to encourage and improve the manufacture of tea, the cultivation of raw silk and wax, the weaving of cotton and silken fabrics. Szechuanese returned from abroad, chiefly from Japan, ask for permission to open mines and to exploit them by foreign methods. They propose to bore for oil, to apply machinery to the salt wells, to erect steam saw mills and glass factories. Of far greater importance is a practical attempt by the Chinese themselves to grapple with the difficult problem of steam navigation on the Upper Yang-tsze, a project which if it can be successfully carried out will go far to remove the most serious disabilities under which the trade of the province has hitherto suffered. As reported in my despatch No. 58 of the 20th December, the newly formed Upper Yang-tsze Steam Navigation Company have sent Messrs. Yarrow and Co. the order for their first steamer.\n\nIt is unfortunate that the patriotic movement of the present day, with its watchword \"China for the Chinese,\" which has reached even this remote part of China, tends to prevent the organizers of new undertakings from availing themselves of foreign capital and foreign assistance, with consequent misdirection of energy and waste of money. Western learning and an experience of foreign countries are at a premium these days, but it is difficult to make any but the most enlightened Chinese understand that a few years' residence in Japan, or even in America, or a tour round the world, does not qualify a young Chinese to build a railway, take charge of a mining enterprise, or expound intelligibly the mysteries of modern science.\n\n3\n\nThe Manchu Garrison at Chengtu.\n\nThe message from the \"Times\" correspondent in Peking, published in the \"Weekly Times\" of the 4th October, might lead one to infer that the disbandment of the Manchu garrisons throughout China was an accomplished fact. This, at any rate as far as Chengtu is concerned, is not so.\n\nThe Imperial Edict duly appeared in the \"Chengtu Gazette\" of the 30th September, but it was not until the 20th November that the Tartar General and Viceroy issued a joint Proclamation on the subject. This Proclamation explained that the Edict did not mean the sudden abolition of the Manchu garrison and the withdrawal of their pensions, but that measures were to be taken, gradually and with due regard to Manchu interests, to break down the existing barriers between Manchu and Chinese by finding industrial and agricultural employment for the former, and providing them with a means of livelihood which would make a continuance of the Government 'doles unnecessary. The Proclamation further assured the Chinese that their land would not be forcibly taken from them for the benefit of the Manchus, but purchased at a fair price.\n\nFrom inquiries I have made I gather that no steps have yet been taken to carry the Edict into effect. I am informed that there are, nominally, 20,000 Manchus in Chengtu, of whom some 2,500 adults are in receipt of Government pay. The Manchu city, situated in the south-west corner of Chengtu, occupies about one-fifth of the whole intra-mural area. It is a standing example of the degradation of the ruling race in China. Quite half of it is waste land and vegetable gardens; the grass grows in the deserted streets, the houses are poor and dilapidated, the garden walls fallen down and not repaired, the temples little better than ruins. Few Chinese, and those only of the lowest class, live there; there are no shops worthy of the name, and, except in the main street which leads to the west gate of Chengtu, a silence, as in a city stricken with the plague, reigns both day and night. There are one or two primary schools, a small police force, and a few hundred troops, who may occasionally be seen engaged in rudimentary drill on the vast parade ground. The remainder of the garrison spend their days within doors or on their doorsteps—smoking, eating, and sleeping. The Tartar General ranks with and before the Viceroy; his influence in the province appears to be nil.\n\nArrest of Revolutionaries.\n\nDuring the first days of November rumours were rife of a \"Ko Ming Tang\" plot to assassinate the Viceroy and other high officials. The authorities apparently attached some importance to these rumours, for it was noticeable that, as the anniversary of the Empress Dowager's birthday drew near, the police patrolled the city in pairs, the city gates were closed early and carefully guarded, and many of the higher officials went about with unusually large escorts. Nothing happened, but on the 17th November the police raided two large inns in the city and captured some thirty students and others alleged to be members of the \"Ko Ming Tang.\" Of these all but six were subsequently released; the six, natives of Szechuan recently returned from Japan, in whose possession incriminating correspondence and literature were found, were tried, and sentenced to banishment for life. I give their names for purposes of record: Chang Chih Hsiang, Li Ching-yü, Huang Fang, Chiang Yung-ching, Yang Wei, and Wang Shu-huai.\n\nThe Viceroy, in a Proclamation issued on the 20th December announcing these sentences, stated that the culprits had been leniently dealt with on account of their youth and inexperience. He warned people not to take advantage of this leniency, and in the confidential manner in which even the highest officials discuss the affairs of the nation in Proclamations, went on to explain what steps the Empress Dowager and her advisers were taking to introduce constitutional government into China. He begged the reading public not to be led away by what they read of revolutions in the histories of other countries. Other countries had, it was true, purchased good government at the price of much bloodshed; in China, conditions were fortunately entirely different, and the movement towards reform was being led and encouraged, not opposed and hindered, by the highest in the land.\n\nThe Viceroy's well-timed leniency in this affair has had a good effect. There was, I believe, some muttering and discontent among the students when these men were arrested, and their execution seemed a foregone conclusion, which might easily have been fanned into an outbreak. There appears to be a strong under-current of ill-feeling against the Manchus, especially among the student class, and the death of these men would have afforded the Chinese patriot a fresh cause of grievance against the present Government.\n\nThe Anti-Opium Movement.\n\nThere is, I regret to say, but little progress to be reported in this direction. Information as I have been able to obtain during the past three months will be included in a separate Report.\n\nMissionary travellers inform me that in most places opium smoking is indulged in, as heretofore, openly and without restriction. Beyond the taxing of the opium divans by the officials nothing has been done to regulate the traffic in the drug, and whatever reduction of the area under cultivation there may have been this autumn is not noticeable. In Chengtu the vigorous measures taken six months ago appear to have been almost entirely relaxed, the once clean and tidy official opium divans are relapsing...",
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        "title": "CO129-356 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1909 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "principle \n\n(d2005 qui'm extract being compared half of \n\ndraws quim. taken from the \n\nbalar \n\nand half of \n\n(These definitions \n\narr \n\nOpruim be, he H.H. Govt. Analyst (47461/08) \n\nJe minites \n\nchandoo. \n\nashes from the pipe after \n\nsmoking (about one \n\nhalf of the quantity smoked) \n\nmoking quim Quem diss \n\nA \n\nDross Jim \n\nHelan \n\ndross from cross orim extract \n\nJuin prepared from spiim, \n\nwill doubtless result in very \n\nreduction \n\nin \n\nJuum \n\nBut \n\nwhether \n\nit is \n\nintended \n\nThe Colony. \n\nConsiderabla \n\nconsumptio \n\nnot \n\n78 \n\nCly \n\nto insist \n\nIng \n\nKong \n\nmore stringent conditions \n\nreport on \n\nhan those \n\n12837/169 Low \n\nthat the \n\n8 \n\nallowing \n\nan opium Farm \n\n* \n\nContinue \n\nin Hong Kong \n\nwad \n\nsettled. \n\nwith \n\nonly remains \n\nthen to conside whethon \n\nConditions here fnchored \n\nattad ante \n\ncre \n\nare \n\nsater factory. \n\nDivans \n\nalstis hand \n\nha \n\ndecis un \n\nbut \n\nshall \n\nThe Gov? proposes \n\nthat the farmer \n\nH.M.G. \n\nbe \n\nChests \n\nduring \n\nallowed \n\nThe continuance \n\nto import 900 \n\nthe \n\ncontract. \n\nThis \n\nThe \n\nIt \n\nNo number \n\nproposed. \n\nNat the \n\n(It should be noted. \n\nnumber \n\nof prepared quin chests bought outside the \n\nColony \n\nThe conditions \n\nEncerning \n\nbe deducted from Re 900). \n\nother Ran \n\nNat \n\nchests \n\n8 \n\nare \n\nSin F. Lugard \n\nJuim \n\n: satisfactory. \n\nestimates \n\nNat \n\nwith No \n\nabolished. \n\nand \n\nwith tha \n\nNa \n\nnumble \n\nChests \n\nleducad \n\nto \n\n900 \n\nbe \n\n8 \n\nThe form with \n\nless by 100 chests, allorence \n\nMan the \n\nletting value \n\nreduced by $600,000. \n\nis to be \n\nto drau \n\nwhich \n\nhe \n\nf \n\nthe present \n\nFa 1909 \n\nin despatch \n\n$1,452,000 \n\nh \n\nit \n\nis \n\nestimated \n\nI tahs \n\namount \n\nEuring the \n\nLast year \n\ncontract (see \n\non \n\n43471/08) \n\ncomount \n\nat \n\nNe \n\nand \n\ncoupled \n\n27 \n\ndecision given \n\nsuggested by \n\nThe Gov2 \n\nLast year \n\nbefores \n\nof 43606/08). The reduction \n\nwith total \n\nabolition o \n\nEnd \n\n2 \n\nCharas \n\nA \n\ndivand \n\nabout from the oprim Revenue, \n\nDevon Licences. \n\nfunt at \n\n16 The \n\nvalue \n\nwill \n\nbe \n\nreinced by nearly half. \n\nDeal \n\nMilitary contribution for 1909 \n\nat $1,210,739. \n\nhowever \n\nit that \n\nwith ho \n\nImperial \n\nA \n\nquestion \n\nContribution \n\nshall \n\nLove \n\nNa \n\nq \n\ntill",
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        "title": "CO129-357 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1909 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "6\n\nEngineering and Shipbuilding.-This section of the Colony's Industry was carried on under adverse circumstances. The great trade depression from which the local Shipping suffered severely made its influence felt in this industry and the amount of new construction turned out by the local Companies was not very encouraging.\n\nIn regard to War Vessels, the active operation of the floating Docks at Tsingtau and at Olongapo in the Philippine Islands, installed by the German and United States Governments respectively, was responsible for the continuance of a very large falling off in the docking and repairing of Foreign War Vessels, the tonnages dealt with by the Hongkong and Whampoa Dock for 1906, 1907 and 1908 being 64,318, 3,692 and 3,652 respectively, with apparently no prospect of future improvement. The tonnage of British War Vessels docked was on a level with those prevailing during the year immediately preceding.\n\nWork in the nature of large repairs to Steamers was scarce during the earlier half of the year.\n\nThe Typhoon in July, however, contributed to a large extent towards the improvement experienced in this direction during the latter half.\n\nDuring the year a large Dock built by Messrs. Butterfield & Swire at Quarry Bay was opened. It is 787 feet long, 88 feet wide at the top of the entrance and 81' 8\" at the sill. There are 35 feet over the sill at ordinary high water. In addition to the Dock there are three slipways, one of them about 350 feet long and 80 feet broad, capable of lifting vessels up to 3,000 tons weight. The other two are about 900 feet long by 60 feet broad and are capable of accommodating vessels up to 2,000 tons. There are also Machine Shops, Boiler Shops, a Forge and Smithy, a Foundry, Galvanizing Shop, Saw Mill and a Wood-working Department. The Building Yard is laid out for four big berths capable of taking on vessels up to 600 feet in length, and the machinery is adapted to dealing with this sort of work. The power is supplied by Gas Engines and is transmitted throughout the Yard electrically.\n\nFISHERIES.\n\nA considerable proportion of the boat-population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and many others in the New Territories are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.\n\nFORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE.\n\nForestry work has consisted (1) in the formation of 400 acres of pine plantations in continuation of the Harbour Belt now extending some seven miles from Lai-chi-kok towards Lyemun (2) the continuation of afforesting the catchment areas of Tytam, Pok-fulam and Kowloon Reservoirs, (3) the replanting of felled areas at Aberdeen and Mount Kellett (4) the extension of the avenues of shade trees in Kowloon (5) the care of existing plantations.\n\nThe year was marked by exceptionally good crops of fruits, vegetables and rice in the New Territories; especially may be mentioned the abundance and excellence of the output of Pineapples, Plums, Pears, and Peanuts.\n\nThe chief economic works other than the above have been the successful establishment of the rare and valuable Naumu or Coffin Wood-tree in our nurseries from seeds obtained from Szechuen, and the collection of information and materials relating to the trade of the Colony in vegetable products.\n\nWith a view to placing the botanical resources of the Botanical and Forestry Department as far as possible at the service of the mercantile community of Hongkong the Superintendent has been instructed to collect all possible information upon the vegetable products of the neighbourhood or for which Hongkong is an emporium. This information is to refer chiefly to the raw or partly manufactured products exported from China and include the locality of their production, quantity available, country to which exported, price at port of export and in the markets to which they eventually go. Considerable progress has been made during the year with this scheme and information with regard to a few of our more important vegetable products, such as China-root and Galangal was collected.\n\nA considerable amount of scientific work upon the flora of the Colony and neighbouring parts of China has been done in England and other countries with materials supplied by the Forestry Department.\n\n7\n\nLAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.\n\n403\n\nThe net amount received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights after deducting expenses of the Sales was $69,358, a decrease of $92,101 on the previous year and $218,481 less than the average amount received for each of the past five years. Of this amount $14,665 was received in respect of sales of Pier Rights and the right of extending existing Piers, $7,078 was received in respect of Sales of Crown Land in the New Territories and the balance from Sales of New Lots of Crown Land and Grants of Extension of existing Lots in the Island of Hongkong and Old Kowloon.\n\nThe chief items were for an extension to a Soy Factory at West Point (Inland Lot No. 1300) and for a renewal of the Lease of the Dairy Farm Company's premises in Wyndham Street for a period of 75 years, the existing lease of which is about to expire.\n\nThe considerable decrease in Revenue from Sales of Crown Land may be partly attributed to the fact that in the City of Victoria there is little available building land left and partly to the fact that at the present time there is no great demand for new houses in the City and in Old Kowloon, a considerable number of Chinese shops and dwelling houses being now unlet. The general depression in the land market, which commenced a few years ago, still continues and capitalists who invested in land and buildings at the high prices ruling some ten years ago have suffered very considerable losses; in many cases properties have been sold by mortgagees at far less than the amount of their securities while many other mortgages are holding on awaiting a more favourable opportunity for realizing their securities. There is, however, a very fair demand in the City for property at reduced prices. There appears to be no lack of money in the Colony and a considerable number of transactions in land have taken place during the past year.\n\nThere have been a large number of sales of small lots of Crown Land for native dwellings and industries in the New Territories, and the demand for these is likely to further increase, as the native population now realize the reasonable terms upon which Crown Land can be obtained and the security of tenure afforded by holding under a long lease direct from the Crown.\n\nThree areas of over 40 acres of land at Tai Po in the Island of Lan Tao for use as Salt Pans were put up for auction on an 18 years' lease at the upset annual rental of $15 per acre per annum and after considerable competition one Lot of over 21 acres realized as much as $170 per acre per annum, which shows that Salt Pans in a good locality are apparently very remunerative undertakings. During the year a second area of one square mile in the New Territories was leased to Sir Paul Chater for 75 years for mining purposes.\n\nIII-LEGISLATION.\n\nTwenty-two Ordinances were passed during 1908, of which nine were Amendment Ordinances. A Fire Insurance Companies Ordinance (No. 3) was passed to authorize the removal of Fire Insurance Companies from the Register of Companies in certain cases. Ordinances were also passed to enable Foreign Corporations to acquire and hold land in the Colony (No. 7); to provide for the grant of brewery licences (No. 8); to empower a Magistrate to hold a Small Debts Court in the New Territories (No. 22); to provide for the registration of Chemists and Druggists and to regulate the sale of poisons (No. 12); to regulate theatres and other places of public resort (more especially in regard to precautions against fire) (No. 18); and to transfer the Widows' and Orphans' Pension Fund and its management to the Government of Hongkong (No. 15).\n\nIV.-EDUCATION.\n\nThere are 73 Government and Grant Schools, the most important of which is Queen's College. Of these, 23 are Upper Grade Schools with a staff competent to give instruction in all subjects of the 7th Standard, and above. These latter schools have an average attendance of 3,992, and the medium of instruction in all of them, with the exception of one girls' school, is English. The 50 remaining Schools are all Lower Grade. They comprise 1 school for British Indians where English and Urdu are taught; 5 Government and 1 Grant Anglo-Chinese Schools; and 43 Grant Vernacular Schools. The average attendance at all these Lower Grade Schools is 2,186. The total average daily attendance, at both Grades of School, is 6,178.\n\nThe revenue derived from school fees is $54,792 (of which $31,073 is from Queen's College) and is rapidly increasing; this is mainly to be accounted for by the increasing numbers of Chinese desirous of an English education.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "page_number": 39,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## \nby the present Governor, Chu Chia-pao, who was transferred to Anhui from Kirin. He is a protégé of Yuan Shih-k'ai.\n\nThe garrison of An-ch'ing consists of-\n\n### (a.) Modern army (the \"Lu Chün\"), composed of--\n\n| Unit | Number in the Ranks |\n| --- | --- |\n| Two regiments of infantry armed with 1888 model Mausers | (About) 8,000 |\n| One battalion of mountain artillery with twelve Creuzot 75 mm. mountain guns | 378 |\n| One squadron of cavalry with 1888 model Mauser carbines | 224 |\n| One company of engineers | 126 |\n| One company of transport corps | 126 |\n| Total | 3,854 |\n\nThe men all come from the Province of Anhui. The first battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment (about 504 strong) were absent on special employment in the manoeuvre area, whilst the other two battalions were mostly scattered about in camps to the north of the city, only 200 being actually inside the walls. The three battalions of the 1st Regiment were quartered in new barracks about a mile to the east of the city, whilst the cavalry had a camp outside the west gate, and the artillery occupied an old fort on the east side of the city on the river bank.\n\n### (b.) Partly-trained troops, viz.:-\n\n| Unit | Total Strength |\n| --- | --- |\n| Two battalions of infantry (Hsün-fang Tui) | 602 |\n| Eighty infantry and 40 cavalry of Governor's bodyguard | 120 |\n| Total | 722 |\n\nThere are also about 800 police, 100 of whom were absent at manoeuvres, but the officer in charge of the latter assured me they were quite useless.\n\nOn the news of the death of the Emperor and Empress-Dowager it was anticipated there might be trouble; rumours were afloat in the city, and many people fled. Governor Chu, who was attending manoeuvres, hurried back, and fortunately arrived the day before the troubles, and, owing to warnings, took precautions. The prime mover of the mutiny was Captain Hsiung of the artillery. It was arranged that fires should be lighted in the cavalry and artillery camps on the night of Thursday, the 19th November. The custom is that when a fire breaks out outside the city the gates (which in all Chinese cities are closed at night) are opened, so as to enable the people to assist in putting out the fires. The Governor, however, being warned, gave orders that, should a fire take place, the gates should not be opened, and thus frustrated the plans of the mutineers, who had intended to enter and seize the armoury near the west gate.\n\nThe artillery major, having refused to join the mutineers, was killed, and the news taken round to the cavalry camp. The latter then made an attack on the cavalry major, who, however, managed to escape with two sabre cuts on the head, and who was eventually treated in the American hospital. The cavalry then tried to induce the 2nd Infantry Regiment to join them, but they refused, and remained more or less in a state of neutrality till the troubles were over. The cavalry then joined the artillery, who were unable to use the Creuzot guns, owing to an absence of ammunition. They fired several shots at the city from several old guns, and also made attacks on the city gates without any result. If they had had any plan, leadership or pluck, they ought to have had little difficulty in getting ladders and scaling the walls, but no such attempt was made. Governor Chu rode about the city, in general's uniform, directing the fire of the men on the walls, and calming the fears of the inhabitants. Plenty of ammunition was served out to the old troops (Hsün-fang Tui and bodyguard), 722 strong, but probably the ammunition was poor and the men could not shoot, and very few people were hit on either side. On Friday, the 20th November, the mutineers looted two Chinese banks outside the city, and three Chinese gun-boats moved down to opposite the fort. The gun-boats, however, would not take the responsibility of shelling it till they received direct orders from the Governor, who sent Brigadier Yü-ta Hung on board to direct. The shooting of the gun-boats was poor, but after some time they were able to dislodge the mutineers, who moved round to the north-west of the city, and indulged in some more futile attacks on the gates, but were driven off by the old troops.\n\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment remained in barracks and refused to take any steps against the rebels.\n\nDesultory firing continued, the mutineers seizing a small repairing arms factory outside the west gate, but neglecting to make any serious attempt on the magazine about a mile to the north, which was only guarded by 100 infantry. In it were stored 7,000 boxes of S.A.A., besides shells for the Creuzot guns, all of which were brought into the city after the troubles on the 21st November, the coolies being paid 1 dollar for each box brought in. As the whole of the Lu-Chün were looked on with suspicion, the 200 infantry in the city were only served out with a few rounds. The whole affair, owing to the prompt action of the Governor, was very small, about 720 men of the old troops defending the city against about 800 mutineers (400 infantry, 100 cavalry, 300 artillery) of the Lu-Chün.\n\nOn Saturday, the 21st November, the Governor sent orders to the 1st Regiment of Infantry to disarm, promising them that if they did so they would not be punished. This they complied with; some disbanded and returned to their homes, whilst 600 or 700 remained unarmed in the barracks. During Friday night and Saturday morning the mutineers fired off a lot of rounds and made two or three futile attacks on the north gate, but were finally shelled out of the cavalry camp by the gun-boats. The Governor himself later on, on Saturday morning, led out a party of the old troops against the mutineers, who were beginning to straggle off northwards, and he succeeded in cutting off one party and capturing two leaders, after which the remainder scattered away to the north.\n\nA third battalion of Hsün-fang Tui (301 strong), brought from Ta-T'ung, lower down the river, arrived at An-ching on Saturday afternoon, after the troubles were over. The mutineers with little ammunition left were reported to be retiring north, exchanging their uniforms for ordinary clothes, and demanding food and money, but doing no personal violence. They are reported to have captured some mules, bringing down 8,000 taels (1,200£) of taxes.\n\nThey are pursued by half-squadron with one battalion of infantry, belonging to the 7th Division, who were returning from manoeuvres, under the energetic Major-General Tien Chung-yü, Chief of the Staff in Manchuria. Fortunately, Governor Chu brought him to reorganize the Lu-chün of An-hui, and though absent at manoeuvres at the time, he ought to have little difficulty in dispersing the rebels, whilst later he will be the best man to restore discipline at An-ch'ing.\n\nAs it turned out, the whole mutiny was a very small matter, with no definite plans and no competent leaders, but it might have been a very serious affair, had it not been for the prompt action of the Governor, who compelled the higher officials to come out of their yamens and do their work, and kept up the confidence of the people, keeping the shops open and calming the fears of the inhabitants. If the mutineers had got into the city and captured the armoury, it is more than probable that the Lu-chün infantry would have joined them, the city would have been given up to looting, and the lives of the English and American missionaries endangered. The French priest was absent, but both he and the other missionaries are unanimous in giving all the credit for the quelling of the outbreak to the courage and energy of the Governor. The 9th Division, of Nanking, who were marching back from manoeuvres, are known to be liable to break out at any time, and if they had found the city in the possession of the mutineers, they would probably have joined them.\n\nChina at the present moment is in a state of unrest, owing to the change of Rulers, and a big conflagration in the Yang-tsze would probably have excited lawless spirits in other parts of the Empire.\n\nThree days after the troubles the American Military Attaché and myself walked all over the city in uniform, and the people, as is usual in the Province of An-hui, were everywhere most friendly. As a precaution the city gates were only opened for a short time.\n\n* General Chang-piao afterwards told me they are being pursued by seven battalions of infantry (chiefly 8th Division) and one cavalry squadron from south and south-west, one battalion of railway guards from north-west, and some of the Pin-k'ou troops from the south-east. All these troops are converging on Liu-an Chou, to which city the rebels are reported to be bound.\n\n† We also called on the Governor and congratulated him on his successful action.\n\nPage 2\nPage 3\n[2049 aa- -1] \nB 2 \n38",
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        "page_number": 51,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nWith the exception of the flour mills, to which I shall allude later, there seems to be no enterprise conducted in the town calculated to lend to the development of the district, nor is there any considerable trade between the Russians and the Chinese except in so far that a few thousand Chinamen are engaged in supplying the necessities of the residents in the railway territory. In fact, the general impression one takes away is that the whole town is living on the railway, that is, on the Russian Government.\n\nM. Dard estimated the loss for the Railway Administration on last year's working at 7,000,000 roubles, exclusive of the cost of the guards, which he put at 15,000,000 roubles. Matters were, however, he stated, improving, and in the course of a year or so the Administration hoped to be able to balance their accounts, with the exception of the military expenses. These were to be cut down, a number of the guards being transferred to the Siberian establishment and quartered in the neighbourhood of Vladivostock.\n\nThe commercial depression which Sir Alexander Hosie noted on his visit to Harbin in October 1907 still prevails. Failures are of common occurrence, and it is difficult to find capital for any new enterprise. There is at present not a single bean mill either in Harbin or Fu Chia Tien, and it appears impossible to get capital subscribed to build one, though the bean growers in the district have offered to supply beans and to accept payment for them in beancake or oil. Similarly, the proposed sugar beet factory at Ashiho, to which I alluded in my despatch No. 57 of the 29th ultimo, is still awaiting the necessary capital for its erection.\n\nThe only industrial establishments in Harbin which seem to give promise of any considerable future success are the flour mills. These were started during the Russian occupation, and at the time of the Russo-Japanese war received a considerable impetus. Huge profits were made for a time, but no effort was made to build up adequate reserve funds; consequently, when the war came to an end, and, further, the withdrawal of the Russian troops was carried through far more quickly than local opinion thought possible, the mill-owners found themselves in a precarious position. They had been trading on borrowed capital, and in addition to their other difficulties after the cessation of the war, they found trouble in persuading Chinese agriculturalists to accept reasonable prices for their grain; a bad harvest in 1907 made it impossible for them to continue to pay the interest on their loans, and the Russo-Chinese Bank has recently foreclosed on the mortgages it held on the mills. A new Syndicate has recently been formed under the supervision of the bank, which will run the eight principal mills as a Joint Stock Company.\n\nAt present, three or four only of the eight mills are working, but M. Dard assured me their prospects are improving daily. At present, they supply mainly the Eastern Siberian market, the flour making its way by river steamers down the Sungari, and up the Amur as far as Blagovestchensk. Efforts are being made to capture the Chinese market, and M. Dard informed me that they have reasonable hopes of being able to compete favourably with American and Japanese flour. Of the excellence of flour, I think there can be little doubt. Personally, I have no hesitation in saying that the bread in Harbin is better than any I have tasted outside Europe, and it would seem that the cost of production must be considerably less in Manchuria than in America or Canada or in the Hong Kong or Shanghae flour mills.\n\nIn Mr. Fisher's opinion, however, at the present moment, American flour could compete even in Harbin if it were not for a differential rate on the railway. He stated that whereas the freight per pood (36 lb.) from Harbin to Vladivostock for Russian flour was 15 copecks, a charge of 45 copecks was made on American flour from Vladivostock to Harbin. Mr. Fisher, however, admitted that, provided the mills were properly managed, there could be no question of competing against them in Manchuria, and that they would have a great chance of capturing the general Far Eastern market.\n\nTwo American capitalists, Mr. Fisher informed me, who recently visited Harbin, were greatly struck by the prospects of agricultural development in Northern Manchuria. They saw, however, that it would be impossible for them to compete against the Russian mills unless they could secure for themselves equality of treatment by the Chinese Eastern Railway. Consequently, they approached the Railway Company with the view of persuading them to take a 25 per cent. interest in the enterprise. The question was referred to St. Petersburgh, with the result that the Railway Administration declined to take any part in the scheme.\n\nIt appears to me that the future agricultural development of Northern Manchuria, and the possibility of any extensive market for British goods coming into existence, depends so largely on the establishment of an efficient flour and bean mill industry in Harbin, that it is greatly to be regretted if such enterprises are to remain a monopoly in Russian hands, and it would seem even to be in the interest of the Russian Government to encourage Chinese settlers in their sphere of influence in Manchuria. Yet, under the conditions obtaining at Harbin, it would be difficult to persuade a British or American capitalist to invest money there.\n\n## 3\n\nThat differential treatment prevails on the railway seems beyond question; by this, I mean secret differential treatment by the Railway Administration, not merely the favourable conditions one acquainted with Russian methods could obtain at the expense of a foreign competitor by a skilful distribution of presents. For example, Mr. Fisher told me there were three rates for flour from Harbin to Vladivostock: 15 copecks per pood for the mills in the Russo-Chinese Bank combine, 18 for mills outside the combine, and 25 copecks for anyone else. To obtain proof of this statement would, of course, be difficult, but in the same way as Mr. Parlett suspects that there is some mysterious connection between the Mitsui Bushen Kaisha and the South Manchurian Railway, so I feel convinced, from the general impressions I gathered at Harbin, that the Eastern Chinese Railway Administration would find a way of differentiating in favour of any firm they desired to assist. In fact, it appears incontrovertible that, with the main railway of Manchuria in Russian hands in the north and in Japanese in the south, there can be no certainty of equality of commercial opportunity. It is from this point of view that the extension of the Chinese line is a question of great commercial as well as of political importance.\n\nA certain quantity of British piece-goods and miscellaneous articles are being sold, both in the Russian Settlement and in the Chinese town, chiefly in the latter; these are brought up mainly by cart from Newchwang.\n\nThere is no one, however, particularly interested in pushing British goods, and I should not be surprised if the arrival of the Mitsui Bushen Kaisha, who have recently established themselves in Harbin, led to the Japanese cottons obtaining a monopoly in Fu Chia Tien market. German and Russian cottons are sold for the most part in the Russian Settlement. I made inquiries with the view of ascertaining whether there was any possibility of a market for steam-ploughs in the district, and was forced to a negative opinion. The northern agriculturalist has not the capital to invest in expensive machinery, and, besides, labour is so cheap that it would be hardly economical. An American firm recently sold machinery worth 40,000 taels, say £6,000, to a Chinaman in the neighbourhood of Mergen. The ploughs left the railway at Tsi Tsi Har en route for their destination in charge of an American mechanic; they got hopelessly stuck in the mud near the bank of a river, and whilst the party were waiting for the frost, the mechanic disappeared, and, it is said, the ploughs remain by the river until the present. Except that the American firm obtained payment for their goods, this experiment is hardly more encouraging than that of the British firm of Messrs. Wilson and Co. That there is a good and increasing market for the ordinary horse-ploughs is true, and several of German manufacture have been sold in Harbin. The Germans have also been experimenting with steam-ploughs, but, Mr. Fisher thought, had not obtained any orders.\n\nMr. James Brown, the agent of the **British American Tobacco Company**, told me that he had formed high expectations of Harbin as a distributing centre for his goods; but it was too early for him to speak with any certainty, as they had not yet explored the district. This firm have shown great capacity and energy in their transactions in Manchuria. They have established depots in the principal towns along the railway; a large factory has been built in Mukden, which will be in working order by next spring, and an exploring party has been sent out to make a six months' journey in the interior. Direct encouragement is given to their employees to speak and to read Chinese as far as to understand accounts, and there are three or four amongst them who have a first-class knowledge of the colloquial language.\n\nIt may be of interest to note that the Tobacco Company are attempting to import goods for their branches north of Kuangchentzu via Vladivostock.\n\nThe branch of the **Maritime Customs** established at Harbin has not yet published any statistics. M. Konovaloff hoped that figures for the September quarter would be published shortly; these, however, would only include the goods arriving via Manchuria and Pogranitchnaya stations. No check is taken of goods arriving from the south.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) R. WILLIS.\n\n## 50",
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        "page_number": 269,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## The Imperial Decree, issued on the 5th October last, ordaining the introduction of a uniform silver currency throughout the Chinese Empire is a welcome though tardy recognition by China of her obligation to provide for a uniform national coinage \"in terms of Article 2 of the Shanghae Treaty of 1902.\n\nHad China paid earlier attention to this Treaty obligation, it is probable that much of the currency chaos which has arisen in the past few years might have been obviated. It is earnestly to be hoped that the Decree will not be allowed to remain a dead letter, but that it is an admission of the necessity for immediate action, and expresses real earnestness of intention to rectify the almost hopeless confusion into which currency matters of China have been allowed to drift.\n\nThe provisions of the Edict will no doubt meet with general approval, but it is to be remarked that no indication is given whether the new coins are to be issued solely from mints under the control of the Board of Finance—a very necessary proviso; nor is any mention made of a fixed ratio between the new coinage and the copper currency—another matter of first importance. It is understood that both points have attracted the attention of His Majesty's Minister at Peking.\n\nThe arguments in the Memorial which accompanies the Edict, favouring the adoption of the Kuping tael as the national coin in preference to the dollar, do not appear to be very convincing. The opinion in the provinces is admittedly divided, and it is difficult to understand the pleas in favour of the tael: such as that from the point of view of China's national dignity she ought to try to stand alone; that she cannot afford to throw away her sovereign rights—(how are they affected?)—in order to gratify the wishes of others, nor change the tradition of the country for the convenience of the open ports or trading marts. While it is hardly to be supposed that the open ports will meet with much sympathetic consideration, it might reasonably be suggested that the convenience of China's own trading marts is a matter of prime domestic importance.\n\nThere is much force in the argument that the higher standard unit will tend to increase the cost of living. As Shanghae points out, \"the effect will be more plainly felt in expenditure involving small sums such as 5 to 10 cents; translating these sums into 4 cands and 8 cands will not be convenient in actual practice.\" It is, however, no doubt true that (as stated in the Memorial) the bulk of the people in their daily life mostly rely upon the copper currency. A point in favour of the adoption of a dollar coinage is that the exchange between the dollar and the cash might be conveniently fixed at the old normal ratio of 1 to 1,000, whereas the cash exchange of the K'uping tael (at the same rate) works out at the inconvenient figure of about 1,482.\n\nC. J. DUDGEON.\n\nLondon, December 1908.\n\n**This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.**\n\nC.O.\n\n**CHINA TRADE.**\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\nJanuary 7, 1909.\n\n## No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.—(Received January 7, 1909.) (No. 564)\n\nPeking, December 16, 1908.\n\nREPRESENTATIVES of the British and American Tobacco Company, Limited, called upon me recently in connection with the business of their Company, and spoke of the prospect of considerable expansion of trade if the Chinese authorities will consent to a more regular incidence of taxation on the Company's cigarettes and manufactured tobacco in places not declared open to foreign trade in Manchuria. The inclosed letter, addressed by the Company to the Acting British Consul-General at Mukden, describes the existing conditions and proposes a remedy. By present practice, the Company's products manufactured in China pay 4 m. 5 c. duty per picul on exportation from the Treaty port where their factory is situated, and a further half duty on importation to another Treaty port; but if they are sent to places not declared open to foreign trade they are subjected to varying levies of li-kin which affect prices and restrict their business.\n\nAs they have now set up a large factory at Mukden, they desire to consolidate all dues upon its output by the payment of a duty and a half, viz., 6 m. 75 c. per picul on exportation from Mukden to any place in Manchuria.\n\nIt will be seen from their letter that the question has been broached with the provincial authorities, but I have not yet learnt from Mr. Willis whether any further progress has been made. I understand, however, that the Company would be willing, if necessary, to agree to a higher consolidated duty than the above-mentioned sum, and with a margin for negotiation it is possible that the Chinese Government may be induced to accept the proposal which appears to me perfectly reasonable.\n\n(Signed)  \nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n### Inclosure in No. 1.\n\nBritish-American Tobacco Company to Acting Consul-General Willis.\n\nMuseum Road, Shanghae, December 1, 1908.\n\nAs you are aware, the British Cigarette Company, a Company which we control, has recently erected extensive premises in Mukden for the purpose of treating Chinese tobacco and also of manufacturing cigarettes on a large scale for the Manchurian market, should conditions prove favourable.\n\nWe are of opinion that, with reasonable facilities, we can establish a practically new industry in Manchuria, which will be of great benefit to that country, for, should our operations be successful, the following economic benefits would accrue, viz.—\n\n| Benefit | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. | More land would be cultivated in the growing of the additional tobacco required, to the great benefit of the farmer and agricultural labourer. |\n| 2. | The carrying of that tobacco from the points where it is grown to the factory would provide profitable employment for a great number of carters and coolies. |\n| 3. | In the preparation and handling of the tobacco when received by us, employment would be given to very many Chinese. |\n| 4. | If reasonable facilities are granted to us by the Government a further large number of people will obtain remunerative employment, not only in the manufacture of cigarettes for consumption in Manchuria and, perhaps, in other parts of the Empire, but in the carriage of those cigarettes to market. Furthermore, a large number of Chinese merchants and traders will benefit by the creation of this new trade. |\n| 5. | A reasonable basis of taxation—one which will enable the goods to reach the consumer at a price which he can afford, and which will thus encourage the extension of the industry—would provide the Government with additional revenue on the ... |\n\n[2090 g-1]",
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        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "289 \n\n2 \n\n\"Manchurian flour has appeared on the market here as well as anywhere else in Manchuria, and that very much so. The Japanese mill in Tiehling are selling, here in Dalny, at 10 sen cheaper than the Americans, and their stuff is much liked by the Chinese. Shan Cheong and other dealers in American flour are complaining that through this new competition they are having a very hard time of it. The Russians in Charbin are nowhere although they could beat the Japanese hands down, if they only had a somewhat decent organization and were a little bit livelier.\" \n\nI venture to hope that this précis may be of some little use, if only for purposes of comparison with our own Reports.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) \n**HAROLD G. PARLETT** \n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 1 \n\n## Report on North Manchuria \n\n### General Remarks \n\nNORTH Manchuria, which comprises the Viceroyalties of Kilin and the Amur, has an area of well over 300,000 square miles. Four-fifths of this are occupied by mountains, forests, lakes, deserts, and townships, the remaining fifth is certainly suitable for agricultural purposes. Of this fifth about 19,000 square miles are actually under cultivation.\n\nThe population of the territory is probably about 7,700,000 (Kikin, 5,200,000; the Amur, 2,500,000). Originally the Manchurians proper congregated mostly in the Kikin Viceroyalty and Mongolians in the Amur; but of recent years there has been a tremendous influx of Chinese, owing to the development of the country consequent on Russian undertakings. The result is that the Manchurian is gradually disappearing.\n\n### Industries \n\nAgriculture is the industry of North Manchuria, all others are subordinate to and dependent on it. The average production is about 23-24 bushels per acre and the total for the whole country something in the vicinity of 177,000,000 bushels.* The richest districts are the Sungari Valley and the neighbourhood of Changchun and Kilin. Development in these regions has been very rapid of late years owing to Russian expansion and to the war. The former, represented by the railway, attracted vast numbers of Chinese settlers, while the needs of the Russian troops created markets; the war itself increased these numbers by fugitives from the south.\n\nThe chief exports are naturally agricultural products; imports are represented mainly by cotton cloth, cotton yarns, and raw cotton.\n\nAgricultural products are wheat, flour, beans, and bean-cake, with cereals generally. Flour, which is produced by the Russians along the railway line, is at present used mostly by the settlers and the troops, though a very fair quantity has found its way into the Amur Province. Japan's import of bean-cake, which once travelled by way of Newchwang, now goes through Vladivostock. Imports of cotton goods, &c., come mostly via Newchwang, and there are signs that Japan is driving her American and other foreign competitors out of this trade.\n\nIn addition to cotton goods there is quite a demand for the cheaper forms of Japanese earthenware and for matches. The fancy and miscellaneous goods trade is mainly in the hands of the Germans; Russian goods are only seen along the railway and in the Russian settlements.\n\nAmong mechanical industries the only ones worthy of notice are flour-mills, distilleries, breweries, and bean-cake mills. There are about twenty flour-mills, almost all Russian owned and in the neighbourhood of Kharbin. Their total maximum output for twenty-four hours is estimated at 73,000 pouds. The flour itself is of good quality.\n\nBreweries and distilleries, Russian as distinct from Chinese, are small in size compared with the flour-mills, the demand for spirits being mostly in the neighbourhood of the railway settlements.\n\nExperiments have been made in the cultivation of the sugar-beet with such excellent results that there is talk of establishing a large beetroot sugar factory.\n\nAmong native industries bean-oil mills and distilleries are the chief. The sale of spirits is by law limited to the area within the palisade of the three eastern provinces, but such is the demand among the Chinese that there is no town or village of any pretensions without a distillery. Bean-oil mills are run by individual enterprise, the oil itself being either used for local needs or exported to the south. Native grain-mills, generally managed in connection with some other farming enterprise, have suffered a good deal from the establishment of the Russian flour-mills, and now no longer do more than supply a purely local demand.\n\n### Communications \n\nCommunications are naturally mostly by river or road. The Sungari River, with its tributaries, is the chief waterway; but as its course is very winding, in many places obstructed by shallows and sandbanks, and as the stream itself varies in volume, being at times in some places only 2 feet deep, it is obvious that many improvements will have to be made if full advantage is to be taken of the river.\n\nBy the Aigun Treaty of 1858 China and Russia alone were allowed the right of navigation on the Sungari. The result was the placing by the Russians of steamers on the river. For a time these did quite a good business in the transport of building material, provisions, &c.; but the war, and the subsequent unwillingness of Russian merchants to have anything more to do with this part of Manchuria, has resulted in the decay of the water-borne trade. Of this the Chinese have been quick to take advantage. Not only have they numbers of junks on the river, but many of the steamers also are in their hands; and, not satisfied with the navigation of the Sungari alone, they have pushed on to that of the Amur. It is believed that on the Sungari and its tributaries there must be a fleet of 600 or 700 Chinese junks.* Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the junk trade will increase very much; the winding nature of the river and its actual unsuitability for junk traffic cause too many delays in the transport of goods ever to make junks successful.\n\nThe most important channel of communication by road is of course the Chinese Eastern Railway. It is no exaggeration to say that to it alone is due the recent rapid development of Manchuria. There is, in fact, not a single branch of industry which has not been favourably affected by its existence.\n\nNext to the railroad as a means of communication comes the Manchurian country cart. It is of universal use, and, if Russian figures are credible, there must be about 53,000 of these vehicles in the country.\n\nThe chief high roads are from--\n| Route | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | Sanchan, via Paivangmu, Pinchangting, to Harbin. |\n| 2 | Pinchangting, via A-shih-ho, Shuangchengpu, Nangngancheng, Changchun, Mukden, &c., to Newchwang. |\n| 3 | Petanlintzu, viâ Hulan, to Harbin. |\n| 4 | Hulan, viâ Tsitsihar, to Aigun. |\n| 5 | A-shih-ho or Shuangchengpu, viâ Lalin, to Kilin. |\n| 6 | Kilin, via Omoso, to Gunchun. |\n| 7 | Kilin, via Ninguta, to Poltauka. |\n| 8 | Kilin to Petune. |\n| 9 | Kilin to Mukden. |\n| 10 | Tsitsihar, viâ Petune, to Changchun. |\n\nFor the transport of foreign goods Nos. 1, 2, 3, 9, and 10 are most important; the others are local trade routes. All alike are virtually impassable during the summer rains and when the thaw sets in in spring, but good in autumn and winter.\n\nThe only industry in Manchuria which is in any sense of the word developed is agriculture. All others are in their infancy and await improvement. Particularly is this the case with mining, which, unless a few gold mines be taken into account, virtually does not exist. But when things are on a satisfactory footing we may expect to see a complete revolution in the Far-Eastern economic world.\n\n* There is some discrepancy here. If the yield be 23 bushels per acre the total for 19,000 square miles should be about 290,000,000 bushels.\n\n* From Russian statistics. Mr. Kawakami's own estimate on p. 16 is very different.",
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        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "# \n## Chambers of Commerce and Public Assemblies\n\nChambers of Commerce (Chinese) exist at Harbin, Changchun, Kilin, Tsitsihar, and Petuanlintzu, with branches in most other towns. The functions of these bodies may be included under eight headings:- \n\n1. The facilitation of the interchange of views between officials and merchants.\n2. The investigation of commercial conditions at home and abroad.\n3. Arbitration in commercial disputes.\n4. The registration of commercial contracts.\n5. The protection and encouragement of native industries.\n6. Attending to matters relating to printing rights, patent, and monopoly.\n7. The control of trade questions and the fixing of the rate of exchange.\n8. Social.\n\nThe functions of Public Assemblies are not dissimilar from those of Chambers of Commerce, though the sphere of the Assembly is somewhat more limited than that of the Chamber. Both, though existing primarily for commercial purposes, are yet in a way the mouth-pieces of the people in dealings with the officials. Members are naturally business men, from among the chief of whom the officers of these Societies are elected. Expenses are defrayed mainly by common contribution.\n\n## Industries\n\nIndustries are absolutely in their infancy; in fact, it is comparatively rare in Manchuria to find persons devoting their entire time to one particular (mechanical) industry. As a rule, they are in addition shop-keepers or farmers.\n\nOf existing industries, the chief are the manufacture of bean-cake and bean oil; the distilling of spirits, milling grain, dyeing, the manufacture of paper, and tanning. These are all industries in which Chinese are engaged. Of Russian industries, the chief are the manufacture of flour, brewing, or distilling, electric works, the manufacture of sugar, soap making, tanning, meat canning, &c. In marked contrast to Chinese, Russian establishments boast the newest and most up-to-date machinery. This applies particularly in the case of flour.\n\nThe busiest centre of the bean oil and bean cake industries are Changchun, Shuanchengfu, Ashihho, Petune, Hulancheng, and Payanghousu. The machinery used is of the most primitive description; the motive power being either supplied by cattle or by human beings.\n\nThe distilling of spirits, though carried on all over North Manchuria, is perhaps most prosperous in the Hulan and Payangchan districts. The material used for the purpose is the tall millet (\"kaoliang\").\n\nChinese grain mills, which were once in a very flourishing condition, have been not a little affected by the establishment of Russian mills. Though numerous, they were all run on a very small scale, their output being sufficient for the needs of a family or small community only. Like the manufacture of bean oil and bean cake and the distilling of spirits, this industry is generally carried on in combination with some other.\n\nThere are two Chinese steam-mills in existence, one at Harbin and the other at Hailin.\n\nIn the neighbourhood of Kilin, as to a less extent in other localities, there are fairly important brickfields, where bricks and a coarse form of earthenware are manufactured. The Kilin bricks, so great is the demand for them on account of their strength, are found all along the Sangari River. The sale has increased with the advent of the Russians, though the latter prefer red-coloured bricks, while those used by the Chinese are ash-coloured.\n\nNear Harbin and Ashibho also, the prospects for this industry are very promising. In every fair-sized town, one or more dyeing establishments are to be found. The chief material used for dyeing purposes is the native indigo. Colours are limited to light yellow, dark blue, and black.\n\nSpinning establishments, with old-fashioned apparatus, are found south of Changchun, but very rarely north. At Petune, there are six or seven factories where woollen carpets are made. The raw material comes from the Amur Province or from Mongolia.\n\nPaper is an important article of manufacture at Kilin. Here there are sixteen factories with an annual output of the value of 1,080,000 tiao (36,000£). The material used is hemp.\n\nThere is one Chinese electric light factory at Harbin with a capital of 11,000£. Owing to bad management, it is run at a loss.\n\n### Russian Industries: Flour\n\nThe manufacture of flour is the most important by far of the Russian industries in Manchuria. The chief centre is Harbin, and it is in 1903, with the completion of the Chinese Eastern Railway, that the trade may be said to have entered on its era of prosperity. With remarkable rapidity, eight flour mills were established in Harbin itself, two between Harbin and Kwanchengtzu, two at Shuangchengpu, one at Hailin, and one at Ashihho.\n\nThe period of greatest activity was during the war, when the demand was practically unlimited. It is true the price of wheat was also very high; but, as the market was entirely in the hands of the millers, this fact was of no great moment to them. During this brief period of prosperity, tremendous profits were made. This encouraged speculation; fresh mills were built, the newest machinery put up; it was imagined that this golden age would last for ever. Unfortunately, with the coming of peace, the house of cards fell to the ground; the demand for flour dropped completely, and in many cases, the former huge profits were swallowed in subsequent losses. One thing only remained—the high price of the raw material.\n\nIn 1907, five of the Harbin flour mills were amalgamated in a Syndicate with a capital of 3,500,000 roubles. It was hoped thus to combat the period of depression. But, as a matter of fact, the new amalgamation is virtually in the hands of the Russo-Chinese Bank. Five other mills in Harbin are still running independently, and these, with the Syndicate and four others along the line, made a total of ten mills still working.\n\nOther reasons, in addition to the high price of wheat already mentioned, which militate against the success of the Russian flour mills are the limited area of its sale and the difficulty of obtaining wheat at the desired time. The last is directly due to the high market price, and its immediate result is to compel mills to remain idle. As to the area of sale, that is limited to the railway line, Trans-Baikalia, and the Amur Province. Manchurian flour has not yet appeared in foreign markets as a competitor with American. It is only recently that, owing to a more favourable rate of freight, it has been able to drive American flour from Vladivostock itself.\n\nIn the matter of output, the Russian mills can supply not only all the present needs of Manchuria, but also leave a huge surplus for export. What is required is energetic pushing on the part of the manufacturers. This is still lacking; nevertheless, there can be no doubt whatever that Japan and China are the destined markets for Manchurian flour.\n\nApplication was made to the Russian Government in 1907 by the flour merchants for a subsidy of 3,000,000 roubles for the purchase of raw material; 400,000 roubles were granted.\n\nThe total capital of all the mills is 6,180,000 roubles, the total amount of wheat... \n\nPage 294",
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        "content_text": "## 4\n\nFa-ku-men and Tiehling, the answers being that many of the carts which carried bean-cake to Tiehling in winter returned empty.\n\nThe distance from Fa-ku-men to Tiehling is given by the Chinese as 90 li, and may be estimated at approximately 28 miles. On leaving Fa-ku-men the road soon enters the hills to the east, and after a gentle rise descends into a narrow valley bounded by low, grass-topped hills partly cultivated. At 10 miles from Fa-ku-men the valley ends, the hills on the south side retiring in a south by east direction, and giving place to an undulating country over which the road passes eastwards. The village of Tiao-ping-shan marks the eastern end of the valley. The country is more broken than between Hsin-min Fu and Fa-ku-men, and several nullahs with ruined bridges had to be negotiated. The crops were the same, but upland rice was more in evidence. There are twelve hamlets and villages on the road, some of them such as Yung-an-p'u and Wu-chia-hsin, being of considerable size, and we struck the river, about 400 yards in breadth, at the ferry of Shung-ch'a-k'ou in a sandy cove under a low rocky bluff rising sheer from the river. There was only one long, broad, flat ferry boat, which had just started when we arrived, and night was falling before we were poled and yuhloed to the further bank.\n\nAs we were waiting at the ferry and the animals in our carts were being unyoked preparatory to boarding the boat, several heavy junks, each with sail up and crew of three men straining at the oars, passed down river under the right bank, where the water was from 10 to 12 feet deep. Owing to the late rains of the present year there were no shallows at the bifurcation of the Liao just above Tiehling, and the junks were taking advantage of the swollen river to hurry on to Newchwang. It was dark before we reached a Chinese inn within the city walls of Tiehling; but, with the assistance of the landlord, I succeeded in having an interview with several merchants, who fully corroborated all that I had heard at Fa-ku-men, that the import trade of Tiehling and Hsin-min Fu from Fa-ku-men in winter depends largely on the market at the two places, that the trade with Hsin-min Fu is always greater in volume, and that the imports into Fa-ku-men from Tiehling are inconsiderable. At Hsin-min Fu and Fa-ku-men there was little evidence of Japanese activity, only a few small shops being observable; but at Tiehling it is otherwise. Two roads leading from the railway station, or rather from the eastern boundary of the railway reserve to the west gate of Tiehling, were almost entirely given up to small Japanese shops, but within the railway reserve itself there were many red brick houses, while similar and one large grey, more pretentious two-storied buildings were in course of erection. A brick two-storied building with a central square and two side wings particularly attracted my attention. It was standing in ample grounds surrounded by a low wall with iron railings. Over the doorway in Chinese characters was the inscription \"Commercial Exhibition.\" A poster at the door read \"No Admittance\"; but as the door was open, no objection was raised to my entrance. The central square contained a large entrance hall on the ground floor with a staircase leading to the first floor. The exhibition consisted of four long, broad rooms fitted with glass-fronted show cases arranged along the walls and along the centre of each room; in one or two rooms the exhibits, of every conceivable character and all of Japanese manufacture, were already arranged to please the eye, while in the others men and women were unpacking cases and spreading out their goods. The exhibits were many of them pure Japanese in type, but I could not help noticing that many were imitations of foreign goods, and in a quiet corner I took the opportunity of committing to my notebook the following labels on sundry bottles:\n\n| Label | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Worcestershire Sauce | prepared and sold by Barishiu and Co., London, N. |\n| Fine Old Highland Whisky | Malcolm, Barcelona, and Co., London and Glasgow. (Priced 1 yen.) |\n| The Mon Old Scotch Whisky | bottled and guaranteed by B. B. Woompang. By special appointment purveyor of whisky to A. F. W. the Prince of Wales. |\n| Scotch Whisky | A. F. Wine and Co., Japan. (Lion holding Axe, trade-mark.) |\n| Vieux Cognac | L. D. Piccardo, Geneva. (Priced 1.35 yen.) |\n\nA few hundred yards to the south-west of the Tiehling railway station, there is a Japanese flour-mill, belonging to the Manchurian Flour-Mill Company, which commenced work in June, and is reported to be turning out 1,200 50-lb. sacks of flour per day from local wheat. The flour, which is made in four qualities, is said to be 20 sen cheaper in each grade per sack than flour made in Japan, and the Company propose to erect similar mills at Newchwang, Mukden, and Antung.\n\nI left Tiehling on the afternoon of the 28th September and reached Mukden the same evening, travelling in one of the new American second-class carriages fitted temporarily with red plush seats as a first-class car. The workmanship of the car was somewhat rough in appearance, but the running was perfectly smooth. The young conductor was exceedingly civil and obliging.\n\nI remained at Mukden over the next day and called at \"Government House,\" the Governor-General's offices built in foreign style inside the city, over which the Chinese flag was flying. The Governor-General's residence, also in foreign style, is in course of erection next to \"Government House\"; but the most imposing foreign building I noticed lies between the city and the railway station, where the British-American Tobacco Company have put up an enormous factory for the manufacture of cigarettes. Its completion was expected towards the end of October.\n\nNext morning I left Mukden for Peking, joining the train of the Imperial Railways of North China at the South Manchurian railway station, the actual joining of the two lines being at present under discussion at Dairen (Dalny). The Chinese railway station, where the tickets are sold, is 2,000 yards distant from the Japanese station. When the new Japanese station is completed twelve months hence, they will be 2,500 to 3,000 yards apart.\n\nThe last girder of the twenty-span bridge now in course of construction across the Liao between Mukden and Hsin-min Fu will be placed in position in November. The chief central spans are 40 feet above high-water mark—much higher than the old bridge built by the Japanese still in use; but they are not sufficiently high to admit of the passage of junks without unshipping or lowering their masts.\n\nThe Chief Traffic Inspector of the Chinese railways outside the wall (i.e., north of Shan-hai-kuan), who travelled in the same train from Mukden to Kou-pang-tzu, the junction of the Hsin-min Fu and Newchwang lines, where he resides, informed me that duty-free goods (such as flour) arriving from a port are no longer taxed at Kou-pang-tzu, which was his complaint to me when I last visited Manchuria. He said, however, that many imports still come forward unaccompanied by exemption certificates and are duly taxed. This is, of course, in accordance with the Customs Regulations for Manchuria which came into force last year, and it is a curious fact that merchants at Hsin-min Fu and Fa-ku-men whom I met had never heard of the issue of such certificates and were incredulous of my statement that they are obtainable from the Customs if applied for in due form; and they appeared still more incredulous of my statement that a Chinese custom-house was established at Dairen on the 1st July, 1907, being under the impression that goods passing through that port are still duty-free.\n\nThe traffic on the Chinese Railway is undoubtedly heavily handicapped by the presence of li-kin or other tax stations along their lines, where all exports and uncertificated goods are taxed. Such tax stations are not permitted on the South Manchurian Railway, and when the Imperial Railways of North China have endeavoured to compete by lowering freights, the taxes have been proportionately raised, the profits going to the tax stations, and not to the railway. Under these circumstances, the railway has given up in despair the attempt to compete by lowering rates.\n\nThe conclusion at which I have arrived after visiting Hsin-min-t'un (Hsin-min Fu), Fa-ku-men (Fu-min Ting), and Tiehling, is that Fa-ku-men is much more intimately connected commercially with Hsin-min-t'un than with Tiehling, and that an extension of the Imperial Railways of North China from Hsin-min-t'un to Fa-ku-men would serve a rich agricultural area and its hinterland, which has at present only a very limited connection with the South Manchurian Railway, whether at Tiehling or any other station to the north or south of it.\n\n## 5\n\nPage 306",
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        "content_text": "## 6 \n\ncan be employed for the harvest season at 40 to 70 cents (silver currency) per day with board (16 to 28 cents gold). In the Sungari River region of North Manchuria labour is much more costly, and transient labour from the southern provinces receives 60 to 90 cents (silver currency) per day with board (24 to 36 cents gold). The Shantung labour does not flow into the north unless high wages are offered, and the problem of labour is a pressing one to the grain farmer of North Manchuria.\n\n## 10. Manufacturing Industries depending upon Agriculture.\n\nNative grist mills may be found in all Chinese towns of any size in Manchuria, which turn kaoliang, millet, and wheat into flour for local use. The distilling of samshu from kaoliang is also a widespread industry. The native mills are very crude, consisting of a convex stone 8 to 10 feet in diameter, in the centre of which a pivot is constructed to which a cylindrical stone is attached that is moved around and revolved over the convex surface of the lower stone with horse-power. The grain is crushed in these rolls and then sifted in coarse silks, yielding a wheat flour of low grade. The rolling and sifting are so imperfectly done as to leave large amounts of waste flour in the bran. The Chinese demand for wheat flour calls for a cheap strong flour, and these mills can grind, therefore, with little competition from American or Japanese flour, as the better grades are not used by any but the well-to-do people. At Kirin there is a steam flour-mill owned and operated by Chinese that is quite an advance over the ordinary native mill, the machinery being old-fashioned American type. This firm is contemplating the erection of a modern 125-barrel mill. At Tie-ling the Japanese have put up (1908) a modern 400-barrel mill with the most modern types of American rolls and sifters. The demands of this mill will undoubtedly stimulate wheat production in the region about Tie-ling, but it remains to be seen if this mill can operate successfully without a good market for by-products and without a large local demand for high-grade flour. Cheap wheat will do it and nothing else. The Russian flour-mills at Harbin are not successful and profitable. Five mills only are now in operation out of a total of twelve that were grinding during the late war, and it is reported that they are in financial difficulties and that the demand for Harbin flour is not large. The Russian mill at Kuan-cheng-tzu has been closed. At Ninguta the Chinese own and operate a steam flour-mill that is reported to be doing a successful local business.\n\nThe chief manufacturing industry of Manchuria relating to agriculture is the expressing of oil from the soy-bean. Small mills are engaged in this work at many points in the interior, but the largest mills are located at Newchwang and Dalny. For the first six months of 1908, ending the 30th June, the export of bean-cake from Newchwang amounted to 140,000 tons, and bean-oil to 3,500 tons.\n\nAbout 90 per cent. of the bean-cake was consigned to Japan. Dalny, by reason of its superior railway facilities, is rapidly securing control of the bean-cake industry. The methods used in expressing the bean-oil are very crude, the presses being worked with hand labour instead of steam-power or hydraulic-power. With the native methods now in use the beans give a 10 per cent. return of oil.\n\n## 11. Transportation of Agricultural Products.\n\nThe primary cost of transporting agricultural products in Manchuria is so great that it would absolutely bankrupt the farmer of any other grain-producing region of the world where commercial agriculture is practised. But the cash income of the Manchurian farmer is small, and as he exchanges only a small part of his crop for cash, he does not feel the burden of excessive freight cost, as would the farmer who exchanges all of his products for cash and buys back his staples. His labour and other costs of operation are relatively very low, and thus he exists in the face of the worst primary transportation facilities imaginable. The interior commerce of Manchuria is almost entirely handled by the two-wheeled Manchurian cart drawn by five to eight mules, and having a maximum carrying capacity under ordinary conditions of about 1,000 lbs. The cash cost of transporting a ton of freight from Kirin to Kuan-cheng-tzu is from 40 to 50 dollars (silver currency), or 16 to 18 dollars (gold) - a distance of 80 miles. A load of lumber on a Manchurian cart with seven or eight mules is 800 to 900 board feet - a small load for one horse on a good road. Manchurian cart is necessary to the existing roads, and the cause of these high freight costs is therefore not to be laid at the door of the cart, but rather at the door of the uncared-for roads. Freight is often stalled for days and weeks for the lack of 50 dollars worth of coolie labour intelligently directed to repair a bad place in the road. Only in winter when the roads are frozen is it possible to transport freight with any ease. In the face of these odds the distance to which freight is hauled is truly remarkable. Wheat is hauled into Tie-ling from the mountain regions around Hai-lung-fu for a distance of 150 miles, and beans, tobacco, and hemp are also hauled for equally great distances.\n\nThe Liao-ho and Sungari Rivers are capable of transporting large amounts of agricultural products to the centres of trade, and while Chinese junks are already engaged in this trade, the number is comparatively small, and their carrying capacity is very low.\n\nThe South Manchurian Railway has undoubtedly done much to build up the markets for agricultural products in Manchuria, and its effectiveness in this respect will undoubtedly increase as the years pass.\n\n## 12. Agricultural Development in Manchuria.\n\nIt is the opinion of the writer that the chief problems of agricultural development in Manchuria at the present time are economic, social, and political problems, rather than scientific problems relative to the stimulation of greater productiveness in the soil. The vast areas of uncultivated land in the north are capable of producing a surplus crop for export even with crude methods of soil tillage, if transportation facilities could be developed to bring the farmer in touch with world markets. The agricultural problem of Manchuria is not so much the problem of making two blades of grass grow where one grew before, as to change the existing economic and social conditions of farm life into an advanced condition of commercial agriculture in which the farmer can produce a surplus of food above local demands, and find a ready cash market for that surplus. While improved methods of agriculture are undoubtedly necessary if the Manchurian farmer is to produce a large surplus for export, it is still more necessary that there be a market and a means for reaching that market with the surplus crop. If good roads could connect with railways and waterways in Manchuria, and if capital could organize the facilities for storing and shipping staple agricultural products, thus bringing relatively high cash prices for agricultural products into every community, there is little doubt but that Manchuria would produce a large surplus crop for export, and in striving to produce a surplus the farmer would be quickened and fully awake to the advantages of improved methods of agriculture. The Manchurian farmer is not so much in need of the agricultural teachings of European and American applied science as he is in need of the far-sighted genius of such men as James J. Hill in the United States and O'Shaughnessy in Canada, who built the steel paths of commerce into the fertile fields of North America, and were content to wait for dividends until the settlers came in and opened the soil. To-day every farming community in America is in touch with the world markets, and, being in possession of the market, the agricultural problem of America is to increase production by the application of science to the art of agriculture. One hundred years ago the American farmer produced his food, fuel, and clothing on the land, and exchanged very little of his crop for cash; then as transportation facilities developed, and the inventive genius of the American applied mechanical principles to agriculture, the old system of \"produce-and-consume-what-you-produce\" farming passed away, and crop products are now exchanged for cash and the farmer buys coal for fuel and factory goods for his clothes. The Manchurian farmer of to-day is in a stage of civilization more remote from the highest modern civilization than the American farmer of 100 years ago, and this fact must be realized in considering any Government policy for the improvement of agriculture.\n\nA logical and evolutionary plan of improvement would be to develop a Government policy of road improvement on the main arteries of travel in the interior of Manchuria, together with additional railroad facilities, that would bring the wheat of the Sungari region, the beans of South Manchuria, and the cattle of Mongolia to the sea, where they could be condensed into flour, oil, and frozen beef and put on the world's markets. Hand in hand with such Government fostering and development should go the introduction of such simple machines as a two-horse plough, a one-horse steel planting machine, and scythes, cradles, and similar simple machines, to enable the labourer to increase his efficiency as a producer. Education and development by such a programme would bring results far quicker than through the medium of a college for instructing a few students in the science related to agriculture, especially as the farming class at the present time have almost no chance to...\n\nPage 626",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## Page 2\n\nWith the exception of the flour mills, to which I shall allude later, there seems to be no enterprise conducted in the town calculated to lead to the development of the district, nor is there any considerable trade between the Russians and the Chinese except in so far that a few thousand Chinamen are engaged in supplying the necessities of the residents in the railway territory. In fact, the general impression one takes away is that the whole town is living on the railway, that is, on the Russian Government.\n\nM. Dard estimated the loss for the Railway Administration on last year's working at 7,000,000 roubles, exclusive of the cost of the guards, which he put at 15,000,000 roubles. Matters were, however, he stated, improving, and in the course of a year or so the Administration hoped to be able to balance their accounts, with the exception of the military expenses. These were to be cut down, a number of the guards being transferred to the Siberian establishment and quartered in the neighbourhood of Vladivostock.\n\nThe commercial depression which Sir Alexander Hosie noted on his visit to Harbin in October 1907 still prevails. Failures are of common occurrence, and it is difficult to find capital for any new enterprise. There is at present not a single bean mill either in Harbin or Fu Chia Tien, and it appears impossible to get capital subscribed to build one, though the bean growers in the district have offered to supply beans and to accept payment for them in beancake or oil. Similarly, the proposed sugar beet factory at Ashiho, to which I alluded in my despatch No. 57 of the 29th ultimo, is still awaiting the necessary capital for its erection.\n\nThe only industrial establishments in Harbin which seem to give promise of any considerable future success are the flour mills. These were started during the Russian occupation, and at the time of the Russo-Japanese war received a considerable impetus. Huge profits were made for a time, but no effort was made to build up adequate reserve funds; consequently, when the war came to an end, and, further, the withdrawal of the Russian troops was carried through far more quickly than local opinion thought possible, the mill-owners found themselves in a precarious position. They had been trading on borrowed capital, and in addition to their other difficulties after the cessation of the war, they found trouble in persuading Chinese agriculturists to accept reasonable prices for their grain; a bad harvest in 1907 made it impossible for them to continue to pay the interest on their loans, and the Russo-Chinese Bank has recently foreclosed on the mortgages it held on the mills. A new Syndicate has recently been formed under the supervision of the bank, which will run the eight principal mills as a Joint Stock Company.\n\nAt present, three or four only of the eight mills are working, but M. Dard assured me their prospects are improving daily. At present, they supply mainly the Eastern Siberian market, the flour making its way by river steamers down the Sungari, and up the Amur as far as Blagovestchensk. Efforts are being made to capture the Chinese market, and M. Dard informed me that they have reasonable hopes of being able to compete favourably with American and Japanese flour. Of the excellence of flour, I think there can be little doubt. Personally, I have no hesitation in saying that the bread in Harbin is better than any I have tasted outside Europe, and it would seem that the cost of production must be considerably less in Manchuria than in America or Canada or in the Hong Kong or Shanghae flour mills.\n\nIn Mr. Fisher's opinion, however, at the present moment, American flour could compete even in Harbin if it were not for a differential rate on the railway. He stated that whereas the freight per pood (36 lb.) from Harbin to Vladivostock for Russian flour was 15 copecks, a charge of 45 copecks was made on American flour from Vladivostock to Harbin. Mr. Fisher, however, admitted that, provided the mills were properly managed, there could be no question of competing against them in Manchuria, and that they would have a great chance of capturing the general Far Eastern market.\n\nTwo American capitalists, Mr. Fisher informed me, who recently visited Harbin, were greatly struck by the prospects of agricultural development in Northern Manchuria. They saw, however, that it would be impossible for them to compete against the Russian mills unless they could secure for themselves equality of treatment by the Chinese Eastern Railway. Consequently, they approached the Railway Company with the view of persuading them to take a 25 per cent. interest in the enterprise. The question was referred to St. Petersburgh, with the result that the Railway Administration declined to take any part in the scheme.\n\nIt appears to me that the future agricultural development of Northern Manchuria, and the possibility of any extensive market for British goods coming into existence\n\n## Page 3\n\ndepends so largely on the establishment of an efficient flour and bean mill industry in Harbin, that it is greatly to be regretted if such enterprises are to remain a monopoly in Russian hands, and it would seem even to the interests of the Russian Government to encourage Chinese settlers in their sphere of influence in Manchuria. Yet under the conditions obtaining at Harbin, it would be difficult to persuade a British or American capitalist to invest money there.\n\nThat differential treatment prevails on the railway seems beyond question; by this, I mean secret differential treatment by the Railway Administration, not merely the favourable conditions one acquainted with Russian methods could obtain at the expense of a foreign competitor by a skilful distribution of presents. For example, Mr. Fisher told me there were three rates for flour from Harbin to Vladivostock; 15 copecks per pood for the mills in the Russo-Chinese Bank combine, 18 for mills outside the combine, and 25 copecks for anyone else. To obtain proof of this statement would, of course, be difficult, but in the same way as Mr. Parlett suspects that there is some mysterious connection between the Mitsui Bushen Kaisha and the South Manchurian Railway, so I feel convinced, from the general impressions I gathered at Harbin, that the Eastern Chinese Railway Administration would find its way to differentiating in favour of any firm they desired to assist. In fact, it appears incontrovertible that, with the main railway of Manchuria in Russian hands in the north and in Japanese in the south, there can be no certainty of equality of commercial opportunity. It is from this point of view that the extension of the Chinese line is a question of great commercial, as well as of political, importance.\n\nA certain quantity of British piece-goods and miscellaneous articles are being sold, both in the Russian Settlement and in the Chinese town, chiefly in the latter; these are brought up mainly by cart from Newchwang.\n\nThere is no one, however, particularly interested in pushing British goods, and I should not be surprised if the arrival of the Mitsui Bushen Kaisha, who have recently established themselves in Harbin, led to the Japanese cottons obtaining a monopoly in Fu Chia Tien market. German and Russian cottons are sold for the most part in the Russian Settlement. I made inquiries with the view of ascertaining whether there was any possibility of a market for steam-ploughs in the district, and was forced to a negative opinion. The northern agriculturist has not the capital to invest in expensive machinery, and, besides, labour is so cheap that it would be hardly economical. An American firm recently sold machinery worth 40,000 taels, say 6,000, to a Chinaman in the neighbourhood of Mergen. The ploughs left the railway at Tsi Tsi Har en route for their destination in charge of an American mechanic; they got hopelessly stuck in the mud near the bank of a river, and whilst the party were waiting for the frost, the mechanic disappeared, and, it is said, the ploughs remain by the river until the present. Except that the American firm obtained payment for their goods, this experiment is hardly more encouraging than that of the British firm of Messrs. Wilson and Co. That there is a good and increasing market for the ordinary horse-ploughs is true, and several of German manufacture have been sold in Harbin. The Germans have also been experimenting with steam-ploughs, but Mr. Fisher thought they had not obtained any orders.\n\nMr. James Brown, the agent of the British American Tobacco Company, told me that he had formed high expectations of Harbin as a distributing centre for his goods; but it was too early for him to speak with any certainty, as they had not yet explored the district. This firm has shown great capacity and energy in their transactions in Manchuria. They have established depôts in the principal towns along the railway; a large factory has been built in Mukden, which will be in working order by next spring, and an exploring party has been sent out to make a six months' journey in the interior. Direct encouragement is given to their employés to speak and to read Chinese as far as to understand accounts, and there are three or four amongst them who have a first-class knowledge of the colloquial language.\n\nIt may be of interest to note that the Tobacco Company are attempting to import goods for their branches north of Kuangchentzu via Vladivostock.\n\nThe branch of the Maritime Customs established at Harbin has not yet published any statistics. M. Konovaloff hoped that figures for the September quarter would be published shortly; these, however, would only include the goods arriving via Manchuria and Pogranitchnaya stations. No check is taken of goods arriving from the south.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) R. WILLIS.\n\n## Page 17",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "page_number": 789,
        "title": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## to examine northward trains on the frontier I am not prepared to say without fuller information than I at present possess regarding the working of the customs at Dairen, In this connection I have the honour to enclose copy of a despatch addressed by Mr. Gordon, His Majesty's vice-consul at Dairen, to His Majesty's acting consul-general at Mukden, commenting on Mr. Willis's despatch on this subject. Mr. Gordon, while confirming the suspicion that wholesale smuggling of goods must have been carried on from the Kwantung leased territory into Manchuria during the year 1908, takes the view that if the work of the Chinese customs at Dairen were efficiently performed it should be impossible for goods to pass into the interior illegally. I think that Mr. Gordon has perhaps not given sufficient weight to the considerations, firstly, that the Customs have no control whatever over foreign imports until they are declared for the interior, and, secondly, that the Dairen agreement expressly provides that the Customs staff shall be wholly Japanese. However, his despatch shows that it is not certain that the establishment of a customs station on the frontier would provide an effective remedy.\n\nThe question is one which directly concerns the customs revenue, and Mr. Willis states that it has been referred by the commissioner of customs at Mukden to the inspectorate-general at Peking, I understand from Sir Robert Bredon that he has called the attention of the commissioner of customs at Dairen to the points raised, and has instructed him to furnish a full report on the existing customs procedure at Dairen and the posts on the frontier, and on the measures that can be taken under the agreement, or any modification thereof, to prevent the passing of the frontier by uncertificated goods, whether by rail or otherwise. The matter is engaging the attention of the customs, and as the acting inspector-general has promised to communicate to me the result of his enquiries, I defer further consideration of the question until I am in possession of the information thus to be obtained.\n\nAs I am forwarding a copy of this despatch to His Majesty's Ambassador at Tokyo.\n\n(No. 39.) Sir,\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\nJ. N. JORDAN,\nActing Consul-General\n\nWillis to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nMukden, September 1, 1909.\n\nIN my despatch No. 62 of the 28th September last I pointed out that there was no examination of goods entering Manchuria from the Kwantung leased territory, and that, although there was no proof that advantage had been taken of this fact to smuggle goods into the country, under the existing procedure the Chinese Customs relied entirely on the good faith of the South Manchurian Railway.\n\nI have recently received a despatch from the acting commissioner of the foreign board at Mukden, in which he states that Mr. Tachibana, the acting commissioner of Chinese customs at Tairen, has recently brought to the notice of the provincial authorities that many foreign merchants neglect to take out the exemption certificates provided for in the provisional regulations of November 1907, and that consequently orders have been issued to the Fengtien Board of Revenue to collect li-kin and other inland taxes on goods not accompanied by such certificates.\n\nThe figures given in the Customs returns of trade from the 1st July, 1907, up to the end of last year appear to indicate that certain merchants are taking advantage of the fact that goods declared for the leased territory enter free of duty to afterwards forward these goods into Manchuria in considerable quantities without having recourse to any customs formalities.\n\n| Item | Value/Quantity (1907) | Value/Quantity (1908) | Sent into Interior |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Foreign imports into Tairen (excluding railway material) | 7,412,365 taels | 13,104,834 taels | - |\n| Goods forwarded into Manchuria by rail | 1,567,587 taels | 4,645,079 taels | - |\n| Total import of foreign goods at Newchwang | 10,587,235 taels | 15,151,734 taels | - |\n| Cotton goods imported into Tairen | - | 1,002,712 pieces | 591,922 pieces |\n| Newchwang imports of cotton goods | - | 1,452,641 pieces | - |\n| Japanese cotton goods (unclassed) via Tairen | 82,907 pieces | 566,278 pieces | - |\n| Cigarettes imported into Tairen | - | 648,965 taels | 222,170 taels |\n| American flour imported into Tairen | - | 163,121 piculs | 38,019 piculs |\n\nThe total import of foreign goods at Newchwang and Tairen, which ports practically supply between them the wants of South Manchuria, amounted to 28,256,568 taels, of which according to the statistics goods of a value of no less than 8,459,755 taels, or roughly 30 per cent. of the whole, were consumed in the leased territory, the total population of which is less than 500,000, and in which, with the exception of Tairen itself, there is not a single town of even second-class importance.\n\nIn the body of his report for 1908 Mr. Tachibana mentions that the greater part of the foreign imports were for Japanese enterprises and for the use of Japanese residing in the leased territory and in Manchuria. The only articles, he states, imported in any quantity for the use of natives were cotton piece-goods, American flour, cigarettes, and sugar.\n\nA detailed examination of the three other articles referred to by Mr. Tachibana seems to support the inference I have drawn from a consideration of the statistics viewed as a whole.\n\nIf it is the case, as appears probable, in my opinion, from the above considerations, that the Chinese Customs are being defrauded by dishonest traders, the remedy proposed by the provincial authorities, namely, to levy li-kin and inland dues on goods unaccompanied by exemption certificates, appears to me entirely inefficacious, as there are no li-kin stations along the line of the South Manchurian Railway nor in any of the railway settlements.\n\nIn the case of imports into Tairen, and thence forwarded into the interior, the exemption certificate constitutes the proof that import duty has been paid, and unless the Chinese Customs establish a customs station at Pulantien on the frontier between the leased territory and Fengtien Province, where goods are subjected to an examination similar to that which now takes place at Manchuria and Pogranitchnaya stations on the Chinese Eastern Railway, I do not see how there can be any effective check on imports via Tairen, and foreign merchants will continue to suspect that Japan is making an unfair use of her railway facilities.\n\nIn connection with this subject there is another point to which I would like to draw your attention. It seems to me very probable that within a few years Tairen will become a considerable manufacturing centre. An experimental laboratory has been established there under the auspices of the South Manchurian Railway Company, and it is claimed that important economic discoveries in connection with the extraction and refining of bean oil, the treatment of the wild silk cocoon, and the distilling of spirit from \"kaoliang\" have been made already. A cement factory, I am informed, has been completed, whilst a tobacco factory is in course of erection, and other important enterprises appear to be contemplated both at Tairen and in the South Manchurian Railway settlements along the line. At Tiebling there is already a flour mill. At Changchun a model factory, I understand, is already working, whilst at Mukden a large distillery is approaching completion.\n\nThe question of the taxation to be levied on such enterprises appears to me one of considerable importance. Whilst their establishment seems likely in the main to affect Chinese interests and Chinese revenue, yet in the case of the cement and the tobacco factories British and other foreign interests are directly concerned. I understand from Mr. Bowra, the commissioner of customs here, that in the case of the cement factory a claim has been already made to Mr. Tachibana to allow the export into Manchuria on condition of payment of li-kin on arrival at the li-kin...",
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    {
        "id": 423766,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "page_number": 370,
        "title": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "content_text": "## 369 \n\n2 \n\npoured into the interior, matters have since much improved. This is shown by the following table of Japanese piece goods, specially mentioned as such in the Customs returns, imported through the Customs and forwarded into the interior by rail for the first half of 1908 and 1909 respectively.\n\n| Article | 1908 | 1909 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Shirtings (pieces) | 107,560 | 16,042 |\n| Sheetings (pieces) | 16,845 | 169,962 |\n| Drills (pieces) | 24,509 | 21,794 |\n| Table cloths | 61 |  |\n| Cotton cloth (yards) | 1,099,470 | 2,522,707 |\n| Handkerchiefs (dozens) | 1,314 | 7,828 |\n| Towels (piculs) | 2,494 | 2,788 |\n| Yerus |  | 19,052 |\n|  |  | 9,411 |\n\nAccording to the Government returns, the value of the imports of all classes of cotton goods up to the end of May of this year was not very much greater than that for the same period of 1908, and I believe that it will be found that the increase in imports is due to the much larger quantities brought in from Shanghae. The heavy increases in the quantities of goods sent into the interior by rail may be assumed therefore to have come from the stocks held over at the end of 1908.\n\nFlour --- The small quantity of flour that found its way up-country may be ascribed to the steadily decreasing value of silver during 1908, and to the competition of the Tiebling and Harbin flour mills. The trade appears to be a dying one.\n\nCigarettes. The statistics relating to cigarettes refer to values only, and consequently, for the reasons given further on, must be treated with suspicion. There are two other reasons for the small quantity sent into Manchuria. One is that the average Japanese is a far greater consumer of cigarettes than the Chinese, so that it is quite possible that over half the total quantity imported is consumed in the leased territory. Secondly, of the total value of 648,965 taels imported during 1908, 306,181 taels represented cigarettes other than Japanese - chiefly Egyptian. In Dairen, there are several foreign cigarette dealers who hold sole agencies for Manchuria, Corea, and Japan for various brands of Egyptian cigarettes, and I have reason to believe that these find their way to the last two countries rather than to the former.\n\nSugar. The agent of the Taikoo sugar refinery paid a special visit to this port last year, and, after a thorough investigation, was satisfied that no smuggling of this article was carried on to any appreciable extent.\n\nThe foregoing will tend to explain to a great extent the disproportion between the imports into the leased territory and those into Manchuria through Dairen. Still, it is not absolutely satisfying, but as I have said before, it is impossible to explain fully any general charges.\n\nThe attention of the inspector-general of Customs at Peking was drawn to the question, and instructions were sent by him to the commissioner of Customs here to furnish a full report on the Customs procedure in the leased territory, and on the measures that can be taken under the agreement, or any modification thereof, to prevent the passing of the frontier by uncertificated goods, whether by rail or otherwise. The required report has been completed, and will be forwarded shortly.\n\nMr. Tachibana points out, in the first place, that merchandise imported into the leased territory is not \"passed at the custom house,\" as is generally understood by the phrase. Importers of cargo merely send in reports to the Customs, stating the quantity and value of their goods, and these reports have to be accepted by the Customs, which prepare their table of the \"values of trade\" for the year on them. As an instance of how arbitrary a value is sometimes placed on goods in these \"reports,\" Mr. Tachibana mentions that last year, application was made for the import into Manchuria of certain goods, the \"c.i.f.\" value of which proved to be 4,000 taels. By chance, however, it was discovered that these were the same goods which, at the time of their landing, had been reported at a value of 7,000 taels.\n\nAttention is next drawn to the enterprises carried on in the leased territory. The materials for the erection of a cement factory and machinery, therefore, cost some 583,000 yen, while the South Manchuria Railway Company's outlay in 1908 for materials, etc., exclusively for use in the leased territory, amounted to over 15,000,000 yen. The Yokohama Specie Bank estimated the value of building material consumed at 6,401,000 yen, and put the total consumption in the leased territory during last year at 72.6 per cent. of the total imports for the year.\n\nThe Commissioner then touches on the question of supplies for the Japanese garrison and railway guards in Kwantung and Manchuria, there being six battalions of the former and one division of the latter. It appears that when the Customs were first opened in 1907, the military authorities did not permit them to \"meddle with military matters,\" as they termed it, and used to load the supplies without having them passed at the Customs, and that this practice was followed up to the end of 1908. From this year on, however, Mr. Tachibana has succeeded in getting reports of the supplies forwarded by the Kwantung Army Supply Department. By this amount, the imports into Manchuria appear less than what they ought to have been.\n\nTaking next the connection of the railway company, it is pointed out, in the first place, that the specific tariff which applies to goods sent from Dairen and Newchwang stations only offers such a reduced rate as not to make it worth carrying away merchandise secretly from Dairen and loading it for the interior at a station at or near the boundary. Further, all railway station masters have instructions from head-quarters that no cargo intended for beyond the leased territory should be loaded unless passed by the Customs. It cannot be asserted positively that these orders are obeyed to the letter, but as the head Customs officer is often requested by telephone to send a man to pass goods at a station where no Customs officer is stationed, it appears that the instructions are well observed. As a further check against irregularity, an outdoor man is allowed to travel with a free pass up and down the line and constantly travels as far as Wafangtien to watch the movement of goods. In view of the willing co-operation of the railway authorities, Mr. Tachibana deprecates any such proposal as the placing of Customs seals on the cars or the checking of the goods on the cars at Pulantien, thereby delaying all trains by some thirty minutes, as this would be construed as doubting their sincerity, and the relations between the railway people and the Customs would at once return to their former state.\n\nAs regards the smuggling of goods across the frontier by cart, this may be carried on to a limited extent, but there is no means of stopping it. It is impossible to watch the whole coast line of the peninsula, so that if there be any smuggling of foreign imports, it should be by junks. The commissioner is trying to find out if there are any traces of this and, if so, will submit a full report. The work at Pitsewo appears to be satisfactory.\n\nThere is an unsatisfactory article in the present Customs regulations under which articles, the produce of or manufactured from the produce of the leased territory, may pass into the interior free of duty. Such articles at present consist of cement, fish, and ground nuts. Of these, cement is passed free of duty, but all importers of ground nuts and some importers of fish are in the habit of paying the general tariff duty before the goods are sent into the interior.\n\nMr. Tachibana recommends -\n\n(a) A fundamental change in the Customs agreement, abolishing the free area and the placing of the Customs on the same footing as that at Kiaochow.\n\nOr, since no agreement has yet been made regarding the procedure to be observed in case of frauds against the Customs or contravention of their rules, at least\n\n(b) The insertion of clauses similar to those in the Kiaochow agreement, such as -\n\n\"The Customs procedure is guided by the principles and follows the practice in force at the Chinese maritime custom-houses at the various treaty ports, and customs control, wherever necessary, is exercised by its officers.\"\n\n\"Confiscation and fines will be imposed according to the principles laid down in the treaties and which are in force at the maritime custom-house.\"\n\nAt present, the commissioner's authority is in a crippled condition, his right to inflict a fine or to confiscate goods being confined, according to the Japanese authorities, to three cases only (article 4, inland waters steam navigation in the agreements, articles 3 and 22 of the provisional regulations).\n\nThe Japanese authorities do not interpret article 12 of the agreement, \"The Customs tariff in force in the Chinese treaty ports shall be applied likewise by the",
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        "id": 423968,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-364 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "page_number": 101,
        "title": "CO129-364 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "content_text": "## Memorandum on the Production, Distribution, Sale and Physiological Effects of Cocaine\n\nThe commercial supply of coca leaves, the drug from which the alkaloid cocaine is obtained, is almost entirely derived from Peru and Java. The leaves are also cultivated in Bolivia, Brazil, and other parts of South America, but only very small quantities are exported from these countries.\n\nThere is also a small amount of coca cultivation in Ceylon but no statistics of export are available. It is estimated however that the total export of the leaves from Ceylon in 1909 will be from 15,000 to 20,000 lb., so that the total is small in comparison with the exports from Peru and Java.\n\nExperimental cultivation of coca leaves has also been undertaken in India, the United States, the Federated Malay States and elsewhere, but at present there appears to be no production on a commercial scale in these countries.\n\nFrom Peru both coca leaves and cocaine are exported. The cocaine produced is crude and impure and is mostly exported to Germany where it is refined. The Peruvian coca leaves are said to be sent mostly to Germany and the United States. From Java, coca leaves only are exported at present, though it has been proposed to open a factory there for the manufacture of cocaine. The coca leaves exported from Java contain little or no cocaine, but they are rich in other alkaloids from which cocaine...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-364 - Public Offices & Others - 1909.txt",
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    {
        "id": 425509,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-366 - Governor Sir Lugard Acting Governor May - 1910 [4-5]",
        "page_number": 534,
        "title": "CO129-366 - Governor Sir Lugard Acting Governor May - 1910 [4-5]",
        "content_text": "## \nSub-Section 3 of Section 3 of Ordinance No.27 is also very conclusive in the matter.\n\n\"The duty upon intoxicating liquors distilled, made or prepared in the Colony shall be payable before the removal of such liquors from the factory or place in which they are distilled, made or prepared.\"\n\nNo where in the Ordinance are these Sections repealed.\n\nFrom above quotations it is clear that all wines distilled in the Colony should pay duty but such is not the case.\n\nWine removed from a distillery for export or wine that is removed from a distillery to a licensed warehouse for blending and for ultimate exportation does not pay duty. It is only the wine that is recorded by the distillers and sold for local consumption that pays duty and for this liquor only a foil and counterfoil is filled in in accordance with paragraph 5 quoted above.\n\nNo foil or counterfoil is filled in by the distiller for the wine exported or removed to a licensed warehouse under export and removal permits.\n\nThis misconception, if there should be one, probably emanates from Section 23 of Ordinance No.27 which would lead one to think that a distillery having a license is deemed to be a licensed warehouse with the privileges of a bonded warehouse in the matter of exporting wine from bond and consequently not liable to duty.\n\nI have visited all the distilleries, the principal ones in company with Lieut. Beckwith. I found that they all attempt to conform with the instructions but it is very difficult to effect a control. To do so accurately would necessitate a daily and constant supervision by an European Revenue officer who would keep account of the output of each distillery, wine in stock and issue permits for deliveries.\n\nDistillers would have to restrict the deliveries to fixed...",
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        "id": 427724,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-370 - Governor Sir Lugard & Public Offices - 1910 [12]",
        "page_number": 272,
        "title": "CO129-370 - Governor Sir Lugard & Public Offices - 1910 [12]",
        "content_text": "4\n\nIn conclusion, we give a list of the sugar factories now at work or commenced in Formosa :-\n\n  \n    Name.\n    Capital.\n    Production,\n    Dividend.\n    Remarks.\n  \n  \n    1. Taiwan Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (Taiwan Sugar Company, Limited)\n    12 Million yen.\n    3,210 Tons.\n    12 Per cent.\n    Shiro Fujita, president. The company is about to double its capital and to increase its production by 1,000 tons.\n  \n  \n    2. Ensuiko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    5\n    1,550\n    20\n    Taiji Arai, president. Will soon amalgamate with the Takasago Company, whereby its product will be increased by 1,000 tons. 1911 new machines with a capacity of producing 750 tons will be set up.\n  \n  \n    3. Meiji Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    5\n    750\n    11\n    \n  \n  \n    4. Toyo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    5\n    1,000\n    12\n    \n  \n  \n    5. Dai Nippon Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    10\n    1,000\n    \n    Zenkichi Ogawa, president. Is about to set up new machines with a capacity of 750 tons.\n  \n  \n    6. Takasago Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    \n    1,000\n    \n    Tsunemori Tokuhisa, president. Is also about to set up machines with a further capacity of 1,000 tons.\n  \n  \n    7. Toroku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    3\n    \n    \n    Baita Fujiyama, president, building machinery with capacity of 1,000 tons.\n  \n  \n    8. Teikoku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    3\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    9. Shiuko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    6+6\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    10. Niitaka Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    5\n    750\n    \n    Now building.\n  \n  \n    11. Byoritsu Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    0.5\n    #30\n    \n    Kichiyeraon Hamaguchi, president. Plant has a capacity of 800 tons.\n  \n  \n    12. Chuo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    5\n    \n    \n    Now being organised. President of organisation committee, Shusitsu Yamashita. Capacity of machinery, 750 tons.\n  \n  \n    13. Eiko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha.\n    \n    \n    \n    Kokinji Takashima, president. Has been working for nine years. Principal shareholders are Chinese and the Taiwan Ginko. Machinery of English and Japanese origin.\n  \n  \n    14. Hokko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    \n    \n    \n    Euju Ninomiya, president. A factory is being built. Its production will be raised to 3,000 tons.\n  \n  \n    15. Taihoku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    \n    \n    \n    Now being organised. President of committee, Kiyohideseki. city, 730 tons.\n  \n  \n    16. Shinchiku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    17. Formosa Sugar and Development Company, Limited.\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    18. Bain and Co's Hozan Mill.\n    \n    \n    \n    Both important concerns.\n  \n  \n    19. Lin Hon-gen.\n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n\nThe following companies are mostly in the incipient stage :-\n\n5\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n\"The Sugar Industry in Formosa,\" as published in the \"Japan Daily Herald\" of October 28 and 29, 1910.\n\n[Note.-Italicised letters within brackets refer to passages in (Enclosure 1).]\n\n66\n\nnewspaper extract\n\nyear, but for the coming season it has been raised to the equivalent of 150 yen per 100 kin. The form in which it is granted is as follows:-\n\nCost of sugar-cane shoots, up to 40 yen per kō (1 kō or kah = 24 acres). Last year's subsidy was 30 yen per kō.\n\nCost of fertilisers, up to 80 yen per kō. Last year's subsidy was 50 yen per kō.\n\nIrrigation or draining expenses, up to 50 per cent, of the cost of the work. The same as for last year.\n\nIt was estimated that the maximum amount receivable at last year's rates was 114 yen per 100 kin, usually spoken of as the 1-yen subsidy, while the rates for the coming season are expected to work out at 1.50 yen per 100 kin. It should be noted that this subsidy has to be granted afresh each year.\n\n[b.] There is a slip here. The rebate of 195 yen is a rebate on import tax, not on consumption tax. The law under which it is granted is as follows :-\n\n\"Law for drawback of tax on sugar imported as raw material.\" (Law No. 33 of March 1902 with amendments to the 24th March, 1909.)\n\nArticle 1. Persons who manufacture refined sugar or sugar-candy with Government sanction, using as raw material imported sugar of under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring, may apply to the Government for the grant of a sum of money calculated at the following rates on the quantity obtained by subtracting from the quantity of raw material sugar the quantity of sugar of under No. 15 standard which is produced at the time of manufacture :-\n\n1. When the manufactured article is supplied for consumption in the country-\n\n(a.) When the raw material sugar is under No. 8 Dutch standard colouring\n\n(b) When the raw material sugar is under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring\n\n2. When the manufactured article is exported abroad-\n\n(a.) When the raw material sugar is under No. 8 Dutch standard colouring\n\n(b.) When the raw material sugar is under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring\n\n1.45 yen per 100 kin.\n\n195 yen per 100 kin.\n\n1.65 yen per 100 kin.\n\n2.25 yen per 100 kin.\n\nThis application must be made within a year from the date of import. Persons manufacturing refined sugar without filtering it through animal charcoal cannot apply for a refund of tax under paragraph 1.\n\nHowever, cases where, with Government sanction, some process is employed in place of filtering through charcoal do not fall under this heading.\n\nArt. 2. Persons intending to apply for a refund of money under the preceding article must enclose with their application documents to prove that they have paid import duties.\n\nSupplementary Rules.\n\nArt. 3. This law shall come into force on the 1st October, 1902, and shall apply to raw material sugar which has paid import tax on or subsequent to that date.\n\nArt. 4. This law shall be in force until the 16th July, 1911. Supplementary Rule (Supplementary Rule to Law No. 12 of March 24, 1909.- This law shall come into force on the date of its promulgation.\n\nThe provisions of this law apply only to sugar which has paid import dues, and thus excludes Formosan sugar, which is admitted duty free. In practice, however, the\n\n257",
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    },
    {
        "id": 427727,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-370 - Governor Sir Lugard & Public Offices - 1910 [12]",
        "page_number": 275,
        "title": "CO129-370 - Governor Sir Lugard & Public Offices - 1910 [12]",
        "content_text": "In conclusion, we give a list of the sugar factories now at work or commenced in Formosa.\n\nName. Capital. Production. Dividend.\n\nName\nCapital (Million yen)\nProduction (Tons)\nDividend (Per cent)\nRemarks\n\n1. Taiwan Soito Kabushiki Kaisha (Taiwan Sugar Company, Limited)\n12\n8,210\n12\nShiro Fujita, president. The company is about to double its capital and to increase its production by 1,000 tons.\n\n2. Ensuiko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n5\n1,550\n20\nTaiji Arai, president. Will soon amalgamate with the Takasago Company, whereby its product will be increased by 1,000 tons. In 1911 new machines with a capacity of producing 750 tons will be set up.\n\n3. Meiji Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n...\n750\n11\nRaita Fujiyama, president. Also about to set up machines with a further capacity of 1,000 tons.\n\n4. Toyo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n5\n1,000\n12\nZenkichi Ogawa, president. Is about to set up new machines with a capacity of 750 tons.\n\n5. Dai Nippon Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n10\n1,000\n...\nTsunemori Tokuhisa, president.\n\n6. Takasago Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n21\n1,000\n...\nKichiyemon Hamaguchi, president.\n\n7. Toroku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n3\n...\n...\nNow building machinery with capacity of 1,000 tons.\n\n8. Teikoku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n3\n...\n...\nPlant has a capacity of 800 tons.\n\n9. Shinko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n6.6\n...\n...\nNow being organised. President of organisation committee, Shusitsu Yamashita. Capacity of machinery, 750 tons.\n\n10. Niitaka Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n5\n760\n...\nKokiaji Takashima, president. Has been working for nine years. Principal shareholders are Chinese and the Taiwan Ginko. Machinery of English and Japanese origin.\n\n11. Byoritsu Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n0.5\n350\n...\nEiju Ninomiya, president. A factory is being built. Its production will be raised to 3,000 tons.\n\n12. Chuo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha\n...\n...\n...\nNow being organised. President of committee, Kiyohideseki, capacity 750 tons.\n\nThe following companies are mostly in the incipient stage:--\n\n13. Eiko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha.\n\n14. Hokko Seito Kabushiki Kaisha, already organised with a capital of 3,000,000 yen, of which one quarter has been paid up. Head office at Osaka. Machinery of German and English origin.\n\n15. Taiboku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha, already organised. Machinery has been ordered from America.\n\n16. Shinchiku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha.\n\nTo complete the list of sugar companies we must add two English and one belonging to the well-known Chinese family Lin. These are\n\n17. Formosa Sugar and Development Company, Limited,\n\n18. Bain and Co.'s Hozan Mill. Both important concerns.\n\n19. Lin Hon-gen.\n\nComments on\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n“The Sugar Industry in Formosa,” as published in the “Japan Daily Herald” of October 28 and 29, 1910.\n\n[Note.—Italicised letters within brackets refer to passages in newspaper extract (Enclosure 1).]\n\n[a.] THIS “premium,” or rather subsidy, was 1 yen per 100 kin last year, but for the coming season it has been raised to the equivalent of 150 yen per 100 kin. The form in which it is granted is as follows:—\n\nCost of sugar-cane shoots, up to 40 yen per kō (1 kō or kah = 24 acres). Last year's subsidy was 30 yen per kō.\n\nCost of fertilisers, up to 80 yen per kō. Last year's subsidy was 50 yen per kō.\n\nIrrigation or draining expenses, up to 50 per cent. of the cost of the work. The same as for last year.\n\nIt was estimated that the maximum amount receivable at last year's rates was 114 yen per 100 kin, usually spoken of as the 1-yen subsidy, while the rates for the coming season are expected to work out at 150 yen per 100 kin. It should be noted that this subsidy has to be granted afresh each year.\n\n[b] There is a slip here. The rebate of 1.95 yen is a rebate on import tax, not on consumption tax. The law under which it is granted is as follows:—\n\nLaw for drawback of tax on sugar imported as raw material.” (Law No. 33 of March 1902 with amendments to the 24th March, 1909.)\n\nArticle 1. Persons who manufacture refined sugar or sugar-candy with Government sanction, using as raw material imported sugar of under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring, may apply to the Government for the grant of a sum of money calculated at the following rates on the quantity obtained by subtracting from the quantity of raw material sugar the quantity of sugar of under No. 15 standard which is produced at the time of manufacture :—\n\n1. When the manufactured article is supplied for consumption in the country—\n\n(a) When the raw material sugar is under No. 8 Dutch standard colouring\n\n(b) When the raw material sugar is under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring\n\n2. When the manufactured article is exported abroad—\n\n(a) When the raw material sugar is under No. 8 Dutch standard colouring\n\n(b) When the raw material sugar is under No. 15 Dutch standard colouring\n\n1.45 yen per 100 kin.\n\n1.95 yen per 100 kin.\n\n1.65 yen per 100 kin.\n\n2.25 yen per 100 kin.\n\nThis application must be made within a year from the date of import. Persons manufacturing refined sugar without filtering it through animal charcoal cannot apply for a refund of tax under paragraph 1.\n\nHowever, cases where, with Government sanction, some process is employed in place of filtering through charcoal do not fall under this heading.\n\nArt. 2. Persons intending to apply for a refund of money under the preceding article must enclose with their application documents to prove that they have paid import duties.\n\nSupplementary Rules.\n\nArt. 3. This law shall come into force on the 1st October, 1902, and shall apply to raw material sugar which has paid import tax on or subsequent to that date.\n\nArt. 4. This law shall be in force until the 16th July, 1911. Supplementary Rule (Supplementary Rule to Law No. 12 of March 24, 1909.— This law shall come into force on the date of its promulgation.\n\nThe provisions of this law apply only to sugar which has paid import dues, and thus excludes Formosan sugar, which is admitted duty free. In practice, however, the ...\n\nPage 270",
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        "id": 428318,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 243,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "Enclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Fulford to Messrs. Forbes and Co.\n\nGentlemen,\n\nTien-tsin, November 13, 1909. I BEG to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 8th instant asking me to endeavour to obtain for you exemption from inland taxation on beans and bean oil brought from Manchuria to Chin Wang Tao for export abroad.\n\nThe question is a complicated one, and you may not be aware of all the circumstances.\n\nThe freedom from such taxation in the case of beans and bean oil exported through Dairen and Newchwang arises from the status of the Japanese Manchurian Railway. The Japanese refuse to allow the Chinese authorities to levy any taxes on goods in conveyance by the railway. Consequently, if the beans can be brought to any railway station on the line without being taxed en route they escape all internal taxation and only pay export duty. From our foreign merchants' point of view this is a happy state of things in the advantages of which our British merchants at Dairen and Newchwang participate. The Chinese Manchurian authorities of course claim that the beans are liable to taxation on their way to a railway station or a treaty mart and will enforce the tax if they can. I may mention that the only tax leviable in such cases is a \"production tax\" or transit duty in lieu thereof.\n\nIf, on the other hand, the beans were to be conveyed by the Chinese railway to Chin Wang Tao, unless they were protected by transit passes, they would have to pay the Manchurian production tax, an Imperial Board of Revenue li-kin or tax of some sort at Kou Pang Tzu (this office is quite independent of Manchurian Government control), and also the Chilli li-kin when they come into this province.\n\nIt is hopeless to attempt to persuade the Chinese Government to waive these latter taxes, because they cannot collect taxes on the Japanese railway,\n\nIt is true that it would be for the benefit of the Chinese railway to do so, but Chinese Government departments are notoriously unsympathetic for each other's welfare, and their consent would, moreover, justify to some extent the Japanese action. The only way to do the business you propose is to take out transit passes for the beans and bean oil to bring them to Chin Wang Tao for export. This should free them of all internal taxation except the transit dues.\n\nFor instance, it should relieve them of the payment of Manchurian production tax. I do not suppose that by any means all of the bean products exported at Newchwang and Dairen escape this production tax. It is a moderate tax of 1 or 11/2 per cent. ad valorem.\n\nIf the export trade at Chin Wang Tao will not stand even the transit duty, I do not see any prospect of better terms.\n\nIf there be any difficulty about taking out transit passes as above described, I am quite prepared to fight the matter for you vigorously.\n\nI am, &c.\n\nH. E. FULFORD.\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n-241\n\nRece Recf18 FEB 10 [January 25.]\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[2875]\n\n(No. 7.)\n\nSir,\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSECTION 3.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received January 25.)\n\nPeking, January 6, 1910. IN my despatch No. 564 of the 16th December, 1908, I reported that the British American Tobacco Company desired to consolidate all the various dues leviable upon their cigarettes and manufactured tobacco exported from Mukden to any place in Manchuria, and had suggested that this consolidated duty should be at the rate of a duty and a-half, viz., 6·75 mace per picul.\n\nSince that date the proposal has been the subject of considerable correspondence, the course of which has been as follows :——\n\nThe first suggestion of the company was, from the very outset, not considered practicable, and their Shanghae manager, both in conversation with me and His Majesty's consul-general at Mukden, stated that the interests of the Mukden factory would best be served by an adoption of the procedure obtaining with regard to the factories at Hankow and Shanghae. According to this procedure, which is in the nature of a concession, and was obtained by Sir Ernest Satow in 1904, the export duty levied on the cigarettes manufactured by the company is to be the same as that paid on prepared tobacco, viz., 4 mace 5 candareens per 100 catties; in the event of the goods being shipped to another treaty port the coast trade duty of one-half this amount must be paid, and, if there is a further shipment into the interior, customs dues must be paid at customs stations and li-kin at li-kin barriers.\n\nMr. Willis accordingly applied to the local authorities in December 1908 for an extension of these terms to the factory at Mukden. They replied that they were prepared to arrange for a uniform rate of 5 per cent. ad valorem throughout the three Eastern provinces. This offer was declined by the company, and Mr. Fulford, who was temporarily in charge of the consulate-general, again asked that the procedure should be adopted which exists at Hankow and Shanghae. This second request was referred to the Wai-wu Pu, and his Excellency the Viceroy later informed Mr. Willis that it had his support.\n\nAs no reply, however, was forthcoming from the Central Government, I addressed a memorandum to the Wai-wu Pu on the 12th July last, copy of which I have the honour to enclose, and on the 9th August I received a reply, copy of which is also enclosed, accepting the proposal. Subsequently, however, in their enclosed memorandum of the 9th September last, the Wai-wu Pu went back upon their previous decision, and suggested the 5 per cent. ad valorem duty which had already been refused by the company. The reason for this change of front is no doubt to be sought in the representations made at the time by the new Viceroy, who disagreed with his predecessor's opinion, as reported in Mr. Willis's enclosed despatch No. 31 of the 17th August last. I replied to the Wai-wu Pu on the 15th September that I was unable to agree to a revocation of the arrangement already accepted. At the same time, I informed His Majesty's consul-general that, although I was obliged to maintain this attitude officially, I should welcome any arrangement satisfactory to the parties concerned, and that if, as indicated in a private letter from Mr. Willis to me, the company were now anxious to adopt the proposal of a 5 per cent. duty, he should support them in their endeavour to obtain a settlement on this basis.\n\nFrom Mr. Willis's latest despatch (No. 64 of the 20th December), you will observe that the divergence of policy on the part of the company has been due to a difference of opinion between the managers of their branches at Shanghae and Mukden, but the London office of the company have now apparently decided to adopt the point of view of the Shanghae manager, and press for the procedure obtaining at Shanghae and Hankow.\n\nI shall therefore do all I can to keep the Wai-wu Pu to the engagement recorded in their memorandum of the 9th August.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n[Enclosures not printed.]\n\n[2605 b6-3]",
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        "page_number": 377,
        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "2\n\ncommission, and we entirely agree with the view that in combating the evils attendant on the abuse of opium, it is essential that these resolutions should be taken as the starting point, and attention concentrated on the best means, whether by individual or by joint action, of carrying them to a practical conclusion.\n\n4. We may pause to emphasise this point as it is avowedly the foundation of the proposal now before us. The Shanghai Commission originated in the desire of other Powers to help China in her task of eradicating the opium habit in her own territory: and in a general feeling that so striking an initiative on the part of an Eastern Government imposed on more advanced administrations the duty of undertaking a re-examination of the opium question as it affected themselves. That question, as was admirably stated by the president of the commission in his opening address, had passed (or should have passed) from the \"emotional\" to the \"scientific stage when men deal with ascertained fact, and on the basis of ascertained fact reach certain conclusions of a practical character.\" The commission was prepared for its task by previous investigation on the part of the delegates; its freedom from any predominant pre-opium bias was secured by the diversity of interest represented, and by the admission of Powers possessing no substantial interests in the question at all; and the British delegates, and as far as can be gathered most others, were left by their respective Governments with almost unfettered discretion as to the selection and treatment of questions for discussion. The commission's findings were summed up in nine unanimous resolutions, intended to be the basis of future action by the different countries concerned. The question whether, and to what extent, that action involves international co-operation and renewed international discussion must obviously be determined by reference to the actual resolutions.\n\n5. The first of these, acknowledging the sincerity of China's efforts is one which must naturally carry great weight with His Majesty's Government, but calls for no further discussion at The Hague. The second advised the gradual suppression of \"opium smoking\" with due regard to the varying circumstances of each country concerned.\" The third invited each country to re-examine its own system of opium regulation in the light of the systems in force elsewhere; but it recognised the wide variations between the conditions prevailing in the different countries\" and abstained from recommending any one uniform system for universal adoption. These two important resolutions evidently contemplate individual as distinct from co-operative action; indeed the domestic subjects with which they deal are obviously unsuitable for international treatment. The same remarks apply for the most part to the minor resolutions (Nos. 7, 8, and 9), relating to the regulation of opium in foreign settlements and concessions in China.\n\nupon\n\n6. The United States Government, while purporting to take its stand on the basis of fact as determined by the Shanghai Commission,\" proposes that these matters shall not be dealt with separately by each country concerned, or on the spot by their local representatives, but shall come before the suggested conference; and that the conference shall then consider, as regards production, manufacture, and distribution, the advisability of prescribing uniformity where the commission admitted variety. No attempt has been made to justify the re-examination of findings which were so recently pronounced that, at the time when the present proposals must have been framed, the report of last year's commission had not left the printing-press at Shanghai. To take only a single branch of the subject—the question of opium production—India herself possesses two wholly distinct and unassimilable systems of regulation. China cannot regulate but hopes in the future to extirpate. Persia possesses no system at all, and Turkey did not participate in the original commission. On what grounds of proved necessity and by what methods are these administrations to be brought into line? It is certain that they will not be brought into line. India has no intention of altering her own systems. China's course is already marked out, and production in Turkey and Persia, in spite of any pronouncements of any conference, will in all probability be left unregulated as at present.\n\n7. The sixth resolution of the Shanghai Commission recommended the scientific investigation of anti-opium remedies and of the properties and effects of opium and its products. This question was declared by the Chinese representative, whose remarks were endorsed by the American delegation, to be \"only second in importance to the suppression of opium in China.” We are therefore surprised to find that this recommendation is neither referred to in the circular letter nor included even indirectly in the wide scope of the suggested programme.\n\nOur own view is that, while there can of course be no objection in principle to a joint scientific enquiry, the best results are likely to be obtained by independent research. Owing, however, to the practical\n\n[\n\n3\n\nabsence in this country of the \"opium habit\" in the ordinary sense, and to the fact that smoking is not ordinarily practised, we are not closely concerned in the discovery of an anti-opium remedy.\n\n8. The fifth resolution dealt with morphine, and it is evident that in the spread of the morphine habit and its disastrous effects the Shanghai Commission found the greatest menace to the success of China's efforts and grave danger to the eastern possessions of other countries. The commission held, and our own experience confirms their conclusion, that this evil cannot be efficiently controlled except at the source, i.e., in the stages of manufacture and of distribution in the manufacturing countries. In this belief they strongly urged on such countries the obligation to enforce drastic measures of control. We infer that the American programme is intended to include this matter by implication, though it is given no separate place or prominence. But before joint action can be taken or can be shown to be required it will rest with the Governments concerned to decide individually whether, in the interests of Oriental peoples, they are prepared to impose severe restrictions on manufacture and trade in their home territories; and they will also have to undertake the necessary preliminary enquiries into trade conditions. We are not hopeful of any effective action being taken until this question is extricated from the mass of agenda enumerated in the American circular and restored to the prominent position which the Shanghai Commission rightly assigned to it.\n\nA\n\nWe may add that, though India is already concerned in this question, and may in the future be most gravely concerned as a field for illicit importation, no private trading interests in India are involved in its settlement, the only morphine manufactured in India being produced at the Government factory for legitimate medical purposes. A small quantity is sold in the London wholesale market by the agents of Government, and any general restrictions on such sales of the kind contemplated in the resolution would of course be readily accepted and observed.\n\n9. In their remaining resolution (No. 4) the Shanghai Commission urged on countries exporting opium \"the duty to adopt reasonable measures to prevent at ports of departure\" the shipment of opium, &c., to prohibitionist countries. We are prepared to prohibit the export of opium to such countries under section 19 of the Sea Customs Act and to take all reasonable supplementary measures required to make this prohibition effective. The ports at which opium can be shipped for export are already limited to Bombay and Calcutta, and export is only permitted under Government supervision and regulations. The transmission of opium abroad through the post was prohibited until 1906, when the prohibition was withdrawn on technical grounds; we have no objection, so far as India is concerned, to its restoration. As regards packing and identification marks, each variety of our Bengal opium (Patna and Benares) has its own uniform marks, which are known throughout the Far East. The same is the case with Malwa opium. This practically disposes of the various propositions into which the United States circular expands this resolution of the Shanghai Commission, with the exception of the proposal to discuss the advisability of reciprocal right of search of vessels and of measures to prevent the unlawful use of a flag. These last suggestions appear to contemplate a flagrant illicit oversea traffic such as does not in fact exist, and cannot come into being, so far as shipments from India are concerned. So long as China continues, as she still does, to produce large quantities of opium, the movements of which she can only imperfectly control, and other areas in the Far East are also large consumers of opium, there must of course be some leakage into the Philippines, where the United States Government, under considerable geographical disadvantages, are endeavouring to enforce prohibition. If, however, China persists in her present policy of abolition, and the Powers concerned in the Far East accept and put into effect the resolution against opium-smoking which their representatives unanimously adopted at Shanghai, the remedy will come automatically. For the present it appears to us that an international conference dealing with this question will effect nothing more than could readily be settled by ordinary diplomatic methods.\n\n10. To sum up, on a review of the entire proposals in their relation to the recommendations of the Shanghai Commission, we do not find that they conform to the principle laid down in the circular letter, i.e., the acceptance of the commission's findings as the basis of fact on which alone practical action in the future can be hopefully founded. Further, a principal object of the proposals appears to us to be not Co-operation in matters of legitimate joint concern, but the establishment of an international censorship in matters of purely individual concern. Finally, the proposed conference, if it keeps within its proper limits, will, we think, find little practical scope for its activities, and the proposal to convene such an assembly at once appears to us to\n\n[2812 -1]\n\nB 2\n\n374",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910.txt",
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    {
        "id": 434258,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 259,
        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## security for their redemption in defiance of the regulations issued by the Ministry of Finance, with the sanction of the Chinese Government, on the 29th July, 1909. The following private Chinese banks have to my knowledge failed recently owing to their being unable to cash their own notes issued by them without proper security :----\n\nThe Tek Boan Cheang Bank, Swatow;  \nThe Ewo Bank, Swatow;  \nand it is possible that other banks in other parts of China have failed for the same reason. Chinese and foreigners alike are affected by the financial crisis thus created, and in the interests of the trade of the colony I would ask you to draw the most serious attention of the Chinese Government to the disastrous consequences of the blind disregard of regulations, the observance of which prudence, if nothing else, should have dictated.\n\nI have, &c.  \n**F. H. MAY, Officer administering the Government**\n\n### Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n#### Extract from the \"South China Morning Post\" of October 19, 1910\n\n## Commencement of the Minting of Subsidiary Coinage\n\nTHE Canton mint or currency factory has, since the 5th moon, stopped minting all coins, and the expenditure for its upkeep has run short, all the surplus funds and odds and ends of metal left on the ground of the mint having all been exhausted during the last two months.\n\nAt present, on account of the tightness of the money market, the chief and assistant directors of the currency factory have telegraphed to the Board of Finance to ask for instructions whether or not the minting of the 20-cent subsidiary coins should be forthwith commenced for use and circulation to meet the demand of the market. Now, the Board of Finance has sent them a telegram in reply allowing the minting to be commenced forthwith. All the officers, workmen, and coolies belonging to this currency factory have, according to the board's directions, proceeded this day to the factory to start work for coining the 20-cent silver pieces.\n\n## Bank Guild's Circular on Kwangtung Notes\n\nThe public is hereby notified that owing to the tightness of the money market, caused by the Canton Yuen Fung Yun Bank being implicated by the failure of the Shanghae Yuen Fung Yun, this guild yesterday received instructions from high authorities that large sums of money have been advanced from the Government fund and deposited with the different banks of this guild in order to effect a free circulation in the market. This guild has passed a resolution that for all exchanges, receipts, and payments in the banks of this guild, Canton Government notes shall be used for the convenience of all concerned. At present the Canton market is as peaceful as ever.\n\nAnyone who wishes to obtain any cash money for his use may apply to any one of the banks of this guild for exchange of same at his own choice. This is a special notice for general information.\n\nNotified by the Chung Shun Tong, guild of native banks, at Kwongchow. Dated the 13th day, 9th moon, 2nd year of Suen Tung.\n\n## Official Notification\n\nChan, provincial treasurer of Kwangtung province, in the matter of issuing a notification for general information. Whereas the notes of the three denominations, viz., 10 dollars, 5 dollars, and 1 dollar, at 7 maces and 2 candareens to a dollar, or at par with the subsidiary coins on exchange, which are issued by the Canton Government Bank, and on the back of which are printed all the conditions under which they are to be used as a currency, have been hitherto accepted and used with confidence by all people; whereas owing to the Yuen Fung Yun Bank having suspended payments, some law-defying bad characters have recently invented stories saying that the Government Bank has been affected by the Yuen Fung Yun's failure, thus befooling the ignorant people and making profits out of them by collecting the Canton Government notes at a discount of 10 or 20 per cent. from them and obtaining the full value on exchanging them from the Government Bank, and some of these bad characters even refuse to accept these notes on purpose; whereas these people do not know that the Government Bank is a public establishment, is quite different from the Yuen Fung Yun, which is a merchant's firm, and which has no connection whatever with the Government; and whereas all cunning traders and wily merchants, who for the sake of seeking their own profits spoil the interests of the whole community by fabricating rumours and unfounded stories to deceive them should be arrested, prosecuted, and punished so as to remove the doubts of all people; it is proper that a notification be issued for general information besides giving instructions to all local officials for their arrest.\n\nWherefore by virtue of this notification all classes of people in the whole province are enjoined to take notice that all these Government notes in dollars of 7 maces and 2 candareens each, for which there is a sufficient amount of hard money kept in reserve, are just as good as cash money, and are allowed to be used in payments of all Government funds, and if any one dare make a discount on them or refuse to accept them when presented for payment, he is liable to be prosecuted and severely punished.\n\n### Enclosure 4 in No. 1\n\n#### Extract from the \"Gazette\" of July 29, 1909\n\n## Provisional Regulations issued by the Ministry of Finance, with the Imperial Sanction, for controlling the Issue of Chinese Bank Notes. (Translation.)\n\n1. THE notes affected by these regulations are bank notes, whether printed or in writing, for integral sums, containing neither the name of the payee, nor the date, nor place of payment, i.e., currency notes.\n\n2. Notes in writing which include fractional amounts or which bear the name of payee and the date and place of payment, i.e., cheques and drafts, do not come under these regulations.\n\n3. Before any bank is allowed to issue currency notes, five substantial guarantors must be obtained in the shape of other banks, who will be bound to make good the value of the notes in the event of any loss. But officially-established banks are not thus restricted.\n\n4. Cash shops with sign boards, which issue cash notes, as well as other sorts of notes, are allowed temporarily to continue as before issuing notes, provided they can obtain five reliable mercantile firms to guarantee in case of loss to make good the value of the notes issued. But such cash shops, in addition to sending in reports to the local officials for transmission to the board, as required by the rules of the exchange bureau, must obey the new regulations as regards all matters affecting the issue of notes.\n\n5. All banks at present issuing bank notes, and not registered, shall, within six months from the date of the receipt of the despatch, at once take steps to collect the capital, and must apply to the local authorities for registration at the board. After the expiration of the time limit, the banks which have not thus applied for registration will be compelled to withdraw all their notes from circulation within a stated period, and will be fined by the local officials in accordance with regulation No. 18.\n\n6. All firms other than banks now issuing bank notes must gradually call in their whole issue by the end of the 5th moon of 1910. Those firms who have been unable to call in their whole issue within the time limit are allowed to establish banks separately from their business, and to register such banks in accordance with the regulations.\n\n7. No bank or firm carrying on a banking business, whether official or mercantile, opened after the publication of these regulations, shall issue bank notes.\n\n8. After the publication of these regulations those banks permitted to issue notes must not let their issue exceed the amount of notes at present in circulation.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911.txt",
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    {
        "id": 434276,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 277,
        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## interests of the already depreciated silver coinage of the province which will be further depreciated by any fresh issues of coin.\n\n2. The financial crisis at present existing is, as your Excellency is no doubt aware, largely due to the issue of bank notes by private Chinese banks without proper security for their redemption, in defiance of the regulations issued by the Ministry of Finance with the sanction of the Chinese Government on the 29th July, 1909. The following private Chinese banks have to my knowledge failed recently owing to their being unable to cash their own notes issued by them without proper security:\n\n| Bank Name | Location |\n| --- | --- |\n| The Tek Boan Cheang Bank | Swatow |\n| The Ewo Bank | Swatow |\n\nand it is possible that other banks in other parts of China have failed for the same reason. Chinese and foreigners alike are affected by the financial crisis thus created, and in the interests of the trade of the colony, I would ask you to draw the most serious attention of the Chinese Government to the disastrous consequences of the blind disregard of regulations, the observance of which prudence, if nothing else, should have dictated.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**F. H. MAY**,  \nOfficer administering the Government.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nExtract from \"South China Morning Post\" of October 19, 1910.\n\n### Commencement of the Minting of Subsidiary Coinage\n\nThe Canton mint or currency factory has since the 5th moon stopped minting all coins, and the expenditure for its upkeep has run short, all the surplus fund and odds and ends of metal left on the ground of the mint having all been exhausted during the last two months.\n\nAt present, on account of the tightness of the money market, the chief and assistant directors of the currency factory have telegraphed to the Board of Finance to ask for instructions whether or not the minting of the 20-cent subsidiary coins should be forthwith commenced for use and circulation to meet the demand of the market. Now, the Board of Finance has sent them a telegram in reply allowing the minting to be commenced forthwith. All the officers, workmen, and coolies belonging to this currency factory have, according to the board's directions, proceeded this day to the factory to start work for coining the 20-cent silver pieces.\n\n### Bank Guild's Circular on Kwangtung Notes\n\nThe public is hereby notified that owing to the tightness of the money market, caused by the Canton Yuen Fung Yun Bank being implicated by the failure of the Shanghai Yuen Fung Yun, this guild yesterday received instructions from high authorities that large sums of money have been advanced from the Government fund and deposited with the different banks of this guild in order to effect a free circulation in the market. This guild has passed a resolution that for all exchanges, receipts, and payments in the banks of this guild, Canton Government notes shall be used for the convenience of all concerned. At present, the Canton market is as peaceful as ever. Anyone who wishes to obtain any cash money for his use may apply to any one of the banks of this guild for exchange of same at his own choice. This is a special notice for general information.\n\nNotified by the Chung Shun Tong, guild of native banks, at Kwongchow. Dated 13th day, 9th moon, 2nd year of Suen Tung.\n\n### Official Notification\n\nChan, provincial treasurer of Kwangtung province, in the matter of issuing a notification for general information.\n\nWhereas the notes of the three denominations, viz., 10 dollars, 5 dollars, and 1 dollar, at 7 maces and 2 candareens to a dollar, or at par with the subsidiary coins on exchange, which are issued by the Canton Government Bank, and on the back of which are printed all the conditions under which they are to be used as a currency, have been hitherto accepted and used with confidence by all people; whereas owing to the Yuen Fung Yun Bank having suspended payments, some law-defying bad characters have recently invented stories saying that the Government bank has been affected by the Yuen Fung Yun's failure, thus befooling the ignorant people and making profits out of them by collecting the Canton Government notes at a discount of 10 or 20 per cent. from them and obtaining the full value on exchanging them from the Government bank, and some of these bad characters even refuse to accept these notes on purpose; whereas these people do not know that the Government bank is a public establishment, is quite different from the Yuen Fung Yun, which is a merchant's firm and which has no connection whatever with the Government; and whereas all cunning traders and wily merchants who for the sake of seeking their own profits spoil the interests of the whole community by fabricating rumours and unfounded stories to deceive them should be arrested, prosecuted, and punished, so as to remove the doubts of all people; it is proper that a notification be issued for general information besides giving instructions to all local officials for their arrest.\n\nWherefore by virtue of this notification, all classes of people in the whole province are enjoined to take notice that all these Government notes in dollars of 7 maces and 2 candareens each, for which there is a sufficient amount of hard money kept in reserve, are just as good as cash money and are allowed to be used in payments of all Government funds, and if anyone dare make a discount on them or refuse to accept them when presented for payment, he is liable to be prosecuted and severely punished.\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\n**Mr. Max Müller to Acting Governor Sir F. May.**\n\nSir,\n\nPeking, November 9, 1910.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch of the 24th ultimo, in which you ask me to move the Chinese Government to suspend at the earliest possible moment the permission accorded to the Canton mint to resume temporarily the coinage of 20-cent pieces.\n\nWhilst I fully appreciate the arguments adduced in your despatch, I feel that the Chinese Government might, with some justice, resent my interference in a matter of this kind, and I regret that I do not see my way to intervene in the sense desired by you without instructions from Sir Edward Grey, to whom I shall forward copies of this correspondence.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**W. G. MAX MÜLLER**.  \n275",
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    {
        "id": 434487,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 488,
        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure 1 in No. 1\n### Acting Consul-General Willis to Sir J. Jordan\n\nMukden, January 9, 1911.\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 7 of the 16th February last, and previous correspondence as to the taxation to be levied on the products of the British-American company's factory at Mukden, I have the honour to report as follows:-\n\nOn the 17th August Mr. Han, the commissioner of the Foreign Board, addressed to me a despatch (copy enclosed), in which he repeated his former arguments in favour of a general tax of 5 per cent. ad valorem, and threatened that if these terms were not agreed to the provincial authorities would be compelled to increase the production tax on raw tobacco.\n\nI replied to the commissioner on the 21st September to the effect that it would not be possible for the Mukden factory to compete with the Shanghai establishment on a 5 per cent. scale of taxation, and if this was insisted upon there would be no alternative but to close the factory. I added that the question was in the hands of His Majesty's Minister, and therefore I could not on my own responsibility accept anything but the Shanghai and Hankow terms. If, however, the commissioner could see his way to propose a compromise between the 5 per cent. ad valorem basis and the Shanghai conditions, I would be willing to submit it for your consideration.\n\nAt the same time, I handed the commissioner a memorandum, copy of which in Chinese and English is enclosed herewith, in which I gave figures showing clearly that a 5 per cent. charge rendered it impossible for the Mukden factory to compete with the other establishments of the tobacco company in Manchuria open marts, and as a compromise, I suggested for his consideration:\n\n1. Shanghai terms to be granted on shipments to all points in China proper.\n2. A uniform tax of 1 tael per picul on all goods sold in Manchuria, irrespective of treaty or non-treaty mart.\n\nI ascertained, by telegraphic communication with the London office of the tobacco company, that this arrangement would be acceptable to them.\n\nDuring the past three months, I have had several conversations with Mr. Han on this subject. The local taxation on cigarettes in Manchuria averages rather more than 10 per cent., ad valorem; and, from the first, Mr. Han has said the revenue departments would never agree to abandon this scale outside the treaty mart limits. He also has drawn attention to the difficulty in the interior of differentiating between the products of the various establishments of the tobacco factory. About the middle of last month, Mr. Han told me that he had, after great difficulty, obtained the consent of the Kirin and Hei Lung Chiang treasurers to the tax of 1 tael within treaty mart limits, and he hoped that I would urge the company to accept this as a compromise, and endeavour to obtain your approval. We had some conversation as to the exact significance of \"limits of the treaty marts,\" which ended in my saying that any proposal would be rejected unless it was made quite clear that the payment of 1 tael freed goods inside the cities of the open marts and the adjoining suburbs from all payments whatever.\n\nOn the 30th December, Mr. Han addressed to me a letter in the sense of this conversation, copy of which is enclosed.\n\nI communicated Mr. Han's proposal informally to Mr. Heuckendorff, the local manager of the tobacco company, and asked him to ascertain, by telegraph, the views of his director upon it. Mr. Heuckendorff called on me on the 7th instant, and informed me that the London Board still wished to press for the Shanghai terms, as promised long ago by the Revenue Council.\n\nI told Mr. Heuckendorff that I considered the present proposal of the Manchuria Government a reasonable compromise. The provincial authorities had never accepted the ruling of the Revenue Council in this matter, and I regarded it as unlikely that the central Government would force the Shanghai terms on the Viceroy against his will. I also drew attention to Mr. Han's argument as to the number and proximity of the open marts.\n\nThe main contention of the company up to the present had been that under a 5 per cent. ad valorem payment, it would be impossible to compete against the Shanghai factory in open marts. By their own admission, when they agreed to the proposal set out in my memorandum of the 19th September, a payment of 1 tael would not place the Mukden factory at any disadvantage, and if they could compete in open marts, they would obviously be able to do so in the interior. Further, a tax of 1 tael per picul is, on the average quality of cigarettes made by the Mukden factory, not more than 2 per cent. ad valorem.\n\nI added that if the company rejected this proposal, it was in my opinion useless to continue negotiations here, and I should have no choice but to again refer the question to the legation.\n\nI understood from Mr. Heuckendorff that he would telegraph my views to his London directors.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nROBERT WILLIS.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n### Foreign Board to Acting Consul-General Willis\n\nMukden, August 17, 1910.\n\nWITH reference to the duties which it is proposed to levy on cigarettes manufactured by the British and American Tobacco Company, and in continuation of my despatch No. 23, in which I pointed out that, owing to the number and proximity of the various centres open to trade in Manchuria, it was impossible to adopt the practice prevailing at Shanghai and Hankow, I have now the honour to inform you that after comparing the different descriptions and values of cigarettes manufactured here by the company, I find that in no case would the duty levied under this system amount to as much as 1 per cent. of their value.\n\nThe quantity of cigarettes actually sold by the company in the interior is, we are informed, quite insignificant, and the amount levied in li-kin from this source need hardly be taken into consideration. It is further to be remembered that Manchuria is itself a tobacco-producing province. Tobacco can be purchased direct from the producer and is only subject to a production tax of 16 cash per pound, after payment of which it is immediately available for the manufacture of cigarettes. In Shanghai and Hankow, on the other hand, the raw material is either imported from abroad or is purchased from other provinces. It is subject to import duties and to li-kin during the various stages of its transit to its destination. These duties reach a much higher figure than they do in Manchuria.\n\nThe proposal now put forward for your consideration, viz., that the company should, by a single payment, secure themselves against all further taxation, would appear to be calculated to give satisfaction both to the company and to the Chinese Government, particularly in the future, when the company extend their business in the interior.\n\nA table has been prepared showing the different descriptions of cigarettes and their values, and I have the honour to express the hope that you will see your way to consent to the tax suggested in my previous despatch that I may be in a position to approach the Viceroy in the matter.\n\nIf the company refuse to agree to this suggestion, I can see no alternative but to increase the amount of the production tax in order to make up the loss sustained by the revenue. I shall be glad to be furnished with your views in the matter.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n### Memorandum respecting Taxation on Cigarettes manufactured in British-American Tobacco Factory at Mukden\n\n-(Handed by Acting Consul-General Willis to Mr. Han, September 17, 1910.)\n\nIT is maintained that it would be difficult for the Mukden factory to compete with the Pootung factory, even if the taxes were identical, and that with a 5 per cent. ad valorem tax, it would be impossible, and there would be no alternative but to close the Mukden factory.\n\n[1909 u-5]\n\nB 2 \n\n486",
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    {
        "id": 434488,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 489,
        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## 487\n\nThe following figures are given by the tobacco company in support of this contention.\n\n\"Red sweetheart\" branch is manufactured at both factories.\n\n|  | Dol. | c. |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Present cost of production at Shanghai | 47 | 65 |\n| Freight and charges to Mukden | 4 | 33 |\n| Average cost of production at Mukden | 51 | 98 |\n|  | 56 | 72 |\n| A difference in favour of Pootung of.. | 4 | 74 |\n| If 3 per cent. duty is added.. | 2 | 83 |\n|  | 7 | 56 |\n\nAt it... it would cost 7 dols. 56 c. more to turn out a case of \"red sweetheart Mukden than to bring the case from Shanghai and put it on the Mukden market.\n\nIt is to be presumed that the cost of production at Mukden would gradually be reduced, but in any case the products could not pay.\n\n|  | Dol. | c. |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| E.g., cost of shipping one case to Mukden is (including duty) | 4 | 33 |\n| Cost of shipping leaf and material so that the cigarettes may be made at Mukden | 3 | 00 |\n|  | 1 | 38 |\n| Difference in favour of Mukden |  |  |\n\nHence it seems clear that if the Mukden duty exceeds 1 dol. 33 c., the Mukden factory cannot compete with Pootung in the treaty marts in Manchuria, even if cost of production becomes equal.\n\nThe trade in Manchuria in non-treaty marts is inconsiderable, and hence the advantage the Mukden factory would gain by payment of 5 per cent. here against the ordinary i-kin payable by the Pootung factory is so small that it may be neglected.\n\nHis Britannic Majesty's Consul-General is unable on his own responsibility to assent to any proposal but the Pootung terms, but if the commissioner will submit a compromise to him he is willing to refer it for the consideration of His Majesty's Minister.\n\nHe would ask the commissioner to consider the following proposals:----\n\n1. Pootung terms to be granted for cigarettes made in Mukden and shipped to any treaty port or interior place in China proper.\n2. A uniform tax of 1 tael per picul on all goods sold in Manchuria irrespective of treaty or non-treaty mart.\n\nClause 1 is essential.\n\nAs regards clause 2, this is an increase of 325 tael per picul on the Pootung terms for goods shipped to treaty ports, or very nearly 50 per cent. The trade to non-treaty marts is infinitesimal at present.\n\nNote. The present sales of the tobacco company in Manchuria are estimated roughly at 2,000 cases a-month, not more than one tenth of which are produced by the Mukden factory.\n\nand to receive a pass under which they may be transported to other treaty marts without further payment.\n\n2. Outside the limits of the treaty-marts, whether the goods are in the hands of Chinese or foreigners, local taxation must be paid in accordance with the regulation of the province.\n3. Cigarettes not made at Mukden but imported from other ports, having paid the export duty, must, in accordance with existing regulations, continue to pay the half-duty, and if not in possession of documents proving such payment, must submit to be fined.\n4. Goods made in the Mukden factory for export to other provinces outside Manchuria, for example Tien-tsin, to pay 45 tacl per picul on leaving the factory, and to receive a stamped document.\n\nAs to this clause, and as to the arrangement for issuing the documents, whether by the Mukden Commissioner of Customs or other authority, it will be necessary to wait until the Viceroy has referred the matter to the Revenue Council.\n\n5. Other British merchants bringing cigarettes into Manchuria which are not made in Mukden must pay duties in accordance with existing regulations.\n6. Native products purchased in Manchuria by the tobacco company must pay duty in accordance with existing or future regulations.\n7. Should there in future be a general revision of the taxation imposed on cigarettes in China, this scheme must be submitted for alteration at the same time.\n\nThe above proposals are now submitted by the commissioner for consideration. If the consul-general is in agreement with them, the commissioner would ask for a reply, so that he may be in position to ask the Viceroy for his approval.\n\n## Enclosure 5 in No. 1\n\n### Acting Consul-General Willis to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n**(No. 3.)** Sir,\n\nMukden, January 11, 1911.\n\nWITH reference to the concluding paragraph of my immediately preceding despatch, I have the honour to state that Mr. Heuckendorff, the local manager of the British and American Tobacco Company, called on me yesterday afternoon and informed me that he had telegraphed my views to the London directors of the company. He was in receipt of their reply, which was to the effect that they saw no reason why they should pay an increased tax in Manchurian open marts, unless they gained some advantage in the interior, and they therefore wished to obtain the same arrangement for their Mukden factory as for their other establishments in China.\n\nI again told Mr. Heuckendorff that in this case it was quite useless for me to make any further representations here, and that the legation was fully informed of the details of my recent negotiations.\n\nI would, however, request your instructions as to the sense in which I should answer Mr. Han's despatch of the 30th ultimo.\n\nI am forwarding herewith copy of the Chinese text of this letter, which was inadvertently omitted from my previous despatch.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nROBERT WILLIS,\n\n### (Translation) Sir,\n\n## Enclosure 4 in No. 1\n\n### Mr. Han to Acting Consul-General Willis,\n\nMukden, December 30, 1910.\n\nWITH the reference to the long outstanding question of the taxation to be levied on the products of the Mukden factory of the British-American Tobacco Company, in view of the special conditions in Manchuria. I now have the honour to suggest the following scheme:--\n\n1. The open marts in Manchuria are numerous, and situated not far from one another; there are, further, no li-kin barriers between them, and the conditions are not similar to those at Shanghai and Hankow. Products of the Mukden factory on export from Mukden to points within the limits of the Manchurian open marts therefore to pay a single tax of 1 tael per picul on leaving the Mukden factory,",
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    {
        "id": 438243,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-391 - Acting Governor Claud Severn Governor Sir May - 1912 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 12,
        "title": "CO129-391 - Acting Governor Claud Severn Governor Sir May - 1912 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "tendency duo to heavy crops being anticipated in the main sugar producing centres. This affected prices unprofitably in Hongkong and the East. Later a reaction in prices took place due to shortness in the European beet crops, and values mounted up here in common with other parts of the world, but the more prosperous results, which these circumstances placed within the reach of the Hongkong refineries, were nullified by the outbreak of the Revolution, which reduced local demand to a minimum.\n\nCotton Spinning--Owing to the high prices required for cotton during the early part of last year, it was impossible to work at a profit and one mill was closed for nine months. Towards the end of the year the Revolution in China dislocated business and the outlook is still unsatisfactory.\n\nRope Manufacturing--There is very little requiring special comment, and the trade for the year has gone on without any distinguishing feature. The power of absorption of the local and adjacent markets seems to vary very little. The price of hemp has been fairly steady throughout the year, the extreme fluctuation not exceeding $3 per picul in Manila.\n\nCement.---There has been a fair demand throughout the year.\n\nBrewing--The Oriental Brewery, of which hopes of success were confidently expressed in 1910, was unfortunately unable to compete with other breweries and has passed into liquidation.\n\n(ii)--Under Chinese Management.\n\nRattan and Fibre Furniture.--Business showed a slight falling off. There are forty-one firms, large and small, in the trade.\n\nNative Tobacco.--There are twenty-six factories in existence. Business is still unsatisfactory owing to the competition in China of foreign tobacco corporations and the sale of foreign cigarettes. The local tobacco crops were fairly good.\n\nTin Goods.--This business increased moderately, and considerable exports have been made to Annam and Singapore.\n\nSamshu--The local manufacturers of native spirits report having had a good year. The total local output of all kinds of native spirits (including the New Territories) was nearly 1,100,000 gallons, as against 800,000 gallons in 1910. This increase is due to a decrease in import from China consequent on the recent unrest.\n\nVinegar--All the large native distilleries produce vinegar as well as Samshu. The yearly output of the seven largest firms amounted to some 850,000 gallons. The figures given for 1910 (two million gallons) were probably wrong.\n\nKnitted Vests and Socks.--There are five factories in existence. A large local demand, which has lately still further increased, exists for these articles.\n\nPage 9\n\nLeather. There are eight local tanneries. The high price of hides affected the business adversely, and the volume of trade fell off by about 10%.\n\nGinger and Preserves.--The volume of business done still showed a decrease and was affected by the price of sugar. There are fourteen factories in the Colony.\n\nSoy. There is no improvement to report in this trade which remains dull.\n\nPaper. The trade still shows satisfactory progress.\n\nVermilion--The volume of this trade has again fallen off and at the end of the year the demand for this commodity was almost non-existent.\n\nLard.--Much of the lard manufactured in the Colony is exported to the Philippines where regulations require the purity of animal products to be certified. The local manufacturers of lard made from animals killed in the Colony willingly comply with the regulations. The output still increases. During 1911 a lard and meat factory was started purely in the interests of the Philippine trade.\n\n(e.) FISHERIES.\n\nA considerable proportion of the host population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Since the middle of last year a Steam Trawler has been engaged in fishing over various grounds, and has contributed its hauls to the local markets. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.\n\n(7) FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE AND BOTANY.\n\nThe formation of pine-tree plantations in the Harbour Belt between Laichikok and Lyenmun has been continued to the extent of about 300 acres, and sites which failed in the area sown in the previous year have been resown. This Belt has now been completed.\n\nMt. Davis and an area of about 70 acres at Aberdeen where pine-trees were felled in 1910 under the timber contract have been resown with pine-tree seeds.\n\nThe areas cleared by fire last year on the slope of Mt. Kellett which descends to Aberdeen have also been resown with pine-tree seeds.\n\nOn Mt. Gough, where a fire occurred last year, about 1,800 sites have been sown with seeds of broad-leaved trees.\n\nPage 10",
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    {
        "id": 441122,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-396 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "page_number": 458,
        "title": "CO129-396 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "content_text": "## 10 \nand that the morphine habit shows signs of spreading.\" With both these statements, we are in entire agreement; and in view of the appeal with which the Resolution concludes, we shall review the measures taken in this behalf by the Government of India.\n\n22. The history of the regulation of morphia in India is given in the \"Memorandum on Morphia in India\" presented to the Shanghai Commission by the British Delegation. The most important regulations recently issued on the subject are designed to meet the abuse of the postal service by the importation and transmission of morphia and other drugs. A Notification issued by us on the 4th February 1911 prohibits, with effect from the 1st June 1911, the importation of such drugs by sea or land into British India by means of the post. Importation through channels other than the post is allowed only to persons holding permits issued under the authority of a provincial Government. The Collector of Customs is empowered to deal with exceptional cases. By another Notification of the same date, certain officers of the Post Office in India are empowered to search or cause a search to be made for prohibited drugs when in the course of transmission by post to any place in British India. If found, such articles are to be delivered to the nearest excise officer, to be dealt with like articles confiscated under the excise law. The transmission of such drugs in foreign postal articles forwarded by other Postal Administrations in open transit (à découvert) through the Indian Post Office is also prohibited. Postal articles which are declared to contain such drugs, whether received for delivery in India or for transmission to foreign territory, are returned to the country of origin, as also transit articles of the foreign packet mail which are found on examination to contain the prohibited drugs.\n\n23. The present law on the subject of morphia in India varies from province to province. In an Appendix will be found extracts from the different provincial regulations. It is difficult to present a generalized summary for India, but the following salient features may be noted. Morphia and other derivatives of opium are usually included in the definition of \"intoxicating drugs\" in the Opium Rules. The manufacture of morphia and allied alkaloids or preparations is confined to Government, subject to the following exception. A licensed druggist or pharmacist or medical practitioner (in some provinces, the term \"medical practitioner\" is defined to include a pharmacist) may manufacture such drugs for medicinal purposes up to certain limits (the limit is 1 seer in Bengal) from licit opium. In the majority of provinces, but not in all, a private person may not manufacture such drugs. The limit of possession by private individuals is 10 grains in all provinces except Burma, where it is 5 grains. Amendments, however, are under consideration in Bengal, under which the ordinary limit could be exceeded by a licensed druggist or by a private person on a medical prescription. Transport from place to place is carefully regulated, and so is export by private agency. The latest rules about import, applicable throughout the Indian Empire, have already been referred to. The sale, both retail and wholesale, is carefully regulated by license; and the conditions are naturally much stricter in the case of wholesale than of retail sale. Certain relaxations are made in the case of well-known proprietary medicines containing opium, morphia, or similar alkaloids.\n\nThe French authorities have recently consented to take measures for the prevention of the smuggling of morphine and other alkaloids of opium from their territories into British India.\n\n24. The vicious use of morphia is almost entirely confined to hypodermic injections of morphia solution. Morphia and cocaine are generally found together. Dens for their administration and sale existed, at least a year or two ago, in Rangoon, where the lower classes are addicted to the habit. The recent strengthening of the law has, however, gone some way towards checking the evil, and the proposed new Excise Bill for Burma, as already stated, makes it a penal offence to keep a place for administering any intoxicating drug. The prices of morphia ascertained in 1909 for Rangoon were: for wholesale importers, about Rs. 62 per oz.; for purchase by retail dealers, Rs. 10 to Rs. 20 per oz.; and for retail sale to the public, in half-grain and one-grain paper packets, at one anna and two annas a packet, respectively, i.e., Rs. 60 per oz. When the supply is short, these prices are more than doubled, and the profits of the trade are enormous.\n\n## 11 \n25. The quantity of morphia and allied opium alkaloids manufactured in India by private persons or licensed chemists or druggists is probably very small, and no figures regarding it are available. The only place where opium alkaloids are manufactured for Government is the Ghazipur opium factory in the United Provinces. The amounts manufactured for the last four years are shown in the following table:\n\n| Year | Morphine pure | Morphine hydro-chlorate | Morphine acetate | Morphine tartrate | Codeia |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1906-7 | 0 lbs. 0 oz. | 346 lbs. 0 oz. | 12 lbs. 0 oz. | 0 lbs. 0 oz. | 61 lbs. 1 oz. |\n| 1907-8 | 0 lbs. 2 oz. | 243 lbs. 2 oz. | 2 lbs. 1 oz. | ... | 63 lbs. 4 oz. |\n| 1908-9 | 89 lbs. 0 oz. | 384 lbs. 8 oz. | 3 lbs. 1 oz. | 0 lbs. 0 oz. | 92 lbs. 2 oz. |\n| 1909-10 | 0 lbs. 0 oz. | 173 lbs. 3 oz. | 0 lbs. 0 oz. | 26 lbs. 10 oz. | 67 lbs. 12 oz. |\n\nIt will be seen that scarcely any pure morphine is manufactured. The greater part of the morphine required for medicinal and other uses in India is imported from European countries, as Turkish opium, from which the imported drugs are prepared, yields better morphia than Indian opium. Most of the morphine hydro-chlorate manufactured in India is exported to a well-known firm of chemists in London, and the remainder is distributed to the Government Medical Store Depôts and dispensaries, and to licensed druggists. Almost the whole of the codeia is manufactured for the London firm of chemists above referred to. The small quantities of other drugs in the table are mostly for the use of Government Medical Store Depôts and dispensaries.\n\n26. The licit imports of morphia from abroad, showing the countries of origin and the Indian ports of entry, are shown below, so far as the figures are available:\n\n| Year | Port | From United Kingdom | From Germany | From Belgium | TOTAL |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1906-7 | Calcutta | 9,076 oz. | 100 oz. | ... | 9,176 oz. |\n| Total |  | 9,076 oz. | 100 oz. | ... | 9,176 oz. |\n| 1907-8 | Calcutta | 10,080 oz. | 5 oz. | 32 oz. | 10,117 oz. |\n|  | Bombay | 819 oz. | ... | ... | 819 oz. |\n|  | Karachi | 185 oz. | ... | ... | 185 oz. |\n| Total |  | 11,084 oz. | 5 oz. | 32 oz. | 11,121 oz. |\n| 1908-9 | Calcutta | 9,350 oz. | 8 oz. | ... | 9,358 oz. |\n|  | Bombay | 540 oz. | ... | 24 oz. | 564 oz. |\n|  | Madras | 2,517 oz. | ... | ... | 2,517 oz. |\n|  | Karachi | 355 oz. | ... | 3 oz. | 858 oz. |\n| Total |  | 12,702 oz. | 35 oz. | ... | 12,797 oz. |\n| 1909-10 | Calcutta | 2,502 oz. | 26 oz. | 100 oz. | 2,688 oz. |\n|  | Bombay | 36 oz. | 18 oz. | 49 oz. | ... |\n|  | Madras | 5,514 oz. | ... | ... | 5,514 oz. |\n|  | Karachi | 278 oz. | ... | 3 oz. | 283 oz. |\n| Total |  | 8,890 oz. | 44 oz. | 100 oz. | 3,534 oz. (sic) |\n| 1910-11 | Calcutta | 2,666 oz. | 99 oz. | 285 oz. | 3,050 oz. |\n|  | Bombay | 780 oz. | ... | ... | 780 oz. |\n|  | Madras | 3,820 oz. | ... | ... | 3,820 oz. |\n|  | Karachi | 216 oz. | 5 oz. | ... | 222 oz. |\n| Total |  | 7,482 oz. | 100 oz. | 290 oz. | 7,872 oz. |\n\nThese figures must not be taken as complete. At Rangoon, morphia is not separately recorded in the customs returns.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-396 - Public Offices - 1912.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 441132,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-396 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "page_number": 468,
        "title": "CO129-396 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "content_text": "## IMPORT\n\n11. No opium shall be imported into the Presidency of Bombay by sea except in whole or half-chests for re-exportation.\n\nProvided, however, that at the port of Bombay only opium may be imported otherwise than in whole or half-chests for re-exportation, subject in all cases to payment of the full duty imposed by the Sea Customs Tariff for the time being in force and to any special orders passed by the Commissioner as to subsequent possession and disposal of the opium imported.\n\n19A. Hydrochlorate of morphia and codeia manufactured in the Ghazipur Opium Factory may be imported into Bombay in quantities not exceeding 800 lbs. in the case of hydrochlorate of morphia, and 50 lbs. in the case of codeia, under a pass under the signature of the officer in charge of the said factory.\n\n## EXPORT\n\n24A. Hydrochlorate of morphia and codeia imported into Bombay from the Ghazipur Opium Factory may be exported from the Port of Bombay in consignments not exceeding at any one time 300 lbs. in the case of hydrochlorate of morphia, or 50 lbs. in the case of codeia.\n\n27. When any person desires to export opium from the Presidency of Bombay into any foreign State, or into any other part of British India, he shall obtain a pass for each consignment, in such form as the Commissioner may from time to time prescribe, from the Collector of the district from which such opium is to be exported, or, in the case of export from the town of Bombay, from the Collector of Customs.\n\nBut no such pass shall be granted unless the person applying for it produces a written permission so to apply, signed by the Collector of the district, or the Political Officer accredited to the foreign State into which such opium is to be imported.\n\nProvided that for the export from the City of Bombay or Karachi of preparations of opium for bona fide medical purposes, it shall not be necessary to produce a written permission signed by the Collector of the district, or the Political Officer accredited to the foreign States, to which such preparations of opium are to be exported.\n\n## TRANSHIPMENT AND RE-EXPORT\n\n29. Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained to the contrary, opium, not the produce of India, may be imported by sea into the port of Bombay or Karachi, and opium, whether the produce of India or not, may be imported by sea into the Port of Aden or Perim provided in each case that the opium so imported be manifested for transhipment or for re-exportation in the same bottom.\n\nOpium so imported may be re-exported by sea from the said ports.\n\n30. Small parcels of opium imported under Rule 11, on which full customs duty has been paid, may be exported by sea or land under the special orders of the Commissioner.\n\n33. No retail vendor shall sell to any person at one time more than three tolas of opium or of any intoxicating drug prepared from the poppy, or any preparation or admixture of opium which may contain more than three tolas of crude opium except to a licensed vendor or farmer or to a medical practitioner or other person holding a special permit granted by the Collector under Rule 6, or under a special order from the Commissioner or a Collector.\n\nProvided that medical preparations containing opium, such as morphia and preparations thereof, shall be sold only by medical practitioners holding a license under clause (a) of Rule 6 and in quantities and subject to the conditions specified in such license.\n\n39. Licenses for the manufacture and retail of all or any intoxicating drugs other than medical preparations of opium such as morphia or any further preparations thereof may be granted for the town of Bombay by the Collector of Bombay and for other parts of the Presidency by the Collector of the district.\n\n## BENGAL\n\n2. In these rules, unless there is something repugnant in the subject or context,--\n\n(9) \"Intoxicating drug\" includes madak and chandu, and every preparation and admixture thereof, and kafa, and every other intoxicating preparation of opium or of the poppy, but does not include poppy-heads.\n\n(15) \"Licensed druggist\" means a person to whom a permit for the sale by retail to the public of opium and poppy-heads for medicinal purposes or manufacture and for the similar sale of intoxicating drugs used for purposes other than smoking, has been granted by the Collector under these rules.\n\n## MANUFACTURE\n\n3. (1) Intoxicating drugs used for purposes other than smoking, may be manufactured on account of Government.\n\n(2) The only manufacture permitted by private persons is :-\n\n(a) by a licensed druggist, for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drugs, not being preparations used for smoking, in a quantity not exceeding one seer in weight, provided that such manufacture is from opium of which the said druggist is permitted by these rules to be in possession.\n\n## POSSESSION\n\n4. (1) Any person may possess...\n\n(b) morphia and its preparations to the extent of ten grains.\n\n(3) Subject to the conditions of his permit, a licensed druggist may possess...\n\n(b) intoxicating drugs, not being preparations used for smoking purposes, to the extent of one seer provided that he has manufactured the same from opium of which he is permitted by these rules to be in possession or has purchased them from another licensed druggist, or, in the case of morphia or preparations thereof, from the Ghazipur Opium Factory or direct from Europe;\n\nProvided that when such drugs are obtained by purchase from a licensed druggist not in the vicinity, the consignment shall be subject to the same conditions as to transport as are prescribed for the transport of opium under a pass granted by a Collector.\n\n35. No person shall sell any opium to any person not legally authorised to possess the same.\n\n37. No person shall sell opium by retail without a license in this behalf: Provided that a medical practitioner, who holds a license granted to him under Rule 6 (4), may sell medical preparations containing opium to the extent and subject to the conditions prescribed in the said license.\n\n## IMPORT\n\n9. (1) Intoxicating drugs, not being preparations used for smoking, may be imported on account of Government.",
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    {
        "id": 441255,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-397 - Public Offices & Others - 1912",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-397 - Public Offices & Others - 1912",
        "content_text": "## present session occupies the B.I.T.\n\n(2)\n\nthey will have an interval for recreation & preparation of the hill\n\nI am afraid that the trade interests of the Chinese are not going to benefit much by the Convention; though the physical and moral welfare of the communities may gain from the proposed restrictions.\n\n(3) The whole object of legislation in this country is to augment the traffic at this end: it is not to which obviously neither the H.O. nor the Home Govt. nor the Legislative Co. has the necessary knowledge.\n\nI am afraid that the B.I.T. have not paid much attention to the terms of the Convention.\n\nThe only alternative to the B.I.T. that occurs is the Bombay Opium Excise - with the approval of the Treasury.\n\nIndians will presumably have to settle this question amongst themselves since the T.G. & B.O.T. decline to do the work, being clearly unfitted for it.\n\nIn the meantime, I think we should generally point out that we can't draft the legislation, that the B.I.T. has got plenty of time to brood over it; & that the H.O. cannot make it up under the Factory Act; it's a matter for the B.I.T.\n\n(d) send a copy `R29/2`\n\nI think we shall have a Committee after all to settle the draft.\n\nIt does not seem possible to get representations of H.O. Customs & B. of T. together as a committee to consider what provisions should be introduced.\n\nTo get Parliamentary Counsel & do the drafting.\n\nTo consider the draft in Committee.\n\nThere won't be a question of taking on the job of introducing the Bill to the House. That is not a matter for this Dept.\n\n7th 10.9\n\nC 18 \n630.22 \n\n## Page 30",
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    {
        "id": 442715,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4]",
        "page_number": 283,
        "title": "CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4]",
        "content_text": "## B 277\n\n2\n\n**PHOTOGRAPHY IN NATURAL COLOURS**\n\nThe Polychromide System\n\nEffort to produce photographs in the actual colour of nature have attracted earnest attention during recent years, and the works of the Lumières and others were valuable stepping-stones on the road to progress. It has been proved that, by the use of the colour-screen, negatives can be produced giving the sensations of the three primary colours, and these can be combined to leave a fairly harmonious picture; but it has been well stated that the results obtained by superposed pigmented bichromated gelatine (successively yellow, red, and blue), printed from colour-selection negatives at very uncertain and often far from satisfactory.\n\nOne of the chief features which distinguish the new polychromide process, patented by Mr. Acon Hamburger, of the Dover Street Studios, from many others is the use of a mechanism which enables the three plates to be taken simultaneously at a single exposure. In order to overcome certain difficulties inherent in this principle, Hamburger employs both reflection and refraction, and he has succeeded in so balancing the intensities of each that the perfect colour-stone rendering is obtained. A scale of shades of the standard colours has been prepared, in which the yellow inclines slightly to orange, the red to crimson, and the blue to green; that is to say, in lieu of being true primaries, the tints are in each case somewhere merged the one into the other. These shades are standardized, so that by means of the special developer used in the camera and the sensitized printing paper, with the above standard tints, any photographer should be able to attain accurate results. Two plates not on three are employed, each is sensitized to photograph one colour only.\n\nThe plate and the film are put together into one slide, with the emulsions in contact, the film thus serving the purpose of screening the plate. A print is made from the blue negative upon a rapid gelatine paper, which is turned into the yellow image. Prints in gelatine containing double salts are prepared from the other two negatives and transferred to a temporary support of glass. They are then superposed on the original yellow print by stripping. Though so far Mr. Hamburger has worked only by the aid of artificial flashlight, using a special compound to impart the requisite active properties, he does not anticipate obstacles in adapting the process to ordinary daylight. The camera takes the three pictures through a single lens and a single shutter, and it is found possible to have the register of the pictures perfectly accurate. The success of this process appears to depend upon the skill with which the spectrum has been split up, so that there is either no gap nor overlap, and therefore no colour is either lost or doubled. Specimens of the results yielded by the new process include not only serious portraits, in which the delicate flesh tints, the hair, and the minute details on the costume of the sitters are reproduced in complete harmony and in true colours, but also copies of paintings by the Old Masters in which the values due to low tone and false tints are successfully overcome.\n\n## NEWS OF THE WORLD\n\n[Telegrams from London]\n\n**The King of Greece**\n\nReuter's correspondent at Athens wires that an eye-witness of the scene said that the King was standing at the corner of Aghistas Street, which is near the Police Headquarters, when an assassin rushed out of a hiding place and drew a big revolver from close quarters at His Majesty.\n\nThe Aide-de-Camp, Colonel Frangoulis, drew his revolver, whereupon the assassin turned round and fired twice upon the Colonel.\n\nTwo Cretan gendarmes then dashed up and arrested the assassin, who offered no resistance.\n\nColonel Frangoulis ran to the King, thinking His Majesty had not been hit, but found that he had fastened to the ground and was only half conscious.\n\nColonel Frangoulis raised the King in his arms, but His Majesty did not utter a word.\n\nSome notes and cartridges were found on the assassin.\n\nReuter's correspondent at Athens says the man refuses to speak except to say, \"I will speak in the presence of the King.\"\n\n**King George V**\n\nThe King, accompanied by Queen Alexandra, visited Queen Mary at Marlborough House.\n\nThe outrage has aroused worldwide condolences and universal expressions of horror.\n\nA dispatch from Salonika to \"The Times\" regarding the assassination of the King of Greece says the King was in the habit of walking out every afternoon with a single servant, refusing requests made by his advisers to permit the presence of guards.\n\nYesterday, he was talking happily of the war and the successes of the Greek army as a long delayed triumph to his reign and said: \"Tomorrow I pay a final visit to the Dreadnought Goeben. It is with happiness and contentment that a German battleship should honour the Greek King at Salonika.\" These proved to be His Majesty's last words, for at that moment the assassin...\n\nThe Aide-de-Camp, Colonel Frangoulis, seized the hands of the assassin, which was poised for a second shot. Covering his Royal master with his body, Colonel Frangoulis grabbed the assailant by the throat and held him fast till soldiers came to his aid.\n\nThe English public are profoundly affected by the tragedy, which is an additional bereavement in Queen Alexandra's family. There were many references to the tragedy by public men at meetings held yesterday, and last night, wide pages of the papers were devoted to tributes.\n\nReuter's correspondent at Athens says that all Greece is grief-stricken. The Prince George and others gently broke the news to the Queen, who fainted several times.\n\nReuter's correspondent at Athens also reports that it appears that the assassin is weak-minded, and a victim of alcohol. He is a native of Greece. He was twice dismissed from a school where he was employed as an attendant and he petitioned the King, who referred the matter to the proper quarter, which rejected the petition.\n\n## British Affairs\n\nIn introducing the Army Estimates in the House of Commons, Col. Seely, Minister of War, dwelt on the extraordinary apprehension regarding aviation. He pointed out that the officers' never allowed performances to be published, and consequently remarkable achievements went unnoticed.\n\nHe affirmed that they did not possess any Zeppelins because they were not required.\n\nIt was decided to have some transportable dirigibles, and they would also possess 14 aeroplanes by May. Publicity were obviously marked for an expeditionary remount, and they could not reinforce the Egyptian garrison or the Indian troops. They had obtained a type of aeroplane superior to that of any nation. The difficulty was in regard to the engine, as he was offering a prize in this connection with the promise of a large purchase.\n\nThe Minister, Mr. H. Samuel (Postmaster General) and Sir Rufus Isaacs (Attorney General) obtained judgment with costs against the French newspaper \"La Muflin\" for libel in connection with statements published relating to the Marconi affair. The newspaper admitted the statements to be false and apologized.\n\nCounsel for the defence unreservedly accepted the denials of the Ministers that they were in any way concerned with dealings in Marconi shares.\n\nDelous Wattoit, Unionist Free Trader, has been returned to Parliament for the Kendal Division. The polling was:\n\n| Candidate | Votes |\n| --- | --- |\n| Col. Weston (U.) | 3,241 |\n| Mr. Somervell (C) | 1,680 |\n|  | 581 |\n\nUnionist Majority\n\nMr. Bone, in addressing the members of the Manchester Unionist Association, said that Kendal, in electing Colonel Weston, who refused to support the policy announced by the Party leaders, really voted no confidence in the late Government. If the party refused to act unitedly and would act following the leader, it was his duty to give place to another; and he would perform that duty if circumstances arose.\n\nThe result of the Houghton-le-Spring by-election was:\n\n| Candidate | Votes |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mr. Wing (L) | 930 |\n| Mr. Richardson (C) | 4,807 |\n| Mr. Modles (L) | 4,185 |\n\nThe motion by Mr. Harold Smith for a reduction of the Home Office vote was defeated by 224 votes to 100.\n\nThe two Irish prisoners who had been sentenced for five days in Cold Bath Fields prison and to whom shamrocks were sent down on St. Patrick's Day have been rescued.\n\nFrom Port Said, it is reported that the steamer \"Melen\" has shipped £50,000 in gold for Singapore.\n\n## Affairs in China\n\nThere is much published in the Russian press regarding impending war between Russia and China. This is partly based on reported Chinese preparations for an advance on Urga, in defiance of Russia.\n\nIt is announced from St. Petersburg that M. Mueller, the Consul General at Tabriz, is proceeding to Urga as Consul-General, the consulate there being upgraded to a Consulate-General.\n\n## ENDER ENTIRELY NEW SIGN ON KHEN\n\n**EXCELLENT COLON**\n\nModerate Rates\n\nM. HAYNES, Manager\n\n**GRAND HOTEL**\n\n- No. 2, Queen's Road Central\n\nA FIRST-CLASS AND UP-TO-DATE HOTEL.\n\nEvery order European Massage attended.\n\nSituated in a central position. Large Airy Rooms. Luxuriously furnished. Electric Light and hot water throughout.\n\nSanitary arrangements of the latest pattern.\n\nCUISINE UNDER EUROPEAN SUPERVISION\n\nLadies' Afternoon Tea Rooms. Special terms for families made on application to the Manager.\n\nCharges Moderate\n\nF. RICHMANN, Proprietor\n\nTelephone No. 197, Telegraphic Address: \"Cowworm,\" Hongkong\n\n## CANNAVOLT\n\n**CENTRAL**\n\nTOKYO-HOTEL\n\nChen Hwang & Co. Limited.\n\nGENERAL IMPORT & EXPORT.\n\nANTON'S LARGE WHOLESALE & RETAIL STORE.\n\n| Furniture, Draperies, Groceries, Hats, and Shoes. Makers of Jewellery, Linquers, Crockery, Watches, and Trimmings. Wines and Spirits. Foreign Clothes for gentlemen made to measure by our own tailors. |\n| --- |\n\nENORMOUS SUCCESS\n\nTHE CHINA DAILY OUTLOOK, MONDAY, MARCH 24th, 1913\n\nThe news published in Bangkok that a party of military police have occupied the place where the salt will be examined has been paid for. Salt bought from the Government...\n\n## VICTORIA THEATRE\n\n**LOCAL AND GENERAL**\n\nEXCHANGE 111-1/2c Calcutta.\n\nThe Burma-China Frontier\n\nITTAJ\n\nThe manufacturer of salt shall sell it full to the Government at an appointed time.\n\nThe Thunderbolt Man, Wonderful Imitator and International Jester, was delivered in London on the 20th March.\n\nALEXANDER GALINSKY\n\nSATURDAY, 22nd,\n\nDebate at the Pantomime Arsie\n\nMISS ARKAS\n\nLarge assortment of Chinese Silks, Brocades, Shawls, and Foreign Goods of every description.\n\nAll goods sold at reasonable prices. The Cheapest and best place in Canton to buy Chinese and Foreign Goods.\n\nSUP PAT POO STREET, CANTON, Tel. No. 140.\n\nCanton, January 1, 1912.\n\nMAN and Italian\n\nThe Charming Serio Dancer,\n\nFREDA ARDEA LOON,\n\nTHE MAGNIFICENT NEW FILM\n\nFIRST-CLASS PRESERVES\n\nGINGER AND GOOSE MANUFACTURERS,\n\nFACTORY AT YAUMATI\n\nStation: No. 38, DES VIEUX ROAD WEST.\n\nTelephone No. 177.\n\nWhy are the leading Manufacturers of this class of Goods? Our Fruit and Gingers are all tough and of the first quality. Our Syrup is prepared from the best quality of Sugar. We give particular attention to sanitary arrangements.\n\n\"The Bohemian Girl\"\n\nSINGER\n\nSEWING MACHINES\n\nPianosare kept in stock. Our Symps is prepared from the best quality of Sugar. We give particular CORSTE particular attention to sanitary arrangements.\n\n978 TELEPHONE: HONGRONG\n\n**GRAND CARLTON HOTEL**\n\nUNSURPASSED FOR\n\nLocation\n\nService\n\nCuisine\n\nand Home Comforts\n\nTHE JOYAT FAMILY HOTEL OF THE COLONY\n\n-10, Lee Theatre Road\n\nHOTEL BAI TIMORE.\n\n1. No. 2, WYNDHAM STREET.\n\nREASONABLE RATES.\n\nNo. 658, Telegraphic Address \"BALTMAX\" Hongkong.\n\nReuter's correspondent at St. Petersburg states that the \"Novoe Vremya\" says that as a result of a circular from the Chinese Government regarding the possibility of conflict with Russia arising out of the projected...\n\n## VISITORS AT HOTELS\n\nKisa Rewind live Mongolian pagan, business My A. D. Ander\n\nMr & Mrs N Fulsdan, the Chinatown of Harbin, has almost ceased.\n\nThe majority Chinese workmen have quitted their affairs and from other centres there are similar reports. Frontier trade is at a standstill, and China has prohibited the exportation of all alimentary products.\n\nOther events are expected in a very brief period of time.\n\nIn the House of Commons, Sir Edward Grey informed Mr. Harwood Bunder that the negotiations for the Chinese Loan were still in private.\n\n| Mr F. Arou | Mr T. Aoki | De Botilos |\n| Mr Birsand | child Lisa Crosse |  |\n| Mrs Orexier | Straw. Donaldson | Ewing |\n| Mr Finchote | Miss Graham |  |\n| Mr Geo. Oribia |  |  |\n| Mr and Mrs F. E. | Melfough |  |\n| Hi, i |  |  |\n| Mad |  |  |\n| Major. J. Masti | Dr Muller |  |\n| Mr M. F. Murray | Nakashima |  |\n| Mr Overy | Miss M. Panti |  |\n| Cast M Pos | Mustu |  |\n| Mrs E. Karay |  |  |\n| Mr G. R. Rabb |  |  |\n| Miss F. Sunders | Capt. & Mrs Schenk |  |\n| Dr Silene |  |  |\n| and Mrs Kemp | Me H. S. Burze | M&Ms Lauritsen |\n| Stranet fokildren | i Captiasalinity | Choses A. H. |\n| Mis A. Loigh |  |  |\n| wherton |  |  |\n\n**PECTO SEPPUSE**\n\n4. 17, Currie's\n\nLONG HING & CO.\n\nDEVELOPING MACHINES\n\nQueen's Road Central.\n\nLEE ON & CO.\n\nMANUFACTURERS of the Best Hand-made Silk and Green Cloth Embroidery of the Latest French Pattern. Canton Down-work, Wholesale and Retail.\n\nPRINTING\n\n7, Queen's Road Central, HONGKONG UNDERTAKEN\n\n**OPEN AIR SKATING RINK**\n\n**BELLE VIEW HOTEL.** (Telephone No. 907)\n\nSESSIONS 10 am, 1 12 noon, 2 to 5 pm, 7 to 10 pm.\n\nADMISSION 25 cents.\n\nADMISSION 50 cents.\n\nON LOCK\n\nYUEN\n\nCafe and Restaurant\n\nA la Carte at all hours\n\n7 pm to 1 p.m.\n\n27, Des Vœux ROAD CENTRAL\n\n(Next Door to WROXWALL)\n\nW. GALLAGHER\n\nManager.\n\nDr. M. H. CHAUN\n\nYEN YEE & CO.\n\nHAIR DRESSING SALOON.\n\nHair Clipper, Razors, Scissor Sharpening and Repairing, Singeing Shaving, Massage, etc., a specialty.\n\nToilet Requisites Cigare and Cigarettes.\n\n**DENTAL SURGEON**\n\n32. Queen's Road Central (1st Floor)\n\nBoone 2 and 5.\n\nFrom the University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.\n\nTelephone 125,\n\nNo. 28, Corner of D'Aguilar Street\n\nElectrical Engineers and Fitters\n\nand that the terms now under consideration by the Chinese Government have the unanimous approval of the Six Power Bankers, that Britain would continue exclusively to support the group negotiating the Loan.\n\nThe Balkans\n\nReuter's correspondent at Constantinople says that an official dispatch claims the success of the Turks at Chatalja after a desperate infantry battle.\n\nIt concludes: \"Our forces are engaging the enemy along the whole front.\"\n\nThe I. K. & S. Bank\n\nThe chairman of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, presiding at the all-Party meeting in London, referring to opium, said he believed some equitable arrangement would be reached whereby an outlet would be found for the present stocks. It hardly seems just that purchasers of opium from the Government of India should...\n\n| Mr K. Mintumi |  |\n| Mr H. H. Taylor | My Water |\n| M. F. W. White |  |\n\n**GRAND HOTEL**\n\nMr and Mrs Allen\n\nMr May\n\nMr Agnew\n\nMr Reuskansen\n\nDe Brigga family\n\nMr and Mrs Mudie\n\nMr Nai Prusit\n\nand Mr J Oeso\n\nand Mrs Creer\n\nM: W. Men\n\nM: Gais\n\nMr A. Hersi\n\nMy Higginbotham\n\nMr J. Houlka\n\nDr Berage\n\nMy Selenide\n\nMr H. J. Sharp\n\nMr Shastin\n\nMr and Mrs Tobias| Tobias\n\nM. G. R. Tyre\n\nMr and Mrs Ho. Meg Watkins\n\nward\n\nDr Kurt\n\nMr Lorria\n\nMr Woodenek\n\nMr and Mrs Wikle\n\n**GRAND CARLTON HOTEL**\n\nMr and Mrs Frank\n\nMr W. Pringle, Jun\n\nAilen\n\nMr A.F. Remedios\n\nMr A.G. Reaumut\n\nMr A. Ringe\n\n**PHOTO SUPPLIES**\n\nYour Road Contra\n\nA.\n\nTACK & Co.\n\n26. Des Vieux Road\n\nELECTRIC FITTINGS COMPANY.\n\nNo. 188, Des Vœux ROAD CENTRAL\n\nHONGKONG.\n\nDeveloping Workmanship Guaranteed.\n\nand Printing\n\nUndertaken\n\nWO HING & CO..\n\nNo. 174. Queen's Road Central\n\nFR or\n\nas Riaze ng Ayrou\n\n**HOLLE HOTEL**\n\nMANUFACTURERS OF\n\nHigh Class Shawls, Handkerchiefs, Shawls, and fine Embroideries, Silk and Crepe Shawls and: \n\nMr G. Bolden\n\nMeWL Bobbik\n\nInces of Avery\n\nDancriptiste.\n\nCuphant\n\nMe Braga\n\nMi and Ms Arthur:\n\nMr F. Braga\n\nMiss F. Braza\n\nThe terms of the final agreement of the Mix Power Loan were now being satisfactorily arranged with China, and the conclusion of the Loan only awaited a decision between China and the Governments concerned regarding the appointment of foreigners to advisory posts.\n\nMiss M. Benga\n\nMva J. Conwford\n\nHarper\n\nMY J. Fayin\n\nRogerar\n\nMin Adwig\n\nMr A Selenit\n\nMr G. 1. Sew!!\n\nMiss Ethi Seith\n\nMy R. Stephenson\n\nMiss 6. Hour\n\nMre demeys\n\nMrs Tall\n\nMr F. J. Traadpild\n\nMr Mrs Rt.\n\nMr J, Veracr\n\nArt W\n\nHereel confidence in China's future and said in interious popularise. Jesper\n\ntion w great patural resources were & \n\nuthent guarantee of its prosperity\n\n**SING KEE & CO.**\n\nNSOP CHANDLERS, COMPRADORES AND STAYCLONES\n\nNo. 34. Connaught Road, Hongkong.\n\nKeep on hand every Description of Ship's Provisions, at lowest prices.\n\n**'MOHI' PEARL**\n\nTel), 632\n\nExcellent amongst all Pearls. Colour and shape up-to-date. Necklet, Earing, Brooches, Drops, etc.\n\nTRIAL SOLICITED\n\nMOHIDEEN & CO.,\n\n38, funny's Loan Central, foxokono.\n\n**Dr. YOUNG BROTHERS**\n\nAMERICAN DENTISTS\n\nPrice: the Best Quality Gaur\n\nNO, SEA, QOHEN'S ROAD CENTRAL\n\nEnteed AB Saris of Cout of the \n\nBEST QUALITY FOR SALE\n\nHONGKONG\n\nThe Carpau mail of the 19th Feb. says the frontier of Burma in British territory is, of course...\n\nThe date for the above transaction will be fixed by Ministerial order.\n\n7. The manufacturer shall first #1...\n\nAn interesting lecture will take place to-night at the Y.M.C.A. on \"Croatian Life and Scenery\" illustrated with a number of lantern slides.\n\nThe Sanitary Board meets...\n\nCorrespondence relative to affairs in various villages should be submitted at once.\n\nOn Good Friday and Easter Sunday, special services were held in the churches of the Colony, and sermons emphasizing the occasion to the Christian world were dwelt upon by the clergy in charge with much devotion and feeling.\n\n**A Transparent Lie**\n\nAsiatic Daily says \"It has been previously reported that the Kaomingtang demanded the formation of a party Cabinet as a reward for their supporting Yuan Shi-kai as President. According to reliable sources in addition to this claim, this Club Tang has further exacted the non-payment of one million dollars for expenses.\" Such palpable lies are self-condemning. It is but a cheap way of preying on the public sympathy. Fabrication of myths as a political weapon is not likely to endure long.\n\n9. According to circumstances, the Government may organize a patrol force for the purpose of regulating the manufacturers, protecting the salt furnaces and storage, and watching the dealing and manufacturing of salt.\n\n10. The Government may, according to the local conditions, grant rules by retail.\n\nDetailed regulations regarding the above Companies and retail rules shall be separately fixed.\n\n11. As salt affects the sanitary condition of the people, the Government may deal severely with the dealers of it, and any mixture shall be found in the salt.\n\n12. The writ officials may investigate the reservoirs of well water, the places of manufacturing, storing, and the buildings, banks, etc. If necessary, for the sake of supervision, extra men may be put upon the said items.\n\n13. The sale of salt whilst in transportation...\n\nThe Victoria Theatre is nightly drawing good houses, with Miss Freda Ardea and her dancing and Alexander Galinsky, for quick change artist being very popular. Miss Ark, the new Pantomime artiste, has a style peculiarly her own, which should prove a draw. The pictures are good, \"The Sphinx\" being especially so.\n\nIt is notified in the \"Government Gazette\" that the registration of the following trade marks has been renewed under the provisions of the Trade Marks Ordinance, 1909.\n\nThe new public improvements, for which it was proposed to make a loan, have been temporarily abandoned. No money is available for new equipment for the fire department, and consequently, the firemen in one district have to run with engines so dilapidated that the men fear the apparatus will fall to pieces.\n\nThe police department is pressed for funds, and impounded on leave of Mr. Justice Gow-Thomas; the health department has been pared down; the street department is cut to the marrow.\n\nHis Excellency the Governor has been pleased to approve the following appointments:\n\nMr. Joseph Hansford Kemp, Crown Prosecutor, to be Puisne Judge.\n\nMr. Pauling and approved by the Government.\n\nThe Government shall deal directly with the Company, without regard to the person or persons to whom the rights and privileges belong.\n\n8. With regard to the railways constructed by the Company, should it be necessary for military purposes...\n\n## DO THINGS BLUR?\n\nDo they sometimes appear distorted?\n\nIs your sight blurred?\n\nIt is probably caused by astigmatism. Call at your earliest opportunity and have your eyes examined on we with thoroughly scientific lines.\n\nA rough test for astigmatism is as follows:-- Place the paper about three feet away and look with one eye at the above fan. The lines should appear of equal blackness, if they do not CONSULT\n\n**MANILA OFFICES,**\n\n78 ESCOLTA.\n\nTO-DAY.\n\n**LARK & CO.** SCIENTIFIC OPTICIANS\n\nYORK BLOCKS, CHATER ROAD\n\nHONGKONG\n\n**THE SINCERE CO., LTD.,**\n\n215-221, Des Voeux Road Central, 109-111, Connaught Road Central,\n\nUNIVERSAL PROVIDERS\n\n& \n\nHONGKONG and SOUTH CHINA,\n\nDEPARTMENTS FOR\n\nHousehold Goods, Furniture, Wearling Apparel\n\nGroceries, Wines and Spirits, Requisites, Jewellery,\n\nand Spirits, etc., etc.\n\nThe Pioneer One Price Store.\n\nGeorge Albert Would-ck.\n\nFirst Clerk\n\nThe License will be for 10 years to singolien or to reserve the right...\n\nReferred to Committee.\n\nIX.\n\nDespite all retrenchment, books shall be kept in the way prescribed by the Government, and shall be subject to...\n\nChicago is in the lightest touch since the days of the big Fire, 1871. The Metropolis of the World is bankrupt...\n\n## ALICE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL\n\nThe Hon. Treasurer of the Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals begs to acknowledge with thanks the following donations to the funds of the Hospital:\n\n£1\n\nHo Kam Toog\n\nJ. M. Wung\n\n**National Council**\n\n(Continued from Page 1)\n\nThe revised regulation of the Railway Company of China (First reading).\n\n1. The Railway Company of China shall be organised in accordance with the Presidential Order of the 9th day of the 9th month of the First year of the Chinese Republic. With the exception of the railways, which have been or are to be built, or the construction of which has been signed, by the Government under the direct management of the Ministry of Communications and the railways concessions of which have been given to other Companies to be built.\n\n2. In addition to the common legal rights and privileges of other companies, the Company shall have the following privileges:\n\n(a) To propose and settle the lines referred to in the said article.\n\n(b) To take the concession of the lines referred to in the first article and to agree with Chinese or Foreign lot holders or Boat shares.\n\n(c) To utilize and manage the railway referred to in the first article, (1) manage the affairs connected with the alanya referred to in the first article.\n\n(e) To secure special funds and to buy in belonging to individuals, benefited by the construction of the line referred to in the first article.\n\n2. May any other company or the Government be willing to transfer the right of concession, which does not belong to the lines referred to in the first article, the Company has authority to accept it.\n\nThe Lines, other than those referred to in the first article, must be constructed by other companies under the regulations of the Government. They should not interfere with the privileges of the Company.\n\n4. The dates for commencing and completing the construction of the various lines by the Company shall be registered by the Government, unless the...\n\nShould it be unable to construct the railway according to the date, the Government may devise means for its construction.\n\n5. In all the lines which are to be built by the Company, the Government shall afford every protection and facility in the work.\n\nII. All railways constructed shall eventually become the property of the Government. With regard to the period of construction and management, and the selling of the control by the Government, the Company shall also be subject to the customary conditions applied to other companies. As to the laws and orders in connection with the affairs of the Company, unless otherwise provided by the Bill.\n\n7. All the Chinese or Foreign shares or loans, contracted by the Company, shall be subject to the laws of the Government; hence they shall enjoy the due protection of the Government. With loans which need to be guaranteed by the Government, the contract should be submitted for approval, and the regulations regarding foreign shares shall also be submitted...\n\nThe Regulations of the Company for the Transportation of Salt (first reading).\n\nThose who desire to form a Salt Company...\n\n**GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS,**\n\n**TIENTSIN-PUKOW LINE**\n\nThe Public are respectfully informed that the Through Train Service between Tientsin and Pukow will be commenced from the 4th December 1912.\n\n| TIENTSIN TO PUKOW |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Tientsin (Settlement)... | dep. 12.50 p.m.... | Wednesday and Saturday |\n| Pukow | arr. 2.55 | Thursday and Sunday |\n\n| PUKOW TO TIENTSIN |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Pukow... | 8.20 a.m. ... | Monday and Friday |\n| Tientsin (Settlement)... | arr. 10.33 | Tuesday and Saturday |\n\nFrom 1st December, all Trains from Tientsin will start from the Settlement Station.\n\nThe daily Trains between TSEN (Settlement) and Taku, between Tsinanfu and Msinanfu, and between Hwangyow and Pukow, and on the Branch Lines between Yaonow and Tsinanfow, and between Linsin and THAOCHUANG, will run as usual.\n\nThrough Trains are provided with Comfortable Sleeping Berths for the 1st Class Passengers, at a Charge of $5.00 per Berth.\n\nFurther particulars may be had on application to this Office.\n\nHEAD OFFICE,\n\nTientsin, 25th November, 1912.\n\nBY ORDER,",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4].txt",
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        "id": 442876,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4]",
        "page_number": 444,
        "title": "CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4]",
        "content_text": "## CONFIDENTIAL\n\nGOVERNMENT HOUSE,  \nHONGKONG, 26th April, 1913.\n\nReferring to previous correspondence ending with my Despatch, **Confidential**, of 20th January on the subject of the stoppage of the supply of limestone to the Green Island Cement Company, I have the honour to transmit for your information copies of the later correspondence on the subject noted in the margin terminating with the presentation of the heavy claim made by the Green Island Cement Company against the Chinese Government, which has been made by His Majesty's Consul-General acting under instructions from His Majesty's Minister at Peking.\n\n2. The statement made by Pui Chee to Mr. Tomes, the senior partner in Messrs. Shewan, Tomes and Company, who are General Managers of the Green Island Cement Company, furnishes further evidence of the real object of the Canton Authorities in placing an embargo on the export of limestone. I would also draw your attention to the newspaper extract which forms an enclosure to the Vice-Consul's Memorandum of the 11th of March wherein the motive of protecting the Canton Cement Works is again disclosed.\n\n3. The situation is a very serious one. In consequence of the failure of supplies of limestone the Company's factory at Macao has been closed since the middle of last November; and half of its factory at Hongkong has been closed for several months. The Company has only been able to keep the other half at work.\n\nI have large intuents. I for one suggest that the action on the part of the CAMG to enforce the payment of the claim and compensation for the future is necessary. Unfortunately, he has no satisfaction as to the drastic action except by retaliation by prohibiting or taxing importation of the Chekang cement. I can't say that I like the prospect any more than the others, but if other means fail, it looks as if we shall have to try it. The trouble is that if we do, the Chinese might retaliate in their turn, and Hong Kong industry might suffer.\n\nI fear that they will have the last word. We had better act on what the Governor's satisfaction is. I await their news on the Governor's satisfaction. `JR23/5/13`.\n\n### Marginal Notes\n| Reference | Note |\n| --- | --- |\n| 47.0. | Copy |\n| os. 1 to 15. |  |\n| sir. |  |\n| 7203 |  |\n| C.O | 437 |\n| 17020 | Rece |\n| REG! | 19 MAY 13 |\n\n### Other Notes\n- Can't be considered seriously.\n- Retaliation by Hong Kong on China is pour rire! `22.5.13`\n- `D.27.5.13`\n\nTHE RIGHT HONOURABLE  \nLEWIS HARCOURT, M.P.,  \n&c., &c., &c.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-400 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [3-4].txt",
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    {
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-401 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [5-6]",
        "page_number": 276,
        "title": "CO129-401 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "## Original Text Proofread\n\nThere will be many and should entail considerable expense for a preventive service. Mr. Stubbs in his minute on `Gov/21888/12` suggested that this is unsound: \"If the farmer can pay a preventive staff and still make a profit, why can't the Government?\" I think Mr. Stubbs overlooked the fact that the farmer didn't care twopence if chandu were smuggled from Hong Kong to China (he had sold it to the smuggler and made his profit, even if he didn't smuggle on his own account as is believed); that there would not be much smuggling from China to Hong Kong; and that consequently he would only need a small preventive staff to prevent smuggling overseas into Hong Kong which alone was likely to hit his pocket. The Government, on the other hand, is morally bound to stop smuggling into China from Hong Kong and that is where the expense and loss will come. However, the estimates of the proposed Department make allowance for 64 preventive officers in addition to those now employed in the Liquor duties, some thirty, and I presume that the Governor and Mr. Hutchison think that this number of men will be able to cope with the question. I have some doubts: but we shall learn whether more are wanted very soon after the system is introduced. In any case, the experiment is well worth trying, especially in view of the possible abolition of the traffic and the uncertain continuance of the farm.\n\nThere is one point which does not appear to have been considered. The Straits Government has taken into its own hands the sole right of importing opium. I am not sure whether Hong Kong proposes to follow suit, but I think they should. The trade with China is dying out and very shortly opium will only come to Hong Kong for local consumption and for export to places which still allow it. As the Hong Kong Government propose to take a monopoly of preparing chandu for export, they should, I think, also exercise the monopoly of import.\n\nThe figures supplied are interesting to compare with the present system. The farmer pays $1,183,200 for his monopoly. He can boil 540 chests for local consumption; and it is calculated that about 1100 taels of chandu go to the chest. The figures given in enclosure 2 allow 1080 taels to the chest, only 40 chests a month. The price is fixed at $5.50 a tael and the gross revenue is thus $2,851,300. Against this, there is the cost of the new Department ($108,751); in the first year, the special expenditure required for purchasing factory fittings, &c.; and the cost of the raw opium $1,014,940.\n\nSo far as I can make out, this last sum works out at about $2110 a chest, which is roughly £310; this is high for uncertificated opium but is, of course, due to the fact that it is based on Sassoon's prices. But taking this figure as about right, the nett revenue from chandu sold locally should be ±1,797,509 as against $1,183,200 now paid by the farmer.\n\nIt is not quite clear whether the forty chests a month on which the figures are based includes chandu prepared for export. If not, the revenue could be rather more.\n\nI think the scheme should be approved; the Superintendent will get a difficult job, and I should, I agree, be Class II, Part I Permanent.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 126,
        "title": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "120 \n\n(e). These officers are on the same salary as 1st class Sanitary Inspectors, namely £240-£270 and, like the latter, are drawn from the ranks of the Police. It is desirable to keep their emoluments at least on a level with those of Sanitary and Police Inspectors of the first class.\n\nI have therefore to ask your permission to accord the privilege of free quarters to all Revenue Officers, to house any of them for whom accommodation may be available in the quarters now being built for Sanitary Inspectors and Overseers, to make some small addition to some of the blocks of such quarters if experience shows that accommodation is not available, or to hire quarters for some in or near the hired premises which I propose to use for a Boiling Factory and Offices and Packing Department.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour most obedient,\n\nhumble servant,\n\n[Name not clear, possibly \"Amaz\"] Governor,&c.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 444548,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-404 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-404 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "## 9.\n\nIn accordance with the instructions contained in your telegram of 11th October, I caused the total expenses deducted from Opium Monopoly receipts for purposes of calculation of the Defence Contribution (See `Appendix III`) to be altered in the Estimates before the second reading of the Appropriation Bill from $993,631 to $921,960 made up as follows:\n| Item | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| Boilers | $84,920.00 |\n| Packers | $4,140.00 |\n| Factory Rent | $3,600.00 |\n| Fuel | $24,000.00 |\n| Opium | $849,900.00 |\n| Packing expenses | $20,400.00 |\n| Purchase of fittings | $15,000.00 |\n| Total | $921,960.00 |\n\nI shall await your Despatch promised by mail before addressing you further in this matter.\n\n## 10.\n\nThe only items in the nature of **\"Special Expenditure\"** to which I need refer are an appropriation of $10,000 under the Sanitary Department to permit of a continuance of the policy of removal of ceilings as a plague preventive measure and partial provision under Volunteers for re-arming the Corps with Rifles sighted for Mark VII ammunition. This measure has become necessary because the majority of the Rifles now in use are of an obsolete pattern and are rapidly becoming unserviceable. Those of modern pattern will be re-barrelled to take Mark VII ammunition, Mark VI, the ammunition now used, having been superseded at home. An estimate of $7,200 has also been inserted for the purchase of four new pattern Maxims for the Civil Service Company recently raised.\n\n## 11.\n\nThe programme of Public Works for 1914 is larger than for any previous year principally owing to the large appropriations\n\nPage 60  \nPage 61",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-404 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [10-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 445292,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 366,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## The \n## of the active principle that is contained in the salt of cocaine ordinarily in use. They further understand that a small factory could easily be established in Peru by a firm of druggists, such as Messrs. Merck, of Darmstadt, which could supply the whole world with the entire quantity of cocaine salts which it is likely to be able to consume. cocaine habit is recognised to have had far worse effects than the morphia habit, so that the non-adherence of Peru, even were all the European States to adhere to the convention, would leave the evils connected with the export of drugs to the East practically untouched.\n\nIn the present letter the Board have proceeded on the assumption that the articles of the convention which deal with morphia and cocaine and those which deal with opium stand or fall together. The question of the possibility of a more limited agreement which should concern itself solely with prepared opium is not one on which they feel it necessary to offer an opinion. In any case the manufacture of prepared opium (i.e., opium prepared for smoking) is not carried on in the United Kingdom.\n\nOn a review of the whole situation it appears evident to the Board that the attempt to suppress the illicit trade in morphia and cocaine by united action in the countries of manufacture is bound to be futile unless, at least, all important European countries, as well as those of North and South America, can be induced to agree to proposals on the lines of those laid down in the Opium Convention.\n\nI am to add that the expert consulted by the Board has pointed out that the entire suppression of the trade in morphia salts would be of little service if the trade in codeine salts were permitted to continue. At the instance of the German delegates the latter appear to have been omitted from the convention, but the Board understand that, though there is at present little abuse of this drug (which is now mainly manufactured in Germany, but would undoubtedly be manufactured in the United Kingdom in larger quantities were the manufacture of morphia to be restricted), its effects are generally similar to those of morphia, and it might be counted on to replace it.\n\nI have, &c.\n**GEO. J. STANLEY**\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n## **C. OPIUM. CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n`[10433]`  \nNo. 1.  \n365  \n0.  \n`12296`  \n[March 6.]  \n`SE2 APR 13`\n\n**Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received March 6.) (No. 80.)**\n\nPeking, February 18, 1913.\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 57 of the 4th instant, I have the honour to enclose copies of correspondence with the Wai-chiao Pu relative to the prohibition of the importation of Indian opium into the provinces of Chihli and Kuangsi and the joint investigation of the three provinces, Shantung, Anhui, and Hunan, on the lines laid down in article 4 of the agreement of May 1911.\n\nThe Wai-chiao Pu have noted the consent to the prohibition of the import of Indian opium into Chihli and Kuangsi with the greatest appreciation, and have proposed the 1st March as the date on which the prohibition shall become effective.\n\nI have agreed to this proposal on behalf of His Majesty's Government.\n\nIn my memorandum of the 1st February I informed the Wai-chiao Pu that I was unable to add Shantung, Anhui, and Hunan to the prohibition list at present, but expressed my readiness for a joint investigation of these three provinces at the earliest possible moment on the lines laid down by article 4 of the 1911 agreement. The Wai-chiao Pu, in their reply, now state that they are very willing to co-operate to this end.\n\nDue arrangements will be made for the carrying out of the programme of investigation in Shantung, Anhui, and Hunan as soon as the present season is sufficiently advanced to render an examination of the poppy crop practicable.\n\nI have, &c.\n**J. N. JORDAN**\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 1. (Translation.)\n\n**Mr. Lu Cheng Hsiang to Sir J. Jordan.**\n\nPeking, February 13, 1913.\n\nWITH reference to the prohibition of the import of Indian opium province by province, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's memorandum of the 2nd February, from which your consent to the prohibition of the import of Indian opium into the two provinces of Chihli and Kuangsi has been noted with the greatest appreciation.\n\nAlthough prohibition cannot be effected simultaneously in the case of the other three provinces of Shantung, Hunan, and Anhui, we note your suggestion that they should be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the opium agreement, and that representatives should be sent to carry out an investigation. This Ministry is very willing to co-operate to this end, and, when the facts have been established by examination, these provinces can be added to the prohibition list in due course.\n\nIt is now proposed to fix the 1st March as the date on which the prohibition of the import of Indian opium into the two provinces of Chihli and Kuangsi shall become effective, and I have the honour to notify your Excellency accordingly and to request the favour of a reply.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n(Seal of the Wai-chiao Pu.)\n\n`[2850f-1]`",
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    },
    {
        "id": 445616,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 87,
        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## \n\nwould it affect our Eastern Colonies, except in so far as it would diminish the protection afforded to those countries from the illicit importation of drugs; while it is of the greatest importance to them that the importation of drugs should be regulated as far as possible, and from that point of view it is very desirable that the convention should be ratified, even if its effect were impaired by non-acceptance on the part of some countries.\n\nOn the other hand, some authorities felt that the non-adherence to the convention of European countries of importance, and especially of Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, and Norway, would tend to render nugatory the entire system of proposals for checking the export of morphia and cocaine to the East, while as regards cocaine, the abstention of Peru would of itself counteract any efforts that the European Powers—even if themselves united—might make to put an end to the illicit trade in that drug.\n\nIf the above-mentioned Powers held aloof, the convention in its present form (it has been held) would fail to produce the beneficial effects intended, and the strongest effort should be made to induce the countries named to adhere to the convention, even if this should necessitate the postponement of ratification by His Majesty's Government.\n\nThe manufacture of morphia and cocaine might take place in non-adhering countries, and these might be exported without any restrictions imposed by the country of origin. Moreover, existing chemical manufacturers in adhering countries would probably be prepared to establish works in countries which had not adhered. Apart from the possibility of a transfer of manufacture to, or of a development of existing manufacture in, countries not bound by the convention, such countries would, under the convention as negotiated, be open to the unrestricted importation of morphia and cocaine from countries which were parties to the convention. It would thus be especially easy for manufacturers in adhering countries to use adjacent non-adhering countries as countries of transit through which their manufactures could be conveyed to the Eastern consumer, while manufacturers in the United Kingdom would also be in a position to utilise Trieste, Fiume, &c. for the same purpose, if, for instance, Austria-Hungary remained outside the convention.\n\nAs regards the effect of the non-adherence of Peru, it has been pointed out that the bulk of the raw material for the manufacture of cocaine is derived from that country and it is understood that already, without the employment of any specially elaborate pharmaceutical methods, a large quantity of coca leaf has been submitted to a process of extraction in Peru, and that the extract contained seven-tenths of the amount of the active principle that is contained in the salt of cocaine ordinarily in use. It would be easy for any firm of druggists to establish a small factory in Peru which could supply the whole world with the entire quantity of cocaine salts which it was likely to be able to consume. It has been suggested that as the cocaine habit is regarded as having as bad as or worse effects than the morphia habit, the non-adherence of Peru, even if all the European States were to adhere, would leave the evils connected with the export of drugs to the East practically untouched. Any attempt to suppress the illicit trade in morphia and cocaine by united action in the countries of manufacture will thus be seriously impaired and may even fail unless all countries which manufacture, or are likely to manufacture these drugs, can be induced to agree to proposals on the lines of those laid down in the Opium Convention.\n\nThrough the kindness of the Netherland Government, His Majesty's Government have been in a position to consider the reasons which had prompted the refusals on the omission of certain Governments to sign the convention.\n\nIt appears that Greece has refused to sign without stating any reason, while the Turkish Government have based their refusal on the same economic reasons which prevented them from taking part in the Conference.\n\nThe Swiss Federal Council in their reply, while expressing sympathy with the high moral purpose that inspired the convention, stated that they did not consider that the co-operation of Switzerland would serve any useful purpose. They based their view on the facts that Switzerland neither produced nor exported opium, and that the improper use of opium was not prevalent in the country. They added that the use of opium and its alkaloids, and of cocaine, was already strictly regulated by the national and cantonal pharmacy laws, and that as to the chemical factories which manufactured morphine and cocaine, their control was in the hands of the cantonal authorities, and under present conditions the federal authorities had no power to interfere with them.\n\nThe Austro-Hungarian Government informed the Netherland Government that the question of signing the convention was still under consideration, and that, as questions necessitating legislation were involved, the signature must in any case be delayed for some time.\n\nThe Swedish and Norwegian Governments have also replied that the legislation involved is an obstacle to immediate signature, while the Roumanian Government have stated that the matter is being considered by the competent Government department.\n\nHis Majesty's Government, after examining the reasons underlying these replies and carefully considering the points to which their attention had been called by the various departments, came to the conclusion that it would be impolitic for them to proceed at once to ratification, matters might be expedited if a Conference were held as originally intended, at which His Majesty's Government should be represented. It appeared that the hesititation of the Austro-Hungarian, Swedish, and Norwegian Governments to sign the convention on the ground of the legislation involved was due to a misunderstanding, which might be removed if it were explained to them that, under article 24 of the convention, the laws, regulations, and other measures contemplated by the convention need not be prepared till nine months after the deposit of the last instrument of ratification. Again, the reply of the Swiss Government was apparently based on a want of appreciation of the necessity of securing general international co-operation if the convention was to be really effective. A Conference would enable the signatory States not only to review the position in regard to ratification created by the additional signatures affixed to the convention since the last Conference, but also to concert measures to secure the signatures of those countries which had either refused to sign or had for the present abstained from doing so. The replies of certain countries to the invitation of the Netherland Government appear to reveal the existence of misunderstandings as to the provisions and purport of the convention which can, in certain cases, probably be overcome. In the circumstances, the time seems to have arrived when action on the part of the Netherlands Government may usefully be supplemented by action taken jointly by the signatory Powers, and further delay in arriving at a decision as to the most appropriate action to take will be obviated if the signatory Powers meet in conference at an early date, whilst any action decided on will come with greater weight if it is the result of the joint deliberations of the assembled Powers.\n\nThe Netherland Chargé d'Affaires has already been informed that His Majesty's Government have much pleasure in accepting the invitation of his Government to appoint delegates to proceed to The Hague to examine the question of the ratification of the convention, and I have since been officially notified that the Conference will meet on the 1st July.\n\nYou will inform the Conference that, in view of the considerable number of important Powers which have not as yet signed the convention, the moment is not ripe for the ratification of the convention by His Majesty's Government. You should, however, make it clear that this does not imply a refusal on the part of His Majesty's Government to ratify, but only a postponement, and you should use your best endeavours to secure the adoption by the Conference of such measures as are, in the opinion of the delegates, likely to induce those countries which have, for one reason or another, hitherto failed to adhere, to alter their attitude and sign the convention without further delay, thus hastening the moment when His Majesty's Government and the other Signatory Powers will be in a position to proceed to the deposit of their ratifications and to the execution of the provisions of the convention.\n\nThe above instructions will be a sufficient indication to you of the general line you should follow at the Conference, and you should refer to this Department for instructions on any point on which you are in doubt.\n\nFinally, I would add that your powers to enter into any agreement are not plenary, but are merely of an **ad referendum** nature.\n\nI enclose for your information a list of those dominions, colonies, dependencies, and protectorates of His Majesty which have adhered to the convention, and also of those which have refused or hitherto failed to do so.\n\nI am, &c.\n\n**E. GREY.**",
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    },
    {
        "id": 445641,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 112,
        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "# \n\n2 \n\nWould it affect our Eastern Colonies, except in so far as it would diminish the protection afforded to those countries from the illicit importation of drugs; while it is of the greatest importance to them that the importation of drugs should be regulated as far as possible, and from that point of view it is very desirable that the convention should be ratified, even if its effect were impaired by non-acceptance on the part of some countries.\n\nOn the other hand, some authorities felt that the non-adherence to the convention of European countries of importance, and especially of Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, and Norway, would tend to render nugatory the entire system of proposals for checking the export of morphia and cocaine to the East, while as regards cocaine, the abstention of Peru would of itself counteract any efforts that the European Powers, even if themselves united, might make to put an end to the illicit trade in that drug.\n\nIf the above-mentioned Powers held aloof, the convention in its present form (it has been held) would fail to produce the beneficial effects intended, and the strongest effort should be made to induce the countries named to adhere to the convention, even if this should necessitate the postponement of ratification by His Majesty's Government.\n\nThe manufacture of morphia and cocaine might take place in non-adhering countries, and these might be exported without any restrictions imposed by the country of origin. Moreover, existing chemical manufacturers in adhering countries would probably be prepared to establish works in countries which had not adhered. Apart from the possibility of a transfer of manufacture to, or of a development of existing manufacture in, countries not bound by the convention, such countries would, under the convention as negotiated, be open to the unrestricted importation of morphia and cocaine from countries which were parties to the convention. It would thus be especially easy for manufacturers in adhering countries to use adjacent non-adhering countries as countries of transit through which their manufactures could be conveyed to the Eastern consumer, while manufacturers in the United Kingdom would also be in a position to utilise Trieste, Fiume, &c. for the same purpose, if, for instance, Austria-Hungary remained outside the convention.\n\nAs regards the effect of the non-adherence of Peru, it has been pointed out that the bulk of the raw material for the manufacture of cocaine is derived from that country, and it is understood that already, without the employment of any specially elaborate pharmaceutical methods, a large quantity of coca leaf has been submitted to a process of extraction in Peru, and that the extract contained seven-tenths of the amount of the active principle that is contained in the salt of cocaine ordinarily in use. It would be easy for any firm of druggists to establish a small factory in Peru which could supply the whole world with the entire quantity of cocaine salts which it was likely to be able to consume. It has been suggested that, as the cocaine habit is regarded as having as bad as or worse effects than the morphia habit, the non-adherence of Peru, even if all the European States were to adhere, would leave the evils connected with the export of drugs to the East practically untouched. Any attempt to suppress the illicit trade in morphia and cocaine by united action in the countries of manufacture will thus be seriously impaired and may even fail unless all countries which manufacture, or are likely to manufacture these drugs, can be induced to agree to proposals on the lines of those laid down in the Opium Convention.\n\nThrough the kindness of the Netherland Government, His Majesty's Government have been in a position to consider the reasons which had prompted the refusals on the omission of certain Governments to sign the convention.\n\nIt appears that Greece has refused to sign without stating any reason, while the Turkish Government have based their refusal on the same economic reasons which prevented them from taking part in the Conference.\n\nThe Swiss Federal Council, in their reply, while expressing sympathy with the high moral purpose that inspired the convention, stated that they did not consider that the co-operation of Switzerland would serve any useful purpose. They based their view on the facts that Switzerland neither produced nor exported opium, and that the improper use of opium was not prevalent in the country. They added that the use of opium and its alkaloids, and of cocaine, was already strictly regulated by the national and cantonal pharmacy laws, and that as to the chemical factories which manufactured morphine and cocaine, their control was in the hands of the cantonal authorities, and under present conditions the federal authorities had no power to interfere with them.\n\nThe Austro-Hungarian Government informed the Netherland Government that the question of signing the convention was still under consideration, and that, as questions necessitating legislation were involved, the signature must in any case be delayed for some time.\n\nThe Swedish and Norwegian Governments have also replied that the legislation involved is an obstacle to immediate signature, while the Roumanian Government have stated that the matter is being considered by the competent Government department.\n\nHis Majesty's Government, after examining the reasons underlying these replies and carefully considering the points to which their attention had been called by the various departments, came to the conclusion that, though it would be impolitic for them to proceed at once to ratification, matters might be expedited if a Conference were held as originally intended, at which His Majesty's Government should be represented. It appeared that the hesitation of the Austro-Hungarian, Swedish, and Norwegian Governments to sign the convention on the ground of the legislation involved was due to a misunderstanding, which might be removed if it were explained to them that, under article 24 of the convention, the laws, regulations, and other measures contemplated by the convention need not be prepared till nine months after the deposit of the last instrument of ratification. Again, the reply of the Swiss Government was apparently based on a want of appreciation of the necessity of securing general international co-operation if the convention was to be really effective. A Conference would enable the signatory States not only to review the position in regard to ratification created by the additional signatures affixed to the convention since the last Conference, but also to concert measures to secure the signatures of those countries which had either refused to sign or had for the present abstained from doing so. The replies of certain countries to the invitation of the Netherland Government appear to reveal the existence of misunderstandings as to the provisions and purport of the convention which can, in certain cases, probably be overcome. In the circumstances, the time seems to have arrived when action on the part of the Netherlands Government may usefully be supplemented by action taken jointly by the signatory Powers, and further delay in arriving at a decision as to the most appropriate action to take will be obviated if the signatory Powers meet in conference at an early date, whilst any action decided on will come with greater weight if it is the result of the joint deliberations of the assembled Powers.\n\nThe Netherland Chargé d'Affaires has already been informed that His Majesty's Government have much pleasure in accepting the invitation of his Government to appoint delegates to proceed to The Hague to examine the question of the ratification of the convention, and I have since been officially notified that the Conference will meet on the 1st July.\n\nYou will inform the Conference that, in view of the considerable number of important Powers which have not as yet signed the convention, the moment is not ripe for the ratification of the convention by His Majesty's Government. You should, however, make it clear that this does not imply a refusal on the part of His Majesty's Government to ratify, but only a postponement, and you should use your best endeavours to secure the adoption by the Conference of such measures as are, in the opinion of the delegates, likely to induce those countries which have, for one reason or another, hitherto failed to adhere, to alter their attitude and sign the convention without further delay, thus hastening the moment when His Majesty's Government and the other Signatory Powers will be in a position to proceed to the deposit of their ratifications and to the execution of the provisions of the convention.\n\nThe above instructions will be a sufficient indication to you of the general line you should follow at the Conference, and you should refer to this Department for instructions on any point on which you are in doubt.\n\nFinally, I would add that your powers to enter into any agreement are not plenary, but are merely of an ad referendum nature.\n\nI enclose for your information a list of those dominions, colonies, dependencies, and protectorates of His Majesty which have adhered to the convention, and also of those which have refused or hitherto failed to do so.\n\nI am, &c.\n\nE. GREY.\n\n3 \n\n111",
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    {
        "id": 445811,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 282,
        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "12\n\nand of coca, are definitively fixed. On the other hand, it is desirous of making a careful preliminary study of the efficaciousness of the measures which the Chinese Government proposes to take to suppress the cultivation of the poppy in her territory and to prevent contraband trade in opium on the French Indo-Chinese frontier.\n\nThe Government of the Republic: being anxious, however, to accord all possible support to the task of combatting opium, undertaken in common and upon the initiative of the United States, is ready to ratify the Convention of January 23, 1912, as regards Continental France.\n\nMr. Max-Müller: His Majesty's Government regret that they do not consider the present moment quite ripe for ratification, but they wish it to be distinctly understood that this does not imply in any way that they are not anxious to ratify at the earliest moment possible. May I be allowed to explain some of the reasons which have led His Majesty's Government to this conclusion?\n\nIt has been felt by the advisors of His Majesty's Government that the non-adherence to the Convention of certain European countries specially interested in the question and I may mention Austria-Hungary, Switzerland and Norway - would tend to render nugatory the entire system of proposals for checking the export of morphine and cocaine to the East, while, as regards cocaine, the abstention of Peru would of itself counteract any efforts the European Powers, even if themselves united, might take to put an end to the illicit trade in that drug. Existing chemical manufacturers in adhering countries might be prepared to establish works in countries which had not adhered; the latter countries would, under the Convention as negotiated, be open to the unrestricted importation of morphine and cocaine from countries which were parties to the Convention. It would thus be especially easy for manufacturers in adhering countries to use adjacent non-adhering countries as countries of transit through which their manufactures could be conveyed to the Eastern consumer. As regards the effect of the non-adherence of Peru, it has been pointed out to His Majesty's Government that the bulk of the raw material used in the manufacture of cocaine is derived from that country, and it is understood that already, without the employment of any specially elaborate pharmaceutical methods, a large quantity of coca-leaf has been submitted to a process of extraction in Peru, and that the extract contains seven-tenths of the amount of the active principle that is contained in the salt of cocaine ordinarily in use. It would be easy for a firm of druggists to establish a small factory in Peru which could supply the whole world with the entire quantity of cocaine salts which it was likely to be able to consume. Any attempt to suppress the illicit trade in morphine and cocaine will thus be seriously impeded unless all countries which manufacture or are likely to manufacture these drugs can be induced to agree to proposals on the lines of those laid down in the Opium Convention. His Majesty's Government feel that the present Conference will enable the Signatory States not only to review the position in regard to ratification created by the additional signatures affixed to the Convention since the last Conference, but also to concert measures to secure the signatures of those countries which have either refused to sign or have for the present abstained from doing so. The replies of certain countries to the invitation of the Netherlands Government appear to reveal the existence of misunderstandings as to the provisions and purport of the Convention which can in certain cases probably be overcome. His Majesty's Government feel that the time has arrived when the action already taken by the Netherlands Government might usefully be supplemented by action taken jointly by the Signatory Powers, and they feel that any action decided on would come with greater weight if it were the result of the joint deliberations of the Powers here assembled. would again repeat, then, that His Majesty's Government, for the reasons above given, feel that the moment is not ripe for the ratification of the Convention. I am, however, to make it clear that this does not imply a\n\n13\n\nrefusal on the part of His Majesty's Government to ratify, but only a postponement, and we hope to secure the adoption by the Conference of such measures as are in the opinion of the Delegates likely to induce those countries which have, for one reason or another, hitherto failed to adhere, to alter their attitude and sign the Convention without further delay, thus hastening the moment when the Governments of the Signatory Powers will be in a position to proceed to the deposit of their ratifications and the execution of the provisions of the Convention.\n\n(Applause).\n\nMr. Stenio Vincent declared that according to constitutional procedure in Haiti, the Conventions must be approved by the Legislature before proclamation. The Government of Haiti is ready to deposit the ratification as soon as the Legislative approval shall have been obtained.\n\nMarquis Compans de Brichanteau declared that the Italian Government is ready to deposit the ratification of the International Opium Convention, which ratification applies also to the Italian Colonies: i.e. Erythrea, Somaliland, Tripoli and Cyrene.\n\nMr. Jumpei Shinobu declared that the Japanese Government has no objection in principle to depositing the ratification.\n\nHis Exc. Baron Fallon declared that the Government of Luxemburg is disposed to ratify the Convention.\n\nHis Exc. Federico Gamboa declared that the Mexican Government is disposed to ratify the Convention after obtaining Legislative approval.\n\nDr. van Deventer declared that the Government of Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands is ready to ratify the Convention, subject to the approval of the States-General.\n\nHis Exe. Mr. Ferreira said that he had not yet received instructions from his Government, but he did not believe that it was disposed to ratify the Convention. He was of the opinion that it would be better to await the adhesion of the other Governments. This view he advanced at the first Conference. The Powers who have ratified the Convention have pledged themselves to take steps whereby they sacrifice their national economic interests to humanitarian ends, but it is not necessary that this should be to the profit of other nations who remain free to continue and even to develop commerce in opium and in analogous drugs to the detriment of other nations.\n\nHis Exc. Mr. Swétchine declared that the Russian Government was ready to sign the Convention with the understanding that the refusal of certain Powers shall not impair its efficacy. Russia desires to reserve its final decision until this question shall have been made clear by the Conference. He agreed with the view advanced by Mr. MAX-MÜLLER on behalf of his Government.\n\nMr. Archer said that the Siamese Government is ready to deposit its ratification.\n\nThe President said that some nations felt a difficulty about ratifying at the present moment or taking measures toward that end, because other nations, some of them having great influence, had not signed the Convention. Others were willing to ratify notwithstanding that fact. In his own opinion it was not necessary for those nations which were willing to deposit their ratifications to wait before doing so until others had decided. If they deposited forthwith it would save them from being asked a second time by the Netherlands Government whether they were willing to ratify and from coming here again to make the same statement.\n\n281",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913.txt",
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    {
        "id": 450470,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "content_text": "The Powers whose signature had not been obtained by the end of last year were the following: Austria-Hungary, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, the Republic of Cuba, Greece, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Roumania, Servia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and Uruguay.\n\nOf these last seventeen, Bolivia, Colombia, and the Republic of Cuba actually signed, while Bulgaria, Nicaragua, and Uruguay have declared their intention of signing.\n\nThe invitation of the Netherland Government, together with the accompanying list, has received the careful consideration of the departments concerned, by whom the attention of His Majesty's Government has been directed to the following points:-\n\nOn the one hand, it has been urged that the non-acceptance of the convention by certain countries would have no practical effect upon the interests of India, nor would it affect our Eastern Colonies, except in so far as it would diminish the protection afforded to those countries from the illicit importation of drugs; while it is of the greatest importance to them that the importation of drugs should be regulated as far as possible, and from that point of view, it is very desirable that the convention should be ratified, even if its effect were impaired by non-acceptance on the part of some countries.\n\nOn the other hand, some authorities felt that the non-adherence to the convention of European countries of importance, and especially of Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, and Norway, would tend to render nugatory the entire system of proposals for checking the export of morphia and cocaine to the East, while as regards cocaine, the abstention of Peru would of itself counteract any efforts that the European Powers—even if themselves united—might make to put an end to the illicit trade in that drug.\n\nIf the above-mentioned Powers held aloof, the convention in its present form (it has been held) would fail to induce the beneficial effects intended, and the strongest effort should be made to induce the countries named to adhere to the convention, even if this should necessitate the postponement of ratification by His Majesty's Government.\n\nThe manufacture of morphia and cocaine might take place in non-adhering countries, and these might be exported without any restrictions imposed by the country of origin. Moreover, existing chemical manufacturers in adhering countries would probably be prepared to establish works in countries which had not adhered. Apart from the possibility of a transfer of manufacture to, or of a development of existing manufacture in, countries not bound by the convention, such countries would, under the convention as negotiated, be open to the unrestricted importation of morphia and cocaine from countries which were parties to the convention. It would thus be especially easy for manufacturers in adhering countries to use adjacent non-adhering countries as countries of transit through which their manufactures could be conveyed to the Eastern consumer, while manufacturers in the United Kingdom would also be in a position to utilise Trieste, Fiume, &c., for the same purpose, if, for instance, Austria-Hungary remained outside the convention.\n\nAs regards the effect of the non-adherence of Peru, it has been pointed out that the bulk of the raw material for the manufacture of cocaine is derived from that country, and it is understood that already, without the employment of any specially elaborate pharmaceutical methods, a large quantity of coca leaf has been submitted to a process of extraction in Peru, and that the extract contained seven-tenths of the amount of the active principle that is contained in the salt of cocaine ordinarily in use. It would be easy for any firm of druggists to establish a small factory in Peru which could supply the whole world with the entire quantity of cocaine salts which it was likely to be able to consume. It has been suggested that as the cocaine habit is regarded as having effects as bad as or worse than the morphia habit, the non-adherence of Peru, even if all the European States were to adhere, would leave the evils connected with the export of drugs to the East practically untouched. Any attempt to suppress the illicit trade in morphia and cocaine by united action in the countries of manufacture will thus be seriously impaired and may even fail unless all countries which manufacture, or are likely to manufacture these drugs, can be induced to agree to proposals on the lines of those laid down in the Opium Convention.\n\nThrough the kindness of the Netherland Government, His Majesty's Government have been in a position to consider the reasons which had prompted the refusals on the omission of certain Governments to sign the convention.\n\nIt appears that Greece has refused to sign without stating any reason, while the Turkish Government have based their refusal on the same economic reasons which prevented them from taking part in the Conference.\n\nThe Swiss Federal Council in their reply, while expressing sympathy with the high moral purpose that inspired the convention, stated that they did not consider that the co-operation of Switzerland would serve any useful purpose. They based their view on the facts that Switzerland neither produced nor exported opium, and that the improper use of opium was not prevalent in the country. They added that the use of opium and its alkaloids, and of cocaine, was already strictly regulated by the national and cantonal pharmacy laws, and that as to the chemical factories which manufactured morphine and cocaine, their control was in the hands of the cantonal authorities, and under present conditions, the federal authorities had no power to interfere with them.\n\nThe Austro-Hungarian Government informed the Netherland Government that the question of signing the convention was still under consideration, and that, as questions necessitating legislation were involved, the signature must in any case be delayed for some time.\n\nThe Swedish and Norwegian Governments have also replied that the legislation involved is an obstacle to immediate signature, while the Roumanian Government have stated that the matter is being considered by the competent Government department.\n\nHis Majesty's Government, after examining the reasons underlying these replies and carefully considering the points to which their attention had been called by the various departments, came to the conclusion that, though it would be impolitic for them to proceed at once to ratification, matters might be expedited if a Conference were held as originally intended, at which His Majesty's Government should be represented. It appeared that the hesitation of the Austro-Hungarian, Swedish, and Norwegian Governments to sign the convention on the ground of the legislation involved was due to a misunderstanding, which might be removed if it were explained to them that, under article 24 of the convention, the laws, regulations, and other measures contemplated by the convention need not be prepared till nine months after the deposit of the last instrument of ratification. Again, the reply of the Swiss Government was apparently based on a want of appreciation of the necessity of securing general international co-operation if the convention was to be really effective. A Conference would enable the signatory States not only to review the position in regard to ratification created by the additional signatures affixed to the convention since the last Conference, but also to concert measures to secure the signatures of those countries which had either refused to sign or had for the present abstained from doing so. The replies of certain countries to the invitation of the Netherland Government appear to reveal the existence of misunderstandings as to the provisions and purport of the convention which can, in certain cases, probably be overcome. In the circumstances, the time seems to have arrived when action on the part of the Netherlands Government may usefully be supplemented by action taken jointly by the signatory Powers, and further delay in arriving at a decision as to the most appropriate action to take will be obviated if the signatory Powers meet in conference at an early date, whilst any action decided on will come with greater weight if it is the result of the joint deliberations of the assembled Powers.\n\nThe Netherland Chargé d'Affaires has already been informed that His Majesty's Government have much pleasure in accepting the invitation of his Government to appoint delegates to proceed to The Hague to examine the question of the ratification of the convention, and I have since been officially notified that the Conference will meet on the 1st July.\n\nYou will inform the Conference that, in view of the considerable number of important Powers which have not as yet signed the convention, the moment is not ripe for the ratification of the convention by His Majesty's Government. You should, however, make it clear that this does not imply a refusal on the part of His Majesty's Government to ratify, but only a postponement, and you should use your best endeavours to secure the adoption by the Conference of such measures as are, in the opinion of the delegates, likely to induce those countries which have, for one reason or another, hitherto failed to adhere, to alter their attitude and sign the convention without further delay, thus hastening the moment when His Majesty's Government and the other signatory Powers will be in a position to proceed to the deposit of their ratifications and to the execution of the provisions of the convention.\n\nThe above instructions will be a sufficient indication to you of the general line you should follow at the Conference, and you should refer to this Department for instructions on any point on which you are in doubt.\n\nPage 50",
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    {
        "id": 456943,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "page_number": 259,
        "title": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "content_text": "with important interests demanding protection and urgent problems calling for solution. It is melancholy to have to report that they failed miserably, but the causes of this failure are not far to seek. Authority is divided between the Chiang Chun and the Civil Governor, and the jealousy normally existing between them was turned into an open quarrel by the action of the Central Government in transferring the control of the gendarmerie from the latter to the former. Both, moreover, are liable to constant interference from the State Council and from the various boards in Peking. This was especially noticeable in the case of the Board of Communications. The employés of this board appear to come from a class which is entirely self-seeking and devoid of patriotism and, as in Turkey, they are easily seduced by the arts of which the Germans are such past masters. The higher provincial officials were not at all so amenable to German influence, but they seemed to have little to say in the management of the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway, with the result that for several weeks after the outbreak of war the Germans, besides absolutely controlling the Shantung Railway, were able to use the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway almost as they pleased. A long list of breaches of neutrality could be compiled if necessary. The most flagrant cases, however, were the return of the Austrian crew of the \"Kaiserin Elizabeth\" from Tien-tsin, and the conveyance by the German consul at Nanking of two boxes containing munitions of war—believed to be mines—to Tsingtao. The authorities at Tsinan had ample warning with regard to these boxes but did nothing so that, with the active assistance of German employés of the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway, they were safely conveyed to the station of the Shantung Railway and thence to Tsingtao.\n\nThe Japanese, who were chiefly concerned, took no serious steps with regard to these breaches of neutrality, and were probably secretly pleased, for reasons of their own, that they should occur. As no British interests seemed to be involved I confined myself to offering friendly advice to the Chinese as occasion served. At an early stage I warned the Chiang Chun that the free use of the Shantung Railway might justify a belligerent in seizing the whole line. He was evidently afraid to assert any rights over this line, and I therefore suggested that he might at all events cut the connection between the Shantung and the Tien-tsin Railways and thus minimise the danger of abuses, but he was unable to adopt so drastic a measure on his own responsibility. On another occasion I suggested to the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs that neutrality would be better preserved if British officials from the southern section of the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway were allowed to function as far north as Tsinan in lieu of German employés. He submitted the suggestion to the directors of the railway, who returned a blank refusal. Thus, partly through indecision, and partly through corruption, the Chinese failed to avert the Japanese occupation of the railway, though the danger was plain from the beginning.\n\nThe same indecision was seen in the handling of the Chinese troops in Shantung. The Chiang Chun early suspected that the Japanese might land at Lungkow, and therefore drafted large bodies of troops into the east of the province. When the Japanese came, however, the troops in obedience to orders from Peking were all withdrawn to Wei-hsien. The principal anxiety of the Chinese then became to prevent the Japanese advancing west of Wei-hsien, and they thought this object had been achieved when, with the consent of Japan, a war zone was marked out running east of that place. They were, therefore, all the more surprised and chagrined when a Japanese detachment seized the Wei-hsien railway station. Reinforcements amounting to about 2,000 men were hurriedly sent to Wei-hsien, but this was a foolish and inopportune move as there was never any real intention of opposing the Japanese by force. The best that can be said for the Chinese is that their decision not to fight was at any rate a wise one.\n\nThe formal determination of the status of the Japanese in Shantung must await the fall of Tsingtao, but there is no question that, at the very least, they have succeeded in full to the position hitherto held by the Germans. In this connection I am able to relate an interesting piece of secret history. When the Shantung Railway was completed the Chinese cast about for some method of rescuing the province from the grip of the Germans. One expedient was to open Tsinan to foreign trade and residence, a measure which subsequently achieved much success. Yang Shih-hsiang, who succeeded Yuan Shih-kai as Viceroy of Chibli and was at that time Governor of Shantung, conceived the brilliant idea of inviting in the Japanese as a counterpoise to the Germans. A plot in the settlement was granted on fifty years' lease (instead of thirty years, as provided in the regulations) for a Japanese consulate, and the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha were allowed to reserve a plot on the understanding that no rent should be paid till they actually built on it. This plot, in defiance of the regulations—still stands empty in the busiest part of the settlement. Many small Japanese traders flocked into Tsinan in response to the Governor's invitation and opened shops in the city, where they were a thorn in the side of the officials, and now, finally, by the irony of fate, the Japanese have ousted the Germans altogether, and are likely to prove by far the harder taskmasters of the two. There is every likelihood that Eastern Shantung will become another South Manchuria, and British trade interests (which are rapidly increasing in importance in this province) view the prospect with much uneasiness. The British-American Tobacco Company have been the principal sufferers in the past from unfair Japanese competition, and I understand that they are considering steps to meet the present situation.\n\nWith regard to the conduct of Japanese troops in Shantung, full evidence is not yet available, but I think the following are just conclusions: The soldiers have been under good discipline and Japan has been anxious that they should behave well, but the Japanese soldier and subordinate officer is frequently an overbearing bully who shoots first and enquires afterwards. There have consequently been many cases of wanton killing of Chinese. Moreover, the troops have been billeted in Chinese houses, with the inevitable result that women have been raped. On the other hand, this crime, when detected, has been punished with instant death. For this I have the word of an Englishman who saw a Japanese soldier summarily shot for interfering with a Chinese woman. The stories spread by the Germans about the Japanese are, of course, outrageous lies, but their only result seems to have been to cause a stupid panic among their own women and children. On the other hand, reports in English newspapers have in some cases been too favourable, chiefly because the Japanese, with great skill, allowed English journalists to see only what they were intended to see.\n\nMany wealthy Chinese fled from the war zone on the arrival of the Japanese, and of course suffered much thereby. The poorer classes had to stay, but I think it is fair to assume that, individual cases apart, they have benefited on the whole by the arrival in their midst of large numbers of troops with money to spend.\n\nPage 9\n\nTsinan, in common with other places, is enjoying the benefits of a German press campaign. When war broke out Herr Ballin's blackmailing news factory was not in working order in Shantung. The German community therefore decided to subscribe to Reuter's telegrams, and at my invitation the rest of the foreign community and the Chinese officials agreed to join, with the result that I found myself charged with the laborious task of receiving the telegrams and typing and distributing copies to nearly forty subscribers. A few days later the German organisation got to work. The Deutsch-Asiatische Bank received telegrams which were posted up in Chinese outside its gates, and a German commercial paper printed in Chinese in Shanghai, the \"Hsieh Ho Pao,\" published a daily broadsheet in Tsinan, reproducing these telegrams and other news translated from the German press. Efforts were made both by the bank and the German consul to induce the Governor to pass on the bank's telegrams to the native press.\n\nThis he stoutly refused to do, and indeed at first the native press were reluctant to publish the telegrams at all, and applied to me for the Reuter's instead. Subsequently they published both sets of telegrams, and, acting on official instructions, endeavoured to show no partiality for either. Meanwhile for several weeks the Germans showed much activity in posting up the \"Hsieh Ho Pao\" war news sheet all over the city, but, about the time of the German retreat from before Paris this activity slackened, and it was only to be found in German shops and hotels. At about the same time the Japanese produced a broadsheet, the \"Chi Lu Jih Pao,\" and proved themselves much more efficient at this kind of organisation than the Germans. The \"Hsieh Ho Pao\" merely slavishly translated all that appeared in the German newspapers for European consumption, but the Japanese takes pains to publish what is chiefly of interest to Chinese readers, and the \"Ch'i Lu Jih Pao\" is still widely placarded all over Tsinan and in the towns along the Shantung Railway.\n\nAt the end of August the Germans refused in a body to continue their subscriptions to Reuter's telegrams, but as it was of great importance that there should be a supply of news other than from polluted German sources, I induced many of the up-country mission stations to subscribe, and was thus able to keep up the service. Up to the present, therefore, I continue to supply practically all the British and American communities in Shantung, as well as the Chinese officials and newspapers in Tsinan, with Reuter's telegrams. The task is extremely irksome and laborious, but it is important that it should not be allowed to drop.\n\nPage 12\n\nPage 22\n\nIt is satisfactory to be able to report that the province, in spite of war and floods, still remains completely tranquil, and is, indeed, normally free from brigandage—a state of things for which the local officials deserve much credit. Provincial finances have\n\nPage 27\n\n254",
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    {
        "id": 463571,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-435 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1916 [9-11]",
        "page_number": 663,
        "title": "CO129-435 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1916 [9-11]",
        "content_text": "# HONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\nAnalyses, Government Notifica-\n\nthe general account with all expenditure Assessed Taxes, over and above that derived from the Carriages, chair, &c., Licences, actual cash payments, received on account Fines, of the Wuchang Loan, resulted in the Liquor duties, expenditure for the year 1915 reaching Opium Monopoly, the abnormal figure of $15,149,268. However, notwithstanding this drastic but sound method of dealing with the situation, the balance of liabilities over assets on the 31st December, 1915, was only $452,687. During the first six months of the current year, the revenue receipts were satisfactory, and the deficit of $452,687 was, on the 30th June last, converted into a credit balance of $544,295. It is estimated that the balance of assets over liabilities at the end of the year will be $1,003,643.\n\nThe revenue for the current year is now expected to amount to $13,274,000, more or $1,864,990 than the original estimate. This excess is largely accounted for by estimated increases under the following heads:\n| Category | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquor duties | $150,800 |\n| Opium Monopoly | 1,179,000 |\n| Premia on new leases | 150,000 |\n| Tobacco duties | 200,000 |\n\nThe expenditure for 1916, which was originally estimated at $11,882,774, is now expected to fall short of that figure by $65,104. This is more than accounted for by the reduced expenditure for loss on subsidiary coin. When I addressed you last year, I stated that there was some reason to hope that the reduced sum of $750,000 entered in the Estimates would be sufficient. It is probable that, owing to the high price of silver which has diminished the loss on sale of coins withdrawn from circulation, the sum required will only be approximately $370,000. It is estimated, on the other hand, that there will be an increase in the cost of maintaining the prisoners of war and their families of about $97,000, while their transport to Australia has already cost a sum of $183,000. I hope shortly to lay a statement on the subject before you.\n\n## Estimates of Revenue for 1917\n\nThe estimated revenue for 1917 is $13,942,000, which is $1,832,000 in excess of the approved revenue for 1916, but is actually $32,000 less than the revised figures for the current year. Compared with the approved estimates for the current year, the principal increases are as follows:\n| Category | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| China Companies Fees | $15,300 |\n| Deeds Registration | 5,000 |\n| Fees for use of Government Buoys | 17,000 |\n| Medical Examination of emigrants | 160,000 |\n| Medical Treatment | 1,000,000 |\n| Coaching, local traffic | 40,000 |\n| Sunday cargo-working permits | 9,200 |\n| Water, excess supply and meter rents | 32,000 |\n| Postage | 35,000 |\n| Goods, through traffic | 6,000 |\n| Lands not leased | 5,000 |\n| Leased lands, New Territories | 5,000 |\n| Slaughter-houses | $,000 |\n| Premia on new leases | 50,000 |\n| Total | $1,912,000 |\n\nI should, however, explain that the increase of $40,000 under \"China Companies Fees\" is to a great extent counter-balanced by the loss of $32,340 under the head \"Companies Local Registers Licences,\" and the payment of $3,719 for the Registrar of Companies at Shanghai as shown on page 48.\n\n## Estimates of Expenditure for 1917\n\nThe estimated expenditure for the next year is $12,390,155, which is $513,381 more than the estimated expenditure for the current year. There are small decreases in the departments of Governor, Colonial Secretary and Legislative, and the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs. The staff of the Secretariat has been strengthened by the creation of a 2nd Grade Clerical post, the need for which is explained in Appendix III., but as no new Cadets will be appointed, there is a considerable saving under Personal Emoluments. Small increases are shown in the Audit Department and the Treasury, due to the creation of new clerical posts which are explained in Appendix III.\n\nIn the Harbour Master's Department, provision has been made for two 3rd Grade Clerks in place of one 4th Grade Clerk. One of these clerks is required to keep the accounts of the Government buoys. In the Mercantile Marine Office, the post of European Constable has been abolished, making a saving of $1,371. The votes for coal have been increased in order to meet the higher cost. Under \"Lighthouses and Lights,\" it has been possible to make a saving owing to the installation of Aga Lights at Cape Collinson and Ma Wan. The posts of two Lighthouse keepers have been abolished on the retirement of the holder. On the other hand, provision has been made for house allowances to two married Lighthouse-keepers amounting to $1,080, while the sum required for lodging allowances while in Hongkong has been reduced from $546 to $168.\n\nThe work in the Department of Imports and Exports has increased to a large extent owing to the various War measures in force—especially the Importation and Exportation Ordinance and to the imposition of the tax on tobacco. For some months, the Superintendent has had the assistance of two Cadet Officers, but it will be necessary in the near future to provide an adequate staff for this department, which is becoming one of the most important in the service. Under Personal Emoluments, the principal increases are the creation of temporary posts of one Higher Grade Clerk and fifteen 5th Grade Clerks, and the permanent posts of a 3rd Grade Interpreter and a 5th Grade Clerk at the Opium Factory. On the other hand, one post of Revenue Officer has been abolished, causing a saving of nearly $3,000. Under \"Other Charges,\" a small net reduction has been made of $710.\n\nIn the Royal Observatory, it is proposed to incur special expenditure of $8,000 for an installation for receiving time signals by wireless telegraphy.\n\nThe withdrawal of subsidiary coins will be completed and withdrawals from circulation cease. The sum entered must, therefore, be looked upon as in the nature of a guess. Economies have been made in the consumption of electric light and current, and it is hoped to effect a reduction of $2,000 under this head. Owing to the high cost of materials, it has been necessary to increase the vote for stationery by $7,500, although every effort is made to economise. The vote for telegrams has been entered at $25,000. It is hoped that, owing to a new arrangement by which the public are now charged for telegrams sent on their behalf, this sum, which is much less than the amount which will be expended this year, will suffice. A saving of $10,000 is anticipated in the cost of transport of Government servants, due to the fact that fewer passages will be required for officers who come under the free passage scheme. Although an increase of $35,850 is shown under the head of War Expenditure, there will be a large saving on the actual expenditure during the current year, as it is not anticipated that any large sum will be required for the transport of prisoners of war.\n\nIn the Supreme Court, a 2nd Grade Assistant Interpreter has replaced the Higher Grade Interpreter, while a 3rd Grade Clerk and Translator has replaced the 1st Grade Clerk and Translator. It should be pointed out that the men who have resigned their posts were officers of senior standing, whereas those appointed to succeed them are junior in the service. They have been promised further advancement at an early date, subject to their work proving entirely satisfactory. A reduction of $2,000 has been made in the vote for the travelling expenses of watchmen, and the temporary engagement of extra watchmen.\n\nThe salary of the Assistant Solicitor has been placed on the same footing as Class III of the Cadet Service, and the salary of the Land Officer on a sterling basis has been calculated on the occurrence of a change in the holder of the office.\n\n## Miscellaneous Services\n\nThe following changes should be noticed. The contribution of $2,000 towards the maintenance of the Signal Stations at the Peak and Cape d'Aguilar is no longer required since the erection of the Wireless Station at the latter place. A sum of $2,100 has been entered under this head for language bonuses.\n\nIn the Police Department, under \"Personal Emoluments,\" provision has been made for language bonuses, and corresponding entries under various departments have been omitted. The amount provided for seventy-nine European Constables has been reduced, and a saving is shown of $5,845. No less than thirty-eight Constables have gone to the front, of whom, I regret to say, three have been killed in action. Only forty European Constables are actually serving in Hongkong, but provision has to be made for all, as those on leave are still on the strength.\n\nThe sum provided to meet the loss on subsidiary coins has been reduced from $750,000 to $300,000. It is impossible to estimate at present, with any approach to accuracy, what sum will be required. It is impossible to predict when the rehabilitation of these coins will be completed.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-435 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1916 [9-11]",
        "page_number": 687,
        "title": "CO129-435 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1916 [9-11]",
        "content_text": "## HONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\nThe general account with all expenditure Assessed Taxes, over and above that derived from the Carriages, chair, &c., Licences, actual cash payments, received on account Fines, of the Wuchang Loan, resulted in the Liquor duties, expenditure for the year 1915 reaching the abnormal figure of $15,149,268. However, notwithstanding this drastic but sound method of dealing with the situation, the balance of liabilities over assets on the 31st December, 1915, was only $452,687. During the first six months of the current year the revenue receipts were satisfactory, and the deficit of $452,687 was on the 30th June last, converted into a credit balance of $544,295. It is estimated that the balance of assets over liabilities at the end of the year will be $1,003,643.\n\n| Revenue | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquor duties | $150,800 |\n| Opium Monopoly | $1,179,000 |\n| Premia on new leases | $160,000 |\n| Tobacco duties | $200,000 |\n\nThe revenue for the current year is now expected to amount to $13,274,000, or $1,864,990 more than the original estimate. This excess is largely accounted for by estimated increases under the following heads: Liquor duties, Opium Monopoly, Premia on new leases, and by a yield of $200,000 from the duty on tobacco.\n\nThe expenditure for 1916, which was originally estimated at $11,889,774, is now expected to fall short of that figure by $63,104. This is more than accounted for by the reduced expenditure for loss on subsidiary coin. When I addressed you last year I stated that there was some reason to hope that the reduced sum of $750,000 entered in the Estimates would be sufficient. It is probable that owing to the high price of silver which has diminished the loss on sale of coins withdrawn from circulation, the sum required will only be approximately $570,000. It is estimated, on the other hand, that there will be an increase in the cost of maintaining the prisoners of war and their families of about $97,000, while their transport to Australia has already cost a sum of $183,000.\n\n### Estimates of Revenue for 1917\n\nThe estimated revenue for 1917 is $13,242,000, which is $1,832,990 in excess of the approved revenue for 1916, but is actually $32,000 less than the revised figures for the current year. As compared with the approved estimates for the current year, the principal increases are as follows:\n\n| Heads | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| China Companies Fees | $32,000 |\n| Deeds Registration | $35,000 |\n| Fees for Government Buoys | $6,000 |\n| Medical Examination of emigrants |  |\n| Medical Treatment | $35,000 |\n| Postage | $10,000 |\n| Sunday cargo-working permits |  |\n| Water, excess supply and meter rents | $50,000 |\n| Coaching, local traffic | $5,000 |\n| Goods, through traffic | $5,000 |\n| Lands not leased | $8,000 |\n| Leased lands, New Territories | $5,000 |\n| Slaughter-houses | $20,000 |\n| Premia on new leases | $50,000 |\n| Total | $1,912,000 |\n\nI should, however, explain that the increase of $40,000 under China Companies Fees is to a great extent counterbalanced by the loss of $32,340 under the head \"Companies Local Registers Licenses,\" and the payment of $3,719 for the Registrar of Companies at Shanghai as shown on page 46.\n\n### Estimates of Expenditure for 1917\n\nThe estimated expenditure for next year is $12,396,155, which is $513,381 more than the estimated expenditure for the current year. There are small decreases in the departments of Governor, Colonial Secretary and Legislative, and the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs.\n\nIn the Harbour Master's Department, provision has been made for two 3rd Grade Clerks in place of one 4th Grade Clerk. One of these clerks is required to keep the accounts of the Government buoys. In the Mercantile Marine Office the post of European Constable has been abolished, making a saving of $1,371.\n\nThe work in the Department of Imports and Exports has increased to a large extent owing to the various War measures in force, especially the Importation and Exportation Ordinance, and to the imposition of the tax on tobacco. Under \"Personal Emoluments\" the principal increases are the creation of temporary posts of one Higher Grade Clerk and fifteen 5th Grade Clerks, and the permanent posts of a 3rd Grade Interpreter and a 5th Grade Clerk at the Opium Factory.\n\nIt is impossible to estimate at present, with any approach to accuracy, what sum will be required for loss on subsidiary coins. Economies have been made in the consumption of electric light and current, and it is hoped to effect a reduction of $2,000 under this head. Owing to the high cost of materials, it has been necessary to increase the vote for stationery by $7,500.\n\nIn the Supreme Court, a 2nd Grade Assistant Interpreter has replaced the Higher Grade Interpreter, while a 3rd Grade Clerk and Translator has replaced the 1st Grade Clerk and Translator. In the Royal Observatory, it is proposed to incur special expenditure of $6,000 for an installation for receiving time signals by wireless telegraphy.\n\nUnder \"Miscellaneous Services\" the following changes should be noticed: The contribution of $2,000 towards the maintenance of the Signal Stations at the Peak and Cape d'Aguilar is no longer required. A sum of $2,100 has been entered under this head for language bonuses. The amount provided to meet the loss on subsidiary coins has been reduced from $750,000 to $300,000.\n\nIn the Police Department, under Personal Emoluments, provision is made for only seventy-nine European Constables, and a saving is shown of $5,845. No less than thirty-eight Constables have gone to the front, of whom I regret to say three have been killed in action.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-435 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1916 [9-11].txt",
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    {
        "id": 465785,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-439 - Others - 1916",
        "page_number": 13,
        "title": "CO129-439 - Others - 1916",
        "content_text": "Any further communication should be addressed to—\n\nTHE \"CHAIRMAN,\"\n\nthe address given opposite.\n\nThe following letters and number\n\nJust be quoted:—\n\nTHS/MS. REW.T.L.2938.\n\nTELEPHONE:\n\nVICTORIA 8630 (4 Lines).\n\nKOMANDI\n\nCAMCOM. VIC.. LONDON.\n\nWAR TRADE DEPARTMENT,\n\nREC.\n\n2436\n\nTRADE CLEARING HOUSE\n\n16\n\nREGO\n\nBROADWAY HOUSE,\n\n12\n\nTOTHILL STREET,\n\nWESTMINSTER, S.W.\n\n14th January 1916.\n\nTransit Letter 2938.\n\nCOLONIAL OFFICE.\n\nFrom: El Oriente Tobacco Factory, C. Ingenchl, Manila.\n\nTo: C. Ingenohl,\n\nRotterdam.\n\nThis envelope contains private correspondence from A. Velhagen, manager of Ingenohl's Manila branch, to his relations in Germany. The letter to his mother at Bielefeld seems to supply more definite evidence of the German nationality or at least of the German connection of Ingenohl and his firm than has hitherto been available.\n\nVelhagen says:-\n\n\"I see from the papers that private letters from Germany and abroad are going to be censored, and I am afraid that I shall hear less frequently from you in consequence. Obviously, however, a censorship of outward correspondence is necessary to check spying. I should not be sorry if this censorship was extended to business letters so that Herr Ingenohl might get into the way of cutting short his interminable correspondence. I should like to think that the Censor was making difficulties for his letters, holding them up on the frontier.\n\nThe excitement to boycott our cigars was dying down and customers were beginning to order again, being convinced that the Oriente was a Belgian firm, but unfortunately the thing has started again from the none too cautious letter from Ingenohl which he sent to the Singapore paper. The Governments of the various English Colonies are at present contenting themselves with informing smokers that the Oriente is under German influence, and that their cigars had better not be smoked, but without absolutely forbidding the introduction of the goods, so that our Chinese agents are trading cheerfully as before. I am now very much afraid that steps will be taken to prevent the import of our cigars which will do us a lot of harm. To get on the right side of the Belgian Consul here, I presented 10,000 cigars for the Belgian soldiers.\"\n\nIn order",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-439 - Others - 1916.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 467712,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-442 - Governor Sir May - 1917 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 14,
        "title": "CO129-442 - Governor Sir May - 1917 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "Toure 3. + 13 properties is of little importance. The vast majority of the persons who invest in leasehold property in this Colony are Chinese subjects, and to restrict the sale to British subjects would tend to reduce seriously the market value of the four properties other than the house at the Peak. I came to the conclusion that these considerations formed special reasons against any such restriction in the case of the five properties in question and I therefore addressed to you my cypher telegram of the 10th March. I enclose a copy of the draft of the special conditions which will be inserted in the conditions of sale. I propose to use the second of those conditions to ensure that the purchaser is beyond suspicion and, in the case of Messrs. Blackhead & Co's Soap and Soda Factory, that he is not a mere speculator who is endeavouring to make money out of genuine investors.\n\n12. On the above view of the position it was unnecessary to consider the question raised in the fifth paragraph of your despatch.\n\n13. Local conditions also seem to make it unnecessary to deal in the Ordinance with the question of title. I propose to direct that all the sales shall\n\n14. be by public auction.\n\n10. I do not consider it necessary that these sales should be advertised outside the Colony, as probably any persons or firms likely to be interested have their representatives here, and wider advertisement would cause delay.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour most obedient,\n\nhumble servant,\n\nGovernor, &c.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-442 - Governor Sir May - 1917 [4-6].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 468855,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-444 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1917 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 75,
        "title": "CO129-444 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1917 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "# HONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\nEducation\n\nEducation's Special Expenditure\n\nMilitary Expenditure\n\nDefence Corps\n\nPublic Works: --\n\n376,052 revenue is so much larger than was expected.\n\n4,350\n\n+\n\nThe expenditure for this year, which was originally estimated at $12,425,018, is now expected to exceed that sum by $1,265,152. There have been savings in practically all departments and the excess is due to the gift of $1,000,000 made by the Colony to the Imperial Government for war purposes. A sum of $51,218 under \"Military Expenditure\" is due to the arrears of military contribution for 1910 being paid this year.\n\nPublic Works Department\n\nPublic Works, Recurrent\n\n608,700\n\nPublic Works, Extraordinary\n\n1,685,800\n\nPost Office\n\n397,354\n\nKowloon-Canton Railway:—\n\n392,335\n\n76,385\n\n334,630\n\n42,590\n\nWorking Expenses\n\nSpecial Expenditure\n\nPensions,\n\nCharitable Services\n\nTotal\n\n$8,369,910\n\nTHE COLONIAL TREASURER second read.\n\nTHE GOVERNOR - Hon. members of the Legislative Council, it gives me much pleasure to be able to lay before you an even more satisfactory financial statement than I did last year. Last October I informed you that it was estimated that at the end of the year 1916 the balance of assets over liabilities would be $1,003,643, but the actual balance amounted to $2,300,785, or a sum of $1,297,142 more than was anticipated. The revenue receipts up to the 30th June this year were $245,550 in excess of expenditure, and it is estimated that the balance of assets over liabilities on the 31st December next will amount to $2,867,945. I should, however, point out that no payment has yet been made to the Commonwealth Government in respect of the erection of buildings for, and the maintenance of, the prisoners of war and interned enemy subjects who were sent to Australia in January last year, and on subsequent dates. A statement of the amount due has been promised and payment may be made before the end of the year.\n\nIt is estimated that the revenue for this year will amount to $14,257,330, or $1,015,330 more than the original estimate. Of this increase a sum of $502,500 is due to the special war rate and will be paid to the Imperial Government. The balance is largely made up of $250,000 from the Opium Monopoly and $100,000 from Tobacco Duties. It is satisfactory to find that the yield from this new source of revenue is ...\n\nEstimates of Revenue for 1918\n\nThe estimated revenue for 1918 is $14,763,590, being $1,521,590 in excess of the approved estimated for 1916, and $506,260 in excess of the revised figures for the current year. This estimate includes a sum of $1,007,000 from the special war rate, and as the revised estimate for the year includes a sum of $502,500 from the same source, the estimated revenue for next year is almost exactly the same as the revised estimate for this year.\n\n21,400\nAs compared with the approved estimates for this year the principal increases (in addition to the sum of $1,007,000 mentioned) of which explanations will be found in the footnotes are as follows:—\nAssessed Taxes7,400\nForfeitures21,000\nLiquor Licences250,000\nOpium Monopoly100,000\nTobacco Duties10,000\nChina Companies Fees11,000\nFees for use of Government buoys5,000\nMedical Examination of Emigrants12,000\nPublic School Fees20,000\nSunday Cargo Working Permits10,000\nSurvey of Steamships5,000\nWater, Excess supply and Motor-rents17,500\nMessage Fees10,000\nPostage7,000\nGoods, Through Traffic5,000\nLeased Land (Crown rent exclusive of New Territories)6,440\nStone Quarries46,000\nInterest8,000\nCompensation in lieu of rates7,500\nRoyalty payable by the Hongkong Tramway Co.$580,240\n\nHONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\nEstimates of Expenditure for 1918\n\nThe estimates of expenditure for next year is $12,140,475, which is $281,543 less than the estimated expenditure for the current year. The various increases and decreases in each department and the reasons therefor are fully set out in the Sessional Paper laid before honourable members. I would draw attention to the footnote in the Sessional Paper regarding certain errors in the estimated expenditure for this year, which have come to light when making the calculations of the increases and decreases in each department. I would remind you that owing to the pressure of work caused by the reduced staff of the Secretariat this useful abstract was not made last year. It is an absolute check on the figures, and if it had been made the errors referred to would not have occurred. The revised figures have been used by me in making the comparisons in the first part of this statement. There is a small decrease in the department of Governor chiefly due to higher exchange and a decrease in the votes for Other Charges. Small increases are shown in the departments of Colonial Secretary and Legislature and Secretariat for Chinese Affairs due to stipulated increments. An increase is shown in the Audit Department through the grant of Duty Pay amounting to £600 per annum to the two Assistant Auditors and through the creation of a Second Grade clerical post with a view to strengthening the department. A small increase is shown in the Treasury due to stipulated increments and the creation of a temporary clerkship to assist in the collection of the special war rate.\n\nIn the Harbour Master's Department provision is made for one 2nd Grade Clerkship in place of one 3rd Grade, one 4th Grade Interpreter and one 6th Grade Telephone Clerk, the need for which is explained in Appendix III. In the Marine Surveyor's Office and under Steam Launches the votes for coal and liquid fuel have been increased to meet the higher cost. Under Lighthouses and Lights the introduction of Aga Lights at Cape Collinson and Blackhead's Hill has produced a saving of $675 under the former and an increase of $125 in the latter case.\n\nThe work of the Department of Imports and Exports has increased to a large extent owing to the various war measures in force, especially the Importation and Exportation Ordinance, and to the imposition of a tax on tobacco. For well over a year the Superintendent of Imports and Exports has had the assistance of two Cadet Officers, one a Cadet Officer of the 3rd Class and the other a Passed Cadet in a post of the 3rd class. I have, therefore, as a temporary war measure, approved of the continuing so to act and provision has been made for their salaries on that basis, together with travelling and overtime allowances, under Miscellaneous Services, War Expenditures. Special Expenses of the Imports and Exports Department. There will be a corresponding saving under the posts in which they nominally officiate, namely, those of Assistant Postmaster General and Passed Cadet.\n\nUnder Personal Emoluments in the Imports and Exports Department the principal increases are the addition of the creation of a Temporary Staff for the six temporary 5th Grade Clerkships and compilation of Trade Statistics. A lump sum of $10,000 has been inserted for the latter staff as the requirements of the department cannot at present be stated exactly. Owing to the working of the Import and Export Permit System on Sundays and Holidays, overtime allowances to the staff have been increased by $1,316 to $4,500. The Revenue Officer in charge of the searchers for opium and other contraband goods holds such a responsible position that he has been promoted to the post of Chief Preventive Officer on a higher salary. The number of Revenue Officers is correspondingly reduced. The vote for Electric Fans and Light has been sub-divided, $1,000 being transferred to Factory and the vote reduced by $500. This enables a more accurate calculation to be made for the Defence Contribution.\n\nA large decrease of $150,000 is made under Opium in Other Charges, the sum inserted being considered sufficient for the supply of raw opium for the year. A sum of $2,400 has been added for the Rent of Temporary Offices for the staff employed on the compilation of Trade Statistics. Under Special Expenditure in this and other departments employing steam launches a sum is inserted for a triennial inspection of launch boilers.\n\nIn the Royal Observatory a 5th Grade Computer has been promoted to 4th Grade with allowance for night duty. Under Other Charges a sum of $100 is inserted for the maintenance of the installation\n\n12.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-444 - Governor Sir May & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1917 [10-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 478291,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-451 - Public Offices - 1918",
        "page_number": 528,
        "title": "CO129-451 - Public Offices - 1918",
        "content_text": "## Esa \n\n(7) \n\n524 \n\nare also likely to be the scenes of very grave difficulties. Even in the past, there has been more rioting amongst miners than amongst any other classes. This is doubtless owing to the fact that their occupation is dangerous and their remuneration disproportionately small, while the class from which they are recruited is very rough. During the last few months, there have been many strikes, and a great deal of unrest among them, and as their employers have been exceptionally prosperous, their difficulties will be correspondingly great.\n\nTaking it all in all, I am inclined to think that unless Japan introduces a new and more genuine kind of factory law, and unless her workmen are treated with more consideration, there will in the near future arise a situation fraught with dangerous possibilities. One factor which must not be overlooked is the decision of Baron Shibusawa to try and reform labour conditions here. Up to the present, it will be remembered, there has been no voice to represent the labour point of view in the metropolis. There is, it is true, a Society called the \"Yuaikai,\" which has recently taken up the labour question, and looks after the welfare of the workers, but although it is growing, its influence up to the present has been very small.\n\nBaron Shibusawa, who may be called the father of the business world in Japan, is a man of absolute integrity and honesty of purpose, and is looked up to both by the business men and the operatives, and it is just possible that he may be able to save the situation by bringing about wide and far-reaching reforms, but unless he can do this, much trouble is in store, and one of Japan's greatest assets, from an industrial point of view, has been her cheap and docile labour; we must look to the introduction in the near future of a factor which must, to a great extent, affect the possibility of her becoming a serious competitor in the markets of the world.\n\nOne/",
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    {
        "id": 478789,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-452 - Others & Individuals - 1918",
        "page_number": 254,
        "title": "CO129-452 - Others & Individuals - 1918",
        "content_text": "# C. 23827\n## INDO-CHINESE DEVELOPMENT SYNDICATE, LIMITED\n29, Mincing Lane, London, E.C.\n\nThe Secretary to the Treasury.\n\nDear Sir,\n\n26th November, 1918.\n\nIn reply to your letter dated 22nd November, C.23827 \"Capital Issues\", we beg to say that our Company is a private one, but it is contemplated to transform into a public Company when circumstances permit.\n\nThe proceeds of the proposed issue for cash will be very largely allocated towards the purchase in this country of the following:-\n| Item |\n| --- |\n| Manchester goods and general necessaries. |\n| Up-to-date machinery for a flour-milling factory. |\n| Refrigerating plant. |\n| Machinery in connection with rubber plantations. |\n| Zinc smelting machinery. |\n| Road-making material. |\n| Saw mills. |\n| Material for harbour works, etc. |\n\nIt is impossible at the present moment to detail the amounts to be applied to the various purchases, though they will naturally be considerable, and reports to hand from our General Manager in the Colony show very clearly that, given the necessary facilities, this fresh field for British trade and enterprise will become quickly and increasingly important.\n\nThe money to be expended abroad will be entirely in connection with the salaries of staff and labour, and constitutes only a very small proportion of the funds required.\n\nThe names of the present Directors of the Syndicate are:-\n- John...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-452 - Others & Individuals - 1918.txt",
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    {
        "id": 480986,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-456 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1919 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 223,
        "title": "CO129-456 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1919 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "204\n\n110\n\nHONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\non\n\ngoods there is more money with which to gamble, but I am not sufficiently acquainted with the subject either to support or to oppose the remarks of the hon. member. As for prison industries there has been an increase in the price of materials and consequently there is a smaller revenue. With reference to the large expenditure on the Canton and Kowloon Railway, we closed the Capital Account in 1915 at a figure of over fifteen million dollars, so that now we have to think that I could have carried on in anything like the same manner. The senior unofficial member referred to jiuriki shas in Caine Road. That matter is still under consideration and I hope arrangements will be made to continue that service. With regard to hawkers' licenses there are two points: one the number of licenses to be issued, the other how to deal with unlicensed hawkers who, in many cases, are small Chinese boys. The number of licenses is not strictly limited, but I think the hon. member and those who are supporting him, must see that if the number goes beyond a certain limit the streets would become practically impassable and the whole administration of the Police work of the city would be hampered to an extent which I am sure he and his colleagues would resent.\n\nRegarding the Department of Imports and Exports the question of permits in existence and which, as I said last year, the services started this year was, I regret to say, not successful. The term of the present concession, however, is, as hon. members are aware, a quite short one, and during the period remaining the whole question will be thoroughly reconsidered. As regards the opium revenue and the decrease to which reference has been made, I should state that the figure of seven and a half million dollars which appears in this year's estimates will not be reached and, therefore, it is not correct to say that there is an anticipated reduction of a million and a half dollars. It is quite proper and in accord with the Government's policy that there should be a reduction. In regulating the preparation and sale of opium and increasing the price, it is obvious that some reduction must take place in the consumption. As regards expenditure, the cost of packing and preparing, that is the general factory expenses, are the same, because the wages have increased. The same staff is required for handling the slightly decreased quantity of chests at the present time.\n\nI am not in a position to say that the increase of pawnbroker's licenses increases the amount of gambling. I see the argument that if there are greater facilities for pawning goods there is more money with which to gamble. The question of charging capital expenditure to the ordinary expenditure of the railway was decided not to increase the capital, and therefore we have to show all expenditure in the estimates. The question of providing launches and general assistance in the harbour in typhoon weather has been referred to a Committee who are going to consider how the subject can best be dealt with. I hope that when the next typhoon season comes round we shall have some arrangement which will be in working order in sudden emergencies.\n\nRegarding the punishment of juvenile offenders generally and hawkers in particular, the Government has under consideration some better method of dealing with them. It is a difficult matter, but of course the vicarious responsibility and punishment of a parent or guardian is a point that cannot be considered. The Government is in favour of cheap ferry services and its effort to get fares reduced was not successful this year. The term of the present concession is short, and during the remaining period, the whole question will be thoroughly reconsidered.\n\nAs regards the opium revenue, the figure of seven and a half million dollars will not be reached, and it is not correct to say there is an anticipated reduction of a million and a half dollars. The reduction is in accord with the Government's policy. The cost of packing and preparing opium is the same due to increased wages.\n\n10\n\nHONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\nThe question of vernacular education has been referred to. The Government wishes to give every possible assistance for providing proper buildings and is carefully considering the best places for vernacular schools. A large sum of money has been contributed indirectly by the Chinese. This should be taken into consideration. We are trying to devise a scheme whereby it may be possible for Chinese to subscribe towards this work. They have subscribed in an indirect manner under the local shipping control scheme and their contributions may be made available for providing education.\n\nThe interpreter in the Chinese language is a difficult thing to get. Good English interpreters are rare, and it is difficult to get good men to embark upon it as a career. Provision has been made for two Sanitary inspectors in the estimates when four were asked for. The policy of providing inspectors for leave purposes is not one that the Government has ever encouraged.\n\nThe Peak Signal Station is to be maintained. It has been in existence for many years and is one of the things people first see on approaching Hong Kong. The suggestion for the installation of diaphones at Waglan and Gap Rock has been found impracticable due to the expense and lack of necessary power.\n\nAs regards the rice question, the Government bought a house recently adjoining the Victoria Hospital which may be used itself or as Sisters' quarters, thus releasing the present quarters for a maternity ward. The matter will be considered as soon as the Principal Civil Medical Officer returns to the Colony.\n\nReferring to the question of housing, the plan to erect flats and a hotel in Kowloon has been carefully considered with expert advice, and opinions from people living in the Kowloon Peninsula have been taken to ascertain whether the scheme was the best. It is proposed to go on with the hotel, for which there is a great demand, essential for tourists and others.\n\nThe action taken by the Government prevented certain riots and had a steadying influence on the community, which it prevented from being exploited. It maintained the reputation of this Colony as a free entrepot of trade. Confidence is a very delicate plant, and once disturbed, it is difficult to get it to grow again.",
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    {
        "id": 486445,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-466 - Individuals - 1920",
        "page_number": 124,
        "title": "CO129-466 - Individuals - 1920",
        "content_text": "ingly abundant in many parts of the tropical regions of this country and the nuts are available in very large quantities, a sack of the nuts have been forwarded to the Imperial Institute of London for examination to ascertain if they may be of commercial value as a source of oil. Should they prove to contain a good percentage of oil, and the crushing of the nuts presents no difficulty, a new and very important industry for Colombia should be developed. The fruits, I may mention, are readily eaten by cattle and the nuts passed through the cattle may therefore be collected in cattle corrals in large numbers and at little cost.\n\nMagangue.\n\nSugar Plantation on Cauca River. From Gamarra I proceeded on September 12th to Magangue. Here I called especially to arrange a visit to the sugar plantations of the Companhia Azucarera de Sucre de Central Bolivar, which are situated on the banks of the Cauca river, where I was informed a plant capable of turning out 120 sacks of sugar, of 125 lbs. each, per day had been installed. On arriving at Magangue, however, I learned that, owing to the heavy rains, the plantations had been inundated for the past three months, and that the factory was consequently temporarily closed. As a journey there would have occupied 8 days, and under these circumstances be useless, I decided to proceed to Barranquilla.\n\nMagangue is a larger town than the majority along the Magdalena, having about 9,000 inhabitants. Its situation is important, being the port for the sabanas of Bolivar; consequently, it is the scene of a good deal of traffic with cattle and trading generally. Its being situated near the Cauca river contributes also to its importance. I proceeded to Barranquilla on the 15th, arriving there early on the following day.\n\n## General Impressions of the River Journey\n\nThe principal object of my visit to the various river ports along the Magdalena was to obtain an idea of the forest resources, and of the agricultural possibilities of the country generally. The exceptional heavy rains, however, and the consequent flooded state of the country, prevented me from carrying out the systematic work that I had hoped to have accomplished. In any case, little could have been done in the space of three weeks, and I came to the conclusion that, in order to make a general survey of the forest areas of the lower Magdalena of any value, at least a year would be necessary. Such a survey would require a river steamer at one's disposal, as well as a motor or gasoline boat for ascending the affluents of the Magdalena; in addition, a complement of at least fifty men would be required for opening lines through the forests for inspection. In my opinion, a careful survey of the Magdalena forests should be made, not only to map out those areas of most importance from a timber point of view, which of course should be worked on scientific lines, securing to the country a permanent supply of timber; but also for the purpose of mapping out those areas best adapted for cattle farming, for sugar growing, cacao, and other plantation industries. Such information should prove invaluable to the Government in aiding the systematic exploitation of the forest resources, as well as the agricultural development of one of the most accessible parts of Colombia.\n\n# DEPARTAMENTO DE MAGDALENA\n\n## Santa Marta\n\nOn September 20th I proceeded to Santa Marta and remained there till the 30th making arrangements for my journey through the Departamento. I had intended starting with mules from Santa Marta for the Sierra Nevada, Provinces of Valle Dupar and Padilla, and thence to Rio Hacha and Goajira. Not being able, however, to make satisfactory arrangements for the hire of transport, I decided to proceed by sea to Rio Hacha and commence the journey overland from that town.\n\nSanta Marta is the capital of the Departamento and the seat of the local Government. It possesses a fine deep bay which affords a safe anchorage and an excellent port, steamers being able to get alongside the railway wharf. The most important local industry is the growing of bananas for export, which has within recent years assumed an industry of the greatest importance. The banana plantations are served by the Santa Marta Railway which conveys the fruit to the port on the arrival of the fruit steamers. The bulk of the produce from the ports on the Magdalena river of this Departamento finds its way to Barranquilla and is exported from that port.\n\n## Rio Hacha\n\nOn the evening of September 30th we left by sailing boat from Santa Marta for Rio Hacha, and arrived there in the afternoon of October 2nd. Rio Hacha is one of the oldest towns of Colombia, but owing to various fires little remains of the old Spanish buildings except the ruins of an old castle now being washed by the waves of the encroaching sea. It is the capital of the Province of Padilla, and is situated near the river Calancala, on the boundary between the Province and the peninsula of Goajira. There is no harbour, the sea being an open roadstead and very shallow, not permitting even small sailing boats to anchor nearer the shore than about a kilometer. All exports and imports have therefore to be transported in cayucos or large dug-out canoes from the shore to the boats or vice versa.\n\n![A Banana Plantation near Santa Marta](A)\n\n![The Bay of Santa Marta](The Bay of Santa Marta)\n\n![Shipping Bananas at the Port of Santa Maria](Shipping Bananas at the Port of Santa Maria)\n\n122",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 252,
        "title": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "## KOWLOON AND ITS HINTERLAND\n\nfactories, I make bold to assert that the hundreds, nay thousands, of women and children engaged in this industry at Kowloon exhibit an air of contentment and physical well-being that might well be the envy of countries where Factory Acts are in operation to safeguard the interests of the working classes. The complaint is a common one, and has not arisen from the people for whom Mr. Bowley advocates, but curiously enough from promoters of industries, that restrictions against the starting of new industries and the exactions from Government are such as to deter the employment of capital and the undertaking of enterprises in the Colony.\n\nOn a recent occasion, the editor of **The Rock** and myself had the opportunity of meeting leading representatives of the Chinese community in Hongkong. We were struck by the remark from one, blessed with much of this world's riches, that the \"law\" of Hongkong was what he so greatly admired. By contrast, it seems strange that a Britisher, whose profession places himself in a special position to set a correct appreciation on the value of our laws, should be the one to cavil at the inadequacy of its provisions to safeguard the interests of the Chinese themselves.\n\nThe creation of the department of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, which is none other than one for the protection of the Chinese, with an efficient head in the person of the Hon. Mr. S. B. C. Ross, is a sufficient guarantee that the abuses which Mr. F. B. L. Bowley complains of cannot exist to the extent which his paper might lead those not conversant with conditions prevailing in Hongkong to believe. Mr. Bowley's intentions are undoubtedly good, but the method he has adopted to carry them out may be open to objection.\n\n## Kowloon has been favoured by the gods\n\nKowloon has been favoured by the gods at the annual Race Meeting just concluded. Out of the three big prizes in the sweepstakes for the race for the Championship, the second and third prizes went to Kowloon residents. The second prize, which is worth $6,880, was won with ticket No. 1500 by Mrs. G. A. Yvanovich, Jr. The third prize was of a value of $3,440 and went to Mrs. Wheeler, wife of Captain Wheeler, of the Indo-China S. N. Co., and Urquhart, in partnership. The first prize of the very next race (Consolation Stakes) was won by Mr. F. E. Carvalho and his son Mr. Fernão Carvalho, both residents of Kowloon. The prize was worth $3,000. Mrs. Farias won a prize over $3,000 on the first day, and Mr. Farias one of $400 on the second day.\n\nA singular circumstance connected with ticket No. 1509 for the Champions is related by the lucky winner of the prize. Mrs. Yvanovich had a bag of flour bought some time before the races. When the bag was emptied of its contents and while hemstitching the piece of cloth, the design of this special brand of flour attracted her attention. The trade mark is that of the Yueu Fong Flour Mills Co. and depicted a telephone box superscribed with the number 1509 in large figures. The next day she enquired of Mr. U. Rumjaha if that number was available for the Champions. Thus it was that the number which drew the favourite brought its purchaser the handsome gift of early seven thousand dollars.\n\n## \"Catholic Press Day\"\n\n### ST. JOSEPHIAN\n\nHis Lordship the Bishop has decreed that there shall be special prayer at the Holy Hour on Thursday, March 31st, for the prosperity of our Catholic Press. All who are interested—and who is not?—in this important matter should make it a point to carry out His Lordship's wishes by being present in the Cathedral and praying for this intention. On the following Wednesday, the 6th April, the Bishop will call a meeting at the Mission House of the Promoters and friends of **The Rock** and the **Religião e Patria** to discuss means of obtaining better support for these two papers.\n\n## GIRL SLAVERY IN HONGKONG\n\nThe views I made to the papers in the views mentioned above I will repeat in principal features in the belief that it is of sufficient importance to merit reproduction here.\n\n### The Meaning of Slavery\n\nThe word slavery can, in my opinion, be taken in a broad sense, and all depends on how it is used. In a sense, we are all slaves to some person or to some thing. The question as it is now under discussion has already been investigated by the Registrar General (now termed the Secretary for Chinese Affairs) with the assistance of the leading Chinese. The matter has been laid fairly and squarely before the public who now, I think, understand what is really meant by the term \"slavery\" when it is employed in this connection.\n\n### Not Legally Allowed\n\nThere is no slavery in China to-day in the legal and technical sense of the term, nor has the buying and selling of human beings been tolerated by law in recent years, as is clearly proved by the wording of documents used in such transactions. Parents are willing instinctively to part with their children, and nothing but stress will make them bow to this sinful necessity. But this does sometimes occur, as the following instance has come under my personal notice to show.\n\n### A Personal Experience\n\nAs I was leaving my house one day, I saw a poor woman with a daughter about ten years old weeping bitterly at my gate. On enquiry, I found they were nearly starving. Her husband had died three years ago, leaving her with two daughters, one of whom she had fortunately sold to a couple of good disposition. With the proceeds, she had succeeded in building a shack. But now it was tumbling to bits, and she and her girl were unable to earn a sufficient livelihood to support themselves. She begged my people to buy her child; and though refusing the request, we offered her money, she still continued with tears to solicit us to look after the girl.\n\nNow, what, in a case like this, is the law to do? Punish the helpless mother and place the child in a convent or charitable institution? Most of the cases of 'child-slavery' or so-called \"Mui Tsai\" are similar to this.\n\n### Treatment of Girls and Safeguards against Cruelty\n\nIt must be remembered that girls sold into other families as adopted daughters or servant-girls are looked upon as members of the family. They are better fed and better clothed, and do lighter work than with their own parents. Indocile and mischievous girls, no doubt, are punished on occasion, but so are one's own children. But they have their remedies here as on the mainland of China. They can complain to their parents or guardians when these come to visit them, which is always one of the stipulations of their contract.\n\nIn Hongkong, moreover, they have the Chinese Secretariat, the Police, and the Society for the Protection of Women and Children (called the Po Leung Kuk, of which we reproduce a photograph), to all of which the girls are able to carry their complaints, certain of receiving prompt attention. On the mainland of China also, there are charitable institutions where elders of clans and other influential bodies attend to similar complaints; while in Hongkong again, notices are posted up officially in brothels and elsewhere impressing on the girls the necessity of reporting ill-treatment and the fact that they are free agents, so that all Chinese are well aware that cruelty to servants is not tolerated.\n\n### Humanitarian Point of View\n\nSpeaking then from a humanitarian point of view, I am clearly of opinion that unless the wealthy classes and the Government of China agree to co-operate in establishing foundling homes and poorhouses in every district to gather in the poor, support, and finance them, it would only make matters worse to force the common people to end a practice to which stress of circumstances alone has forced them and which it is beyond their power to resist.\n\n### No alteration possible or desirable yet\n\nAs a representative of the Chinese, I fail to see how I could, in view of existing circumstances, lend any useful help in suppressing what is complained of. It is a mode of life adopted from time immemorial.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-468 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 459,
        "title": "CO129-468 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "# HONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\n## Amendment of the Crown Lands Resumption Ordinance, 1900\n\n**THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL** moved the first reading of a Bill intituled, **An Ordinance to amend the Crown Lands Resumption Ordinance 1900**.\n\nThe Objects and Reasons attached to the Bill state:\n\n**THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL** said-There are three main provisions in this Bill. In the first place, it proposes to abolish the customary ten per cent. allowance for compulsory acquisition. That ten per cent. has been abolished in certain particular cases, in England, by particular statutes, and recently, two years ago, a general statute was passed dealing with the acquisition of land compulsorily, and that provision is made general in all cases. In future, the Board of Arbitrators will have to assess the value of the land without allowing any amount for compulsory purchase. That provision is reinforced and made clear by the second main provision of the Bill, which is to the effect that the compensation for the resumption of Crown lands is to be based on the amount which the property would fetch in the open market if sold by a willing seller. That is intended to get rid of any argument with regard to sentimental value. The third main provision is that, in any resumption under the proposed Ordinance, no compensation is to be given in respect of any use of the land which is not in accordance with the terms of the Crown lease under which the land is held.\n\nThis Bill contains the three following main provisions:\n1. (a) The customary 10 per cent. allowance for compulsory acquisition is to be abolished. \n   (b) The compensation is to be based on the amount which the property would fetch in the open market if sold by a willing seller. \n   (c) No compensation is to be given in respect of any use of the land which is not in accordance with the terms of the Crown lease under which the land is held.\n\nParagraphs (2) and (b) of Clause 2 are adopted from the Acquisition of Land (Assessment of Compensation) Act, 1919, 9 and 10 Geo. 5. c. 57, s. 2 (1) and (2).\n\nThat affects two main classes of cases; one is the case where land is held on a particular title, say, an agricultural lease which only entitles the holder to use the land for farming purposes. In some cases, such land is allowed by the Government to be used temporarily for other purposes. The owner may get a permit to put up and maintain some kind of factory there, for example. It is a temporary permit, and is liable to revocation on short notice. If the owner chooses to spend a large sum of money on the erection and maintenance of the factory, he can hardly complain if, when the land is required for public purposes, he is reminded that his title is merely an agricultural one and that the permit was only temporary. It is his own risk if he spends money; in some cases, he may be prepared to take the risk, but if he does, he can only be compensated on the basis of what he is entitled to, and that is agricultural leases. These vary considerably. In some cases, they seem to give almost indefinite rights, but where the rights are restricted, it is intended that where the Government have to resume in the public interest, they shall have to pay only the value of the land as farm land.\n\nParagraph (c) of Clause 2 is intended to prevent claims being made on public moneys in respect of uses of the land which are not in accordance with the terms of the Crown lease. Such claims are sometimes made, and they are generally supported by the production of permits to use the land in that particular way. Though such permits are intended to be only temporary, they are often renewed from year to year for long periods, and the argument is that the Crown must be taken to have waived the breach of the Crown lease. It has also been argued that the expectation of the continued renewal of such permits must be taken into account in fixing the compensation.\n\nClause 3 of the Bill is intended to save existing arbitrations from coming under the stricter provisions of Clause 2 of the Bill.\n\nClauses 4 and 5 are intended to get over a difficulty which sometimes occurs in the New Territories when land owners, or co-owners, are absent from the Colony or cannot be found.\n\nClause 8 is a minor amendment which is consequential on paragraph (c) of Clause 2.\n\nThe Government has taken the opportunity to provide for particular cases, which occur occasionally, when notices cannot be served owing to the absence of owners, and a clause has been inserted to provide that the provisions of this Bill shall not apply to any pending cases.\n\n**THE COLONIAL SECRETARY** seconded, and the Bill was read a first time.\n\n## Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) Ordinance\n\n**THE ATTORNEY GENERAL** moved the first reading of a Bill intituled, **An Ordinance to facilitate the enforcement in the Colony of Maintenance Orders made in England or Ireland and vice versa, and to declare the application of the Married Women (Desertion) Ordinance, 1905, and to amend the said Ordinance**.\n\n**OBJECTS AND REASONS**\n\nThe object of this Bill, which originated from a resolution passed by the Imperial Conference in 1911, is to facilitate the enforcement in the Colony of maintenance orders made in England or Ireland and vice versa.\n\n1. It has been introduced on instructions from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and reproduces the provisions of 10 and 11 George 5, chapter 33.\n\n2. By the provisions of the Bill, orders made against persons in England or Ireland, after notice to such persons, will be enforceable in the Colony (provided such orders are registered here) in the same way as if they had originally been made in the Colony; and, by the provisions of 10 and 11 George 5, c. 33, the same applies vice versa to orders made against persons in the Colony, after notice to such persons. But orders made against persons in England or Ireland in their absence, such persons being in the Colony, are provisional only, and do not take effect until confirmed by a magistrate in the Colony: and, by the provisions of 10 and 11 George 5, c. 33, the same applies vice versa to orders made in the Colony against persons in England or Ireland.\n\n3. Clause 4 empowers the Governor to transmit to the Secretary of State for the Colonies for enforcement in England or Ireland maintenance orders made in the Colony.\n\n4. Clause 5 empowers a magistrate in the Colony to make provisional orders of maintenance against persons resident in England or Ireland.\n\n5. Clause 6 empowers a magistrate in the Colony to confirm provisional orders of maintenance made in England or Ireland against persons resident in the Colony.\n\n6. By Clause 11, the provisions of the Magistrates Ordinance, 1890, are applied to proceedings under the Bill.\n\n7. Clause 12 refers to the Married Women (Desertion) Ordinance, 1905. From the definition of \"Married Women\" in this Ordinance, and from the fact that no payment may be ordered under the Ordinance which exceeds 20 dollars weekly, it might be argued that the Ordinance was intended to apply only to persons of Chinese or Asiatic race. The present Bill is intended to cover all cases of maintenance orders, irrespective of nationality, and it is therefore advisable to remove all doubts as to the construction of the only local Ordinance under which such orders may be made.\n\n8. Clause 13 amends sections 4 and 6 of the Married Women (Desertion) Ordinance, 1905, by removing the provision that no order may be made for payment of more than 20 dollars weekly. The retention of this figure is now out of place in view of the increased cost of living and the connection with the United Kingdom system.\n\n9. The other provisions in the Bill are either supplementary or consequential, and call for no comment.\n\n**THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL** said— This Bill is introduced in accordance with instructions of the Secretary of State...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 326,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "# PROCLAMATION\n\nBy His Excellency Sir REGINALD EDWARD STUBBS, Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Hongkong and its Dependencies and Vice-Admiral of the same.\n\nWhereas by the second section of the Commissioners Powers Ordinance, 1886, it is enacted that the Governor in Council shall have power to nominate and appoint Commissioners under the public seal for the purpose of instituting, making, and conducting any enquiry that may be deemed advisable and for reporting thereon:\n\nAnd whereas the Governor-in-Council has deemed it advisable that an enquiry should be instituted, made, and conducted into the conditions of the industrial employment of children in Hongkong, and the desirability and feasibility of legislation for the regulation of such employment.\n\nNow, I, Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs, Knight Commander of the Most distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Hongkong and its Dependencies, and Vice-Admiral of the same, with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, hereby appoint you:-\n\nThe Honourable Mr. Stewart Buckle Carne Ross.\nMr. Chow Shou Son.\nMr. Li Ping\nDr. Charles William McKenny, M.D., B.CH., B.A.O.\nMiss Ada Mary Pitts.\nThe Rev. Herbert Richmond Wells.\n\nto be Commissioners for the purpose of instituting, making, and conducting such enquiry:\n\nAnd I do also appoint you, the said Mr. Stewart Buckle Carne Ross, to be Chairman of the said Commissioners:\n\nAnd I do also order and direct that for all or any of the purposes of the said enquiry four Commissioners inclusive of the Chairman shall be and constitute a quorum:\n\nAnd I do further, with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, order and direct that the said Commissioners shall have all the powers, rights, and privileges set out in the third section of the said Ordinance:\n\nAnd I do further require you, the said Commissioners, to report to me your findings in the matter of the said enquiry and your recommendations, at as early a date as possible.\n\nGiven under my hand and the Public Seal of the Colony at Victoria, Hong-kong, this 24th day of March, 1921.\n\nBy Command,\n**CLAUD SEVERN**, Colonial Secretary.\n\nGOD SAVE THE KING\n\nHongkong, 24th October, 1921.\n\nWe, the Undersigned, appointed by virtue of the above proclamation, have the honour to submit the results of our enquiries into the industrial employment of children in Hongkong, and our recommendations for the regulation of such employment.\n\n## PART 1. Child Labour in Factories.\n\n1. At the first meeting held on April 6th the following resolutions were adopted ---\n\n(1) That the meetings of the Commission be held in private.\n(2) That before any factories were inspected, managers should be summoned to give evidence as to actual conditions of child labour in their factories\n(3) That a child should be understood to be a person below the age of sixteen (16) years, according to the Chinese method of calculation. Reckoned according to the English system, this age is equivalent to fourteen and a half (14½) years. {Throughout this report references to ages are, unless otherwise specified, to be taken as calculated on the Chinese system.}\n(4) That as the scope of our enquiry covered industrial and factory labour only, we were not expected to make any enquiry with regard either to agricultural or to domestic labour.\n\n2. At three subsequent meetings, evidence was taken from representatives of the following factories :-\n\n| Factory Name | Location |\n| --- | --- |\n| The M. Y. San, Biscuit Factory | Causeway Bay |\n| The Nan Yang Tobacco Company | Causeway Bay |\n| The Orient Tobacco Factory | Yaumati |\n| The Kwong Sang Hong Perfumery Factory | Praya East, Wanchai |\n| The Kam Hing Knitting Factory | Tsim Sha Tsui |\n| The Chinese Foreign Knitting Factory | ... |\n| The Tung Ah Knitting Factory | 600 Shanghai Street, Yaumati |\n| The Lei Mau Hing Knitting Factory | 15 Sai Kung Street, Tsim Sha Tsui |\n| The Ching Wo Wa Yeong Knitting Factory | 482 Canton Road, Baumati |\n\nPage 319",
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        "page_number": 327,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "## 320 \n\nThe Kowloon Dock. \n\nMr. Chan Pak Pang, Sub-contractor for Ship-building. \n\nThe San Shing Lung Ginger Factory, Mong Kok Tsui, \n\n### 3. Findings\n\nAs a result of these interviews it was possible to form certain general conclusions with regard to the conditions of child labour in factories.\n\n#### (1) The extent of the employment of children\n\nThe number of children employed varied according to the nature of the industry. For instance, in some factories, they are largely used because in such work as packing their small and nimble fingers give them a decided advantage over adults. Not only is their output greater than that of adults, but when working on time rates, as they do in some factories, they receive smaller wages.\n\nApart from the question of economic advantage, children are also in some cases employed in factories as an act of grace. Some mothers who work in factories are said to be unable to find homes for their children during their hours of work, and are compelled to take them to the factories. In such cases odd-job work is given to the children, who work near to their mothers, and enter and leave the factories at the same hours.\n\nEmployment of this nature is therefore, more a result of social conditions than of factory necessities.\n\n#### (2) The necessity for child labour\n\nIt is significant that some of the witnesses, including some large employers of children, professed indifference to the presence of children in their factories, and stated that their removal would not cause them more than a temporary inconvenience. Many of them said that they continued to employ young children more in deference to the wishes of parents, than from any decided motive of economic advantage.\n\n#### (3) Hours of labour\n\nThese appear to be universally excessive, and in few cases amounted to less than seventy (70) a week. One witness stated quite definitely that girls were working thirteen and three quarter (13¾) hours per day for thirteen (13) days consecutively, after which they had a day's rest. In other words, they were working 96¼ hours and 82¼ hours in alternate weeks.\n\nWith regard to overtime the position is obscure. That overtime is frequently worked in factories is undoubted, but some witnesses seemed desirous of conveying the impression that the attendance of children during these hours was optional. In theory this may be correct, but in practice the business necessities of the factories and the pressure of needy parents must be such as to leave the children little or no choice. Children are also regularly employed on evening and night shifts. The hours of children employed on night shifts are similar to those worked by them during the daytime, and arrangements are also in force by which they may be changed from one shift to another.\n\n#### (4) Wages\n\nThe most important point in connection with the wages of children is that they are paid almost entirely by piece rates. The few exceptions to this rule that were found were the Docks, certain Glass Factories and the Orient Tobacco Manufactory where the children are paid by time rates. In the last named factory the few children employed were paid at a rate of twelve (12) cents for a working day of nine (9) hours. The piece rates paid vary in different factories, though by working longer hours a child appears to be able in some cases to earn as much as thirty (30) cents a day. One girl was found who appeared to make as much as $15 a month.\n\nIn view of the Chinese family system, whereby children generally hand over their earnings to their parents or guardians, the actual rates paid are not in themselves of great importance. It is when they are considered in comparison with the wages paid to adults, and as a means of depressing the general standard of remuneration, that the rates become important. As the terms of reference do not include a consideration of adult wages, we do not propose to enter into detail on this question, except to note that the low wages paid to children must depress the rates of wages paid to adults for similar work.\n\nIn some factories deductions are made from wages on account of bad conduct. Information on this question was not easy to obtain, and the general impression gained was that factory discipline was left largely in the hands of foremen and subordinates.\n\nIn the M. Y. Sun Biscuit Factory, where personal cleanliness in workers is most desirable, special regulations have been introduced to deal with hairdressing and manicuring. Offences against these regulations are punishable according to a fixed schedule of fines. In view of the special circumstances of this factory the practice seems to be necessary and unobjectionable, but it should be subject to oversight by Inspectors.\n\n#### (5) Apprenticeship\n\nIn the course of the interviews few indications of any general system of apprenticeship were noticed. When children reach the age of sixteen (16) or thereabouts and the deftness which justified their original employment has begun to disappear, their places must be taken by those younger in years. Satisfactory evidence as to the fate of those displaced was difficult to obtain, and the general conclusion drawn was that conditions in this respect varied in different factories. In some cases the older children may be discharged and in others they may be given different work in the same factory. Girls are not in the same position as boys, in view both of the possibility of marriage, and of the definite demand in some factories for female workers between the ages of sixteen (16) and twenty (20). Many girls are doubtless able to change from one factory to another with little or no inconvenience; but the same opportunities are not open to all, and no evidence was forthcoming of any general organisation for assisting the flow of labour from one industry to another. The difficulties in this connection are aggravated by the keen competition for places in factories. Many of them have waiting lists and it is not reasonable to suppose that workers of sixteen (16) or seventeen (17), whose health may have suffered from long hours of work in confined spaces, would be preferred for work which can only be satisfactorily done by able-bodied adults.\n\nIn the docks and ship-building yards boys are extensively employed, especially on the work of boiler chipping. One of the witnesses stated that boys were absolutely necessary for this work as men were unable to enter the man-holes of the boilers. It was admitted that the work was hard and that many of the boys were not physically fitted for it, but at the same time those who were able to stand it were sometimes able to qualify for more skilled employment.\n\n#### (6) Factory Amenities\n\nNo provision seems to have been made in factories for rest rooms, eating rooms, and wash houses, and the arrangements for medical attention in case of accidents are of the scantiest. In few cases were work people allowed to eat their midday meal in any part of the factory building, and much inconvenience appears to be caused them in this respect. An exception to this state of things is Mr. Li Ping's factory at Shanshuipo, where a school is provided for small children during the working hours of their mothers.\n\n## 321 \n\n(Page 321)",
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    {
        "id": 488587,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 328,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "## 4. The evidence obtained at the interviews mentioned in section 2 left no doubt as to the necessity for legislation. It was felt that further interviews would only result in the accumulation of information of the same type, and that the next step should be to visit the factories, and test the accuracy of the knowledge already gained.\n\nThe following factories or works in the Causeway Bay district were visited by the Commission as a whole:-\n\n* The Nan Yang Tobacco Factory.\n* The M. Y. San Glass Factory.\n* The Kwong Sang Hong Glass Factory.\n* The Hing Wah Paste Manufactory.\n* The Kwong Kei Engineering Works.\n* The Meh Wah Knitting and Dyeing Factory.\n\nThe following factories or works were also visited by individual members of the Commission.\n\n* The M. Y. San Biscuit Factory, Wanchai.\n* The Kwong Sung Hong Perfumery Factory, Wanchai.\n* The Kowloon Docks.\n* The Taikoo Docks.\n* The Lei Man Hing Knitting Factory.\n* The Tung Ah Knitting Factory, Yaumati.\n* The Oi Kwan Cloth Factory, Shamshipo.\n\n## 5. As a result of these visits the following additional findings were made:-\n\n(1) That the information supplied to the Commission was not in all cases accurate, and that there had been a tendency of witnesses to underestimate the number of children employed. In view of the casual nature of much of the child labour of the Colony, it cannot be easy to obtain an accurate estimate of its extent.\n\n(2) That in glass factories the labour conditions were unsatisfactory. The work was done mostly by boys, whose daily tasks, including three or four short intervals for meals, last from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m., and who are paid at the rate of $1.00 per head per month in addition to their food. The sanitary conditions of these factories are unhealthy; the temperature is raised by the heat of the furnaces to an injuriously high level; the air is vitiated by gases and filled with floating particles of glass; and the physique of the workers is consequently poor. In explanation of these conditions, it is stated that the boys are apprentices, who are only paid a nominal wage as they have the privilege of learning a trade, and that they are provided with free board and lodging. It is difficult to believe that the boys in these factories are in reality apprentices, for they greatly outnumbered the men, who appeared rather to fill the role of foremen workers. From the general appearance of the boys, it seemed unlikely that they would all live long enough or be healthy enough to take men's work. The provision of lodging in and around the factory precincts cannot be considered as other than a doubtful advantage. When all allowances are made, we are of opinion that the labour conditions in these factories are thoroughly bad.\n\n(3) That in engineering works the boys employed fall into two classes. Those boys employed in the shops are genuine apprentices, who serve for definite periods, and who have every chance of becoming skilled workmen. All are directly employed by the Companies, are of good physique, and work reasonable hours. Labour of this kind is not very objectionable.\n\nIn the rougher and unskilled classes of work, the conditions are entirely different, for the labour is not employed directly by the Companies, but is provided by a system of sub-contracting. At the interview mentioned in Section 3(5), it was stated that boys were absolutely necessary for much of this unskilled labour. In the work of boiler-chipping, for example, we were given to understand that boiler man-holes were so small that they could only be entered by boys. After seeing the work in progress, we are not convinced of the validity of this argument. We have reason to believe that in British ship-building yards, adults are employed on this work, and we can see no reason other than cheapness why boys should be employed in Hongkong. It is only fair to say that the physique of the boys seen by some of us was good, but on the other hand, such work could not be done by weaklings, and in the words of one of the employers, \"It either makes them, or breaks them.\" It is probable that the law of the survival of the fittest operates with unusual severity in this work, but owing to the almost inexhaustible supply of labour, the necessary standard of physical fitness can be maintained. The strain on the undeveloped boy under sixteen (16) years of age is too great, and it should not be continued. Chinese boys at sixteen (16) years of age are generally small.\n\n(4) That the system of sub-contracting was prevalent in all classes of unskilled labour. The system appears to be a potent influence in depressing the standard of living, for the sub-contractor is usually concerned with both work and labour, and is compelled to make up by reductions in wages the cuts in prices due to successive transferences of the contract. Every addition to the chain of sub-contractors tends to react unfavourably on the earnings of labour. While the system continues, the Colony's labour cannot be expected to be in a satisfactory condition, but as it affects adults even more widely than children, we would exceed the terms of our reference if we made any recommendations in regard to it.\n\n(5) That many children now employed in factories have been brought into the Colony from the country specially for work of this kind. In the course of the inspections, this question was repeatedly asked, and in many cases, it was found that the children had been brought from the country by some relative, who was then working in the factory, and that they had been in the Colony for periods varying from a few months to a few years. This indicates the existence of considerable financial inducements to workers in Hongkong to find posts for their relatives from the interior of China, and is of importance in regard to the popular argument that any measure of social reform in Hongkong would only result in an influx of needy people from the country eager to take advantage of the new conditions. If social reform meant money for nothing, some such result would probably take place; but if the right kind of economic inducement is held out to the people in the interior, a more desirable type of labour could be secured.\n\n## 6. As a result of the interviews with factory managers, and the visits to factories previously described, we are of opinion that legislation should be introduced to give effect to the following recommendations —\n\n(1) That all employers of children be compelled to register them. This recommendation is meant to apply not only to factories and workshops but, when practicable, to employers of casual labour.\n\n(2) That no child under the age of eleven (11) (Chinese) years be employed in any factory, or in any form of casual labour, and that in any case arising under this legislation, the onus of proving the age of the child be upon the employer.",
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    {
        "id": 488589,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 330,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "In the course of time we hope that adult labour will replace that of children in factories, so that the Government should be asked either to undertake the necessary industrial training or to encourage private enterprise in this direction. Meanwhile schools for \"half timers,\" such as those which have been successfully started in India, might be tried.\n\nIn Shanghai a Chinese lady has had good results with such methods. In her \"Industrial Home\" the children do four (4) hours manual work and four (4) hours study, while the remainder of the day is devoted to recreation.\n\nSuch or similar methods might be attempted in Hongkong.\n\n## PART II.\n\nChildren Employed in Casual Labour.\n\n9. The employment of children outside factories in casual and unskilled work, and especially in burden bearing, is the most difficult problem which we have had to face. Reliable information is extremely difficult to procure, the work is done by the poorest members of the community, who have often no fixed place of abode, and the place of work is constantly being changed. The eyes of European inhabitants are naturally drawn to those who carry bricks and other materials to the Peak and Hill Districts, but the same kind of labour is carried on all over the Colony. Children are freely employed in this work and investigation has shown that even those as young as seven (7) or eight (8) years are not exempted. The physical condition of many of the women who have been long engaged in this work is even worse than that of the children, and judging from this we are driven to the conclusion that no form of work exercises such a degrading effect upon the workers as labour of this kind. We are unable to suggest any regulations which will suffice to alter this state of things, and in our opinion the real solution of the question lies in Mechanical Transport. As far as the Peak is concerned the approaching completion of the motor road should bring this method of transport within the range of possibility. A recent answer to a question in the Legislative Council indicates that considerable economy in the speed and cost of the transport of all articles to the Peak could be effected by the introduction of motor transport, and that the present system of manual transport is slow, cumbrous and wasteful.\n\n10. As the development indicated in the last section will take time, we propose as a temporary measure, that all building and engineering contracts entered into in the Colony should contain clauses prohibiting the employment of children under the age of thirteen (13) years, and regulating the weights carried by child workers. We do not pretend that this proposal covers the whole ground, or that it will provide the remedy needed; but we think that it will do good in causing contractors to realise their responsibilities to labour, in fostering co-operation between them and Inspectors, and in gathering information about a section of the community of whom little is known. As a scale of weights suitable for children over the age of thirteen (13) and below that of sixteen (16), it is suggested that twenty (20) catties is a suitable minimum, and that no load should exceed forty (40) catties. For purposes of comparison it may be added that one small brick is roughly equivalent to 2 catties, so that the number of bricks that a child may carry should vary from eight to sixteen (8 to 16). Between these limits the load would be adjusted to the age and physical fitness of the child. It is most desirable that this standard should not be interpreted too literally. The figures are not in any sense final, and are only meant to afford a rough indication of the carrying capacity of children of different ages. What must at all costs be avoided is the harrying of labourers by petty officials. These suggestions can only result in good if Inspectors and contractors work in close co-operation. In this connection we are greatly indebted to Mr. Li Ping, the result of whose investigations is to be found in `Appendix 3(A)`.\n\n11. In brief our recommendations are as follows:—\n| No. | Recommendation |\n| --- | --- |\n| (1) | That all employers of children be compelled to register them, and that for this purpose a child be considered as a person below the age of sixteen (16) years (Chinese), and that when possible this should be applied to employers of casual labour. |\n| (2) | That no child under the age of eleven (11) be employed in any factory, nor should any child under thirteen (13) be employed in any form of casual labour, and that the onus of proving the age of a child be on the employer. One of the Commissioners Rev. Mr. Wells is not in entire agreement, (vide `Section 6(2)`). |\n| (3) | That the hours of work for children do not exceed fifty-four (54) per week; that children do not at any time work more than five (5) hours consecutively; that they be ensured one day's rest in every seven (7) days; and that where and when possible some form of half-time labour be encouraged. |\n| (4) | That children be not employed during the hours between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m. One of the Commissioners Mr. Chow Shou Son is not in entire agreement, (vide `Section 6(4)`). |\n| (5) | That children be not employed in glass factories. |\n| (6) | That children be not employed in the work of boiler chipping. One of the Commissioners Mr. Chow Shou Son is not in entire agreement, (vide `Section 6(6)`). |\n| (7) | That children be not employed in dangerous trades. |\n| (8) | That employers be compelled to provide rest rooms and suitable sanitary conveniences for workers and to make due provision for medical aid in case of accidents. |\n| (9) | That Inspectors be appointed for all classes of child labour. |\n| (10) | That in building and engineering contracts articles be inserted regulating the weights to be carried by children. |\n\nWe do not intend that the above series of recommendations be regarded as hard and fast rules which admit of no deviation. They represent no more than a beginning, of which the ultimate object must be the entire removal of children from factories. The speed with which this object is accomplished will depend upon the spirit in which factory legislation, if approved, is administered.\n\n12. In conclusion we wish to express our best thanks to all who have helped us in our investigations.\n\n13. The following four (4) Appendices are provided:—\n| No. | Appendix |\n| --- | --- |\n| (1) | Minutes of evidence taken on April 13th and 20th and on May 4th. Statement of working conditions in the Kowloon Dock. |\n\nPage 323\nPage 330\nPage 331",
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    {
        "id": 488592,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 333,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "# STATEMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE KOWLOON DOCK\n\nRegulations of working hours and wages of employees of Mr. Chan Pak Pang, sub-contractor for shipbuilding in the Kowloon Dock.\n\nGirl workers—none.\n\nTranslation.\n\nBoy workers—about 30 or 40.\n\nAges of boy workers—about 3 to 5 boys are over 13 years of age.\n\nNo girls and boys working together.\n\n1. Working hours for boys each day from 7 a.m. to 12 noon, and from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.—9 hours in all.\n\n2. The wages for boys are about 30 cents a day, which are paid to them directly.\n\n3. The boys work under the professional men-workers, looking after the instruments and the burning of the rivets.\n\n4. The boys are paid according to the number of days they work.\n\n5. The wages for boy workers are about 30 cents a day, and for men workers $2.60 to $2.70 a day.\n\n6. Men and boy workers all work for the same number of hours.\n\n7. Boys working at night and on Sundays are paid double pay.\n\n8. Boys working on Saturdays are paid a full day's wage.\n\n9. Boys working over the limit of 9 hours are paid an extra wage in proportion to the extra hours they work.\n\n## Appendix 2\n\n### The Education of Chinese Children in Hongkong\n\nIn this Colony, there is an Education Department well fitted to deal with the education of all classes of children. Schools are provided for many classes, and though from time to time complaints may have arisen about individual schools, the general work of the schools under Government direction is satisfactory.\n\nFrom the reports of the Director of Education, it is evident that during the past decade there has been very considerable advance in many directions, and a larger number of children have come under the scheme of education arranged for by the Department.\n\nAll schools in Victoria and Kowloon are registered, and thus it becomes increasingly possible for the Director of Education to control this branch of the Colony's industry.\n\nThe Committee of enquiry into the economic resources of the Colony does not seem to have taken up the theory that child life is potentially one of the principal economic resources. An educated people will progress, an uneducated people will deteriorate.\n\nIt is very evident that there is not yet adequate provision for the education of all children, because children swarm in our streets, even at times when they ought to be in school, and the question of the education of these children is one that is constantly in the minds of some people.\n\nAn examination into the state of affairs in regard to the children reveals the fact that child labour is being exploited far beyond what should be allowed in a modern city. In factory and workshop, business house and office, on steamers and launches, in domestic service and such casual labour as burden bearing, there are multitudes of children employed, and besides these, many may be seen playing in the streets, often gambling, or going about in bands, bird-nesting, or insect hunting, or for other purposes, and incidentally, many of them are probably developing into the future criminal classes, and the inmates of our prisons. Already they have a keen eye for the police and the detective.\n\nIt is, therefore, evident that the Education Department should be further extended, and larger powers should be given to the Director of Education to compel the attendance of children in schools provided under Government supervision. At the discretion of the Director of Education, perhaps in conjunction with the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, certain children in special cases might be exempted from full attendance at school, but, in such cases, guarantees should be secured that such children are not allowed to work so many hours a day that they would be too tired to benefit from classes of instruction, which they should be compelled to attend.\n\nIf all children were immediately withdrawn from their present employment, it might be a hardship to the employers, the children, and their parents, but these cases could be met by the permission of the Director of Education.\n\nA question that will naturally arise is that of the cost of such education to the Colony, and that no doubt is an important one, but the financial problem is not impossible of solution. In all probability, the result to the Colony in its developed resources would far outweigh the small amount spent on this most important project.\n\nThe Education Department at present spends large sums on English and Anglo-Chinese education, but these would not enter, at least for the present, into the calculation, as the education required now is elementary Chinese education. It appears from the report for 1918 that the amount spent per head on this type of education was less than ten dollars, and if the number of children of school age... \n\n— 326 —",
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    {
        "id": 488655,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "page_number": 396,
        "title": "CO129-469 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [9-12]",
        "content_text": "# HONGKONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\n## Supplementary Estimates\n\n### Public Works Programme\n\nThe estimated expenditure under the programme now submitted is $38,790 - kerbing, and channelling numbers of streets in New Kowloon, mostly Kowloon City and some in Samshuipo; also scavenging lanes and slab pavings to footways make up a total of $70,000. A supplemental vote of $50,000 is required. The whole of this is caused by the rapid development of Samshuipo and a portion of Kowloon City Reclamation. The original amount was $30,550.\n\n**HON. MR. BIRD**: Is that work done by contract or measured up and paid for by schedule rate?\n\n**THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS**: By schedule rate. The slabs are supplied from our own quarries. The amount of it is owing to the very abnormal amount of building. It is a vote that keeps up with the building.\n\n**HON. MR. BIRD**: I presume all the measuring is checked by Europeans?\n\n**THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS**: It is checked two ways; not only checked off the plans but gone over by European overseers.\n\nApproved.\n\n### A Motor Truck for Opium Conveyance\n\n$2,145, on account of Imports and Exports Department, Special Expenditure, One Motor Truck.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This is required by the Imports and Exports Department to convey opium from the factory to the office. The chassis cost $1,700 and the body was built by the Railway Department. It saves time, and the use of a launch.\n\nApproved.\n\n### Artificial Legs\n\n$760, on account of Kowloon-Canton Railway, Special Expenditure, Artificial Legs.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: The $760 for obtaining the very best artificial legs that can be got. A man lost both his legs on the railway and the legs he got were very unsatisfactory and gave him a lot of pain. I believe. We decided to get the best; they are entirely satisfactory; very light and very strong.\n\nApproved.\n\n### A Hulk at Deep Bay\n\n$10,000, on account of Police and Fire Brigade, A.-Police, Special Expenditure, One Hulk.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This matter has been considered by the Finance Committee. It is for the establishment of a hulk at Deep Bay instead of a land police station.\n\nApproved.\n\n### A Patrol Path in the New Territories\n\n$3,000, on account of Public Works, Extraordinary, New Territories, Communications, Patrol Path - Sheung Shui to Ta Ku Ling.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This path was in the estimates for 1919 and again in 1920 but difficulties occurred as to an actual site. It has now been decided to make the path from Sheung Shui to the frontier at Ta Ku Ling. It is a 3 ft. path.\n\nApproved.\n\n### Miscellaneous Public Works\n\n$10,000, in aid of the vote Public Works, Extraordinary, Miscellaneous, (35) Miscellaneous Works.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: I circulated this vote to the Finance Committee. The proposal is to take a vote of $10,000 to cover all the expenditure of a number of small sums for miscellaneous works up to the end of the year. By the time the proposal was circulated, the vote was exceeded by nearly $1,000. Since then one of the members of the Committee expressed the view that they would like to know what all the items were. Up to now the items amount to $1,883; they include: converting a latrine at the Harbour Office, a safe and stand for the D.P.W's. office in which to keep valuable documents, ceiling fans at warder's mess-room, Victoria Gaol, alterations at the Armoury for the security of the arms. If members would like to reduce this vote, it could be cut down to $5,000 and I could circulate votes required from time to time.\n\n**HON. MR. HOLYOAK**: How much will the unused balance be?\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: Just over $70,000. Cut it down to $5,000; that may cover everything.\n\nThe vote was reduced to $5,000 and approved.\n\n### Harbour Improvements\n\n$2,500, on account of Public Works, Extraordinary, Harbour Improvements.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This is required in connection with the investigation now being made with a view to the report of Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice. The engineers were engaged on taking soundings and doing other work in the harbour requiring the following:- Rowing boat, sounding wire, anchor rod, tide gauges, buoys, pricking gear, hire of sampans and men and hiring a small junk. $250 is required to cover further items. The total only amounts to under $1,000 but various things arise in connection with this work and we do not want to delay it at all.\n\nApproved.\n\n### Communications Needed by New Building\n\n$13,700, in aid of the vote Public Works, Extraordinary, Hong Kong, Communications, (16) Roads (9) General Works.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This is required in connection with the new building, completed or nearing completion. The position of the vote is: $60,000 has been provided in the estimates and the programme submitted and approved amounts to that. Now a second programme of work is required in connection with new building completed - kerbing, channelling, relaying kerbing, cement concrete walls, slab paving, etc., $13,700.\n\n**HON. MR. POLLOCK**: The time of the Finance Committee would be saved if a great many of these were circulated beforehand.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: I was afraid I was circulating too many things to the Finance Committee. I will have everything over a certain amount circulated.\n\nThe vote was approved.\n\n### The Quarry Workshop\n\n$6,000, on account of Public Works, Extraordinary, Hongkong, Miscellaneous, Additional paving sheds, and extension of concrete pile moulding platform at Quarry Workshop.\n\n**THE CHAIRMAN**: This is in connection with the Quarry at Tsat-si-mui. There is a tremendous lot of work going on there. If members were to pay a visit there they would be much interested to see the work going on.\n\nApproved.\n\n### Re-Building Prison Shed at Lai-chi-kok\n\n$6,000, on account of Public Works, Extraordinary, Kowloon, Buildings, Re-building of certain prison sheds at Lai-Chi-Kok.\n\nApproved.",
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    {
        "id": 488995,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 143,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# 141 \n\n14 \n\nThe consortium could be asserted, and if such pledges could be given as would satisfy China and the rest of the nations that the alliance aims at unification and not at dismemberment, then its renewal would undoubtedly promote the peace of the Far East and the further development of economic relations in one of the world's most promising markets. \n\nF. ASHTON-GWATKIN. \n\n1. Hong Kong \n\nAppendix. \n\n## PART III-Appendices. \n\n### I.-British Industrial Concerns in China. \n\n### II.-British General Merchants in Hong Kong. \n\n### III.-British General Merchants in China \n\n### IV.-Railways. \n\n### V.-Shipping in Chinese Ports. \n\n### VI.-Shipping: Percentage of Tonnage. \n### VII.-Shipping Lines. \n\n### VIII.- Banks. \n\n### IX.-Loans. \n\n### X.-Trade with China: Total Values. \n\n### XI.-Trade with China: Percentages, \n\n### XII.-British Newspapers in Hong Kong and China. \n\n### XIII.-British Missionary Societies. \n\n### XIV.-British Education in China. \n\n### XV.-Trade of Principal Treaty Ports. \n\n## APPENDIX I. \n\n### British Industrial Concerns in China, \n\n#### 1. Hong Kong \n\n- Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company (Limited). Shipbuilding and engineering. \n- Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Company. Shipbuilding and engineering. \n- Green Island Cement Company. Cement works. \n- W. S. Bailey and Co. Engineers and shipbuilders. \n- Macdonald and Co. Engineers and shipbuilders. \n- China Light and Power Company (Limited). Electric light works. \n- Hong Kong Electric Company. Electric light works. \n- Hong Kong and China Gas Company. Gas works. \n- Hong Kong Ice Company. Ice factory. \n- Kowloon Canton Railway Company. Railway works. \n- Hong Kong Rope Manufacturing Company. Rope works. \n- The Hong Kong Saw Mills. Saw mills, \n- The China Mining and Smelting Company (Limited). Smelting works. \n- China Sugar Refinery Company. Sugar refinery. \n- Taikoo Sugar Refinery Company. Sugar refinery. \n- China and Japan Telephone and Electric Company. Telephone service. \n- The Hong Kong Tramway Company. Tramway. \n- The Peak Tramway Company. Tramway (funicular). \n- Wei San Knitting Company. Woollen factory. \n- A. S. Watson and Co. Aerated water factory, \n- Hong Kong Iron Mining Company. Iron mining (undeveloped). \n- Messrs. Kelly and Walsh. Printing works. \n- Noronha and Co. Printing works. \n- Guedes and Co. Printing works. \n- Hong Kong Printing Press. Printing works. \n- South China Morning Post (Limited). Printing works. \n- Hong Kong Daily Press (Limited). Printing works. \n- China Mail (Limited). Printing works. \n\nThere is also in Hong Kong a cigarette factory, a glass factory, a soap and candle factory, a match factory, a biscuit factory, and a tannery. Lard is produced in large quantities under Government inspection. The dairy farm has one of the best-equipped dairies in the world, with cold storage and other accessories. The chief meat, dairy, and produce company in Hong Kong is undertaking the packing of meat in tins and otherwise for export, and promises to become an important, if not a controlling, factor in the tinned meat trade of southern Asia. \n\nSo Hong Kong is a very perfect small industrial centre, and its large concerns are entirely in British hands. Two soap factories on American lines have been projected, one by the Standard Oil Company. Our only local competitors are Chinese, who have not yet developed any big industrial concerns in South China, though examples such as the Kwantung Government cement works at Canton and the Nanyang Tobacco Company at Hong Kong show that the Chinese are no longer oblivious to their opportunities. \n\n#### 2. Shanghai- \n\n- Ewo Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company. Cotton mills. \n- International Cotton Manufacturing Company. Cotton mills. \n- Oriental Cotton Manufacturing Company. Cotton mills. \n- Kung Yik Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company. Cotton mills. \n- Laon Kung Mow Spinning and Weaving Company. Cotton mills. \n- Shanghai Cotton Manufacturing Company (two mills). Cotton mills. \n- Yangtzepoo Cotton Mill Company. Cotton mills. \n- Ewo Silk Filature. Silk filature. \n- Ewo Yuen Press Packing Company. Wool cleaning and press-packing factory. \n- Liddell Brothers and Co. Wool cleaning and press-packing factory. \n- Mackenzie and Co. Wool cleaning and press-packing factory. \n- Shanghai Dock and Engineering Company. Shipbuilding and engineering. \n- New Shipbuilding and Engineering Works. Shipbuilding and engineering. \n- Marine Motor Works. Shipbuilding and engineering. \n- China Soap and Candle Company. Soap and candle works. \n- British Cigarette Company. Cigarette factory. \n- Kiangsu Chemical Works. Sulphuric acid works. \n- A. Butler and Co. Cement and tile works. \n- Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company. Telephone service. \n- Shanghai Electric Construction Company. Tramway. \n- Shanghai Waterworks Company. Waterworks, \n- Shanghai Gas Company. Gas works. \n- Shanghai Ice and Cold Storage Company. Ice and cold storage. \n- China Import and Export Lumber Company. Saw mills. \n- Lih Teh Oil Mill Company. Oil mill. \n- S. Moutrie and Co. Piano and organ factory. \n- China Pencil Company (Limited). Pencil factory. \n- Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company (Limited). Motor car and carriage factory. \n- Eastern Garage and Star Garage Company. Motor car and carriage factory. \n- Central Garage. Motor car and carriage factory. \n- Hall and Holtz. Furniture factory. \n- Weeks and Co. Furniture factory. \n- Arts and Crafts (Limited). Furniture factory. \n- A. S. Watson and Co. Aerated water factory, \n- Llewellyn and Co. Aerated water factory. \n- Aquarius Company (Limited). Aerated water factory. \n- Sparklis Aerated Water Factory (Limited). Aerated water factory. \n- Mercantile Printing Company (Limited). Printing works. \n- Messrs. Kelly and Walsh (Limited). Printing works. \n- Messrs. Brewer and Co. (Limited). Printing works. \n- North China Daily News and Herald. Printing works. \n- Shanghai Mercury (Limited). Printing works. \n- Shanghai Times. Printing works. \n\nThe Anglo-Chinese Steel Rolling Mills propose shortly to erect a steel works at Shanghai. \n\nIt can be seen from the above that Shanghai has developed from being merely a port into becoming the most progressive manufacturing centre in China. The staple product is cotton goods, which is the most promising of the new industries of China. A 1918 report gave the total number of cotton mills in China as forty-one with 1,300,000 spindles. Of these, twenty-two are in Shanghai and thirteen in the surrounding district. Of the Shanghai cotton mills, eight were British (capital...",
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        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Industrial Interests in China\n\n## 2. Shanghai\n\nThe British have significant industrial interests in Shanghai, with numerous cotton mills, engineering works, and other manufacturing facilities. The international cotton mill, with over 6,000,000 taels and 345,026 spindles, was initially British but has been sold to a Japanese company. The principal competition comes from the Chinese themselves, who are becoming increasingly interested in developing their cotton industry. In June 1920, there were thirty-five Chinese-owned cotton mills in operation, with 728,112 spindles set up and 277,316 spindles on order.\n\nBesides cotton mills, the Chinese in Shanghai own two important shipbuilding dockyards: the Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works and the Nicholas Tsu Engineering and Shipbuilding Works. They also have fifty-six silk filatures, fourteen flour mills, eleven larger and thirty smaller rice mills, five oil mills, two woollen factories, paper mills, match factories, cigarette factories, a canned goods factory, and a saw mill.\n\nThe Japanese, besides their cotton mills, have a flour mill, a paper mill, and an oil mill. The principal Japanese tobacco company is going to establish a factory to compete with British-American interests.\n\nAmerican companies have three albumen factories and a soap and candle works. The China Lamp Company, which has a factory for electric light bulbs, is half Japanese and half American. The China Electric Company, which manufactures telephone apparatus, has Chinese, Japanese, and American capital interested. The German brewery is now Norwegian; and there was a German soap and candle works.\n\n## 3. Hankow\n\nBritish industrial interests in Hankow include:\n| Company | Factory Type |\n| --- | --- |\n| British Cigarette Company | Cigarette factory |\n| Hankow Light and Power Company | Electric light works |\n| Pao Tai Soap Factory | Soap factory |\n| Liddell Brothers and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Mackenzie and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| International Export Company | Cold storage and albumen factory |\n| Hankow Ice Works | Ice factory |\n| Hankow Motoring and Engineering Company | Motor car and carriage factory |\n| Hankow Dispensary (Limited) | Aerated water factory |\n| Wilson and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n\nThe Yang-tsze Engineering Works, a leading shipbuilding and engineering concern, is a British company under Chinese management.\n\nOther foreign industrial interests in Hankow include:\n- Germans: two antimony smelting works, a brick and tile works, an engine and ironworks, a small electric light plant, a saw mill, and five albumen factories.\n- Russians: five tea factories and an antimony smelting works.\n- French: an albumen factory, a distillery, and a carriage factory.\n- Belgians: an albumen factory.\n- Americans: a candle factory (Standard Oil Company), an albumen factory, and a wool-cleaning and press-packing factory.\n- Japanese: a wool-cleaning and press-packing factory, an electric light plant, and an oil mill.\n\nThe Japanese have acquired a preponderant interest in the Han-Yeh-Ping Company, which includes the Tayeh iron mines, the Pinghsiang collieries, the Hanyang iron and steel works, and the new industrial city at Wan Shih Kang.\n\nThe Chinese themselves own various industrial concerns, including the Hanyang arsenal, the Government antimony smelting works, three engineering works, the Government mint, the Government powder factory, the Hupeh Government wool factory, three cotton mills, six flour mills, one silk filature, ten oil mills, two railway works, two brick and tile works, four candle factories, one cement works, five albumen factories, five electric light plants, one glass factory, two match factories, one nail and needle factory, one China grass and jute mill, two paper mills, five soap factories, two saw mills, one tannery, one tea factory, and one waterworks.\n\n## 4. Tien-tsin\n\nForeign industrial interests in Tien-tsin include:\n| Company | Factory Type |\n| --- | --- |\n| Kailan Mining Administration (Sino-British capital £3,200,000) | Coal mines, bricks, pipes, tiles, &c., iron mining concessions, and iron and steel works (projected) |\n| Fu-Chung Mining Corporation (Sino-British: capital $1,000,000 nominal) | Coal mines |\n| Taku Tug and Lighter Company | Dockyards, shipbuilding, &c. |\n| Tien-tsin Lighter Company | Dockyards, shipbuilding, &c. |\n| Eastern Engineering Works | Central heating, plumbing, and artesian well boring |\n| Adair, Graham and Co. | Central heating, sanitary engineers, and plumbers |\n| Yang Tsun Brickworks | Brickworks |\n| Tien-tsin Gas and Electric Light Company | Gas and electric light works |\n| Tien-tsin Waterworks Company (Limited) | Waterworks |\n| Tien-tsin Native City Waterworks Company (Limited) | Waterworks |\n\nOther foreign industrial interests in Tien-tsin include:\n- Germans: three tobacco factories, four wool-cleaning and press-packing factories, and two printing works.\n- Belgians: tramway and electric light in the French and Japanese concessions, and a brick works.\n- Italians: an oil mill and a cement works.\n- French: an engineering works, a brick and tile works, an albumen factory, and a soap factory.\n- Russians: a cold storage, meat packing, and albumen factory, and a soap factory.\n- Americans: a candle factory (Standard Oil Company), a flour mill, and a new cold storage, meat packing, and albumen factory.\n- Japanese: an ironworks (Mitsui and Co.), a cigarette factory, a tannery, an oil mill, a flour mill, two glass factories, and three printing works.\n\nChinese undertakings in and around Tien-tsin include the Government mint, the Government arsenals at Techow and Taiyuanfu, the workshops connected with the Peking-Mukden railway and the Peking-Hankow railway, the Government woollen cloth factory, six large cotton mills, the Tien-tsin spinning factory, a cement works, two match factories, a tannery, a leather factory, a tobacco factory, a soap and candle factory, and a brewery.\n\n## Summary\n\n1. At Hong Kong, British interests hold almost a monopoly.\n2. At Shanghai, British interests are very extensive, especially in engineering and cotton-spinning.\n3. At Tien-tsin, British interests preponderate over any other Power except the Chinese themselves.\n4. At Hankow, British interests are less conspicuous but by no means negligible.\n\nThe following is a list of British concerns in other Chinese cities:\n- Canton: A. S. Watson and Co., Aerated water factory.\n- Kiukiang: Duff's Dairy Farm, Dairy produce, curing of hams and bacon, and canning.\n\nPage 16\nPage 17",
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        "id": 489038,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 186,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## 881\n\n\n## Present Position.\n\n(As indicated in Sir J. Jordan's despatch No.104 of the 15th March, received 28th June, 1919).\n\n1. Japan (Hitaui Company) has secured the former Larsen Agreement for the erection of a single high-power wireless station, capable of communicating with Japan, America, and Europe.\n\n2. With regard to the cable companies' claim, the terms of the Mitsui Agreement are not very clear, but they appear to mean that Japan is to assist the Chinese Government to force an arrangement with those companies, and shall retain control of the station until such an arrangement is made.\n\nAccording to Sir J. Jordan, the question before His Majesty's Government is whether to protest now in the name of the cable companies against the erection of a high-power wireless station designed for external communication, or wait until the station is erected and the contemplated arrangement with the cable companies is under negotiation. Sir J. Jordan advises waiting.\n\n3. The Japanese are pressing for execution of the Mitsui Agreement, and have selected a site for the station at Tung chow, 14 miles east of Peking, but they are encountering difficulties with the Chinese.\n\n4. It is doubtful whether the Japanese are capable of erecting a high-power station of the capacity required. They may be forced to call in foreign assistance, perhaps that of the Marconi Company.\n\n5. The eventual justification as that of wireless communications will be found if and when the option on a Sino-foreign wireless factory can be translated into fact, and the supremacy of the Marconi system thereby established in this country, of British competition in a field of such national importance.",
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    {
        "id": 489066,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 214,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\nI avail, etc.\n\n**Agreement: Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company**\n\nTHIS agreement, made on this 24th day of May, 1919, or the 24th day of the 5th month of the eighth year of the Republic of China, at Peking, China, by and between the Government of the Republic of China, represented by the Ministry of War of the one part, hereinafter referred to as \"the Government,\" and Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited, a limited liability company, organised under the Company Laws of England, and having its registered office at Marconi House, Strand, London, of the second part, hereinafter referred to as \"the Marconi Company.\"\n\nWitnesseth that:\n\nWhereas in clause 12 of an agreement between the parties hereto, bearing date the 27th day of August, 1918, or the 27th day of the 8th month of the 7th year of the Republic of China, it was provided as follows:-- \n\n\"In consideration of the above the Government promises that in the event the Government decides to establish a repair shop or factory for the maintenance of wireless installations in China, or for the manufacture of wireless apparatus, the Government will first with a view of arranging joint operation, open discussion with the company such factory by the Government and the company.\"\n\nNow, therefore, the parties hereto having, in pursuance of the above provision, duly discussed arrangements for joint operation, it is, in consideration of the mutual benefits to be derived therefrom, hereby understood and agreed as follows:— \n\n1. A joint stock limited liability company, under the terms and conditions hereinafter contained, is hereby constituted of which this agreement, as and when communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Minister at Peking through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, shall form the special charter. The terms and conditions of this agreement as such special charter may not be hereafter varied save by the mutual consent of the parties hereto, expressed with the same formality as attends the execution and communication of these presents.\n\n2. (a) The said company shall be known as \"the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company\" (hereinafter referred to as \"the Chinese Company\").  \n(b) After this agreement has been in force for a period of twenty years and at any time thereafter, if the Government wishes, it will have the right to exercise either one of the two following options:-  \nFirst, the Government will have the right to purchase at a fair and reasonable price under conditions then existing all the shares of the Marconi Company, its patent rights, its designs, drawings, &c., in the Chinese Company, thereby becoming the sole proprietor of the Chinese Company.  \nSecond, the Government will have the right to liquidate its shares in the Chinese Company, but when the price offered by the Marconi Company is equal to that offered by any others, then the Marconi Company will have the first option to purchase.  \nIn either case, the Government must give one year's notice in writing, specifying which of the two above options it wishes to exercise, at the conclusion of which this agreement shall be terminated.  \n(c) The liability of its shareholders shall be limited to the amount of their subscriptions.  \n(d) The object of the said Chinese Company shall be to manufacture wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, materials and supplies, to deal in such apparatus, material and supplies, and to repair and maintain wireless installations now existing and hereafter established, but nothing in this agreement confers any right upon the Chinese Company to operate commercial wireless stations in China.\n\n3. The Marconi Company hereby grants to the Chinese Company the right to the use in China, so long as it is a party to the terms and conditions of this agreement, of all the Marconi Company's patents, rights, designs, drawings, and secret processes, past, present and future, for wireless telegraphy and telephony.\n\n4. (a) In consideration of the grant set forth in clause 3 above, the Government agrees that the net divisible profits of the Chinese Company shall be divided into three equal parts: the Government and the Marconi Company each receiving one part as shareholders, and the remaining one-third is to be paid to the Marconi Company. However, should the Government exercise its right to purchase the entire Chinese Company as provided for in clause 2(b), the latter payment will thereupon be automatically discontinued also.  \n(b) If hereafter at any time, before the Government has exercised its right to purchase the entire company as provided for in clause 2(b), the Government should desire to abolish the payment of the one-third of the net divisible profits to the Marconi Company in consideration of the grant of patent and other rights as provided in the section next preceding, the Government may do so by paying a lump sum to the Marconi Company in an amount to be determined by agreement between the Government and the Marconi Company, which amount shall not exceed 300,000l. Should the Government avail itself of this right, thereafter all net divisible profits made by the Chinese Company shall be equally divided between the Government and the Marconi Company.\n\n5. (a) The capital of the Chinese Company shall be 700,000l., divided into 700,000 shares of 1l. each.  \n(b) Immediately on the signing of this agreement, capital amounting to 200,000l., shall be paid up, one-half, viz., 100,000l., by the Government and one-half, viz., 100,000l., by the Marconi Company.  \n(c) Further subscriptions for shares shall be in instalments as and when required and in the same proportions as above mentioned, such increases to be determined by resolution of the board of directors hereinafter provided for; but any increase in capital shall only take place in the event of the business of the Chinese Company justifying such increase.\n\n6. The Government, recognising that the Chinese Company's success depends upon mutual co-operation, hereby agrees that, if the goods supplied by the Chinese Company are not lower in quality nor higher in price than those offered by other companies, the Government will purchase exclusively from the Chinese Company all its present and future requirements in wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, material and supplies, and further, if the Government suffers no loss by giving such work to the Chinese Company, the Chinese Company shall be exclusively entrusted with the repair and maintenance of all wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus and equipment in China.\n\n7. The instalments due from the Government in respect of the shares allotted to them shall be advanced by the Marconi Company on behalf of the Government, against, and in consideration of which advances, as and when made, the Government shall issue to the Marconi Company negotiable Treasury notes in sterling amounts equal to the respective advances, the said Treasury notes to bear interest at the rate of 8 per centum per annum, payable, in sterling, semi-annually and maturing ten years from their respective dates, and of such denominations, within the sum represented, as the Marconi Company may desire. Should the Government wish to repay the amount advanced by the Marconi Company before maturity, it may discuss the matter with the Marconi Company.\n\n8. Pending full payment of all Treasury notes issued under the terms of this agreement, all the interest of the Government in the investment and the profits of the undertaking shall stand pledged to the Marconi Company as security for such payment. The Government, however, shall at all times receive its proportion of the profits of the Chinese Company, always provided that interest and redemption on the Treasury notes above referred to are duly paid as such payments become due.\n\n9. The supreme control of the Chinese Company shall be vested in a board of directors, consisting of three appointees of the Government and three appointees of the Marconi Company, provided, however, that, so long as the Government is indebted to the Marconi Company in respect of any of the Treasury notes issued against advances on share subscription account, as provided in clause 7 above, one of the three appointees of the Government shall be nominated by the Marconi Company.",
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    {
        "id": 489176,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 324,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## 322\n\nThe Marconi Company signed an agreement with the Chinese Government to form the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company, a joint stock concern, to manufacture wireless telegraph and telephone equipment, etc. The company has no right to operate commercial wireless stations in China but receives priority for all orders from the Chinese Government for wireless equipment. The company is the direct offspring of the Marconi wireless telephone contract (see 3).\n\n25. The above are the agreements that bear on the questions now before us. Both the Japanese and Chinese Governments have been officially warned that His Majesty's Government refuse to recognize the validity of the declaration given to Mitsui debarring any other party from erecting a wireless station for communication with Japan, Europe, and America. Although both their Governments have refused to recognize the validity of our protests, they know that we do not acquiesce in the Mitsui claim.\n\n26. To return to the practical issues raised by the Chinese application to the cable companies and the latter's desire to secure an extension of their monopoly, the views of Mr. Clive, His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Peking, have been obtained and are as follows:\n\n27. (1) The extension of the companies' monopoly is politically desirable and probably essential if our position in telegraphy in the Far East is to be maintained.\n\n(2) Our former position has been seriously impaired by Japanese competition. The recent action of the Chinese telegraph administration in purchasing an unsuitable cable from Japan, on the advice of their Japanese employees and against the advice of the cable companies, shows that Japan is determined to take full advantage of the privileged position secured by her under her loan agreement.\n\n28. (3) Any extension of cable monopoly must take into consideration the present-day environments of the commercial community in China, which call for wireless and cable facilities. Such a monopoly must operate as not to preclude the development of wireless by the Chinese Government under British auspices. At the recent conference of the British Chamber of Commerce at Shanghai, the question of wireless facilities was discussed, and the present opportunity would seem suitable for a reconsideration of the British cable and wireless vested interests in China as represented by the Eastern Extension and Marconi Companies.\n\n29. (4) It is to be remembered that the cable monopoly in itself only affords partial protection to any British predominance since American, German, Dutch, and Japanese landing rights have all had to be successively admitted. The interests in Japan of the Northern Company render the latter, as a partner of our monopoly, especially susceptible to Japanese pressure. Moreover, since the headquarters of the Chinese Administration were transferred from Shanghai to Peking in 1911, the Eastern Company have been handicapped by the lack of a responsible representative in Peking. It is British rather than Danish support that carries weight with the Chinese Government, and yet, in the present negotiations, with their important political bearing, we are dependent on a Danish adviser, M. Eriksen, in London, who is in constant communication with a Danish employee at Peking, while His Majesty's Legation is not yet in a position to ascertain either the nature of the Chinese Government's instructions to M. Eriksen or the effect on these of the change of Government that has occurred since his departure from Peking.\n\n30. (5) The Japanese Minister has recently protested to the Wai-chiao Pu against schemes now under consideration for a wireless development by the Chinese National Company on the ground that they conflict with the Mitsui Agreement. The Japanese may possibly claim the right under articles 9, 10, and 11 of their agreement of April 1918 to be consulted with regard to the present negotiations. In any case, it is safe to assume that Japan aims at predominance in land, cable, and wireless telegraph interests in China, and the issue is, therefore, a clear and comprehensive one between the Japanese and ourselves, of which the present cable monopoly extension question is only one phase. On our side, we have the Marconi agreements and what remains of the cable monopoly privileges, while the Japanese have the Mitsui and telegraph loan agreements.\n\n31. (6) Our partnership with the Danes renders us vulnerable through the Northern Company's interest in Japan and possibly through Danish sympathy for the Telefunken Company, while Japanese interests are practically those of the Japanese Government.\n\n32. (7) If we are to succeed, it would seem essential:\n- (a) To amalgamate the Danish and British cable and wireless interests into as solid a block as possible.\n- (b) To obtain our proper share in the leading of negotiations by opening up direct communications between His Majesty's Government and the Chinese Government at Peking.\n\n33. Having reached this stage, a letter was addressed to the various Government offices concerned, enquiring their views on the issues at stake. On the 7th February, the Post Office replied, suggesting that, in view of the recent preliminary conference at Washington, it might be undesirable to seek any exclusive cable or wireless concessions or to support British nationals in seeking such concessions, save in cases where the traffic was too small to admit of competitive services. Adverting to Sir J. Pender's hint of the possibility of pooling in case of need, the Postmaster General suggested that this might prove the best solution if feasible. In any case, it was hardly desirable to exclude wireless communication between China and Europe; and that being so, the exclusive cable rights, in any form in which the British Government could agree to them, would probably mean little to the Eastern Company, who, as regards cable communications, might well stand on their merits.\n\n34. The text of the Post Office letter, a copy of which has already been forwarded to the Imperial Communications Committee, forms `Annex 4` to this memorandum.\n\n## II. Clash between British and American Wireless Interests in China\n\n35. Since then, a further complication has arisen in a clash between the Marconi Company and the American Federal Wireless Company in wireless matters in China.\n\n36. In August 1918, the Marconi Company, as already mentioned, signed an agreement (`Annex 2`) with the Chinese Government for the supply of 200 sets of wireless telephones. The company lent the Government £600,000, of which £300,000 was the actual purchase price.\n\n37. The Chinese Government undertook that until the loan was repaid, they would exclusively adopt the Marconi system of wireless telephony. They further bound themselves that, in the event of the Government deciding to establish a repair shop or factory for the maintenance of wireless installations in China or for the manufacture of wireless apparatus, the Government would first open discussions with the company with a view to arranging joint operation of such a factory by the Government and the company.\n\n38. Arising out of this article, the Chinese Government on the 24th May 1919 signed a subsequent agreement with the Marconi Company (`Annex 3`) for the formation of the \"Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company,\" a joint-stock concern composed of the Chinese Government and the Marconi Company. The object of the company was to manufacture wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, materials, and supplies; to deal in such apparatus, material, and supplies; and to repair and maintain wireless installations now existing and hereafter established. Nothing in this agreement confers any right upon the Chinese company to operate commercial wireless stations in China. The Marconi Company granted to the Chinese company the right to the use in China of all Marconi patents, rights, designs, drawings, and secret processes, past, present, and future, for wireless telegraphy and telephony. The Government undertook that if the goods supplied by the company were not lower in quality nor more expensive than those offered by other companies, the Government would purchase exclusively from the Chinese company all its present and future requirements in wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, material, and supplies. Further, if the Government suffered no loss by giving such work to the Chinese company, that company should be exclusively entrusted with the repair and maintenance of all wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus and equipment in China. Finally, the Marconi Company undertook not to grant the use of their patents, etc., to any other person for use in China in whole or in part, nor themselves to sell wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, etc., except through the Chinese company. The Chinese Government, on their part, promised to do all in...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 327,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# \n\n10 \n\nproceeded concurrently during the months of July and August. Mr. Tsao Ju-lin, having somewhat grudgingly agreed to substitute a wireless chain for the improved land lines contemplated in his agreement with the Japanese, announced that four wireless stations already purchased, but not yet erected by the Chinese Government, would be used for this chain, and that there was no occasion to purchase installations from the Marconi Company. When confronted by me with the statement that these four stations could only be those offered by the Telefunken Company in January 1914 (see my telegram No. 735 of the 31st August), but the purchase of which had been formally denied by his predecessors, in response to repeated enquiries made by me on behalf of His Majesty's Government during the past three years, Mr. Tsao took refuge in the amazing reply that these denials had been merely given to allay our suspicions, and that as a matter of fact the Chinese Government had purchased these stations from the German Company.\n\nI warned Mr. Tsao that we should protest against any Telefunken stations being used in the neighbourhood of the Indian frontier, and against the gross breach of faith with His Majesty's Government implied in his admission. I demanded to know, therefore, whether or not he intended to purchase the necessary stations from the Marconi Company, and stated that in the event of a refusal I should be compelled to report the matter to you.\n\nMr. Tsao asked for a delay of two weeks in which to consider his position, and finally on the 2nd August he agreed to purchase from the Marconi Company.\n\nFurther difficulties arose in connection with the terms of payment and also with the responsibilities to be assumed by the company in undertaking the unprecedented task of transporting and erecting modern machinery in the wilds of Central Asia, and these protracted the negotiations even after the conclusion of the Wireless Telephone Agreement with the Ministry of War. As soon, however, as the loan funds payable under this latter agreement had been actually handed over to the Chinese Government on the 18th September, and I was able to claim from Mr. Tsao - who is also acting as Minister of Finance - the immediate conclusion of the Wireless Telegraph Agreement, which was thus signed on the 9th October and formally communicated to me by the Wai-chiao Pu in a note dated the 23rd October. Copies of this note and of the reply, dated the 28th October, in which I confirmed the placing on record of both agreements are enclosed herewith.\n\nBy means of these agreements the Marconi Company, after nine years of effort, have at last succeeded in obtaining a footing in the field of wireless enterprise in China. To secure this result it has been necessary to depart for once from the policy hitherto pursued by His Majesty's Government, and to allow a British firm to supply the Chinese Government with a loan for unspecified and uncontrolled purposes. The immediate justification for such a step would be found in the impossibility of overcoming otherwise the strong pro-German influence which still operates in Chinese Government departments to the detriment of British competitors in a field of such national importance as that of wireless communications, the eventual justification will be found if and when the option on a Sino-foreign wireless factory in China secured under article 12 of the Wireless Telephone Agreement can be translated into fact, and the supremacy of the Marconi system thereby established in this country.\n\nAs it will be seen from my telegram No. 933 of the 13th instant, negotiations are already in progress for the formation of a Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company, the capital of which would be found by the Chinese Government and the Marconi Company in equal shares. This company, if formed, would erect a factory in China and would enjoy a prior right to supply all future wireless requirements of the Government.\n\nThe terms of the two agreements enclosed herein are largely self-explanatory, and it is unnecessary for me to comment upon them in detail.\n\nUnder the wireless telephone agreement, in addition to securing the wireless factory option referred to above, the Marconi Company supply 200 wireless telephone field sets, which are to be ready for shipment from England in March next, and also provide a competent instructor to train a staff of operators in the Marconi system of wireless telephony, which the Chinese Government adopt exclusively for a period of ten years. By an exchange of letters accompanying this agreement the company agree to present to the Government two 5-kilowatt arc wireless telegraph sets free of all expense. The object of this gift is to demonstrate to the Government the superiority of these sets over the 5-kilowatt Telefunken sets hitherto adopted by them.\n\n11 \n\nUnder the wireless telegraph agreement the Marconi Company undertake to supply three 25-kilowatt arc wireless telegraph stations of the latest type and to erect them for the Government at Kashgar, Urumchi, and Lanchow. It was originally proposed that a fourth station should be supplied for erection between Peking and Lanchow, but the Chinese, on the ground of economy, preferred to remove the existing Telefunken station at Kalgan to Sianfu and rely on the triple land lines between the latter town and Peking to ensure continuous communication between the capital and Kashgar.\n\nThese three stations are to be ready for shipment from England in April next, while the engineer in charge of their erection is to be placed at the disposal of the Government here not later than March next, in order that the necessary preliminary work may be taken in hand without delay.\n\nThe financial safeguards incorporated in the two agreements are the best that can be obtained from the Chinese Government under existing conditions, but it must be borne in mind that, in the absence of a pledge of some foreign-controlled revenue as collateral security, the risk of temporary default must always be present in contracts of this nature until a stable Government shall have placed the administration of China's finances on a level with her credit.\n\nHaving now obtained these agreements it remains for the Marconi Company to reinforce their position by such a scrupulous performance of the spirit and letter of their obligations as will convince the Chinese Government of their superiority over competitors of other nationalities.\n\nThere are two points in connection with the execution of these contracts and with the entry of the company into relations with the Chinese Government generally which I have requested Mr. Ginman, on his return to England, to bring to the notice of his directors.\n\nIn the first place, the company should be permanently represented in Peking by a technical employee of their own of the standing of Mr. Ginman. The Peking syndicate, with its well-established Chinese connection, had undoubtedly been of assistance to the company in their negotiations, but it was the presence of an expert, whom the Chinese knew to be a direct representative of the company and of the company only, which was the essential factor in the results obtained.\n\nIn the second place, the company must deal with a British bank. The utilisation of the `Banque Industrielle de Chine` for the purpose of the service of the loan made under the wireless telephone agreement not only caused adverse comment among Chinese and British alike, but it is likely to prove highly embarrassing to this legation if called upon in the future to protect the company's interest *vis-à-vis* the Chinese Government.\n\nI have the honour to ask that the attention of the company in London may be formally invited to these points in order to ensure that the carrying out of the financial clauses of the wireless telegraph agreement and any subsequent contracts may be effected through a British medium.\n\nIn conclusion, I feel it my duty to place on record my sense of the indebtedness which His Majesty's Government owes to Mr. Barton, the Chinese Secretary to His Majesty's Legation, for his indefatigable work in assisting me throughout these protracted negotiations.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n## Enclosure No. 1\n\n### Wai-chiao Pu to Sir J. Jordan\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n**(Translation.) Sir.**\n\nAugust, 30, 1918. I AM in receipt of a letter from the Ministry of War stating that an agreement with the British Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company (Limited), for the purchase of wireless telephones has been signed and sealed, and forwarding me one copy each of the Chinese and English text, which I am requested to communicate to your Excellency.\n\nI have, therefore, the honour to transmit to you one copy each of the Chinese and English text of the said agreement, in original, for purposes of record.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n**(Seal of the Wai-chiao Pu.)**\n\n[5651] \n\nC 2 \n\n\n\n325",
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    {
        "id": 489182,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 330,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Page 328\n\n16 \n\nthe Ministry of Communications, and is signed on behalf of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company (Limited), by its duly authorised Attorney.\n\nTSAO JOULIN, \n(Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Limited), \nA. H. GINMAN, \nAttorney-in-fact, \nMinister of Communications.\n\nIn the presence of: \nCHOW KIANI, Witness. \nG. W. FRODSHAM, Witness.\n\n## Enclosure 5.\n\nSir, \nSir J. Jordan to Wai-chiao Pu. \nOctober 28, 1918. \nON the 30th August and 23rd October your Excellency was good enough to communicate to me copies of agreements made by the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Communications respectively with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company (Limited), for the purchase of wireless telephone and telegraph apparatus. I now have the honour to inform your Excellency that the agreements in question have been duly placed on record as requested.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n## (Translation.)\n\nSir, \n\n## Page 329\n\n17 \n\n## Enclosure 1.\n\nWai-Chiao Pu to Sir J. Jordan, \nJune 4, 1919 \nI have the honour to inform your Excellency that I have received a letter from the Ministry of War in the following terms: -- \n\nThe Agreement which has been drawn up between this Ministry and the British firm the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, Limited, for the formation of the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company was passed by the Cabinet at a meeting on the 24th ultimo. Subsequently some verbal amendments to the text were made by the representatives of both parties and the Agreement was formally signed on the 24th instant. I have the honour to enclose herewith copies of the Agreement in English and Chinese, and to request your Excellency's Ministry to forward them to the British Legation to be placed on record there.\n\nI have the honour accordingly to forward to your Excellency herewith the English and Chinese texts of the Agreement received from the Ministry of War that you may cause them to be placed on record.\n\nI shall be grateful for the favour of a reply.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n## ANNEX 3.\n\n(No. 259.) My Lord, \nSir J. Jordan to Earl Curzon. (Received August 2.) \nPeking, June 5, 1919 \nIN my despatch No. 519 of the 25th November I had the honour to report that negotiations were already in progress for the formation of a Chinese National Wireless Company as a joint enterprise of the Chinese Government and the Marconi Company. These negotiations have continued during the past six months, and I have supported the company's representative by intervention with the Minister of War as occasion required.\n\nThe Chinese Government have now fulfilled the undertaking given in Article 12 of the Marconi Company's Wireless Telephone Agreement of the 27th August, 1918, and on the 24th ultimo the agreement for the constitution of the Chinese National Wireless Company was signed with the Marconi Company's representative, and was officially communicated to me by the Wai-Chiao Pu on the 4th instant in a note, copy of which is enclosed.\n\nThe capital of the company is to be 700,000l., (200,000l. paid up), divided equally between the Chinese Government and the Marconi Company; the Marconi Company receive two-thirds of the profits in return for a grant of their patent rights to the Chinese Company, and the control is vested in a Board of Directors consisting of three nominees of the Government and three nominees of the Marconi Company, the latter enjoying a casting vote so long as the Government is indebted to them. The Chinese Company, under Article 6, acquire an exclusive right to supply the Chinese Government's requirements in the supply and maintenance of wireless apparatus, and the Chinese Government have the right to buy out the Marconi interest at any time after twenty years.\n\nAs far as paper agreements go, the task of establishing the Marconi Company in the wireless field in China may now be said to be complete, and they have secured a position which should enable them to compete successfully with rivals of any other nationality. Competition will undoubtedly be severe; not only will the German and Japanese interests endeavour to maintain their existing foothold, but French interests, through the Government of Tonquin, are also believed to have recently concluded an agreement with the Governor of Yunnan for the supply of one high and several low-power stations in the areas at present under the control of the military Government in the south-west.\n\nThe Marconi Company, by the present agreement, should be able to meet practically any competition as soon as a united Government is formed, and it now rests with them to make the best of a future which is not without promise for the expansion of British enterprise in China.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n## Enclosure 2.\n\n**Agreement: Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company.**\n\nTHIS agreement, made on this 24th day of May, 1919, or the 24th day of the 5th month of the eighth year of the Republic of China, at Peking, China, by and between the Government of the Republic of China, represented by the Ministry of War of the one part, hereinafter referred to as \"the Government,\" and Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company (Limited), a limited liability company, organised under the Company Laws of England, and having its registered office at Marconi House, Strand, London, of the second part, hereinafter referred to as \"the Marconi Company.\"\n\nWitnesseth that:\n\nWhereas in clause 12 of an agreement between the parties hereto, bearing date the 27th day of August, 1918, or the 27th day of the 8th month of the 7th year of the Republic of China, it was provided as follows:-\n\n...\n\nIn consideration of the above the Government promises that in the event the Government decides to establish a repair shop or factory for the maintenance of wireless installations in China, or for the manufacture of wireless apparatus, the Government will first open discussion with the company with a view of arranging joint operation of such factory by the Government and the company.\n\nNow, therefore, the parties hereto having, in pursuance of the above permission, duly discussed arrangements for joint operation, it is, in consideration of the mutual benefits to be derived therefrom, hereby understood and agreed as follows-\n\n1. A joint stock limited liability company, under the terms and conditions hereinafter contained, is hereby constituted of which this agreement, as and when communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Minister at Peking through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, shall form the special charter. The terms and conditions of this agreement as such special charter may not be hereafter varied save by the mutual consent of the parties hereto, expressed with the same formality as attends the execution and communication of these presents.\n\n2.-(a) The said company shall be known as the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company (hereinafter referred to as \"the Chinese Company\").\n\n(b) After this agreement has been in force for a period of twenty years and at any time thereafter, if the Government wishes, it will have the right to exercise either one of the two following options:\n\nFirst, the Government will have the right to purchase at a fair and reasonable price under conditions then existing all the shares of the Marconi Company, its ...\n\n## Page 330\n... successors and assigns, in the Chinese Company.\n\n## Page 331",
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    {
        "id": 489185,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 333,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Page 22\n\nto international recognition, and must not be held, therefore, to constitute a preference for the supply of telephone and telegraph equipment, and thus invalidate the Marconi agreements of the 27th August, 1918, for the sale of wireless telephone equipment, of the 9th October, 1918, for the establishment of wireless communication between Kashgar and Sianfu, and of the 24th May, 1919, for the formation of the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company. Such a proposition would be extremely distasteful to the American Government, which, as above indicated, has itself maintained, and has assumed on the part of His Britannic Majesty's Government, a whole-hearted sympathy in the attitude of scrupulous avoidance of any claims to special or exclusive privileges in China.\n\nIn conclusion, the Embassy is informed that the American Government feels that this matter is one of primary importance in the co-operation between the British Empire and the United States in the Far East.\n\nLondon, February 15, 1921,\n\n(No. 584.) My Lord,\n\n## ANNEX 6.\n\n(Initialled)\n\nMr. Clive to Earl Curzon (Received November 5.)\n\nB. A. B.\n\nPeking, August 20, 1920.\n\nI HAVE the honour to enclose copy of an agreement for the organisation of the \"China Electric Company,\" with the object of manufacturing in China all kinds of machinery, apparatus and materials, more especially for the supply of the needs of the Chinese Telephone and Telegraph Administration.\n\nThe agreement was concluded in October 1917 and the signatories include Mr. Yeh Kung-cho, now Minister of Communications, who obtained a half interest in the company on behalf of the Ministry. The other half is equally divided between the American \"Western Electric Company\" and the Japanese \"Nippon Electric Company.\"\n\nThe company is incorporated under American law, and has already established a factory at Shanghai for the manufacture of various electrical materials.\n\nUnder the agreement (article 11 (a) and (b)) the company secures a monopoly for the supply of apparatus and materials for the Government telegraph and telephone systems in China. The Telegraph Administration is a national unit, and it is the avowed intention of the Government to nationalise the telephones, though it appears doubtful whether this is practicable. The privileges of this company therefore amount to a virtual monopoly covering one of the biggest industrial fields of China. It is so big, indeed, that it is unlikely to prove effective in practice. Not even the Western Electric Company can hope to fill all the orders if communications in China show normal development.\n\nNo instance of the assertion of monopolistic rights has been brought to the notice of the Legation, and it appears unlikely that any attempt will be made to assert such rights.\n\nA Sino-British group has indeed been in negotiation with the Ministry of Communications for some time and expects to secure rights somewhat similar to those of the China Electric Company, with the special object of encouraging the establishment of telephone installations throughout the country. The Peking Syndicate and various firms in Shanghai and the United Kingdom are interested in this project, but it has not yet matured, mainly in consequence of conflicting interests among manufacturers.\n\nIn view of somewhat analogous British projects which have been in negotiation or already brought to a conclusion in recent years, it does not appear useful or practicable to raise any question as to the monopolistic rights indicated in the enclosed agreement. The prohibition of trading monopolies covered by the treaties can hardly be strictly applied to enterprises covering extensive systems of national communication.\n\nShould any hardship ensue to British suppliers owing to the existence of such contracts it appears to me that the most practical step would be to deal with each on its own merits as it arises. The natural effects of supply and demand, of price and facility of delivery, will almost certainly prevent any grave injustice to suppliers of any nationality. For, in such vast undertakings as the provision of means of communication in China, the natural influence of competition must prove too strong for any restrictive agreements to be effective or to exclude economic competition.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nR. H. CLIVE.\n\n## Enclosure.\n\n**China Electric Company Agreement, dated October 20, 1917.**\n\n**MEMORANDUM** of agreement, made this 20th day of October, A.D. 1917, between His Excellency Yeh Kung Cho, Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Communications, acting by authority and on behalf of the Ministry of Communications of the Government of the Republic of China (hereinafter called the \"Ministry\"), of the first part, and Gerard Swope, acting by authority and on behalf of the Western Electric Company, Incorporated (of which he is vice-president), a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of New York, of the United States of America, and acting by authority and on behalf of the Nippon Electric Company, Limited (of which he bears a power of attorney), a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the Empire of Japan, both of the second part, and when both are referred to together, hereinafter called the \"Electric Company.\"\n\nWitnesseth, whereas, the \"Ministry\" is desirous of developing the electrical industries, it has come to a special agreement with the \"Electric Company\" as set forth below, for the purpose of organising an electric company to manufacture all kinds of machinery and apparatus and materials, in order principally to supply the need of the Chinese Telephone and Telegraph Administration.\n\nNow these presents witnesseth that, in consideration of the premises and of the mutual undertakings and agreements hereinafter set forth, it is agreed by and between the parties as follows:\n\n1. Subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, the Ministry and the Electric Company shall cause to be organised as soon as possible after the execution of these presents, in accordance with the requirements of the laws of the State of Delaware, of the United States of America, a company, to be called the \"China Electric Company, Limited\" (hereinafter called the \"China Company\"), but it is understood that at any time when the company law of China assumes a reasonable standard of efficiency as compared with foreign standards, and in the opinion of the \"Ministry,\" then the \"China Company\" shall come under the Chinese law.\n\n2. The articles of association of the \"China Company,\" or other charter regulations or documents required for its creation, and the by-laws, shall be prepared by representatives specially appointed by the Ministry and the Electric Company for the purpose, and shall contain the usual and customary provisions found in articles or documents of such character, as nearly as the circumstances of the \"China Company\" and the terms and conditions shall permit.\n\n3. Upon the complete organisation of the \"China Company,\" the articles of association, or charter regulations, by-laws and documents as aforesaid, shall be forthwith transmitted by the \"China Company\" to the Ministry for approval and submission to the Chinese Government for registration.\n\n4 (a). The authorised share capital at the outset of the China Company shall be one million gold dollars ($1,000,000.00) United States currency, and shall be divided into ten thousand (10,000) shares of the par value of one hundred United States gold dollars ($100.00) each.\n\n4 (b). One-fourth (¼) of the said capital, that is, the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand gold dollars ($250,000.00) United States currency, shall be subscribed immediately upon the organisation of the China Company, and the said subscription and all other partial subscriptions to the capital of the \"China Company\" shall be made as between the parties hereto in the proportion as set forth below in article 5.\n\n4 (c). The balance of the said capital and additional capital shall be issued as needed, in accordance with the provisions of the charter and by-laws of the China Company at such time as called for by the Board of Directors.\n\n5 (a). Of the first issue of the share capital as set forth in article 4, paragraph (b), fifty per cent. (50%) thereof shall be subscribed by the Ministry, and by such individuals as may be approved by the Ministry. The remainder, or fifty per cent. (50%), shall be subscribed by the Electric Company.\n\n## Page 23\n\n... \n| col | col |\n| --- | --- |",
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        "id": 489186,
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 334,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# 332\n\n24 per cent. (50%) of the said first issue of the share capital shall be subscribed by the Electric Company.\n\n## 5\n### (c)\nSubsequent issues of the share capital of the China Company shall be offered for subscription to the registered shareholders in proportion to their holdings, at the time such issue is made. In the event that any of the shareholders of the China Company fail for any reason whatsoever to subscribe and pay for their proportion of such issues, such unsubscribed shares will be offered for subscription to the other registered shareholders in proportion to their holdings of the share capital of the company, at such time.\n\n### (d)\nProvided, however, that at no time during the continuance of this agreement shall the proportion of the issued share capital owned by the Ministry be less than twenty-five per cent (25%), and that at no time during the continuance of this agreement shall the proportion of the issued share capital owned by the Electric Company be less than twenty-five per cent. (25%).\n\n## 6\n### (a)\nThe affairs of the China Company shall be managed by a board of directors. The functions, powers and disabilities of such board of directors shall be those usually exercised and imposed upon boards of directors of similar companies, except as the same shall be lawfully varied pursuant to the provisions of this agreement, or the charter and by-laws of the China Company.\n\n### (b)\nThe number of the directors of the **China Company** at the outset shall be five. The chairman of the board of directors shall be elected by and from among the directors, and shall have a vote upon all questions.\n\n### (c)\nEach director shall hold office for one year and until his successor has been duly elected and qualified. Each director shall be eligible for re-election. Vacancies upon the board of directors shall be filled in the same way as directors are originally elected.\n\n### (d)\nThe general manager of the \"China Company\" shall be nominated and appointed by the board of directors.\n\n## 7\nIt is the spirit of this agreement and of the parties hereto that the personnel of the China Company shall be as largely as possible Chinese, and preference shall be given to Chinese.\n\n## 8\nThe Ministry agrees to sell to the China Company its repair shop at Shanghai, including land, buildings, machinery and material, for gold $... and the China Company agrees to incorporate the same with its factory, retaining as largely as possible the present personnel, and continuing to carry out the functions and responsibilities of the present repair shop towards the \"Ministry.\"\n\n## 9\n### (a)\nThe Electric Company agrees that during the continuance of this agreement, the \"China Company\" shall have the exclusive rights for China under all its patents, and to all its latest inventions and improvements, upon the terms and conditions set forth in a contract between the China Company and the Electric Company.\n\n### (b)\nThe Electric Company agrees to give the China Company during the continuance of this agreement, all technical, engineering and manufacturing information which it possesses or may procure, and which is needed for the proper and economical operation of the China Company, and shall give assistance to the China Company in every way, to the end that the China Company shall have, whenever needed, the benefits of the Electric Company's wide and varied experience.\n\n### (c)\nThe Electric Company agrees to offer advice and assistance in conducting an engineering laboratory in China, where problems of the \"China Company\" and the Ministry will be studied and the best solution sought. If desirable, such problems will be submitted to the laboratories of the \"Electric Company,\" wherever situated.\n\n### (d)\nThe Electric Company agrees to give to the China Company all information and latest and best methods of operation, telephone and telegraph service procurable for the Ministry from the American Telephone and Telegraph Company of the United States, and from other operating companies and systems.\n\n### (e)\nThe Electric Company agrees to receive into its own workshops and engineering departments, at the expense of the \"China Company,\" a reasonable number of Chinese engineers, for the purpose of instructing them in the various branches of the business proposed to be carried on by the \"China Company.\"\n\n## 10\n### (a)\nIn order to assist in developing the China market, the China Company will give first preference in purchasing material and supplies to such made in China, and made and sold by the Chinese companies.\n\n### (b)\nWhen the \"China Company\" cannot get materials or raw materials in China, and when the price of such material is not favourable, the \"China Company\" may ask the Electric Company to procure the same, and the \"Electric Company\" agrees to use its great purchasing power in doing so at the same low prices at which similar raw materials and supplies are furnished to other allied companies of the \"Electric Company.\"\n\n## 11\n### (a)\nWhen the Ministry requires machinery, apparatus or other materials in connection with the telephone and telegraph systems, the Ministry shall place with the China Company such order which the China Company is in a position to fill in the time to be agreed upon, provided, however, that the prices shall be reasonable and as favourable as those charged by other similar first-class manufacturers for similar materials of like quality; but this, of course, shall not be in the nature of unfair competition, that is, the prices shall be such as to provide a reasonable margin over the cost of labour, material, and the necessary expenses of doing business. All other orders which the China Company is not in a position to fill at the time, may be placed elsewhere.\n\n### (b)\nIf orders for machinery, apparatus and other material placed with the China Company are not furnished within a period agreed upon and in accordance with the requirements of the \"Ministry\" after due notice to the \"China Company,\" the Ministry may place such orders elsewhere.\n\n## 12\nThis agreement shall continue for a period of twenty (20) years from the date hereof, and thereafter unless one year's notice in writing of intention to terminate is given by either party to the other, but if, as a result of such notice, the parties cannot agree as to the continuance of this agreement, then the Ministry shall have the right to purchase the shares of the Electric Company at a fair and reasonable price according to the condition of business and property of the Company at that time.\n\n## 13\nThe parties hereto further agree to execute any additional contracts, papers and documents that may be agreed upon by both parties, and may be necessary to carry out the spirit and intent of this agreement.\n\n## 14\n### (a)\nThis agreement is written in triplicate, in the Chinese and English languages. One copy in each language shall be retained by the Ministry, one copy in each language shall be retained by the \"Electric Company,\" and one copy in each language shall be handed to the China Company when established.\n\n### (b)\nIn the event of dispute as to the meaning of any provision hereof, the English text shall control.\n\n### (c)\nAny question arising under this agreement shall be referred for decision, at the option of either party, to a board of disinterested arbitrators of five, selected as follows: two to be chosen by the Ministry and two to be chosen by the Electric Company, and the chairman to be selected by the four so appointed; and the decision and cost thereof of this board of arbitration, by majority vote thereof, shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto.\n\nIn witness whereof, his Excellency, Yeh Kung Cho, Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Communications, has hereunto affixed his signature and the seal of the Ministry of Communications of the Government of the Republic of China, party of the first part, to these presents, and Gerald Swope, has hereunto affixed his signature as vice-president of the Western Electric Company, Incorporated, and as attorney of the Nippon Electric Company (Limited), both parties of the second part, to these presents.\n\n(Signatures)",
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        "page_number": 501,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "498\n\nL.\n\n24\n\n\"The problem is essentially not one of isolated local improvements. In its broadest aspects, it is a single problem, but it may probably be separated into at least two main divisions, one from Tibet to Ichang, the other from Ichang to the sea.\n\nThe material alteration of any point between Ichang and the sea is likely to affect advantageously or otherwise the districts above or below it. Therefore, one most important essential in dealing with it is unity of control.\n\nThat brings me to the position of the Customs. One sometimes hears it said, why do not the Customs make this or that improvement, but the question is based on ignorance of the circumstances.\n\nActually, the Customs have recently been doing a great deal more than they were able to do in earlier years. It is not so long ago since the onus of providing aids to navigation on the Yang-tsze fell almost entirely on the harbour masters of the treaty ports. More recently, the Coast Inspector's office has been extended to deal with this work, and improvements have been and are being effected to the advantage of navigation.\n\nBut let it be recognised at once that such improvements are matters of local detail, such as the marking of channels. Their function is mainly concerned with keeping navigators informed of what the Yang-tsze is doing, not with suggesting what she should be made to do. It has, therefore, little or nothing to do with Conservancy work, and indeed, it is patent that they have neither the staff nor the funds which Conservancy work would demand.\n\nThe difference is an important one, and therefore, while recognising and appreciating the increasing activities of the Coast Inspector's office, we must not look to them for the larger aspects of Conservancy work.\n\n\"I would ask you to consider what procedure a concern responsible for the future conservancy of the Yang-tsze should follow. I do not think that at the present stage, they should appoint a large Commission to consist of representatives of the Chinese Government, of the Provincial authorities and gentry, of the Customs, and of Chambers of Commerce assisted by a body of International experts, each of whom might arrive at quite different conclusions.\n\n\"I suggest that they should, as a first step, endeavour to secure the services of an acknowledged world expert on Conservancy matters, the best man they can get. They would tell him that they want a report in a reasonable period of time—say three years—and they would leave him a reasonably free hand both as to the appointment of other experts to assist him and a secretarial staff, and also as to the procedure he would adopt.\n\n\"It is, therefore, not necessary at the present time to go into detailed suggestions as to the staff which will be found necessary, still less to anticipate the method of procedure and to raise the controversial point as to whether a complete survey of the whole Yang-tsze and its hinterland is a necessary first step. If you get the best man available, you can safely leave these details to be discussed in consultation with him.\n\n\"Of course, it would necessitate a definite grant from the Chinese Government, but the cost of such a preliminary investigation would be comparatively small, exceedingly small in comparison with the advantage to be gained.\n\n\"The objection that such a world expert might be ignorant of local conditions would, I think, be quite irrelevant and more than compensated by the fact that he would be unprejudiced by any local considerations. He would, of course, be likely to have the benefit of the assistance of men with local knowledge on his staff.\n\n\"We must leave to future consideration the constitution of a Conservancy Board with executive powers and the provision of funds to carry out whatever proposals may finally be made, but I venture to hope that you will agree that our present proposal constitutes an essential preliminary step, the most economical, the most practical that can be devised for initiating at least the possibility of getting something done.\"\n\nIn supporting the motion moved by Mr. Humphrys, Mr. Clennell, His Majesty's consul at Chinkiang, who represented the Chinkiang Chamber, said:-\n\n44\n\nThe situation of Chinkiang is really so unprecedented and so extraordinary in consequence of the neglect of conservancy work that I feel I am not out of place if I explain to you exactly how matters stand. You will recall that the city of Chinkiang stands on the southern shore of the Yang-tsze at its junction with the Grand Canal. A little bit above the town, there is a rocky hill known as Golden Island. I have it on universal testimony that no longer ago than 1842, the British fleet, then engaged in bombarding Chinkiang, anchored between the hill of Golden Island and the southern shore of the river. But now we find that Golden Island is on the southern shore, and that all this space in which the fleet was alleged to have anchored in 1842 is now paddy fields or lotus ponds, and on it are a flour mill, a match factory, two or three villages, and a railway station. In less than eighty years, this has taken place. During the last fifteen years or so, the change has been more rapid than before. I would point out that about 11 or 12 miles above this port, there is a place called Shiherwei. From Shiherwei to a spot about 4 miles above the port, there is a cut-off and an island. That channel was a large and big channel in which the greater part of the Yang-tsze flowed and washed past the front of Chinkiang, so that no very great deposit of silt took place. That channel began to silt up, and the consequence was that the whole force of the current of the river was thrown into the southern channel, and coming to another creek called the Nien Yü Tao Creek, has tended to block that also.\n\nThe result was that the creek which comes in front of Chinkiang became insignificant, and the main current of the river was thrown on to the northern bank. I have not brought maps and charts with me, but I remember seeing in the harbour master's office in Chinkiang a very interesting map showing the outlines of the river from year to year. Since 1905, something like 5,000 ft. of the northern bank has been eroded away, and a spit of sand 3-4 miles long and half-a-mile wide has grown up outside the British Concession of Chinkiang.\n\nThe result is that only one of the jetties on the Concession can be used by steamers, and that only in the high water season. We find ourselves in this position that during the coming winter, instead of drawing our water supply from close to the British Concession, we shall have to lay 5,750 ft. of piping right out across the spit into the northern channel of the Yang-tsze; instead of a pipe 1,000 ft. long, it will have to be nearly 6,000 ft. I mention all this as an interesting illustration of the sort of thing which can happen to a port through the neglect of proper river conservancy.\n\nI am not an engineering expert, and it is not for me to criticise or express my own opinion as to the various proposals that have been brought forward to remedy this state of affairs. Yet, I should like to enumerate some of them. I find there is a very widespread opinion that the necessary work can best be done by training banks and by bringing back the Yang-tsze into a channel something approximating its old channel. Others say you cannot do that; that the only remedy is for Chinkiang to move somewhere else, either lower down past the next headland or else to the northern side of the Yang-tsze, where the northern branch of the Grand Canal comes into the river. I find that this matter of the silting of the southern shore of the Yang-tsze at Chinkiang and the erosion of the northern shore, although it looks as if it were a local question, is not universally regarded as such. It is pointed out by some people that if this erosion goes on much further, all the dykes which protect the low country to the north of Chinkiang will be eroded away, and there is a possibility that the Yang-tsze may go bodily away from her present course and go to the north-east and abandon her present estuary entirely. The idea is that the Yang-tsze would come out not along the present channel, but near the mouth of the River Huai—two degrees to the north of its present latitude—and then where would Shanghai be as a port of world-wide importance? She would come to an end.\n\n\"I wish to give my entire and most cordial support to the remarks made by the proposer of this resolution as to the necessity for unity of control. It happens that I had the fortune to be at Newchwang for a number of years, and a large part of our activities in Newchwang was in trying to keep the Conservancy alive. We had quite a unique experience of the difficulties which Conservancy Boards encounter in the country, and it taught me several things. It taught me something about the probabilities of a river diverting its course; the river with which we were concerned at Newchwang adopted another channel to a very great extent. Some twenty years ago, there was a flood, and in order to drain away the flood water, the people cut a channel from the Liao River to another, and they took no adequate measures to regulate the flow from the Liao. Now, a great deal of the water of the Liao does not pass Newchwang, and unless something is done, Newchwang will be left high and dry.\n\n\"I entirely agree also that the great thing is to have a thorough survey made of the whole problem, and when that is done, you must leave the whole thing to your expert.\"\n\n`[5815 c-3]`",
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        "id": 489403,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 551,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# 8. In the first place, it is only fit that the United States Government should be informed of the motives actuating the formation of the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company. That company was formed for the genuine purpose of assisting the Chinese Government in their desire to develop wireless communications in China by the manufacture of the necessary equipment in China by Chinese. Lacking the requisite experience, the Chinese Government turned to the Marconi Company, and formed with them the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company, which is intended to function only until such time as, with factory duly established and experience gained, the Chinese Government are themselves in a position to buy out the Marconi Company and stand on their own feet.\n\nHis Majesty's Government are not aware of any ground upon which the propriety of such an arrangement can be challenged.\n\n## 9. Mr. Davis declares that no Government can rightfully assert on behalf of its nationals a claim to exercise any such monopoly or preference as would debar United States citizens from the right to contract freely with the Chinese Government for any category of supplies. With due deference, this hardly seems to His Majesty's Government to be an accurate presentation of the issue. Is not the question rather whether there is any reason why the Chinese Government should not, if they so desire, enter into an agreement with a company by which the Government undertake for a period of twenty years to obtain all their requirements in wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus, material and supplies from that particular source, provided the terms offered are not worse than those obtainable elsewhere? If, as His Majesty's Government contend, there is no such reason, and the Chinese Government, having entered into an agreement of the above nature, then proceed to enter into a second agreement which violates the first, is not the Government concerned clearly entitled, and even bound, to intervene with the Chinese Government for the protection of the contractual rights of its nationals?\n\n## 10. In the present instance, His Majesty's Government, after the most careful scrutiny, can see no legitimate objection to the preferential rights enjoyed by the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company under their agreement with the Chinese Government. Any contract for the supply of goods must imply a preference in favour of the contractor, in so far as he has secured the contract over others; should all preference of this nature be debarred, commerce generally would become impossible. Such preferences are indeed the essential concomitants of trade.\n\n## 11. The question thus narrows itself down to whether in this particular instance the preference of which the United States Government complain amounts to a \"monopoly,\" and His Majesty's Government are of opinion that it does not.\n\n## 12. A monopoly in the ordinary sense may be defined as a right by which one person or body becomes the sole medium through which a particular commodity can be marketed in a given area.\n\nThis definition is evidently inapplicable in the present case. In the first place, the contract with the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company only covers purchases by the Chinese Government, and does not apply to any supplies which may be required by other Governments, institutions or individuals who may operate wireless telegraphy in China; and, in the second place, the right which the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company enjoy under their agreement of the 24th May, 1919, is explicitly dependent upon their offers being at least as good as those of any competitors. The United States Government will hardly wish to deny that such a provision is wholly inconsistent with the idea of a monopoly, to which the objection is that the monopolist is the only possible seller or purchaser, as the case may be, thus eliminating all possibility of competition.\n\n## 13. No Government can look to obtain advantageous terms for the supply of goods from contractors for public utilities unless the interests of the contractor are clearly safeguarded. It is not unnatural in such cases to insert a proviso securing to the contractors advantages without which they might not be prepared to sink capital in such undertakings. The grant of preferential rights on such occasions acts at once in the general interest of the public and in that of the contractor, and thus tends to encourage development and progress.\n\n## 14. It is not inappropriate to record here that in connection with the very case which the United States Government cite in support of their arguments - that of the China Electric Company, a Sino-Japanese-American concern - precisely the same point was most carefully studied by His Majesty's Government. After a careful consideration of existing treaty provisions in China, it appeared to His Majesty's Government that the rights of that company did not conflict with the anti-monopolistic clauses of the treaties and could not be objected to on other grounds. Consequently, although His Majesty's Government were at that time unaware that the United States Government had disavowed the preferential rights of the China Electric Company - a point upon which Mr. Davis lays such stress in his memorandum under reply - His Majesty's Government nevertheless refrained purposely from questioning the rights of the China Electric Company either overtly or covertly.\n\n## 15. In the present case, where the preferential rights of the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company appear to be much the same, His Majesty's Government see no reason to depart from the conclusions which they reached after due deliberation with regard to the China Electric Company.\n\n## 16. Having thus considered the question of principle, allusion must be made to certain further points in Mr. Davis's memorandum. In the first place, the United States Government would appear to intimate that, if His Majesty's Government do not abandon the attitude they have taken up, the United States Government will be obliged to consider the revival of the rights of the China Electric Company under their 1917 agreement, and thus seek to invalidate the three Marconi agreements of the 27th August, 1918, of the 9th October, 1918, and of the 24th May, 1919.\n\n## 17. The China Electric Company's agreement refers to telegraphy and telephony, and makes no mention of wireless apparatus. Under article 11(a) of the contract in question the Chinese Government undertake to place with the China Electric Company such orders for machinery, apparatus or other materials in connection with the telephone and telegraph system as the company is in a position to fill in the time to be agreed upon. As, according to the information of His Majesty's Government, neither the China Electric Company nor its Japanese affiliated company, the Nippon Electric Company, makes any pretence of manufacturing wireless apparatus, the application of this clause of the agreement to the supply of wireless apparatus to the Chinese Government can hardly have been contemplated; and this view is strengthened by the fact that the China Electric Company has even negotiated with the Chinese National Wireless Telegraph Company for the purchase of wireless equipment. It would in fact be patent to the world that, if the United States Government were to claim at this date that the China Electric Company's agreement extends to wireless supplies, this claim was being deliberately made for the first time in order to block the rights of the subjects of a friendly Power. His Majesty's Government decline to believe that the United States Government can seriously contemplate such a step.\n\n## 18. A further point in Mr. Davis's memorandum which seems prima facie obscure, but which is doubtless susceptible of simple explanation, is the fact that, though the China Electric Company's agreement was, according to Mr. Davis's statement, signed as long ago as the 20th October, 1917, yet it was not until the 28th January, 1919, that the United States Government formally notified the company and the Chinese Government that they would not recognise or support the preferential rights conferred thereunder. In view of the negotiations then in progress with the Marconi Company, it is unfortunate that the disavowal after the long period of fifteen months, which is now for the first time revealed in Mr. Davis's memorandum of the 15th February, 1921, was not disclosed earlier. Such a disclosure might well have had a bearing upon the negotiations then in progress between the Chinese Government and the Marconi Company.\n\n## 19. Like the United States Government, His Majesty's Government attach the greatest importance to Anglo-American co-operation in the Far East, where the principles animating British and United States policy are fundamentally the same. It would be a matter of infinite regret were the conflict which has occurred between British and United States wireless interests in China to mar the prospects of such co-operation between the nationals of the two countries. But the United States Government will realise that where legitimate vested British interests are at stake His Majesty's Government would, in existing circumstances, be failing in their duty did they not firmly support these interests when challenged, from however friendly a quarter the challenge may come.\n\n## 20. There is yet a further aspect of this question to which His Majesty's Government deem it right to invite the attention of the United States Government, the agreement of the 12th September, 1911, by which the Poulsen Wireless Corporation acquired their rights in the Poulsen patents from the vendors, Messrs. Pedersen, Poulsen and Blechinberg, they became bound by certain definite obligations. Under clause 10 of that agreement the Poulsen Wireless Corporation agree that \"the vendors shall have the exclusive right to make use and sell each and all inventions, improvements and discoveries now belonging to, or that in future shall belong to said corporation, relating to any subject treated of in any of said patents, or relating to any use of which any of said inventions are capable, for and in all countries, outside of United States,\n\nPage 548",
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    {
        "id": 489497,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 645,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Art. 3\nThe importation from, or the exportation to, foreign countries or Japan of morphine, cocaine and their salts may not take place excepting by pharmacists, druggists, manufacturers of medicine or dealers in patent medicines.\n\n**NOTE.** This rule shall not apply to cases where they are meant for use in scientific research.\n\n## Art. 4\nWhen the importation from, or exportation to, foreign countries or Japan of morphine, cocaine and their salts has been effected in accordance with the provisions of articles 1 and 2, the matter must be reported within ten days to the Governor of the province.\n\n## Art. 5\nPharmacists or manufacturers of medicines who wish to manufacture morphine, cocaine and their salts, with the object of disposing of them, must report the various particulars mentioned below to the Governor of the province. When it is desired to alter the particulars mentioned in headings 2 to 6 inclusive, the same rule shall apply:\n\n1. Domicile, site of place of business, business and name.\n2. Articles.\n3. Classification of ingredients and place where obtained.\n4. Estimated annual quantity to be manufactured.\n5. Site of factory.\n6. Construction and area of factory.\n\n## Art. 6\nThe pharmacists or manufacturers of medicines mentioned in the preceding clause must report annually to the Governor of the province by the end of February the names, quantity, classification and quantity of ingredients and place of obtaining them of manufactured morphine, cocaine and their salts as they stand on the last day of the preceding year.\n\n## Art. 7\nPharmacists, druggists, manufacturers of medicines and dealers in patent medicines must keep books into which they shall enter the following particulars regarding the receipt or disposal of morphine, cocaine and their salts:-\n \n| Particulars | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Name | Name of morphine, cocaine, and their salts |\n| Quantity | Quantity received or disposed |\n| Date | Date of receipt or disposal |\n| Residence or site of place of business | Residence or site of place of business of the persons from whom obtained or to whom disposed |\n| Business name or trade-name | Business name or trade-name of the persons from whom obtained or to whom disposed |\n\nThe provisions of the preceding clause shall be correspondingly applied to cases provided for in the note to article 3.\n\n## Art. 8\nThe Governor of the province may cause sanitary or police officers to examine the books mentioned in the preceding article.\n\n## Art. 9\nThe landing of morphine, cocaine and their salts, their return and their transport mentioned in article 39 of the Customs law, shall be regarded as importation from, or exportation to, foreign countries or Japan in accordance with this order.\n\n## Art. 10\nThe provisions of article 5 shall not apply to cases where the manufacturers of medicines designated by article 6 of the Korean law for the control of opium, manufacture medicines of which the ingredients are opium.\n\n## Art. 11\nPersons violating the provisions of articles 1 or 2 shall be sentenced to penal servitude for a period not exceeding three months.\n\n## Art. 12\nPersons violating the provisions of article 5 shall be sentenced to a fine not exceeding 100 yen or to detention.\n\n## Art. 13\nPersons violating the provisions of articles 4, 6 or 7, persons who have resisted the examination provided for in article 8, or persons violating the provisions of the second clause of article 16 or of article 18, shall be sentenced to a fine not exceeding 50 yen or to a police fine.\n\n## Art. 14\nThe provisions of this order shall correspondingly apply to the things mentioned in any of the following headings. But as regards the provisions of article 5, this rule shall not apply to the medicines manufactured by manufacturers of medicines for use as prescriptions:-\n\n1. Heroin, morphine, dionion morphine, codeine.\n2. Medicines containing not less than 2 per mil of morphine, or codeine of not less than 6 per mil.\n3. Medicines considered to have the same effect as those mentioned in any of the preceding headings.\n\nThe medicines mentioned in heading 3 of the preceding clause shall be specified by notification.\n\n## Supplementary Regulations\n\n## Art. 15\nThis order shall take effect from the 1st January, 1921.\n\n## Art. 16\nMorphine, cocaine and their salts, or medicines mentioned in headings of article 14, for which contracts of purchase have been made prior to the issue of this order which are being conveyed at the time this order takes effect, may be imported from foreign countries or Japan, notwithstanding the provisions of article 1.\n\nWhen importation from foreign countries or Japan has been effected under the provisions of the preceding clause, the provisions of article 4 shall correspondingly apply.\n\n## Art. 17\nThe permission granted by the Governor General prior to the taking effect of this order under Korean Government general order No. 15 of 1919 for the export or return of morphine, cocaine and their salts, or of the medicines mentioned in any of the headings of article 14 shall be regarded as permission for exportation according to this order.\n\n## Art. 18\nPersons actually owning morphine, cocaine and their salts, or medicines specified in any of the headings of article 14 at the time of the taking effect of this order, shall within thirty days from the taking effect of this order report their names and quantities to the Governor of the province.\n\nPage 3\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\nExtract from \"Official Gazette of March 3, 1921.\n\n**Instruction No. 9 of the Governor-General of Korea respecting Morphine, Cocaine and their salts.** (Translation.)\n\nTHE procedure for carrying out the Government Order relating to the control of morphine, cocaine and their salts is determined as follows.\n\n**SAITO MAKOTO**, March 3, 1921.\n\nGovernor-General of Korea.\n\n## Procedure for carrying out the Government Order relating to the Control of Morphine, Cocaine and their Salts.\n\n## Article 1\nWhen application has been made for the permission mentioned in articles 1 and 2 of the Government order regarding the control of morphine, cocaine and their salts (referred to hereinafter simply as the order), the Governor of the province shall enquire as to the existence of the particulars mentioned in the following headings, in addition to the various particulars mentioned in the said articles, shall attach his opinion as to whether or not it should be granted and at once forward it:\n\n1. Whether exportation to and importation from foreign countries or Japan has been effected without having obtained permission.\n2. Whether, in addition to the above, punishment has been received for violation of provisions for control relating to the order or to business in medicines and its gravity.\n3. Whether there is fear of their being devoted to an improper use.\n\n## Art. 2\nWhen instructions regarding permission under articles 1 and 2 of the order have been received by the Governor of the province, he shall inform the custom-house of the place of importation or exportation in foreign countries or Japan of all the particulars mentioned in the said article.\n\n## Art. 3\nWhen the Governor of the province has received the report mentioned in Article 5 of the order, he shall report it to the Governor-General of Korea, furnishing the particulars mentioned in the various headings of the said article.\n\n## Art. 4\nThe Governor of the province shall every half-year draw up a report (Form 1) based on the reports he has received in accordance with article 4 of the order, and shall forward it to the Governor-General of Korea by the last day of the following month.\n\nPage 642",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 647,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "644 \n\n2 \n\n**Art. 3.** The importation from, or the exportation to, foreign countries or Japan of morphine, cocaine and their salts may not take place excepting by pharmacists, druggists, manufacturers of medicine or dealers in patent medicines.\n\n**NOTE.** This rule shall not apply to cases where they are meant for use in scientific research.\n\n**Art. 4.** When the importation from, or exportation to, foreign countries or Japan of morphine, cocaine and their salts has been effected in accordance with the provisions of articles 1 and 2, the matter must be reported within ten days to the Governor of the province.\n\n**Art. 5.** Pharmacists or manufacturers of medicines who wish to manufacture morphine, cocaine and their salts, with the object of disposing of them, must report the various particulars mentioned below to the Governor of the province. When it is desired to alter the particulars mentioned in headings 2 to 6 inclusive the same rule shall apply:\n\n1. Domicile, site of place of business, business and name.\n2. Articles.\n3. Classification of ingredients and place where obtained.\n4. Estimated annual quantity to be manufactured.\n5. Site of factory.\n6. Construction and area of factory.\n\n**Art. 6.** The pharmacists or manufacturers of medicines mentioned in the preceding clause must report actually to the Governor of the province by the end of February the names, quantity, classification and quantity of ingredients and place of obtaining them of manufactured morphine, cocaine and their salts as they stand on the last day of the preceding year.\n\n**Art. 7.** Pharmacists, druggists, manufacturers of medicines and dealers in patent medicines must keep books into which they shall enter the following particulars regarding the receipt of disposal of morphine, cocaine and their salts:-\n \n| Particulars | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Name | Name of morphine, cocaine and their salts |\n| Quantity | Quantity received or disposed |\n| Date | Date of receipt or disposal |\n| Residence or site of place of business | Residence or site of place of business of the persons from whom obtained or to whom disposed |\n| Business name or trade-name | Business name or trade-name of the persons from whom obtained or to whom disposed |\n\nThe provisions of the preceding clause shall be correspondingly applied to cases provided for in the note to article 3.\n\n**Art. 8.** The Governor of the province may cause sanitary or police officers to examine the books mentioned in the preceding article.\n\n**Art. 9.** The landing of morphine, cocaine and their salts, their return and their transport mentioned in article 39 of the Customs law, shall be regarded as their importation from, or exportation to, foreign countries or Japan in accordance with this order.\n\n**Art. 10.** The provisions of article 5 shall not apply to cases where the manufacturers of medicines designated by article 6 of the Korean law for the control of opium, manufacture medicines of which the ingredients are opium.\n\n**Art. 11.** Persons violating the provisions of articles 1 or 2 shall be sentenced to penal servitude for a period not exceeding three months.\n\n**Art. 12.** Persons violating the provisions of article 5 shall be sentenced to a fine not exceeding 100 yen or to detention.\n\n**Art. 13.** Persons violating the provisions of articles 4, 6 or 7, persons who have resisted the examination provided for in article 8, or persons violating the provisions of the second clause of article 16 or of article 18, shall be sentenced to a fine not exceeding 50 yen or to a police fine.\n\n**Art. 14.** The provisions of this order shall correspondingly apply to the things mentioned in any of the following headings. But as regards the provisions of article 5, this rule shall not apply to the medicines manufactured by manufacturers of medicines for use as prescriptions:-\n\n1. Heroin, morphine, dionion morphine, codeine.\n2. Medicines containing not less than 2 per mil of morphine, or codeine of not less than 6 per mil.\n3. Medicines considered to have the same effect as those mentioned in any of the preceding headings.\n\n3 \n\nThe medicines mentioned in heading 3 of the preceding clause shall be specified by notification.\n\n**Supplementary Regulations.**\n\n**Art. 15.** This order shall take effect from the 1st January, 1921.\n\n**Art. 16.** Morphine, cocaine and their salts, or medicines mentioned in any of the headings of article 14, for which contracts of purchase have been made prior to the issue of this order which are being conveyed at the time this order takes effect, may be imported from foreign countries or Japan, notwithstanding the provisions of article 1.\n\nWhen importation from foreign countries or Japan has been effected under the provisions of the preceding clause, the provisions of article 4 shall correspondingly apply.\n\n**Art. 17.** The permission granted by the Governor-General prior to the taking effect of this order under Korean Government general order No. 15 of 1919 for the export or return of morphine, cocaine and their salts, or of the medicines mentioned in any of the headings of article 14 shall be regarded as permission for exportation according to this order.\n\n**Art. 18.** Persons actually owning morphine, cocaine and their salts, or medicines specified in any of the headings of article 14 at the time of the taking effect of this order, shall within thirty days from the taking effect of this order report their names and quantities to the Governor of the province.\n\n**Enclosure 2 in No. 1.**\n\n**Extract from \"Official Gazette\" of March 3, 1921.**\n\n**Instruction No. 9 of the Governor-General of Korea respecting Morphine, Cocaine and their Salts.** (Translation.)\n\nTHE procedure for carrying out the Government Order relating to the control of morphine, cocaine and their salts is determined as follows.\n\nSAITO MAKOTO, March 3, 1921.\n\nGovernor-General of Korea.\n\n**Procedure for carrying out the Government Order relating to the Control of Morphine, Cocaine and their Salts.**\n\n**Article 1.** When application has been made for the permission mentioned in articles 1 and 2 of the Government order regarding the control of morphine, cocaine and their salts (referred to hereinafter simply as the order), the Governor of the province shall enquire as to the existence of the particulars mentioned in the following headings, in addition to the various particulars mentioned in the said articles, shall attach his opinion as to whether or not it should be granted and at once forward it—\n\n1. Whether exportation to and importation from foreign countries or Japan has been effected without having obtained permission.\n2. Whether, in addition to the above, punishment has been received for violation of provisions for control relating to the order or to business in medicines and its gravity.\n3. Whether there is fear of their being devoted to an improper use.\n\n**Art. 2.** When instructions regarding permission under articles 1 and 2 of the order have been received by the Governor of the province he shall inform the custom-house of the place of importation or exportation in foreign countries or Japan of all the particulars mentioned in the said article.\n\n**Art. 3.** When the Governor of the province has received the report mentioned in Article 5 of the order he shall report it to the Governor-General of Korea, furnishing the particulars mentioned in the various headings of the said article.\n\n**Art. 4.** The Governor of the province shall every half-year draw up a report (Form 1) based on the reports he has received in accordance with article 4 of the order, and shall forward it to the Governor-General of Korea by the last day of the following month.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921.txt",
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    {
        "id": 489614,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 105,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "1 used for other \n\n104 \nsany's proceedings, 'even if it \n\nThe Customs returns seem to show that all the morphine received by the Company cannot be sent to Japan, nor the figures given under the heading of drugs are too small to account for it, but argument on this point is possible, because it is contended that the Company receive morphine from the Government factory, and then by refining it greatly reduce its bulk.\n\nTaking into account the facts that there have admittedly been opium scandals in Dairen, that officials in Formosa are suspected of similar malpractices and that they can give no clear explanation of certain points, although such explanation would be perfectly easy if there were nothing to conceal; it seems probable that a certain amount of morphine, and possibly of opium too, is smuggled into... China with the connivance of some high officials. On the other hand, there can hardly be a general conspiracy of the whole administration, for in that case it would merely be necessary to alter the figures of the customs returns to the amount of morphine produced, and any illegal practice would be effectually concealed.\n\nMr. Phipps mentions that there is probably less smuggling of drugs into China from Formosa now than formerly; several missionaries whom I consulted agreed with this opinion. It also appears probable that Mr. Kaku, the head of the Monopoly Bureau for Opium, Camphor, and Tobacco, was removed from his post and it may be hoped that this was an indication on the part of the central authorities to stop smuggling. But another and higher official whose name was freely mentioned in connection with the scandals,\n\nI have the honour, etc.,\n\n(Signed.)  \nC. Eliot",
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    {
        "id": 490232,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 723,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "14 \n\nIn railways, for instance, China possesses only 6,000 miles as compared with 35,000 miles in India and 250,000 miles in the United States of America: 40,000 miles of railway in China are an urgent necessity.\n\nForeign Office, October 10, 1921.\n\n1. Hong Kong.\n\nAppendix,\n\n## PART III.-Appendices\n\n### I.—British Industrial Concerns in China\n### II.-British General Merchants in Hong Kong\n### III-British General Merchants in China\n### IV.-Railways\n### V-Shipping in Chinese Ports\n### VI.-Shipping: Percentage of Tounage\n### VII Shipping Lines\n### VIII. Banks\n### IX.-Loans\n### X-Trade with China: Total Values\n### XI.-Trade with China: Percentages\n### XII.-British Newspapers in Hong Kong and China\n### XIII-British Missionary Societies\n### XIV, British Education in China\n### IV. Trade of Principal Treaty Ports\n\n## APPENDIX 1\n### British Industrial Concerns in China\n\n#### Hong Kong\n\n| Company | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company (Limited) | Shipbuilding and engineering |\n| Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Company | Shipbuilding and engineering |\n| Green Island Cement Company | Cement works |\n| W. S. Bailey and Co. | Engineers and shipbuilders |\n| Macdonald and Co. | Engineers and shipbuilders |\n| China Light and Power Company (Limited) | Electric light works |\n| Hong Kong Electric Company | Electric light works |\n| Hong Kong and China Gas Company | Gas works |\n| Hong Kong Ice Company | Ice factory |\n| Kowloon-Canton Railway Company | Railway works |\n| Hong Kong Rope Manufacturing Company | Rope works |\n| The Hong Kong Saw Mills | Saw mills |\n| The China Mining and Smelting Company (Limited) | Smelting works |\n| China Sugar Refinery Company | Sugar refinery |\n| Taikoo Sugar Refinery Company | Sugar refinery |\n| China and Japan Telephone and Electric Company | Telephone service |\n| The Hong Kong Tramway Company | Tramway |\n| The Peak Tramway Company | Tramway (funicular) |\n| Wei San Knitting Company | Woollen factory |\n| A. S. Watson and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n| Hong Kong Iron Mining Company | Iron mining (undeveloped) |\n| Messrs. Kelly and Walsh | Printing works |\n| Noronha and Co. | Printing works |\n| Guedes and Co. | Printing works |\n| Hong Kong Printing Press | Printing works |\n| South China Morning Post (Limited) | Printing works |\n| Hong Kong Daily Press (Limited) | Printing works |\n| China Mail (Limited) | Printing works |\n\nThere is also in Hong Kong a cigarette factory, a glass factory, a soap and candle factory, a match factory, a biscuit factory and a tannery. Lard is produced in large quantities under Government inspection. The dairy farm has one of the best-equipped dairies in the world, with cold storage and other accessories. The chief meat, dairy and produce company in Hong Kong is undertaking the packing of meat in tins and otherwise for export, and promises to become an important, if not a controlling, factor in the tinned meat trade of southern Asia.\n\n15 \n\nSo Hong Kong is a very perfect small industrial centre, and its large concerns are entirely in British hands. Two soap factories on American lines have been projected, one by the Standard Oil Company. Our only local competitors are Chinese, who have not yet developed any big industrial concerns in South China, though examples such as the Kwantung Government cement works at Canton and the Nanyang Tobacco Company at Hong Kong show that the Chinese are no longer oblivious to their opportunities.\n\n#### Shanghai\n\n| Company | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Ewo Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company | Cotton mills |\n| Oriental Cotton Manufacturing Company | Cotton mills |\n| *Kung Yik Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company | Cotton mills |\n| Lao Kung Mow Spinning and Weaving Company | Cotton mills |\n| *Yangtszepoo Cotton Mill Company | Cotton mills |\n| Ewo Silk Filature | Silk filature |\n| Ewo Yuen Press-Packing Company | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Liddell Brothers and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Mackenzie and Co. | Wool cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Shanghai Dock and Engineering Company | Shipbuilding and engineering |\n| Jardine's New Shipbuilding and Engineering Works | Shipbuilding and engineering |\n| Jardine's Marine Motor Works | Shipbuilding and engineering |\n| China Soap and Candle Company | Soap and candle works |\n| British Cigarette Company | Cigarette factory |\n| Kiangsu Chemical Works | Sulphuric acid works |\n| Shanghai Mutual Telephone Company | Telephone service |\n| Shanghai Electric Construction Company | Tramway |\n| Shanghai Waterworks Company | Waterworks |\n| Shanghai Gas Company | Gas works |\n| Shanghai Ice and Cold Storage Company | Ice and cold storage |\n| China Import and Export Lumber Company | Saw mills |\n| Lih Teh Oil Mill Company | Oil mill |\n| S. Moutrie and Co. | Piano and organ factory |\n| Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company (Limited) | Motor car body factory |\n| Eastern Garage and Star Garage Company | Motor car body factory |\n| Central Garage | Motor car body factory |\n| Hall and Holtz | Furniture factory. Retail |\n| Weeks and Co. | Furniture factory. Retail |\n| Arts and Crafts (Limited) | Furniture factory. Retail |\n| Llewellyn and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n| Aquarius Company (Limited) | Aerated water factory |\n| Mercantile Printing Company (Limited) | Printing works |\n| Messrs. Kelly and Walsh (Limited) | Printing works |\n| Messrs. Brewer and Co. (Limited) | Printing works |\n| North China Daily News and Herald | Printing works |\n| Shanghai Mercury (Limited) | Printing works |\n| Shanghai Times | Printing works |\n\nIt can be seen from the above that Shanghai has developed from being merely a port into becoming the most progressive manufacturing centre in China. Its staple product is cotton goods, which is the most promising of the new industries of China. A 1920 report gave the total number of cotton mills in China as sixty-three with 1,422,832 spindles. Of these, twenty-six are in Shanghai and thirteen in the surrounding district. Of the Shanghai cotton mills, five are British and five are Japanese. (In the whole of China, Japanese are credited with having in operation at the present time 16 mills with 469,000 spindles.) But the principal competition comes from the Chinese themselves, who are becoming more and more interested in the development of their cotton industry. In June 1920 there were thirty-five Chinese-owned cotton mills in operation in China, having 728,112 spindles set up and 277,316 spindles on order: and there were seventeen new mills being erected, for which 318,016 spindles and 1,510 looms were on order in England and America.\n\nMessrs. Jardine, Matheson and Co. are general managers for these three mills; at the beginning of 1921 an amalgamation was proposed, and the formation of a new company with capital of 5,000,000 taels.",
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    {
        "id": 490233,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 724,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# \n16 \n\nBesides cotton mills, the Chinese in Shanghai own two important shipbuilding dockyards, the Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works and the Nicholas Tsu Engineering and Shipbuilding Works.* They also have fifty-six silk filatures, fourteen flour mills, eleven larger and thirty smaller rice mills, five oil mills, two woollen factories, paper mills, match factories, cigarette factories, a canned goods factory, and a saw mill.\n\nThe Japanese, besides their cotton mills, have a flour mill, a paper mill, and an oil mill; and the principal Japanese tobacco company is going to establish a factory shortly to compete with the British-American interests.\n\nAmerican companies have three albumen factories, and a soap and candle works. The China Lamp Company, which has a factory for electric light bulbs, is half Japanese and half American. The China Electric Company, which manufactures telephone apparatus, has Chinese, Japanese, and American capital interested. The German brewery is now Norwegian; and there was a German soap and candle works.\n\n## 3. Hankow\n\n| Company/Factory | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| British Cigarette Company | Cigarette factory |\n| Hankow Light and Power Company | Electric light works |\n| Pao Tai Soap Factory | Soap factory |\n| Liddell Brothers and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Mackenzie and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| International Export Company | Cold storage and albumen factory |\n| Hankow Ice Works | Ice factory |\n| Hankow Motor and Engineering Company | Motor car and carriage factory |\n| Hankow Dispensary (Limited) | Aerated water factory |\n| Wilson and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n\nThe Yangtsze Engineering Works (shipbuilding and engineering), one of the leading concerns of its kind in China, is a British company under Chinese management.\n\nExcept for connection with this last important business, British industrial interests are not so well represented in this second great manufacturing centre of China; and up to the war, German interests were very conspicuous here. The Germans have, or had, two antimony smelting works, a brick and tile works, an engine and ironworks, a small electric light plant, a saw mill, and five albumen factories. The Russians have five tea factories and an antimony smelting works. The French have an albumen factory, a distillery, and a carriage factory. The Belgians have an albumen factory. The Americans have a candle factory (belonging to the `Standard Oil Company`), an albumen factory, and a wool-cleaning and press-packing factory. The Japanese have a wool-cleaning and press-packing factory, an electric light plant, and an oil mill.\n\nThe Japanese have also, through loans and through the 1915 treaty with China, acquired a preponderant interest in the great undertakings of the Hanyehping Company, which is the overshadowing industrial concern of Hankow. These include the Tayeh iron mines and the Pinghsiang collieries, besides the Hanyang iron and steel works, the Hanyang crucible steel factory, and the new industrial city at Wang Shih Kang, which is to provide for the expansion of the blast furnaces and other work. The company is under contract to supply the Japanese Government iron-works with 600,000 tons iron-ore and 200,000 tons pig-iron per annum.\n\nBut the principal contributors to the industrial progress of the city are the Chinese themselves. Besides the Hanyehping, they own the Hanyang arsenal and the Government antimony smelting works, three engineering works (including the Yangtsze Engineering Works), the Government mint, the Government powder factory, the Hupeh Government wool factory, three cotton mills, six flour mills, one silk filature, ten oil mills, two railway works, two brick and tile works, four candle factories, one cement works, five albumen factories, five electric light plants, one glass factory, two match factories, one nail and needle factory, one China glass and jute mill, two paper mills, five soap factories, two saw mills, one tannery, one tea factory, and one waterworks. A Chinese concern intends shortly to erect one of the largest cotton mills in China at Wuchang.\n\n* These works are now under French control.\n\n+ In 1921 His Majesty's Commercial Counsellor writes (`Peking despatch No. 352 of the 25th June, 1921`) \"The development of Hankow since I left the port five years ago is quite remarkable and I think it may safely be placed second to Shanghai as the most important centre of British interests in China.\"\n\n## 4. Tientsin\n\n17\n\n| Company/Factory | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Kailan Mining Administration | Coal mines, bricks, pipes, tiles, &c., iron-mining concessions, and iron and steel works (projected) |\n| Fu-Chung Corporation | Selling agents for `Peking Syndicate Collieries` |\n| Taku Tug and Lighter Company | Dockyards, shipbuilding, &c. |\n| Tientsin Lighter Company | Dockyards, shipbuilding, &c. |\n| Eastern Engineering Works | Central heating, plumbing, and artesian well boring |\n| Adair, Graham and Co. | Central heating, sanitary engineers, and plumbers |\n| Yang Tsun Brickworks | Brickworks |\n| Tientsin Gas and Electric Light Company | Gas and electric light works |\n| Tientsin Waterworks Company (Limited) | Waterworks |\n| Tientsin Native City Waterworks Company (Limited) | Waterworks |\n| Liddell Brothers and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Mackenzie and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Jardine, Matheson and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| William Forbes and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Collins and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Wilson and Co. | Wool-cleaning and press-packing factory |\n| Hall and Holtz | Furniture factory |\n| Sims and Co. | Furniture factory |\n| Crystal (Limited) | Aerated water factory |\n| A. Mackie and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n| Sparklis Aerated Water Factory (Limited) | Aerated water factory |\n| White Star Aerated Water Factory | Aerated water factory |\n| Tientsin Press (Limited) | Printing works |\n| North China Printing and Publishing Company | Printing works |\n| Ching Tsin Tai Wo Shih Pao | Printing works |\n\nOf foreign establishments in Tientsin, the Germans have, or had, three tobacco factories, four wool-cleaning and press-packing factories, and two printing works. The Belgians operate the tramway and the electric light in the French and Japanese concessions, and they also have a brickworks. The Italians have an oil mill and a cement works. The French have an engineering works, a brick and tile works, an albumen factory, and a soap factory. The Russians have a cold storage, meat-packing, and albumen factory, and a soap factory. The Americans have a candle factory (`Standard Oil Company`), a flour mill, and a new cold storage, meat-packing, and albumen factory. The Japanese have an ironworks (`Mitsui and Co.`), a cigarette factory, a tannery, an oil mill, a flour mill, two glass factories, and three printing works (English, Japanese, and Chinese).\n\nChinese undertakings in and round Tientsin include the Government mint, the Government arsenals at Techow and Taiyuanfu, the workshops connected with the Peking-Mukden railway and the Peking-Hankow railway, the Government woollen cloth factory, six large cotton mills, the Tientsin spinning factory, a cement works, two match factories, a tannery, a leather factory, a tobacco factory, a soap and candle factory, and a brewery.\n\nWe find, therefore, in the four great centres of modern industry in China-\n\n1. At Hong Kong, British interests hold almost a monopoly.\n2. At Shanghai, they are very extensive, especially in engineering and cotton-spinning.\n3. At Hankow, they are very considerable.\n4. At Tientsin, they preponderate over any other Power except the Chinese themselves.\n\nThe following is a list of British concerns in other Chinese cities:-\n\n| City | Company/Factory | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Canton | A. S. Watson and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n| Kiukiang | Duff's Dairy Farm | Canning, dairy produce, curing of hams and bacon |\n| Amoy | A. S. Watson and Co. | Aerated water factory |\n| Amoy | New Amoy Dock Company | Ships' repairs |\n\nPage 722",
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    {
        "id": 492536,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-475 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1922 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 466,
        "title": "CO129-475 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1922 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "81} \n\n#103 \n\n*...*.. \n\n2 \n\n419 \n\ntion devoted to the following points there is a possibility of development here.\n\n(1) Three gears forward, the top being about 4 to 1 ratio. Gears cut for easy change as they are to be handled by Chinese Chauffeurs.\n\n(2) Straight Side Tyres.\n\n(3) Spare Parts kept in stock in the East.\n\nThis latter point can only be done by the makers consigning, and in fact cars will need also to be consigned, as dealers here are not inclined to buy outright owing to the losses sustained on previous purchases. American makers nearly always give their dealers a rebate on all cars in stock when the factory reduces its prices, the English makers have not done so.\n\n80.\n\nReferring more particularly to the cars mentioned in the Government Report, it is obvious the small Rover is unsuited to the work called for here and it may be mentioned the Ford Car sold here is of Canadian manufacture. As regards the Cubitt my firm has two in stock which we shall be pleased to let the Government have at a cheaper price than the Crown Agents quote should they care to make a practical trial.\n\nOf all the English Cars of the cheaper class imported the most suitable for Hongkong is the Austin, but buyers seem to find the price too stiff.\n\nYours faithfully,\n\n(sd) A. E. D. Cousland.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-475 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1922 [5-7].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 492959,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-476 - Acting Governor Claud Severn & Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 312,
        "title": "CO129-476 - Acting Governor Claud Severn & Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "2\n\nNOTICE.\n\nW. S. BAILEY\n\nTHE HONGKONG\n\nNOTICE.\n\nK-673\n\nH. K. 4002\n\n& CO.,\n\nLTD.\n\nENGINEERS\n\n&\n\n'SHIPBUILDERS,\n\nKOWLOON.\n\nHARBOUR REPAIRS\n\nCall Flag \"L.\"\n\nTugs, Barges, Light Draft and\n\nHigh Speed Vessels and\n\nMotor Craft.\n\nSole Agents for KELVIN MOTORS.\"\n\n'Phones:-\n\nWorks.........Kowloon 21\n\nManager...... Kowloon 633\n\nSTEAM LAUNCH FOR SALE.\n\nMETALS\n\nof all kinds, especially for ship-Building and engineering works. terms. Complete stock. Best Immediate delivery.\n\nSINGON & CO.,\n\n(Established A. D. 1880.)\n\nPhone LUNG T Central 515.\n\nMINING\n\nPIANO\n\nFOR HIRE\n\nat moderate Prices.]\n\nTSANG FOOK PIANO\n\nCOMPANY.\n\n94. Wanchai Road. PHONE CENTRAL 2127.\n\nMASSAGE HALL.\n\n23, WYNDHAM STREET.\n\nMRS. H. MORITA,\n\nMRS. HAN INOKUCHI.\n\nTelephone Kowloon 754 No. 21. Ashley Road. Kowloon, Back of Star Theatre, CERTIFICATED EXPERT MASSAGE HAND & ELECTRIC, Also at patients' residence by arrangement.\n\nMiss Tora Inokuchi QUALIFIED MID-WIFE No. 21, Ashley Road, Kowloon, Back of Star Theatre Telephone No. Kowloon 754.\n\nMASSAGE EXPERTS.\n\nHARRY FURUKAWA,\n\nAND K. SAKAI\n\n19, WYNDHAM STREET.\n\nGREEN ISLAND CEMENT COMPANY LIMITED.\n\nPORTLAND CEMENT.\n\nIn Casks of 375 lbs, net.\n\nIn Bags of 250 lbs. net.\n\nSHEWAN, TOMES & CO.\n\nGeneral Managers.\n\nHongkong.\n\nMARTIN'S PILLS & STEEL\n\nALL PILLS\n\nA Freest Remedy for all Irregularities. Eboysade·f Ladies always keep a box 'Martin's Pills in the house, so that at the first sign of any Irregularity of the System a timely dose may be administered. Those who use them recommend them, hence their enormous sale. All Chemists and Stores sell them throughout the World. post free/-, MARTIN, Chemist, Northampton. Eng.\n\nMARTIN'S PILLS & STEEL\n\nFOR HIRE\n\nMOTOR\n\nLORRIES\n\nFOR\n\nFREIGHT\n\nOR\n\nBUILDING\n\nMATERIALS\n\nTAKEN TO ALL\n\nPARTS OF THE COLONY.\n\nDOMINION MOTOR TRANSPORT.\n\n145, PRAYA EAST\n\n'PHONES\n\nCentral 4002 Kowloon 673\n\n* PUBLISHED ANNUALLY *\n\nTHE\n\nMANUFACTURERS' & DEALERS'\n\nDIRECTORY\n\nTELEGRAPH.\n\nFRIDAY,\n\nSEPTEMBER\n\n22, 1922.\n\nThe\n\nLEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.\n\npoints, and the dying depositions be called because of his death or a frently rejected here and in absence from the Colony his record England on technical grounds. of the post mortem examination The Courts and naturally very shall be admissible in evidence. of the A Fuller Report.\n\nplans of admitting the evidence Of course the question \n\nCandess it implies fully with the weight of that evidence is another; The new Bills introduced atin ats of the Statute. Two matter. I might say that it does! yesterday's meeting of the of the quirements of the section not seem to be a very important Legislative Council were ex deal with parts that are rather change to make these rec: rds plained at considerable length, thnical: for unple, one deals evidence because, affer all, if a Owing to the lateness of the work the \"eappion' which must trial takes place after a consider- hour, we were unable to give a\n\nappear in the depositions. The able lapse of time, the medical full report of the meeting, which, apt is the statement of the officer obviously cannot remem- however we now give.\n\neiren staves under which the ber the details without refreshing Dangerous Goods Ordinance. deposition is taken and shows the his memory, and what he does is The Hon. Attorney General may-authority Eug taking it. Cases to go to his record, read it and ed the first reading of a Bill muital-have occurred where a deposition-give his evidence after refreshing ed An Ordinance to amend the otherwis perfectly in older has his memory in that way. Dangerous Goods Ordinance, 1873.\n\nTheen repited because of some lenger the time that elapses the He said: This Bill is necessary,to-hnival error in the caption. The more the evidence really rests on | Sir, in order to make it possible to section also nquires certain potice the note and record rather than make certam alterations in the to be go to the aerused, and on the officer's own recollection.\n\nules relating to the storage and [cases hav: necurred where the de- Observations by Accused. possession of ipilammable liquids. | justion has been rejected, although These rules have been drafted info.\n\nClause 10, is, I think, though Leonsultation with the princip ha the point is not quite clear-prac- tically declaratory of the existing) mutiti 1990 A pov hd in that strange law. At all events it clears up [ot such liquide, and the auspurtis ...\n\nased on the model supplier by thei mpired yth. Clause 3 of the certain doubts: it provides that made by the Petroleum Department of 11. M.[1: der paragraph og prope any observations the course of the Government. The uee-ary powita pun to the original accused in the hearing at the Magistracy, and to take regulations is given in the tou and to take regulations is given in the tou new clause which clan 2 of the Bill -No gach statement shall be any evidence given by him, must proposes to insert in the principal be repeated on the ground of any be taken down by the magistrate Ordinance. The other amendments\n\nTail examply with any dand proved at the trial by the depositions. made by the Bill are consequential, with to the notier or the There is principal Ordinances provides that\n\nexptin less the court is of doubt as to how the remarks made offences under section 13 of the opinion that the person arcused by the prisoner in the course of be proved, and Ordinance can only be dealt with was santially prejudiced by a trial should by two magistrates sitting together.\n\nthough our Magistrates Ordinance such fure. The section in question deals with\n\nin London and in the Provincial Towns and ture the Continent addresses and her slet in are classified under 1aximum of Ire than 2,000 trade headings, including.\n\nEXPORT MERCHANTS\n\nwith d tailed particulars of the Goods skipped\n\nSTEAMSHIP LINES\n\nand the Colonial and Foreign Markets supplied\n\narranged under the Parts to which they sail.\n\nand indiasting the approximate Sailings,\n\nUne-inch BUSINESS CARDS Firms design o extend their connections, or Trade l'ards of\n\nDEALERS SEEKING AGENCIES\n\ncan be printed at a rest of 30 shillings for eneli Larger advertisements from £2 to £16.\n\nrade heading under which they are inserted\n\nA copy of the directors will be sent to pelagistrate alone. post for 40 shillings, nett cash with order.\n\n1\n\nTHE LONDON DIRECTORY CO., LTD.\n\n25. A behurch Lane. London. B.C4, England.\n\nx BUSINESS ESTABLISHED\n\n108 YEARS.\n\nMINC YUEN STUDIO\n\n14, Beaconsfield Arcade.\n\nArtistic photographs\n\n1 -\n\n1.\n\n!wrong or justice to the pioner,\n\ncertain requre. * Lien wer- ummproper-\n\nForm of Affirmation.\n\n1910,\n\nour Oaths Or- not re-\n\nThe oath is re-\n\ncase,\n\nreading.\n\nthe\n\nPerjury.\n\nremoved\n\nNEVER NEGLECT\n\nA WOUND\n\nOR SORE.\n\nNEGLECT of even the tiniest\n\nbreak in the skin leaves the way open for dangerous and invisible kerms to set up blood-poisoning and disease. When that happens there is no telling how harmful the consequences may be an amputated finger, a crippled hand, even death. The safest plan is to always koop a lux of Zam-Buk bandy, and immediately dress evert süt, tech, or other skin injury with this unique herbal lin. 15y this mosas complications are presented and health b nuing in its judity and herbal ment has a power for destroying ang patologi no ordinary & spent exam\n\nspezial continung mod\n\n~ed.\n\nIn\n\nr-- An\n\nwhich on to\n\nvery powerful vatsept me les ofer\n\nit compre bulwark against Blood-poisoning. Eczema, and Ulceration. hensive in its medional action that after tank alles at pag tag: Zam-Buk heals the place by stimulating team of sad new skin.\n\nOf all chomists in Shanghai, Hongkong and The Par】East, Sole Proprieren and Manufacturers, The Zum Buk Co, Leeds, England.\n\nZam-Buk\n\nChild Labour. The Hon. Attorney\n\nto\n\nin\n\nof\n\nindustrial\n\nheavy\n\nthe\n\nOf course, it is for the Court provides for the admissibility of two offence. On is the carriage to say whether the failure to com- the depositions to prove the pri- of dangerous goods and requeply with the section was one sner's formal statement at the that dangerous goods must not which caused prejudice to the pri- end of the case, it makes no pro- be moved unless the package contains\n\nsoner or not\n\ndence on oath or of any statements\n\nGeneral certain interval of relaxation in English and Chinese the word\n\nClause 40 8 deal with the form made by him in the course of the moved the first reading of Bill after each spell\n\nto clause provides intituled An Ordinance lealt with in section 13 is the\n\nre-child employed in an hearing. This offence of delivering dangerous f oath, affirmation. Clause' dence may be proved on the pro-in certain industries. He said: than six days continuously; there LONDON DIRECTORY goods to a warehouse-keeper with 4 is a copy of two sections in the that such statements and his evi-gulate the employment of children undertaking is to work for more the English Oaths Act\" of 1909, and duction of the depositions at the This Bill has been drafted to must be one day's rest in seven; with Provincial & Foreign Sections, giving him notice of nature of the contents of the our Oaths Ordinance of\n\ntrial. Of course, the only other carry out the recommendations and no child must be employed în enables traders to enmuuseste direct with packages. Offences of that ua except that in\n\nway would be to call witnesses. of the Commission on the indus-any industrial undertaking be- the and\n\nrecollection uf are dealt with in England dinance the witness is\n\nthe trial employment of children ap- tween the hours of 7 p.m, and aquired to repeat the words if the witnesses is much less likely to pointed by His Excellency the 7 a.m. Industrial Centres of the United Kingdom an\n\nThey small fines varying from Eurupe.\n\nDur oath himself. 45 to 420,\n\nthe 24th March, Regulation II is an attempt to section 13: for some rus reason, peated by, the officer of the Court. be correct than a note taken in Governor on makes the navimum $2,000 or two That is not the English practice writing by the Magistrate at the 1921, and which reported on the deal with the very difficult and the first 24th October, 1921. It is also vexed problem of carrying years' imprisonment. It is nuder and it is not the practice here time. I beg to move\n\nintended to carry out, as far as is weights by children. It is als: consideration to reduce that maxi- with regard to declarations by\n\nThe Colonial Secretary second- possible having regard muth, because the offences do not persons who are not either Chrised, the resolution was carried and conditions, the spirit of the pro-4, which provides that no child\n\nlocal attacked, of course, by regulati seem to be very serious. Claustrans or Jews. It is thought that the Bill read a first time.\n\nvisions of the draft convention under 12 is to carry coal, or of the Bill propose to give is requiring the witness to repeat dicting under that section to one the words of the oath himself is\n\nwhich was adopted at Washing-building material or debris. Re- The Attorney-General magistrate,\n\nton on the 28th November, 1919, gulation II provides that no child there are more likely to impress him with because\n\nAny person many more serious offences win h. the importance and solemnity of the first reading of a Bill intituled at the International Labour Con- (whatever--that\n\nin an Ordinance to consolidate and ference, which relates to the ad- under 15-is to\n\nin carry\n\nany at present, are dealt with one the oath, and, in any\n\nare simplify the law relating to permission of children to industrial case more thar 40 cutties we under making his alteration vonovigration to insert a further going the English prae-jury and kindred offences. Heremployment. The practibl de-eight anở nơ child is to carry said: This Bell is based on the\n\nthe a weight jolause in the Bif reducing the tice.\n\nunreasonably of 1911. tailed provisions appearin sximum penalty uni\n\nClause 5 merely provides for English Perjury Act\n\nregulations, printed\n\nthe having regard to the child's age 13 of the principal Ordinance. the use of the Scottish ferm of That Act was the first instalment!\n\nIn not and physical development. The Hou. Colonial Secretary oath when the witness wishes to of Lord Loreburn's scheme for the schedule of the Bill. It is seconded the resolution, which be sworn in that way. It is codification of the English cri- proposed that these regulations case any members of Council may final settlement of the wish to compare this Bill with was carried, and the Bill was read merely a repetition of an existing minal law. It has been received are a\n\nfirst time accordingly.\n\nsection. Clause 6 is new in our with great favour in England and problem; they are tertative and the recommendations of the Com- Evidence and Oaths. statute; it is a copy of a section I may point out that it is a true may, of course, require altena-mission, I may mention that the The Hon. Attorney\n\nGeneral in the English Oaths Act of 1888 code because it gives the rules tion as time goes on and as we Commission report gives the ages\n\nmore experience. It is in Chinese reckoning and moved the first reading of a Bill which provides that where an oath both of statute and common law obtain\n\nmust Bill, of course. states it in English intituled An Ordinance to amend has been administered duly and and in that respect resembles the obvious, I think, that we\n\nconverted and the attack a problem of this kind reckoning. We have the law relating to evidence and to taken, the fact that the person to Bills of Exchange Act\n\nand the administration of oaths. He whom it was administered had Sale of Goods Act\n\ndiffers very carefully and slowly, be the ages from Chinese to English for-This Bill, Sir, deals with no religious belief does not affect from mere consolidating statutes cause too much interference with reckoning by deducting one year\n\nIt is like the Merchant Shipping and the existing system\n\nchild in each vase. It is intended that various miscellaneous ponts, and the validity of the oath.\n\nActs which labour in the Colony would cause the Protector of Juvenile Labour, I propose to dal, shortly, with obvious that if a person takes an the Public Health\n\nthe poorer appointed under this Ordinance, exch clause in detail. Clause oath without raising any objec-merely collect the statute law on great hardship to\n\nthe Secretary of Chinese classes and probably to the chil- be with sertion 29 of the tion, neither he nor anyone else the subject.\n\nnis Affairs or some officer in offences Ordinance of 1889. That can be heard to say that the cath\n\nConflicting Decisions. dren themselves.\n\n2 provide department; and Clause 7 pro- sertion provides for the reading at is of no effect because the witness\n\nRegulations 1 and The Bill was drafted by Mr. the trial at the Sessions of d had no religious belief.\n\nCraies, the Editor of Hardcastle's that no child-that is any person vides that no prosecution under Clause 7 is more complicated, \"Statute Laws,\"\n\nbe the positions taken at the Magistreey Ordinance shaų be Cri under 15 years of age is to Archboltl's where the witness. for various but I do not think I need go into minal Pleadings\" and Russell's employed in any dangerous trade, menced without the consent of the reasons, cannot be produced by the detail because it is fully explained \"Criminal Law\" he was assisted jaud the dangerous trades speciti Protetor. The commencement of Crown at the trial. Chinly in the Objects and Reasons. Put by a strong body of experts. The ed in this regulation are boiler the Andirance is not yet decided there must be such a power, as ting it shortly, the clause is in English Act comprises the whole chipping manufacture of fire- upon, so blank appea .Ĥ otherwise witnesses for the Crowu tended to simplify the law on the of the common and statute law works and glass making. It will Clause §. might be kept out of the way subjects of afirmations and make n the subject and codifies 260 be noticed that it is not only The Hon. Calonial Secreta by the other side. It isit approximate to the English law statutes in 15 substantive and trades that are actually dangeroas seconded, the motion was carrie also destrable brause witnesses on the subject. Clause 8 is prac-four formal sections. It is rather that are aimed at, but also trades and the Bill was read a first time sometimes disappear for other tically a copy of an existing sec-a wonderful example of codifica-injurious to health. Regulation accordingly. If you want to take fue pictures. we|\n\nit has been found tion. recommend that AGFA'S ROLL of FILMS reasons, or die. should be used which can be obtained in in practice that the present section 20 not quite strong enough to BEST QUALITY AT MODER-\n\nATE PRICE.\n\njclause 2 proposes to strengthen it by providing that, the depositions taken at the Magistracy nay be read at the trial if the witness eun- not be found at his last known in England. Medical officers in pages in the old editions on the casual labour. The Commission Bill repeals Ordinance No. 4 hplace of resaletee in the Colony, the Government service of course subject, but the last edition, recommended that no child under 1915 and vest the Zetland Hall\n\nfrequently go on leave, and when issued since the English Act was course every effort is mad they leave the service finally they passed, has only 17 pages.\n\n13, Chinese reckoning, should be\n\nin promerty find the witness and to produce thim pissible.\n\nften go to\n\ndistant Act gets rid of a great many con-employed in any form of casual the various lodges in place of re- places far Glanse of the Bill deals with from the Colony and it is impos-flicting decisions on various points labour. That was not found pos- prescatatives of Zetland Indre sible to carry out, because it is only, and at their request. This to give and simplifies the law on many sertion 32 of the Evidence (din-sible to get them back\n\nin this extremely difficult to define what mode of incorporation saves ex provides others. The variations ance. 1880. That section deals evidence. The section\n\ncasual labour is; but we thought with what B all dying that in any prosecution for murder Act from the English Bill\n\npointment of new trustees fram depositions. Where a prospective manslaughter any medical en- very slight, simply because of we would make a beginning by pense and trouble and the witness is dangerously ill, it is the tries or report of any Government local conditions, currency and so providing that no child under 12. time to time.\n\nThere is one section, Clause English reckoning, should be em- practice to take his deposition. medical officer which purports to on. generally at the hospital, so that relate to the deceased will be ad- 10, which does not appear in the played in carrying coal, or build- the motion was carried and the his evalence may be perpetuated missible in evidence on proof of English Act, but that is merely iny material or debris. in rase of his ath. The common his handwriting and proof of his a copy of the existing section in use of this class of evidence of death or absence from the Colony. our Evidence Ordinance. It pre- Regulation 5 provides that in course, in cases of manslaughter In a recent murder trial before vides that where a witness wil-every factory where children are The colonial Secretary provided and murder. 1 winess is serious- the 'Supreme Court, medical evi- fully makes\n\ncontradictory employed the owners ly injured, he is taken to the dence which we would have liked statements he hospital. a magistrate eut for to call would have been\n\nall occasions.\n\nCall, or 'Phone Central No. 4310.\n\nJAPANESE MASSAGE.\n\nMRS. H. SUGA\n\nMR. U. SUGA\n\nNo. 11, D'Aguilar Street,\n\n2nd. Floor.\n\nNOTICE TO AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS.\n\nour Studio.\n\nMEE CHEUNG. Ice House Street, and Beaconsfield Arcade.\n\nFOR HAIPHONG AND HOIHOW.\n\n: for Hongkong and Ṛsiphook every\n\nstrerance Tuesday,\n\nThe favourite paraenger Meamer\n\nHAI-MUN\n\nCapt. Charles E. Page).\n\napply Thos. Cook and Sons or Po Hing Tal, 114. Wig Lak Street.\n\nJAPANESE MASSAGE.\n\nMRS. S. UZUNOVE,\n\n2nd. Floor,Wanchai Garage,\n\n18, Praya East, Wanchai.\n\nA PODICURE\n\nAND\n\nMANICURE\n\nMra N. Tauchioku\n\n31, Wyndham Street,\n\nHONGKONG PRINTING OFFICE\n\nFirst Floor, Room 12.\n\nCarnso. E, Kreisle, Mella, Pachmann Heraldine Farrar, etc.\n\nculy on\n\nVICTOR RECORDF MOUTRIES-Exclusive Distrbutore,\n\ná\n\ncom-\n\ntion. It repeals statutes going as 3 provides that no chiid under 10 Zetland Hall Trustees. Medical Evidence.\n\nfar back as the reigns of Elizabeth is to be employed in a factory. The Hon. Mr. A. R. Lowe moved Clause 9 is certainly an innova-and Henry VII. The simplifica- A factory is defined in clause 2 the first reading of 2 Bill in- tion. It is an attempt to deal tion effected by this codification in terms taken from an English tituled An Ordinance to amend with the difficulty which some- is illustrated by the fact that statute on the subject. Regula- the law relating to the incorpora- imes occurs here but one which, Archbold's \"Criminal Pleadings, tion 4 is an attempt to deal with tion of the Zetland Hill Trustees. I suppose, seldom or never occurs for example, used to contain 36\n\nThe\n\nare\n\ntwo\n\ncan he charged;\n\nchildren in the employment of\n\nof\n\nOne so\n\nCasual Workers.\n\nHe said. The present private\n\nrepresentatives\n\nof\n\nLA\n\nWATC\n\nThe Hon. Mr. Lang seconded.\n\nBill was read a first time accord- ingly.\n\nFinancial Votes.\n\nmust keep over the Finance Commuttes más a record of the children employ-lowing the Council meeting when by a with perjury without the Crowned, showing age, hours of work, the following notes zommended as quickly as possible and his exil.doctor not now in the Colony, and having to prove the falsity\n\non. Regulations 6 to 10 by His Excellency the Officer Ad- eure is taken. If he subsequently he could not possibly get back to either of the statements.\n\n:ther point in which\n\nthe Bill deal with hours of labour. No i-tering the Government dies before the accused n he give the evidence. We got over brought to trial. his evidence may the difficulty because it so hap- differs from the English Act is child is to be allowed to work in approved: The read on proof of his death and pened that the police officer in that it omits certain provisions industrial undertaking more extra-territorial than nine hours in any period of proof that certain requirements charge of the case had remained which have an of the section have been complied for the post mortem examination, effect, Parliament can legislate 21 hours. Industrial undertaking\n\nThe Chairman: The ute 1 with. It is also possible to read and taken a keen interest in it extra-territorially, but we cannot. is defined in Clause 2 in terms\n\nthis was $15,000 and this additional the evidence if the witness is so ill and was able to describe exactly Otherwise the Bill is practically based on the definition in\n\nEnglish act relating to that be\n\nthe unable to travel to the what the results of\n\npost a copy of the English Act.\n\nsum is required because of having Court.\n\nmortem were. We might not al- The Hon. Colonial Secretary ployment of children and\n\nway be in so favourable a posi- seconded the motion, which was persons. No child is to be allow Fanling and i'n lang, due to the\n\nLany continuously in\n\nindustrial technical on certain vide that where the doctor cannot first time accordingly.\n\n(Continued on Page 31 are rather\n\nH\n\nan\n\nthe em-\n\n$30,000 in aid of the vote Public Works, Recurrent, New Territories, maintenance of roads and bridges.\n\nPage 31\n\n(Continued from Page ...)\n\n...\n\n(rest of the content on Page 31)\n\nThe provided text appears to be a scan of a historical newspaper or document related to Hong Kong. The task is to proofread the OCR output and correct errors while preserving the original content and format as much as possible.\n\nHere is the corrected version in HTML format:\n\n...\n\nThe corrections made include:\n\n1. Correcting spelling errors (e.g., \"Freest\" to \"Freest\", \"Eboysade\" to \"Eboysade\", \"kerms\" to \"germs\", \"koop\" to \"keep\", \"süt\" to \"cut\", \"tech\" to \"tech\", \"judity\" to \"purity\", \"patologi\" to \"pathology\", \"chomists\" to \"chemists\", \"Par】East\" to \"Far East\", \"Zum Buk\" to \"Zam-Buk\", \"Cri\" to \"Crime\", \"jaud\" to \"and\", \"prescatatives\" to \"representatives\", \"Indre\" to \"Trustees\", \"Glanse\" to \"Clause\", \"din-sible\" to \"difficult\", \"MOUTRIES\" to \"MOUTHS\", \"Distrbutore\" to \"Distributors\", \"á\" to \"a\", \"com-\" to \"com-\", \"tion\" to \"tion\", \"chiid\" to \"child\", \"innova-\" to \"innovation\", \"LA\" to \"LAW\", \"WATC\" to \"WATCH\", \"más\" to \"must\", \"zommended\" to \"recommended\", \"exil.doctor\" to \"exiled doctor\", \"eure\" to \"ensure\", \"i-tering\" to \"intering\", \"hap-\" to \"happened\", \"ute\" to \"clause\", \"be\" to \"the\", \"ployment\" to \"employment\", \"i'n\" to \"and\", \"Lany\" to \"Labour\", \"H\" to \"The\")\n\n2. Fixing spacing issues (e.g., removing extra spaces, adding missing spaces)\n\n3. Rejoining broken sentences\n\n4. Restoring paragraph breaks\n\n5. Indicating missing words with `...` (not necessary in this case)\n\n6. Formatting in HTML using `` tags\n\n7. Preserving page numbering lines\n\nThe output is in HTML format using `\n\n` tags, as required.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-476 - Acting Governor Claud Severn & Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [8-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 493654,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 45,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "The difficulty in suppressing opium smoking in Hong Kong lies in the ease with which, by reason of its geographical situation, opium can be smuggled into the Colony as long as its production and distribution are permitted on the mainland. It has been proved by experience that any material increase in the monopoly's selling rate or decrease in its output is counteracted by a corresponding activity on the part of the illicit traders. Opium is smuggled in from several quarters, even from as far as the Persian Gulf; but the main source of supply is China, where, owing to the large quantities of opium which are being produced, the market price is much lower than the Government price in Hong Kong.\n\nThousands of persons pass to and fro every day between China and the Colony on foot and by boat, junk, steamer, and train, and an essential condition of the suppression of opium smoking in Hong Kong is the effective control by the Chinese Government of the production of opium in China.\n\nStrict preventive measures are taken, but are only very partially successful. Even so, the measures taken to check smuggling have long been a cause of complaint among the Chinese. They object most strongly to the search of person and baggage which takes place at every wharf of arrival and departure in the Colony, and they declaim against the bribery and corruption which, in the circumstances, are inevitable. It is, unfortunately, the case that no detective measures have very much success unless very large rewards are offered, and these rewards breed a most undesirable spawn of informers. The Chinese will have opium if it can be procured, and, in proportion as the monopoly's product ceases to be available, while outside sources, and especially sources in China, remain open, so will smuggling increase. The establishment of a preventive service capable of effectually stopping the illicit traffic into the Colony is regarded as an impossible task except at a prohibitive cost. Recently, owing to the serious increase of smuggling from China in 1920 and 1921, the penalty of banishment was introduced for persons convicted of complicity in the traffic. This policy appears to be of considerable effect both as a deterrent and in ridding the Colony of members of smuggling gangs. Hong Kong is ready and willing to co-operate in the suppression of the traffic, and it will have no hesitation in accepting any financial sacrifice that may be entailed in making suppression effective. But suppression is impracticable except pari passu with similar measures in the neighbouring territories. Under the present conditions, the existing system of control, so far as it goes, is satisfactory; the consumption per head of the population is very small, and the abandonment of the Government monopoly, so far from really effecting any real good, would merely deprive the authorities of their present power to keep the opium habit within bounds.\n\nPage 8\n\nStraits Settlements. Here also the problem arises only in connection with the Chinese population, and has been dealt with on much the same lines as in Hong Kong.\n\nWith a view to enabling the Government to maintain a closer control over the use of opium, the system of \"farming\" was abolished, and the manufacture and sale of prepared opium (or chandu) was made a Government monopoly in 1910. Retail sale is only permitted at licensed shops or licensed public smoking rooms, and is subject to stringent regulations. Prepared opium may not be sold to anyone but an adult male. Though public smoking rooms have not been entirely abolished, the number has been gradually reduced from 503 (in 1909) to 211. Successive increases in the price of chandu have also been made, and the wholesale price, which in 1910 was $3 a tael, is now $12. The effect of these measures was a continuous reduction in the amount of prepared opium sold, and also in the amount consumed per head of the population up to 1917. The decrease from 1911 to 1917 amounted to 35.5 per cent. The years 1918 to 1920, however, have shown an increase which may be due in part to increased wages of labourers. As in the case of Hong Kong, the Government, in pursuing its policy of increasing the price of opium, has to have regard to the danger of smuggling both by sea and from China (Fukien). The two principal settlements, with the two chief ports, are in the fairway of all seaborne traffic between the East and West; there is also a sparsely inhabited seaboard to the other portions of the Colony; there is communication by land with Siam, and the population is to a large extent migratory. It is feared that, if the measures taken are too restrictive, smuggling will be increased and trade in morphine and cocaine, which caused much evil in 1904–10, may be revived.\n\nAt the beginning of 1920, an attempt was made to reduce consumption by a system of rationing, under which retailers were supplied with only 90 per cent. of their former average purchases. Great dissatisfaction was produced, and by the end of April, it was found necessary to abandon the attempt.\n\nPage 9\n\nMalay States—All supplies of prepared opium are obtained from the Government factory, Singapore, and the general regulations are similar to those in force in the Straits Settlements.\n\nSale is allowed through licensed persons to Chinese only. Consumption has been reduced (1) by successive increases in the prices charged for chandu throughout Malaya, and (2) in the Federated Malay States by a reduction of the number of licensed shops from over 700 prior to the introduction of the monopoly system to 288 in 1919.\n\nIn the Federated Malay States, the sales to licensed retailers had decreased by 30 per cent. between 1911 and 1918, although latterly the consumption has remained fairly constant. It is now the policy of the Government to replace the private shops for the sale of chandu for consumption off the premises by Government shops, in order to take the sale of chandu out of the hands of persons financially interested in fostering the trade.\n\nBritish North Borneo. With a view to controlling and restricting the consumption of opium in the territory, the trade, which was formerly left to private individuals, has been taken by the Government into its own hands with beneficial results. Consumption of opium is absolutely limited to Chinese. Certain selected traders in each district, which Chinese inhabit, are licensed to requisition on the central store for an amount proportionate to the number of Chinese male adults.\n\nPage 42",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922.txt",
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    {
        "id": 493683,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 74,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "The problem of controlling opium consumption in Hong Kong largely lies in the ease with which, by reason of its geographical situation, opium can be smuggled into the Colony as long as its production and distribution are permitted on the mainland. It has been proved by experience that any material increase in the monopoly's selling rate or decrease in its output is counteracted by a corresponding activity on the part of the illicit traders. Opium is smuggled in from several quarters, even from as far as the Persian Gulf; but the main source of supply is China, where, owing to the large quantities of opium which are being produced, the market price is much lower than the Government price in Hong Kong.\n\nThousands of persons pass to and fro every day between China and the Colony on foot and by boat, junk, steamer and train, and an essential condition of the suppression of opium smoking in Hong Kong is the effective control by the Chinese Government of the production of opium in China.\n\nStrict preventive measures are taken, but are only very partially successful. Even so, the measures taken to check smuggling have long been a cause of complaint among the Chinese. They object most strongly to the search of person and baggage which takes place on every wharf of arrival and departure in the Colony, and they declaim against the bribery and corruption which in the circumstances are inevitable. It is, unfortunately, the case that no detective measures have very much success unless very large rewards are offered, and these rewards breed a most undesirable spawn of informers. The Chinese will have opium if it can be procured, and, in proportion as the monopoly's product ceases to be available, while outside sources, and especially sources in China, remain open, so will smuggling increase. The establishment of a preventive service capable of effectually stopping the illicit traffic into the Colony is regarded as an impossible task except at a prohibitive cost. Recently, owing to the serious increase of smuggling from China in 1920 and 1921, the penalty of banishment was introduced for persons convicted of complicity in the traffic. This policy appears to be of considerable effect both as a deterrent and in ridding the Colony of members of smuggling gangs. Hong Kong is ready and willing to co-operate in the suppression of the traffic, and it will have no hesitation in accepting any financial sacrifice that may be entailed in making suppression effective. But suppression is impracticable except pari passu with similar measures in the neighbouring territories. Under the present conditions the existing system of control, so far as it goes, is satisfactory; the consumption per head of the population is very small, and the abandonment of the Government monopoly, so far from effecting any real good, would merely deprive the authorities of their present power to keep the opium habit within bounds.\n\nStraits Settlements. Here also the problem arises only in connection with the Chinese population, and has been dealt with on much the same lines as in Hong Kong.\n\nWith a view to enabling the Government to maintain a closer control over the use of opium, the system of \"farming\" was abolished, and the manufacture and sale of prepared opium (or chandu) was made a Government monopoly in 1910. Retail sale is only permitted at licensed shops or licensed public smoking rooms, and is subject to stringent regulations. Prepared opium may not be sold to anyone but an adult male. Though public smoking rooms have not been entirely abolished, the number has been gradually reduced from 503 (in 1909) to 211. Successive increases in the price of chandu have also been made, and the wholesale price, which in 1910 was $3 a tael, is now $12. The effect of these measures was a continuous reduction in the amount of prepared opium sold, and also in the amount consumed per head of the population up to 1917. The decrease from 1911 to 1917 amounted to 35.5 per cent. The years 1918 to 1920, however, have shown an increase which may be due in part to increased wages of labourers. As in the case of Hong Kong, the Government, in pursuing its policy of increasing the price of opium, has to have regard to the danger of smuggling both by sea and from China (Fukien). The two principal settlements, with the two chief ports, are in the fairway of all seaborne traffic between the East and West; there is also a sparsely inhabited seaboard to the other portions of the Colony; there is communication by land with Siam, and the population is to a large extent migratory. It is feared that, if the measures taken are too restrictive, smuggling will be increased and trade in morphine and cocaine, which caused much evil in 1904-10, may be revived.\n\nAt the beginning of 1920 an attempt was made to reduce consumption by a system of rationing, under which retailers were supplied with only 90 per cent. of their former average purchases. Great dissatisfaction was produced, and by the end of April it was found necessary to abandon the attempt.\n\nMalay States. All supplies of prepared opium are obtained from the Government factory, Singapore, and the general regulations are similar to those in force in the Straits Settlements.\n\nSale is allowed through licensed persons to Chinese only. Consumption has been reduced (1) by successive increases in the prices charged for chandu throughout Malaya, and (2) in the Federated Malay States by a reduction of the number of licensed shops from over 700 prior to the introduction of the monopoly system to 288 in 1919.\n\nIn the Federated Malay States the sales to licensed retailers had decreased by 30 per cent. between 1911 and 1918, although latterly the consumption has remained fairly constant. It is now the policy of the Government to replace the private shops for the sale of chandu for consumption off the premises by Government shops, in order to take the sale of chandu out of the hands of persons financially interested in fostering the trade.\n\nBritish North Borneo.--With a view to controlling and restricting the consumption of opium in the territory, the trade, which was formerly left to private individuals, has been taken by the Government into its own hands with beneficial results. Consumption of opium is absolutely limited to Chinese. Certain selected traders in each district which Chinese inhabit are licensed to requisition on the central store for an amount proportionate to the number of Chinese male adults.\n\nPage 71",
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    {
        "id": 493691,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 82,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "4\n\nundergone retrograde developments is afforded by the fact that in 1920 the per capita consumption of opium in the British provinces was 26 grains, slightly less than the figure at which it stood 30 years ago. Moreover, if it were possible to ascertain the amount of opium used for veterinary purposes, this figure would, without doubt, be smaller still. There are 150 million cattle and horses in British India.\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\nTHE PRODUCTION OF OPIUM IN INDIA.\n\nThe chief difficulty with which the Government of India have had to cope in carrying out their policy of controlling opium production and confining the use of the drug within the narrowest possible limits, has been the fact that from the point of view of administration India consists of two parts-British India, under the direct control of the Government of India, comprising an area of a million square miles and a population of 247 millions, and the more or less autonomous Indian States, with a total area of 675,000 square miles and a population of 71,000,000. For over a century the Government of India have been gradually acquiring control over the production, transport and sale of opium throughout this vast area. So far as British India is concerned, they have concentrated cultivation within restricted areas, and have included all the provinces in the same general system in respect of transport and sale. As regards the Indian States, the problem of production and internal consumption could only be dealt with by negotiation, and several States have agreed to prohibit poppy cultivation within their territories. The opium produced by the others can only pass through British India on behalf of the Government of India, or of some other State which has received permission from the Government of India to obtain a specified quantity for its internal consumption.\n\nThroughout the whole of British India (apart from certain inaccessible tracts on the Burmese frontier) the cultivation of opium is regulated by Act No. XIII. of 1857 (as amended by Act No. I. of 1911), and Act No. I. of 1878. Under those Acts the cultivation of the poppy within British India is permissible only under a licence; the total area to be sown is fixed by the Government from year to year; and the licence specifies the exact area which the licensee may cultivate. With the exception of the Punjab, where the people are allowed to plant a small area with poppy and to sell the opium direct to licensed vendors, the cultivator is bound to sell the whole of his produce to the Government at a fixed rate.\n\n5\n\nAdvances of money are made to the cultivator in accordance with the established practice at the time the production of opium became a Government monopoly, but these amount at the present day to about 11s. a year in the case of each cultivator. No cultivator grows poppy unless he wishes. If he desires to raise some other crop he can obtain an advance of money to assist him to do so.\n\n13\n\nThe crude opium is sent to the Government factory at Ghazipur, and is there made up into raw opium in two forms: opium intended for export to foreign countries, known as provision opium, owing to the fact that the proceeds of sale were originally intended to provide funds for Indian transactions with China, and opium intended for consumption in India, known as \"excise\" opium. Provision opium is made up in the form of balls or cakes, each weighing 33 lbs., and is packed in chests, each chest containing 40 cakes and weighing 140 lbs. Excise opium is made up in cubical packets, each weighing 24 lbs., 60 of which are packed in a case. Notification is published annually, generally before the month of October, stating the number of chests of export opium which will be auctioned at Calcutta in each month of the next calendar year, and sales are conducted month by month by the Government of Bengal.\n\nA\n\nApart from the production of opium, the poppy is valuable in other ways. The seed is exported in large quantities to Belgium, France and the United Kingdom for the expression of oil, and is also used as an article of food. The crop is sown in the autumn and gathered in the spring, usually succeeding an autumn crop of Indian corn; and in addition to opium each acre yields about 260 lbs. of seed and 80 lbs. to 100 lbs. of oil. The total area to be cultivated in any one year is decided by a calculation of the amount required for internal consumption and the amount to be exported to foreign countries. Production of the opium is controlled by the opium department, which had formerly two agencies; one stationed at Patna in the province of Bihar and Orissa, and the other at Ghazipur, in the United Provinces. Consequent, however, on the large reductions made in the export trade, it was found possible to combine the two agencies into one, and in 1911 the Patna agency was abolished.\n\nThe area cultivated under the Bengal monopoly system has been reduced from 642,831 acres in 1903-04 to 163,125 acres in 1919-20, and the amount of opium produced has fallen from 10,227,867 lbs. in 1902-03 to 1,876,114 lbs. in 1919-20. Since opium may only be grown for the Government, and the operations from start to finish are rigidly supervised by Government officers, the control exercised under this monopoly system is the most restrictive, short of total prohibition, that it is possible to devise.\n\n79",
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    {
        "id": 493706,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 97,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "By \"morphine\" is understood—\n\nThe principal alkaloid of opium, having the chemical formula C17H19NO3.\n\nBy \"cocaine\" is understood-\n\nThe principal alkaloid of the leaves of erythroxylon coca, having the formula C17H21NO4.\n\nBy \"heroin\" is understood\n\nDiacetyl-morphine, having the formula C21H23NO5.\n\nArticle 9.\n\nThe contracting Powers shall enact pharmacy laws or regulations to confine to medical and legitimate purposes the manufacture, sale, and use of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts unless laws or regulations on the subject are already in existence. They shall co-operate with one another to prevent the use of these drugs for any other purpose.\n\nUnder the rules in force in India, licensed dealers or chemists may manufacture and sell morphia drugs and cocaine, and may sell to other chemical dealers, or chemists, or to approved medical, veterinary and dental practitioners. In fact, however, no morphia is manufactured in India except at the Government factory at Ghazipur. The chemist can only sell on the prescription of an approved practitioner, and the latter may only possess morphia drugs for use in his practice. The ordinary individual may only possess morphia drugs and cocaine as issued to him on medical prescription. The Government of India, who were largely responsible for the inclusion of these drugs within the terms of the Convention, are prepared to co-operate to the fullest possible extent with other Governments to prevent their use for other than medical purposes.\n\nArticle 10.\n\nThe contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry on such industry or trade,\n\nWith this object, the contracting Parties shall use their best endeavours to adopt, or cause to be adopted, the following measures, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence:-\n\n(a) to confine the manufacture of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to those establishments and premises alone which have been licensed for the purpose, or to obtain information respecting the establishments and premises in which these drugs are manufactured and to keep a register of them;\n\n(b) to require that all persons engaged in the manufacture, import, sale, distribution, or export of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall be furnished with a licence or permit to engage in these operations, or shall make to the competent authorities an official declaration that they are so engaged;\n\n(c) to require that such persons shall enter in their books the quantities manufactured, imports, sales, and all other distribution, and exports of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts. This rule shall not necessarily apply to medical prescriptions and to sales by duly authorised chemists.\n\nThese requirements are all fulfilled by the rules in force in India, with the following exceptions. As manufacture of morphia drugs is only carried on at the Government factory, the form of licence granted to dealers and chemists contains no reference to the premises where manufacture may be carried out. The Government of India therefore suggested to Local Governments early in 1921 that this omission should be remedied. The same position exists in respect of cocaine, but as no cocaine whatever is manufactured in India, it has not been thought necessary up to the present to make any amendments.\n\nArticle 11.\n\nThe contracting Powers shall take measures to prohibit, as regards their internal trade, the delivery of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to any unauthorised persons, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence.\n\nArticle 12.\n\nDue regard being had to the difference in their conditions, the contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to restrict to authorised persons the import of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts.\n\nThe import by post of alkaloids of opium and cocaine is absolutely prohibited, and these drugs may not circulate through the post within India. Morphine drugs can only be imported by persons licensed to possess such drugs, and cocaine only under the authorisation of a special permit. The imports of cocaine for the year 1919-20 amounted to 172 ounces, to supply the needs of 318,000,000 people.\n\nArticle 13.\n\nThe contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to adopt, or cause to be adopted, measures to ensure that morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall not be exported from their countries, possessions, colonies and leased territories to the countries, possessions, colonies and leased territories of the other ...\n\nPage 34\nPage 34\nPage 34\nPage 35\nPage 35\nPage 35\n\nPage 94\nPage 94\nPage 94",
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    {
        "id": 493707,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 98,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "36\n\ncontracting Powers, except when consigned to persons furnished with the licences or permits provided for by the laws or regulations of the importing country.\n\nWith this object each Government may communicate from time to time to the Governments of the exporting countries lists of the persons to whom licences or permits for the import of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts have been granted.\n\nThe fulfilment of this Article requires the co-operation of importing countries, and the Government of India have expressed their readiness to prohibit the export of morphine and cocaine unless the consignment to be exported is covered by an import certificate granted by the Government of the importing country, to the effect that the drug is required solely for medicinal or scientific purposes. In fact, no cocaine has ever been exported from India, and morphia has only been exported in small quantities in the form of by-products obtained from waste materials at the Government factory.\n\nArticle 14.\n\nThe contracting Powers shall apply the laws and regulations respecting the manufacture, import, sale, or export of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts—\n\n(a) to medicinal opium;\n\n(b) to all preparations (medicinal and non-medicinal, including the so-called anti-opium remedies) containing more than 0.2 per cent. of morphine, or more than 0.1 per cent. of cocaine;\n\n(c) to heroin, its salts and preparations containing more than 0.1 per cent. of heroin;\n\n(d) to all new derivatives of morphine, of cocaine, or of their respective salts, and to every other alkaloid of opium, which may be shown by scientific research, generally recognised, to be liable to similar abuse and productive of like ill-effects.\n\nMedicinal opium in the past was subject to the same regulations as raw opium, but on the coming into force of the Convention the Government of India drew the attention of Local Governments to the question of amending the definition of morphine drugs contained in their rules so as to include medicinal opium. In fact, medicinal opium is not manufactured in India. Similarly, steps were taken at the same time to examine the lists of preparations excluded from the operation of the rules on the ground of the negligible amounts of morphine or cocaine entering into their composition, in order to comply strictly with the requirements of this article. Heroin is subject to the rules applicable to morphine drugs.\n\nArticles 15 to 19 of the Convention are concerned with China and the Treaty Powers, and relate principally to smuggling into and out of China, and to the leased territories.\n\n37\n\nArticle 20 suggests that the contracting powers should examine the possibility of making it a penal offence to be in illegal possession of any of the substances dealt with by the Convention, and Article 21 provides that they shall communicate to one another, through the Netherlands Government (for which the Secretariat of the League of Nations has now been generally substituted by arrangement) texts of their laws and regulations and statistical information concerning trade. Both these Articles have been complied with by the Government of India. The remaining Articles relate to details of signature and ratification.\n\nIt will be observed that a thorough and honest application of the Articles of this Convention would fully secure the objects which the Convention was designed to attain. As regards the morphia and cocaine habits, a far greater danger than opium smoking has ever been, Chapter III., if rigidly interpreted by all the contracting Powers, provides a complete remedy. India cannot be held responsible for the failure of other Powers to control the traffic in their own territories, and the suggestion that the export of opium from India is the fountain of evil that drowns all attempts to eliminate these pernicious habits is merely a confession that some of the contracting Powers are not fulfilling their obligations. It cannot be denied that India has completely carried out her part of the bargain. Her production of opium is small compared with that of China, and she is only one of several exporters of raw opium. The bulk of her exports go direct to responsible Governments, who are in a position to gauge the requirements of their countries and to prevent re-exports, and the remainder goes to countries whose Governments are all signatories of the Convention. She is prepared to co-operate to the fullest possible extent in assisting those Governments to enforce any restrictions they may desire. If they desire to prohibit the import of opium no opium will be sent. If they desire to restrict imports to medicinal needs the Government of India will control export accordingly. There is no case whatever behind the attack on Indian opium. It expresses merely impatience at the slowness with which international action is rendered effective; but though it is possible to sympathise with this attitude, it appears illogical that the Government of India should be attacked by active spirits in the United States of America, because they see or think they see their country drenched with morphia manufactured from Turkish opium. The curse will not be lifted until Turkey has signed the Hague Convention, ratified it and put it into force; until Persia has adhered to Article 3 (a), which regulates the export of raw opium; until production has been effectively controlled in China, and until Governments have realised that they must shoulder their own burdens and attack the vice at home, as the Government of India have done.\n\n95\n\nSer",
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    {
        "id": 493708,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "page_number": 99,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "38\n\n# CHAPTER VII.\n\n## THE POSITION OF INDIA IN RELATION TO THE WORLD'S OPIUM PROBLEM.\n\nIn view of the facts that have been related in the previous chapters, it is difficult to resist the conclusion that the attacks which have been made on the production and export of Indian opium were based on an uninformed and impatient idealism. India has been accused of failure to carry out the terms of the Hague Convention, and of flooding the world with her opium. It is hoped that the falseness of these ideas has been clearly demonstrated, but it may be well in conclusion to summarise briefly the action that has been taken by the Government of India, and to place the production and export of Indian opium in its true perspective, a correct understanding of which is essential if any hope is to be entertained of confining the world production of opium to legitimate purposes.\n\nThe principles embodied in the Hague Convention have been accepted and acted upon by the Government of India for many years past. Long before the Convention was framed India gave a ready assent to assist the Government of China in the great task of suppressing poppy cultivation which that Government undertook in 1906, an assent that involved a sacrifice of four millions sterling annually. The sacrifice was voluntarily and willingly made, though the sum lost represented no less than 8 per cent. of India's net revenue at that time, and necessitated the imposition of fresh taxation in India. This action was taken in spite of grave doubts as to the possibility of suppressing the opium traffic in China, doubts which experience has proved only too well founded, and two years before the formulation of international opinion at the Shanghai Conference of 1909. Nor did India's co-operation end with the cessation of export to China. In order to guard against the smuggling of Indian opium into China, in 1912 she subjected her exports to markets outside China to a maximum limit of 13,200 chests, a reduction of 20 per cent. on the normal requirements of those markets, and a maximum limit has been imposed ever since.\n\nThe cessation of the China trade reduced the Indian export trade to very small proportions compared with the world supply. When all importing Governments faithfully carry out the provisions of the Hague Convention, and as the progressive suppression of opium smoking by those Governments begins to take effect, it is possible that they may take still less opium from India. In view of the fact, which cannot be too strongly emphasised, that effectual international action on the lines laid down in the Hague Convention is necessary for the attainment of the objects aimed at by that Convention, the Government of India would be fully justified in refusing to assent to a modification of the Convention in the direction of greater stringency until the results of concerted and effectual action by all the signatories have been seen.\n\n39\n\nIndia exports no opium to any country that prohibits imports, she is ready to export no opium to any country in excess of the amount which the Government of that country expresses a wish to obtain, and, in order to place the responsibility for regulating import directly and publicly upon the Government of the importing country, she has followed since 1915 a policy of selling her opium direct to foreign Governments wherever that course has proved possible. Three-quarters of the amount exported is disposed of in this way, and attempts are even now being made to extend the system to the remaining considerable importers of Indian opium. Should these attempts prove successful, the Calcutta auction sales would in all probability cease, and the private merchant would be entirely eliminated. But even as regards the small quantity at present disposed of by public auction, amounting for the calendar year 1921 to 705 chests, the Governments of the importing countries have the fullest power of control. In this connection it may be noted that the Assembly of the League of Nations at its second session proposed that all Governments should adopt a licensing system for imports and exports of opium and other dangerous drugs. If this proposal is adopted responsibility for imports will be placed upon the Government of the importing country in the clearest possible manner.\n\nThe position as regards the import and export of the drugs other than raw opium referred to in the Convention was described in the last chapter, and can be very briefly disposed of here. The export of prepared opium is prohibited, and none has ever been exported from India. Medicinal opium is not manufactured in India, and has never been exported. The imports of morphia are small and those of cocaine negligible. No cocaine is manufactured in India or exported, nor is morphia, except in so far as certain waste products at the Government opium factory of Ghazipur are capable of being used for this purpose; until recently some of these were exported to England.\n\nThe question of consumption of opium in India was dealt with in Chapters III. and IV. Briefly summarised, the position is as follows:-\n\nThe production and distribution of opium is most strictly regulated from the time the poppy seed is sown to the time the opium reaches the consumer. Cultivation, production, manufacture, transport, sale, possession and use are controlled with a completeness and precision probably unequalled by any other country in the world. At the beginning of the 19th century it was the wish of the East India Company entirely to suppress the consumption of opium in India, but...\n\n96",
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    {
        "id": 493953,
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        "page_number": 344,
        "title": "CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922",
        "content_text": "22\n\nadded to the private claims amounted to about 2,800,000; and the balance, 2,200,000 was remitted by proportionate deductions from the future payments. This was done without any conditions being imposed. At this point, the American Minister at Peking, Mr. W. W. Rockhill, a persona gratissima with the Chinese Ministers, induced the Chinese Government to continue to issue the American quota of the indemnity without deduction: and to pay that portion which was not claimed by the United States Government to a Commission of Education for the purpose of sending Chinese students to American universities. With the money so freed (about 75,000 a year), 400 Chinese students are provided with full scholarships in American universities, each receiving the amount of the university fees and a sum of about 170l. a year for his or her personal expenses. This fund is entirely under Chinese control. The Boxer indemnity also contributes towards the Tsing Hua College near Peking. This college was opened in 1911 by the Chinese Government with the assistance of a staff of American teachers. In 1913, there were 624 students, about two-fifths of whom were in the upper school, and the remainder in the preparatory school. The object of the Tsing Hua College is to prepare students for a further course of study in the United States of America. The college is independent of foreign control, but Dr. Tenney, Chinese secretary of the United States Legation, is an honorary member of the governing body. The college has been a most successful experiment.\n\nBesides the \"Indemnity\" scholars, about 100 of the Chinese students in the United States of America are supported by various provinces in China; and there are about 1,500 private students. The China Club of Seattle, in co-operation with the University of Washington and certain commercial and manufacturing firms, has inaugurated a scheme by which each firm will receive one Chinese student or more, and provide his tuition charges at the University and 600 dollars a year for his maintenance.\n\nWhen to these factors are added the powerful contribution of American missionary establishments in China, which, as Sir J. Jordan says, can always count upon receiving money for any new enterprise they may think desirable, some idea may be formed of the influence which America can exert in China through these channels. The following list of prominent alumni of St. John's College Shanghai (American) is significant: Wellington Koo, Chinese Minister in London; Alfred Sze, Chinese Minister in Washington; W. W. Yen, formerly Chinese Minister in Berlin; Dr. Y. T. Tsur, formerly president of the Tsing Hua College; Z. T. K. Woo, superintendent of the Hanyang Iron and Steel Works; S. C. Chu, general secretary of the Shanghai-Nanking Railway; Dr. H. L. Yen, secretary of the Board of Foreign Affairs; David Z. T. Yui, general secretary of the Y.M.C.A.; Yen Fu-ch'ing, dean of the medical faculty, Yale College, Changsha; W. Y. Hu, justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals, Peking.\n\nThe Rockefeller Foundation is giving a great impetus to medical education in China. The commission which visited the country in 1915, has recommended the opening of medical schools, the training of Chinese men and women for hospital work, and a system of pensions to allow missionaries on furlough in America to study medicine. This will all be financed by the Rockefeller Institute. Five scholarships of 300 dollars each have already been established for Chinese nurses. A medical institute has been erected in Peking at a cost of 6,000,000 dollars and amply endowed. Clearly, it will be difficult for Great Britain to compete with such munificence.\n\nFrance. The Société franco-chinoise d'Education (see Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 40 of the 23rd January, 1920), was founded in 1914 to take the place of a former society of the same nature founded in 1911, which had already sent 200 students to France in 1912. The executive powers of the society are exercised by a Peking committee and a provincial committee, each consisting of French and Chinese members. The society maintains two schools in Peking, schools at Tien-tsin and Chengtu; and language courses at Pao Ting Fu and Shanghai. These schools prepare students for a further course in France. In 1919 (January–September) the society sent 300 students or artisans to France. These Chinese students must possess at least 300 dollars, and must count on having an income of 600 dollars to 1,000 dollars a year. However, the society makes arrangements for them to live in France as cheaply as possible. The most advanced are then placed in the technical schools: but usually they do one year's course in a factory. The least advanced are placed in a lycée or college to perfect their French. A journal in Chinese is published in Paris for their benefit. Other reports announce further projects on the part of the French.\n\n23\n\nstates that the French Government have invited 600 Chinese students to France and have offered to defray all their expenses. According to the British Engineering Standards Association, the French have a scheme for training 5,000 to 6,000 Chinese in France during the next few years, 800 already having arrived in French colleges. The Association also states that Italy is considering a similar policy. Newspaper reports have estimated that there are as many as 2,000 Chinese students now in France; and even a casual visitor to Paris cannot help being struck by the considerable number of young Chinese to be seen about the city.\n\nBy the Treaty of Versailles, article 134, Germany renounced in favour of the French and Chinese Governments conjointly the property of the German school situated in the French concession in Shanghai. This article in itself gave a considerable impetus to the cause of French education for Chinese; so we find a supplementary vote of 300,000 fr. in the 1920 budget assigned to the Shanghai school (see W814/814/17, memorandum on French policy with regard to propaganda in foreign countries). The \"Daily Mail\" of the 20th January, 1921, states that the French Government's contribution is 30,000 dollars (3,000l.), that the school will be jointly controlled by the Chinese and French Governments, both of which will provide for its annual maintenance expenses, estimated at 130,000 dollars (13,000l.). The \"North China Herald\" of the 4th December, 1920, further states that French manufacturers have allotted a sum of 2,000,000 fr. towards this school. So reports are contradictory as to the amount and origin of this endowment. With a staff of a dozen professors from the French universities and a similar number of Chinese instructors it is hoped to make this new institution a preparatory school for the French universities.\n\nBesides the vote for the Shanghai school, a sum of 1,072,625 fr. is allotted in the 1920 budget for propaganda in China (as compared with 115,000 fr. for Japan). The sums appropriated for propaganda in the Far East in 1919 and 1918 respectively were 1,000,000 fr. and 215,000 fr.\n\nBut still more significant was M. Painlevé's mission to Peking in the autumn of last year. Though M. Painlevé was nominally adviser to the Government Technical Board on the Standardisation of Railways, his main interest was evidently in education. His mission ended with the conclusion of an agreement by which the Chinese Government is to provide an annual subsidy of 4,000l. for the Institute des Hautes Études chinoises in Paris; they will also furnish a sum of 20,000l. a year for the creation of a branch of the university of Paris in one of the Chinese universities on the condition that the French Government supplies a similar amount. The President of China has given to France three copies of a reproduction of the four great Chinese classics.\n\nDuring his stay at Peking, M. Painlevé made the following statement (\"Far Eastern Review,\" August 1920): \"Already there exists in Paris an institute for advanced Chinese study, but it will be necessary for us to develop it in such a way that the youth of China shall come to it for study in increasing numbers. We purpose to make the curriculum at this institute so interesting that the powerful attraction which it will exercise on the minds of our young Asiatic friends will be simply irresistible. This course of study, which will comprise all the technical courses of our advanced commercial schools, will include, in addition, the study of English, since this language seems to be considered a necessary finishing touch to the equipment of every Chinese intellectual. Moreover, we intend to do something which has never occurred before to those at the head of any foreign institution of learning to teach, likewise, the history of Chinese culture in order to keep the students in touch with their own civilisation. Unlike other nations, we do not wish our Chinese students to lose the sentiment of their own nationality and become for ever Frenchified: we wish that they may remain Chinese, yet arrive, notwithstanding this, at a real realisation of the superiority which they gain by making themselves part of two civilisations, the oriental and the occidental.\n\nSo much for Paris. In China, our task will be far more arduous, because practically everything there tending to the attainment of the end which we have set ourselves must either be created out of the whole cloth or recreated. Our first task will be to establish at the universities of Peking, Canton and Shanghai, courses in\n\nIt is not without significance that twenty girl students are also being sent over by the Chinese Government to Paris. They will study medicine, law, science and art, and when they have graduated, they will return to China to found girls' schools and colleges on European lines. There are about four Chinese girl students in London, and two or three in Edinburgh.—(\"Daily Mail,\" February 2 and 8, 1921.)\n\n339",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-478 - Public Offices & Others - 1922.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 494477,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 22,
        "title": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION.\n\nMethods for regulating the distribution of opium must vary with the circumstances of each locality. The drastic method of complete prohibition except for medical purposes and under medical prescription has been adopted in many British Colonies and is the ultimate goal in the remainder. In Ceylon where the consumers of opium are said to be mostly Indians and not Cingalese a system of registration of opium addicts is in force with rationing of supplies to these as well as to practitioners of native medicine. The number of consumers in the Island has been reduced from 24,000 in 1910 to 12,000 in 1920, and the allowances diminished, and as the present generation of smokers dies out, complete suppression will follow automatically. A similar system is in force in Weihaiwei where permits are issued only to confirmed smokers by a Government medical officer, and no fresh permits are being granted. British responsibility for Weihaiwei will, however, cease as soon as the administration is resumed by the Chinese Government in accordance with the recent agreement arising out of the Washington Conference.\n\nMauritius has recently passed from a system of registration to one of suppression. Zanzibar, also, where the practice of opium eating obtains among some of the Persian and Indian residents, is rapidly reducing its consumption under the registration system.\n\nBut in localities where there is a large Chinese population and the opium habit is widespread any policy of immediate suppression could not be enforced owing to the ease with which opium can be smuggled, for example, in the coal bunkers of incoming steamers, packed among ordinary merchandise, concealed in the hollow stems of bamboo, on the persons of travellers, in birdcages, even in the inside of stuffed animals.\n\nIn such Colonies attempts to register consumers and limit supplies to these would be to a great extent ineffective owing to the illicit supplies of opium obtainable; the registration system would also be cumbrous and difficult to enforce in localities where a large proportion of the opium consuming population is migratory, as is the case in the Malay Peninsula, British North Borneo, and Hongkong.\n\nFor these countries the policy adopted is that of direct Government control of the import, manufacture, and distribution of opium with a view to ultimate suppression when conditions permit. Thus, for example, in Hongkong the price of Government monopoly opium has been successively raised from $6 a tael in 1914 to $14.50 a tael in 1918 at which it at present stands, a price which puts excessive indulgence out of the reach of the majority of consumers; the sale of dross opium (a smoking preparation in which opium dross is an ingredient) which is more deleterious in its effects on smokers has been discontinued; all public divans for the consumption of opium have been closed, in order to reduce the incentives to smoking; sale is only permitted to adult Chinese males and possession is limited to a maximum of taels: and Government prepared opium is so packed as to render it unsuitable for transmission and therefore less liable to removal from the Colony.\n\nSince the passing of the 1914 Opium Ordinance, Hongkong has ceased to be a market for the distribution of opium. Apart from smuggled opium, the only opium which now comes to the Colony is that required for the use of the Government factory, and supplies consigned on through bills of lading to the Japanese authorities in Japan and Formosa and the Portuguese authorities in Macao. Export of prepared opium is not allowed to any destination whatever.\n\nIn Malaya and British North Borneo, there is also strict control of import and export and the elimination of the private trader; and the measures taken for the regulation of distribution and consumption are, generally speaking, similar to those adopted in Hongkong, though the details vary with local conditions. Thus in Malaya the system of registered public smoking-houses open to police inspection and control has been retained although the numbers of such houses have been greatly reduced.\n\nThe price of prepared opium in Malaya has been increased from $3 a tael in 1910 to $12 in 1920. Opium dross is purchased and destroyed so as to prevent the preparation of the more harmful dross opium, a policy which has had to be modified in Hongkong owing to the large supplies of dross from illicit opium which was being mixed with the dross of Government opium and sold to Government, thereby providing a subsidy to the illicit traffic.\n\nDIFFICULTIES OF EFFECTIVE REGULATION.\n\nHongkong, to which I again refer as it is the Colony of which I have most knowledge, affords a good illustration of the difficulties of effective regulation of distribution and consumption, difficulties which would appear to render complete suppression an impossibility under existing conditions.\n\nFor while the cost of monopoly opium is kept high and opium is obtainable in the neighbouring provinces of China at less than one-third of the Hongkong price it is obvious that there is much profit in the smuggling into and sale of illicit opium in the Colony, which at present is being flooded with Chinese-grown opium in spite of the large preventive force maintained to keep down smuggling, and of the heavy penalties of fines, imprisonment and even banishment inflicted on detected dealers in contraband opium.\n\nAny effective preventive system necessarily involves much searching of the persons and baggage of travellers, intrusion into private dwellings, and general interference with the liberty of the individual, and inevitably lends itself to abuses, so that it is anything but popular with the community generally.\n\nUnder present conditions, were a policy of complete suppression adopted, the more stringent measures required to make it effective would be a source of further resentment, and the cost would be prohibitive. Similar considerations apply to the case of the Straits Settlements, whose principal ports, Singapore and Penang, lie in the fairway of all sea-borne traffic between the East and the West. It would of course be another matter if the suppression of poppy cultivation, which is the official policy of the Chinese Government, became really operative in China.\n\nFARMING SYSTEM.\n\nIt will be convenient at this point to refer briefly to the farming system which is of considerable historical interest and present importance in connection with the opium traffic. Under this system the exclusive privilege of dealing in opium for a given area is put up to tender and sold for a period of years to the individual or Company offering the highest price. Conditions may be attached to the contract to minimise abuses, and in order to safeguard his own interests the farmer can be relied upon to do all in his power to ensure that others shall not encroach on his exclusive rights to deal in opium, Government on its part assisting him by legislation and otherwise. By this means it is possible to restrict the traffic to one or more concerns thereby facilitating regulation by Government.\n\nThis farming system is still in force in the Portuguese Colony of Macao; within the last 15 or 20 years it has however been abolished in favour of a system of direct Government control in Malaya, Hongkong and British North Borneo, as well as in Siam, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indo-China, on account of the serious abuses to which it proved liable; the essential reason being that the farmer in his desire to get rich quick was seldom scrupulous in his methods, and was prepared to go any length to increase the market for his opium at home or abroad, legally or illegally.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 494521,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 66,
        "title": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "\"(a) To prevent the export of raw opium to countries which shall have prohibited its entry, and\n\n\"(b) To control the export of raw opium to countries which restrict its import, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence\"\n\nExport of raw opium is forbidden, except when it is destined for medical or scientific purposes, and a declaration is produced, that the import is allowed by the authorities at destination.\n\n\"Article 4.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall make regulations requiring that every package containing raw opium intended for export shall be marked in such a way as to indicate its contents, provided that the consignment exceeds 5 kilog.\"\n\nWhere, as already mentioned in the note to article 2, no export exists, such a regulation is unnecessary.\n\n\"Article 5.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall not allow the import and export of raw opium except by duly authorised persons.\"\n\nThis is fulfilled (See notes to Art. 1 and 3.)\n\n\"Chapter II.—Prepared Opium\".\n\n\"Definition. By 'Prepared opium' is understood: 'The product of raw opium, obtained by a series of special operations, especially by dissolving, boiling, roasting and fermentations designed to transform it into an extract suitable for consumption.\n\n\"Prepared opium includes dross and all other residues remaining when opium has been smoked.\"\n\n\"Article 6.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall take measures for the gradual and effective suppression of the manufacture of, internal trade in, and use of prepared opium, with due regard\n\n—\n\n37\n\n\"to the varying circumstances of each country concerned, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence.\"\n\nThe chandu is prepared in a Government factory, which is named Factory of the Opium-Regie. Except when it be destined for medical use (see note to § V), where the same regulations exist as for medicinal opium, the manufacture and the sale of prepared opium, other than by the Government, is forbidden. The sale is done by Government Officials. The opium is sold exclusively in closed metallic tubes. As already mentioned (see §§ V to XII inclusive) the Government goes on to prohibit the use of opium entirely, where it is possible, and everywhere else to limit it as much as possible.\n\nAs long as no sufficient international measures are taken, by which an end is put to the smuggling of deleterious drugs, the abolition of the Government monopoly in the Dutch East Indies will not contribute to the decrease in the use of opium.\n\n\"Article 7.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall prohibit the import and export of prepared opium; those Powers, however, which are not yet ready to prohibit immediately the export of prepared opium shall prohibit it as soon as possible.\"\n\nImport of prepared opium otherwise than for medical use (see note to § V) is forbidden.\n\n\"Article 8.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers which are not yet ready to prohibit immediately the export of prepared opium;\n\n\"(a) shall restrict the number of towns, ports, or other localities through which prepared opium may be exported;\n\n\"(b) shall prohibit the export of prepared opium to countries which now forbid, or which may hereafter forbid, the import thereof;\n\n\"(c) shall, in the meanwhile, prohibit the consignment of\n\n—\n\n63",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 494582,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 127,
        "title": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "124\n\n2\n\n# CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION\n\nMethods for regulating the distribution of opium must vary with the circumstances of each locality. The drastic method of complete prohibition except for medical purposes and under medical prescription has been adopted in many British Colonies and is the ultimate goal in the remainder. In Ceylon, where the consumers of opium are said to be mostly Indians and not Cingalese, a system of registration of opium addicts is in force, with rationing of supplies to these as well as to practitioners of native medicine. The number of consumers in the Island has been reduced from 24,000 in 1910 to 12,000 in 1920, and the allowances diminished; and as the present generation of smokers dies out, complete suppression will follow automatically. A similar system is in force in Weihaiwei, where permits are issued only to confirmed smokers by a Government medical officer, and no fresh permits are being granted. British responsibility for Weihaiwei will, however, cease as soon as the administration is resumed by the Chinese Government in accordance with the recent agreement arising out of the Washington Conference.\n\nMauritius has recently passed from a system of registration to one of suppression. Zanzibar, also, where the practice of opium eating obtains among some of the Persian and Indian residents, is rapidly reducing its consumption under the registration system.\n\nBut in localities where there is a large Chinese population and the opium habit is widespread, any policy of immediate suppression could not be enforced owing to the ease with which opium can be smuggled—for example, in the coal bunkers of incoming steamers, packed among ordinary merchandise, concealed in the hollow stems of bamboo; on the persons of travellers, in birdcages, even in the inside of stuffed animals.\n\nIn such Colonies, attempts to register consumers and limit supplies to these would be to a great extent ineffective owing to the illicit supplies of opium obtainable; the registration system would also be cumbrous and difficult to enforce in localities where a large proportion of the opium-consuming population is migratory, as is the case in the Malay Peninsula, British North Borneo, and Hongkong.\n\nFor these countries, the policy adopted is that of direct Government control of the import, manufacture, and distribution of opium, with a view to ultimate suppression when conditions permit. Thus, for example, in Hongkong, the price of Government monopoly opium has been successively raised from $6 a tael in 1914 to $14.50 a tael in 1918, at which it at present stands—a price which puts excessive indulgence out of the reach of the majority of consumers; the sale of dross opium (a smoking preparation in which opium dross is an ingredient), which is more deleterious in its effects on smokers, has been discontinued; all public divans for the consumption of opium have been closed, in order to reduce the incentives to smoking; sale is only permitted to adult Chinese males, and possession is limited to a maximum of 5 taels; and Government-prepared opium is so packed as to render it unsuitable for transmission and therefore less liable to removal from the Colony.\n\nSince the passing of the 1914 Opium Ordinance, Hongkong has ceased to be a market for the distribution of opium. Apart from smuggled opium, the only opium which now comes to the Colony is that required for the use of the Government factory, and supplies consigned on through bills of lading to the Japanese authorities in Japan and Formosa and the Portuguese authorities in Macao. Export of prepared opium is not allowed to any destination whatever.\n\nIn Malaya and British North Borneo, there is also strict control of import and export and the elimination of the private trader; and the measures taken for the regulation of distribution and consumption are, generally speaking, similar to those adopted in Hongkong, though the details vary with local conditions. Thus, in Malaya, the system of registered public smoking-houses open to police inspection and control has been retained, although the numbers of such houses have been greatly reduced.\n\nThe price of prepared opium in Malaya has been increased from $3 a tael in 1910 to $12 in 1920. Opium dross is purchased and destroyed so as to prevent the preparation of the more harmful dross opium—a policy which has had to be modified in Hongkong owing to the large supplies of dross from illicit opium, which was being mixed with the dross of Government opium and sold to Government, thereby providing a subsidy to the illicit traffic.\n\n## DIFFICULTIES OF EFFECTIVE REGULATION\n\nHongkong, to which I again refer as it is the Colony of which I have most knowledge, affords a good illustration of the difficulties of effective regulation of distribution and consumption—difficulties which would appear to render complete suppression an impossibility under existing conditions.\n\nFor while the cost of monopoly opium is kept high, and opium is obtainable in the neighbouring provinces of China at less than one-third of the Hongkong price, it is obvious that there is much profit in the smuggling into and sale of illicit opium in the Colony, which at present is being flooded with Chinese-grown opium, in spite of the large preventive force maintained to keep down smuggling, and of the heavy penalties of fines, imprisonment, and even banishment inflicted on detected dealers in contraband opium.\n\nAny effective preventive system necessarily involves much searching of the persons and baggage of travellers, intrusion into private dwellings, and general interference with the liberty of the individual, and inevitably lends itself to abuses, so that it is anything but popular with the community generally.\n\nUnder present conditions, were a policy of complete suppression adopted, the more stringent measures required to make it effective would be a source of further resentment, and the cost would be prohibitive. Similar considerations apply to the case of the Straits Settlements, whose principal ports, Singapore and Penang, lie in the fairway of all sea-borne traffic between the East and the West. It would, of course, be another matter if the suppression of poppy cultivation, which is the official policy of the Chinese Government, became really operative in China.\n\n## FARMING SYSTEM\n\nIt will be convenient at this point to refer briefly to the farming system, which is of considerable historical interest and present importance in connection with the opium traffic. Under this system, the exclusive privilege of dealing in opium for a given area is put up to tender and sold for a period of years to the individual or Company offering the highest price. Conditions may be attached to the contract to minimise abuses, and, in order to safeguard his own interests, the farmer can be relied upon to do all in his power to ensure that others shall not encroach on his exclusive rights to deal in opium; Government, on its part, assisting him by legislation and otherwise. By this means, it is possible to restrict the traffic to one or more concerns, thereby facilitating regulation by Government.\n\nThis farming system is still in force in the Portuguese Colony of Macao; within the last 15 or 20 years, it has, however, been abolished in favour of a system of direct Government control in Malaya, Hongkong, and British North Borneo, as well as in Siam, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indo-China, on account of the serious abuses to which it proved liable; the essential reason being that the farmer, in his desire to get rich quick, was seldom scrupulous in his methods, and was prepared to go to any length to increase the market for his opium at home or abroad, legally or illegally.\n\n3",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 494793,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 338,
        "title": "CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "333\n\nCopy of letter from the Diplomatic Officer.\n\nI have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated the 11th December stating that the Shing Ki in Jervois Street, Hongkong, has forged the trade-mark of the Cocaine Factory Merek, Darmstadt, which they printed at Coblenz, and that enquiries have shown that they are only Agents in Hongkong for the Shing Ki at Shap Pet Po, Canton, and a large quantity of morphine and cocaine has recently been seized, it appears that this Shing Ki at Shap Pet Po has some connection with the case, and asking that enquiry be made.\n\nI have duly written to the Public Peace Bureau, Canton, asking them to act accordingly, and a reply has now been received from the Commissioner of the Bureau, which reads as follows:-\n\n\"Of late our Bureau has seized no morphine or cocaine. I have also had enquiries made by the Police as to whether the Shing Ki at Shap Pat Po has connection with the case.\n\n\"Now the following report has been received from No.1 Sub-Station in No.9 Police District:-\n\n\"The manager of the Shing Ki at No.7 Kwai Tong New Street, Shap Pet Po, is named Ma Ting Pong, and is doing exchange business with Fat Shen. When his folks were questioned as to whether they had any branch or agency in Hongkong, they stated that they were not acquainted with the Shing Ki in Hongkong, and had no commercial connection with them.\n\n\"Inquiries were then made by the Police at the Shing Ki at No.1 Shap Pat Po, South Division. This is a washerman's shop. It was burnt some time ago and a mat shed has been erected for transaction of business. The shop is only very small, and one can see everything in it at a glance. It is kept by a hawker.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-479 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 496441,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 521,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "# Artiolo 5.\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall not allow the import and export of raw opium except by duly authorized persons\". This is fulfilled (See notes to Art.1 & 3).\n\n## CHAPTER II. PREPARED OPIUM\n\n### Definition\nBy \"Prepared opium\" is understood the product of raw opium, obtained by a series of special operations, especially by dissolving, boiling, roasting, and fermentations designed to transform it into an extract suitable for consumption. \"Prepared opium includes dross and all other residues remaining when opium has been smoked.\n\n### Article 6\n\"The contracting Powers shall take measures for the gradual and effective suppression of the manufacture of, international trade in, and use of prepared opium, with due regard to the varying circumstances of each country concerned, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence\".\n\nThe chandu is prepared in Government factory, which is armed Factory of the Opium-Regie. Except when it is destined for medical use (see note to V) where the same regulations exist for medical opium, the manufacture and the sale of prepared opium, other than by the Government, is forbidden.\n\nThe opium is sold exclusively in closed metallic tubes. The sale is done by Government officials.\n\nAs already mentioned (See $5 V to VII inclusive) the Government goes on to prohibit the use of opium entirely, where it is possible, and everywhere else to limit it as much as possible.\n\nAs long as no sufficient international measures are taken, by which an end is put to the smuggling of deleterious drugs, the abolition of the Government monopoly in the Dutch East Indies will not contribute to the decrease in the use of opium.\n\n### Article 7\n\"The contracting Powers shall prohibit the import and export of prepared opium; those Powers, however, which are not yet ready to prohibit immediately the export of prepared...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 496515,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 595,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "## CHAPTER II.\n### PREPARED OPIUM\n\n**Definition.** By \"Prepared opium\" is understood:\n\nThe product of raw opium, obtained by a series of special operations, especially by dissolving, boiling, roasting, and fermentations designed to transform it into an extract suitable for consumption. Prepared opium includes dross and all other residues remaining when opium has been smoked.\n\n\"Article 6\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall take measures for the gradual and effective suppression of the manufacture, international trade in, and use of prepared opium, with due regard to the varying circumstances of each country concerned, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence\".\n\nThe chandu is prepared in Government factory, which is Armed Factory of the opium-Regie. Except when it is destined for medical use (see note to V), where the same regulations exist for medical opium, the manufacture and the sale of prepared opium, other than by the Government, is forbidden. It is sold exclusively by Government officials. The opium is sold exclusively in closed metallic tubes.\n\nAs already mentioned (300 to VII inclusive) the Government goes on to prohibit the use of opium entirely, where it is possible, and everywhere else to limit it as much as possible.\n\nAs long as no sufficient international measures are taken, by which an end is put to the smuggling of deleterious drugs, the abolition of the Government monopoly in the Dutch East Indies will not contribute to the decrease in the use of opium.\n\n\"Article 7.\"\n\n\"The contracting Powers shall prohibit the import and export of prepared opium; those Powers, however, which are not yet ready to prohibit immediately the export of prepared...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 496589,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 669,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "# CHAPTER II.\n## \"PREPARED OPIUM\"\n\n\"Definition.\" By \"Prepared opium\" is understood:\n\"The product of raw opium, obtained by a series of special operations, especially by dissolving, boiling, roasting, and fermentations designed to transform it into an extract suitable for consumption.\" 'Prepared opium includes dross and all other residues remaining when opium has been smoked.\n\n## \"Article 6\"\nThe contracting Powers shall take measures for the gradual and effective suppression of the manufacture of, international trade in, and use of prepared opium, with due regard to the varying circumstances of each country concerned, unless regulations on the subject are already in existence\".\n\nThe chandu is prepared in Government factory, which is armed Factory of the Opium-Regie. Except when it is destined for medical use (see note to § V), where the same regulations exist for medical opium, the manufacture and the sale of prepared opium, other than by the Government, is forbidden. The sale is made by Government officials. The opium is sold exclusively in closed metallic tubes.\n\nAs already mentioned (§§ V to VII inclusive), the Government goes on to prohibit the use of opium entirely, where it is possible, and everywhere else to limit it as much as possible.\n\nAs long as no sufficient international measures are taken, by which an end is put to the smuggling of deleterious drugs, the abolition of the Government monopoly in the Dutch East Indies will not contribute to the decrease in the use of opium.\n\n## \"Article 7.\"\n\"The contracting Powers shall prohibit the import and export of prepared opium; those Powers, however, which are not yet ready to prohibit immediately the export of prepared...",
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    {
        "id": 496990,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-483 - Others & Individuals - 1923",
        "page_number": 236,
        "title": "CO129-483 - Others & Individuals - 1923",
        "content_text": "## § V.\n\nAs was said above, efforts had already been put forth under the farming system to restrict the use of opium by adopting various measures. Most of these efforts failed, but one measure appeared to be an effective one in actual practice and has proved to be one of the most powerful means of fighting the evil, viz. the institution of the so-called forbidden areas.\n\nOriginally, this measure was meant to protect the population in those regions where the use of opium was as yet unknown, from this vicious habit, which might stealthily creep in from elsewhere. In such parts, importation and possession of opium were wholly prohibited. This occurred for the first time in 1824 with respect to a fairly large part of Java.\n\nWhen later on the Opium-Régie began to deal more effectively with this evil, a similar prohibition was issued for districts where the opium habit, though known to some extent, was restricted to a small number of persons or to special groups of the population. In the latter case, an exception was made for those groups where the habit had grown to such an extent that it could not be forbidden (e.g., for the Chinese living in these quarters).\n\nIf in a district where the prohibition was issued, the use of opium was restricted to a small number of persons, an exception was made for such as were addicted to smoking and could not break off the habit without detriment to their health. They were offered an opportunity of obtaining a non-transferable licence to buy and possess opium in quantities sufficient for private use. It was supposed that these licensees would gradually die out, so that the district would then be altogether free from opium.\n\nWith this system, the so-called licence system, good results were achieved in various parts of the Archipelago and it was, therefore, gradually extended.\n\nIn some districts, however, it was necessary to deviate from the principle that, after the enforcement of the system, no licences should be issued. Vast regions, namely, are largely dependent for their economic development on the supply of labour from elsewhere, frequently non-native workers, and, should the use of opium be wholly prohibited, it would be impossible or at least extremely difficult to hire labourers, so that the public welfare would suffer materially from such a measure.\n\n## IV.\n\nUnder the Opium-Régie, opium is for sale at the Government selling shops only. The sale is prohibited to all others, except to special persons and for medical use, as hereinafter specified.\n\nThe Opium-Régie is based on the principle that the sale should be entrusted to persons (officials) salaried by the Government, who are not interested in the turnover, while at the same time a great juridical warrant is offered by the mode of packing. This packing (in tubes in various sizes) can hardly be imitated and, on opening, is unfit for further use. Moreover, the opium bears a secret mark, so that in case of seizure, Government opium and smuggled opium can always be easily distinguished.\n\n|  |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| At the opium selling shops | opium is only for sale and cannot be smoked. |\n\nAt the opium selling shops opium is only for sale and cannot be smoked. If necessary, licences are granted to establish public smoking places (divans), which must come up to certain requirements and be subject to a strict supervision. Women and persons under eighteen have no access to the divans; the keepers are not allowed to provide their customers with opium, and it is prohibited to offer the public an opportunity for the consumption of opium outside these licensed divans.\n\nThe quantities required by the Régie are exclusively drawn from British India. Of late, supplies have been obtained by virtue of a contract with the British Indian Government, so that opium is no longer bought at the auctions, as was formerly the case. The drug is prepared and packed at a central Government factory established at Batavia.\n\nDuring several decades, this drug was farmed out by relinquishing the right of the sale of opium for specified regions to the highest bidder. As a rule, the farmers were Chinese. Under this system already, efforts were put forth to check the consumption of opium by means of restricting the quantity which the farmers were allowed to sell, but it is not astonishing that these measures should have failed to produce the desired effect. The farmers, namely, were intent upon making a substantial profit and therefore, as a rule, tried to increase the turnover, if need be, by means of using smuggled opium. The farming system, giving, moreover, rise to no end of abuses, a movement was started against it in the eighties. As the ultimate outcome of this movement, constantly growing in strength, a trial was made in 1894 with the system of direct management of the opium sale by the Government, under the name of Opium-Régie. As the trial proved to be successful, the Régie was gradually introduced all over the Netherlands Indies, and, accordingly, in 1913, the farming system had been generally abandoned.\n\nThough at first the Opium-Régie had not set itself the task of vigorously combating the use of opium, it forthwith put a stop to various evil practices and to any encouragement of the opium habit.\n\nPage 5  \nPage 230",
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        "id": 497935,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-485 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 106,
        "title": "CO129-485 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "# \nWith a view to increasing the housing accommodation of the Colony at moderate rentals, a scheme was introduced of granting leases of land for forty years, mainly in outlying districts, without premium but subject to Crown Rent at the usual rates and assessed taxes. The upset value of the land is agreed upon between Government and the lessee, who is then under covenant to build domestic property to a certain value within a stated period. He will render to Government a statement showing the costs of erection, including Crown Rent, taxes, fire and typhoon insurance, repairs, management expenses, and contributions to a sinking fund calculated to return to him within the period of the lease the amount of his original outlay. After a stated period and under certain conditions, the lessee may sell the property, the proceeds being applied first to pay off the balance of the sinking fund and secondly to division between Government and the lessee. The lessee is then bound, if required by the Government, to apply a sum at least as large as his original capital to further building on similar terms. On the expiration of the term of forty years, the property reverts to Government.\n\nNotwithstanding the building of a large number of dwelling houses, rents of tenements not subject to the Rents Restriction Ordinance continued to rise, and in April, a Commission was appointed under the Chairmanship of the Honourable Mr. H. E. Pollock, K.C., to enquire as to what measures were possible to increase the quantity and decrease the cost of housing accommodation in the Colony. This Commission reported in September, and many of the recommendations made for relieving the situation have since been adopted, while others are still under consideration.\n\nIn February, an Ordinance to regulate certain forms of female domestic service was passed by the Legislative Council, and under its provisions, Chinese female domestics known as \"Mui Tsai\" obtained certain rights, and no person after the passing of the law could take any Mui Tsai into his employment. It is too early yet to judge of the effect of this legislation.\n\nThe Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance came into force on the 1st January, and is being carefully administered with the sympathetic co-operation of employers. This law will be supplemented later on by Factory legislation based on the English Acts, adapted to the needs of the Colony.\n\nThe increase in piracy in the Pearl and West River districts caused much anxiety during the year. A commission appointed after the piracy of the S.S. \"Sui An\" on the 19th November, 1922, reported on the 8th February, and as a result of its recommendations, the revision of the Anti-piracy regulations for steamships was taken in hand, but was not completed by the end of the year.\n\nPreparations for the proper representation of Hongkong at the British Empire Exhibition were carried on energetically, and in June, a sum of $250,000 was voted for this object.\n\n## \nOn the 18th August, a severe typhoon struck the Colony, and although the warning signals had been hoisted and junks and small craft had been able to reach the shelters at Mongkoktsui and Causeway Bay, much damage was done. Many vessels were driven ashore, and His Majesty's Submarine L.9 and the S.S. \"Loong Sang\" were sunk in the harbour close to the Praya wall, with unfortunately some loss of life in the case of the \"Loong Sang\". Measures were under consideration at the close of the year for improving the scheme of typhoon warnings and life-saving methods in the harbour.\n\nThe agitation for acquiring certain areas of land in the City of Victoria and in Kowloon belonging to the War Department resulted in the appointment by His Majesty's Government of Sir John Oakley to report on the whole question. He arrived in the Colony in September and remained for a month.\n\nThe Colony showed its sympathy for the sufferers from the severe earthquake in Japan on the 1st September by voting a sum of $250,000 and sending food and clothing.\n\nMuch damage to public works was caused by a phenomenal rainfall of sixteen inches on the 31st October.\n\nMr. T. L. Perkins, Director of Public Works, retired from the service in May, and was succeeded in August by Mr. H. T. Creasy, Assistant Director of Public Works, Ceylon.\n\nThe Colonial Secretary was absent from the Colony from the 7th March to the 3rd November, during which period the duties of the post were performed by Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, C.M.G., C.B.E.\n\n## Page 92",
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    {
        "id": 497996,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-485 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 167,
        "title": "CO129-485 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "# Balance Sheet Analysis\n\nAlongside French dollars called in the balance sheet by the character \"Bai\". This is the usual character used when referring to the currency of Indo-Chine; the meaning is \"Western\" but in this connection is really the last character of the Chinese equivalent for French \"Fat Lan Sai\". In Chinese accounts where the shareholders are in various countries, it is usual to state clearly the currency in which each item is given.\n\nThe mention of Government opium being put up for sale at an upset price of 86,300 per chest must refer to the Indian Opium imported by the Government of Indo-Chine. The reference to \"Three character\" goods may possibly refer to the brand \"Sam Kei\", the character \"San\" meaning Three; this is a well-known brand coming from Kwongchowwan, and we have often come across samples as well as references to it in opium smugglers' accounts examined recently.\n\nThe payment to Yee Kee is apparently in the nature of a licence fee or royalty; probably this firm has some privilege either in Kwongchowwan or China, most probably they are the opium farmer at Kwongchowwan. It will be noticed that the Sheng On, out of a total capital of $25,000, deposits $10,000 in the Yee Kee. In all probability, the Sheng On is really the same as the Yee Kee, and has the monopoly of boiling for export; this would be a typically Chinese way of doing business under a multiplicity of names.\n\nThe item \"Commission to staff\" is really, I expect, payment to boilers for boiling extra amounts of opium. The custom being to pay wages for boiling an agreed amount, anything over being paid for as overtime; this is the custom adopted from the time of the opium farmer here at the Government Opium Factory.\n\nThis is the first balance sheet of a Chinese Opium boiling Factory that I have seen. It shows how large an amount of business may be done on a small capital. This balance sheet does not, of course, show the total profits. Each...",
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    {
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        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-487 - Others & Individuals - 1924",
        "page_number": 182,
        "title": "CO129-487 - Others & Individuals - 1924",
        "content_text": "## Advertisements\n\nTelephone 88.  \nTelegrams: SWEETS.  \nTea, American Ice Cream, G.H. Tiffins, Cakes. Scones, Candy, Chocolates.\n\n**CAMPBELLS LIMITED**  \n6-b Battery Road, Singapore  \nLatest Suitings for Home and Tropical Wear.  \n**FIT AND WORKMANSHIP GUARANTEED.**  \nShirts, Hosiery, Hats and Sun Helmets and everything for Men's Wear.\n\nThe Finest Drug Store East of Suez.  \nCold Drinks.  \nFresh Stocks of all well-known British, Continental and American Patent and Proprietary Medicines:  \nAgents for ANSCO CAMERAS, MORNY'S PRODUCTS, AND MCBRINE'S LUGGAGE\n\n**Maynard & Co., Ltd.,**  \nOpposite Cook's :: 16 Battery Road  \nESTABLISHED 1870  \n**THE LARGEST INDIAN SILK STORE IN THE EAST**  \nWassiamull Assomull & Co.  \nRequisites for Visitors and Direct Special Importers of all kinds Indian, Chinese, Japanese and Burmese Silk Goods, Curios, Gold Jewellery and Silverware, Javanese Goods and Curiosities, Ladies' Manila Hats, etc., etc.  \nOur Motto: Courtesy. Your inspection of our goods is kindly elicited.\n\nTelephone 1144.  \n56 & 57, High Street, Singapore.  \nBranches: Sikkim New (INDIA) YOKOHAMA BANGALORE  \nSURABAYA, MALANG,  \nBekkapok (JAVA)  \nWedding Cakes a Speciality.  \n\"INSIDE THE ARCHWAY.\"  \n6, Battery Road SINGAPORE  \nS. Berth\n\n## Sub enclosure to Enclosure No. 1 to Straits Confidential Despatch dated 12 May, 1924\n\nBoots and Shoe Maker  \nNew Fashionable Boots and Shoes for Ladies and Gentlemen, Orders promptly executed.  \nEuropean Trade Especially Solicited. American and English Sole Leather used Finest Workmanship Guaranteed  \n**OUR PRICES ARE RIGHT-TRY US.**\n\n### BOMBAY MERCHANTS  \nK. A. J. Chotirmall & Co.  \nThe Cheapest Silk Store in Town  \n7  \nOur Watchwords: Civility, Cheapness, Genuineness. A visit will convince you.  \nTelephone 1957  \nYAP HENG  \n23 Queen Street  \nSingapore.\n\n### Map of Singapore Island\n\n|  |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ... | ... |\n\nCopyrighted by the Methodist Publishing House, Singapore  \nScale: Inch - Mile  \nEnglish Miles Furlongs  \nAbbreviations: S. = Sungai, Tanjong = Cape, P. = Police Station, Pulan = Island\n\n## Other Advertisements\n\nFor Up-to-Date Photographs Go To The Eastern Studio  \n1 & 2, Armenian Street (Corner Stamford Road)  \nSpecialists IN Portraits, Groups and Enlargements.  \nTelephone 1900.\n\n### THE ADMIRAL LINE  \nHONGKONG TO EUROPE Via AMERICA.  \nAdmiral Line across Pacific  \nChoice of Rail Lines across America  \nChoice of Steamers across Atlantic  \nFor further information call or write The Admiral Oriental Line  \nRoom 9, St. Helens' Court, Singapore.\n\n### Tour Descriptions\n\nTour No. 3.  \nTime 14.2 hours.  \nDistance from town and return 20 miles.  \nAlong Grove Road to Tanjong Katong, past the Sen View Hotel, and along First floor Road through beautiful groves of coconut palms along the sea coast. Inland along Bedok Road and back toward town on Changi Road, passing through hills planted with coconut and rubber trees. Gelang Road or Beach Road.\n\nTour No. 4.  \nTide: about hours from Johnston's Pier. Distance: about 30 ml.  \nThe Mesa Tour No. 3, but continuing out Changi Road from Bedok, to the 11th mile, then along Tampines Road to Serangoon Road, then via Yio Chu Kang Road past the Admiralty Wireless Station to Thomson Road, stopping at the Reservoir a few minutes, returning via Thomson, Cavenagh and \"Orchard Road.\n\nTour No. 5.  \nTime: upon hours from Johnston's Pier, Distance: about 30 miles.  \nVia Thompson Road, pausing at the Reservoir, to Mandai Road, through a bit of dense forest to Bukit Timah Road, and along same back to town; or, if returning to a steamer and not desiring to drive through the town, turn off Bukit Timah Road into Reformatory Road for a due drive, a good bit of it along the West Coast via Pasir Panjang Road to the Wharves.\n\nTour No. 6.  \nTime: about 14 hours from Johnston's Pier. Distance: about 15 miles.  \nFrom the town or the wharves along Pasir Panjang Road to Alexandra Road, thence via Ayer Rajah Road past the Admiralty tanks, to \"THE GAP,\" Singapore's scenic climax; thence via Buena Vista, Pasir Panjang, Reformatory, Ulu Pandan, and Holland Road, through the Botanic Gardens and right through the town to hotels or wharves.\n\n### GOODYEAR TYRES\n\nGOOD YEAR  \nGoodyear Cord Tyres have a reputation for quality all over the world. They are better tyres to-day than ever before, and their price is lower.  \n**GOODYEAR MEANS GOOD WEAR.**  \nObtainable from Stockists and Dealers throughout Malaya, ORIENT COMPANY, LIMITED.  \nDirect Factory Representatives for S.S., F.M.S. and Siam, Incorporated in Singapore.\n\n### P. RELOMALL & CO.  \nJewellers, Silk and Curios Merchants,  \nNo. 1. HIGH STREET.  \nDealers in Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Bukhara and Cashmere Silks.  \nCurios-Ivory Ware, Damascine Ware, Satsuma Ware, Cloisonne Ware and immense variety of World's Curios  \nRemember This! **Small Profit Quick Return is Our Motto**\n\nThe Admiral Line  \nSailings every twelfth day from HONGKONG TO SEATTLE 19 days en route via SHANGHAI-KOBE YOKOHAMA  \nVICTORIA ETC.  \nStop over Privileges.  \nLet us arrange your side trips through NORTH CHINA AND JAPAN.  \nThe Admiral Oriental Line  \nRoom, St. Helens' Court, Singapore.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-487 - Others & Individuals - 1924.txt",
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    {
        "id": 500434,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 145,
        "title": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "# THE CANTON GAZETTE, \nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12 1925.\n\n## The National Commercial & Savings Bank Ltd.\n\n### CANTON BRANCH \nN. 1 cond Road, West Bund, Canton. \nTelephone No. 1860 \nHead Office: No. 169, D.s Voeux Road, Hongkong. Branches: Canton, Shanghai, Hankow & Tientsin.\n\n**Authorized Capital:** \n$5,000,000.00 \n(Registered with the Hongkong Government)\n\nMortgages, Foreign Exchanges, and General Banking business transacted. \nInterest allowed on Current and Savings Accounts and Fixed Deposits, as follows:\n\n| Type of Account | Interest Rate per annum |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fixed Deposits for 12 months | 6% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 9 months | 5 3/4% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 6 months | 5 1/2% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 3 months | 4 1/2% |\n| Current Account in Hongkong Currency | 3% |\n| Canton Subcoins | ... |\n| Savings Account | 5% per annum |\n\nRate of Interest on Special Deposits will be quoted on application.\n\n## CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS\n\n### Wanted, To Let, for Sale, to Hire, Exchange and Mart. \nBusiness and Official Notices.\n\n**Rates for Small Want Ads.** $2.00 for 3 insertions; $3.00 for 6 insertions. \n**Business and Official Notices** $4.00 an inch for 3 insertions; $6.00 for 6 insertions.\n\n### Wanted \nWANTED: 5 trained Chinese reporters for Chinese newspaper work. 2 trained translators (Chinese to English). Apply to All-China Labour Union (opposite the University) Canton from 1-3 P.M.\n\n### Customs Notification \nNo. 579.\n\n**POST OFFICE, CANTON** \nMail Notice \n**OUTWARD MAILS** \nMails for the under-mentioned Ports will be closed as follows:\n\n| Destination | Date |\n| --- | --- |\n| Hongkong, Shanghai, North and South China Ports | Daily |\n| Yuenfang | ... |\n| Japan | ... |\n\nThe Ling Nan Agricultural Mfg. Co. Ltd. \nA large shipment of dairy cattle has arrived and we are ready to supply the city community with Pure Milk. Send in your orders now. Price $1.50 per bottle. \nMain Office 24, 2nd West Bund.\n\n### NOTICE \nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of Customs, I am today handing over charge of this Office to Mr. F. HAYLEY BELL, Commissioner of Customs, Officiating.\n\nR. M. TALBOT \nActing Deputy Commissioner of Customs in charge, temporarily \nCUSTOM HOUSE, \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n### Customs Notification \nNo. 580.\n\nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of Customs, I have today assumed charge of this Office.\n\nF. HAYLEY BELL \nCommissioner of Customs, Officiating. \nCUSTOM HOUSE. \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n## Advertisements\n\n### Wooi Sing Shoe Factory. \n廣州會陞鞋廠 \nTHE LATEST STYLES OF FOOTWEAR FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN \nPRICES REASONABLE \nWAI SUN NAAM ROAD \nCANTON, CHINA \nTELEPHONE 891.\n\n### Dr. Howard S. Wong DENTIST \nOffice \n71 Tai Ping Road, South 2nd Floor \nCanton, China \n-天許生醫科牙 \n橿櫞伯酹路德一 \n\n### Dr. T. Huie, Dentist \nYat Tak Road, Canton, \nWOMAN, AND CHILD USE \nat Petter's Building. Office Hours: \n10 am to 1 p.m. \n2 p.m. to 5 p.m.\n\n### 黃滄海華洋律師 \nC. L. WONG, LL.M. \nAttorney and Counsellor at Law \nHandles all kinds of legal and litigation, \nChinese and foreign. \nOffice: 5th Floor, Messrs. Best & Co. Building \nWashington Cafe Building \nThe Bund.\n\n### The Tooth Brush \nThis is the age of prophylaxis. Experiments by dentists all over the country have proved beyond a doubt that the clean tooth stands a poor chance of decaying.\n\nA tooth brush too large for the mouth is a problem. The adult size of 90 per cent of the tooth brushes on the market is too big. \nThe fact that a person should have his teeth cleaned from four to six months by a dentist has been impressed upon the minds of the public.\n\nThe laity also know that the teeth should be brushed at least twice daily and many use a brush systematically yet even then accomplish very little towards keeping their teeth clean.\n\nThe remedy? Use of a smaller brush! \nWhen a patient inquires as to the best tooth paste to use, I never recommend any one in particular but I always advise him as to the size of the brush to use because proper manipulation means more than the toothpaste.\n\nCONTINUED.\n\n### Dr. Wm W. C. Lee \nMISSIONS BUILDING, THE BUND \n2nd Floor-elevator \nAttorney and Counsellor at Law \nHandles all kinds of legal and litigation, \nChinese and foreign.\n\n### SAVE YOUR EYES. \nGet your GLASSES from \nChinese Optical Co. \n司公鏡眼益精國中 \nRefracting and Manufacturing \nThe Modern Opticians in China \nSpecial Reduction \n... to... \nDRS. RX. WORKS \nNorth Wing Hon Road, Canton \nTelephone 868 \nHead Office: -Shanghai, \nBRANCH OFFICES: - HONGKONG, PEKING, TIENTSIN, HANKOW, TSINAN, HANGCHOW, HARBIN, NANKING, CHANGSHA, WUCHONG, MACAO, FENGTIEN & DAIREN\n\n### Dairy Farm \nCanton. \nTelephone 1044. \nDairy farm: Honglok, Honam. \nManager: P. K. FU. \nAdvisor and Inspector, Dr. W. W. Cadbury, \nCollege Physician, \nCanton Christian College.\n\n### Notice \nThe S.S. \"Bainam\" and \"Nanning\" will leave Canton for Wuchow every Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 8 a.m. \nFor further particulars, please apply to, \nSAI HING NAVIGATION Co. LTD. \nSha Keo.\n\n### AH FONG STUDIO. 芳阿 \nGIVE US A TRIAL. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. \nWe beg to announce to the public that we have lately added to our studio many modern inventions whereby photos taken compare favourably with Shanghai photos by well-known photographers abroad.\n\nWe have engaged experts to look after our developing, printing, and enlarging departments.\n\nWe have always on hand views of Canton as well as postcards, etc. \nEastman & Agfa films a speciality. \nProofs will be shown at our studio.\n\nJust taken NEW PANORAMA OF CANTON CITY; \nfor sale at $4.00. \nTELEPHONE No. 531 W. \nAddress: No. 1 SAI HAU STREET \nCANTON.\n\n### THE CHINESE FAMOUS \nHUI FUNG CAKES. \nThe Shing Chu Bakery \nShou Chu Bridge, Honam, Canton \n電話 2204 \nTelephone 2204\n\n### 劉體志 牙科博士 \n口嘉南樓三樓 \n現設長堤西濠 \n牙科醫館 \n\n### INWARD MAILS \nU.S.A., Japan, Shanghai & London via Canada \nLondon 2nd May & Europe via Siberia (London 8th May) \nManila \nJapan \n...\n\n### UROTROPIN \nWhat Is UROTROPIN? \nUROTROPIN was introduced by the well-known German Prof. D. Nicolaier and has been recognized as one of the best remedies for the urinary organs.\n\nThe tablets as well as the 40% sterilized solution for injection are known to have high effectiveness on many kinds of infectious diseases.\n\nIn cases of urinary retention resulted in post-operation, and the incessant vomiting by impregnated people, UROTROPIN offers remarkable results.\n\nManufactured by Chemische Fabrik auf Action (vorm. E. Schering) Berlin.\n\nFor samples and descriptive literatures, please apply to \nPO KEE Co. \n105c Tai Ping Road, Canton.\n\n### The Canton Engineering Construction Co. \n司公築建程工州廣 \nENGINEERS, ARCHITECTORS, AND CONTRACTORS, \nGeneral Office: 9, Cheng Hoi Road, \nTelephone: Central 950.\n\nBuilding Construction, Roads and Pavements, Bridges, Reinforced Concrete, Excavation and Filling, Bunding, and all kinds of construction works.\n\nWe carry all lines of electric supplies, building materials, and general fabrikoid goods.\n\nSatisfactory Work, Prompt Service, Reasonable Cost. \nC. T. Yeh, \nGeneral Manager and Civil Engineer.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
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        "id": 500451,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 162,
        "title": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "# South China Morning Post\n## No. 5,765 Vol. 23 號五十六百七千五第 三拜禮\n### WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925. 日六十二月八年四十國民\n\nCAFE WISEMAN \n**BREAD, CAKES, ETC.** \nCan now be Booked.\n\n## Advertisements\n\n### WATSON'S \n**AERATED WATERS** \nARE PREPARED FROM REAL FRUIT ESSENCE \nGUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY PURE.\n\n- LEMONADE - Has the real essence obtained from Lemons grown in Southern Italy\n- RASPBERRYADE - Is prepared with the juice of raspberries grown in England and Tasmania.\n- FORMAZONE - THE NON-ALCOHOLIC CHAMPAGNE. It possesses the characteristic stimulating and refreshing qualities of Champagne and has a delicious flavour.\n- STONE GINGER BEER - The only genuine Stone Ginger Beer in the East. Prepared by a special process of fermentation which gives it the distinctive flavour which is so pleasing to the palate.\n\nSOLE AGENTS:- \n**A. S. WATSON & CO., LTD.** \nAerated Water Manufacturers. \nESTABLISHED 1841.\n\n### PIONEER SILK STORE\nNEW SHIPMENT \n**SPUN SILK CREPES** \nin \nFANCY COLOURED STRIPES \nfor \nSUMMER FROCKS \nAT \nChina Building, Queen's Road Central\n\n### THE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. \n**GECOPHONE** \nRECEIVING SETS \nWITH AERIAL $64.00. \nNo. 2 CRYSTAL SET \nTHE MACAO BROADCASTING HAS \nBEEN HEARD WITH THIS SET \nALL PRICES REDUCED. \nNEW \nSTOCKS, \nQueen's Building, Hongkong.\n\n### EONIA A \n**CANDY STORE ORE** \nCOLD DRINKS. \nICE CREAM \nand \nSODA FOUNTAIN. \nThe Asiatic Building Tel. C. 4702\n\n## GOOD CITIZENS. \n**PRESENTATIONS TO TWO PLUCKY CIVILIANS.** \nRobbery Sequel. \n**THE MURDER OF MAJOR PALMER.** \nFULL STORY OF THE TRAGEDY. \nGallant Attempt to Save Village.\n\nPeking, Aug. 14. - ... arrival at Harbin of Mis...\n\n### NOT A \"RED.\" \n**EXPULSION ORDER NOW RESCINDED.** \nMistaken Identity.\n\nThe order made last week for the expulsion from the Colony, as an undesirable, of Joseph L. Tipliteli, a Ukranian, has now been rescinded, and permission has been given him to remain in the Colony.\n\nThe plucky act of two civilians in effecting the arrest of two men subsequent to the commission of an armed robbery on the 21st of April recalled yesterday, when a presentation was made to them at the office of the Captain Superintendent of Police. Amongst those present at the ceremony were Mr. P. P. J. Wodehouse, C.I.E., who made the presentation, Mr. T. H. King (Director of Criminal Intelligence), Mr. D. Burlingham (Deputy Superintendent of Police), Mr. L. H. V. Booth (Assistant Director of the Criminal Intelligence Department), Mr. W. R. Scott (Assistant Superintendent), Mr. J. Kerr (Assistant Superintendent), and Mr. W. Kent (Chief Inspector).\n\nMr. P. P. J. Wodehouse said: \"Gentlemen, I have been instructed by His Excellency the Governor to make a small presentation to Mr. Focken and Mr. Li Chi-kong to show the appreciation of the Government of their services in arresting two armed robbers on the 21st April.\"\n\nIt will be recalled that Tipliteli was first charged with not being in possession of a proper passport, and a nominal fine was inflicted on this charge. The police, however, took a more serious view of the man's case, as he was supposed to have been identified by a Frenchman as having been connected with \"Red\" activities in Canton and as one who took a leading part in organising and conducting a strike of servants on Shameen. In consequence, the man's expulsion from the Colony was asked for, and a magisterial order to this effect was made.\n\nFrom facts which have since been disclosed, however, the case turns out to have been one of mistaken identity, with the result that the expulsion order has been withdrawn.\n\nThe official account of the circumstances of this incident was then read by the C.S.P. as follows: \"Mr. Frederick John William Focken, of Messrs. Alex. Ross and Company, with his assistant, Mr. Li Chi-kong, happened to be on the point of alighting from a motor bus outside the China Motor Bus Company's premises when they heard police whistles being blown some distance down the road, which a good view could be obtained from a temple near by.\n\nMr. Focken's attention was drawn to a man who was riding in a ricksha going in the direction of the railway bridge some three hundred yards away. Mr. Focken boarded a passing bus, and, alighting when the bus was passing the ricksha, seized this man also, and, with the help of a by-stander, handed him over to two Indian constables.\n\nThe motor-car then went to the village and eventually he and Dr. Howard, with the Russian boy and the Chinese boy, stationed themselves in a cornfield, whilst Mr. Baldwin, young Howard, and another Russian who had appeared on the scene took cover in a motor-car as the bandits approached.\n\nMajor Palmer, however, insisted on leaving the car and going back to the ranch. Armed with rifles and ammunition, the party, which besides Major Palmer and Dr. Howard, included the latter's son, a Chinese boy, and a Russian boy, and a Russian chauffeur, went in a motor-car driven by the Russian chauffeur, to a village about half-way between the ranch and the village occupied by the bandits.\n\nBandits' Circling Movement.\n\nThe bandits, who were mounted, moved out from the village in two parties, one making for the cornfield, while the other made for the motor-car. Mr. Baldwin, young Howard, and the Russian made a running fight for it back to the ranch, firing from the footboard as they went, and eventually eluded their pursuers.\n\nMeanwhile, the rest of the bandits had come up towards the cornfield from the rear. Mr. Baldwin had made efforts to warn Major Palmer and Dr. Howard as to what was happening and the bandits' circling movement.\n\nMajor Palmer Found.\n\nSome time after Mr. Baldwin and the others had returned to the ranch, a messenger arrived from the bandits demanding money and cartridges. Mr. Baldwin hurriedly scraped together what money and cartridges could be found at the ranch and went down with it to the bandits' village, only to discover that they had all gone off, taking Dr. Howard with them.\n\nDr. Howard's Captivity.\n\nIt is reported that the bandits have now taken Dr. Howard across the Sungari Railway Bridge. Mr. Baldwin, who is stated to have endeavoured to persuade Major Palmer to leave the bandit alone, is at present at Fuchowhsien, some 400 miles from Harbin, making every effort to keep in touch with the captive and secure his speedy release. Reuter's Pacific Service.\n\nThe murder by Chinese bandits on July 20 of Major Morgan Palmer reminds us that from the first organising of the Salt Revenue Administration by Sir Richard Dane, he was one of his chief's most trusted and honoured assistants, and was instrumental not a little in the great success of the Administration.\n\nSome time after Mr. Baldwin and the others had returned to the ranch, a search was then carried out in the cornfield and the discovery made of the dead bodies of Major Palmer and his Chinese boy, who were later buried, as they had fallen, side by side under a big oak tree at the ranch.\n\nAt the May Criminal Sessions, the first and third defendants were each sentenced to five years' hard labour. The second defendant, who was too ill to appear, will take his trial at the coming Sessions.\n\nHis Honour the Chief Justice paid a tribute to Major Palmer, saying that he was a quiet unassuming man and an excellent Chinese scholar, who won the confidence of all with whom he had official relations. He was very greatly respected and trusted by the various Chinese rulers and particularly by Marshal Chang Tao-lin.\n\nNational Chinese Trait.\n\nThe C.S.P. went on to say that Mr. Focken's name was now added to the long list of European civilians and Service men who had rendered valuable assistance to the police, whereas on the other hand, if crimes of violence were committed in crowded thoroughfares without anyone lifting finger to prevent or help in the arrest of the culprits, as often occurred in the great cities of Europe and America, a hue-and-cry would have been immediately raised.\n\nMr. Li was presented with a cheque. Mr. Focken was presented with a silver cigarette case which bears the following inscription: \"Presented to Mr. F. W. Focken by the Hongkong Government in appreciation of public services, April 21st, 1925.\"\n\n## Advertisements\n\n### LAZARUS \n**HONGKONG'S ONLY EUROPEAN OPTICIAN** \nHighest Qualification, Modern Sight Testing Equipment Prompt Repair Service. \nBranches:- \nLONDON, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG. \n[12, Queen's Road, Central]\n\n### The Franki Compressed Concrete Piling System for Foundations.\nNo. 1 Outfit - H.M. NAVAL DOCKYARD \nNo. 2 \nNo. 3 \n\"ROPE FACTORY, KOWLOON \nHas arrived and is now being assembled \nDon't delay but send us your enquiry at once, asking for Booklet No. 8. \n**HONGKONG ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD.** \nHead Office - HONGKONG. \nST. GEORGE'S BUILDING, CHATER ROAD, \nTelephone Central 4581 (Two Lines)\n\n### ALPS \n**STERILIZED PURE SWISS MILK** \nDo not place your confidence in cheap and contaminated milk as it would mean the dearest in the long run. Always insure your health by drinking Bear Brand thoroughly sterilized natural Swiss milk. The safest and purest. Stocked by all grocers. \nA. B. MOULDER & CO., LTD. \nChina Building, 3rd Floor.\n\n### Falconite \n**ENAMEL** \nFlat and Glossy - White and Colours \nFor over 156 YEARS the same has been used for VARNISHES & PAINTS that stand the test of time. \nS. C. LAY & CO. \nAgents \nAlexandra Building \nTelephone Central 763 \nWILKINSON, HEYWOOD & CLARK. \nSHANGHAI \nHONGKONG\n\n### BRUNSWICK PHONOGRAPHS \n**FOR SUMMER** \n**FOR WEEKENDS** \nGET A BRUNSWICK! \nMarvellous tone clarity due to the Brunswick Method of Reproduction - employing the double Ultona and the All Wood Oval Tone Amplifier. \nMODELS TO SUIT EVERY PURSE \nTHE BRUNSWICK STUDIO. \n17, Ice House Street. \nPhone C. 4035.\n\n### BREWER & CO. \nCROSS WORD PUZZLE BOOKS \nTel C-696. \nFresh supply just received \nPeider Street (Opposite Hongkong Hotel). \nOPEN TILL 7.00 p.m.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 224,
        "title": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "# THE CANTON GAZETTE, \nMONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1925.\n\n## \n**行銀央中** \n**THE CENTRAL BANK OF CHINA** \nEstablished by Government Mandate of \n7th August, 1924 \nOfficial \n**GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED** \nGovernment \nDepositary \nTelephone: Central 199, 444, 777. \nTelegraph Address: \"CENTRAL\" \nTSE VUNG SOONG \nChief Manager \n\n## \n**行銀 亞東** \n**The Bank of East Asia, Ltd.** \n(CANTON BRANCH) \nSAPSAM HONG STREET, CANTON. \n\n## CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS\nThe National Commercial & Savings \nWanted, To Let, for Sale, to Hire, \nExchange and Mart. \nBusiness and Official Notices. \nRates for Small Want Ads. 25 words $2.00 for 3 insertions; $3.00 \nfor 6 insertions. \nBusiness and Official Notices $4.00 an inch for 3 insertions; \n$6.00 for 6 insertions. \n**Bank Ltd.** \nCANTON BRANCH \nNo. 1 Second Road, West Bund, Canton. \nTelephone No. 1860 \nHead Office: No. 169, Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong. Branches: Canton, Shanghai, Hankow & Tientsin. \n\n### Wanted \n**CHINESE CLERK**, \nwith knowledge of FRENCH. \nApply to Box 381 \nc/o CANTON GAZETTE \n\n## Customs Notification \nNo. 579. \nA large shipment of dairy cattle has arrived and we are ready to supply the city community \nwith Pure Milk. \nSend in your orders now. Price $1.50 per 1/2 pt. bottle. Address:- \nDOW (Registered with the Hongkong Government.) \nMortgages. Foreign Exchanges and General Banking business transacted, \nInterest allowed on Current and Savings Accounts and Fixed Deposits, as follows: — \n| Deposit Type | Interest Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fixed Deposits for 12 months | 6% per annum |\n| 6 months | 5.25% per annum |\n| 3 months | 4.5% per annum |\n\n## \nHead Office-HONGKONG. \nCable Address-\"EASTABANK\" SHAMEEN. \nTelephone No.-1875 WEST. \nAuthorized Capital $10,000,000.00 \nPaid-up $5,000,000.00 \nReserve Fund $1,000,000.00 \nConducting every kind of banking facilities:- \nGranting loans on approved securities. \nSelling drafts and buying bills on Foreign countries. \nSavings Department for small depositors with reasonable interest.\n\n## \n**遼 東 * * 儲 蓄 行** \n**The Far Eastern Trust and Savings Bank Ltd.** \n34, SECOND MA LO WAI \nWEST BUND, CANTON. \nTELEPHONE No. 1379 CENTRAL \nCABLE ADDRESS \"BANKTRUST\" \nHONAM-SUB BRANCH \nTA KEE TOW \nAll descriptions of Banking Business transacted. \nInterest allowed on Current and Savings Accounts and \nFixed Deposits. \nLoans granted on approved securities.\n\n## \n**廣州興中商業儲蓄銀行** \n**THE China Development Commercial & Savings Bank, Ltd.** \nTelephone Central 732 \nAddress: West Second Bund, Canton \nGeneral Banking business transacted. \nAttractive interest rate allowed for all kinds of deposits. Loans granted on approved securities.\n\n## HOTEL \nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of \nMain Office 24, 2nd West Bund, Canton. \nCustoms, I am to-day handing over charge of this Office to Mr. F. HAYLEY BELL, Commissioner, \nDairy farms Honglok, Honam. \nof Customs, Officiating. \nManager; P. K. FU. Adviso and Inspector, Dr. W W. Cadbury, College \nR. M. TALBOT Acting Deputy Commissioner of Customs in charge, temporarily \nCUSTOM HOUSE, \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n## Customs Notification \nNo. 580. \nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of Customs, \nI have to-day assumed charge of this Office. \nF. HAYLEY BELL, Commissioner of Customs, Officiating. \nCUSTOM HOUSE, \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n## \n**廣州會陞鞋廠** \n**Wooi Sing Shoe Factory.** \nTHE LATEST STYLES OF FOOTWEAR FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN \nPRICES REASONABLE \nWAI SUN NAAM ROAD \nCANTON, CHINA \nTELEPHONE 891.\n\n## \n**Dr. Howard S. Wong** \n**DENTIST** \nOffice \nCanton, Chiu... \n一天許生醫科牙 \n槇鰷伯塋路德一 \n71 Tai Ping Road, South 2nd Floor \nWEST BUND, CANTON, \n亞洲 \nDr. T. Buie, Dentist \nYat Tak Road, Canton; \n1st Petter's Building. Office House: \n10 a.m. to 1 p.m. \n2 p.m. to 5 p.m.\n\n## \n**資搶買華洋律師商** \n**C. L. WONG, LL.M.** \nAttorney and Counsellor at Law \nHandles all kinds of legal matters \nboth Chinese and foreign. \nOffice: 5th floor, \nWashington Cafe Building \nThe Bund.\n\n## Notice \nThe S.S. \"Sainam\" and \"Nanning\" will leave Canton for Wuchow every Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 8 a.m. \nFor further particulars please apply to \nSAI HING NAVIGATION CO. LTD. \nSha Kee.\n\n## \n**AH FONG STUDIO.** \nGIVE US A TRIAL. \nSATISFACTION GUARANTEED. \nWe beg to announce to the public that we have lately added many modern inventions to our studio whereby photos taken by us compare favourably with photos by well-known photographers Abroad. \nWe have engaged experts to look after our developing, printing and enlarging departments. \nWe have always on hand views of Canton as well as postcards, etc. Eastman & Agfa films a speciality. \nProofs will be shown at our studio, if required. \nJust taken & NEW PANORAMA OF CANTON CITY; \nfor sale at $4.00. \nTELEPHONE No. 531 W. \nAddress: No. 1 SAI HAU STREET, \nCANTON.\n\n## \n**第一三五一般話世** \nCome and Try \n**THE CHINESE FAMOUS 3HUI FUNG CAKES.** \nThe Shing Chu Bakery \nDidge, Honam, Canton \nShou Chu. \n電話 #11 11 3 \n四老舖在廣州河南 \n成珠小甌餅 \n\n## \n| Account Type | Interest Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| Current Account in Hongkong Currency | 3.5% per annum |\n| Savings Account | 5% per annum |\n| Special Deposits | Rate of Interest will be quoted on application |\n\n## \n**\"GOLDEN DRAGON\" CIGARETTES** \nAS THE GOLDEN DRAGON IS THE \nSUBILMEST \nAMONG \nLEGENDARY \nCREATURES \nOF \nGOLDEN DRA \nCIGARETTE \nKANYANGE FA \nHISTORY- \nSO IS THE \nGOLDEN \nDRAGON \nCIGARETTE \nMANUFACTURED \nBY US \nSmokers of High-class Cigarettes Should Insist \non \"Golden Dragon\" \nMade from a blend of the Purest Tobaccos, \nNanyang Bros. Tobacco Co., Ltd\n\n## \n**BANK OF CANTON LIMITED.** \nHEAD OFFICE, HONGKONG, \nFOREIGN EXCHANGE and BULLION BUSINESS transacted \nINTEREST ON FIXED DEPOSITS \n| Deposit Period | Interest Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 Month | 5.7% per annum |\n| 3-6 Months | 4% per annum |\n| 6 Months | 4% per annum |\n| 8 Months | 3% per annum |\n| On demand | 2% per annum |\nCURRENT ACCOUNTS, \n4% per annum on the daily credit balances of over $100.00, \nLOOK POON SHAN, \nChief Manager\n\n## \n**LEADING HOTEL IN SOUTH CHINA** \nFirst Class Accommodation, Hot and Cold Water Service Throughout, Electric Lights, Fans and Elevators. \nPerfect Sanitary Arrangements. Splendid Dining Room, Meals a la Carte. Banquets, Excellent Cuisine. \nPublic Bar. First Class Billiard Room, \nRoof Garden \nSplendid Views of Canton City and Pearl River \nHairdressing Saloon. Moderate Rates. \nUNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF \nTHE SUN CO., LTD., CANTON.\n\n## \nand litigation, \nChinese and foreign. \nOffice: 5th floor, \nWashington Cafe Building \nThe Bund.\n\n## \nSAVE YOUR EYES. Get your GLASSES from \n**Chinese Optical Co.** \nPrescribing and Manufacturing \nThe Modern Opticians in China \nSpecial Reduction \n... to... \nDRS. RX. WORKS \nNorth Wing Hon Road, Canton \nTelephone 868 \nHEAD OFFICE:-- SHANGHAI. \nBRANCH OFFICES HONGKONG, PEKING, TIENTSIN, HANKOW, TSINAN, HANGCHOW, HARBIN, NANKING, \nCHANGSHA, WUCHANG, \nMACAO, FENGTIEN & DAIREN \nTelephone 2204 \n口嘉南樓三樓 \n劉體志 牙科博士 \n劉子威 牙科醫館\n\n## \n**HIGH-GRADE Job Printing** \nEXECUTED WITH \nPROMPTITUDE \nAND ACCURACY \nAT LOW COST \n**THE CANTON GAZETTE** \nPRINTERS & PUBLISHERS",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 4,
        "title": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "Entertainments.\n\nThere are.\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nTHE\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nUNKNOWN\n\nPURPLE\n\nin\n\nA Tale of love mystery\n\nAnd\n\nvengeance\n\nSOUTH CHINA MORNING POST, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nThe absorbing story of a greatly wronged inventor who discovered a purple ray by which he could make himself invisible\n\nHENRY B. WALTHALL ALICE LAKE\n\nand\n\nSTUART HOLMES\n\nhead a big cast\n\nSUPER 7\n\nCINEMA\n\nDaily At\n\nSundays\n\n2.30.\n\nat\n\n5.15,\n\nA..\n\n7.15.\n\n7.30.\n\n9.16.\n\nTuesday Thursday Sunday\n\n9 13.\n\nChange of Programme\n\nTHE STAR\n\nTO-DAY\n\nat 5.50 and 9.15\n\nFLORENCE VIDOR\n\nand\n\nMONTE BLUE\n\nin\n\nSinclair Lewis' famous story\n\nMAIN STREET\n\nANCHOR BRAND\n\nPURE\n\nINTERNATIONAL GENERAL, AUGUST SETTLEMENT DAY.\n\nELECTRIC.\n\nNEW PRESIDENT.\n\nAnnouncement has been made of\n\nA FAIR AMOUNT OF BUSINESS.\n\nAlthough the exchanges have\n\nbeen closed for business ever\n\nsince the strike commenced,\n\na fair amount of business was\n\nput through yesterday, August\n\nSettlement day.\n\nA FALSE CLAIM\n\n¿ QUESTION OF WHICH TO BELIEVE.\n\nDispute About Rainbow.\n\nKotore Mr. Jnative Wood at the\n\nCivilized possession of 1871 bangles\n\nBinary Court yesterday, Lo On\n\nhas relinguished the presidency\n\nof the contract made for August\n\nbefore Board.\n\nMr. Minor is well known\n\nin the Far East.\n\nHe joined the\n\nWestern Electric Company in 1902\n\nand occupied various clerical posi-\n\ntions, each better than the preced-\n\ning, until he was made assistant\n\nmanager of the Katens: City office\n\nin 1906.\n\nA year later he was\n\ntransferred to Omaha,\n\nand two years later be returned\n\nto Kansas City in the capacity of\n\nmanager of the office.\n\nIn 1914 he returned to America\n\nand became active Foreign Sales\n\nchanges with open again San-\n\nManager in New York City.\n\nthough In tember 13\n\nno definite 1218 he was assigned to special\n\ndecision hua vet bren auired a\n\nwork in Ching and fapas, paderj\n\nthe supervision of Mr. Swope,\n\nand in Bul year organised the China\n\nElectric Company, Ltd., for the\n\npurpose of manufacturing tele-\n\nphone apparatus in that court.\n\nTHE FRENCH DEBT.\n\nCONVERSATIONS CONTINUE.\n\nLondon, Aug. 21.\n\nIt was toward the end of 1921,\n\nafter completing his work in the\n\nOrient, then he became uropran\n\nManager of the Western Chillaws.\n\nThe latter interviewed!\n\nby Reuter.\n\nsaid there would prob-\n\nably be farther outings to-morrow.\n\nthough nothing definite land bean\n\nJa the spring of 1921 he joined\n\nise International Generet Elvetzie\n\nCompany as Vice-President.\n\nLi Su ail that he met 34 Ouj\n\nsoon after his amivel.\n\nIo Os told im that the barabocs\n\nwere his property and said that he\n\nhad pod Jaşṭ orer 8900 for ruen\n\nend still wedtic mere than $700.\n\nWitness told the Court that he\n\npeld the rest of the plot of landį\n\nfor the first moon,\n\nCross-examined: He went with\n\ndefendent to pay the rent.\n\nMr. MacCallum: Why is the receipt\n\nin the made vi o Chues Kee?--In\n\nChuen Hen said that the\n\nan receipt had been torn up by\n\nTo taid the resh for the recová\n\nfixed reapreting the coved of his\n\nlittle guy.\n\nA will be gathered from this\n\nconversations.\n\nsamrosey of successes in f\n\nM. Callaus was uncommunics-en---I\n\ndid not pay.\n\nmany pralviong, Mr. Minor na\n\ntheive and merely stated that the\n\nquelitive that make him Heed, at\n\njconversations\n\nnapinistrative)\n\nTHE COFFIN\n\nwell es respected.\n\nA dearmind cordist-Reeter.\n\nJed. kena Pinker, with sogatang-|\n\ntiva wei! as abuty, he is alive to\n\nthe men side of business relations\n\n» Tast which has always been angreekat-\n\nen oy those within as well as out-\n\nside his own organization.\n\nLLERINA MAANTE, STORLESTON, OSBORNE WOOD CONVICTED.\n\nGIVEN PRISON SENTENC\n\nOne Year laguisopment for Sea of Gen. Weed.\n\nParis, Angui\n\n15--Liens\n\nburae Wond son of the Qorginos\n\nSenest of the Philippines, was to\n\nAnother\n\nvituesa\n\nwho\n\nwa\n\nextremely vienaly in defendant's\n\nemploy densed what he had\n\nknowledge that\n\nCROP.\n\nEGYPT AN ESTIMATE.\n\nCairo, Aug. 94, The area under\n\ncontra le oled ally estimated at\n\n1.924.000 Ted-\n\ndans, as cetopared with 1,787,000\n\nthe plainuff was furing to swindlej\n\nIs knen-kec out of the batchona.\n\nHe said that the reason be left!\n\nthe defendant's employ was, be-\n\ncause Ho Give ongated two wien\n\nbit of lots of bamboos in vas)\n\nmonth,\n\nForry Years in Hong Kong,\n\nDefendant.\n\nIn the hex, sulü he feddens last\n\nseason, of whichį nad spent forty\n\nyears in Heug-\n\nSavollarides accounts for 1,198,-\n\nkong and for torky-one years be\n\n1000 feddags se compared with\n\nhad been a desier in buibus)\n\n879.3 feddone last year-Router\n\nand bamoso by-products.\n\nday Antenced to war's imṣiri..!\n\nsurmeni nude foe of 14. 1930\n\nFollow-j\n\nFing conviction or a change of\n\npars-\n\nNEWS IN BRIEF.\n\nLOCAL AND CSEKAL GOMBEA.\n\nKalpinging, Touréssion.\n\nAneering to Northern Chinese\n\ning a montidens chaque for GR1,730\n\nmanors, General Lí C) Lasin isced\n\nsif entered his engtoy towards\n\nthe wel of Aprii and on May 2nd be\n\nhim 000 ANTO Vo ない\n\ntiengphau Fax iny iLanding Da bi hekali.\n\nHe (turned some days later and said\n\nNd fost The accounts and receipts,\n\nbut added that witness red hit $70\n\nwhich he spent in excess of the $600.\n\nHe said he\n\nat Line Casino Biarritz.\n\nYoung Rindas, acder to the ludustal\n\nChan had to pay $30 to 10ɛ Yip!\n\nis now in the United State\n\nratsalouer of Chit with Instrue\n\nYee Tong, a robber pang.\n\nLatar\n\nThe\n\nThe touging Cuited Pren die tipe to\n\nthe Enamelow Mining Ad-\n\npleistift sunt a man to take aweF\n\npatel from Pans apparently ontninistration to negotiate with one of\n\nthe bamboo but witness\n\ntimes the fan diapos in the Kalping\n\nMining Admlustratoba bit that not\n\neven the must! adventures of the\n\nJonas son of tion regarding the\n\nterms for euential man in the Colony\n\nGoverar General Wood into tatoration\n\nof the latter to the could touch its\n\nhandido.\n\nreales of high francs.\n\nYoung Wood\n\nChinese.\n\nAccording to the prometter\n\nwas reported to the police who\n\nwas a lienserant in the U. 8.\n\nprovisions stipulated in thu sgreement\n\nand gomeone wagested that he\n\nArts stationed in the folppinesigned\n\nbebeteen the Chinage and give the\n\nplaint about a hundred sau etéo\n\nMamagh forentade sperni.\n\n- tion he cable a the New York\n\nStorks regarding the Kaiping\n\nhandles ur beinbrs in order tr\n\nExelago, ve anasis fortune of\n\nmines, they could be henght bek\n\nmake up for the $70 which Lo On\n\nhad paid out of his own pocket.\n\nMANILA ROPE la calle duista\n\nThem by the Chinese in ten years by\n\n\"THE CORDAGE YOU CAN TRUST \"\n\nESTABLISHED 1854\n\nMARINE ROPE\n\nROPE\n\nTRANSMISSION\n\nGF TOWER ROPE\n\nH\n\nYNCHAUSTI\n\nCABLE LAID\n\nHAWKERS\n\nWELL DRILLING\n\nCABLES\n\nFACTORY\n\nCanned with bin cheque book\n\nhajamming ae adegun'e sum to the\n\nBri.\n\nTuk\n\n*\n\n29130 named\n\nQuestioned by his Lordship ag\n\netarted out en rip mound the bish.\n\nThe ten-gear terin haz alto\n\nthe security he had to giving\n\nwood, painting the ace in mota ar\n\n194dy expired, in 1938.\n\nNegotia\n\nthe plaintiff $600 when he had\n\nless lurid colure, the preced GN\n\nwere then ronducted between\n\nknow him caly few days Upor\n\nhit arrives in Fraser be mame\n\nthe Lanchow and Kalping Min\n\nwitness said that\n\nately got into the newspapering\n\nAdministrations, but no resuit\n\nChan\n\nThe matter was plainuiff and\n\nexpressed his will\n\nROPES OF ALL\n\nheadlines through his gambling at\n\nhis out.\n\nthe meh usertą.\n\n| dropped until now.\n\ningness to stand as surety.\n\nTe SIZES FOR ALI\n\nFinally something happened and at\n\ninstructed plaints not to pay\n\nmore than 30 canta & iudie for!\n\nthe bamboo,\n\nMADE FROM\n\nPORE MANILA\n\nHEMP\n\nMANUFACTURED\n\nBY THE MOST\n\nMODELN\n\nMANILA\n\nMACHINERY.\n\nSTOCKS ON HAND OF ALL SIZES\n\nENQUIRIES SOLICITED.\n\nFACTORIES:-MANILA P.I.\n\nHONGKONG OFFICE:\n\nKING'S Telephons Central 2185,\n\nBUILDING.\n\nImprove the TONE of Your GRAMOPHONE with a\n\nhad rentsanded\n\nMr. Justlee Wood said that hol\n\nde reported that his father deceived\n\nMr. Band. D. Corbett has roupa,\n\neiled rourente Tren his son fored to\n\nthe AMS in connection Fans Govenor-General Wood is\n\nwith the ingration of what is\n\nreported to lova zent a casadevalla\n\nsikely in prove a new and interesting.\n\nsura, but apparently not wfficiens\n\nto PMS industry This is the rae\n\ncer all of the bunn\n\ntion of a deal works in Pahang,\n\nthe parties was telling\n\natisfied that\n\nhe being asked to decide which i\n\nListunut Wood is now reported\n\nnear Karls Lipe, to produes\n\nfront. be working for a real estate\n\nconjungle\n\nand Der woudy\n\ncern in fios, but apparently wil-\n\nmaterials verlic not be retamning to\n\nParis or 1-170dné, holidays.\n\nGERMAN TRADE WITH\n\nCMNA.\n\nA REMARKABLE INCREASE.\n\nHe felt\n\nthe\n\nraw defendunt id pay money to the\n\nmothy plaintiff and was of opinion\n\nthat ગ\n\nwond & dispute arose owing to the\n\nfact For paints, preservatives, forces)\n\nand various that the plaietiff spent\n\nmore than\n\nut neetates M. Frank he Karmin\n\ngiven.\n\nJudgment for Corben has obtained a\n\nsuitabl; defensant with costs would be\n\nJanncession oveż a in forest arms!\n\nziren.\n\njin Pabong, thù- soncession haing\n\nvery cius proximity\n\nto Frambit\n\nItalas 8hric whirl is fifreen\n\nThe Koch Zeiteng. Count Wes-\n\nniles from Kuala Lipia\n\ntazu's newspaper, pubisher a\n\nlong article froze te China cer-\n\nf Ken\n\nWhere are Solar\n\nrespondent, in which he gives\n\nantureins completeir Japsuined.\n\nAr visit to Tsingtan. Konluma,\n\nthree are to useins, al: account of a\n\nback in fure work\n\nAbout 300 Germans\n\nce\n\nFrabies\n\nbore, most of whom resided in\n\nthese, there is ous shoe-maker and\n\nMost of ibasa have been tha pice\n\nbefore the war.\n\nBineneaker\n\n19 the imports of German mersing\n\nin this part of Raphalian kine\n\nchandise have increased in the\n\ndva of the Romarov adruimte\n\nThere is electric light\n\n[Tưkteur.\n\nreally extraordinary manner\n\nyatable, be the Russians wil bs\n\nyear, and German influence is\n\nlar pit tor\n\n-ey begin\n\ngrowing at a corresponding rate.\n\n| work at about for in the morning,\n\nthe corraspondent, and my du ber\n\nsoon after sunset, It is, saya\n\nespecially from England and he\n\nUnited States thst strany is!\n\nGENNETT RECORD in and as the centre\n\nLATEST HITS IN TO-DAY For Sale At\n\nKOWLOON MUSIC STORE Kowloon Hotet Building\n\nKowloon,\n\nP\n\nWas\n\nPIMPLES CAUSED GREAT PAIN\n\nOn Hands. Sufered Years.\n\nIlealed by Caticara.\n\n\"My daughter's bands saved tand that saw piTNILA feente.\n\nThey led with water bar bedeft then kinak and fester and fier for great jam.\n\nShe was\n\ndie\n\ngel up at night and bold her hand.\n\nJin very hot water fu chse the pot...\n\nShe suffered like that for úve or zivi\n\nTORE are for acrae Son\n\nExtas 4 tane of the Yokohama socks Bank was ned i Karachi gravity of world policy is moving nutty.\n\nIs is reported that Kara rapidly towards the Pacific, the ante brak with Japan bre intrinsed German Goverment should take hy tess and hounds during the every portunity to profeet and that five yearE\n\nthe Fer avour Germaniam in\n\nEt.\n\n\"The recovery of aume con. The Waokang Mint is at presne cessions in our former Kias-Chau | produery $150,00) Saily, hur en the\n\nhelp enor-market is in want of silver! Protectorate word\n\nmonsly the atfainment this delises it is pregused to rise the\n\ndaily work to $180,0 Lim.\"\n\nsent for a fer sample I found hi sas jaing ber gond to prese Itens and the is completely falodged] Te. Briggs. 120, Mic seter Rd., Derby. Eng.\n\nUse Cullera Sarp and Olatrert\n\nRegularly to maintain permand Jakir, and her health.\n\nSong vid Oistrant said thoughætt tår\n\nTry the Cuticure Shaving Sticks,\n\nDo This-Today\n\nTiis\n\nLearn how millions get whiter teeth\n\nwill digitiul test which\n\na new conception of what clear teeth moon,\n\nIt tacnus whiter, clatter, sufor teeth, such se millions now enjoy.\n\nSee wirst brings to you.\n\nThe war on film Dental suico is new fighting the cause of move topt]: Itoucles.\n\nFams that viseras coat you fesi.\n\nIt clings to south.\n\nUnder old methods of tooth brushing, ratch of it remains,\n\nTr.bentice decolored, then futz diy sogra Thng is why mà 1500y cerk cloudy.\n\nFilm also raises 10 troth trooi leg.\n\nIt loins food wykonanie\n\nadrich ferments and fenos sell, it holds de asià in content with the seath to asuse decay.\n\nGoms krevd by millions in it.\n\nThey, vit SAG- Sar, are the chiti cerme of your d\n\nThese troubles became almost umiyevast when that film wa left of teeth.\n\nModem rerganch das tiae werad two effective m coxbatants.\n\nOne digimtegrate the balm ut ski aresyna uf Pronation.\n\nOve rumoras à vikk... out bermind acouring.\n\nTese have proved dut dev rastheds mean à ngy era in leady\n\nTRADE\n\ncleaning.\n\nnew-type tootla paria has been created en apply ther\n\naily.\n\nThe name is Pepsodent\n\nNow the use of Peysadent ha spread the work over, largely by dental advice.\n\nLook at what Pepsodent does\n\nThe use of Pepsodent will britu\n\nat once a new conception of ela veet\n\nProtect the Enamel\n\nPepsodent disintegrates d fi khen reinowes fi with var gpent fir softer than gumel, ever desa de comment watch contains laurah gri\n\nIn dela ugga tisa tulu źni salthaling the gnty of th andira, which is then to nesesti: a montesis.\n\nJt trediciise féin par sila in salive, strah in devaẹ to do pant sich, deposits on ti\n\nThess combined effects will be a vežalise ke\n\nSend the rouson for a 70-320/ Tebe, éve how clean in teena Jeet after being.\n\nMark the\n\nof the series Blan.\n\nSee im ters Lacive whier as the i-ca dilsapy car.\n\nCompare the new way with the eid, then docide for yourself what\n\nis best ut et cospan tem.\n\nBAHK\n\nAGAINST\n\nThe New-Day Dentifrice\n\nBassa on quodern research.\n\nAd wse by Tading dotians in world over.\n\nYou will tea and food fame- diate cault,\n\nTwo zizta on ralc everywhere.\n\nAZZATA POR HONDMOND & BOLEH GIA;# KELAAR KERM A GO- 1.15. 5, W NONGKONG\n\n10-Day Tube.\n\nThe Pausodeot Dompany, Dept. C15-16.\n\nBus 1418, Shanahal.\n\nBackend find al cos Sramps.\n\nMail 10-day labs of Pzasadent to\n\nMail 10-Day Tube of Pepsodent to\n\nNave.. Address...\n\nGive full address.\n\nWrite plainly, Only ont vube 10 a kunits.\n\nCARBOLINE\n\nKILLS GERMS\n\nKeope every zvrnet\n\nSWEETENS DRAINS\n\npour hopes swest and elaan.\n\nThe beat IKI VISH Veudorant Gallins $2.75, Half Gallons $1.75.\n\nS'a 4. THE COLONIAL DISPENSARY\n\nDID you ever serve\n\nWelch Punch? Try -your guests will be Javish in praising it.\n\nHere is how you make it---\n\n1 pint Waith'a\n\nI quatt water\n\n1 cup sugar\n\nJake of 2 lunnans sud 1 orange\n\nThis manke the most licious and refreshing beverage you can serve or het days or evenlegs,\n\nTUL WELCH BRATE NICZOO, Wtfibi, N., 4.5. A.\n\nWelch's\n\nGrapeJuice\n\nWhelssola Regreactiam ius.\n\nMULLER & PHIPPS (China) Ltd.\n\nZebrand. P. D, Bos afin, Kingstei\n\nAssist\n\nNature\n\nHowever robust\n\nand strong the con- stirution there are fines when Nature requires assistance in relieving congested parts and re- storing normal function.\n\nNature has no subre efficient aid to health than Beechma's Pills\n\nWheat the digestive organs refuse to assimi- lace foed; when the liver Tuers sluggishty; when the kidneys do not properly\n\nperfona their allotted duties, then is the time to wesist nature to restime sound and vigorous health.\n\nby taking\n\nBeecham Pillo\n\nBANKS.\n\nHONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION.\n\nREAD DIVICE, BONCHONG.\n\nkukintoad Capimi,AUR Sentra Futa PAID 2004 NA TUN\n\n£ 4.800.000 STA $2,699AGE Baetzen Dishitty of protons 294,092, INDE\n\nCourier.\n\nWhile,\n\nquer Meas\n\nA. IL Paview, Ena\n\nBANKS.\n\nSOUTH CHINA\n\nCORRESPONDENCE.\n\nTo the Editor, A. C. M. Post.)\n\nTHE CHARTEKKU BANK OF INDIA, AUSTHALIA & CRINA.\n\nJadwiston 50\n\nReserve ad\n\nKRUTAMİ,\n\n£3,000,0\n\n2-lets Chairm\n\n5. An șa tum.\n\nLi W, Barnard, Yu W. 2. Patarajan, bez\n\nWell. Koz\n\nA. K. FRAUFOs,\n\nM Hugkung, 15th April, 1925.\n\nNEDERLANDSCHE HANDEL\n\nMAATSCHAPPL.\n\n|NETHELANDS TRADING SOCISTIJ\n\nBANG.\n\nTetal Hard Ba\n\nLa magar: Eburchak.-G. 8. AL X-\n\nJAMIN DANKERJ;\n\nWestminster back, Imitá.\n\nCarpet county aveone in Lock Guzenar and Planḍ Dayalle spevived for day parë në sherlar evinin in ima) Guzzyner and Racing, Wes which will lie utwerk\n\nBand 19th Mat. 1955.\n\np\n\nHONGKONG SAVINGS BANK\n\nThe\n\nWe obtakt\n\nof the above deple s HiViNGNG AN HANG REMAIN, BANE DOES\n\nINTE SPE dep is culonlated w Bekalana during ja ezoqaletai Qalendar Merin at B34 per cent per si\n\nMeu to orbites on way day in a Moth sweet will in Kined fur that\n\nrepteiten Immander ; their epikoa Rai.üd or dance to the HONGKONG AND MUANGHAI BANK to be lowes\n\nKAKE DEPORT - CURRENT RATES\n\nFor the maing vad skurzovi Kanking Corporatina,\n\nA. BAXLOW\n\nColt Vansa, Fonehengerry, A INTERNATIONAL BANKING\n\nCORPORATION.\n\n(wind 6 the National City Bank st\n\nNew Tor\n\nCapital and Surplva v 52. JALAN, DA\n\nRetryis\n\nAVAD OFFICE\n\n60, Wan Straut. Fo\n\nLONDUS OFFICE\n\nMy Bishnule, Bi 0.\n\nBRANCHES\n\nProvince of Kwangtang, who are! however, Wally tacerning more!\n\npowerless the grip a \"BeF forcas: that this Balthe\n\nMOROCCAN WAR.\n\nENEMY FIRE SILENCED.\n\nMadrid, Aug 24.\n\nร\n\nMORNING POST. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nBANKS.\n\nRUSSO-ASIATIC BANK.\n\nbest 5,603.30\n\nHOT\n\nBANKS.\n\nTHE MERCANTILE BANK OF INDIA, LIMITED,\n\nCrarecare\n\nKod: BA Stan\n\nAuthored Capim 5,360, m Solestia Cav1.500.co Pript? LED Cut Reserve ... 1,9440,001-\n\nKANCÉES.\n\nShe Bank of Fingland &\n\n& Midland Bach, Lat\n\nBRANCHES\n\nEnta Shuro\n\nAc obieral communique claims.\n\nCapital City yeld]\n\natl\n\nChaikal Pe\n\nKe Chaps Gazerne\n\nRES CFFICE.\n\nParis, Kee Brateur.\n\nLONDON OFFICE\n\nYou\n\nFort Youth (art) BONGKONG BRANCH.\n\ntd, Gid Bread Blease, $9.\n\nKAKIMAS\n\nShamok theini\n\n$ck!\n\nBatavia Gall\n\nBoer\n\ncross me\n\nJoalats.\n\nYut. Gau, Müs, de\n\nGarrin Pan Sauerale egung in recent bombardments.-EU de Gizarte E Fac\n\nFranca\n\nI've Lost Goonw Mede, Angrył 25.--General 'n de Rivers by kina\n\nArcikrod\n\nbeyn\n\nHora'sy Hentyne Bala Tamar navba ¡Calepitas Ilewrah Sciculo Kozár\n\nLindra\n\nFema BUTALOGS\n\nSlagspry Sout\n\n(ft in the coar Ausories\n\nEndrin\n\ntu de Pazia st das Pa\n\nLyn Bern CNTICIALA JOz Zaveck that\n\n1.\n\nSir your bardağ's Leadervist Gorunmeet of Canton, whose inscrporated by Regul Chartuť, 1851. [you any: “We are making and farm is vader the sperme com\n\nLand On: Londo Past op Capland $0.590' must pake a bid for the spopathyjmoud of a Karine Bolshevist that the enomy's fire\n\nof the British public.\" J this Coneret, and on whose military Albucemas was silangad by he Ferien xehera ad General Hancurent Can we hope to arouse and evil staffs there are already tane arrival of the warship! Garment Accennik wegeō and Floed Dawonria ¦ The syimpathy of the Bridiel: uray bug Russians, as declarede It emits that owing Sed ne & rent or shorter rods at pubife by rendre a telegram to ja orkude of this British Colors, the soul means of com- wales wil be quoted on Applic\n\nmunication with the painland No. 30 Dawning Stret? Wil thene ships from or 10 Yongkons Betish public ever hear of it being allowed to ply within any\n\nbeing interrupted through the cest re-haps Shnung a brief of fe wnsers of the Kwant to dairage sustained by the avack,\" it is impossible to ganga paragraph in the London Prest | Province, traton moi haloy permit.\n\nThe telegram is excellent as farted to cryas Ale\n\nAnglo-Chine Renter- AH it goes. Toy it should be barked transler, and not even a up by a direct virosal to the peasant being allowed to British people-a the enthusiasm from Chinese to British territory: tha of the cornug in this alter will that British subjecta are mat per-preparations Reve enable the organisers of\n\nThe mitted to enter the city of Cantonpleted and offensive operations US C Meeting to rese! the cont! Pets that by die viel order of the mould probably be lanched within, Venic #OAGKONG SKUNDE EMASLACAS 19. hapa Exuler's agones mere wouta Goverment ட்: Centon, British ten diss. While isolating tribes Authurted Cavitstallers 1000 dyward it, on the Colay'z boskins are folder to enter tas who said help him, we will operate\n\n212,601 | to the British Press. Con Caeton river that Red\" Trucke 30,000.\n\nthe very borrilary of Ate ei. 66ing through that chased te weglajare roused or the Angka Krin--tavas. GEA acured wide publicity. Frontier and nee, talks firing wiLL\n\ninpurity on B. a police patrels The following anggested tensed on parctos Chinne fathers ram is long, but could be and workmen the British side on thejof the border; that as a reer, of\n\nMeasures că-\n\nPaziti...\n\nTest\n\n..der.com 161,258,335.J\n\nBand On: JESTERDAM. Bester and Ocom-BATAVIA.\n\nBükmat Bardown,bresisted if necessary\n\nhay, flabour, Überikan Ujven-\n\nhar, Diakiskaria, The Haware of experie. W anyone theas and other Rink Mob Davik.\n\nHow who has been hame 10 Meika. P\n\nPenang\n\nBanzo Hoterias, Kanan.\n\nSoerakar (in) Treni, Tijne Joader Bachana Provincial\n\nCadets all was the wazid, PARKING FUSSRAT DE BYREY\n\n..\n\nRECKLESS CYCLIST.\n\nCHINESE WAITER FINED.\n\nA restaurant waiter was lugged i\n\n|_ New York Ta Ying Bauk, Colorati\n\nSexFirenz\n\nBarlin:\n\nOnk\n\nNatom\n\nShangha EVDEN Ing Pektor Mapato 1\n\nJornad\n\nKanchang Yukinama\n\nKatarrat allow on Dress Amanida de Hive Deneth Til\n\norien sebanga no the prizcismi silán\n\nL.. BAINES.\n\nthe world bws/kland an\n\nBalapur\n\n司公理管業實法中\n\nSOCIETE FRANCAISS DE\n\nGERANCE\n\nDE LA BANQUE INDUSTRIELLE DE CHIND\n\nPRONINENT PRUERY, oubt that the Inferomtion as to been brought to a complete stand-i Hhanghai, Singspiere emitthe calony's estabifalme and til and uve 70 Ateamers, of before Mr. E. W. Mumilten. at the present importance is nevessary? wloce 65 are Pritisk, are now ly-Kuwien Mugistry Perlerder\n\nJours, etc.\n\ning e in the liatbear of Bong with riding a bicgete in a reckle I. M. T.\n\nReng; that through the uretismorzar. The defendat picaded Hongkong, 24th August 1925. of the imperial Governeur, salt and was fired 53. Appeal To The People Of Great\n\nwatch to the Chinees mind! Sergeant D. Murphys who effected\n\nBritain\n\nguitles ouly impotence, the hot the rest of the defendant, waredi This mass morting of British our and dignity of Britain have that when ordered to stop at the! residents of the tree Cology alemdy entered a severe selbeck jacion of Nathan and Jordan Red 9. Butler Bar Hongtong appeals to the people throughout And, the extent and Roads, the defendant diselayed the of the Mother County for their scriose of which only the desigual, but after a chase inte Wou- support in the grievous positionjhare will reveal; that this low ng Scient, the defendant wAS which de Colony ha heen to car prestige in Asia is the prevented from proceeding other. placed through the violently and object deiterately aimed as by by a large cerad of people, and was THE DANGLE MUISTURES IN CHIN\n\nKANQUE DE L'INDO-CHINE.\n\nSubscribed lasila. 78,000,000.00 Packets Capital Fra, SCRAIGN Hacer Fend,FM. 81,587,39321\n\nBANGKOK\n\nDBANCE 1\n\nPAPIRŠTE YAOM.PNG PONMOD MARY\n\nMATGON\n\nKAPTAMBANG CANTONG\n\nDJIBOUT\n\nJIHONG\n\nTANDI HUNGSONG VYNONG\n\nJOUMICA\n\nSTANGDAL\n\nSINGAPORE TUNIN\n\nBasket\n\nHersalina\n\nEasons\n\nPek\n\nBoyabay\n\nPluta\n\nGAL\n\nC\n\nItem\n\nFrancia, Cal\n\nC\n\nPrenses du Mamcie\n\nCOU\n\nSt J\n\nIt\n\nSeron la llar\n\nNarbib\n\nSarty Pinga\n\nHUMANEK\n\nShanghet\n\nAnim\n\nSZTUK MENITH\n\nSe Playca best Nasa\n\nBIKIN\n\nin Vega\n\nTari\n\nworld\n\n7000\n\nKeale\n\nfait, lei. Taghangt som\n\nble Tra Tacx hought and sold. Corrent event!\n\nsasti kauk, Kesante spared And Fla Deprale, float and fires musprim saken of zatez, tårt may be verymtaxi se\n\napplies too to the HABEBAS ONE CAS\n\nWest Also ablet the istiyon! City sic lov Brusela\n\nHack of New_York_1\n\nFot palunit treatin Bush Sales and is the War Indes\n\nTOURING\n\nHNANYO\n\nPritish activities of the preseat thin bundreds of Russing Hulthe-janested. Bolshevis Government of Genica, įvlats who are the real mastera of Great Britafa was the first Puwes Canton; that one anges) For anais- to move for the ebulition of ex-ince from the people of Hone. tratoriicial rights la lapan as on the Synperial Governurni soen av at efficient and upright bar mei with so responk, probit\n\nicing had been sethieked is by far the reason that the dete in evenerate attempt to run this Colony with vor compatriots in China, wej which is being made by the Gor\n\nis Paz: Chal Luasie; die doetry, spd. Paris Perkant\n\nLenan\n\nFrost at Yew York\n\nDagŭ Despetta arcondes My\n\nbrain tr\n\nJEBEL. DRUSE.\n\nFRENCH LOSSES EXAGGERATED\n\nParia, Agust 25.\n\nKTARESA.FNP FRANCO.camol\n\nGod is weki. Chataro, Victoria, Bongka\n\nMEAL OFFICE\n\n---\n\nParde, Yo The He Insan\n\nJapHa....... 15,000, 20 B. 10,\n\nPIE. MINDACOS\n\nBANYTIC\n\nFrans: tiste Garcia Bapur Natten\n\nBy Grade Baza de Park vi des Pac Mendon Midland think, Las\n\ndier des Ha\n\nCo\n\nfind trebain\n\nghost be World.\n\nHughing, 224 (ON. YO\n\nA ROLAN\n\nManag\n\nTHE YOKOHAMA SPECIE\n\nut pamercinta ladustain Wema and TrasOwn\" 2,42 kere of 10 Fun The Nation Pretzelal and teci assured that the Gavel eglent crument of Lasten being cur-\n\nUnikan Erd. Conymit\n\nComeening certain formation : Vectron accrapla Path: edit of Great Britain, whose interestsfused with the studion Chira starting that her French insesa uti 1 New Yob F. I. Morrazo. Franch Chine are greater than those of which te best dealt with by the Forfeit Drase totalled 2,000 men, the Antal Berckling Coppo Castany any other Power, wil net sveign Dive, and a handling which papers as that the Winters of! Inset whips Care is and to lock for the lend of any other Britain, for the Grit te in her War has stated that 800 way the. Ewer chettition of mankin am veren, in takits similar hists in Asia. appears to be runter reported by General Sarri: ...... You 180.55.9 steps in China when the Glütere waiter for a led from Pewore and bat in notist been altered bet people having followed the exam with only a treeties of her inter pla of Jepun, pat the house este in Chia and is Aria eder, ander unt make residence therein. uraliy: thug e Gayorwent wil urder Chege laws and adminiz hatun bas lured self inde- traziou, xa este for foreigners a pondeck of the Governmen! la radence in Great Britain! Ching and refuses to recognize and ue Colonies for citizens of the Governmeul at Paking to which\n\nG. RUGC.\n\nHonigst\n\nen's Rool, Central. Homes. Esmary, 1950.\n\nTHE BANK OF EAST ASIA,\n\nLIMITED\n\nBIAD OPTICE\n\nÀ. LINTOT,\n\nYavage\n\nTHE BANK OF TAIWAN, LTD.\n\n(WAYWANGIKKOJ\n\n[ TÙ SPESAL DIPENAL\n\nBAYI İses\n\nvital Emeriled Yes 89.600,000 Duprat (pastato 0.000\n\nNo in De Vong Band. Central Rongeuren enonthe Chinese Republic. Having is Majesty Minelar to Chira\n\nsaid the when the situations accroifted: what this\n\nAuthorized Copirai 19,590, Patil Chap Kew Brad\n\n6,00,000 si\n\nBWAD OFFJEK.\n\n1,040,9sa 94\n\nVRECIDER.\n\nTAMPED, FORMOSA,\n\nBANCU\n\nIto Mr Chow Chow a\n\nFan It Blaire Ceing la\n\ntard\n\nZATORI SPIŅA Tohobar, Kəb Fans Gergely\n\nUnalen,\n\nC: King Ulivu Polos Tur Pr\n\nChan Ching her Wet Yast P\n\nvery dogrtatlan or banking\n\nSAF TITS\n\n*\n\nmasied\n\n04 FUNKE\n\nmonics, Trewall, Token, Aka\n\nColony,\n\nA\n\nExos denuntion Pankica\n\nse pued\n\n(nere bent en Durant Kurapně\n\nwat yer kom on Veils du\n\nmore en than may be\n\n- is\n\nits on wat\n\nQuare'n Boat (m\n\nROSS,\n\nAng nagES. kong. th c r.\n\nTHE RANK OF CANTON, EMITESA\n\nRead Office: Katy Loss.\n\nEstabaired 1912. Authorized Capéta) 51,20ki, Ga Pall, lip Depital 1,078,5Ð\n\nsilver Reserve Fand...$ 700, Forsigo Exchange and Genara Banking business transacted Interest allowed on\n\nSCUBRENT ACCOUNT\n\n2 po a un daily cred helences of over 106.\n\nCOUNTE\n\n4% ADRUM\n\nfor 12 monthe 5 per annu\n\nfur 8\n\non ANTAGE\n\n|GA KOSTER\n\n1.1\n\nX\n\n29\n\nConten, Shanghai, Hankey; Bangkok and New York.\n\nCOR BANZISES\n\nThe Lloyd'a Bank, Limited.\n\nLOOK POONG BHAI Chief ManaTER.\n\nBANK LIMITIE.\n\nBRID OFFICE MO\n\nJOKURANA\n\nwas confirmed by a nominative list.\n\nBatavia wad Ag\n\nEa\n\nBunbury\n\nZonva ¡Battat dzzas kauna\n\nHua Pranshia\n\nCalext\n\nIns Averi\n\nHemang Euba\n\nROBERTSON\n\n1\n\nMila\n\nSECURITY PACT.\n\nNe\n\nDet\n\nASKESTOS PROTECTED\n\nTHE FRENCH REYLY.\n\nip China we would impress where urgent appeal to uskist-\n\nNewhaven, Aug 21, aur people et houne that the pre-jane has aiready been once ignored i The France Ambassador ha sent gericus stare of affairs in by the Iraperal Government.\n\nsas handed to Herr Stresemans the Mature, Menu Pizzo, Skiardino, Thiabu. the British Colony must be un-Tur the past 25 years contributed French reply to the German Chinh anhm. Arg. Penchow, tirely disassociaran om eendi- propavilon of ita anewal re- Security Pact Noto. Tho date of\n\nState, Chaton\n\nBanen, place in China: that this Clotany veree towares crtal military publicstion ne nos yer Farabee Chart, Scubayer Hongkong was ceded to Endod. Xe Turk, alter\n\nLASDAN BANKERS.\n\nthe expenditus, the utiration for fixed-Reut!Y. British\n\nTE CHART London Cornstar Westate and Dart'ssion being confirmed in\n\n1841, the rear 4 amounting to sour that a quarte million dollar;\n\n30\n\nChief MeDoge\n\nBaik\n\nDebrents. 1029\n\nHonda 16 prebrant, tum\n\nTHỂ HỒ HÙNG Hạ lão tin t\n\nALICIT).\n\nCAPITAL:\n\nAuthorised $50,000,050\n\nTil ...\n\nPaid-up... 4,000,000.\n\nReserve Labilities of\n\nShareholders...... 4+0.\n\nSurplus.........\n\n823,000,\n\nBEAD OFFICE--SINGAPORE Branchen, Agencies and Carrespond- ente in the principal cities of\n\nthe world.\n\nKvery description of Racking And, Fxchange business' transacted.\n\n... BANG, Manager.\n\nORIENTAL COMMERCIAL\n\nBANK. LTD.\n\nVELD DEVICE.\n\n18. TWY FREIT ROON CHANCHAL\n\nBILNEGES (--WANGRUR.\n\nUntzenie Wuntraine Hack Sale & New York: Scan City\n\nAharied Capital Man 25. OUR AND Pabi-up Capital 2,090,008\n\nSose haki ini b Current sermouth, Attindi Dasu mirati ka mpy\n\nDRAUM BEAUTI\n\nOvera, barkings opgelatır.\n\nINTEREST. C'event occ 2 AT ive 15%.\n\nElard Devotion, 3 months, k 6 month 4454, wie gest 5%.\n\nKAKE DEPOSIT BOXES FOR PENT.\n\nQUR VAUTTA JAFEGUARDS) BY IDEA CLOCKS AND DOUBLE CAMMINATION ÁRNOUM PIATÉ NIEZŁ NO«YP.\n\nJ. T. LAIM.\n\nKUMBA.\n\nmetres in the Entepony Continent:\n\nDoet\n\nThe Beat bas Credents to rear following year by the Treaty of that during the Great War that beside these to whom they are Busca, M. a. Nanking, under which Rongkong Colver contributed Con, an India, Philippine Trianon, Juga,\n\nFinetry\n\nBeakow\n\nHalo\n\nHer\n\nMentula\n\nKai Zoen\n\nKorechi\n\nOu\n\nPising\n\nRACKVI\n\nlod\n\nSihampcov\n\nKostel\n\nVATE\n\nVindicat\n\nJanka\n\nit and on Correak Attiest Caprasin pacetvel for zxat perce Latatred on sites.\n\nC. AKIMA,\n\nTHE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BANK LTD.\n\nSend Mom Vinyl Prodine, Thetar BiME\n\nDRANCWEB:--\n\nLju\n\nthe\n\nat variorum appending in elliees, abups, ard siber Dutch Crulim Forts, lies to be pujsassed to pepetaly\" times over six and a ar million factories and shipyarda iz Ameries, Atring, the\n\nInteress Kaceed on Comment donuts and Great Bring that at that dotars to the importal Govern-Dot Country.\n\nThey are now cali-\n\nTeposts at rates which will be great time Hongkong was but share mans for wat parposes.\n\nIn add-in for support from this Afs-! apple,\n\nBONGKONG BRANCH: L. Dar Views Wal.\n\nZ. YAKAMOTO,\n\nsophuma, Jan. May dogs.\n\nBanger\n\nTHE BANK OF CHINA\n\n行銀國中\n\nGYECIALLY AUTHORIZED BY PRESIDEN\n\nShanghai, Kangat kone. Tergen-Russian Gropeens.ca.\n\nCORRESTENDENTE. IN |--\n\nLiodon, New York, Chence, Bra pretens..\n\nLucia chores of Chien un abroad\n\nAttraction Tale fer\n\n10 years, ... fats, stupore, Fanana,\n\nrocky island, like hundreds to befrian to a special chination of overtunt Crown Colony to their fal- send of the one of Chine, In-blatt tion pendz: that a low-workroen at he hadited by thit a few hundred arge nyentier of the youth of this Brian who can still bear, MO CRzuzet and fishermen thas to-day, after 8 Color male the supena stories with pride the story of our fax rearhouest and impartialis the war, fortified in the hog feng Respire, and to wing the faste Wash British administration, tuls Colony that they wore helping to skew of that Empire is an Sacred is ene of the brightest gear in werin secure against such a charge as is that of the Realmi\n\nthe British Crown; that even in sprang as is now oppressing the of England twk. To all such\n\n2. M.\n\nMETAL ROOFING\n\nBolo Agents :\n\n¡DAVIE, BOAG & CO., LTD\n\nBank of Canton Building.\n\nSamples and fill particular on application.\n\nMASSAGE\n\nMr. SHIMIDZU Mrs. HONDA\n\nA. 34. Wyndham Street.\n\nTelephone Central 4048,\n\nthe year 1880 the Cipverner of the pancenia Chiasse imputation of this urgent appeal in argize THOS. COOK & SON (BANKERS) LTD\n\nColias, contrasting De Sara Cautan and is sriving to sun goes forth from the ueople of rock with a cherinan's but here this Cotry of Hongkong; that, the small but uporisat matpost TRAL MANDATE OF THE REPUBLI. Od tier of 1841 with the cartons of the revisnose of Empire.\n\nColony as it was 8t roars later, the present situation, the people.\n\nCHIKA UN THR JIND DE\n\nNOVEMBER, FEAT.\n\nauthorised Cepita was able to state, in a despatch of this raportat outpost of our\n\nRattan Canika ..... 75,970 200,00\n\nREAD OFFICE: PEKING-\n\nMUSOKONG PRANOR\n\n4. Quera's Road Central,\n\nTranchen and dab-bones all\n\nAt to the Secretary of State for the Empire in Avin are again appeal- Colonive, that may be doubted in to-day to the forperial Gov whethere the evidence of material ferment, through the Prime Min- and woral achierement, presented ister, do take imosciate\n\nand KANAPundar in Faros, Amartas and sthay peste of the wall.\n\nsinstel wind Under Bet E. L\n\nThe Coming Trung Company of New York,\n\nDANKERN: · The Nepal E\n\nchins as it were in a focus, wake up-to put an end to the presout inte.\n\nwhere more Jokeile appeal\n\nlerable and hotelling position, LONDON BAKKERS--The National Pare and inagication and whether und feiting the immediate and\n\nany other apot on the earth complete cessation of the lock-i more likely to excite us more ful-ade, of Hongkong at\n\ninterfs- ly justifies pride in the name case with British trade and with few the all of British abjects to 1541 the population has increased without sulasful interference.\n\nhundred teren in the year carry on their businese freely and\n\nThe Egitle The Company of New York Internet slowed no liberest Acecants and Englismar from a Fixed Langit pa tention.\n\nevery desire of Banking\n\ntransxçied\n\nFirmanied va aproved sequentia.\n\nEpilan for Brookware\n\nTUYER PEL\n\nNEDERLANDSCH INDISCHE HANDELSBANK\n\nExtablished 1869.\n\nPaid-up Capital au Reserve Fund Glds, 78,200,000-£5,517,329.\n\nHEAD OFFICE: AMSTERDAM, CASTERN HEAD OFFICE: BATAVIA, BRANCHES:\n\nSay, Arapenan. Bandoeng. Borbay, Calcutta, Cheribos, Gorostalo. Hongkong, Kobs, Weknear, Medan, Menado, Palembang, PekalongAN, Rotterdam, Semprong, Shanghai, Singepara, Hourabaya,\n\nThe Eagua, Telok Beteng. Tjslatian, Wites rolet.\n\nLONDON REPRESENTATIVE: 8. S. Wright, 37, Old Broad Streek,\n\nLooden, B.. 2\n\nCORRESPONDENTS: LONDON: MIDLAND BANK, LID, ÖVERSEA\" Branox, WESTMINSTER BANK LTA FOIS BRAKCE, N. L. GOTHSCHELS & BAR and SI BANK CORPORATION\n\nNEW YORK: CHASE NATIONAL BANK, YAPMIY Loan & Tuner Co. TRYING BANK-COLOMBIA TRUST CO, GOLMAN, SACHS & Co, New Yoke Taper Co. and all the principal towns of the world,\n\nEVERY DESCRIPTION OF BANKING & EXCHANGE PUSI- NESS TRANSACTED CURRENT ACCOUNTS, DEPOSITS, etc\n\nP. MARKS,\n\nManager.\n\nEXCHANGE.\n\nOPENING QUOTATIONS.\n\nASTON ---\n\nHong, August\n\nBA\n\nTARGETAT-2.16\n\nBasi Baya Bile, at 30 days sight BakDill, at wounthe' sight 2,42 Credita, at 4 monthe night.. 2:5 Frey Hills, at 4\n\nvetoka\" sigh 275;\n\nBank Bille, on depend DE GAY\n\nCredila, ut death right... 1225\n\nI PANELLE\n\nto one milion; that the value of state of way with the Government; the Colony's trade in 1924 was for Casion he destared in exist, 136 mens sterling: that the; and .lbak Procediate stone beY DISTOPET Lorean-going shipping entered the them takes to enforce our Treats N\n\ncleared during the same year rights and to instal as Canton ready Chinese Goverment o tous, of which 12 milion tens\n\n$226\n\nnom\n\nBack Bille, en mend Credits, ut 60 dngu' sight... NA\n\nTraunfos... 1871\n\nOx CalcUTES —\n\nTalegraphis Freester... 1874 Dank, de\n\nBank, at right t Private, at 30 days' sig... .........3403\n\n115\n\nweru Brit, at that the inises fran Rolsbevist flomnication. tonnage of all classes during the makter fe appeal to the your wea nearly $7 millions, Imperial Government Me are) making Dongkong perkaps the taking the opponunda to forward A world's largest slipping partijat the sume tirar this appeal to that el his varé tezde and shit-the people of Great Britain foros ForIAMA 20 pak, sad even the very exisleure their sympathy\n\nOrdonan........ aid suppori. of the talony, hos suddenly been In doing se we wish to protest in Greed.......\n\nON HASA placut in mirene prilby the the rougest possible TERNET STRATOL- present de facte Doisnevist Gov-against the rupaix. of falan lepi...... 19!! ernment of Cantos, which, with hood which the Balcharist GN. ON 6114A -On demand ... 742) the nel of \"Red\" Rasein mili-evamart of Cutton, under the decane.................... tay commanders and Ruselfedtrention of experienced puna. NAIGN-De dewund..... m arins and money, came into power gandista trained in Russia has CasaME :-\n\nCA douazú..\n\n794 by an armed up only three conducted through certain\n\nSUS SOTERSHYA, Bath's boying DOTA H sad to-day abtine of the world's preas. This Bate.................. 3.50 hered by Im vaer unspority of mass meeting to for the most part Cars Usar, 100 fine, per tami........ the people of Canton and the composed of me, who have wosk Bas formas, per otro Fes\n\n- נא אני\n\nBANKING AND EXCHANGE.\n\nCOOK'S TRAVELLERS CHEQUES combine MAXIMUM SAFETY with CONVENIENCE.\n\nA special feature is the precautions taken to ensure the maximum safety possible.\n\nAsk for descriptive booklet at any of our offices.\n\nHead Office:-\n\nLol Address\n\nLUDOATE CIRCES, LONDON. B.C HONGKONG WOTEL BUILDINÓ.\n\nTelegraphin Address:-COUPON.\n\nTelephous: Central 524-525.\n\nTHE HONGKONG DIRECTORY & BLOTTER 1925\n\nThis very useful combination of Directory, Vlary and Desk Blotter, contains a large variety of local fa Jormation: List of Goveranient and Department. Officiats: Firms and Employees; Foreign Residents: Time tables: etc.. etc. A handsome and durable requirement. strongis bound in cloth and excellently printed, it is a weeźul adjunct in the desk In Home arOffice, and will be found of great use in business and social affairs.\n\nNow on Sale, Price $5 at\n\nSouth China Morning Post, Limited.\n\n1. Wyndham Street.\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 365\n\nPage 365",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 500971,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 6,
        "title": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "164\n\n10\n\nCLEAR OUT THE BOLSHEVISTS.\n\n(Continued from page 5.)\n\nThe effect of this action by the Canton Authorities has been to cause a complete stoppage of the Export of Sugar from the Colony.\n\nNo Question of War.\n\nLord Hailey's Speech.\n\nThis Colony is not threatened by possible rain.\n\nAfter our long waiting we are relieved.\n\n(Loud applause).\n\nStarving Out Shameen.\n\nSOUTH CHINA MORNING POST, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nTo relieve the situation.\n\nIf present measures are serious and urgent need, and say delay in dealing.\n\nTheillers Railway Government has taken the base of 20% of the\n\nthe latter part of the telegram, retaining the wording generally.\n\nHe pointed out that they could not possibly have the information to support those here whose interests would be reduced to ashes. Bas-Government officials, Mr. Boulton declared.\n\nDuring my visit to Swatow, I will most certainly be influenced by the Hongkong Government, and the rate to and from Hongkong, and I will venture to say that such intervention was one gentleman referred to Hongkong.\n\nHave a far larger problem to face by Russian officers. All this revenue is derived from the\n\nat Canton,\n\nDantun.\n\nard\n\ninterests\n\nA Speaker Heckled. Mr. Somerset Fitzroy\n\nCanton authorities!\n\nCleveland Nat. Rosevelt.\n\nWhat can we get there, for the reason that at that it is a source of wealth to the\n\na strong majority Government, may I understand has that a further meeting for the purpose of protesting against the\n\nUrest Britain but the time for talking is passed. cm gind is now second the resolution.\n\nattitude of drift, which is fatal to Europe would be silaze la 29 It a the time for action, for do-\n\nsaid: Sir. Lalies, and Gentlemen, strong action in this canter. Fur over two mouths we have\n\nThe telegram we are asked to send is plain.\n\n31 appeals to the\n\nSwatow's Voice.\n\n\"The, let us have the blaze\" ait is extremely unfortunate that support and abide by the decisions tion.\n\nwith confidence that long ere¦ Prime Minister to have Treatica: Mr. A. Rogowan (Swatow)\n\nof that meeting, and desire near-manber of the audience shouted, thin crisis sheale kave arisen ut a\n\nand leave the Port of Canton mia, the strong representations carried on which are Imperative supported the resolution.\n\n\"He zara: parution in one cable. Gladly while nonther told the speak that time when la London we are try\n\nprovided they unit Hongkong which, we andarstood, were from for cor commercial prosperity.\n\nMr. Chairman, ladies eun gentle-share expere/\n\nhe was not discussing the acing to impress the Home people which still further destres Britissime to vinte eshted Hume by our stresses the fact that the present af haww been specially request-\n\nMr. J. R. Greig, who said he had firm but singly asking a series of questions,\n\nBritain by the Hongkong exbibit ion is an Ant of open, hostility Commerce would ensure spedy and\n\nthan thusa morths, and independent Steenber of Scouterne in Swalow basised the nerealty for taking\n\nVenezuela Cited\n\nat Wembley. In Great Britain go- to Great Britain and gray cient action by the Home Gay-of Yeking, are dolely responsible to represent them and to associate immoriste action.\n\nHe had hemn Afr. Fitzroy referred to whating to stand aside and see Hong- and deliberately violates her Trea-rament\n\nfor this hopet of British subjects, the British community in Swatowall wound the world and fled that happened at Verregels and satû kung revert to its forme fahing fles with Chink.\n\nWhen, in coteequence of sag tuns skipa, and goods, and the the Cen- with any rebutions reat to the Britain was the most hated nation the restle\n\nPER Wal President village and native huts\"!\n\nsu ihon public meeting of the 27th July, on Government have openly debate Goverment by fongong, throughout the world. That was Rosevelt within three or four let us withdraw Hongong from our telegram was sent to the For-\n\nolured their intention of destroy- Articla II of the Treaty of Tisutain hearse the was too lenient with days sent the whole American the exhibition.\n\nwign. Office by the Envenior, we had long by every nuans in the power, which opened Swatow and othes fire poovie with wegri she had to out there and Great Brivals had\n\nSingapore Scheme Useless.\n\nevery renaust to expect that at lasi Hongkong, its trade and prosperity Southern parts for foreign trade deal.\n\nfe is the rennet Celong to climb down,\n\nProceeding. Mr. Bonitoa refer- Bolts through Hongkong and of car Hanne Government would stop\n\nTheir challenge is quite plair and state the \"\n\nis amel that we have gut,\" the spaaker declared,\n\nIeed to the Singapore Base which Mr. Best: It is not true.\n\nthe port of British Piecsgouds This ingenti be Cap and du save grows daily more definite\n\nBritish subjects are permitted to and why hour not they protacije false,\n\nhe regarded primarily to a scheme into Craton and the interfa;\n\nMr. Fitzroy: The telegram gives a plain-state-tary on rate with wheessure in\n\nwas there and to add to the defence of Hongkong.\n\nthereby causing disustvous Jusaes\n\nof shipping earns, which they pleare and to propel to ani\n\nhelped to blow up the place. Mercantile Marine's Action.\n\nit Great Britain was going is 20- both to British and Chinees mer tord that no repis, and not even an speas for themselves, and tells the top'osrure with their vessels\n\nMr. T. 7.* Laureta, o the M. Best: The whole of it to fmain paszive in this matter and chants in this Colony and to the acknowledgement of our degram\n\nPrime Minister of the recent pro- and archumdise,\" which is The Phina Coast Offrers Guild, enid: klee.\n\nĮ seg Hongkong ruined through Bol- Expor trade of Lancashire and nearly a month ago, has been claustion by Canton excluding alley bound on with at the Chahman, ladies and yousie.\n\naly. teror in comlusion suidjabevist influence, then why not Yorkshire, which st result in recived here. Even as to the pre.\n\nDritish vessels from that port, and the beatles\n\nbetween. Great on. on behalf of the mercantile was entirely opposed\n\n13abandon the Singapore scheme and farther very considerable and ju-sent nothing appears to have been shy other vessels from Canton if Reitairy and China and theatrs marine I should like to say that at creating permanent becply done by the Home foveagent for they first call at 12 ageng.\n\nThis embrace the Treaty of Nonius meeting of the mastere and ment in Great Britain.\n\nor relie, and we are here now, proferation by Canton our tele- which is that British cubjenteneres hold on Thursday afterno: En, to express our strongest indiz-gram rightly deportives as \"ar gut with the trailles, and establish fast, it was decided that the follow.\n\nThe tante-Hongkong problem ination at sneh treatment for our of een hostility to Great Britains shall be allowed to reside for ing telegram should be sent to London.\n\n(Auplouse). The Colony's Defence Contribution, the rarese of carrying on their Secretaries who are entirely separate and distleet from Horse Government.\n\nWe tall the Prime Minister of molestation or restraint,\n\nDercantile parynis that in any other part of Chira Suck treatment is outragevas uril\n\nwithave Tis is very rect and lime felt the pulse of all the stand for pstalatiere and love Both vitally important, lee every effort nations interested in China and auf country and for my fellow men owing to the fact that Gantou doen intolerable treatment, and, failing disnatrons losses to British andare trentres have been corricials with Tuppertal go toungulse and is in robelitos eller shortly from the Ueme Gev-Chinese metchisiz by this a that and absolutely violated not only in Gulle, Marine Engineers Asenciale thought thes\n\nMorchautz Service peaceful solution of this problem. The world over, hit I annet clauid Leave tolerate this position the Home against the Central Government we must pursolves do what of the Cantos authorities and that\n\nMercanthie Maring Services Whatever action was reecssury to Government is taking up to-day.\n\nat Feking and that on Conferences we can in our own interests and to by promot action new pose Nasa) apin and letter bet in the in.\n\nhoid a: Peking on driff or extra-te interests of those dependent and Minars Ferran would speedilytics of them, and my personal Association and Navigsters and the flows Government who hail\n\nWhy should she remain so milent Experience has been that with the Sercial Insurere Comply tu prezzor knowledge of the anti so passive as she fe?\n\nThere territoriality or any other Ques\n\nHongkong hard is only vor excuse. We state the fact that is 25) Prent Boisbevist authorities in urge the Imperial Government to situation than tions can possibly assist this f\n\npaver they way he considerat take immediate action with regard (Disent).\n\n27 years residence here i hava i need not dilato upon what is years this Colons has remitted as rape of paper which have been to Canton and China general the last speaker and entirely over to spons about Hongkong.\n\nI have Colony in the retaulest degree in\n\nThe chairman remarked that heen to England twine and I like common knowledge- the deliberate the House Government a defence!\n\nPerther delay may be minous cas and heartless attempt to starve our contritation of 4 millions dullers, and de unt fuzelton.\n\nCanton Government legal.\n\nJacked the axplanation he had seen it grow solid, stolid and og in dully losses be this Clonthere and the uncooked, organiz- milion dollars. These defence oment of Canton has pat inte fone That, ladies and gentlemen, was for intervention should take, at Hoe know anything about\n\nShameau, mno with of our trude the 1924 contribution betas vi\n\ning a disastrous affect on the mer mede that while they made some secure and yet the strange thing cente\n\narine.\"\n\n(pause)\n\nsuggestions wä of inermeing 201 rukowa\n\nregard to the is that comparatively due people nagnitude: moreover for Brilia sud eurders tack\n\nupou adlitary equilations Hongkong very effective embargo the telegram ant by the mercather of course fully realised that Hongkong.\n\nAt one menting here Government debyy decisive Shades with\n\nSwator i British and Jay say are never behind. Ther soleiriter for the decision of bong as just aufheient la cover\n\nare boycottert. at Canton tu the future than that and gel inure, was told us by an taxes paid by our business men and What about it? Are we to accept Arst line of defence after your file Majesty's Government. (Au- the point of a poncil on the map\n\nexo-vitarse, Mr. Helstrom, the workmen to the Government, and these nuditions withee undest? Boyal Navy. (Angimuse).\n\nlevel. The meeting waa noij and that is hot Hongkong exista There is no question whatever wadish Consal in Canton, at bir contributed to by every tue of 25 (Cres of \"No\").\n\nThu trouble\n\npresuming to dictate to the one in the minds of musands and of making War on Chion bus aiment Isaturs.\n\nAt the same lenaedectly or indirectly, down to the started in Caufan and must he stil\n\nGovernment what they should de thousands of our fellow men and ply es ousting the present via M Mangowan, ay out and respect-tumblent coolie, and we can with Carlos. Cantor is avite Chairun, todies and gentlemen, but was simpis\n\ntoworen to-day. It is just the enily anti-British Bulsbetik faed resident of Swaton, cold how longer endure what we rightly das-separate and independent of the rise to eantess any digressent voice the foeting of the Colory: polat of a pencil,\n\nThey do not lion which has recently succeed-tast port, controlled by the Canon the to the Prime Minister as die Central Government of Pikity, with the latter part of the telegram that compling must be dure and realise, they cannot realise that it\n\nGovernment, eculd secure peace at present imolerable ed in seizing the reins of new intervals only, and by the payment and bevralt of the business of this unitors the Tieda are kicked stres down to what this wetita diplomacy of Prking had so far Britain of theeands upon bou- strangulate wat has been badly treated and it is aropand to rele. When we done quickly. Applause). The in a source of income to Great It may be added that such talenting some years, or millions and Colasy.\n\nThere is no possible chance of the proposes to send to the Ilome Gos-adately and entirely fabled and saves of pounds and that it brings We have \"carried ou\" here, ali resmpton of trade as before. The erment wil done amant 10? vention will be hadled with the wiilions of dots. Has Swator\n\nit was not realised that there trade and commerce and work to not so paid the town would have praise to car own men and acreen, tags of this trade will hit the Coley demands that the Britina Gov-was problem in the tooth, our fellow me gresiest suisfaction by the op pressed and terrorised people after, and the Chinese mex-and to those of other races we of Hongtans sary hard. harder crerunt deliver au ufignatum at\n\nda, hut shall we lo to awaken cheats therefore proferred to pay. have so unselfishly and cheerfully than many resise.\n\nBritish ijonce is the\n\nfr Rost who then wonted the Chem? Exception has been taken Apart from the facensestable\n\n\"demand.\" but I Mr. Macgowan fold of the inallest our serial services factud ping interesta are very large in Apaizare), Fase you stopped for Platform from the body of the hall is the word right of British subjects in se le nder of the Bush ling police, volunteers uit oder Swalew, while farge quantities of one money he thinks were the referred to Mr. Fiteroy's statement consider it is not strong enough.\n\nColony of every race to the pro-\n\nin Swatos, sad that any Chase difer. We feel we not British gouds are imported yearly-mags7\n\nBe We want words that wall makɛ all with regard to Yeugenols. a Vulcer \"No me to was clently thank every one of these All te has diy akcppet. I have stop (Laughter and applause).\n\nizely wrote in agley that Praiat least for this generation, thet tection of the Bravish Flag a deght speaking a Briton\n\ndeclared that the speaker was en-Britons reatine once and for all, frnce of the provisions of the severely utahed, Acy sangan men\n\nwonzey. (Applause) much pleasure in supporting this You are recognising a belligerent, dent Roosers sent the American Hongkong is a tremendous asset, 5 Retou was burned. But such services are the duty of telegram to the Price Minister, and Can you point out any time in the Treaties between Great Britain akt and Charma, thus Colors has by its Swatow k cil instractions the Government, and the over. I hope prompt action will be taken lustery of the British nation when\n\nCanton; the void of the trelement is paid the taxpayers of the flame wiborities to stop it as weugnised a twopeury half end who was in power. Langheading interests in the Best repeated convidscable defence cron tribution for the past 2 years as a Canton, and waless woad Hongwong to perform Paese duties.\n\nthis reign of terror in Routh China, penny belligerant? aquired a right to the active supranged in Canton there could to when for our payment to Govt should he to say that if say al-gita bask to the\n\nEr and applause). President that Britain dres not relia port of the British Government and improvement in Swetow. We erament of dai millious yearly, we tack is made on Carton, a similar when the\n\nRocrevat would ever have done it and ventise it soon through those Souths wha fighting auch a thing. Suci d-fence untrutionz atownten easily imagine the ict of our require tall protection of ane lives shack should he made on Swalow. Jesinst the North, when the whole ceeded to give the history of the the north, she looks like coming The speaker pro-red hats, those red heads from Altogether during de period to one and children in the Treaty and property, and full protection because, unfortunately. Swatow if that Continent wax is the great Verczucia tremble pointing sat very near to losing it tha sum of 4 milion dollars, the posts under these conditiona: to tende with any bi accordamen in Kearatony and just now emire throes of war. Did the British that it was all over a guid Arid\n\nMuch Pay, Little Work, 1924 contribution being the record the refused a cup of roll or with her treaties.\n\nly under Rad rate (Appinuse).\n\nĮGasorament veroguise them? Not! Amount of 4% million dollars, and even water for for sick and dying Immediate and Decisive Actio\n\nAmerica butige in and Mr. Boulton declared that since the there, A Shungen Speaker.\n\na bit of it. You have a small com have naturally been couridered by child. She and her child wight\n\nHongkong, with its long ni\n\nbegan as usual with a lot of big 1922 strike the Chinese workman thie Colony as an Insurance Fuse for want of the bare\n\nMr. C. B. Pearock (Shameen): audity when you pay are aging talk. (laughter). \"That is about was not worth 50 ger cent of what contribution to the lome Govern-\n\ngentie- contrary to Peking. You have for the urotection of the rights artes\n\nment for protection, has been built Mr. Chairman, ladies and\n\nsm going your treaties with Chipp. Where they are any use for the he was ten years ago. Bomele secured to Eritish enhjoete\n\nup by British and allied enterprise then, I am afraid I\n\nor other Bolshevik, Socialism arð | speaker declared amii iughter. Treaties with China.\n\nwhich the Canton autheities would and work. Thousands of disappoint you in what I have to the proper place to get The\n\nMr. P. Boulton said the troubio Communison had got inte redbe na. They world bring us workers, the class which helped to say use in Shaman we have place where the Foreign Office which we had passed through thecus gud now they were sur to get to the are condition as Caatamake these millions of contrition not yet had an opportunity of going at the present moment. There lage tre months, two years, ten as much as they could for as little\n\nAccordingly the residents of itself, and of Bluesin, which is rare now, through the action of the reading the telegram which it is one, and only cue channel years and more justiced the as possible.\n\nHe heartily supported This Colouy at a great Mass In- state of anares, brutal des Canton authorities out of work proposed to send to London. As tough which we can deal and sertion that British interests and the resolution and again phasised dignation Meeting demand that the Sotism, cring, proverts and atter here at are forcibly detained in a rate I can tell you that so for that is through the diploratie: British quahties of justice, to- that unless Great Britain realised British Government deliver arratser\n\nCanton where they have lost or as the attratten there is regeerned, harnes of Pelting.\n\ntegrity and bonusly bad bass ciao. the situation quickly sad teak At this point thure was con cen robbed of all their little we are still cooking war on food,\n\ning down due to the fnci Mat Jar-promet and decisive action, Bong- ing the years of piracy, marder kong would be raïvod. The policy of Canton is frightvinga or capital, that and their doing our wo washing. pisaning siderable dent, and one of (A) To restore Capton us an\n\nThe Chatman, replying to Mr. Oper Treats Port for Tracefulness, terrorist. The authorities Families being dewlute. As the our own house and duing to beat the audience shouted \"Go and outrage, carried on droogh-\n\nI want to the West River and see what out the Chidon delta, Britain had Peacock, who asked whether the between Chinese and the bere have applied these methods Coutua cauilenge to us neartes Chaugster).\n\nthe-amplify the Charmeen's opening Teklog can do” amid laud cheers. Dever effectiveh Jutervenud and regulations regardius akipping were Foreign Treaty Powers to ruin tangkong, but have so tur accomplishmen Britons\n\narticle Ma. Fitzroy: Let me go on alto-day was the linaz. One cen-affleial, said thai Sir James Jamie.\n\nnot understand, Mr. Boulton pre-jsen had addresSEU full accordance with the failed, for Hongkong is not Russia elves and their allies woust also be remarks in regard to the\n\nthe Foreign Provisions of the Tresting or Ching, and we are not Russian thrown out of employment here, under the heading of \"Sir Jamestite farther,\n\n\"We are dealing with Canton in fceeded, how it in that & Govern-Secretary at Canton, Mr. We Hon- between Ching and those We depend for success aron indus oliriously, unless we obtain Jamieson\" in the Dallu Prean. The\n\ntry and absulate falmese, fastics adegante help now from the naye hain key aid you rectienlis other respects\" anusite: Interruptor most with such trenendous inter-nir challenging bin, to deny that Powers.\n\nesta 1 Britain has in Hongkong they were not official, and up to the (B) To expel ! Bolsheviks and generosity in all our dealings, and military forces--help for which word for word what i wanted to exclaimed.\n\nThere followed some disorder, to-day should remain pausive and present he had not received any tbefand we liave here a Government we have paid from the taxes of the and it is not ceressary for me\n\nOne early in the next few days Sir Kwangtang Province. not excelled in these resprets by people, we can pay as 44 million repeat it. I should like to during which the Chairman apseemingly indiferent (C) To disarm and disband the any other Gurement in the world, or any other samt to the Govers remind you, however, that a snopealed to the meeting to give the recall 26 years ago, when the New James Jamieson was likely to deat\n\narticle appesyed a few dayy later (apeaker a fair hearing.\n\nTerritories on the Kowloon side anther with the matter. For that sole Waypen College Syplause), and which has the conmeut in taxation, Applause).\n\nAnd has the British Gaverstoeat which was a gradging retractio) on\n\nwere given to Great Britiau youson, the Chairman said they Cadets who are in reality dence of all under er dag, rich) vome points and a poor attempt la Mr. Fitzroy Nar the ass! There was pure irable in the feh pastised in embodying the Russian trained troops, sed and poor alike. (Applause). We no obligation townude these work-\n\nTerritories\n\nA few mat shedstorms referred to in their telegram. send back to their native, shall therette defear a wanden als left destitute and towards Jussi ches, but they did thing you ask them to do is to\n\nwere huned down and if I recall Had the Carton Government seen places those who are tack upon our fade and liberties, thane who will be en left and shatish the atter from a Slamentira at the Bolshevists\n\nand shall emerge stronger andį we remain 2511 inactive while the merchant who is bore today pinot know the exact meaning rightly a few policemer were shot to deny imraedissly their receg- Cantonese,\n\nPerhaps some of you mean! There were considerable trozbie miston of that proclamation, it prouid But at what Cantos craitenge aereeds and of the Samen point of view that (D) To cease hoyent of British brighter than ever.\n\ngood workers, so to speak, perish? and inferusing them that we in the Chinese Roshevista, but at any with telephone communications cos have appeared in thus retegraal. Goods,\n\nJeost to us all!\n\nAnd, incentime, with the thou. Certainly not: We cannot and Shameen were not being for rate what you are ashing is that it did not last long. (E) To\n\ncare\n\nscapegoal. It may interest you lofts whole of thean paople shall bej The Trouble Spinthered. propagatio.\n\nEDH And intelligersahuti not do so,\n\nknow that the first article in the turned out I think I as hear in Voder Threat of\n\nworkers and merchants of all races! These people, and ali non-British Rongkong Daily Press was referred that an ero the ultimatonealation and a party from three tiers. There would be \"Complete Naval Blockade by wże stand by us ners, we cannot in the Cology, look to us and to our to by Mr. C. Wa,\n\nC who which was delivered to Serbis in different sturees was organised swer from the Canton Government \"Britain of Centon and Its continue passively to endure this Government for strength and help is\n\n11914 by Austria (A Voice: \"Non- to advance on the Territories. 1and when they pressed their for an \"net inbouring waters and/or Bloyeett with its murders, robberies, to them is this erisis and we must allest\n\nin the Cantonscher\"). It is the same sort of remember being ir. Telpu when answer the only reply they would \"such other zetion\n\nsand gross violation or treaty rights or fail then.\n\nadministration and who is believed thing that you want to destroy the Centers mounted the head of revs was that they had nothing \"Mejesty' Government may (Applause).\n\nOur Government must he urged to hos mederate with a very large the sovereignty of a nation and column which marked through to do with Vem but that it was We understand that sony foure: to prompt and vigorous action following. His chicrease to this take it by force. Very well, how the village. The ag was host-party a strikers' proclamation. The Ultimatum should also state fielegrants have been sent, either istua Retion weig, I think. bral article, I think, speaks tac itsell do you propose to do this wicked, a royal salute of 21 gets fred i\n\nSir Henry Pellock Administratiere our Governor to the Coloria 64opreted 5 All Chinese and other He referred to it in a speech ou\n\nSir Henry Poleek: Mr. Chair- ruush he established at Canton Cfice by one Chamber of Cora-non-British here of both the work August 175h in Canton. Il a situa- ve sort your allimatum (A and from that day to this there.\n\nValee: \"Send 3 telagem,\" has cover been any trouble in Tan, ladies and gentlemen, I have ing and merchant classes, and, as tien of this kind I think the greatest (Laughter. which will observe no the fall all merce to the Foreign Offer.\n\nExactly, but that ki. (Applause) Now an-made two in thres apecches ou the existing Treaties between Chios; We sun iso assured, and can stated in our proposed telegram, care should be exercised by the is not whac WC are disticipate that if something like had subject of the Canton trouble dar- and the Foreign Powera.\n\nquite holteve, that our local Cham \"scab intervention by us will be Hongkong newryapet in regard to ussing at the present comment.been due during the years of ing the past few weeks and I de It is the unanimous aginter offer of Commerce, and especially balled with the greatest satiara what they which. (Hear hour). We are sending a telegram in fronble, the rents of discontent not intend to repeat wyself this this Meeting that Brinsh inter-nur Governor and our Chairman, ou by the oppressed and terrorised Indications of disuntion, as the wich we are wearing the func-which this Colony has endured, evening, I should like, noverer, veolica is the\n\narticles dulce, merely give contions of the 17 Government. in Caston would never have been to mention one or two new poluts only effective have done all that possibiv coal pole of Canton.\" method of restoring communies [be dune. Indeed, i believe that thoj We tell the Prime Minister that dense to the other side and truke which we say the Home Govern what it is to-tap. I maintain all which have recurred to me. The tions and trade between Hong-labours of both have been unit at this great masas judiquation meet car battle sil the harder. (AD-rent are totally incapable of doing if the Bolshies bad realised the fire is a very interesting historics! kong, Canton and South Chirie aud ting in our behalf. (Applause). jing we dead immediate and de-plause).\n\ntheir job despite the furt that we firmness of the power of Beitian point which I looked up this after- of preventio tae economic But they have apparently failed fejsive action by the British Govern- Support from Fonchow, Jare told they are brasted by every- they never would have attempted | noon, and it is iu connection with destruction of Hongkang and of and we, the parle of Hongkong, meat, \"Dervind,\" Fix. is a strang The fileman then read the fol-body. We propose to do by to have planted themselves in the what is called the second war of British interests in the Treaty and new asked to cable our case word, Bat, in car gremstances loving telegram, he had received establishing a hickade by navalety of Canton to work their China\" in 1867. The casse Porte of Swatow, Anioy, Foochow | divert to the Prime Ministry who, ant entirely in schord with it. If the Fuochor Chamber of forces of Canton (Bear heart-ruinous tropazendo aguinal ue. that war was as follows: There And South Chura.\n\nhimself a business man, and withiam in aword with the whole of the Commerce: \"We welcome news Does it ever occur to you that' (Applause). As a 27 years real- (Continued on page 11.)\n\nThe Ultimatum.\n\nby\n\nultimatum at once to the Canton\n\nAuthorities.\n\nfrani SARDA\n\n\"ensider neessary.”\n\nhista Chinore\n\nAu-British\n\nHS\n\nDeces\n\nAnd this is the condition\n\nsande\n\nA Policy of Frightfulness.\n\n<\n\nprobably one\n\nטיין\n\ntho\n\n\"Nonsense.\"\n\nTake eivil\n\nyay\n\nthat time it was President Clare-nation, that it is the key to sil\n\nthcit\n\nThe General and Adaurai were la\n\nMr. Bertil Helstrom declared that the Cautog Goverment were\n\nbehind hiding themselves\n\nLae\n\nYo wit-\n\nof\n\nCLEAR OUT THE BOLSHEVISTS.\n\n(Continued from page 10.)\n\nMACAO NOTES.\n\nPORTUGUESE NAVAL FORCES.\n\nOur Con Correspondent.:\n\nwas a certain bost named the Arros comanded by a\n\nBrition captain and menned by a crew ol Chinese which\n\nMacau, Asvist 24.\n\nGuilherme 1veny\n\nCommander was selling in Perras at the Portuguese cruiser\n\nValedictory,\n\nSOUTH CHINA\n\nMORNING POST\n\nCUQUETTING WYIH BOLSHEVISM.\n\nCLARING DISCREPANCUSS AND INCONSISTENCIES.\n\nBg J. R for the\n\nS. C. M. Plat.)\n\nrenk\n\nthenight\n\nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1926.\n\nBULSHEVISM IN CANTON, OPINION OF THE CHINESS.\n\nNot Mind to the Menace\n\n.\n\núť\n\nIt is a\n\nApes-balipenny stomp\n\nqof the world's richer in tantury and commerce and munstry wil ouer\n\nthe studurls and dissatisfaction, POINTS ABOUT HONGKONG. Jar Jnker i to destruction. Then\n\nwithin lite workers, and clearly! it is the opportunity of the prude\n\nGerezand that the Boishavets -\n\nTHAT YEHEN. tatiane ar wordmen of the world bel\n\ntead o\n\nCover their violation step in ani lake over the govern! Le spirit with the anavarde.\n\nOne frequently copies aerosy & met within every ti\n\nment that strikers have the auto-reference to The noder ermits have resterday. It is apparently a copy or parties they have reasons to op-\n\nTac lowing letter reurbed us inge of refusing service to persons and is is a non praatine, though\n\nHongkong, China, the ordinary way under the werepublics is beer, appointed Con-]\n\ntinue war again unchained an Great of a lever addressed to Han. Mi pore or disagree with.\n\ncantile marine flag. That Bag woa marder in Chief of the Portuguese critical paalysis of Tolcheviniz, matkab Ulustration of the acner!\n\nI make no prebusion of writing a war in Buspe a sroviding a P. D. Holyoak. for it ronds:\n\nan entirely wrong and costly one. to aldress letters in itis Fashion torn down by some Chlaese cffcial Naval Forces in the Far East. pricking all its tabbles of fallacy wf Marx's practition\n\nWe are admit that Bolshevism Hongkong, as is often pointed out and trampler under foot and from The Gift Esues, the Portuguese ami impracticable aspirationa\n\nHengkong. Avgust 25, 1995. At So while wardly. the Boise-Mase Meeting, Hongkong Rederiz. Teking and those in other capitalet at a letter there fan it does To P. H. Holyoak. Esy., Chairman, meurs and that the authorities at British Colony, and it costs no re\n\nwill reapest no diplomatic setite not a part of tha that single treident arose the transport, is due to-gorrow, to be thint I attempt to do within theviste argue, their way in wegent out be-- avcond Chign war, which is vervi followed, i understand, by other scones this series of articles Sa tobali of the workmen, the property i vesidents in Hongkong, we wished with the local situations in Sauch other often referred to as the Arrow war. units of the Portuguese navy.\n\nOur dear Sir--As temporary have but been thoroughly acquaint frein on end of Lepdon to the sonin the misformed with solens clar, the movement in vanity in In connection with that, I might\n\nThe offres of the Naval Foresta pitfalls and spares sufficient a gigantic ble for the emancipatie sure through you our friends out- Chire. say that in those days there were at Mano bave been entertained on\n\ndone the wick Another mistaken to convince the radicais in this por.cf the whole of making Tu vltimate Side Chaton that the people of\n\nCantonese Not Inactive. such things as talograms or several occasione during the past prasnat fer cannot change the car and the catablishment of a gecine of the apperching danger of us to point out again that the thus \"Hong Kong.\" In a letter to suting is the soiting out of the tion of Chins that Reichevism in the action of all cases within romery vangtung bave ust been unaware, Instructions from home, and the law daya in Mace, lo honour of\n\nIt may be of interest to you for nord Hongkong in two syllables- Govamar of is Celery at that a arcival of the Republice.\n\nof contemplary Etical decuracy have been the win this! Boisbevis and have in the last people of Kwangtang are not at all the serve with ference to his time, Sir Jeha Bowring, gave\n\nI dare to main in the Bolsterisw. urier to the then Admiral to gu\n\nWhether the Boltw years repeatedly, unceasingly native to their desire to oust the reatly published book de Luss ahead and the Admite went ahead and kindred services are a lun-damage to Crins, materials and The Siberists lar maintain chat pay all unjust and unreasonable seating inertia has he fored by Mast as read of Leigh and Orange\n\niam can only do a gent deal of izin to do is ezether question.\n\nThe Chater Collection, \"Mr. James Ws are rumurimes inclined to meer cheon in honor of Mr. Meireles exacialks, and cae eomplish unthing tus capitalis have all the advantaxes whenever poscite and, a circonstances they are still unable points our list throughout the book.\n\nagainst ni rafal arts, refusing to from their territory. the thetri at what we call eatly Victorian Vasconcelos, Director of the Trea of constructive value in all ages of anperior education, diei-lehad once, get the Bolshevis arms to overoane, and that, as soon as except for quotations, Hongkong is day Lord Palmerston was then suy, at the Garden of Mr. LaBolleva a contend movenwet plis maitsey elect an every-to me in our earlier struggles necessary and proper arrangementer, 34 cis word, for the panca Prime Minister and his action was Lit-ok who is leaving Macao et ventras a gonerat earth thous at Meir disposal Ther-fore we had not received say arors er are posfected, nonstory stops will mation in the Hongbing Geor challenged in the House of shortly, having been promoted re-¡queto in the political world mans and he weat ic\n\nthe leazsition from Capitaine to material sacncrayanent from vat- be taken to teenvet the power and went Questa of Juan I general į raty re Cape Verde.\n\nelection on that incident, and was) in tog pravicua articles 1 are Comunion acrveserily inside. French Properly At Knuten.\n\nreturned to power with\n\nItoushed but lightly upon a fan of the fierce and hitter struggle të penis,\n\nthe government now surped by a Ex the ne a lugel lette has vast received in mais features relating to the exto come. Anjority. (Applause). Gentle Macao From: Canlon stating that trene doctrine of Bolshevism. Buf\n\nOur poupe of Kwangtung realize arty of Bolabevists who nove of Home.\" men, 1 must admit that i am amazed the students and their friends have cons ook has been braught|\n\nand the Tera is the elose relationship and natual spoble persons inside or questde sed in the colony of and by Tu the Way. that the British Governent has completely creuptut the genusd sur- forth, boyster, to show how Isnn. This was the reason why Lan cach other bewear Piston and Satereat and inter-doprudence on\n\nthe Repair of China recognize. nol yet come to the mist of this rounding the French Cathedral attirely fodifferent the Sasior leaders, and eves serious re- Hongkong, 2e fally content of of Bolshevists in places where for- ing in de colony.\n\nYear Indignation over the acts of the murervus compazzes sziginat local newspapery and in the title Colony, because Mr. Austen Chau Canten. Fais property does not the fundular basis tion, long, chstinate, desper the fact that further delay in the 6' interests as well as Chinese stizer boule a far back as the fire of belong to the Fenet. Mission human justice, bborts, law alte resistance of the exploiters, who return to normal trade wil result are affected and your desire to set nountry generally write Hongkong Fay said that he would not con- s pozerally supposed but is the order, in the buique sat sinister for many yours will Fet enjoy Beant in economie rain in all parts of an early restoration peace and as two sepuute words or connected new spars in his sider any queation in connection property of the French Gorestrment i kuptbody slov bare adsulod te msk.#antage over the exploited, 200- South Chins, are not blind to the dation, and we shall not hesitate to perinces and guts, equally com with the revision of tresties with and the letter expresses much in\n\nshitates the rule Never treachery of Bolshevista taking as you that we are not by any posed of wwe words, and not ? Bolaberian sa wwerapishat fort in\n\ntrade have our sympathy and agure with a hyphen, but ace of Chinese China until the Chinese Govet dignation that this occupation Russia and in the world.\n\nthis explosers spirit to the devi sneller behind the patricting of weans sing in our man and effort writion. mam had taken steps toʻpot au end should be permitted a cantase. I propuse in talt article de cussion of the vaploited myjority with.\n\nstentia on ona or iso other lend at making use of weir advanger to get rid of a curve and danger Kwanz-tung, or Shang-ii, for in ing questions pertain to the Como destinate title on juries hearsing joumakor\n\nurist movement, before pusting con of butle This method Elswrists had promised test ther parts of the world wherever\n\ney (the now cursing not only China but all stan in her articles, to fleeinstate the whokaale slaughter of peklish Coururin. Instead the Bolshevisus rasy he feand.\n\nThe ela of the Treasury at the revolutionary epicís of Polshereevwia can carry out what they fought the by veicing protesta epits and dangers of Rolshesin Crange,who will be amembered cat\n\nto the present aali-foreign aft-\n\ntion and had shows their ability) 21\n\nto enforce law and order and res- set for the treaty rights of the Powera. Well, gentlemen, I ca Daly understand that utterande f Mr. Chamberlain, or Foretgui Secretary to incare that he will inist at the treaty rights of th Powes including the treaty rights George, at present\n\nPRINCE'S PARTNERS.\n\nSEAMENTS DANCE HONOURED\n\nthat even revolatutory grant uns, aliats, acientists and intel-\n\nBY ROYALTY.\n\nTis\n\nRaval\n\nThe Ladies Pleased.\n\nHighness Prince serving OE!\n\nસં\n\nof Great Britain, are observed. Beard. M. S. Hawking\n\nnicht.\"\n\nThe Right iv Trade, Another statement, which shovid\n\nke to evole For 3 Atatement radi\n\nnex\n\nbation\n\nal simul\n\nSince Bolshevism has beende a\n\nthe well-known firm of architects.\n\nAltst\n\nCin\n\nan then Chen\n\ndoes\n\nM: Orange\n\nnot\n\nWOMEN'S FAVOURITES\n\nThousanda\n\naf diveritnating\n\n| vidvas unde of passion, celia and Icausis in Soviet Russis day be geda violence are not cháy incompatible/en they belong to the bennemin Passat propresor, who g all times; world care and is bringing suffer wone favour Finkettes shove all Iwith, but sien me at zereal it. class sul they are what the Itausinn./ institule time individualistio inr to a markand 4 should be other forms of laxelive rasdicipe the Chiapan cekiral and social mini f're on to say \"Telko Meshare clase to every courworwegian. The! Rosiroved sé a commoor enemy tu because they are daniy and finy,\n\nLet us ans for a montat pe B of pagiâniam, Instead they created! and the question of regoring a sanie pleasant attribute. make thi\n\nabout the two halves the\n\n(It's in the way\n\nme no opposition parly is\n\nThe Troia\n\nDictators started with the singa rankind wherever ay be sound. set as gently as deture.\n\na mikiose vilities. They tried to\n\nFastcnd!\n\nAnd the\n\nvince.\n\nameeten the breath, reliese Piles. SANG TAI PI\n\nOr Chemist, cr post free, 60 Representing Trade Maintenance cents the vial, fiber Dr. Williams'\n\nthe Russian Committee\n\nof Kwanglang Pro-Medicine Co. 60 Kiurgse Road,\n\nShanghai.\n\nTerminology. Let us be clear is que mlade, at Sevich Coverment fpican The hes now got before bit: the coasts! Lieutenant. F. N., is entering into Bolszign, about me of its berms railrendy of the country and soil!ead egy paved the way for a bus that of tinnal, poitical or ter-3\n\nath age of our demont ega borist Germans operates the cager war revolution. In ebeny shack nut tonch equally poster with men. Fegulatory which Lave recen3y the fe of a pavai miticer with äi! | sand their meanings have theragh; garettes uz the streets of 47tical renstur in every courtes Levi zitorial isaga or jurisdietic bean premalgeted in Canton, Of the seal and voi comradeship it important to emplaza th's point, The Government publiskan books Capitalista Justead shey used by via the people of Kwangtung are stimulate the vet, increase the To restore tally regularity, to July 15 the Tuted said: \"Tala iza for whuck the senior scrvive shows not a len we still hary regazina clueSYSYFTS\n\nremedy sick Headaches, bilirse at started by Aging dagsint\n\nteing likewise cursed by Golate; canky, vertigo. moment when Britisa noley must noted.\n\nnabilance, take a dear and definite slipe.\n\nAt the Serbu for sale o contasomarine watching with deep interrat the appetite un ald digestion, Pin wesome titres horses, kabels to culliossins capitalists from manner the people of Hongkong kottes are perfection. They keep Saturday 1st, he attended whole of the Coromast uwment, father, angs, tramour lines a firent Brigin and the United Mate will adopt to lessen evils now being the system cisan and cool, clear the thia potey is such that it romance held at the Seamen's menda fisalf to vibes and ledly stitute arranged by the Lower deck je\n\nfnamely, Bolshevism and Conping lies oil lids, fntests and with roses and the weath of a spread by Bolshevists in this part! skin of tiles and inches, 10 eucive corumca actformet of the flagship,\n\nunitark in e werd, the Sovie stie! muck the better. But the epon through the larger part\n\nand stayed Bolabeviam is derived from is a puremanent a well ea cupidavast continook They started be of Fire worldYours respectfully.\n\nof the thevik, meaning the aforisy, in of industry, a benker, and a me sibility for defending the preet and progare. hely by o\n\nsholisking Christianity. means opposition to the caiter saner evolu-chant garbined. Do wot forget that they produced a merkado revival, row seriously threatened British dent in the choosing of part-tionary social parts, the teemast of the and leaders are misber interests in Chixa les Ayst at\n\nof Christianity in His first was Mrs. A. Carsbeviki, mating the misoging, which profesional en foremost on the British Govern-zon, introduced by the M. C., and overdures the Czarist Govery agriculturiste or factory and\n\nfor terhesta, brople cer Mr. R. M. Marks and Mese, and hooome the Berents They con osy wield the dimurtively M. Hart\n\nGovernante Bolshevism enme into per gue and unta, respritčeniy d. norber of tea\" dances were goter in Brasia, thanks to a pecu- The Goverment is andor tic feature of the programme and a combination of cirrowtanens. Soviet Umon, which is dem into these . R. U. etered with during the Great War in Europe. by a \"all opinionated, curgeat: He, Bridgeman, the First Lord enthasian; thus nearly all the Lean did not wriggin surreptitious group of people who conduci dio of the Admiralty, in anewer to a d'en prezent, had the much cavetrain in Decober, 1917, the fate of and pessants\" 1 urte saia in the fanove sealed taimeslip in the name of workers! question in the Hogan of Commons ad bacoor of partering rogalts. Pussis might have been far brighter Theu, there is no party in Sri an August 6th. Mr. Bridgens which was the more gratifyuz in and apper that loviny. said the aircraft carrier Hermes 15at the Penes in not my need trofe of Teuin might well\n\nThe stel Rosie, but lay act of Coni- had been despatchen to Chins and cellent dancer, bar a charming con- compared to Papierna Box, frran tuluraber her aircraft would be utilised fex verszalonalles, putting at ease in which hare bean les loose ste that there is no Parliament Patt It cessarily Follow taining and exercising the paradiately those whom the fortune evile that spread throughout Husin:eally art economically the fovict sonnet of the deer ait erm and, if the \" brought him. necessary, in co-operation with Hia\n\nfor the matter of that, all over the state is shalately anaipotent Majesty's naval and military forces in the resolution cutii bu reconciled\n\nworld, during the past seven seats. for the protection of the lives and that they should demand a cer several messings\n\nCommunism is a word te has\n\nIf you ask the Reds why there! property of British subjects. (A) define polier to be adapted, pivo it: Coronen riskip of prothe Seriet State, Nie auswor\n\nTitively should be such an omniveleace of clause). Well, ladies and gentiang vet at the same me declare paty: the abolition of privale prothéery is somethies, like this:| wen, I think we shall all zgree that that they left it to the discretion porty and state control of labour,ell. e Comumeist mozeworę the most important right of pro-ef the Dome Government as to religion. social elezions. perty widen we have out here in tow they sheall art. He asked sometimes it is need to deste a\n\nest go through twu ktages: the Far East is the right to trade the Chairman whether he would be theory of wciety, much surilar stage, based on the dominance of the (7) brandtiongi, terolatiouns suroth the treaty novia with the willing to modify the resolution 'n that of the exoly Chifiia in slate by the leaders of the working l'enor of Chr. That is a rigut, order that it might be made the which all property is held in class, sch as Rusia is w-day of wennerty far more important than unanimous voice of all preventi\n\nIt is also beef aquony nonsig same other rights of property we that the mantingarnestly dead with Sorialians In the sanac as it\n\n(4) a Communistic, clas-texs hear of, soch as the infringeant that the Goremecut should adopted in Randa. the word suns ponitury of catharity has sunither slag, in which the state as a m of a trade mark. 1 is a mithrona drastic pelley. He believe the work of Marx and Engels, pub Bon the Commanist Manifeabın” times es inaporist as any right of the meeting was entirely unanimous\n\nwhich is the fun! alage.\" a trade mark, and therefore we that they must take steps to tonery amunista regard that afforz\n\nThe writing that I hav The moder revue direct again Bolabeviews cebleed that, in the past, was the Home Government to their Bible, though Lenis kaŭ dezy ought to rely upon ar alle prend and decisiva netten. Nacy, in verionelen with any vil-]\n\naled and bem i's cardinal \"prised and social structure of the atte Visiont changer of ile politi. The Chairman intimated that he tary forces. to protect our very was quite prepared to adopt Mr.\n\nplen\" important lights of trading Men Johnston's view and the resolution\n\nproines vicient reaction, for a ni the Chinese at the resty peris and was therefore amended to read as\n\nrule, according to most auciologists, The fundamentals of Comuni violone social explosion will bring in trading through the weaty parts follows: neordingly the with the interior of Chica. (Ap-cents of this Celory\n\nwere examined by a shout exere har han And The at a great are who predicted that the crn of existing conditione in Mossta nes ikisi plarse) mass indignation macting, demand! Capitalism would crane to an ad by routine evidence of that pat There is juan mie other patio that the British Govarumeat imperson of the very contradictions 2 The \"oike\" the sheald ike to mute batera dietely adapts a drastic policy, as The consian he assigned for ita utitures who guztically deszinat icharvat in the nature of Ospitation ut novior, Komesey Stalin, dawn, and bat la\n\nthis. In the wa vecture to suggest, in the folio marc downfall are briefly these. the policies of the Russia Couperist eat war of 1914-18 Great Bri-ug ultimatum\n\nCepitelism with its hage organist Party, here aiready abandonat notite tain went to war benuste the treaty authorities.\"\n\nthm of sommaren and industry the of the quja \"prikupies” found in rights of Bellam aud been regarde Mr. J. Russel arged that the world user, aiting only at exploits the policies of the Bussian Comp ed as a more scrap of paper. Cap-siculd include in the telegram that tion of inhour, tends to create dis- and the Centrunism of Locin and plause). She railed upon her power abould be given to the local sontent among the proletarians of Proteks. How do we know that inj children at all parts of the world Government to deal with the situs-worker to come and joie to that war andition.\n\nWithin the political morber four years these \"prei slate, the capitalist are so poseifei mor\" may not be changed more and] Hongkong nably responded, (Hear After sotna further discussion with their animation of wealth more under the necessity of leas. Sarom handred men went the resciolion, as amended, was pati sad property that lay are in a pri proinine wish the exigencies of the forth front this Colony, many of to the meeting and carried and time dominate the government and tiran↑ whom made the great sacrifice. loud and prolonged chears. They made the groat sacrifice be Mr. W. A. Doutes, tu appealing utical, and totally destegend the cl This far we have obrered Soviet cause they were a part of the Bri- for enairibations toward the eine reasses of proletarians or Russia coisang of theas dienuator..\n\nsh Empire. They espoused beren suvolved, mentioned that the men de Berbund Rustel pute it\n\ncies; Bonde capitalion sú private! guaarel, and wo are asking Crent telegram would neet $1,200.\n\nnunoactly: Internally, is protects inlordien, bourgonis property- Britain to espouse sur quarvel now. A hearts vote of thanks to the the rich against she poor; oxtarazt ayub g and prival trading, as well (Applause). Surely the British Chairman concluded the meeting is uses tores for the evolaitatiores selling or signing away of mining. Government cannot are this\n\nof interior races, and for ongori concessions and much other right to urgert ery for help which we are The Feuch Police at Shanghai with other Stadoy\" Capitalistic nations sending out. Our need is grogh have succeeded in treshing what ice to Ma. Fussell, he is not a Dol The is no dictatorshie s the and prigent, and bar entre is just, might be called a factory for fabut bevist, he is far too wise a pollon.proletaring at the present, nether (Cheers).\n\n*100*1. The money bas bean diser to accept Bolsbesis was polis there the prospect of the doing\n\nributed largely auungst exchange ical unce\n\naway with the State and the coming! A Slight Amesiment.\n\nshops in the couressions, but follow- 1 Caputzikin or She capitaistic Tow mecasites of Breshevian\n\nof the fren visitly in the fronre The Rev. J. Horace Johnstoning disclosures by the arreated num, state is dovanć w virker sway in As far as the Gevement and ite asid he cosid not personally seentry of the proprietors wee alsoldige encore, bocause the arable of policine are concerned, may best in how the two statements contained' approbeertet for darling in the win. the capitaliste nations for partition summed up in the words of a keenly\n\nresi.\n\n213 the Canion\n\nshe is\n\nKarl Marx.\n\neverything nonamic, social and po-\n\nLo\n\n+ #\n\ne\n\nSi\n\nGillette\n\nMANA\n\nThe Well Groomed Man\n\nIs Properly Shaved\n\nH13 free shows no sign of beard and it is freeotirritations caused hy dull or improperly designed\n\nrazors.\n\nThe Gillette has always been an ac companiment of the well groomed man. Since 1903 its use has 2dicated good judgment--the mauuko appre saics the mumerous refnemesis in nazor construction which have made\n\nCilenc shave superior to sng whee\n\nThe New\n\nImproved\n\nThe New Improved Gillette does not siog with bair and lather. The blude is placed in exactly the correct position fo cut the hair evenly and level with the surface of the skin. And, finally, the blade is held so it does not vibrate and rerepe the skin.\n\nThese are the reasons why more than 3,000,000 have already bought the Now Jumpraved Giliette. You won't kann sitovi-gconfort until you ownone.\n\nbur aule at all good skaps\n\nBuren wện MULLER A PITIPPA! Limited Mesas Weltban, lions Anes,\n\nGillette\n\nSAFETY RAZOR\n\nMade in Most U.S. A by the Gillette Safety Ruzor Company\n\nPage 10\n\nPage 11\n\nSOUTH CHINA MORNING POST\n\nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
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        "id": 501635,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 662,
        "title": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "uprising from his refuge in the settlement, which he had left to resume the command of his troops and initiate a renewal of hostilities round Shanghai. The principal consuls accordingly represented to their Ministers that the Consular Body be authorised to refuse the asylum of the settlements during the present troubles to all Chinese military commanders, the latter being defined as all officers holding, or who had recently held, the rank of general, as well as to their political intermediaries. As a result of a meeting of the Diplomatic Body a reply was despatched to the senior consul in the form of a resolution adopted by the foreign representatives to the following effect :-\n\nResolved that with a view to maintaining the neutrality of Shanghai, and for the protection of foreign life and property therein, the Consular Body are authorised, as an emergency measure and during the continuance of fighting and the presence of bodies of troops near Shanghai (but no longer), and without referring the matter to the Diplomatic Body, in their discretion to expel from the international settlement (or to refuse admission thereto) Chinese military leaders (being any officer with the rank of general now or recently having active command of troops), and political chiefs who serve as the intermediaries of such militarists, who may, in the opinion of the Consular Body, use the settlement for fitting out military expeditions or otherwise as a base of military operations. or for political agitation.\n\nIt was understood that the French Minister would send similar instructions to his consul-general in regard to the French concession. At the same time the consuls were reminded of the directions of the Diplomatic Body when a similar question arose in November on Sun Yat-sen's arrival in Shanghai, to the effect that Chinese military or political leaders arriving at Shanghai or already installed there should be amicably but clearly warned by the foreign authorities concerned that no political or military activity on their part would be allowed, and would be followed by an immediate request to leave (see paragraph 5 of my despatch No. 757 of the 29th November). It subsequently transpired that the French authorities were making difficulties about the precise interpretation of these instructions (in accordance with their customary tendency to keep on good terms with all parties and factions), but the Dean's telegram has been transmitted by the consuls concerned to the municipal council of the international settlement for the necessary action.\n\n13. The question of the removal of the arsenal, which constitutes one of the principal bones of contention attracting rival Chinese militarists to contend for the control of the Shanghai area, has of course long been on the tapis, and I had made representations on the subject last autumn to the Minister for Foreign Affairs (then Dr. Koo), who had received them sympathetically, and had stated that Marshal Wo Pei-fu intended to deal with the matter of the removal as soon as hostilities ceased. On the 17th December the senior Minister had handed in at the Wai-chiao Pu the following memorandum :-\n\nDuring the last few years the vicinity of the international settlement of Shanghai has repeatedly been the scene of fighting between contending Chinese armies.\n\nWith a view to affording protection to foreign life and property as well as to the lives and properties of the peaceful Chinese inhabitants of the settlements, the foreign Powers have on several occasions been compelled to take various military precautions.\n\nThe foreign Powers are thus often placed in an extremely embarrassing position, and it is evident that it would be far better for them, as well as for China, if ways and means were found to avoid in future that the immediate neighbourhood of the settlement at Shanghai become again the scene of military action.\n\n\"This could be attained by the removal of that part of the Kiangnan arsenal which manufactures military supplies, and of the Lunghua powder factory. which latter, moreover, constitutes a perpetual danger to the ever-increasing number of dwelling houses in its neighbourhood.\n\nThese two institutions are the prize for which the contending parties always strive in every conflict, and which make military operations on a large scale in the surrounding country of Shanghai a foregone conclusion whenever hostilities break out between the military chiefs of the Lower Yang-tsze region. \"The removal once and for all of the Kiangnan arsenal and the Lunghua powder factory from the immediate vicinity of Shanghai to some more suitable locality in the Province of Kiangsu, more remote from China's greatest shipping port and commercial centre, would not only remove a source of frequent anxiety for the community of Shanghai, it would also relieve the foreign Powers of an unpleasant and embarrassing duty, and would finally contribute in no small measure to the consolidation of friendly relations between the Chinese Central Government and the Powers.\n\nThese reasons seem to the heads of Legation of sufficient weight to warrant their suggestion to the Chinese Government to take this matter into serious consideration, and to devise means to ensure in this way peace and tranquillity to Shanghai and its neighbourhood.\n\nWhen the matter was brought up again last month the Peking Government themselves took the initiative by issuing on the 15th January a series of mandates abolishing the post of Defence Commissioner at Shanghai, ordering the cessation of all military work at the arsenal and its transfer to civilian control as an industrial undertaking, and directing that in future no troops were to be stationed at Shanghai nor any military organ set up there; and on the 17th January the Wai-chiao Pu replied to the senior Minister's memorandum above referred to in a communication quoting the texts of the above mandates, and adding that from the date of their publication no troops whatsoever would be allowed under any pretext to make Shanghai and its neighbourhood the scene of military operations, and expressing the hope of the Chinese Government that the Powers would sympathise with and approve of this intention. At the time these steps were taken Shanghai and the arsenal were in the hands of Ch'i Hsieh-yuan, who was in rebellion against the Central Government, and the issue of the mandates in question was obviously a gesture designed to enlist foreign support. The Manchurian forces having now recovered control of the locality on behalf of the Peking Government, it remains for the latter to carry their good intentions into effect.\n\n14. There remain to chronicle during the month Chang Tso-lin's departure from Tien-tsin on the 11th January, and his arrival back in Mukden on the following day; and Wu Pei-fu's arrival at the beginning of the year with a handful of troops at Hankow, whence he proceeded down river to a locality in the neighbourhood. He does not seem to have played any part in Ch'i Hsieh-yuan uprising, and appears to have withdrawn for the time being unmolested into retirement.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nR. MACLEAY.\n\nPage 653",
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        "id": 501819,
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        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "63\n\n17\n\nand cloth manufactured in China, as one of the conditions of the imposition of the surtax of 7 per cent. This excise is to be collected by the maritime customs, and is to apply not only to products manufactured by foreigners, but to those manufactured by \"Chinese anywhere in China.\" There is a provision for rebate of customs duty to the extent of 10 per cent. ad valorem on raw cotton imported for use in mills in China, and for the total remission of taxation on native-grown cotton used for the same purpose. The next paragraph extends the same principle and procedure to \"all products of foreign type turned out by machinery,\" with an exception in favour of Government works.\n\nIt is evident that the practical application of this provision may give rise to great administrative difficulties. The British delegates will have to satisfy themselves that the Chinese maritime customs organisation is in a position to levy an excise fairly on all products of the type referred to manufactured anywhere in China, and that the effect of the provision will not, in spite of the terms of the treaty, be to differentiate between Chinese and foreign enterprise.\n\nThe original intention of the provision was to prevent the increase of customs duties from having the effect of protecting native industry and excluding foreign goods rather than of increasing the customs revenue. If any attempt is made to attack this principle, the British delegates should bear in mind—\n\n1. That the provision for an excise forms an integral part of the whole scheme of article 8, and could not be modified without compensation.\n\n2. That the special conference is not empowered to modify that article.\n\n3. That other delegations will not improbably take a strong view against any weakening of the provision for an excise.\n\nOn the other hand, it should be noted that no treaty except the Mackay Treaty provides expressly for the levy of an excise, so that it is competent for His Majesty's Government, if convinced that such a course is desirable, to agree to a modification of the terms of section 9, which relate to excise by bilateral agreement with China. The British delegates should bear in mind the possibility of using a concession on this point as a means of obtaining the revision or abolition of the provisions of section 8, which relate to consumption tax and which also appear only in the British treaty. In case a suitable opportunity should occur, the British delegates are authorised, if in their judgment it is expedient, to agree that the excise contemplated under section 9 should be limited to the rate of the surtax on foreign imports (i.e., 7 per cent. ad valorem) in place of double import duty (i.e., 10 per cent.), as provided in section 9. There should, of course, be a corresponding limitation of the rebate on imported raw materials, which under the amended scheme should simply be exempted from the 7 per cent. surtax. It is, however, to be remembered that article 4 of the United States Treaty of 1903, though it does not provide expressly for an excise, does provide for a rebate of 10 per cent. ad valorem on the imported cotton used in native manufacture. To this extent, therefore, it would be necessary to obtain the consent of the United States delegates to the proposed amendment.\n\nIn article 4 of the scheme contained in Annex (M) provision is made for an excise on native manufactures, including wines and tobacco products, at a rate corresponding to, but less than, the import duties levied on similar articles from abroad, with the object of raising additional revenues for the administrative purposes of the Central and Provincial Administrations, in return for the abolition of other forms of internal taxation on such goods. In this connection, it may be borne in mind that the principle of an excise is already in existence in China in the \"Privileged Factory Treatment\" (under which foreign-style manufactures produced in China are granted the privilege of paying a 5 per cent. duty collected by the Maritime Customs, which frees them from all further inland taxation with the exception of the Peking octroi), and in the existing system of taxing native wine and tobacco products, as, for instance, the factory tax paid by the B.A.T. Company to the Wine and Tobacco Administration under their special agreement with the latter. It may with some reason be argued that it is not altogether in accordance with the liberal spirit in which His Majesty's Government are approaching the Special Conference to make any attempt to bind China by treaty to the imposition of a specified excise, and it may be found politic and desirable rather to take the line that the Chinese Government should be encouraged to undertake on their own volition to reorganise their internal fiscal system by the imposition of regular excise on native products, to be collected by a well-organised administration in place of the present irregular system of production, transit and destination taxes.\n\n7\n\nIV. UNIFORMITY IN CUSTOMS DUTIES AT LAND AND SEA FRONTIERS. Under article 6 of the Chinese Customs Tariff Treaty of Washington, it is the duty of the special conference to make arrangements to give practical effect to the principle of uniformity in the rates of customs duties levied at all the land and maritime frontiers of China, with power to make equitable adjustments in those cases in which a customs privilege to be abolished was granted in return for some local economic advantage.\n\nHis Majesty's Government attach great importance to this article, which establishes a principle for which they have long contended.\n\nAs regards the \"equitable adjustments\" contemplated in the article, His Majesty's Government are not aware of any cases in which this question will arise in practice except in the case of (a) the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1894, which provided for special reductions of duty on the Burmah-Chinese frontier, and (b) the Franco-Chinese Treaty of 1887, which established a preferential régime on the Indo-Chinese frontier. With regard to (a), the question of adjustments was settled at Washington by an exchange of notes (see Annex (E)) between the Indian and Chinese representatives. All that will therefore be necessary is to obtain the confirmation of this arrangement by the special conference. As regards (b), the British delegates should urge the French and Chinese representatives to come to a direct understanding, if possible, outside the conference, as to any adjustments which may be mutually acceptable, as this will save the conference from a difficult and tedious task. It is to be observed that, if it be found impossible to obtain an agreement between the parties as to the \"equitable adjustments,\" the preferential rates on land-borne trade must nevertheless be abolished. In that event, which it is to be hoped will not occur, the conference has the duty of acting in an arbitral capacity with regard to the adjustments necessary. Every effort should be made to avoid this necessity by encouraging direct arrangements between the parties.\n\n>>\n\nIt would appear from a strict reading of article 6 of the treaty that the only \"local economic advantages to be taken into account in making adjustments are those which are expressly provided for in the same treaty in which the customs preference was granted, and which it is reasonable to regard as having constituted, or formed part of, the consideration for the grant of that preference. From the discussions which took place at Washington, however, it seems not unlikely that the French delegates may attempt to contest this view. In that event, while taking the line indicated, the British delegates should use their discretion as to agreeing to any equitable settlement which may meet with general acceptance.\n\nIt will be seen from Annex (F) that the Japanese delegation at Washington expressly stipulated that the Chinese Government should undertake to put an end to the preference on the land frontier between China and Russia at the same time as it abolished the preference on other land frontiers.\n\nThe only other arrangement which the special conference has to make under this article would seem to be the date on which the abolition of the preference shall take effect. It would probably be simplest to make that date synchronise with the application of the new surtax, as this would reduce the number of changes of duty at the land frontiers.\n\nV. THE SPECIAL SURTAX ON LUXURIES.\n\nIn accordance with article 3 of the Chinese Customs Treaty of Washington, it is the duty of the special conference to draw up a list of articles of luxury which, in their opinion, could bear a surtax of 5 per cent. ad valorem instead of the general surtax of 21/4 per cent. without unduly impeding trade.\n\nAlthough the special conference is not expressly forbidden to authorise surtaxes intermediate between 21/4 per cent. and 5 per cent., His Majesty's Government is opposed to the establishment of any such intermediate rates which appear to them unnecessary in view of the low minimum limit for the surtax on luxuries, while the recognition of intermediate rates would be a long step towards substituting a graduated tariff for the present simple and uniform arrangement. Such graduation, while international control continues, would open the door to an undesirable form of indirect discrimination and international jealousies.\n\nThe British delegates at the special conference should endeavour to secure the acceptance of the following principles :-\n\n(a.) Only two rates of surtax, viz., 21/4 per cent., and 5 per cent., should be recognised.\n\n1",
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    {
        "id": 501838,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 84,
        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "44\n\nExcise and inland tax are to be levied on articles manufactured in China, including wine and tobacco products, on a corresponding scale.\n\nProvision is made for the eventual grant of full tariff autonomy.\n\nAs regards the distribution of revenues between the Central Government and the provinces:\n\n- The Central Government will receive the customs revenues (for consolidating the debt) and the factory and wine and tobacco excise duties and two-thirds of the stamp tax and salt duties; and,\n\nThe Provinces will receive the general transit pass dues (later inland tax) and wine and tobacco inland tax and one-third of the stamp tax and salt duties.\n\nApproximate estimates of the above revenues under these proposals will be found in Annex VI.\n\nThere are, of course, many objections which may be raised against, and alternatives which may be put forward for, the above proposals, which may, however, serve in any case the Chinese as a basis for a consideration of the general problem. Government will doubtless submit proposals of their own.\n\nJanuary 20, 1925.\n\nE. TEICHMAN.\n\nScheme for the Abolition of Internal Taxation and Fiscal and Financial Reconstruction in China.\n\nPART I.\n\nARTICLE 1.\n\nIt is agreed that the following methods of procedure shall be immediately applied in preparation of the way for the abolition of li-kin in accordance with the provisions of articles 2 and 3 of the Chinese Customs Tariff Treaty, signed at Washington on the 6th February, 1922.\n\nThe use and protection of transit passes shall be extended to all produce and goods of native or foreign origin, whether in Chinese or foreign hands, without restrictions of any kind, and irrespective of their provenance and ultimate disposal, whether in China or by export abroad (excepting only wines, beer, porter, spirits and tobacco products and narcotics, which shall be dealt with as hereinafter provided, and articles trade in which is prohibited or subjected to special restrictions with the consent of the Treaty Powers as specified below). Under these new arrangements, therefore, all produce and goods of native or foreign origin, whether in Chinese or foreign hands, being conveyed either from the interior to the open port at which the transit pass is issued, or from such open port to any internal market, without limitation as to method of transport, shall be entitled on payment of the treaty transit dues of 2.5 per cent. ad valorem to be covered by transit passes which shall afford full protection against any further taxation en route, including maritime customs duties when traversing a treaty port, in the case of outward transit pass produce or goods, from the time they are purchased and despatched from the internal district named in the transit pass as their place of origin until they reach the hands of the consignees at the place of their destination, and in the case of inward transit pass produce or goods from the time they are imported or purchased and despatched from the place at which the transit pass is issued, until they reach the hands of the consignees at the internal market of their destination or wherever they may be disposed of en route. But in the case of outward transit pass goods the place of destination, and in the case of inward transit pass goods the place of despatch, must be a place at which a Maritime Customs Station is established.\n\nTransit passes will continue to be issued by the Maritime Customs Administration, who will, in consultation with the Legations principally interested, draw up a detailed procedure regarding their issue and use and the payment of transit pass dues, including satisfactory arrangements in regard to repacking and processing privileges, based on the provisions of existing treaties as modified by those of the present treaty.\n\nThe revenues from transit pass dues will continue to be collected by the Maritime Customs Administration and will be lodged, less expenses of collection, in the Shanghai office of the Bank of China, where they shall lie in a special account at the disposal of the head of the Revenue Council and the Inspector-General of Customs, who, acting on behalf of the Central Government, will distribute the proceeds pro rata amongst the provinces for local expenditure of a productive nature in compensation for any loss of internal revenue to the provinces entailed by the new procedure. In the event of any taxation being levied, directly or indirectly, on such transit pass produce or goods, or on their conveyance, while en route to the consignees at place of destination, the amount of such taxation will be refunded, on presentation of taxation receipts or other satisfactory proof of payment, by the Customs Administration, out of and up to the amount held by the said Administration on account of transit pass dues for the province in which such taxation is levied, and the total amount of such irregular taxation shall be deducted from the amount due on account of transit pass dues to the province in question. In the event of the amount of such taxation exceeding the amount due to the province concerned, reimbursement will be made by the provincial authorities, or, if the said authorities fail to do so, by the Central Government, out of other funds.\n\nNo taxation of any kind will be levied on outward transit pass goods at the place of production or origin at the time of or after their purchase, whether by way of monopoly fees, production taxes, weighing taxes, inspection fees, or other means: and any such taxes levied at the place of production or origin before the produce or goods are purchased and come under the protection of the transit pass shall not exceed a total of 2 per cent. ad valorem in one locality. Any destination, consumption, or other taxes levied on inward transit pass goods after they have reached the hands of the consignees at the place of destination shall similarly not exceed a total of 2.5 per cent. ad valorem in one locality, and such destination or consumption taxes shall not be levied on transit pass produce or goods at the last barrier or city gates of the place of destination, but, if at all, only after the produce or goods have been removed from their original packages by the consignees for sale or have been sent on to a further destination other than that named in the transit pass. The Peking octroi, being a barrier tax, will therefore not be levied on transit pass produce or goods sent to Peking, but it is understood that transit pass dues paid to the Maritime Customs Administration on produce or goods sent to Peking will be handed over to the Peking Octroi Collectorate; produce or goods sent to Peking unprotected by transit passes shall be liable to octroi at a rate not exceeding 2 per cent. ad valorem.\n\nNo taxation of any kind beyond the import and export duties and any local charges which may have been agreed to by the treaty Powers will be levied on produce or goods, whether in Chinese or foreign hands, or in their original packages or otherwise, at the open ports, or in the harbours, cities, suburbs, or approaches thereof, excepting either transit pass dues or existing native customs duties on produce or goods brought from or despatched into the interior.\n\nTransit passes will be issued on application for every kind of produce or goods, excepting only those in which trade is prohibited, or on the movement of which an embargo may be placed, temporarily or otherwise, by the Chinese authorities with the approval of the Central Government and with the consent of the treaty Powers, and wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products and narcotics, which shall be dealt with as hereinafter provided.\n\n(Note. The question of prohibited imports and exports should if possible be dealt with by the conference. The issues concern the articles which may properly be placed on the list of prohibited imports as munitions of war under Rule III of the 1902 Rules of Trade, the movement of silver dollars under Rules II and V of the 1858 Rules of Trade, the trade in grain (rice, beans, &c.), and the export of live-stock.)\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake to abolish the existing coast trade duties, that is to say the export duty and half import duty on native produce carried coastwise. Instead of the coast trade duties, the new transit pass procedure will be applied to such sea- or river-borne produce or goods (under arrangements to be formulated by the Maritime Customs Administration, which will protect the export duty revenues against abuse), and such produce and goods carried coastwise will thus be placed on the same footing in regard to transit dues privileges as land-borne produce and goods. Foreign imports having paid import duty shall continue to be entitled to be transported from one open port to another open port without further taxation of any kind.\n\n(Note. It will be a matter for consideration whether the Customs Revenues can afford to be depleted by the abolition of the export duty on native produce carried coastwise as well as of the half import duty.)\n\n45\n\n$2\n\n121\n\n..",
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        "id": 501840,
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        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "48\n\nservice of the national debt in the manner above provided for, including, after all loan services have been met, the settlement of claims against the Chinese Government or Chinese Government Departments or Provincial Administrations, the validity of which are admitted by the Chinese Government, but funds for the payment of which are not available from other sources; and they will annually hand over the balance, if any, after due provision has been made for a reserve of dollars to the Ministry of Finance for the use of the Central Government. Any other bank of the same nationality may be substituted for any one of the above custodian banks at the will of the Government of the country concerned.\n\n17\n\n(Note. The constitution of any commission for the custody of customs revenues is obviously a very difficult and contentious question. The opening sentence of the above paragraph is designed to justify a demand which may at first sight prove highly objectionable to Chinese amour-propre. Possibly the Chinese and foreign directors of the \"Bureau of National Loans\" and the Chinese and foreign chiefs of the \"Accounts and Audit Department,\" which were provided for under article 14 of the Reorganisation Agreement of 1913, but which have never really functioned except for the purpose of drawing salaries from salt funds, might be resuscitated in this connection. M. Padoux has formulated proposals (knowledge of which has been obtained from a confidential source) for a commission, composed of high Chinese officials, including foreigners in the service of the Chinese Government and one representative of the foreign and one representative of the Chinese banks, to take charge of all national revenues, with the duty of paying out funds to meet the service of the consolidated debt and for administrative purposes, and of generally controlling the national revenues. If the Chinese themselves, acting on M. Padoux's recommendations, put forward proposals on these lines, they would, of course, have to be considered. But it is doubtful whether such an ambitious plan could be made to work, and in many ways it seems safer and preferable to content oneself with making really satisfactory arrangements, if it is possible to do so, for the custody of the customs revenues alone.)\n\nIt is agreed that, in view of the present consolidation arrangements, certain of the loans concluded since the establishment of the republic shall have their interest reduced and their amortisation extended in the manner specified in the attached schedule (see Annex IV).\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake that the control and machinery of the Maritime Customs Administration will remain unchanged as long as any foreign obligations are secured on the customs revenues. But the Chinese Government shall be free to redeem any of these obligations before the date of their falling due by arrangement with the representatives of the bondholders concerned.\n\nARTICLE 4.\n\nThe Chinese Government will levy an excise on all goods manufactured in China on a scale not greater than the total, and not less than two-thirds of the total, of the import duty (including surtax) levied on corresponding articles imported from abroad. The native manufactures on which this excise will be charged include all machine-made yarn and cloth and all other products of foreign type turned out by machinery, whether by Chinese or foreigners, in the interior and at the open ports, and also all wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products and narcotics. Native manufactures made entirely, or partly, of imported raw materials which have paid import duty shall be free of excise, or entitled to a pro ratâ reduction of excise, in accordance with the amount of imported as opposed to native raw material used in their manufacture. Manufactured goods which have paid excise shall on exportation be free of export duties.\n\n(Note. The possibility of the tax-free privileges of so-called Government factories being abused should perhaps be guarded against.)\n\nARTICLE 5.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake that there will be no discrimination against imported goods, or against articles manufactured by foreigners in China, or against goods purchased by foreigners in China, whether in regard to taxation, or in connection with transportation rates, or in any other respect whatsoever, except in so far as is provided in the present treaty.\n\n49\n\nARTICLE 6.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake to create an Excise Administration with foreign assistance under the control of a Chinese director and foreign associate director, on the lines of the Salt Administration, for the purpose of collecting the excise duties on manufactured articles other than wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products and narcotics.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake to reorganise the Wine and Tobacco Administrations with foreign assistance under the control of a Chinese director and foreign associate director, on the lines of the Salt Administration, for the purpose of collecting the excise duties and inland tax on manufactured and imported wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products and narcotics.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake to reorganise the Stamp Tax Administration with foreign assistance under the control of a Chinese director and associate foreign director, on the lines of the Salt Administration, for the purpose of collecting the stamp duties; and the Governments of the other contracting Powers will thereupon agree to the payment of these stamp duties by their nationals in China in accordance with the Chinese Stamp Tax Law.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake to introduce certain reforms into the Salt Administration, with the object of securing the more efficient collection of the revenues, on the lines indicated in the attached memorandum (see Annex V); and they further undertake that the functions and powers of the foreign associate directors and foreign staff of the Excise, Wine and Tobacco and Stamp Tax Administrations will be based on similar principles.\n\nThe Chinese Government undertake that the establishment and reorganisation of the Excise, Wine and Tobacco, Stamp Tax and Salt Administrations provided for in this article will be carried completely into effect within one year from the date of the signature of the present treaty.\n\n(Note. An alternative proposal is that the excise duties should be collected and disposed of by an excise branch of the Customs Administration, as contemplated in the Mackay Treaty. There are various advantages in such a proposal, and only one serious disadvantage, that of unduly increasing the difficulties and responsibilities of the Maritime Customs Administration. If it is desired to adopt this suggestion in the present scheme, all that is necessary is to stipulate that the new Excise Administration shall be a branch of the Customs Administration and under the control of the Inspector-General of Customs, as contemplated in the Mackay Treaty.)\n\nThe revenues from the inland tax levied on imported and locally manufactured wines and tobacco products, &c., by the Wine and Tobacco Administration will be dealt with in the same way mutatis mutandis as the revenues from transit pass dues (as provided for in article 1), and will be similarly distributed by the Chinese and foreign chiefs of the Wine and Tobacco Administration pro ratâ amongst the provinces for local expenditure of a productive nature in compensation for any loss of internal revenue to the provinces entailed by the new procedure.\n\nThe revenues from the factory excise and from the excise on wine and tobacco products will accrue in their entirety to the Central Government.\n\n(Note. The factory excise duties on native goods correspond to the import duties on imported goods, and they thus accrue to the Central Government, the provinces being placated by the transit pass dues on native and imported goods. The inland taxes on wine and tobacco products correspond to the transit pass dues on other goods, and therefore go to the provinces.) The revenues from the salt duties shall be divided into three parts, two-thirds being placed at the disposal of the Central Government for the payment of any obligations secured on these revenues and thereafter for the general purposes of the Government, and the remaining third being distributed by the Chinese and foreign chief inspectors pro ratâ amongst the provinces. Subject to the above arrangements for the distribution of a third of the salt revenues amongst the provinces, existing agreements between the Chinese Government and foreign interests in regard to the collection and disposal of the said revenues shall continue in force.\n\n(Note. The provisions of the above paragraph would require the assent of the banks parties to the Reorganisation Loan Agreement of 1913.) [13577]",
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        "content_text": "52\n\nto discard completely these means of raising revenue, excepting the import and export duties, inland tax, and excise as hereinafter provided for, and to abolish completely and permanently throughout the provinces and special territories of the Chinese Republic all li-kin and other transit dues, native customs duties, production taxes, weighing taxes, slaughter taxes, consumption taxes, destination taxes, octroi taxes, boat and cart and motor-car and transport, animal and conveyance taxes (excepting existing tonnage and port dues), bridge and road tolls, shop and business taxes, monopoly fees, licence fees, examination fees, protection and escort fees, school, temple, guild, and chamber of commerce taxes, and all public utility contributions levied on goods, and all other forms of internal taxation on goods and trade whatsoever; and the Chinese Government guarantees that, excepting the import and export duties, inland tax and excise above referred to, no other taxes or dues or fees of any kind shall in future be levied directly or indirectly on native or foreign goods or raw material, whether in Chinese or foreign hands, nor on their importation, exportation, purchase, transportation, sale or consumption, nor on their means of manufacture or conveyance, nor on the shops or businesses dealing therein; and it is understood that the Chinese Government will refund the amount of any taxation levied in violation of the provisions of this paragraph to the firms or individuals who may have paid such irregular taxation. The abolition of internal taxation as above provided for shall be carried completely into effect before the enforcement of the increased import and export duties and excise and inland tax hereinafter provided for.\n\n(Note. Municipal rates and taxes and licences and possibly an income tax should perhaps be excluded from the above under proper safeguards.)\n\nThe Governments of the other contracting Powers in return agree that China shall be free to fix her own customs tariff rates on the lines and within the limits hereinafter laid down; and they consent to the imposition of an inland tax on all goods imported into China by their nationals, the proceeds of which shall accrue to the provinces for local expenditure of a constructive nature in compensation for the loss of local revenue resulting from the abolition of internal taxation. They further agree to consider the concession of full tariff autonomy in ten years from the date of the carrying into effect of the present supplementary article if, in the opinion of a two-thirds majority of the Governments of the contracting Powers, the provisions of the present treaty and supplementary article, including the complete abolition of internal taxation, have been satisfactorily carried into effect.\n\nThe increased import and export duties and excise and inland tax provided for in the present supplementary article shall come into force within one year from the date of the signature of the protocol carrying the present supplementary article into effect on a date to be determined by the Chinese Government; but at least three months' notice of such enforcement shall be given to the Governments of the other contracting Powers.\n\nThe Chinese Government will recast the export tariff on a graduated scale not exceeding 10 per cent, ad valorem.\n\nThe Chinese Government will recast the import tariff on a graduated scale not exceeding 10 per cent. ad valorem in the case of ordinary articles, 25 per cent. ad valorem in the case of articles of luxury as detailed in the schedule attached to article 2, and 40 per cent. ad valorem in the case of wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products and narcotics.\n\nAn inland tax at a uniform rate of 5 per cent. ad valorem will be levied by the Maritime Customs Administration on all imported goods simultaneously with the import duty, and by the Excise Administration on all local manufactures simultaneously with the excise duty; excepting only wines, beer, porter, spirits, tobacco products, and narcotics, whether imported or locally produced, on which the inland tax shall continue to be levied by the Wine and Tobacco Administration as provided for and at the rate laid down in article 1.\n\nThe proceeds of the import and export duties shall constitute the customs revenues, which shall be dealt with as provided for in article 3.\n\nThe revenues from the inland tax levied on foreign imports by the Maritime Customs Administration will be lodged, less expenses of collection, in the Shanghai Office of the Bank of China, where they shall lie in a special account at the disposal of the head of the Revenue Council and the Inspector-General of Customs, who, acting on behalf of the Central Government, will distribute the proceeds pro ratâ according to the localities in which the foreign imports are consumed amongst the provinces for local expenditure of a productive nature in compensation for loss\n\n53\n\nIn the event of any further taxation being levied, directly or indirectly, on such foreign imports, or on their transportation, sale or consumption, the amount of such taxation will be refunded, on presentation of taxation receipts or other satisfactory proof of payment, by the Maritime Customs Administration out of and up to the amount held by the said Administration on account of inland tax for the province in which such taxation is levied, and the total amount of such irregular taxation shall be deducted from the amount due on account of inland tax to the province in question. In the event of the amount of such taxation exceeding the amount due to the province concerned, reimbursement will be made by the provincial authorities, or, if the said authorities fail to do so, by the Central Government, out of other funds.\n\n(Note.-The above is a repetition of the paragraph in article 1 regarding the disposal of the transit pass dues, which are replaced by the inland tax.) The revenues from the inland tax levied on local manufactures by the Excise Administration will be similarly dealt with mutatis mutandis and distributed by the Chinese and foreign chiefs of the Excise Administration pro ratâ amongst the provinces in the same way.\n\nThe revenues from the inland tax levied on locally manufactured wine and tobacco products by the Wine and Tobacco Administration will continue to be dealt with as provided for in article 1.\n\nThe revenues from the factory excise and from the excise on wine and tobacco products, and those from the stamp taxes and salt duties, will continue to be dealt with as provided for in article 6.\n\n(Final Note. The Washington China Customs Tariff Treaty was signed by China and the United States, Belgium, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal. The other \"Old Treaty Powers\" are Brazil, Denmark, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The \"New Treaty Powers,\" namely, who cannot claim tariff privileges, are Bolivia, Chile, Germany, Persia, and Russia. The Chinese Government are also in relations of some kind with Austria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Uruguay.)\n\nAnnex I.\n\n(Referred to in Article 1.)\n\nList of Ports open to Foreign Residence and Trade.\n\nThis list will include all existing treaty ports and trade marts (with possibly a few exceptions in the case of certain marts opened by the Chinese in the north for political reasons in which foreign trade is not yet interested), and also certain centres such as Wanhsien, and Yunnanfu, the status of which is doubtful, and also a number of other places which might well be opened in the interests of foreign trade, e.g., Peking, Chengtu, Chengchow, Hsuchow, Pengpu, Siangtan, &c., in regard to which the British Chambers of Commerce in the various important centres would have to be consulted.\n\nAnnex II.\n\n(Referred to in Article 2.)\n\nSchedule of Luxury Articles.\n\nNo attempt is here made to draw up a list of luxury (i.e., non-essential) articles. But two lists are attached hereto, as being of possible assistance in a later study of this very contentious question. List No. I is a tentative list of luxury articles drawn up by the customs representative on the last Tariff Revision Commission for the preliminary consideration of the inspector-general; and List No. 2 is a \"Provisional Import Tariff for German and Austrian Goods,\" issued by the Chinese Government in 1920 but never enforced owing to the refusal of the Treaty Powers to agree to the use of certificates of origin. These two lists, which have been obtained privately from the Inspector-General of Customs, should be regarded as strictly confidential documents.\n\n[13577]",
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        "id": 501845,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 91,
        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "58\n\nInland Tax on Wine and Tobacco Products.\n\n10 per cent. inland tax...\n\n(See article 1.)\n\nThis is a guess based on the fact that the British and American Tobacco Company alone now pay some 1,500,000 dollars a year in 24 per cent. inland tax. (It should be noted that this inland tax is paid on both imported and locally manufactured products, and that under the scheme it would be paid whether the goods were disposed of at the treaty ports or in the interior.) Were this inland tax to be effectively applied to native wine and tobacco products, the revenues should greatly exceed the estimates.\n\nFactory Excise.\n\n(See article 4.)\n\n5 per cent. to 7 per cent excise on manufactured articles other than wine and tobacco\n\nThis is a guess based on the fact that the customs already collect from 4 million dollars to 5 million dollars in privileged factory treatment duties. The possibilities in the development of these revenues under a regular excise administration are considerable, and the above estimate may well turn out to be absurdly small.\n\nWine and Tobacco Excise.\n\n(See article 4.)\n\n10 per cent. to 15 per cent. excise on wine and tobacco products...\n\n...\n\nThis is a guess based on the fact that the British and American Tobacco Company alone now pay about 1 million dollars a year in factory tax, which works out at about 1 per cent to 2 per cent., and that the nominal revenues of the existing Wine and Tobacco Administration are some 15 million dollars a year.\n\n  \n    Chinese dollars.\n    15,000,000\n  \n  \n    \n    6,000,000\n  \n  \n    \n    20,000,000\n  \n\nSalt Revenues. (Under a reformed Administration.) (See article 6.)\n\nSalt duties\n\nSalt duties collected under the existing system amount to some 90,000,000 dollars only.\n\n  \n    \n    120,000,000\n  \n\nStamp Tax Revenues. (Under a reformed Administration.)\n\nStamp duties\n\n(See article 6.)\n\nStamp duties collected under the existing system are understood to amount to some 3 million dollars only, but the possibilities of this source of revenue, if reorganised with foreign assistance, are probably considerable.\n\n  \n    \n    6,000,000\n  \n\not li-kin.\n\n59\n\nDivision of Revenues between Central Government and Provinces.\n\nTo the Central Government for Debt Services.\n\nCustoms revenues\n\n(See article 3.)\n\n  \n    Chinese dollars.\n    125,000,000\n  \n\nTo the Central Government for Administrative Expenses. (See article 6.)\n\n  \n    Wine and tobacco excise\n    20,000,000\n  \n  \n    Factory excise\n    6,000,000\n  \n  \n    Two-thirds of salt revenues, say 80 million dollars, less, say 20 million dollars for debt services, until customs can carry entire debt\n    60,000,000\n  \n  \n    Two-thirds of stamp tax revenues\n    4,000,000\n  \n  \n    Total\n    90,000,000\n  \n\nTo the Provinces.\n\n(See articles 1 and 6.)\n\n  \n    Wine and tobacco inland tax\n    15,000,000\n  \n  \n    One-third of salt revenues\n    40,000,000\n  \n  \n    One-third of stamp tax duties\n    2,000,000\n  \n  \n    Total\n    65,000,000*\n  \n  \n    Transit pass fees\n    8,000,000\n  \n\nVarying in relation to the provincial li-kin receipts according as transit pass fees take the place...\n\n89",
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        "id": 502279,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 526,
        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "Is it suggested that the British and French occupants of Shameen, the Foreign Concession area of Canton, or in any Concession, do their own scavenging, tend their own public gardens and tennis courts, or perform their own household duties?\n\nBut, no doubt, the China Association, in speaking of the occupants of the Concessions, refer only to those who are the occupiers of houses. Even so, their statement is very misleading.\n\nIn Tientsin, there are British, French, Japanese, Italian, and Belgian Concessions, extending together about four miles along the river. Residing in the Tientsin British Concession, quite apart from the Chinese workers, there is a majority of Chinese ratepayers who are governed by a minority of British ratepayers. Recently new Land Regulations have come into force, giving the Chinese ratepayers the vote, but on an immensely narrower franchise than the foreign ratepayers' franchise—the discrimination being intended to prevent the possibility of the foreign votes being swamped. With the same object, it is provided that five out of the newly-created Council of nine must be British subjects.\n\n(V) Important as these matters are, they do not compare in significance with the question of Shanghai, which, as the China Association state, is by far the most important of the Treaty Ports. It is indeed the key of the whole British, and apart from Japan, of the whole foreign position in China. Not only is it immeasurably the largest of the ports, but nearly half the British residents in China live in Shanghai. It is, therefore, to be regretted that the China Association did not see fit to give a more accurate account of the population, the Government, and the general conditions of life in Shanghai.\n\nThe populations of the two foreign areas in Shanghai, according to the last Census, taken on October 16, 1920, were:-\n\n  \n    International Settlement, foreign population\n    23,307\n  \n  \n    (Of these, British\n    5,341)\n  \n  \n    French Settlement, foreign population\n    3,560\n  \n  \n    (Of these, British\n    1,044)\n  \n  \n    Total foreigners in Shanghai Settlements\n    26,867\n  \n  \n    (Of whom 6,385 were British)\n    \n  \n\nThere were 166,667 Chinese in the French Concession, and a total population of 930,068 in the Settlement and Concession together.\n\nThe population of the native city, outside the Settlements, has been estimated by the Inspectorate of Customs at about 1,000,000; that is to say, nearly half the population of Shanghai live under foreign administration.\n\nThere are, however, many thousands of Chinese who work inside the Settlements and sleep outside; and it is estimated that the daytime population of the Settlements is well towards 1,500,000. Thus, three-quarters of the whole population of Shanghai work inside the Foreign Settlements, under the control of foreign administration.\n\nThe International Settlement (an entity separate from the French Concession) comprises an area of eight and two-thirds square miles, or 5,584 acres. It is ruled by the Shanghai Municipal Council, consisting of nine members, six of whom are British, two (including the Chairman) American, and one Japanese. The Secretary to the Council is British. The members of the Council are generally the directors and managers of business houses in Shanghai. The Chinese ratepayers in the Settlement have no votes. 2,900 ratepayers qualified to elect the Municipal Council are all foreigners. In 1919 there was an agitation for Chinese representation on the Municipal Council, on the plea that there should not be taxation without representation, and some difficulty was experienced in collecting the rates. The Chinese had, however, to be satisfied with an Advisory Committee of five members, elected by the Chinese commercial bodies.\n\nThe Municipal Council not only controls a police force of Sikhs and Chinese, mainly officered by British, but a Volunteer Corps, commanded always by a British regular officer of field rank, who, with a few regular N.C.O.'s, is seconded from the British army. The Light Horse, the Machine Gun Company, the Artillery, and three Infantry Companies, are also British. The rest of the Volunteers are of heterogeneous nationality. Chinese troops are not permitted to pass through the Shanghai Settlement or any other Settlement or Concession. The Shanghai Municipal Council does not permit the Chinese, who contribute the greater part of the revenues of the municipality, even to walk in its pleasantest places. \"Chinese and dogs not admitted,\" was a notice displayed until recently over the main gates of the park; and though the notice has disappeared the prohibition against entry remains.\n\nWe thus have in the Shanghai International Settlement the representatives of 3 per cent. of the population (the foreigners) ruling 97 per cent. of the population (the Chinese) who are without votes, and without rights, but have the duty to contribute to the rates.\n\nThe Shanghai Municipal Council is indeed a unique survival from the past; for while it is essentially a committee of business men, it has powers far exceeding those of a modern municipality, claiming sometimes to transcend the authority of the Consular Body, and enjoys an international status guaranteed by treaty.\n\n(VI) The China Association state that Chinese charged with offences within the Shanghai Settlement are tried by a Chinese judge, with a Foreign Assessor. The Association will be aware that, while this was true before the Revolution of 1911, since the Revolution the Mixed Court has been taken over by the Consular Body of Shanghai, and that now the Foreign Assessor virtually acts as judge, trying and deciding the case.\n\nThe jurisdiction of the Mixed Court has also been extended to cases where both or all of the parties are Chinese, contrary to the Treaty stipulation which provides that the Foreign Assessor can only attend when a foreigner is a plaintiff. Since the annexation of the Mixed Court by the Foreign Consuls, there have been negotiations for its restoration to Chinese authority, but without avail.\n\n(VII) The China Association state that factories owned by foreigners in Shanghai and the other Treaty Ports in China are, in general, immeasurably superior to Chinese factories, as to construction, sanitation, and conditions of employment. There is no evidence of any kind to support this claim of general superiority—certainly not as regards conditions of employment.\n\nIt is not mentioned in the Report of the Shanghai Child Labour Commission (1924), nor in the Report of a Member of the Staff of the International Labour Office at Geneva, who visited a large number of factories in Shanghai and other industrial centres at the end of last year. While these reports commend certain Japanese factories, the one for their modern construction, and the other for the elementary education which one Japanese firm provides for the young children of its employees, the Child Labour Commission also reports that a well-run and apparently prosperous Chinese filature at Hangchow largely dispenses with the labour of children, who work in general under “indefensible conditions of misery in the foreign and Chinese silk filatures in Shanghai.\n\nCertain small places, such as Chefoo and Tsinan, foreigners are reported by the British Consuls to have taken the initiative in obtaining good sanitary conditions, and at Chungking two British firms are stated to have in their establishments sanitary and other conditions which are adequate and, of course, greatly in advance of purely native concerns.\n\nOn the other hand, the Report of the Shanghai Child Labour Commission (1924) shows that over the whole field of factory employment in Shanghai the British, the Americans, the French, and the Italians employ a higher proportion of children under twelve in their factories than do the Chinese. In Shanghai 13 per cent. of Chinese factory employees, 15.9 per cent. of American, 17 per cent. of British, 46 per cent. of Italian, and 47 per cent. of French factory employees are children under twelve (Cmd. 2442, China No. 1 (1925) p. 102). The largest number of children employed in any one cotton mill in Shanghai (where work is generally on two twelve-hour day and night shifts) are employed in the British Yangtszepoo cotton mill, where, out of a total of 3,800 employees, 700 are boys and girls under twelve. The largest...\n\n514",
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        "id": 502282,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 529,
        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "# The Present Situation in China\n\n# WHAT HAS HAPPENED?\n\nThe fundamental causes of the present trouble are, first, the terrible conditions of the workers, chiefly under foreign industrial control, and, secondly, the abuse of special privileges and immunities by foreign imperialists.\n\nThe immediate cause of the outbreak appears to have been a demonstration by Chinese workmen employed in a Japanese-owned cotton mill at Shanghai, because members of the staff of the mill had killed a Chinese workman.\n\nWorkers and students who made a demonstration demanding redress of this wrong, marching through the Nanking Road of the British Settlement, were fired at by the police employed by the Municipal Council, who killed six and wounded many more.\n\nOn the next day three were killed and many were wounded. On the third day twenty-one were killed and hundreds were wounded.\n\nIn regard to the street fighting all the casualties have been on one side, indicating that the Chinese are entirely unarmed and defenceless. According to the official Chinese protests, medical evidence states that the workers had been shot in the back, and no armed police had been injured.\n\n# CONDITION OF THE WORKERS\n\nThe following is taken from Report of Child Labour Commission appointed by Shanghai Municipal Council, June, 1923, and published July, 1924. The average wage of workers varies from 16s. to 30s. per month, which is below the amount necessary for bare existence in Shanghai. A woman worker gets 24d. to 6d. a day. There is no insurance, compensation, old-age pensions, &c. The hours of work of men, women, and children alike are from twelve to thirteen and a-half hours a day.\n\n\"The Commission heard evidence that contractors obtained young children from the country districts, paying the parents two dollars a month for the service of each child. By employing such children in the mills and factories the contractor is able to make a profit of about four dollars a month in respect of each child.\n\n\"The children are frequently most miserably housed and fed. They receive no money, and their conditions of life are practically those of slavery.\"\n\nOf course the adult workers are under similar conditions.\n\nThe following is an extract from a pamphlet published by the International Federation of Working Women:-\n\n\"The factory conditions of 80 or 100 years ago in the West are being, unfortunately, reproduced in China. The ordinary working hours are twelve, fourteen, and sixteen hours a day. In the cotton mills a twelve-hour day and a twelve-hour night shift are worked, and the workers go alternate weeks on each.\"\n\n\"Small children of six, seven, or eight and upwards are working the long hours and under the bad conditions described above. Hundreds of girls between the ages of eight and twelve are employed to stir cocoons placed in steaming hot water, which often scalds their little hands, leaving white stains on them. In cotton mills they work at spindles joining threads. In both cases they are on their feet working twelve hours a day. In some cases even longer, or on night shifts.\" Out of 82,696 workers in the Shanghai mills 13,062 are under fourteen. \"Besides these small children employed in factories there are babies of two or three years seen toddling or playing about in some of the factories. Mothers often work at machines with babies strapped on their backs or lying at their feet. How many of these babies, who are brought up under such conditions, survive we have no way of finding out,\"\n\nIn Shanghai the British and Japanese-owned spindles amount to 967,432 out of 1,740,556. The remainder is still largely under the control of foreign capital.\n\n# ORGANISATION OF CHINESE WORKERS\n\nNot until 1919, after the general strike in Shanghai, did the Chinese workers begin to organise themselves effectively. Until then the unions had been more in name than in fact.\n\nAt first the shopworkers organised themselves according to locality, i.e., streets, but factory workers organised according to their trade. The organisation of the factory workers is most active and sensitive to the grievances of the workers.\n\nTheir protests have been always neglected by the owners and by the authorities of the Settlement, and their headquarters are often raided by the foreign police and frequently suppressed.\n\nAny sort of complaint and aspiration after the improvement of working conditions is considered as Bolshevism and, therefore, the common enemy of the capitalists, who consider they ought to be shot.\n\nAmongst the most important unions are:-\n\nThe All-China Industrial Salvation Union.\n\nThe Shanghai Weavers' Union.\n\nThe Shanghai Cotton and Silk Women-workers' Union.\n\n# WHAT ARE THE TREATY PORTS?\n\nThe Treaty Ports are foreign colonies within the Chinese Republic, taken against her will; concessions for which no rent is paid and in which the Chinese themselves have no rights.\n\nOver half a century ago, as a result of the Opium War, the Powers established themselves at Treaty Ports. The Treaty of Nanking, 1842, opened the ports of Shanghai, Canton, Amoy, Foochow, and Ningpo. Later by the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 were added the ports of Newchang, Tangchow, Swatow, and Kungchow. To-day there are forty-nine Treaty Ports.\n\nThe foreigners enjoy special privileges and immunities, and often abuse them under the name of extra-territoriality.\n\n# HOW THEY ARE GOVERNED\n\n\"Municipal Government\" in the Treaty Ports is a farce, and actually means dictatorship by the Consuls and foreigners. Occasionally a Chinese is co-opted as an adviser. The Chinese population has not votes, but they have the privilege of paying the rates.\n\nThese alien municipal councils have their own police, often Sikhs or non-Chinese under foreign officers. It is these who have fired on the unarmed strikers. In these settlements many evils are overlooked through corruption; for example, munition traffic, opium smuggling, &c.\n\n# CHINA'S VITAL SERVICES CONTROLLED BY FOREIGNERS\n\nTariffs are fixed by Foreign Powers, limiting the tax on imports to 5 per cent. The Washington Conference promised to increase this to 7 per cent., but after three years have elapsed, this promise is still unfulfilled. These conditions threaten the very economic existence of the Chinese nation.\n\nCustoms, that is to say, the bulk of the revenue outside the Salt Gabelle, are controlled by an Inspectorate-General, composed of various nationalities. The Salt Gabelle, the main source of revenue, is under the control of an Englishman.\n\nPage 517",
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    {
        "id": 503173,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 248,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "247\n\n22\n\nOVERLAND CHINA MAIL\n\nRECORD HONGKONG DELUGE.\n\nJuly 19.\n\nIf not the greatest in mere figures, then the most destructive deluge of Hongkong's history has wrought indescribable damage and confusion in all parts of the Colony.\n\nIn the short space of time, it is impossible to give a rough estimate of the loss in money. The havoc will take time, men and cash to repair. But worse still, lives have been lost as a result of the furious rainstorm which started last night and has not ended this afternoon. Details given below tell of the wide scope of the damage.\n\nOn older residents, the point which had caused the highest impression was the period during which thunder, lightning, and rain came by the bucketful without a moment's break.\n\nIt must be an unusual phenomenon for Hongkong to be practically alight for more than half an hour before 4 a.m. The peals of thunder which chased each other across the heavens portended ill for the Colony this morning, the effects being described below.\n\nMuch time will elapse before order is restored throughout the Colony.\n\nFrom the earliest hours, the Police, Fire Brigade, Public Works Department, Sanitary Department, and other authorities were out in rescue and rehabilitation parties, but the comparatively small number available made but little headway against the storm.\n\nThe previous best, for an hour of rainfall in Hongkong, was 3.480 inches which fell in one hour on July 15, 1886. Between 3:30 and 4:30 this morning, the rain-gauge at the Royal Observatory, Kowloon, recorded 3.965 inches.\n\nCherra Punji in the Khasi Hills, Assam (India) has 464 inches a year (this average extending over 33 years). In July there, the wettest month, they have 30 inches a day for five successive days, and a mean of 115 inches (equal to our total for a year) for this month.\n\nThe Storm.\n\nThe storm itself, as regards its duration and the force of the claps (there was barely a second between the flash and report), is generally recognised as the worst Hongkong has ever experienced.\n\nCAUSE OF DELUGE.\n\nAlthough the week-end typhoon—the first of the current season—did not actually visit Hongkong, it is the direct cause of this morning's complete deluge.\n\nThat typhoon went inland about 80 miles to the East of Hongkong, near Swatow. Then it stopped and started to \"fill-up.\"\n\nLATEST FIGURES.\n\nBetween midnight last night and 1 p.m. today, 20.79 inches of rain were recorded at the Observatory.\n\nFrom 10 a.m. yesterday to 10 a.m. today, the figures are 21.44 inches.\n\nWeather forecast till noon to-morrow: South-west winds, fresh; overcast, rain.\n\nBy doing so, it became a little area of intense depression, with considerable effect on atmospheric circulation. The result is all this weather upheaval, thunderstorms, and abnormal rains.\n\nNEW RECORDS.\n\nNearly 4 Inches An Hour.\n\nWhen the thunder was continuous, the Observatory recorded a new record for any 24 hours (or, strictly speaking, a civil day).\n\nA civil day is from midnight to 12 midnight. The highest in the books for any day in the month of July is 13.480 inches, for the 15th of that month, in the year 1886. From midnight last night till 9 this morning, the Observatory had already registered 19.155 inches of rain.\n\nImpressive Figures.\n\nStill, the old brigade hold a few records which the majority of residents will be well content to leave to them. There are a good many hours to go before midnight to-night, when 24 hours will have been completed. By then, the experts expect that we shall have left everything behind and set up a new best.\n\nFor a civil day (midnight to midnight) Hongkong's best is 20.496 inches on May 30, 1889.\n\nFor any period of 24 consecutive hours, the best is 27.44 inches, being from 6 a.m. on May 29, 1889, to 6 a.m. on May 30, 1889.\n\nHongkong Well-off!\n\nFOUR BODIES.\n\nThe Fire Brigade were out early to assist in rescue work at the No. 3 pumping station, near the University.\n\nA portion of the building collapsed and several men went under. Two bodies were dug out from the debris. Four others were rescued and sent to hospital.\n\nNo. 3 pumping station is on Pokfulam Road, just beyond the medical buildings of the University.\n\nLater. A large boulder was unloosened from the hillside and crashed on the station. Four bodies have been found.\n\nMORNING \"TREK.\"\n\nUnprecedented scenes were witnessed in the city and all parts of the Colony this morning when, in their morning \"trek\" to the office, business people tried by-ways and devious routes to find that, in practically every instance, the only solution was to wade several feet deep in water.\n\nThe rivers of water pouring over roads and tracks put a stop to the Peak tram service, lower level trams, buses, taxis, etc.\n\nFording the Streams.\n\nThe \"trek\" which set in down the old Peak road and all routes from the outskirts to the city must have been, on a miniature scale, something like the condition of affairs at Home during the general strike.\n\nKowloonites came off comparatively well considering. Many of the older buses were \"stuck\" in Yaumati and other places, and the service was very limited, rendering necessary something like a twenty minutes' wait at the stopping places for would-be travellers.\n\nThe \"Star\" ferry service continued as usual, but Yaumati suffered very badly from inundation, and the ferry service there was temporarily suspended.\n\nSlimy, Yellow Rivers.\n\nArrived at the \"Star\" ferry wharf (Hongkong side), the troubles began in real earnest. The sandy waterfall over the Praya wall was sufficient indication of what they had to face, and the streams of water traversing Pavement and road in every direction confirmed their apprehensions.\n\nDes Voeux Road, Queen's Road, Ice House Street, Chater Road, and Pedder Street were feet deep in water. Many shops were flooded out.\n\nWATER RATIONS.\n\nOwing to the damage to the No. 3 pumping station, which completely cut off all supplies for the time being to Robinson Road, Conduit Road, and the Peak districts, it is essential that even for cooking purposes, only the minimum quantity of water should be used.\n\nAs far as possible, residents in those districts must temporarily cease using water for bathrooms, &c. Every endeavour should be made to use spring or rain water for washing and general purposes. All water should be boiled.\n\nWyndham Street Rapids.\n\nDue, apparently, to a water main burst, masses of road surface had been torn up in Pedder Street, near the Hongkong Hotel entrance, and parts of the hoarding used in connection with the re-construction were lying helplessly in the water.\n\nSeveral landslides are reported from different localities, and a part of the old Peak Road below Barker Road has been washed away.\n\nA subsidence also occurred further down Lower Albert Road.\n\nSTREET BURSTS UP.\n\nThe queer experience of a street bursting up is reported from the Wanchai district.\n\nWyndham Street presented a remarkable spectacle, water descending the road and pavements early this morning with the force of rapids.\n\nSpring Garden Lane became a canal, connecting Queen's Road with Praya East.\n\nCaine Road and Bonham Road were impassable to motor traffic during the early part of the morning.\n\nPEAK TRAM DAMAGE.\n\nWhen will the Peak trams be running again, inquired a \"China Mail\" reporter of Mr. Henry Humphreys, chairman of the company, who replied \"Not for 24 hours at least, possibly more.\"\n\nThe worst damage is at Kennedy Road, where tons and tons of earth have fallen over the track.\n\nMr. Humphreys is informed by his technical experts that it will take a full day to remove the debris and repair the damage.\n\nQUEEN'S ROAD SCENES.\n\nOnce again Queen's Road Central has suffered untold damage, especially the shops on the south side which are so much lower than the road level.\n\nHitherto so-called \"water gates\" had proved effective, but the invading elements beat everything. Muddy water swarmed up show-cases and stands.\n\nPedestrians who wore storm boots found it almost impossible to walk through as their feet became entangled in inches of slush.\n\nSTRUCK BY LIGHTNING.\n\nThe house in which is the P. & O. Mess at Mountain View was struck by lightning, the coping of the south-west corner being carried away and the telephone and electric lighting system being put out of order.\n\nA resident in another district of the Peak also had a scare, being surrounded by smoke and fumes thought to be due to lightning striking something.\n\nNear Naval Hospital.\n\nA landslide occurred at the junction of Stubbs Road and Magazine Gap Road, closing it to motor traffic.\n\nCRACKER FACTORY BLAZE.\n\nPeople living in the Ma Tau Kok district, Kowloon City Road, were started early this morning by an explosion even louder than the terrific thunder claps.\n\nThis was caused by the striking by lightning of a large godown in which the products of the Kwang Man Loong Cracker factory are stored.\n\nSWIM TO ASSISTANCE.\n\nBluejackets armed with shovels, picks, axes, and other tools were busy at the Naval Yard trying to clear the choked drains which blocked water from the direction of Seven and Six Penny Hill and flooded the yard and the residential quarters.\n\nIn the early morning, several had to swim across in order to render assistance.\n\nTOMMIES TURN OUT.\n\nThe garden at Murray Barracks was almost swept away and destroyed. Half of the railings on that portion of Queen's Road was taken away with the cement pillars and placed across the road.\n\nMen of the Surrey Regiment were busy clearing the earth here.\n\nNews came through at about 11:30 that there had been a house collapse at Cross Street, near the No. 2 Police Station.\n\nFire Engine Stuck.\n\nThe engine got stuck in the mud opposite the Murray Barracks, and the Surreys men had to surrender their implements to the fire party to get the engine out.\n\nIn the morning, another fire was observed in Queen's Road East, near the Grand Theatre.\n\nCrowds were busy collecting what they could get from the Kowloon Fire Brigade.\n\nPage 23\n\n[No. 2998. July 22, 1926.]\n\nOVERLAND CHINA MAIL",
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        "page_number": 249,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "248\n\n24\n\nLAKE, NOT VALLEY.\n\nResidents' Anxious Night.\n\nResidents at Happy Valley and the neighbourhood spent an anxious night with the flood which commenced to rise shortly after midnight.\n\nThe race course this morning was transformed into a lake and a raging torrent of water brought down from the hills flowed between the Police and Craigengower Clubs.\n\nA miniature Niagara Falls was created near the old scene of damage below the Yeung Woo Nursing Home last year. The deep drain measuring 14 feet across, which was built to deal with the water from the hills, was completely covered with mud and sand. Two waterfalls were seen later in the morning when the water flowed across the road into the drain and again from there to the race track.\n\nMore Confusion.\n\nBehind the Jockey Club stand, the Protestant Cemetery wall gave way for a considerable distance and the earth brought down with the torrent filled the premises to a depth of several feet. Cement boulders which lined the side of the course behind the small ticket office were bodily removed and placed on the course. Slabs of granite brought from the road were seen everywhere on the race track and inside the football grounds. What was left of a tea booth was seen against a portion of the race track railing. Flower pots which adorned the track edge were taken away by the flood together with the bank on which they stood.\n\nBridge Threatened.\n\nIt will take several weeks of toil to remove the mountain of sand and mud on the premises and race track. At the Craigengower Club, the water just reached the door and furniture left in the verandah was carried away and a part of it was recovered this morning. Garden furniture at the top of the granite boulders being washed away down the nullah, could be heard and a retaining wall threatening from above sounded like ominous explosions.\n\nSTORM VICTIMS.\n\n(No. 2998. July 22, 1926.\n\nin the direction of Hongkong, although it is thought that it may curve northwards in the direction of Swatow before it arrives here.\n\nThe rescue tug was to be observed with steam up and ready for emergency this morning and the funneless H.M.S. \"Ambrose,\" undergoing its annual overhaul was moved to the buoy for greater security.\n\nPolice Quarters Struck.\n\nThe chimney of Acting Chief Inspector Aris's quarters at the Police quarters in Caine Road was struck in the early hours of this morning and considerable debris fell inside the house. As the remaining portion of the chimney is considered to be in a dangerous condition, the quarters in question have had to be vacated.\n\nOLD MEMORIES.\n\nThat memorable flood of May, 1889, exceeded to-day's violence. Mr. Yee Cheong, the portrait painter whose studio is next door to the \"China Mail\" was an eyewitness.\n\nHe maintains that the torrents of water, which swept down Wyndham Street were even greater 37 years ago.\n\nAs to-day, clubs were reduced to useless wood. He said, the rain \"scraped out all the loose mud of the higher levels and deposited them in the flat streets. It took months to clear the mess,\"\n\nCraigengower collapsed and the masonry portion of the bridge started at this spot was swept away by the torrent flowing into the Bowrington Canal, a portion of the road at the end of the bridge near the Tramway offices opposite the Roman Catholic Cathedral was washed away.\n\nMr. Yee Cheong also says that the storm flood started at almost the same hour as that of the previous storm flood.\n\nThe railway track of the Sang Lee contractors on the other side of the canal also suffered considerable damage by the foundations being washed away.\n\nFACTORY IN DANGER\n\nThe paper mill at Aberdeen (Tai Shing Paper Mill Co.) is reported to be in danger owing to the private reservoir at the top of the building having been carried away.\n\nJuly 19. Two well-known members of the South China Athletic Association, Messrs. Ho Ka-lau and Yew Man-kit, who went out for a row on Saturday afternoon had a narrow escape from death as a result of the squall which sprang up towards six o'clock.\n\nThe boat was near Cust Rocks when caught in the squall and rowing became very difficult. The two occupants eventually determined to conserve their energy and let the boat drift and fortunately the set of the current was towards Kowloon Bay instead of the numerous rocks in the neighbourhood. They were able to reach the shore and after sheltering for a time in a farmer's house they arrived at Kowloon City.\n\nBy Courtesy of Wah Tsz Yat Po\n\nChinese cruiser \"Hai Yung\" which was to have left for Pratas yesterday at 1 p.m. with Hongkong officials aboard is still in harbour, wireless messages having been exchanged between the vessel and Pratas as a result of which it was decided that it would be dangerous to attempt to make the shoal for the present.\n\nThe typhoon had not, at the time of the message, reached Pratas but seas were very high and wind force 5 and increasing.\n\nPreliminary arrangements are that the party which is to witness the inauguration of the wireless station on the shoal will leave on Tuesday next.\n\nA village at Kowloon city, entirely inundated, with the top of a desolate matshed showing.\n\nreats both here and at the other er 37 years ago.\n\nTHE TYPHOON.\n\nJuly 17,\n\nIf the typhoon does not diverge from its present path it is expected here on Sunday.\n\nThe American Consulate received the following from Manila last night:-\n\n6.55 p.m.. July 16.-Cyclone in Lat. 19deg. N., Long. 119deg. E.. moving N.W.\n\na.m.\n\nLater.\n\n8.30\n\n17th, typhoon in about 116deg. Long. E.. 20deg. lat. N., moving W.N.W.\n\nThis morning in the harbour there were indications of anticipations of the arrival of the typhoon which is slowly moving towards the Colony from the East.\n\nNo. 1 signal gave place to No. 4 signal which means that the gale is likely to come towards the Colony from the East.\n\nNo. 2998. July 22, 1926.]\n\nTHE AFTERMATH.\n\nOVERLAND CHINA\n\nJuly 20\n\nWith the Peak isolated and the only means of access to Repulse Bay via the Aberdeen Road (even this has to be negotiated very carefully); with mud inches deep everywhere in the main thoroughfares and in banks where it has been removed for transit purposes, Hongkong has still much besides the memory of its severity to remind it of the terrific storm which raged on Sunday night and Monday morning,\n\nMuch, however, has been accomplished as a result of gangs of men working under supervision until a late hour last night and early this morning. A tram service to the King Edward Hotel was possible first thing this morning and later in the day a restricted service to all districts was run. The Roads Department is concentrating on the clearance of the main highways and is able to promise provisional clearances very shortly.\n\nStubbs Road.\n\nStubbs Road and Magazine Gap Road have suffered more than any others, Stubbs Road more particularly between Bowen Road and Morrison Hill Road. Here, there are numerous landslides the worst slip being where the sand shooting goes across. This will require the clearing of enormous quantities of earth and rock but it is hoped by Friday to get a passage sufficient to enable cars or \"buses to negotiate Stubbs Road.\n\nMagazine Gap Road.\n\nIn the case of most of the other roads it is expected that provisional arrangements will be made which will enable the passage of traffic within a few days. Magazine Gap Road at one part is breached to its full width and it will be necessary to erect temporarily a bridge. The Peak Road is also partly breached in one place. The only means of access to the Peak, in fact, is by negotiating on foot the old Peak Road and Wanchai Gap Road, in the case of the latter some nasty gaps having to be negotiated.\n\nBefore the Aberdeen portion of the road was cleared sufficiently to allow of traffic the footpath from the Peak to Pokfulam was used by some residents who took car as far as Pokfulam and walked up via the reservoir.\n\nRepulse Bay Road.\n\nGood progress has already been made in clearing the new road to Repulse Bay from Bowen Road onwards. This is very largely clear. There are numerous slips in the neighbourhood of Shaukiwan but it is anticipated that the whole of the round-the-island road will be open by the end of the week.\n\n('aime Road.\n\nThe lower portion of Caine Road is closed to traffic by the subsidence of the bank near the Roman Catholic Cathedral and the opening out of the road through the Cathedral grounds, which accounted for the flooding of Wyndham Street through Glenealy. It is now possible to go through Glenealy as far as Caine Road, by chair or on foot.\n\nA large gang were at work this morning clearing the obstruction at Caine Road. A stream of water which still flowed from the hill has now been diverted into the side channel of Arbuthnot Road.\n\nThe easiest way to reach Caine Road at present is for motorists to proceed up Garden Road as far as the Peak tram station. Then Tower\n\nPhoto by Yong Ming.\n\nMAIL\n\nREPULSE BAY CONDITIONS.\n\nthis morning.\n\n25\n\nAbout 85 bags of mail coming from foreign countries were damaged in the cellars of the Post Office. Most of the mail came from Singapore, Seattle, and the Straits.\n\nParticulars as to the plight of Repulse Bay residents not available yesterday on account of their being virtually marooned have since been received. At 3 a.m. on the night, or rather the morning, of the storm, the water rushed down the hills with terrific force and swept through the big dining room of the Hotel, carrying all before it. The upper level districts were deprived of their daily mail due to lack of transportation.\n\nResidents in the Peak and the staff were early on the scene but until practically powerless to save the carpets and furniture from being damaged. At eight o'clock yesterday morning the lower floors and passages were flooded to within five inches of water, and with the kitchens under water breakfast was part of the dining room floor has sunk badly and it looks as though it will be some time before the former polished surface will be regained.\n\nThe \"President Madison\" and the \"Empress of Russia,\" tried all roads at an early hour, were scheduled to arrive in Hongkong last Sunday, The Shaukiwan Road was obstructed yesterday afternoon.\n\nLooking along Des Voeux Road Central, on July 19, eastwards, along the Hongkong Hotel front and the new Realty building, with Alexandra Building on the left. The mud and height of the flood left visible marks on the surroundings.\n\nAlbert Road, along Wyndham Street past the Dairy Farm to the Central Police Station, and up Arbuthnot Road. The junction at Caine Road has now been sufficiently cleared for both up and down traffic through Arbuthnot Road.\n\nKowloon Roads.\n\nWith regard to Kowloon, both the coastal and Taipo Roads are closed, the worst slips being the other side of Tsin Wan. Two bridges have been carried away. Temporary bridges will be erected and it is expected to make provisional arrangements for passage of traffic by the end of the week.\n\ned by landslides which made passage impossible, and the new road to Hongkong was found to have a gaping hole halfway across the road just at the top of the hill leading to Repulse Bay.\n\nTHE POST OFFICE.\n\nThe General Post-Office was arrived only\n\nThe delay was due to the typhoon which the liners encountered.\n\nby\n\nPRINTERS LOSS.\n\nDamage of $10,000 was suffered by the Ye Olde Printerie Ltd.\n\nwhose establishment is located at the basement of the China Building.\n\nThe damaged goods consisted mostly of cover papers, art papers, and coloured papers and machinery, approximately valued at $10,000.\n\nThe damaged goods are only insured against fire but not against water. The Fire Brigade was called to the scene to pump the water and which was over 4 ft. deep.\n\nat the time of going to press, the Brigade was still at work.\n\nMED-\n\nIt will probably take the management over a week to clear the place from water and debris, and to completely resume business.\n\nWANCHAI DISTRICT.\n\nIn the long list of damage in the Wanchai district no one is reported to have been killed or injured as a direct result of the flood.\n\nA Chinese electrician was taken to hospital yesterday with injuries received in a fall from the first floor verandah of a house at Stone Nullah lane. He was repairing an electric light wire by leaning over the verandah and fell to the ground on receiving a shock.\n\nBAY VIEW DISTRICT.\n\nA feature of the damage in the Bay View district was the disappearance of the market at Tai Hang village. The structure, about 100 feet long and standing on stone pillars, is stated to have been carried away by the flood.\n\nThe assistance of the Fire Brigade was obtained to pump out the water. They worked from 2 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. but owing to the numerous calls on the services of the Brigade they had to abandon the work and resume it after the water had subsided there.\n\nWhen",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-498-14 Illicit traffic in opium and drugs 4-12-1925 - 30-11-1926",
        "page_number": 96,
        "title": "CO129-498-14 Illicit traffic in opium and drugs 4-12-1925 - 30-11-1926",
        "content_text": "**Confidential.**\n\nCopy.\n\n**BRITISH EMBASSY, TOKYO.**\n\n3rd September, 1925.\n\nSir,\n\nIn continuation of my despatch of 26th June relative to the case of Mr. Toshiro Saito I have the honour to inform you that further enquiries have yielded the following supplementary information.\n\n2.\n\nIn February 1924 Toshiro Saito with a capital of 200,000 yen formed a joint stock company of which he himself is a partner with unlimited liability. In October last this company, the premises of which are the same as those mentioned in the concluding sentence of paragraph 2 of my despatch under reference, established a small artificial manure factory, (Guam Fertiliser Factory) at the mouth of the Kizugawa at Osaka. Mr. Saito has let it be understood locally that he obtains the raw material for his manures from a phosphate rock island near Hongkong, which he states he had bought from the Chinese and over which he claims to have acquired the sole rights. It is believed in Osaka, however, that the Chinese also export phosphates from the island in question, which is thought to be within the jurisdiction of the Hongkong Government, though its name is not known.\n\n3.\n\nEnquiries which have been made at the Banks in Osaka show that Saito does very little business as a fertiliser merchant, and hardly any work is in progress at the Kizugawa factory. At the same time, he is the owner of two 4000 ton steamers which are ostensibly employed in carrying phosphates to Osaka from the island in question.\n\nHis Excellency,\nSir Reginald Stubbs,\nGovernor & Commander-in-Chief,\nHongkong.\n\n4.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "page_number": 102,
        "title": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "content_text": "## THE CENTRAL BANK OF CHINA\nEstablished by Government Mandate of 7th August, 1924\n**Official Government Depositary**\n**GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED**\nTelephone: Central 199, 444, 777.\n\nTHE CANTON GAZETTE, SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1927\n\n## BUNGALOW TO LET\nBUNGALOW, 4 rooms, with garden, at Pakhoktung. Modern House — Sanitary Plumbing. Will be let at reasonable rent; immediate occupation. For further particulars, write to Box 931, c/o Canton Gazette.\n\n## Dr. Shun Tin Wu\nTUNGSHAN, Shameen, B.C.\nSpecial treatment for Venereal diseases. Laboratory facilities for diagnosis of Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Leprosy, Tuberculosis. Approved diagnostic and therapeutic methods for general medicine.\nTelegraph Address: \"CENTRAL\"\n\n## TSE VUNG SOONG\nChief Manager\n\n## The Bank of East Asia, Ltd.\n(CANTON BRANCH)\nSAPSAM HONG STREET, CANTON\n88. N. Wing Hon Road, Canton City.\n\n## Dr. SHIBAKAWA\nJAPANESE DENTIST\nOffice at Shakee Road, Canton. Opposite West Bridge, Shameen.\n\nPlease apply to Box No. 925 care of Canton Gazette.\n\n## New York Co. Dry Cleaning\n150, Wai Sun Road, Canton\nWork to your Satisfaction Prices Reasonable\n\n## THE SUN Co., Ltd.\nUNIVERSAL PROVIDERS\nWEST BUND & WAI OI STREET, OLD CITY, CANTON\nIt is to your advantage to visit our Wholesale and Retail Departments. All kinds of China silk piece goods, boots and shoes, hats, outfitting, etc.\n\n### OUR PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTICLES DEPARTMENT\nRenown Cameras, Films & Chemicals, Best Terms for DEVELOPING & PRINTING\n\n## TO LET\nSuitable Offices on our third floor, Apply General Office of the said Co.\n\n## The Sun Roof Garden\nCinematograph, Different Sorts of Chinese & Foreign plays and Amusements are shown Day and Night. Admittance 20 Cents. Extra charges for Tea, Refreshments, Telescope Observation, Reserved Seats\n\n## The Bank of East Asia, Ltd.\nHEAD OFFICE-HONGKONG, SHAMEEN.\nCable Address-\" Eastabank \"\nAuthorized Capital $10,000,000.00 Paid-up $ 5,000,000.00 Reserve Fund $ 1,000,000.00\nBRANCHES & AGENCIES throughout the World. Conducting every kind of banking facilities:-- \n| Facility | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Loans | Granting loans on approved securities. |\n| Drafts and Bills | Selling draft and buying bills on Foreign countries. |\n| Savings Department | for small depositors with reasonable rates. |\n\n## The Far Eastern Trust and Savings Bank Ltd.\n34, SECOND MALOO WEST BUND, CANTON.\nTELEPHONE NO. 1379 CENTRAL CABLE ADDRESS \"BANKTRUS”\nHONAM-SUB BRANCH TA KEE TOW\nAll descriptions of Banking Business transacted.\n| Account Type | Interest Allowed |\n| --- | --- |\n| Current and Savings Accounts | Interest allowed |\n| Fixed Deposits | Interest allowed |\n| Loans | granted on approved securities. |\n\n## 亞洲大酒店\nWEST BUND, CANTON, \n**LEADING HOTEL IN SOUTH CHINA**\nFirst Class Accommodation, Hot and Cold Water Service Throughout, Electric Lights, Fans and Elevators, Perfect Sanitary Arrangements, Splendid Dining Room, Meals a la Carte, Banquets, Excellent Cuisine, Public Bar, First Class Billiard Room. Roof Garden Splendid Views of Canton City and Pearl River Hair-dressing Saloon. Moderate Rates.\n\n## UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SUN CO., LTD., CANTON.\n\n## DR. IU K. CHAN\nPHYSICIAN & SURGEON (American Returned)\nOffice Hours: 8-12 a.m. 2-6 p.m. 67 Tai Ping Road South. CANTON\n\n## MARN KWOCK DRUG Co., Ltd.\n45 & 47 Tai Ping Road South CANTON, CHINA.\n\n## Dr. S. N. HUI\nSpecial treatments to parturient females and also babies as well as midwifery, providing quarters for lying-in women.\n\n## THE SUN CINEMA PROGRAMME FOR JAN. 5th to 7th, 1927.\nHARRY GROSSMAN Presents HERBERT RAWLINSON & MARGARET MARSH in \"THE CARTER CASE\" The 1st and 2nd Episodes in 4 parts ALSO VARIOUS COMEDIES\n\n## The Sincere Co.,Ltd\nUNIVERSAL PROVIDERS\n「廠鞋靴造製器機星光\n2nd Floor, No. 53, Taiping Rd.\n\n## THE STAR LIGHT SHOE MACHINERY FACTORY\nThe most comfortable shoe in the World. Shoes that are \"Star Light\" made have quality and inside as well as out. SAVE YOUR EYES Get your GLASSES from CHINESE OPTICAL CO.\n\n## CHINESE OPTICAL CO.\nRefracting and Manufacturing The Modern Opticians in China\nNorth Wing Hon Road, Canton TELEPHONE No. C. 868\nHEAD OFFICE: SHANGHAI BRANCH OFFICE: HONGKONG, MACAO, CHANGSHA, HARBIN, TIENTSIN, CHUNGKING, HANKOW, TSINAN, DAIREN, KAIFENG, YANGCHOW, FENGTIEN, NANKING, HANGCHOW, PEKING, WUCHONG,\n\n## 永華大藥房 Wing Wah Dispensary\n\n## The Ng Wah Trust & Industrial Bank, Ltd.\nHEAD OFFICE: 370 YAT DUCK ROAD, CANTON.\nTELEPHONE: No. 310 CENTRAL. TELEGRAPH: CHINESE No. 0063\nMost favourable Interest Rate allowed. Loans granted on approved securities. Our Trust Department's Catalogue sent on application.\nWONG WOOI MAN, Chief Manager\n\n## LAI KAI HONG VACCINE LABORATORY\n號四十八百二路德登州廣行總\nPUREST CALF LYMPH prepared by Dr. Lai Kai-Hong; Registered at the Canton Bureau of Health and the Hongkong Authorities. Analysed and approved by the Sanitary Department of the Shanghai Municipal Council for use. Our products are entirely home-made goods. Cheaper for wholesale quantities.\nK. H. LAI'S VACCINE LABORATORY, Phone Central 616 No. 284, Yat Tak Maloo, Canton.\n\n## YOUNG TAI WA Dentist\nShiu Poon Yerk, Middle Wai Oi Road, Canton\n\n## NOTICE\nThe S.S. \"Sainam\" and \"Nanning\" will leave Canton for Wuchow every Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 8 a.m. For further particular please apply to: SAI HING NAVIGATION CO. LTD. SHA KEE The Bund, Canton\n\n## The Sincere Roof Garden Cinema PROGRAMME FOR THURSDAY TO SUNDAY Jan. 6th to 9th\nMiss S. H. Ng in \"RECONSTRUCTION OF CHINA' A Chinese Super-production 9 Reels Also COMEDIES At 12.00 A.M. and 6.30 P.M. Admittance 20 cents\n\n## Bank of Canton, Limited.\nHEAD OFFICE, HONGKONG\nFOREIGN EXCHANGE and General Banking Business Transacted\n| Deposit Type | Interest Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fixed Deposits for 12 Months | 5% per annum. |\n| Fixed Deposits for 6 Months | 4% per annum. |\n| Fixed Deposits for 3 Months | 3% per annum. |\n| On demand | 20% per annum on the daily credit balances of over $100.00 |\nLOOK POON SHAN, Chief Manager",
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        "page_number": 109,
        "title": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 2.\n\n113\n\n**Translation**\n\n(Extract from Man Kwok Yat Po, Canton, 6th January 1927).\n\nTemporary regulations made by the Provincial Government for prevention of dispute between labour and capital. Already published yesterday the 5th.\n\n(From the Chung Ja She News Agency)\n\nYesterday the 5th the Provincial Government of Kwong Tung issued a notification, which reads as follows:-\n\nTemporary regulations have been made for the prevention of dispute between labour and capital in the province of Kwong Tung, and are now published below.\n\nThis notification.\n\n## A. Regulations for merchants:-\n\n1. Same as proposed regulation (1).\n2. When any factory or firm is closed (for any reason), the workmen shall be given 1 month's notice and one month's extra wages. If it is closed without notice and arbitrarily, 2 months' extra pay shall be paid.\n3. Same as proposed regulation (4)\n4. ...\n5. No big merchant shall become member of any labour union. Any small merchant who is admitted to any labour union as member, shall only have the right to vote for the election of officers, but not of holding office. He shall also have the right to give an opinion in case of discussion, but not to vote on any question.\n6. Same as proposed regulation (8).\n\n## B. Regulations for unions:\n\n1. No workman of any labour union shall arrest any workmen or merchants or interfere with personal freedom of any one.\n2. ...",
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        "page_number": 112,
        "title": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "content_text": "- 6 - \n\n116 \n\n(5) No labour union shall collect subscriptions or membership fees in excess of the amounts specified in the laws for the control of labour unions, nor shall it levy under any pretext any commission or tax from any shop or factory for goods purchased or sold, so as to aggravate the burden of the workmen and merchants.\n\n(Explanation) The amount of subscriptions and membership fees of any labour union are generally fixed by Government on approval of its registration. But the corrupt officers of some unions have often, after registration, raised the subscriptions and fees without any definite limit. It is indeed regrettable that they have thus impaired the interests of the workmen and corruptly usurped the power of the unions. All labour unions have their own incomes to meet their expenses, and any levy of commission or tax will affect the revenues of Government on the one hand, and aggravate the burden of workmen and merchants on the other, and will also lead to much malpractice. Therefore, in order to prevent corrupt union officers from committing any breach of law and to reduce the burden on workmen and merchants, the above provision is proposed.\n\n(6) No union, whether it has been registered or not, shall compel by force of arms or by any other form of intimidation anybody to become a member.\n\n(Explanation) No labour union can have a strong foundation unless it is formed by the workmen themselves and joined by members of their own accord. If force of arms or other form of intimidation is employed to secure members, it will mean that the union has itself committed a breach of the laws first. Recently, a considerable number of unions have created trouble, compelling people by force to become members over them. Therefore, Government should impose some control.\n\n(7)/",
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        "page_number": 114,
        "title": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "content_text": "## 118 \n\n(8) \n\nIn case of any dispute between labour and capital, no merchant shall recruit or hire workmen of another trade or vagabonds to interfere and aggravate the trouble. Any offender when his offence has been proved will be severely punished.\n\n(Explanation) All disputes between labour and capital can be settled by proper negotiations. If merchants are allowed to send other workmen to interfere, not only will the dispute be prolonged, but much prejudice will be caused to the workmen. Therefore the addition of the above rule is suggested.\n\n## B. Regulations for unions\n\n(1) No workman of any labour union shall arrest any workman or merchants or interfere with personal freedom of anyone without the authority of Government.\n\n(Explanation) Union workmen, in a moment of excitement, have often made arrests without authority or interfered with the personal freedom of others. This is a great blot on the labour unions under the jurisdiction of the Nationalist Government. Therefore, in order to keep the workmen from reckless activities, the above regulation should be provided.\n\n(2) In case of any strike or dispute, no union worker shall forcibly carry away any goods or property of any shop or factory.\n\n(Explanation) All disputes between labour and capital can be settled by proper negotiations. If the workmen are allowed forcibly to carry away the goods or property of a shop or factory, it will not only cause a breach of the peace, but it will also lower the nature of the workers. Therefore, Government should impose some restriction in this respect.\n\n(3)",
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        "page_number": 117,
        "title": "CO129-499-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-1-1927 - 4-2-1927",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure No. 1.\n\n## Translation.\n\n(Extract from Tsun Wan Yat Po, Hong Kong 28th Dec. 1926.)\n\n### Proposal to prevent dispute between Labour and Capital.\n\n#### 1921\n\nIn view of the many cases of dispute between labour and capital every day, the Canton Government has realized that the affairs of workmen and merchants will go from bad to worse, if regulations are not made to control them. Therefore, at the 3rd Meeting of the Provincial Council held some time ago, it was resolved that the Peasants and workmen's Bureau should be instructed to draw up and submit for consideration some regulations for the control of disputes between labour and capital. Commissioner Chan of the Bureau has drawn up some regulations, and submitted them to the council on the 27th instant for approval. We now publish the regulations. They are as follows:-\n\n#### A. Regulations for merchants:-\n\n1. **(1)** On the occasion of a strike in any shop or factory, the masters can be allowed to work therein, but they shall not take in any other workmen to manufacture any goods or assist them in their work or in the conduct of their business.\n\n   **(Explanation)** A strike is a legitimate method of securing improved conditions for workers. If the masters are allowed to take in other workmen during any strike, the strike will fail. Therefore, in order to ensure unanimity on the part of the Union and the success of the strike, the government should make this regulation.\n\n2. **(2)** When any factory or firm is closed (for any reason), the workmen shall be given 1 month's notice and a half-month's extra wages. If it is closed without notice and arbitrarily, two months' extra pay shall be paid.\n\n   **(Explanation)** The workmen out of work cannot get food, and very few of them have adequate savings, and therefore...",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "page_number": 24,
        "title": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure No. 1.\n\n**PRINTED FOR USE**\n\nNo 7\"\n\n## Extract from the South China Morning Post of 6-6-1927.\n\n### CANTON LABOUR.\n\n#### Cumbersome Set of Regulations.\n\nCanton, June 2.\nThe Canton Political Council has just passed and promulgated a set of regulations governing labour disputes. The regulations are as follows:\n\n1. The aim of this set of regulations is to settle disputes between labour and capital and therefore it must be strictly observed by both parties concerned.\n\n2. Labour and merchants should report all grievances or disputes to the Government authorities for arbitration and during the time arbitration is in progress, direct action should not be attempted by either party, such as strikes by the labourers, and lockouts by the merchants.\n\n3. All agreements concluded by the labourers and merchants in the presence of the Government arbitrators should be effectively executed within three days, after which time the Government may take action to force such execution.\n\n4. During strikes, the merchants have the right to work themselves, but the number of merchants working in each shop or factory must not exceed five.\n\n5. In case of strikes or other disputes, the labourers must not carry things away or cause damage to the shops or factories.\n\n6. In time of strikes, the labour unions must not attempt to blockade shops or factories.\n\n### Power of Arrest.\n\n7. The labour unions must not make arrests or commit other action detrimental to the liberty of others, but in time of strikes, the labour unions may ask the police to arrest those who attempt to break the general strikes and have these persons taken to the Labour Department.\n\n8. The labourers who strike for increase of wages may demand from the merchants, at the termination of the strike, pay during the strike, but the labour unions are not supposed to demand damages from or impose any fines upon the merchants.\n\n9. The merchants must not dismiss their employees without proper reasons and in case their shops or factories discontinue functioning, a month's wages as compensation should be paid to the workmen. Compensation of two months' wages should be paid for all instant dismissals. However, if the workmen violate the regulations of the shops or factories, they may be dismissed at any time without any compensation.\n\n10. Ordinary workers or skilled labour may be dismissed on the second day of the Chinese new year in accordance with the six special regulations previously promulgated by the Political Council. Otherwise, shop fokis should not be dismissed unless they commit some wrong.\n\n### COMPULSORY STRIKES.\n\n11. In case of disputes aroused between two labour unions or between labour and merchants, neither side should attempt to bribe outsiders for aid. Such practice will be severely punished by the Government if discovered.\n\n12. Merchants must not make any attempt to split the unity and organization of labour unions.\n\n13. Agreements concluded between the merchants and labourers previous to the issuance of these regulations are considered valid unless both parties agree to have same cancelled.\n\n### Private Taxes.\n\n14. The labour unions must not impose their own \"taxes\" on commodities of any shops or factories, which will only burden the merchants, labour, and the consumers. Such \"taxation\" may be applicable if both sides mutually agree.\n\n15. No \"big\" merchants should be admitted into any labour unions. The \"small\" merchants may join the unions with the consent of the union's members, but, in this case, the merchants concerned should have no right to vote or to be elected.\n\n16. Owners of \"small\" workshops who have not joined the labour unions may continue work even during the course of general strikes.\n\n17. Owners of \"small\" workshops may or may not join the labour unions as they please.\n\n18. Owners of \"small\" workshops should also honour the terms reached at the termination of any strikes in their trades.\n\n19. Work in the families (in which no outsiders are employed) should be free from intervention from the labour unions, and such should not be affected by these regulations.\n\n20. In labour disputes of the following four trades, the decision of the Government arbitrators should be strictly followed and the Government may force their execution:\n| Trade |\n|-------|\n| a. Factories for the manufacture of military supplies. |\n| b. Economic institutions. |\n| c. Communication services. |\n| d. Other essential services and public institutions. |\n\n21. The offices of the Party and the Government schools, hospitals, and other Government establishments are not under these regulations.\n\n22. Prior to the adoption and promulgation of a Labour Law, these regulations are valid.\n\n23. These regulations are valid as from the day of promulgation by the Government.\n\n24 \n31",
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        "title": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "content_text": "## The CANTON GAZETTE \n### Vol. V No. 954 \n#### CANTON, CHINA, SATURDAY, MAY 21, 1927 \n廣州日報\n\n## Gov't. Takes Active Step To Consolidating Gains\n### MUNICIPAL GOV'T. Nationalists DRAWS UP TENTATIVE FACTORY REGULATIONS\n**All Workers to be Well Protected; and their Rights and Interests to be Safeguarded. Special Attention to be Given to the Welfare of Child Workers**\n\nLabour regulations including a factory law have been drafted by the Department of Labour and Peasantry. The following is a list of tentative factory regulations:\n\n1. The Government has specially prepared the factory regulations for ensuring a proper living and the safety of the laborers.\n2. These regulations are to be applied both to foreign-owned and Chinese-owned factories under the regime of the Nationalist Government.\n3. Factory owners are not allowed to employ boys below the age of 12 and girls below the age of 14.\n4. All males below 16 and females below 18 are regarded as child workers.\n5. No child workers who have not received a primary education are allowed to work in factories,\n6. Child workers may be only employed to do light work.\n7. Child workers work only six hours a day, that is, thirty-six hours per week, and adult workers eight hours, that is, forty-eight hours per week.\n8. Child workers are not allowed to engage in night work, that is between six p.m. and six a.m.\n9. On Sundays and other holidays promulgated by Government, all the workers must be given rest and besides this, factories ought to grant the workers fourteen days of special vacation each year.\n10. Each month, one or more days of rest must be allowed the workers and every day at meal time (Continued on Page 2)\n\n### Chuchow Reported Captured. Advance Preceded By Heavy Firing\nShanghai, May 19.—The Nationalists, after capturing Pukow and Wuyi as previously reported, have consolidated their gains, and after heavy firing have driven the Northerners along the Tientsin-Pukow line toward Suchow. It is also stated that the Nationalists have captured Chuchow, gateway to Hsuchow.\n\n#### Another Version\nShanghai, May 19th. The second column of Nationalist troops have taken Chuchow and are steadily advancing northwards along the Tientsin-Pukow Railway.\n\nAs to the war situation in the northern section of Kiangsu, the first column of Nationalist troops crossed the Yangtsze to begin their attack on Sun Chuan-fang's troops on the night of the 17th inst. Heavy firing continued until the morning of the 18th. It resulted in the Nationalists advancing northwards far distant from the River.—(Wah Tez Yat Pao.)\n\n### General Chiang Goes To Shanghai\nFrom Nanking, General Chiang Kai-shek with some money, is order...\n\n#### Strict Prohibition Of Counterfeit Coins\nThe prohibition of the manufacture and circulation of counterfeit coins is again emphasized in a notification of the Ministry of Finance,\n\n### Gov't. To Protect The Interests Of Farmers And Peasants\n**Active Steps Are to be taken to Promote the Welfare of the Toiling Masses**\n\nAt the 29th meeting of the Provincial Executive Council of the 19th inst., the following two proposals were made by Mr. Chen Fu-mu, Commissioner of the Department of Peasantry and Labour, which were passed after some modifications:\n\n#### A. To forbid the collection of rentals in advance:\n1. Commencing from the date of promulgation of the Government order forbidding the collection of rentals in advance, all previous agreements made between the landlords and the farmers stipulating such collection shall become null and void. The rentals should be paid in two instalments to be paid one month after each crop. In case of a year of drought when appeals are to be made to the Government by the farmers for reduction or exemption of rentals, the landlords shall not be permitted to collect the rentals by citing the present rulings.\n\n#### B. To abrogate the Contractor system:\n1. A peasant who himself does not plough but simply re-lets to the farmers a piece of land which he leases from the landlords under contract and collects the rental is called a Farming Contractor.\n2. Commencing from the date of promulgation of the Government order abrogating the contracting system, all previous agreements made between the landlords, contractors, and the farmers, either unexpired or otherwise, shall be null and void.\n3. The contractors shall return the leased lands to the landlords who shall lease them to the respective farmers formerly tilling them at a rental of not more than what contractors previously paid them. Each farmer is, however, limited to take up 100 mows only.\n\n### Significance Of The \"Ching Tang\" Movement Explained By Mr. Lai Lien\n**Tension Increasing Hourly**\n\nHankow, May 18.—Not only is Government Official Chiang Kai-shek's net gradually closing round Hankow, but there is understood to have been a defection of troops in the city itself, and a clash is feared at any moment now.\n\nThe anti-\"Red\" troops have concentrated, it is reliably reported, at the Chinese Rice-course in Hankow, and the opinion is expressed that open hostility between these forces and those loyal to the Hankow Government cannot be delayed.\n\nIn a speech delivered before the members of the Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang, Mr. Lai Lien, General-secretary to the Chief Political Department, has emphasized the necessity and significance of the recent Kuomintang activities in the clearing out of the Communist elements from the Party.\n\nA free translation of the speech is, in part, as follows:\n\"Comrades, it is a great pleasure to me to attend this meeting and the honour to address you. The Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang is the vanguard in the struggle between ourselves and imperialism. Hongkong was formerly a part of our territory. After being invaded by the British Imperialists, we have been and still are under the most cruel oppression. Just therefore, we must unite ourselves and resist. The patriotism shown by the Hongkong labourers in the recent strike has voiced a world-wide appreciation.\n\nIt is for this reason that the Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang is more important than other branch Kuomintangs. In view of this, you members should be united all the more solidly.\n\n### Kweichow Troops Mobilized Against Hankow\nIt is reported that under the instructions of General Hsu Ching-tang, the Commissioner of the Military Department, the 38th Regiment of the 13th Division under General Li Wu-tsze arrived here from Kongmoon on the 17th inst., and will go on its expedition within a few days.\n\nGeneral Yang Sen has telegraphed to the Nanking Government that he has ordered from the Kweichow border a division of troops under his direction to be mobilized at once for Hankow.\n\nGeneral Li Fook-lum of the 5th Army Corps will undertake the work of suppression along the East River.\n\n### Reorganization Of The Canton Branch Of The Political Council\nTelegrams to the Central Government, which says: \"Taking the opportunity I have to make a short report to you regarding the \"Tsing Tang\" movement in Kwangtung. In the vicinity of the East River, a certain section of the peasant corps have been seduced to the road of anti-revolution but this was suppressed in a very short time.\n\nAt a Central Political Conference held on May 17, it was decided that the Canton branch of the Political Council should be reorganized.\n\n### New Supply Of Materials For Telephone Service\nOwing to the shortage of funds, the Telephone Service has been in a bad condition on account of the lack of sufficient materials. Upon the assumption of office as Director of the Administration of Mr. Chen Hok-yuk, efforts have been made for a positive reform. Funds have been raised for the purchase of 1500 yards Swedish Red and White wire for the General Station, and 141 pieces of Japanese red and white wire for the West port Station. In addition to this, 500 cells of the best type have also been bought from America which are moisture-proof and quick in transmission. The workers are now busily making a change with the new stuff and it is believed that the service will be greatly improved hereafter.\n\n### Strikers' Compensation Fund\nWith reference to the $1,500,000 to be raised by the General Chamber of Commerce towards the Compensation Fund for the strikers, it is found that only $250,000 have been collected up to the 18th. All provincial districts are ordered by Commissioner Koo Yin-fan of the Department of Finance to raise within 20 days a sum between $50,000 and a few thousand dollars according to the size of the district. The various guilds will be notified to pay in their proportion within the limited time.\n\n### Removal Of The Educational Executive Association To Nanking\nIt is reported that after the assumption of office by the new members of the Political Council, it was decided to have the Educational Executive Association at Canton removed to Nanking.\n\n### New Appointments In The Municipal Government\nThe following appointments have been made: - Yiew Shi-fun to be Chief of the General Affairs Department; Yung Hok-tung, General-Secretary; Ng Cheok-yu, Accountant.\n\n### The Doomsday Of Wu Pui-fei\nPeking papers report of his new activities and of his contemplated trip to the South Sea Islands are utterly unfounded, says the report.\n\nPage 90\nSingle Copy: 10 Cents $2.00 A Month $24.00 A Year",
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        "content_text": "# The Canton Gazette \n## 報 日 文 英州廣 \n### ORGAN OF CHINESE NATIONAL OPINION \nOffice: 82, Wing Hon Road, Canton, China \n\nSUBSCRIPTION RATES, EXCLUDING POSTAGE 10 cents per copy, $2 per month. 50% discount on above rates allowed to teachers and students \n\nPublished daily except Sunday and holidays \n\nSaturday, May 21, 1927 \n\n## THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MAY IN CHINA \n### (BY K. Y. LI) \n\nTHE CANTON GAZETTE, SATURDAY, MAY 21, 1927 \n\n### Municipal Gov't Draws Up Tentative Factory Regulations \n(Continued from Page 1) \none hour at least should be given for rest. \n\n(From our Shanghai correspondent) \n\nShanghai, May 14.-The Shanghai Executive Committee for Labor and Capital has issued a draft constitution, a free translation follows: \n\n1. This Committee is known as \"Ching Tang\" Movement (Continued from Page 1) \n\nDr. Sherwood Eddy's Speech \nThe hell-like conditions in Shanghai foreign-owned factories have been made known to the world through prominent visitors, and world-wide sympathy have since been given to the Chinese toiling masses, especially the child workers. \n\n| Clause | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | This Committee is known as ... |\n| 2 | This Committee is organised by nine members of the Shanghai Provisional Branch Political Council: three from the Central Government, three from the Kuomintang and three from workers. Three Executive members, one from each, are elected as Standing Committee members. |\n| 3 | Any entangled questions concerning labour and capital should be solved by this committee and the agreement reached by arbitration will be enforced by this committee. |\n| 4 | Points but are not allowed to vote. |\n| 5 | A meeting of this committee cannot be held without a quorum; four members must be present inside to hold a meeting. |\n| 6 | Regular meetings shall be held once a week, and any extraordinary meeting may be called by the Standing Committee. |\n\nThe staff members will be one secretary, two clerks, three inspectors, and one accountant. \n\n11. When there is good reason for lengthening working hours, one extra hour per day is the maximum allowed i.e., six hours per week. \n12. In such factories as require night work, shifts of workers ought to be made; workers must work in turn, and in where there is danger, workers must be shifted every four hours. \n\n\"There are at least fifty cotton mills around Shanghai and more are going up. Thousands of child workers, down to the age of eight or nine years, were standing between double rows of whirring, unguided machinery, steadily but wearily feeding the machines. One mite, perhaps eight years of age, was curled in corner, under a pile of waste, sound asleep. \n\n\"Over in a nearer and nearer small hospital, there were this winter three children under ten years old. One had been caught in an unfenced machine and was all but torn off. The leg of another was smashed from hip to ankle by the teeth of a machine. The third, a little girl, had been caught by the hair in a ker machine and her scalp torn off. Not one of these accidents would have happened had the machines been fitted with safety devices.\"\n\n13. On occasion of demonstrations scheduled by the Government or the Party, the labour Union should notify the factories, and factories should not release one third of the workers to take part in the demonstrations and those remaining in demonstrations should not take the work usually done by those remaining in the factories. \n\n14. The scale of wages should be based on the minimum living standard of the place where the factories are located. \n15. Wages should be paid in proper money and not to be varied according to the changing value of goods produced. \n16. Wages should be paid regularly; each month's pay to be given in two payments on the 1st and 15th of every month. \n17. Wages should also be paid on holidays and when it is necessary to work on holidays double wages should be paid. \n\nThe month, May, has many charms which other seasons do not possess: it is best time for the rich to flourish and show years of continue the Northern Expedition. It is the worst of times for the poor to begin battling with weather and sparing sweat and blood. \n\nMay 4th: In 1919 this day was acclaimed witnessing an alarming event in China that the Government high officials were dragged and beaten almost to death by masses led by university students. \"The students are rebellious and ought to be punished\" was the Government order. But the PUBLIC opinion showed sympathy for the students and the Government was compelled to release the students. The Chinese public were becoming rebellious! Yes, they were and only began to be so. The Government high officials were proved to be treacherous: they began to be condemned by the public. \n\nMay 5th: In 1921, the tenth year of the Republic, wars were openly declared between the militarists and the patriots. The Revolutionary Party led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, secured its footing in Kwangtung, while the militarists, reactionaries and monarchists were ravaging the country, and the pressure of the imperialists was becoming ever stronger that the nation was facing a danger of dissension and international control threatened from outside. Dr. Sun's brave assumption of office as Extra-ordinary President of the Republic on the 5th of May at such a juncture, bespoke the revolutionary spirit of China, made secure the base of Chinese Revolution in Canton, and unified and consolidated the Revolutionary Party, the Kuomintang. May 5th is one of Dr. Sun's memorial days, whose great principles and revolutionary courage is permeating the Chinese people. \n\nMay 7th: It is the humiliation of the Chinese Republic; the date, are to be exempted by this insurance money due to child and woman workers to under support. \n\nThe present \"Tsing Tang\" movement is not a struggle within the party but the elimination of the Communists from the Kuomintang. The fact that not all the Communists have been suppressed is due to the great secrecy of their organisations. Behind them are the Russians with their ready financial support. \n\nMay 30th: The rising spirit of young China was put to test when the Powers determined to suppress the Chinese National Revolution directly supporting Gen. Chiang, so that an unarmed Chinese students and labourers started propaganda early. Massacres of the innocent and hospital of contagious diseases, one directly supporting Gen. Chiang, year's pay shall be given him and if curtailed owing to business depression factory owners should pay the workers additional wages of two months. \n\n### Gov't. To Revise Labor-Merchant Regulations \n\n24. Female workers should be given four weeks leave before and after giving birth, that is altogether 8 weeks' leave and be paid wages. \n25. Factory owners should make proper regulations concerning the grant of pensions, prizes, and compensatory funds for the workers according to the conditions of the factories, and the regulations ought to be approved by the Department of Labour and Peasantry. \n26. Factory owners ought to be responsible as agents for the owners of the factories regarding all matters concerning the safety and living conditions of the worker. \n27. One day each year is appointed for the factory authorities to choose to retain or dismiss the workers, this day is for the present on the 2nd of the first month of the lunar calendar; those factories whose traditional custom in respect of employing and dismissing workers is not to act on this date are allowed to keep their old employment custom. \n28. To the worker dismissed on the 2nd of the first lunar month must be paid additional wages and allowance securing sufficient light, and all existing regulations.) \n29. Factory owners are not allowed to keep back a part of the wages for compensation of damages due to workers. \n30. Workers who are officers of the Union during their tenure and election of representatives must not be dismissed as usual work. \n31. Contracts between workers and factories must be signed and witnessed by the authorities of the Union and the Chamber of Commerce. \n32. In those factories where work is dangerous to workers, child and women labour are not allowed entry. \n33. In factories where engines or boilers are used, the factory owners must take the regulations in this regard which have been approved by the Government, paying off dismissed workers should be in accordance with the inspectors of the Department of Labour and Peasantry. \n34. In factories where explosive or poisonous powder are produced or used, the factory owners are not allowed to employ women and children to watch or to clean them. \n35. In factories proper care must be taken for hygienic conditions such as good ventilation, necessary precautions for avoiding danger, such as providing safety valves and so forth. Factories must be thoroughly examined by the inspectors of the Department of Labour and Peasantry. \n36. Whenever the Department of Labour & Peasantry sees danger in factories, factory owners should give him a pension for life. \n37. In factories the Department can condemn part or whole of the buildings (mentioned above) as dangerous or unsuitable. \n38. For administration of the factories besides the staff selected by the factory owners, the workers should also elect their representatives to participate in the administration and matters concerning the safety and living conditions of the worker. \n39. The administrators or members of the Union can not exceed thirty days a year. \n40. When questions arise between factory owners and workers and factories must be signed and witnessed by the authorities of the Union and the Chamber of Commerce, such supplementary education must be provided for the child workers and illiterate adult workers who must read two hours a day, and illiterate adults who must read one hour a day. \n41. The above regulations shall become effective on the date of promulgation by the Government of Kwangtung province. \n\nIt is learned that draft of the revision has already been drawn up and will be presented to the Provincial Government for discussion and approval at its next meeting. \n\nThe Chinese National Revolution supported by all classes of the people, working courageously--working courageously in their fight against militarism and imperialism. \n\nNow, China is at war with militarism; she is today in the middle of May. Such a month which is full of national humiliation and atrocities is made a distinct feature in the history of China's Revolution.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927.txt",
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    {
        "id": 507777,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-9-1927 - 24-11-1927",
        "page_number": 111,
        "title": "CO129-500-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 15-9-1927 - 24-11-1927",
        "content_text": "109\n\n(3) The owners of any manufactured goods or raw materials which require a pass for their importation under the regulations, shall send in a written report of the place and factory from which they come together with some samples, and shall not have them imported until due enquiry has been made by our Investigation Department and a pass has been issued. No unloading of such goods and materials shall be made unless with the supervision of our Commission.\n\n(4) For all British goods which were loaded into any British or other godowns in the interior before the 15th September, a report shall be filled in in connection with the Anti-British Goods Regulations and forwarded to our Investigation Department. When due investigation has been made, they shall be referred to the Executive Committee for approval, and when approved, a permit will be issued for their removal. No removal of such goods shall be effected unless Regulation 3 is complied with.\n\n(5) Any ship found to have smuggled any British goods shall be confiscated. In case the offence is not of a serious nature, a fine not exceeding $500 may be imposed instead.\n\n(6) No Customs brokers shall, from the date of the enforcement of the regulations, attend to any work in connection with Customs duties payable for any British goods imported, unless a pass has been obtained for them. In case of any wilful offence, a fine not exceeding $300 for the first offence, and $500 for the second, and when an offence is committed for the third time, the offender shall be made to stop his business as long as the boycott lasts.\n\n(7) As all coolies are subjects of China, they should also take part in the patriotic movement, and shall carry no British goods imported, unless they are provided with a pass. Any coolie who carries any British goods with a view to...",
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    {
        "id": 508474,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "page_number": 68,
        "title": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "content_text": "# PROVISIONAL LAW ON NATIONAL IMPORT TARIFF\n\n## Article 1\nForeign goods imported into China upon arrival at an open port shall pay duty at the rate fixed by this Provisional Law.\n\n## Article 2\nIn addition to the existing five per centum (5%) duty, goods as specified in the previous article shall be subject to an import duty as follows:\n| Category | Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ordinary goods | seven and a half per centum (7.5%) |\n| Luxuries, Class A | fifteen per centum (15%) |\n| Luxuries, Class B | twenty-five per centum (25%) |\n| Luxuries, Class C | fifty-seven and a half per centum (57.5%) |\n\nThe aforesaid duties shall be on a specific or ad valorem basis according as they are specific or ad valorem under the existing customs tariff.\n\n## Article 3\nFrom the day when this Provisional Law comes into force, the existing two and a half per centum (2.5%) surtax on imports and the surtax on luxuries shall be abolished.\n\n## Article 4\nA schedule of the different classes of luxuries designated as A, B, and C, respectively in Article 2 of this Provisional Law is appended hereunto.\n\n## Article 5\nAll dutiable imported goods which do not come under any one of the three classes of luxuries shall be considered as ordinary goods.\n\n## Article 6\n...\n\n## Article 7\nAll prohibited articles and duty-free articles as well as those which are duty-free by special permit shall be governed by the existing regulations relating thereto. This Provisional Law shall apply to goods passing through the Custom Houses at the land frontiers.\n\n## Article 8\nThis Provisional Law shall come into force from the first day of September of the sixteenth year of the Republic of China.\n\nJULY 20, 1927\n\n# LAW ON EXCISE DUTY\n\n## Article 1\nAn excise duty shall be paid on all goods manufactured by Chinese and foreign factories located within the territories of the Republic of China.\n\n## Article 2\nThe word \"factory\" in the preceding section shall be construed to mean a factory in which machinery is driven by electric, steam, or hydraulic power and in which ten or more workmen are employed. The rates of the excise duty shall be the same as the corresponding rates of the customs import duty on goods of the same nature and description. The duty is payable in the national currency.\n\n## Article 3\nThe rates of the excise duty on goods which are not enumerated in the list of customs import duty shall be the same as the corresponding rates of the customs import duty on similar articles, and shall be calculated on the basis of the wholesale prices of such goods.\n\n## Article 4\nThe excise duty shall be collected by special excise collection bureaux created by the Ministry of Finance in the different provinces.\n\n## Article 5\nGoods on which the excise duty has been paid in full shall be exempt from further taxation within the country.\n\n## Article 6\n...\n\n## Article 7\nIf any duty has been levied on raw materials for the manufacture of goods on which excise duty has been paid in full, the duty paid on such raw materials shall be refunded. The basis and procedure for calculating the amount to be refunded shall be fixed by special regulations.\n\n## Article 8\nWhen goods on which the excise duty has been paid in full are exported to foreign countries, the exporter may surrender to the customs authorities at the port of exit the transportation permit specified in Article 9 in exchange for an export permit, free of export duty. The excise collection bureaux shall have the right to inspect the manufacture, warehousing, as well as entry and exit of goods in all factories located within their respective administrative jurisdiction. Any factory which fails to declare or declares falsely any goods shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten times the duty payable on such goods. If any criminal act is thereby committed, the offender may be handed over to the judicial authorities to be dealt with accordingly.\n\n## Article 9\nExcept as otherwise provided in Article 10 concerning goods transported from factories to their own warehouses or to those specially designated by the competent excise collection bureau, no goods may be transported out of the factories without having previously obtained a transportation permit which is issued in exchange for the excise duty certificate showing that the excise duty on the goods has been paid.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926.txt",
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    {
        "id": 509132,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "page_number": 57,
        "title": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "content_text": "## Imports\n\n### Principal Commodities\n\n| Commodity | Percentage |\n| --- | --- |\n| Coal | 2.5 |\n| Kerosene oil | 3.2 |\n| Timber | 3.6 |\n| Cigarettes | 5.4 |\n| Tobacco | 3.1 |\n| Paper | 2.9 |\n| Dyes | + |\n| Wheat |  |\n| Sugar | 5.3 |\n| Fish and fish products | 5.0 |\n|  | 1.2 |\n\nThe principal sources of these commodities were:\n- Coal: Principally from Japan, French Indo-China, Hong Kong.\n- Kerosene oil: U.S.A., Dutch Indies, Hong Kong.\n- Timber: U.S.A., Japan, Russia.\n- Cigarettes: U.S.A., Great Britain, Hong Kong.\n- Tobacco: U.S.A., Hong Kong, Japan, Great Britain.\n- Paper: Japan, Norway, Sweden.\n- Dyes: Netherlands, Germany, Hong Kong, U.S.A., Japan, Great Britain.\n- Wheat: Canada, U.S.A.\n- Sugar: Hong Kong, Dutch Indies, Japan, Philippine Islands.\n- Fish and fish products: Japan, Hong Kong.\n\n(b.) Of Chinese produce imported through the maritime customs (valued at 91.16 million Haikwan taels, excluding re-exports) nearly half the value consisted of raw cotton.\n\n(c.) Of Chinese produce imported through the native customs (valued at 77.27 million Haikwan taels) no exact details can be given, but the produce consisted mainly of foodstuffs.\n\n## Exports\n\n24.-(a.) Of Chinese produce exported and re-exported to foreign countries through the maritime customs (valued at 276.45 million Haikwan taels) the greater part was shipped:\n- **Destination** | **Percentage**\n| --- | --- |\n| British Empire (including Hong Kong) | 27.2 |\n| United States of America (including Philippine Islands) | 25.7 |\n| Japan (including Formosa and Corea) | 19.5 |\n| France (including French Indo-China) | 14.5 |\n| Holland (including Dutch East Indies) | 2.6 |\n| Germany | 2.6 |\n\nThe value of the most important items shipped to foreign countries through the Maritime Customs was 276.45 million Haikwan taels, and the shipments to Chinese ports 327.9 million Haikwan taels, a total of 604.3 million Haikwan taels.\n\nThe following are the principal classes of goods shipped through the Maritime Customs to foreign countries and to Chinese ports:\n| Commodity | Percentage | Principally to |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Cotton yarn | 17.4 | Chinese ports, principally Tientsin and Yangtse ports. |\n| Cotton textiles | 6.5 | Ditto, ditto. |\n| Raw cotton | 6.1 | Japan and U.S.A. |\n| Silk and silk products | 14.0 | France, U.S.A., Hong Kong, Japan, Great Britain, British India, Italy. |\n| Cigarettes | 14.8 | All China and Hong Kong, Straits Settlements, Japan. |\n| Skins and furs | 1.7 | Hong Kong, U.S.A., Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Europe. |\n| Flour | 4.0 | All China and Hong Kong. |\n| Tea | 3.0 | Great Britain, Chinese ports, Egypt, U.S.A., Russia, British India. |\n\n(b.) Of Chinese produce shipped to Chinese ports through the native customs (valued at 28.67 million Haikwan taels) no exact details can be given, but it consisted mainly of Chinese factory products.\n\n25. As regards the route by which Chinese imports arrive in Shanghai, they come almost entirely via the Yangtse river. Only an inconsiderable amount comes down the Whangpoo (Wusung) river from the interior. Shallow canals, of which the through draft is not more than 5 feet, connect up all parts of the southern delta. The Yangtse river is, however, the main feeder to and from the interior of China. By crossing the Yangtse at Chinkiang the Northern Delta, and even Chihli Province, may be reached by canal. The majority of the small inland waterways of the central China plain are not at present suitable for high-speed power-driven barges on account of the congestion of traffic, tortuosity of the creeks, low bridges, shallowness, and the damage to banks caused by the wash.\n\n26. For essential supplies of food-stuffs and raw materials, Shanghai depends to a preponderating extent upon water transport, either up or down the Yangtse river, although a limited amount of garden and dairy produce from the interior enters through the native customs down the Whangpoo (Wusung) river.\n\n## Hankow\n\n27. Hankow is 600 miles distant from Shanghai upon the Yangtse River, practically in the centre of China, and is the principal port (Shanghai excepted) for the Yangtse Valley, which drains 760,000 square miles of territory and holds a population of about 200,000,000 people. The fact that the incomplete railway between Peking and Canton has to cross the river at this point lends it additional importance in the eyes of the Chinese. Opposite Hankow, on the south bank of the river, is the town of Wu-chang, the terminus of the railway originally intended to reach Canton, but which now extends little beyond Changsha; the uncompleted gap between that town and the rail-head striking north from Canton is about 250 miles.\n\n28. Industries.--Hankow is the centre of a considerable number of Chinese and a few foreign mining and manufacturing enterprises. In the three towns of Wu-chang, Hankow, and Hanyang, there are 56 Chinese-owned factories and six others financed by joint Chinese and foreign capital. Many of these are cotton cloth mills, besides cotton spinning, weaving, and silk and hemp manufactories. Perhaps the most important individual concern from the present point of view, with the exception of the Arsenal, which is referred to later, is the Hanyang iron and steel works. These were, in favourable circumstances, capable of producing over 118,000 tons of martin iron, 32,000 tons of foundry iron, 20,000 tons of railway steel, 41,000 tons of mild steel. They had, however, not been capable of being worked at a profit under Chinese management, and they have, on more than one occasion, received substantial loans from the Japanese Ministry of Finance. The Japanese Government, having insufficient supplies of pig iron and iron ore, obtain both from the Hanyehping mines and works, a fact which should be remembered in any restrictive action which may be considered in regard to these works. Minor factories include flour mills, bean mills, paper mills, sock-making concerns, egg factories, tobacco, and matches. There are altogether 19 native banks in the town, the number having been increased from 10 before the war to 19 in 1919. Antimony, lead, and zinc are crushed by machinery on the Wu-chang side and exported. Several miles below the foreign concessions, the Asiatic Petroleum Company, a British concern, have oil tanks for storing oil in bulk. The total capacity of these tanks is 5,000 tons. The Standard Oil Company also have considerable storage plant.\n\n29. Trade. Hankow is primarily an export port. In 1925, the total trade, import and export, in China amounted to 2,370 million Haikwan taels, and of this figure, Hankow enjoyed 289 million Haikwan taels. Net foreign imports into Hankow amounted to 69 million Haikwan taels, and net Chinese imports to 64 million Haikwan taels, while exports amounted to 155 million Haikwan taels. The principal goods imported and exported were as follows:\n| Commodity | Percentage | Principally to/from |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Vegetable oils | 3.3 | Hong Kong, Europe, Japan, U.S.A. |\n| Eggs and egg products | 2.9 | Great Britain, Japan, U.S.A. |\n| Rice | 2.6 | North and South China. |\n| Seeds and seedcake | 1.7 | Japan, Hong Kong, Europe, &c. |",
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    {
        "id": 509411,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-7 China- general situation 4-3-1927 - 26-4-1927",
        "page_number": 102,
        "title": "CO129-502-7 China- general situation 4-3-1927 - 26-4-1927",
        "content_text": "# \n\n## 3\n\n### 1/2\n\n2 \n\nforeigners in Canton. I have no doubt, however, that if the Cantonese thought they could push us out of the concessions without too much difficulty the mob would be encouraged to make the attempt. It is only the fear of the consequences which prevents the attempt being made. The Nationalist Government cannot run the risk of having their base blockaded whilst their northern campaign is still in the balance.\n\n4. It is obvious, however, that this is neither a safe nor a desirable basis on which to continue the possession of Shameen. It was originally the desire of the Chinese authorities themselves that foreigners should be set apart in concessions. Their residence in the cities was strongly resented. In Canton it was for a long time absolutely prohibited, and the seclusion of the \"foreign devil\" in special areas was considered by the Chinese as the best way of dealing with an apparently necessary evil. Moreover, in order to secure this seclusion, they were willing to allow the foreigner to have municipal control over the area which had been set apart for him. The Chinese attitude of mind on the subject has undergone a great change in recent years. In Canton they no longer object to foreigners residing in the city. In fact, a number do reside there and in the suburbs, but, on the other hand, the Chinese now strongly resent foreign municipal control over any part of Chinese soil as an infringement of their country's sovereign rights. For this reason they are determined to regain possession of the concessions, and, as things are shaping at present, it looks as though they will succeed, in one way or another, before very long, at all events so far as the smaller places are concerned.\n\n5. To return to Shameen, although, owing to the fact that it is an island, it could probably be held against a mob, or perhaps even for some time against a military attack, it is clear that if the Nationalist Government are determined to resume control over the concession area they could, by more peaceful means, speedily make our continued possession of the island impossible, or at least unprofitable. It would not be difficult to reimpose the boycott and blockade of Shameen in a more stringent form than before. The electric light, which is derived from a Chinese company in the city, could be cut off. This was not done during the recent troubles, and although there is an emergency dynamo in the concession, I am told that it would only be sufficient for street lighting. The island has its own waterworks, but a few shots through the water-tower would put it out of commission and we should be reduced to drinking boiled river water, which near Shameen is practically liquid sewage. Moreover, whereas during the last boycott British subjects were permitted to move freely about the city and were so enabled by surreptitious means to do a certain amount of business, it could be made dangerous for them to leave the shelter of the island, and their trade would then really come to an end. All this could be done without any overt act on the part of the Canton Government, who would, as before, assert that they were unable to suppress a patriotic manifestation of national feeling. A mob attack repulsed with bloodshed would almost certainly bring about such a state of affairs.\n\n6. If, then, the Chinese are determined to get back the concessions, their wishes will have to be met sooner or later, and I venture to suggest that it is better to start negotiations voluntarily to this end whilst we are still in possession, and so get better terms than we could obtain after we have been driven out. In this connection please see Foreign Office telegram to me No. 1 of the 15th January. As such negotiations are contemplated in your telegram to the Foreign Office No. 6 of the 3rd January, I presume that you will wish to have my views on the extent to which our control over the British concession in Shameen can safely be relinquished to the Chinese authorities.\n\n7. Full information regarding the origins of the concession and the title by which we hold it are in the possession of the Legation and the Foreign Office, and it is not necessary for me to go over that ground. It may be useful, however, to explain once more that Shameen is a small flat island, about a mile and a quarter round, bounded on one side by the river and separated from the mainland on the other by a creek about 100 feet wide. A plan of the island is enclosed.* The British concession occupies four-fifths, whilst one-fifth at the eastern end constitutes the French concession. The two areas are only divided by an imaginary line. The island is rather like a London park, with its cement walks, avenues of trees and grass lawns, although of course it has more houses. It is joined to the mainland by two bridges with steps which prevent the passage of wheeled vehicles, and, in fact, no wheeled vehicles, except bicycles, are allowed on the island by the concession bye-laws.\n\n8. There are a number of fine buildings, including banks, offices and residences, and there are several warehouses, mostly belonging to the banks, in which raw silk in large quantities is deposited against loans. At the present moment there is between 8,000,000 and 9,000,000 dollars' worth of silk on the island. There are no industrial concerns beyond a small Boda water factory belonging to A. S. Watson and Co. (Limited), and no Chinese other than the servants and employees of foreigners are allowed to reside in the concessions. Chinese, however, can come in and out freely, and the restrictions on their use of the bund and the bund seats have been tacitly dropped since the boycott without any noticeable inconvenience to the residents.\n\n9. I enclose a memorandum supplied by the Municipal Council giving detailed figures regarding the population and value of property in the concession and the personnel of the administration. There is a total population of 1,230, of whom 116 are British and 126 are Japanese. The total value of land and buildings is about 19,536,405 dollars, of which 9,753,170 dollars is held by British subjects, 1,708,075 dollars by Japanese and 1,041,788 dollars by Americans. The administrative machine consists of five counsellors, who are local merchants and give their services gratis, with a staff of one paid British secretary and thirty-one Chinese employees, whilst the police force comprises one English captain superintendent, nineteen Indians and twenty-three Chinese.\n\n10. It will thus be seen that, while the British concession on Shameen contains valuable property, its administration is not a very large or complicated affair, and that it is not beyond the ability of the Canton Government, who after all administer a large city not too badly, to take it over and run it, if they wish, in a manner sufficiently acceptable to the foreign residents. The danger would not be, as in Shanghai, a general deterioration of all public services, because there is none to speak of on Shameen, and the substitution of Chinese for foreign police need not, I think, cause any serious alarm so far as the protection of life and property against ordinary crime is concerned.\n\n11. Provided satisfactory arrangements can be made for the exchange of Chinese perpetual leases for the existing Crown leases, it seems to me that the chief dangers to be apprehended after the surrender of the concession are the imposition of heavy taxation on real property and the exposure of the residents to mob violence in times of anti-foreign disturbance. As regards the former, the Canton authorities are now demanding the re-registration of all title deeds for land outside the concession, for which a fee of 2 per cent. ad valorem is charged, and thereafter it is their intention to collect an annual land tax of considerable amount. I have not yet got full particulars of the scheme, but hope to obtain them shortly. This procedure would also be applied to concession properties once they came under Chinese control, unless the matter were made the subject of special agreement at the time of the surrender. Moreover, in course of time, an attempt would be made to levy business and other taxes from which foreigners living in concessions are now free, but I gather from your telegram to the Foreign Office, No. ... of the 3rd January, that the subjection of British subjects to Chinese municipal taxation, if regularly imposed, is in any case contemplated. Nevertheless, I think an effort should be made to secure a very definite understanding regarding the taxation to be levied in the concession area, as otherwise property owners will be subjected to all sorts of extortion in legal guise. On the other hand, it is thought by the well-informed that land values in the concession will increase as soon as Chinese are allowed to buy and a free market is opened to property owners. Land on the Chinese bund adjacent to the concession is worth more than on Shameen.\n\n12. The question of mob violence in times of trouble is also a serious one, but nowadays it is a moot point whether in an anti-foreign agitation it is safer to have a concession or not. The concession, it is true, provides a place which can be defended for a while against the mob whilst women and children are evacuated, but on the other hand it forms a target for attack and is a standing provocation to all the agitators and extremists who preach the abolition of foreign privilege. Moreover, if, as at Hankow and in a lesser degree in Canton, many of the foreign residents live outside the concession, the use of firearms in the defence of the latter imperils the lives of the people outside. Questions of national prestige also invest the protection of these areas with an importance unwarranted, in some cases at least, by their intrinsic value.\n\n13. I have long been of the opinion that the smaller concessions are a danger in the present state of Chinese feeling, and that we should be wise to return them to Chinese control. If this were done voluntarily, it would be easier to stipulate for sufficient foreign, and preferably international, participation in the municipal government to prevent the undue misappropriation of the municipal revenues, and to secure such other safeguards as may be considered essential. Things would not be so ... \n\nPage 363 \n\n[34 z-5] \n\nB",
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    {
        "id": 509412,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-502-7 China- general situation 4-3-1927 - 26-4-1927",
        "page_number": 103,
        "title": "CO129-502-7 China- general situation 4-3-1927 - 26-4-1927",
        "content_text": "## 113\n\n\n## 114\n\n4\n\nefficiently managed and residence here would be even less agreeable than it is now, but, if it is necessary to satisfy the Chinese in order to trade with them, the local resident must presumably subordinate his comfort to the business interests of his principals at home.\n\n14. The chairman of the British Municipal Council is absent from Shameen at the moment, but I have shown this despatch in confidence to Mr. R. Camidge, the manager of the Chartered Bank, who is the vice-chairman, and he concurs in the views I have expressed. Finally, I should like to say that I am no advocate of a policy of scuttle, but I feel that the instructions of the Foreign Office to defend the concession by force, without involving His Majesty's Government in hostilities with the Chinese forces, may be impossible of execution, and the attempt to carry them out may end in a serious tragedy.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n### Shameen Municipal Council (British Concession)\n\n#### Census: Estimated\n\n| Nationality | Men | Number of Women and Children | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| American | 14 | 12 | 26 |\n| British | 46 | 70 | 116 |\n| Danish | 5 | 11 | 8... 4 was likely a typo and was corrected to be in line with the rest of the table, however the original text is unclear |\n| Dutch | 4 | 8 | 12 |\n| French | 12 | 10 | 22 |\n| Italian | 3 | 3 | 6 |\n| Japanese | 53 | 73 | 126 |\n| Parsees and Indians | 10 | 29 | 39 |\n| Portuguese | 11 | 16 | 27 |\n| Russian | 4 | 10 | 14 |\n| Swedish | 1 | ... | ... 7 was likely missing, \"1 7\"  |\n| Swiss | 7 | 9 | 12... likely \"16\" or another number, the original text is unclear |\n| Annamites | ... | ... | ... |\n| Chinese | 173 | 249 | 427 |\n|  | 126 | 677 | 803 |\n|  | 304 | 926 | 1,280 |\n\n#### Property Values on British Concession: Estimated\n\n| Nationality of Land-renter | Land Area | Value of Building(s) | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| British | Square feet. 698,037 | Hk. dollars. 2,772,800 | Hk. dollars. 6,980,870 | Dollars. 9,753,170 |\n| British (C.M. customs, Salt Gabelle, Bank of E.A.) | 117,445 | 478,245 | 1,174,450 | 1,652,695 |\n| Japanese | 123,869 | ... 469,385 |  |  |\n| Portuguese | *12,645 | 42,993 | 1,238,690 | 1,708,075... likely \"Nil\" was on the next line |\n| (Vacant land) |  |  | 42,993 |  |\n| Swiss | 8,463 | 32,159 | 84,630 | 116,789 |\n| American | 74,095 | 300,838 | 710,950 | 1,041,788 |\n| French | 63,989 | 258,505 | 639,890 | 998,395... or 898,395, the original text is unclear, a value of \"1,085,898\" is on the next line |\n| Roads, gardens, open spaces at 5 dollars per square foot | 864,500 | 4,354,925 | 10,858,980 | 4,322,500... and \"15,213,905\" on the next line |\n|  |  |  | 4,322,500 |  |\n|  | *12,645 | 1,968,043 | 8,677,425 | 10,858,980 |\n|  |  |  |  | 19,536,405 |\n\nCemetery at Nam Shik Tou-value, say, 10,000 Hk. dollars.\n\nAreas and values of land, with the exception of roads, gardens and open spaces, in accordance with His Majesty's Office of Works' valuation as per assessment list, 1927.\n\nValues for buildings taken at an estimate of 10 Hk. dollars per square foot of land area on developed properties.\n\n### Municipal Administration\n\nArticle 4 of the Shameen Land Regulations states that not more than five persons, of whom the majority shall be British subjects, shall be elected each year to serve on the Municipal Council. At present the council consists of five members, of whom all are British subjects, a chairman, vice-chairman and three other councillors.\n\n1 British doctor of medicine.\n\nMedical officer of health D.P.W. and secretary... Secretariat\n\nP.W. Department\n\nWaterworks Nursing home.\n\nPolice\n\n| Position | Nationality |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 British superintendent | British |\n| 19 Indian police | Indian |\n| 1 Indian cook | Indian |\n| 18 Chinese police | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese clerk | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese office boy | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese road-mender | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese assistant road-mender | Chinese |\n| 8 Chinese road-sweepers | Chinese |\n| 8 Chinese scavengers | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese sanitary inspector (part-time) | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese sexton at cemetery | Chinese |\n| 3 Chinese gardeners | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese fire-brigade engineer | Chinese |\n| 5 Chinese engineers | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese nurse | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese coolie | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese laundress | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese cook | Chinese |\n| 1 Chinese interpreter | Chinese |\n| 2 Chinese detectives | Chinese |\n\n### Industries\n\nOnly one on this concession-Messrs. A. S. Watson and Co.'s mineral water factory. This factory can produce 5,000 dozens per each eight-hour day.\n\n### Shameen Waterworks\n\nStorage capacity of tank, 50,000 imperial gallons. Average consumption on Shameen, about 100,000 per day. These works supply water to a large proportion of the residences on the French concession as well. Estimated value of machinery, plant and mains (not buildings), 200,000 Haikwan dollars.\n\n### French Concession\n\nIce-making and refrigerating factory. Output about 20 tons ice per day; water for ice-making supplied from Shameen British waterworks.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-502-7 China- general situation 4-3-1927 - 26-4-1927.txt",
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    {
        "id": 509704,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "page_number": 207,
        "title": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "content_text": "## 216\n\n4\n\nThe withdrawal of these large forces in case of necessity would involve loss of \"face,\" and would increase the military difficulties of evacuation. We are strongly opposed to the dispersion of force involved, and to so large a military commitment.\n\n(3.) We recommend that, if the reoccupation of the Concession is undertaken, there should be no preliminary warning other than that inevitably involved in the embarkation of the necessary forces at Shanghai and their transportation to Hankow.\n\n(4.) We consider that until the end of November, the line of communications of the force at Hankow with the sea can be maintained.\n\n(5.) Judged by ordinary military standards, the above operations would be hazardous, owing to the long and exposed line of communications and to the fact that the British Concession at Hankow can be dominated by artillery established in adjacent hills, but the Chinese Army falls below the normal standard, and we assume that the local Naval and Military authorities, who support this operation and who are in the best position to judge, are satisfied that the risks can be accepted.\n\n(6.) The destruction, or partial destruction, of the Hanyang Arsenal is, in our opinion, a feasible military operation. It might, however, antagonise the various forces hostile to the extremist faction at Hankow and so increase our difficulties. In any event, it would outrage local opinion at Hankow and might lead to reprisals against British property and the preparation of resistance to the re-occupation of the Concession. We consider, therefore, that, unless it is required as a military measure in connection with the re-occupation or subsequent retention of the Concession, the destruction of the Arsenal should be kept in reserve for the present.\n\n(7.) In view of the great fall of the water-level at low water (the 30th November to the 26th March), which varies from 14 feet at Wuhu to 45 feet at Hankow, the small craft which alone can navigate the river above Wuhu during that period will encounter great difficulty in dealing with forts and guns on the other side of the steep banks. In these circumstances, apart from the risks referred to in conclusion (5), we cannot guarantee that communications with Hankow can be kept open during the months referred to.\n\n(Signed)\n**BEATTY.**\n**G. F. MILNE.**\n**H. TRENCHARD.**\n\n## APPENDIX\n\n### The Hanyang Arsenal\n\nThe Hanyang Arsenal covers 10 acres of ground on the right bank of the Han River, by which it is separated from Hankow city itself. Adjoining the Arsenal are the Hanyang Iron and Steel Works, which are owned by the Hanyehping Company. There are considerable Japanese financial interests in the Hanyehping Company.\n\nThe Hanyang Arsenal has been occupied by the Cantonese since September 1926. Since that date, no information has been received as to the condition and output of the Arsenal.\n\nThe older machinery of the Arsenal is Krupp, mostly supplemented in recent years from the Shanghai Arsenal, though some American machinery has also been purchased. About 5,000 men are normally employed in the Arsenal and in the adjacent Smokeless Powder Factory. The normal output, capable of great increase under pressure, is:\n\n| Product | Output |\n| --- | --- |\n| Rifles (Mauser pattern) | 200 per day |\n| Bayonets | 200 per day |\n| Mauser pistols | 20 |\n| Machine Guns (Maxim pattern) | 5 per month |\n| Rifle ammunition | about 3 million rounds per month |\n| Mountain Gun | 1 per month |\n| Small Guns | 12 per month |\n\nThe Hanyang Powder Factory is believed to be capable of producing 1,000 lbs. of Smokeless Powder per day.\n\n2, Whitehall Gardens, S.W.1, **April 29, 1927**\n\n## 217",
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    },
    {
        "id": 510552,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-504-11 Chinese communist inspired conspiracies- banishment of political revolutionary agitators 24-3-1927 - 20-7-1927",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-504-11 Chinese communist inspired conspiracies- banishment of political revolutionary agitators 24-3-1927 - 20-7-1927",
        "content_text": "29 \n\nEnclosure No.2 in Consul-General Crosby's No.54 secret of 28/4/27. \n\n**TRANSLATION** \n\nTelegram to H., the Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies, dated 25th March, 1927. \n\nAt a place in Java named Tasikmalaje there exists a perfume factory, the external measurements of which are fifty and thirty metres; the owner is said to be Ang Sioe Tjiang. Underground is an ammunition factory, having its entrance in about six metres depth in the engineers' reading-room near a safe with books. Machines are said to be installed, but it is very probable that they are incomplete. Some parts of them have still to arrive from Canton. A plan of the factory will follow.\n\nThe following persons, among others, are connected with it: Superintendent, H.J. DU ME, Russian; Lie Buan Chi is also interested in it. Various quartermasters or boatswains of the steamer mentioned in my telegram of yesterday are said to be conveying five hundred revolvers, packed in three large cases and one small case. They are covered with gunny bags. On arrival, they will be transferred to a lighter. Subsequently, they will be put on board a motor boat, the owner of which is Ang Gloe Tjiang, who has an engineering shop at Batavia. The goods will then be landed and stored on a small island, whence they will be taken by a small fishing boat which will convey them to the fish-market, without going through the Custom house. Delivery will be effected to the above-named owner of an engineering shop. As regards the destination of the revolvers, presumably one hundred will go to Padang, whilst two hundred will remain at Batavia and one hundred will be sent to Sourabaya. It is not yet reported for what the balance of one hundred will be done.\n\nFor Padang the revolvers are to be packed in teak which has been hollowed out.\n\nI am informed that Zamitra (Jamitra) is the head of...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-504-11 Chinese communist inspired conspiracies- banishment of political revolutionary agitators 24-3-1927 - 20-7-1927.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 510794,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-504-15 Various ordinances 4-4-1927 - 29-11-1927",
        "page_number": 59,
        "title": "CO129-504-15 Various ordinances 4-4-1927 - 29-11-1927",
        "content_text": "L.S. \n\nHONG KONG. \n\nNo. 6 of 1927. \n\nI assent. \n\n**C. CLEMENTI**, \nGovernor. \n\n24th June, 1927. \n\n## An Ordinance to amend the Public Health and Buildings Ordinance, 1903.\n\n[24th June, 1927.] \n\nBE it enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows :— \n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the **Public Health and Buildings Amendment Ordinance, 1927**. \n### Short title.\n\n2. In this Ordinance \"principal Ordinance\" means the **Public Health and Buildings Ordinance, 1903**.\n### Interpretation\n\nOrdinance No. 1 of 1903.\n\n3. Paragraph (8) of section 6 of the principal Ordinance is repealed and the following paragraph is substituted therefor :-\n### Amendment of Ordinance No. 1 of 1903, s. 6 (8).\n\n(8) \"Building includes every domestic building, house, school, shop, factory, workshop, bakery, brewery, distillery, pawnshop, warehouse, godown, place of secure stowage, verandah, balcony, kitchen, latrine, gallery, chimney, arch, bridge, stair, column, floor, out-house, stable, shed, pier, wharf, fence, wall, roof, covered way, canopy, kiosk, and sunshade.\n\n4. Paragraph (25) of section 6 of the principal Ordinance is repealed and the following paragraph is substituted therefor :-\n### Amendment of Ordinance No. 1 of 1903, s. 6 (25).\n\n(25) \"Exceptional building includes (i) every public building, factory, workshop, bakery, brewery, distillery, pawnshop, every building intended for special uses, every building made wholly or partly of reinforced concrete, every building made wholly or partly of glass, iron or other material not provided for in this Ordinance, and (ii) every part of every building which is an exceptional building within the meaning of the first part of this paragraph.\n\n5. Section 8 (2) of the principal Ordinance is repealed and the following sub-sections are substituted therefor :-\n### Amendment of Ordinance No. 1 of 1903, s. 8 (2).\n\n(2) Two of the said additional members shall be elected by an electorate composed of the persons whose names shall appear in one or other of the two parts of the register hereinafter referred to.\n\nPage 61",
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    },
    {
        "id": 510802,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-504-15 Various ordinances 4-4-1927 - 29-11-1927",
        "page_number": 67,
        "title": "CO129-504-15 Various ordinances 4-4-1927 - 29-11-1927",
        "content_text": "## \n70\n\n15. Reinforced concrete construction has been developed largely since the passing of the principal Ordinance. The second object of this Ordinance is to deal with that method of construction and with its relation to the questions of public safety and public health.\n\n16. Section 4 of this Ordinance amends the definition of exceptional building in paragraph (25) of section 6 of the principal Ordinance. The principal change in the definition is that buildings made wholly or partly of reinforced concrete are specifically referred to. They were probably included in the former definition under the words \"every building of glass, iron or other material not provided for in this Ordinance\", but it seems desirable to refer expressly to this particular form of construction which has come into prominence in recent years. It is also provided in the new definition that the term exceptional building shall include every part of every building which is an exceptional building within the meaning of the first part of the definition.\n\n17. Sections 97 and 98 of the principal Ordinance were unsatisfactory. In the first place section 97 gave the **Building Authority** certain discretion with regard to every exceptional building, while 98 gave him a wide discretion with regard to a particular class of exceptional building. Again, it might have been argued that section 97 referred only to the general public, though it is obvious that the safety of a building might be of little importance to the public at large but of great importance to the persons using the building, e.g., the employees in a factory. Accordingly, section 7 of this Ordinance substitutes for section 97 of the principal Ordinance a section which gives the **Building Authority** discretion",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-504-15 Various ordinances 4-4-1927 - 29-11-1927.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511528,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 1.\n\nExtract from the South China Morning Post of 6.6.1927.\n\nCANTON LABOUR.\n\nCumbersome Set of Regulations.\n\nCOMPULSORY STRIKES.\n\n(From a Correspondent.)\n\nCanton, June 2. The Canton Political Council has just passed and promulgated a set of regulations governing labour disputes. The regulations are as follows:\n\n1. The aim of this set of regulations is to settle disputes between labour and capital and therefore it must be strictly observed by both parties concerned.\n\n2. Labour and merchants should report all grievances or disputes to the Government authorities for arbitration and during the time arbitration is in progress no direct action should be attempted by either party, such as strikes by the labourers, and lockouts by the merchants.\n\n3. All agreements concluded by the labourers and merchants in the presence of the Government arbitrators should be effectively executed within three days, after which time the Government may take action to force such execution.\n\n4. During strikes the merchants have the right to work themselves, but the number of merchants working in each shop or factory must not exceed five.\n\n5. In case of strikes or other disputes, the labourers must not carry things away or cause damage to the shops or factories.\n\n6. In time of strikes, the labour unions must not attempt to blockade shops or factories.\n\nPower of Arrest.\n\n7. The labour unions must not make arrests or commit other action detrimental to the liberty of others, but in time of strikes, the labour unions may ask the police to arrest those who attempt to break the general strikes and have these persons taken to the Labour Department.\n\n8. The labourers who strike for an increase of wages may demand from the merchants, at the termination of the strike, pay during the strike, but the labour unions are not supposed to demand damages from or impose any fines upon the merchants.\n\n9. The merchants must not dismiss their employees without proper reasons and in case their shops or factories discontinue functioning, a month's wages as compensation should be paid to the workmen. Compensation of two months' wages should be paid for all instant dismissals. However, if the workmen violate the regulations of the shops or factories, they may be dismissed at any time without any compensation.\n\n10. Ordinary workers or skilled labour may be dismissed on the second day of the Chinese new year in accordance with the six special regulations previously promulgated by the Political Council. Otherwise, shop workers should not be dismissed unless they commit some wrong.\n\n11. In case of disputes aroused between two labour unions or between labour and merchants, neither side should attempt to bribe outsiders for aid. Such practice will be severely punished by the Government if discovered.\n\n12. Merchants must not make any attempt to split the unity and organization of labour unions.\n\n13. Agreements concluded between the merchants and labourers previous to the issuance of these regulations are considered valid unless both parties agree to have the same cancelled.\n\nPrivate Taxes.\n\n14. The labour unions must not impose their own \"taxes\" on commodities of any shops or factories, which will only increase the burden of the merchants, labour, and the consumers. Such \"taxation\" may be applicable if both sides mutually agree.\n\n15. No \"big\" merchants should be admitted into any labour unions. The \"small\" merchants may join the unions with the consent of the union's members, but in this case, the merchants concerned should have no right to vote or to be elected.\n\n16. Owners of \"small\" workshops who have not joined the labour unions may continue work even during the course of general strikes.\n\n17. Owners of \"small\" workshops may or may not join the labour unions as they please.\n\n18. Owners of \"small\" workshops should also honour the terms reached at the termination of any strikes in their trades.\n\n19. Work in the families in which no outsiders are employed should be free from intervention from the labour unions, and such should not be affected by these regulations.\n\n20. In labour disputes of the following four trades, the decision of the Government arbitrators should be strictly followed and the Government may force their execution:\n\na. Factories for the manufacture of military supplies.\n\nb. Economic institutions.\n\nc. Communication services.\n\nd. Other essential services and public institutions.\n\n21. The offices of the Party and the Government schools, hospitals, and other Government establishments are not under these regulations.\n\n22. Prior to the adoption and promulgation of a Labour Law, these regulations are valid.\n\n23. These regulations are valid as from the day of promulgation by the Government.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927.txt",
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    {
        "id": 511589,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 80,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No.1.\n\nTranslation.\n\n82\n\n(Extract from Taun Ken Yat Po, Hong Kong 28th Dec.1926).\n\nRegulations to prevent dispute between Labour and Capital.\n\nIn view of the many cases of dispute between labour and capital every day, the Canton Government has realized that the affairs of workmen and merchants will go from bad to worse, if regulations are not made to control them.\n\nTherefore at the 3rd Meeting of the Provincial Council held some time ago, it was resolved that the Peasants and Workmen's Bureau should be instructed to draw up and submit for consideration some regulations for the control of disputes between labour and capital.\n\nCommissioner Chan of the Bureau has drawn up some regulations, and submitted them to the Council on the 27th instant for approval. We now publish the regulations. They are as follows:\n\n4. Regulations for merchants -\n\n(1) On the occasion of a strike in any shop or factory, the masters can be allowed to work therein, but they shall not take in any other workmen to manufacture any goods or assist them in their work or in conduct of their business.\n\n(Explanation).\n\nPage 80\nPage 81",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511590,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "83\n\nA strike is a legitimate method of securing improved conditions for workers. If the masters are allowed to take in other workmen during any strike, the strike will fail. Therefore, in order to ensure unanimity on the part of the Union and the success of the strike, the government should make this regulation.\n\n(2) When any factory or firm is closed (for any reason), the workmen shall be given 1 month's notice and a half-month's extra wages. If it is closed without notice and arbitrarily, two months' extra pay shall be paid.\n\nThe workmen out of work cannot get food, and very few of them have adequate savings, and therefore masters whenever they close their factories or suspend their business cause their workmen to run the risk of losing their employment and livelihood. The Government therefore makes this regulation in order to ensure to workmen a secure prospect of earning their livelihood.\n\n(3) Any merchant who dismisses a workman unreasonably, shall pay him two months' wages. Naturally, any master has the right to dismiss any workman who has really neglected the rules of his factory or shop. But any workman who is dismissed without good reason must be in a position to claim reasonable compensation, and therefore the above regulation is made.\n\n(4) When any strike on the part of any workmen with a view to increase of wages, ... settled",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511593,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 84,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "Pla \n\naggravate the trouble. \n\nAny offender when his \n\noffence has been proved will be severely punished. \n\nExplanation) A dispute between labour and \n\ncapital can be settled by proper negotiations. \n\nIf merchants are allowed to send other workmen \n\nto interfere, not only will the dispute be prolonged, \n\nbut much prejudice will be caused to the workmen. \n\nTherefore the addition of the above rule is suggested. \n\nb. Regulations for unions. \n\n(1) No workman of any labour union shall \n\narrest any workman or merchant or interfere with \n\npersonal freedom of anyone without the authority \n\nof Government. \n\n(Explanation) Union workmen, in a moment of \n\nexcitement, have often made arrests without \n\nauthority or interfered with the personal freedom \n\nof others. This is a great blot on the labour \n\nunions under the jurisdiction of the Nationalist \n\nGovernment. Therefore in order to keep the \n\nworkmen from reckless activities, the above \n\nregulation should be provided. \n\n(2) In case of any strike or dispute, no \n\nunion worker shall forcibly carry away any goods or \n\nproperty of any shop or factory. \n\n(Explanation) All disputes between labour and \n\ncapital can be settled by proper negotiations. \n\nIf the workmen are allowed forcibly to carry away \n\nthe goods or property of a shop or factory, it will \n\nnot",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511595,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 86,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "88\n\nfor having secured the registration of the unions.\n\nThey have even formed armed pickets and sent them out to force people to become members. This is not only prejudicial to the objects of Government in guiding and protecting the workmen, but will also give restless scoundrels a chance to deprive the true workmen of all their advantages.\n\nTherefore, in order to protect the interests of the true workmen and to prevent trouble caused in the name of unions, the above regulation is made.\n\n(5) No labour union shall collect subscriptions or membership fees in excess of the amounts specified in the laws for the control of labour unions, nor shall it levy under any pretext any commission or tax from any shop or factory for goods purchased or sold, so as to aggravate the burden of the workmen and merchants.\n\n(Explanation) The amount of subscriptions and membership fees of any labour union are generally fixed by Government on approval of its registration, but the corrupt officers of some unions have often, after registration, raised the subscriptions and fees without any definite limit. It is indeed regrettable that they have thus impaired the interests of the workmen and corruptly usurped the power of the unions. If labour unions have their own incomes to meet their expenses, any levy of commission or tax will affect the revenues of Government on the one hand, and aggravate the burden of workmen and merchants on the other, and will also lead to much malpractice.\n\nTherefore, in order",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511599,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "page_number": 90,
        "title": "CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927",
        "content_text": "Enclosure to 2.\n\nTranslation.\n\n92\n\n(Extract from Man Kwok Yat Po, Canton, 6th January 1927).\n\nTemporary regulations made by the Provincial Government for prevention of dispute between labour and capital.\n\nalready published\n\nYesterday the 4th.\n\n(From the Chung Wa She News Agency)\n\nYesterday the 5th the Provincial Government of Kwong Tung issued a notification, which reads as follows:\n\nTemporary regulations have been made for the prevention of dispute between labour and capital in the province of Kwong Tung, and are now published below.\n\nThis notification.\n\nA. Regulations for merchants:\n\n(1) Same as proposed regulation (1)\n\n(2) When any factory or firm is closed (for any reason), the workmen shall be given 1 month's notice and one month's extra wages. If it is closed without notice and arbitrarily, 2 months' extra pay shall be paid.\n\n(3) Same as proposed regulation (4)\n\n(4)\n\n(5) No\n\nPage 90\nPage 91",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-4 Labour situation in Canton and effect on Hong Kong- Labour Advisory Board 27-1-1927 - 31-8-1927.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 511726,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "page_number": 15,
        "title": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "content_text": "MEMORANDUM FOR \n\nSCHEME \n\nCONFIDENTIAL \n\nthe \n\nAny communication on the subject of this letter should be addressed to-\n\nTHE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE,\n\nHOME OFFICE,\n\nLONDON, S.W. 1,\n\nand the following number quoted :-\n\n369,447/4.\n\n30162\n\n \n\n15\n\nRECEIVED\n\n8 AUG 1927\n\nHOME OFFICE,\n\nWHITEHALL.\n\n6th August, 1927.\n\nCOL. OFFICE\n\nSir,\n\nI am directed by Secretary Sir William Joynson-Hicks to refer to your letter of the 22nd June (30162/27) inviting observations with regard to a draft Ordinance and Regulations dealing with accidents in factories in Hong Kong, and to express regret that an earlier reply has not been furnished.\n\nSir William Joynson-Hicks observes that Regulations 6 and 10 follow closely paragraphs (c) and (d) of Section 10(1) of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901. He would, however, point out that in the amending and consolidating Factories Bill, which was introduced last year by the Government (copy enclosed), it was proposed to modify these paragraphs in the following respects.\n\nClauses 14 and 15 amplify paragraph (c) and clause 132 contains a definition of \"Transmission machinery\" (a more up-to-date term than \"mill-gearing\") which makes it clear that fast and loose pulleys on machines are to come under this head and are not to be regarded as part of the machine.\n\nClause 18 corresponds to paragraph (d), with the following differences:\n\n(1) The new clause requires that the fencing shall be of a substantial construction and shall be maintained in position as well as in an efficient state.\n\n(2) The exception allowed by the Act of 1901 in cases where machinery is under repair is repealed. It is considered unsafe to repair machinery whilst some part...\n\nThe Under Secretary of State,\n\nCOLONIAL OFFICE.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 511732,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "page_number": 21,
        "title": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "content_text": "HONG KONG.\n\nNo. 3 of 1927.\n\nI assent.\n\nC. CLEMENTI, Governor.\n\n1st April, 1927.\n\nAn Ordinance to provide against accidents in factories.\n\n[1st April, 1927.]\n\nBE it enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows:-\n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Factory (Accidents) Ordinance, 1927.\n\n2. In this Ordinance,\n\n(a) “Factory” means any premises in which any machinery, other than machinery worked entirely by hand power, is used in any commercial undertaking.\n\n(b) \"Proprietor\" includes a body corporate and a firm.\n\n3.-(1) It shall be lawful for the Governor to appoint Inspectors and Assistant Inspectors of Factories.\n\n(2) Every Inspector and Assistant Inspector of Factories shall have the following powers:\n\n(a) power to enter, inspect and examine at all reasonable times, by day and night, any factory, and to enter by day any place which he has reasonable cause to believe may be a factory;\n\n(b) power to take with him in any such case any person whom he may reasonably need in order to assist him in carrying out his duties under this Ordinance;\n\n(c) power to require the production of any register or other document required to be kept under this Ordinance, and to inspect, examine and copy the same;\n\n(d) power to make such examination and enquiry as may be necessary to ascertain whether the requirements of this Ordinance are being complied with;\n\n(e) power to examine, either alone or in the presence of any other person, as he thinks fit, with respect to matters under this Ordinance, every person whom he finds in any factory to which the regulations made under this Ordinance apply.\n\n21",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 511736,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "page_number": 25,
        "title": "CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927",
        "content_text": "# Draft Regulations\n\nto be made under the Factory (Accidents) Ordinance, 1927, Ordinance No. on the\n\nday of\n\n1997-\n\n25\n\nof 1927,\n\n1. Subject to any exemption granted by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs Application. these regulations shall apply to all factories.\n\n2. It shall be lawful for the Secretary for Chinese Affairs to exempt any Power to factory, or any class of factory, from all or any of these regulations, and to exempt. withdraw any such exemption.\n\nof accidents.\n\n3.-(1) Every accident in a factory which results in loss of life or which Notification disables any person employed in the factory so as to cause him to be absent for more than three days from his ordinary work shall, within seven days thereof, be reported, on the form in the Appendix hereto, either at the office of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs or at a police station.\n\n(2) If any accident causing disablement is notified under this regulation and the accident subsequently results in the death of the person disabled, notice in writing of the death shall forthwith be given either at the office of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs or at a police station.\n\n4.—(1) All driving belts passing through floors shall be securely fenced Driving to a height of 6 feet from the floor.\n\n(2) All driving belts used for main driving or counter-driving which are within 6 feet of the floor or other place to which the workers have access shall be securely fenced.\n\n(3) All overhead main driving belts, if more than four inches wide, shall be protected underneath with strong guards of woods or metal at those parts where persons are likely to pass under them.\n\nbelts.\n\n5. All moving parts of any machines which are adjacent to any passage Machines way shall be securely fenced.\n\nadjacent to passage\n\nways.\n\n6. (1) All dangerous parts of all machinery, and every part of the mill- Dangerous gearing, must either be securely fenced, or be in such position or of such parts of construction or to be equally safe to every person employed or working in the and mill- \n\nmachinery factory as it would be if it were securely fenced.\n\ngearing.\n\n\"\"\n\n(2) For the purposes of this regulation, \"mill gearing\n\nincludes every shaft, wheel, drum and pulley and every other appliance by which motion or power is communicated to any machine.\n\n7. All fly wheels, all pulleys, and all exposed wheels, shall be securely Exposed fenced, and all set screws and bolt heads shall be cut off or countersunk.\n\nwheels, etc.\n\n8. All shafting which runs at a height of less than 6 feet from the floor Shafting. or any place to which the workers have access shall be securely fenced.\n\n9. For the purposes of these regulations, \"securely fenced\" means securely Meaning of fenced to the satisfaction of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.\n\nsecurely\n\nfenced.\n\nof fencing.\n\n10. All fencing must be constantly maintained in an efficient state while the Maintenance parts required to be fenced are in motion or use, except where they are under of efficiency repair or under examination in connexion with repair, or are necessarily exposed for the purpose of cleaning or lubricating or for altering the gearing or arrangements of the parts of the machine.\n\nCOUNCIL CHAMBER,\n\nClerk of Councils.\n\n1927.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-505-7 Factory (Accidents) Ordinance- 1927 4-4-1927 - 1-12-1927.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 513053,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-507-6 China- position of Hong Kong New Territories 8-9-1928 - 17-11-1928",
        "page_number": 15,
        "title": "CO129-507-6 China- position of Hong Kong New Territories 8-9-1928 - 17-11-1928",
        "content_text": "8. Much intrigue is evidently going on, but the local aspects of it are merely reflections of the manoeuvres in progress at Nanking, and the future of the province is bound up with the success or failure of the Nationalist leaders in securing some sort of unity under a Central Government.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nDear Brenan,\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nJ. F. BRENAN.\n\nMajor-General Luard to Acting Consul-General Brenan.\n\nHeadquarters, South China Command,\n\nHong Kong, August 24, 1928.\n\nI AM enclosing a copy of a letter I have to-day sent to his Excellency, the Officer Administering the Government, Hong Kong.\n\nAs regards arms in Shameen, I understand that the Canton authorities are contemplating obtaining permission from the foreign consuls to make a search.\n\nI should be interested to have any comments you may care to make on the situation generally, and whether you can contradict or corroborate the news contained in the attached letter.\n\nI propose coming to Canton with Hanna to have a look at things and to have a talk with you on Monday next—leave here Sunday-night boat. I shall be busy with detachment early, but will come and see you about midday, if that will suit.\n\nYours sincerely,\n\nC. C. LUARD.\n\nEnclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul-General Brenan to Major-General Luard.\n\nDear General,\n\nCanton, August 28, 1928.\n\nI HAD the pleasure of discussing with you personally the matters mentioned in your letter of the 24th August, but I am sending this brief reply for purposes of record.\n\nI have heard various rumours about intrigues against the present Canton administration, in which Chen Ming-shu and Chan Chak are mentioned as opponents of Li Chai-sum, and I have no doubt that Li Fuk-lam would like to get back to his old position in Honam. Such intrigues and rumours are inevitable, but I cannot say how serious they are in the present case. The local authorities, with whom I have discussed the situation, seem to feel fairly secure and to believe that Li Chai-sum is firmly established. On the other hand, we have had requests for permits to enter Shameen after dark from Canton police officers, who fear trouble and want a line of retreat in case of another Communist uprising.\n\nI do not think that any quantity of arms can be stored on Shameen without our knowledge. It would be difficult to bring them in and still more difficult to take them out once the trouble had started. I mentioned the rumour to my French colleague. He was sceptical, but said he would investigate. At all events, the Cantonese authorities have said nothing about any such suspicions, and they would be quick enough to do so, if they had them.\n\nIf I were you, I think I should be cautious with Mr. Koo. I know nothing about him, but from what you tell me I suspect that he is trying to secure some job or concession for himself from the Chinese powers that be, and he would like to give them the impression that he is intimate with the British military authorities, and is in a position to obtain supplies of arms or other favours.\n\nWang Shao-hung sent an emissary to see me a few days ago to countersign an import permit for saltpetre, which the general wished to purchase in Hong Kong for a fire-cracker factory in which he was interested. The messenger told me that General Wang had gone to Liuchow.\n\nYours sincerely,\n\nEnclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nMajor-General Luard to the Governor of Hong Kong.\n\n(Secret.) Your Excellency,\n\nHeadquarters, South China Command,\n\nHong Kong, August 24, 1928.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inform you of the gist of a conversation held yesterday between a member of my staff and Mr. Koo. The latter, you will remember, was recently largely instrumental in arranging a visit to Canton by one of my staff, who saw various military establishments and whose report you have seen.\n\n2. Mr. Koo gave the impression of being very concerned about the stability of the existing régime in Canton. He stated that Li Chai-sum had been far too easy-going in the past, and that, in reality, the only troops upon which he could depend were those of the IVth Army under General Chan Chia-tong,\n\n3. In the meantime, a definite anti-Kwangsi party were forming in Canton, whom he considered as pro-Chiang Kai-shek. The leaders of this party are General Chen Ming-shu, at present in Hainan, Admiral Chan Chak and Li Fuk-lam, the latter having recently returned to Hong Kong.\n\n4. In some three weeks' time Mr. Koo expects the plot to ripen, in which case a rising will take place, and the rebellious leaders are not expected to hesitate from using and arming \"Red\" peasants. For this purpose, Mr. Koo stated that the Cantonese authorities were aware that Li Fuk-lam had been storing arms in the Shameen, and these are suspected to be in the French concession.\n\n5. Mr. Koo was very anxious that an officer from Hong Kong should accompany him to Kwangsi to interview Wang Shao-hung, the military chief of that province, in order to advise him to come to the aid of Li Chai-sum. He pointed out that early this year a diplomatic rapprochement was effected between Hong Kong and Canton, and that it was a pity that the most should not be made of this, particularly as the Chiang Kai-shek party, represented in the South by Chen Ming-shu and Chan Chak, were not likely to be fastidious in making use of Russian help.\n\n6. Mr. Koo intimated that it was possible that Wang Shao-hung might be visiting Canton in a few days' time.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nC. C. LUARD, Commanding, South China Command.\n\nJ. F. BRENAN.\n\nEnclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nExtract from the\n\n\"Kung Ping Po\" of August 13, 1928.\n\nTHE PROPOSAL OF DEMARCATION OF THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN PO ON DISTRICT AND THE NEW TERRITORY SUBMITTED FOR RESOLUTION.\n\n(Translation.)\n\nTHE Po On magistrate, named Chang Kai Tsung, is of opinion that as Po On District is closely connected, geographically speaking, with Hong Kong, it is not unusual to find serious disputes and unavoidable misunderstandings between the Chinese and British Governments, if and when the boundaries are not clearly demarcated. At the Rehabilitation Conference of the Western Region, a written proposal has been submitted by the said magistrate, seconded by other five magistrates, to the effect that an application should be sent in by the Rehabilitation Commissioner for the Western Region to the Kwangtung Provincial Government requesting them to appoint a special deputy to Po On District inviting the Hong Kong Government for negotiating the demarcation in question.\n\nReasons supporting the Proposal.\n\nIn accordance with the Assembly Meeting Procedures, if a proposal is moved by one of the members present and seconded by five other members, the proposal may be submitted as a provisional motion, we beg to state that the original name of the present Po On District was called the San On District.\n\nIt was after the opium war, when the Island of Hong Kong was occupied vi et armis with no strong reasons by the British Government, as a concession for a period of ninety-nine years. This was the greatest disgrace, which could never be forgotten",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-507-6 China- position of Hong Kong New Territories 8-9-1928 - 17-11-1928.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 513580,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-508-4 Cases of attacks by pirates 6-11-1927 - 23-11-1928",
        "page_number": 100,
        "title": "CO129-508-4 Cases of attacks by pirates 6-11-1927 - 23-11-1928",
        "content_text": "THE HONG KONG DAILY PRESS, MONDAY, OCTOBER 1st, 1928.\n\nINTIMATIONS.\n\n\"THE PEAK FLATS.\"\n\nSITUATED within Two Minutes' walk from the Peak Station and overlooking the Southern Side of the Island Ready for Occupation.\n\nFive-Roomed FLATS and Six-Roomed FLATS with all Modern Conveniences, Drying Rooms and Out-houses, Two Lifts.\n\nApply to-\n\nCREDIT FONCIER D'EXTREME-ORIENT,\n\n4TH FLOOR,\n\nFRENCH BANK BUILDING.\n\nTO LET.\n\nFURNISHED, Four-Room FLATS, at 16, MACDONNELL ROAD, with Modern Conveniences.\n\nFor Particulars, Apply: XAVIER BROS., 2, QUEEN'S ROAD. TEL. C. 3216 OR C. 2722.\n\nFLAT TO LET.\n\nFLAT in CARNARVON BUILDINGS, KOWLOON. 5 Roomed HOUSE in MINDEN AVENUE, KOWLOON.\n\nApply to:-\n\nHUMPHREYS ESTATE & FINANCE CO., LTD.,\n\nAlexandra Buildings.\n\nTO LET. Furnished, Five-room FLAT, MAY ROAD LEVEL, For One Year, From 1ST DECEMBER 1928.-P.O. Box B-48.\n\nHY Continue to suffer when POO ON HERBS are within your reach-Pimples, Catarrh, Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough, Constipation, Diabetes, Dropsy, Rheumatism, and many other Diseases. No Drugs, Purely Chinese Herbs.\n\nPOO ON HERBS CO., 66, QUEEN'S ROAD CENTRAL, 1ST FLOOR. TEL. C. 5009.\n\nBIRTHS.\n\nFOSTER TURNER. On September 29th, 1928, at Victoria Hospital, Hong Kong, to Mr. and Mrs. F. W. FOSTER-TURNER, a son.\n\nPLATT.-On September 28th, 1928, at Shameen, Canton, to Mr. and Mrs. J. W. PLATT, a son.\n\nWATSON'S LAVENDER WATER.\n\nThe most refreshing of all perfumes in the hot weather. Distilled from real ENGLISH LAVENDER. In Elegant Green Flasks: $4.00, $2.25, $1.25.\n\nWATSON'S LAVENDER TALCUM POWDER.\n\nIN MAGNUM TINS. MADE FROM PURE Italian Talc clean, effective and controllable. Associated with English Lavender of exquisite fragrance.\n\n$1.00 Per Tin.\n\nA. S. WATSON & CO., LTD.\n\nHong Kong Dispensary. PHONE C. 16.\n\nHong Kong Office: 11, Ice House Street. London Office: 21, Bride Lane, Fleet Street, E.C. 4.\n\nBRITAIN AND ELECTRIC POWER.\n\nA large proportion of America's electricity is generated by water power. It is produced in steam-driven power stations. In Germany, where intensive electrical development is also in process, out of a total production of three and a half million kilowatts, only half a million was from water power, one million was from inferior brown coal (lignite) and two millions from black coal.\n\nWhen the question of electric power was first explored in Great Britain, it was thought that our small, sluggish rivers could be harnessed, especially for the supply to rural areas. But a fuller examination of the subject has vindicated the American system of big generating stations with a monopoly of supply over certain areas.\n\nMr. HERBERT HOOVER, speaking on this subject of big power stations during the time that he held the post of Secretary of Commerce, said: \"The economical generation and distribution of power require local territorial monopoly. Competing systems in power distribution in the same area mean an economic duplication of capital and represent a tremendous waste in equipment, and in the end, such duplication is a charge upon the community.\"\n\nMany of the products of modern science are by no means unmixed blessings, but the supply of this source of light and power in the factory and the homes saves heavy and distasteful labour. It does not create \"black areas,\" injure health or deface scenery. Electricity may claim to be a true civilizer and benefactor of humanity.\n\nThe total output of the Kailan Mining Administration's mines for the week ending September 15th, amounted to 68,561 tons, and the sales during the period to 80,598 tons.\n\nUpon his return from short leave, Capt. A. J. L. Whyte, R.E., has been re-appointed A.D.C. to H.E. the Officer Administering the Government with effect from September 22nd.\n\nThe United States industrialists found that electricity was superior to the direct steam drive. The work of electrification was started, and the older machinery was ruthlessly scrapped.\n\nA recent British wireless message announced that a start in the long-overdue \"electrification of England\" has been made, and contracts were placed for 132,000-volt transmission lines over an area of nearly 9,000 square miles, which includes the whole of London.\n\nEngland has lagged sadly behind other countries in this matter of electric power on a big scale, and the present economic situation of the country can be traced largely to neglect in this direction.\n\nThe figures speak for themselves. America's industrial development is one of the most amazing phenomena of history, and it has been in no small measure due to this application of the new source of power.\n\nNorway, with her abundant source of water power, heads the nations in a table of annual consumption per head of population.\n\nThe figures follow:-\n\nNorway: 1,600 units.\n\nCanada: 910\n\nUnited States: 528\n\nGermany: 230\n\nGreat Britain: 155\n\nItaly: 129\n\nLondon's electricity consumption, per capita, is one-fifth that of Chicago and half that of Berlin.\n\nParis and Milan, to mention only two other big cities, are also ahead of the British capital.\n\nThe tragedy of the Scott Antarctic Expedition is recalled by the announcement of the death at Rothesay, at the age of eighty, of Mrs. Bowers, whose son, Lieut. Bowers, was one of Captain Scott's companions in the fatal dash to the South Pole of 1910-12.\n\nA new form of furniture has become popular in France, and it is being widely bought for office and home use. The novelty lies in the use of nickel tubes for the framework of chairs, tables, and cupboards.\n\nA regular post office was established in Stockholm more than 650 years ago, according to the researches just published by the well-known Swedish historian, Dr. L. M. Baath.\n\nProfessor F. W. Buckler, speaking at the International Congress of Orientalists at Oxford recently, said that a garment which appears to have escaped attention is the khilat, or discarded robe of certain ancient Eastern kings.\n\nThe Antarctic expedition which Comdr. Byrd is to head this year sounds more like an assault than an exploration.\n\nCigar and cigarette-end collecting is still a flourishing trade in Paris, and one of its most expert practitioners has been telling a Paris newspaper something of his method of procedure.\n\nThe noise nuisance is beginning to be studied in France, as befits a country where the individual must obey, and not command.\n\nNew laws will forbid the inordinate use of hooters; newspaper vendors will not be allowed to cry their wares; costers and dealers in lottery tickets must henceforth let the things they sell speak for themselves.\n\nPage 100\n\nPage 101",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-508-4 Cases of attacks by pirates 6-11-1927 - 23-11-1928.txt",
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    {
        "id": 519015,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-516-5 Policy of Hong Kong government on the purchase and supply of opium 25-2-1929 - 10-5-1929",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-516-5 Policy of Hong Kong government on the purchase and supply of opium 25-2-1929 - 10-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## BRITISH BULLETIN, No 38.\n\nWhy do people waste their time in formulating silly and immoral plans for dealing with the drug curse, instead of, like reasonable beings, prohibiting the sale and use of the drug, except for medical purposes?\n\nThere is no other remedy but prohibition. Prohibition at the source will effect, in a natural order, prohibition in distribution and use. Publish to the world the Black List of the offenders—the manufacturers, the countries that permit illicit trade, the Governments that fail to deal with the evil. Carry out the Hague and Geneva Conventions to the letter. Persuade new-born Turkey to come into the League, and convince both Turkey and Persia that they must—for their own sake, as well as for the world at large—join the comity of nations in one of its most imperative efforts to save the world from the curse of narcotic drugs.\n\nThe recent issues of \"Opium, a World Problem,\" reveal not merely a continuance of the energies of the \"National Anti-opium Association of China,\" but a distinct advance in the enthusiastic zeal which the Association has manifested itself from the date of its inauguration. Their magazine is full of interesting points, even when we venture to think there should be some modification of statement. They are justified in saying that their own efforts are largely counteracted by the steady stream of such drugs as morphine, heroin, and cocaine poured in upon them from abroad. If opium-smoking is prohibited as the National Government proposes, opium addicts can easily obtain morphine and morphine pills supplied from abroad.\n\nWithin their own borders, the obstacle is always the military, as we have seen in recent incidents reported by China correspondents. Opium is at the bottom of most quarrels, such as the Szechwan war and the Yunnan-Kweichow dispute. Yunnan sends a good deal of opium into Kwang-tung, and the Kwang-si Government taxes it in transit, collecting £225,000 a month on Yunnan opium alone. Yunnan retorts by sending the drug by aeroplane. And always the military are the authors of the evil. They regularly fix the rate of transit, pocketing all but what they have to pay in 'squeezes' and bonuses to their agents.\n\nOne interesting point is suggested by our old friend, Dr. Wu Lian-Teh, who has always been an anti-opium enthusiast. He would like to see established an International Narcotic Factory to supply the world's legitimate needs—all other factories to be closed. That would no doubt be ideal, but its impossibility is obvious. There are other means within the power of the League of Nations, if only it would act up to the principles of the Hague and Geneva Conventions.\n\nWhat impresses us in the whole discussion as set forth in these instructive issues of \"Opium, a World Problem,\" is that, if the National Government can get the mastery over the military offenders, they will soon make a clearance of the poppy-fields, as was done between 1907 and 1916, before Yuan Shi-Kai divided the country into military zones, and handed the protection of China to the military rascals who did their worst to ruin the country for their own enrichment.\n\nWe venture on one suggestion—not a prophesy, for that would indeed be rash—that, if the National Government of China continues stable, we may, several years hence, find China to be the dominant and triumphant force in this great campaign. America and China between them may possibly succeed by practical effort where European schemes have largely failed.\n\n## Egypt\n\nWelcome news arrived from Egypt on March 21st that the Egyptian Government is determined to check the drug evil, and had just created a special Narcotic Bureau, under the direction of the Commandant of the Cairo Police. The police appear to have traced one of the chief sources of the supply of heroin, and have arrested two Polish Jews, who were deeply involved in the traffic. Both these Jews hail from Vienna, finding their supplies in the Austrian capital. The Austrian police seem to be actively tracking down their confederates in Vienna.\n\nWhat this means may be better understood from an article in a Cairo newspaper which has been forwarded to us, and which evidently is inspired by the Egyptian Government. Up to ten years ago, the only drug in use was hasheesh, and the number of persons addicted to it was very small. Then came cocaine, and multitudes of people used it, and big fortunes were made by its importers. It is said the vice has spread to every village in the country. In Cairo, in a single year, there were 5,570 convictions for the possession of narcotics. Heroin is bought in Europe at £20 an ounce, and by the time it reaches Egypt, it is worth £45, and the dealers retail it at a higher figure, after adulterating it with boracic acid powder. Of 20,000 persons in prison, 5,000 are drug addicts.\n\nIt is not to be wondered at that the Egyptian Government is alarmed at the prospect of its people being ruined by the drug evil. They estimate that, out of a population of fourteen and a half millions, as many as half a million are affected by it as more or less addicts. The increase of crime and the economic loss caused by the sapping of physical powers are sufficient to arouse the Government to a sense of its national peril. They are to be congratulated on their determination to crush the thing out. They want no monopoly, but absolute prohibition. Or, as we have said, to cut off the snake's tail just behind the ears.\n\nReceived since last acknowledgment—Miss Grey, £1; Miss Aldis, 2s. 6d.; Scottish L. of N. Union, 10s. 6d.; Leonard Wigham, 5s.; Miss Candler, £1.\n\nWe bank at Barclay's, 54, Lombard Street, E.C.3.\n\nAll communications to be made to Rev. E. J. Dukes, 2, Bethune Avenue, Friern Barnet, N.11.\n\nFinchley Press, East and North Finchley.",
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    {
        "id": 519052,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "page_number": 22,
        "title": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure No. 2\n\nExtract from the South China Morning of July 22, 1929.\n\n## MUI TSAIS IN HONGKONG\n\n### CHINESE EXPERT GIVES EVIDENCE ON LOCAL CONDITIONS OF CHILD LABOUR\n\n### YOUNG GIRL OVER-WORKED\n\nLabour conditions, to which children of certain Chinese families, more especially mui tsais, are subjected, were brought to light in a prosecution brought by the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs before Mr. T. S. Whyte Smith at the Kowloon Magistracy last week. On Saturday, at the special request of the Magistrate, expert evidence of local conditions was given by a prominent member of the Chinese community and the Medical Officer of Health.\n\nMr. Tong Yat-tsun, J.P., who has been identified with several local institutions for some years, gave it as his opinion that mui tsais were only purchased by the wealthy, but in the event of an owner becoming poor the girl might be required to earn money for her employers but she should not be subjected to excessive toil. There was a difference in treatment, was witness' opinion, between a daughter and a mui tsai, whose essential duties, however, were confined to household work.\n\nThe case concerned the widow of To Kwa Wan, who was charged on two counts under the Female Domestics (Mui Tsai) Ordinance of 1923. She was alleged to have ill-treated the girl by sending her to work in a factory for 10½ hours every night for a period of 2½ months. The defendant was also alleged to have failed to provide the girl with sufficient food.\n\nMr. H. R. Butters, assistant Secretary for Chinese Affairs, appeared for the prosecution.\n\n### Value of Medical Evidence\n\nAddressing Mr. Butters, his Worship said: As you know, I requested that the Medical Officer of Health be called as a witness and I have been giving a great deal of consideration to the matter since. I am not at all sure if his evidence will be really relevant. I am more and more convinced that the matter is governed by the Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance, where certain regulations are laid down.\n\nNow, that Ordinance defines a child as a person under the age of 15 years and I am inclined to hold that this mui tsai is over 15. She says herself that she is 16, according to Chinese reckoning, which you argue is 14 by European reckoning.\n\nDr. Thomas said he would estimate the girl's age at about 15 or 16, European reckoning, and I think I might find under the circumstances that she is over 15.\n\nMr. Butters: 15 or over.  \nHis Worship: That is, she is 15 or over.\n\nContinuing, his Worship said: And as you know Regulation 10 of that Ordinance says \"no child shall be employed in any industrial undertaking between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\" Now, assuming that this child is 15 or over, then could it be held that a woman, by sending out her daughter or her mui tsai to work at night in a factory, is ill-treating or over-working that girl, when, according to that Regulation, night work seems to be permitted for children above the age of 15? That's the question.\n\n### Decision on Other Grounds\n\nI might mention that the last time Dr. Fawcett gave evidence I accepted his evidence but decided the case on other grounds altogether and it seems to me that that might happen again. I think it fair to Dr. Fawcett to mention this. I might decide on other grounds.\n\nMr. Butters pointed out to his Worship that the girl was much older than 15 years. He also drew his Worship's attention to the fact that Regulation 10 prohibited a child under 15 working for even one hour on a single night between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\n\nHis Worship agreed that it would be a breach of Regulation 10 for a child under 15 to work even for one hour during the time mentioned.\n\nThen the point arose, said his Worship, what should the defendant have done. Should she have been at the factory to see how the girl was being employed? His Worship asked if that was what Mr. Butters argued.\n\nThe girl seemed to have given her evidence in a reasonable way. She said that the defendant was a woman with bound feet and could not carry water herself.\n\nMr. Butters intimated that that was in favour of the prosecution.\n\n### Does not Disapprove of System\n\nExpert evidence was then called. Mr. Tong Yat-tsun went into the witness-box, and in reply to Mr. Butters, said that he had been a Justice of the Peace since 1916. In 1918 he was a Director of the Tung Wah Hospital and a Director of the Po Leung Kuk in 1919 and 1924. He was also a member of the permanent committee of the Po Leung Kuk, a member of the District Watchmen's Committee and a member of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce.\n\nMr. Butters: Am I correct in saying that you do not disapprove of the mui tsai system?  \nWitness: Yes.\n\nSupposing a mui tsai of the age of, presumably, 15, European reckoning, was employed in a knitting factory for 10½ hours every night without interval or interruption, without facilities for sitting down and such employment continued nightly for the space of 2½ months, do you consider that that is normal and usual treatment for a mui tsai in the Colony and in accord with the accepted standard of Chinese employers of mui tsai?—No, it would not be fair.\n\nHis Worship pointed out that it was for him and not the witness to decide whether the complainant in the case had been over-worked or not. His Worship suggested that the question should be put in another form.\n\n### Question Too Long\n\nHis Worship: Is it a thing for a mui tsai to work at a factory?  \nMr. Butters: I had that asked.  \nHis Worship: Your question is too long.\n\nHis Worship's question was put to the witness, who replied \"No.\" The object of keeping a mui tsai is to keep her to work in the house. It is not usual to send her out to work.\n\nMr. Butters replied that what he argued was that both as a parent and as a mistress of a mui tsai the defendant had over-worked both her daughter and the mui tsai. He did not think that any parent had a right to work girls of their ages during such periods.\n\nMr. Butters: What about sending out a mui tsai at night?—It is not proper. It is not usual.\n\n### Ill-treatment not Pressed\n\nHis Worship said that with regard to the alleged ill-treatment they had only the child's evidence of that. The defendant denied the allegations made by the mui tsai and his Worship thought that he himself had suggested that there was no reason why the defendant should go into the witness-box, but if the prosecution were going to argue that there was a certain amount of ill-treatment during the day, his Worship would advise the defendant to give evidence on oath.\n\nMr. Butters: I am not pressing the charge of ill-treatment.  \nHis Worship: You are relying on the factory work?  \nMr. Butters: That's correct.\n\nHis Worship: Are mui tsais limited to wealthy households or are they bought by poor people as well?—Now-a-days a man must have some money before he buys a mui tsai, but later on he may be poor and then he will find it difficult to keep the mui tsai.\n\nMr. Butters: Are there certain obligations, certain standards of treatment, on the employer of a mui tsai?—There is certain treatment.\n\nHis Worship: That perhaps is a little too difficult a question to ask.\n\nMr. Butters: May I ask whether Mr. Tong thinks it is proper to hire out a mui tsai as personal...",
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        "id": 519057,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "page_number": 27,
        "title": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure No. 2.\n\nExtract from the South China Morning of July 22, 1929.\n\n## MUI TSAIS IN HONGKONG.\n\n### CHINESE EXPERT GIVES EVIDENCE ON LOCAL CONDITIONS OF CHILD LABOUR.\n\n#### YOUNG GIRL OVER-WORKED.\n\nLabour conditions, to which children of certain Chinese families, more especially mui tsais, are subjected, were brought to light in a prosecution brought by the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs before Mr. T. S. Whyte Smith at the Kowloon Magistracy last week. On Saturday, at the special request of the Magistrate, expert evidence of local conditions was given by a prominent member of the Chinese community and the Medical Officer of Health.\n\nMr. Tong Yat-tsun, J.P., who has been identified with several local institutions for some years, gave it as his opinion that mui tsais were only purchased by the wealthy, but in the event of an owner becoming poor the girl might be required to earn money for her employers but she should not be subjected to excessive toil. There was a difference in treatment, was witness' opinion, between a daughter and a mui tsai, whose essential duties, however, were confined to household work.\n\nThe case concerned the widow of To Kwa Wan, who was charged on two counts under the **Female Domestics (Mui Tsai) Ordinance of 1923**. She was alleged to have ill-treated the girl by sending her to work in a factory for 10½ hours every night for a period of 2½ months. The defendant was also alleged to have failed to provide the girl with sufficient food.\n\n## Decision on Other Grounds.\n\nI might mention that the last time Dr. Fawcett gave evidence I accepted his evidence but decided the case on other grounds altogether and it seems to me that that might happen again. I think it fair to Dr. Fawcett to mention this. I might decide on other grounds.\n\nMr. Butters pointed out to his Worship that the girl was much older than 15 years. He also drew his Worship's attention to the fact that Regulation 10 prohibited a child under 15 working for even one hour on a single night between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\n\n### Value of Medical Evidence.\n\nAddressing Mr. Butters, his Worship said: As you know, I requested that the Medical Officer of Health be called as a witness and I have been giving a great deal of consideration to the matter since. I am not at all sure if his evidence will be really relevant. I am more and more convinced that the matter is governed by the **Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance**, where certain regulations are laid down.\n\nNow, that Ordinance defines a child as a person under the age of 15 years and I am inclined to hold that this mui tsai is over 15. She says herself that she is 16, according to Chinese reckoning, which you argue is 14 by European reckoning.\n\nDr. Thomas said he would estimate the girl's age at about 15 or 16, European reckoning, and I think I might find under the circumstances that she is over 15.\n\nMr. Butters: 15 or over.  \nHis Worship: That is, she is 15 or over.\n\nContinuing, his Worship said: And as you know Regulation 10 of that Ordinance says \"no child shall be employed in any industrial undertaking between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\" Now, assuming that this child is 15 or over, then could it be held that a woman, by sending out her daughter or her mui tsai to work at night in a factory, is ill-treating or over-working that girl, when, according to that Regulation, night work seems to be permitted for children above the age of 15? That's the question.\n\nHis Worship agreed that it would be a breach of Regulation 10 for a child under 15 to work even for one hour during the time mentioned.\n\nThen the point arose, said his Worship, what should the defendant have done. Should she have been at the factory to see how the girl was being employed? His Worship asked if that was what Mr. Butters argued.\n\nMr. Butters replied that what he argued was that both as a parent and as a mistress of a mui tsai the defendant had over-worked both her daughter and the mui tsai. He did not think that any...\n\nMr. Butters: Yes, and on a certain amount of household work. I think a certain amount was performed by the girl during the day.\n\nHis Worship said that the one witness the defendant had called seemed to have given her evidence in a reasonable way. She said that the defendant was a woman with bound feet and could not carry water herself.\n\nMr. Butters intimated that that was in favour of the prosecution.\n\n### Does not Disapprove of System.\n\nExpert evidence was then called. Mr. Tong Yat-tsun went into the witness-box, and in reply to Mr. Butters, said that he had been a Justice of the Peace since 1916. In 1918 he was a Director of the Tung Wah Hospital and a Director of the Po Leung Kuk in 1919 and 1924. He was also a member of the permanent committee of the Po Leung Kuk, a member of the District Watchmen's Committee and a member of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce.\n\nMr. Butters: Am I correct in saying that you do not disapprove of the mui tsai system?  \nWitness: Yes.\n\nSupposing a mui tsai of the age, presumably, of 15, European reckoning, was employed in a knitting factory for 10½ hours every night without interval or interruption, without facilities for sitting down and such employment continued nightly for the space of 2½ months, do you consider that that is normal and usual treatment for a mui tsai in the Colony and in accord with the accepted standard of Chinese employers of mui tsai?—No, it would not be fair.\n\nHis Worship pointed out that it was for him and not the witness to decide whether the complainant in the case had been over-worked or not. His Worship suggested that the question should be put in another form.\n\n#### Question Too Long.\n\nHis Worship: Is it a usual thing for a mui tsai to work at a factory?  \nMr. Butters: I had that asked.  \nHis Worship: Your question is too long.\n\nHis Worship's question was put to the witness, who replied \"No.\" The object of keeping a mui tsai is to keep her to work in the house. It is not usual to send her out to a factory.\n\nMr. Butters: What about sending out a mui tsai at night?—That's not proper. It is not correct. Ill-treatment not Pressed.\n\nHis Worship: Are mui tsais limited to wealthy households or are they bought by poor people as well?—Now-a-days a man must have some money before he buys a mui tsai, but later on he may be poor and then he will find it difficult to keep the mui tsai.\n\nMr. Butters: Are there certain obligations, certain standards of treatment, on the employer of a mui tsai?—...\n\nMr. Butters: I am not pressing the charge of ill-treatment.\n\nHis Worship: You are relying on the factory work?\n\nHis Worship: That perhaps is a little too difficult a question to ask.\n\nMr. Butters: May I ask whether Mr. Tong thinks it is proper to hire out a mui tsai as personal property? Is it proper for...",
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        "id": 519064,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "page_number": 34,
        "title": "CO129-516-6 The Mui-Tsai question 5-11-1929 - 21-1-1930",
        "content_text": "# No. 22 of 1922. INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN.\n\n## Presumptions. Penalties. Consent.\n\n5. In any prosecution under this Ordinance-\n(1) if it appears to the magistrate that any person who is alleged in the charge to have been a child at the date of the alleged offence was a child at such date, it shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed that such person was a child at such date:\n(2) if it appears to the magistrate that any child, who is alleged in the charge to have been under any particular age at the date of the alleged offence, was under that particular age at the said date, it shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed that the said child was under the said age at the said date.\n\n6. Every person who contravenes or attempts to contravene or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Ordinance or of any of the regulations made thereunder shall upon summary conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars and imprisonment for any term not exceeding six months.\n\n7. No prosecution under this Ordinance shall be commenced without the consent of the Protector.\n\n## SCHEDULE.\n\n### REGULATIONS.\n\n1. The following are declared to be dangerous trades:-\n| Trade |\n| --- |\n| Boiler chipping. |\n| Fireworks, the manufacture of. |\n| Glass making. |\n\n2. No person shall employ any child in any dangerous trade.\n\n3. No person shall employ any child under the age of ten years in any factory.\n\n4. No person shall employ any child under the age of twelve years in carrying coal or building material or debris.\n\n5. \n(1) The owner and the manager of every factory in which children are employed shall cause to be kept, in English or Chinese, a running record of all the children at any time employed in such factory.\n(2) Such record shall contain the following particulars:\n| Particulars |\n| --- |\n| (a) name of factory: |\n| (b) address of factory; |\n| (c) name of employer or employers: |\n| (d) name of manager of factory; |\n| (e) name of child: |\n| (f) sex of child: |\n| (g) date of birth of child, or, if date cannot be ascertained, estimated age on some given date: |\n| (h) address of child: |\n| (i) name of parent or guardian; |\n| (j) nature of employment: |\n| (k) actual hours of work for every day on which the child is employed. |\n(3) Every such record shall be entered up promptly and accurately.\n\n6. No child shall be allowed to work in any industrial undertaking for more than nine hours in any period of twenty-four hours.\n\n7. No child shall be allowed to work in any industrial undertaking for more than five hours continuously.\n\n8. In any industrial undertaking the interval of relaxation between any spell of five hours continuous work and the next spell of work shall be not less than one hour, and the interval of relaxation after any spell of work of less than five hours duration shall be of reasonable duration having regard to all the circumstances.\n\n9. Every child employed in any industrial undertaking shall be allowed one day's rest in every seven days.\n\n10. No child shall be employed in any industrial undertaking between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\n\n11. No child shall be allowed to carry any weight which is unreasonably heavy having regard to the child's age and physical development, and no child whatever shall be allowed to carry any load exceeding forty catties in weight.\n\nPrice 25 cents (Hongkong Currency). To be purchased from Messrs. NORONHA & Co., Government Printers, Hongkong, and from the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 4 Millbank, London, S. W. 1.",
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    {
        "id": 519143,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-516-7 The Mui-Tsai question- resolutions from individuals and Societies 5-5-1929 - 26-10-1929",
        "page_number": 64,
        "title": "CO129-516-7 The Mui-Tsai question- resolutions from individuals and Societies 5-5-1929 - 26-10-1929",
        "content_text": "# SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST\n## MONDAY, JULY 22, 1929\n\n### MUI TSAIS IN HONGKONG\n\n#### CHINESE EXPERT GIVES EVIDENCE ON LOCAL CONDITIONS OF CHILD LABOUR\n\nLabour conditions, to which children of certain Chinese families, more especially mui tsais, are subjected, were brought to light in a prosecution brought by the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs before Mr. T. S. Whyte Smith at the Kowloon Magistracy last week. On Saturday, at the special request of the Magistrate, expert evidence of local conditions was given by a prominent member of the Chinese community and the Medical Officer of Health.\n\nMr. Tong Yat-tsun, J.P., who has been identified with several local institutions for some years, gave it as his opinion that mui tsais were only purchased by the wealthy, but in the event of an owner becoming poor the girl might be required to earn money for her employers but she should not be subjected to excessive toil. There was a difference in treatment, was witness' opinion, between a daughter and a mui tsai, whose essential duties, however, were confined to household work.\n\nThe case concerned the widow of To Kwa Wan, who was charged on two counts under the Female Domestics (Mui Tsai) Ordinance of 1923. She was alleged to have ill-treated the girl by sending her to work in a factory for 10½ hours every night for a period of 2½ months. The defendant was also alleged to have failed to provide the girl with sufficient food.\n\nMr. H. R. Butters, Assistant Chinese Secretary for Chinese Affairs, appeared for the prosecution.\n\nAddressing Mr. Butters, his Worship said: As you know, I requested that the Medical Officer of Health be called as a witness and I have been giving a great deal of consideration to the matter since. I am not at all sure if his evidence will be really relevant. I am more and more convinced that the matter is governed by the Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance, where certain regulations are laid down.\n\nNow, that Ordinance defines a child as a person under the age of 15 years and I am inclined to hold that this mui tsai is over 15. She says herself that she is 16, according to Chinese reckoning, which you argue is 14 by European reckoning. Dr. Thomas said he would estimate the girl's age at about 15 or 16, European reckoning, and I think I might find under the circumstances that she is over 15.\n\nMr. Butters: 15 or over.\nHis Worship: That is, she is 15 or over.\n\nContinuing, his Worship said: And as you know Regulation 10 of that Ordinance says \"no child shall be employed in any industrial undertaking between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.\" Now, assuming that this child is 15 or over, then could it be held that a woman, by sending out her daughter or her mui tsai to work at night in a factory, is ill-treating or over-working that girl, when, according to that Regulation, night work seems to be permitted for children above the age of 15? That's the question.\n\n#### Decision on Other Grounds\n\nExpert evidence was then called. Mr. Tong Yat-tsun went into the witness-box, and in reply to Mr. Butters, said that he had been a Justice of the Peace since 1916. In 1918 he was a Director of the Tung Wah Hospital and a Director of the Po Leung Kuk in 1919 and 1924. He was also a member of the permanent committee of the Po Leung Kuk, a member of the District Watchmen's Committee and a member of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce.\n\nMr. Butters: Am I correct in saying that you do not disapprove of the mui tsai system?\nWitness: Yes.\n\nSupposing a mui tsai of the age, presumably, of 15, European reckoning, was employed in a knitting factory for 10½ hours every night without interval or interruption, without facilities for sitting down and such employment continued nightly for the space of 2½ months, do you consider that that is normal and usual treatment for a mui tsai in the Colony and in accord with the accepted standard of Chinese employers of mui tsais?-No, it would not be fair.\n\nHis Worship pointed out that it was for him and not the witness to decide whether the complainant in the case had been over-worked or not. His Worship suggested that the question should be put in another form.\n\nHis Worship: Is it a usual thing for a mui tsai to work at a factory?\nWitness: No. The object of keeping a mui tsai is to keep her to work in the house. It is not usual to send her out to a factory.\n\nMr. Butters: What about sending out a mui tsai at night?\nWitness: That's not proper. It is not correct.\n\nHis Worship: Are mui tsais limited to wealthy households or are they bought by poor people as well?-Now-a-days a man must have some money before he buys a mui tsai, but later on he may be poor and then he will find it difficult to keep the mui tsai.\n\nMr. Butters: Are there certain obligations, certain standards of treatment, on the employer of a mui tsai?\nWitness: How... a mui tsai has to be treated.\n\nHis Worship: That perhaps is a little too difficult a question to ask.\n\nIn this case, Mr. Tong, there is evidence that the defendant's own daughter was also sent out to work by night at the factory. Does that affect your opinion at all?-As I said, it all depends if the mistress is poor. Then the mistress's own child will have to go out to work, but as I say, they should not be asked to do night work and for such long hours.\n\nDaughter and Mui Tsai. Which do you think is more justifiable? Sending out a mui tsai to work all night or sending out a daughter to work all night?-According to Chinese ideas? My opinion is that they would naturally send their mui tsai to do night work rather than to send their own child.\n\nDr. H. A. Fawcett was next called. Mr. Butters drew witness' attention to various sections of the Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance and, in reply, witness said that if these regulations were not adhered to, such breaches as were mentioned by Mr. Butters would be injurious to the child's health.\n\nSpeaking of the mui tsai in the present case, witness stated that she had been over-worked and such toil as she had been required to do at the hours mentioned by the prosecution was injurious to her health.\n\nHis Worship asked witness about the injurious effect of night work as compared with day work. Witness pointed out that it was less easy to sleep during the day because of the noise and remarked that night was the natural time to sleep. Night work also necessitated the use of artificial light. The physiological condition of the body, continued witness, was at a low ebb during the night, whereas during the day the vitality was at its height.\n\nThe defendant elected to give evidence from the witness-box and said that the complainant had gone to the factory to work of her own accord. She had also gone to the feather sorting factory and carried earth of her own accord.\n\nMr. Butters: Well, she's got a son working.\nHis Worship: You don't think she's poor?\n\nMr. Butters: No.\n\nThe defendant said that she had asked her each day if she found the work hard and if she did she had better give it up. Witness denied that she had struck the girl.\n\nMr. Butters: May I ask whether Mr. Tong thinks that, according to the standards of Chinese customs, this mui tsai was over-worked?\n\nWitness: Supposing a mistress is poor, the mui tsai has got to work but she should not be allowed to do night work.\n\nHis Worship reserved judgment.\n\n### OFFICIAL'S ABSENCE\n\n#### Criticised by Magistrate in Mui Tsai Case\n\nWong Hay and another woman were charged before Mr. E. W. Hamilton on Saturday with assaulting a mui-tsai.\n\nInspector M. Murphy informed the Magistrate that he had been requested by Mr. H. R. Butters, of the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs, to ask for an adjournment of the case.\n\nMr. Hamilton: If the S.C.A. is the complainant, they should send up a representative. Mr. Butters should know that perfectly well.\n\nInspector Murphy: I know nothing about the facts at all, your Worship. All I have is this chit.\n\nHis Worship said he was being left in entire ignorance of the facts of the case by people, who, having put themselves down as complainants, should have been present in Court to tell him all about it.\n\nThe case was held over, while Inspector Murphy left to communicate with the S.C.A.\n\nAfter an interval, he returned to inform the Magistrate that neither the Hon. Mr. R. A. C. North nor any of his assistants had turned up.\n\nHis Worship formally remanded the case until this morning, fixing cash bail in the amount of $500 for each defendant.\n\n### NORTH CHINA FLOODS\n\n#### VILLAGES INUNDATED\n\nPeking, July 21. Recent heavy rains in north China have caused the Yungting-ho to burst its south bank near Chochow, Hopei.\n\nAt present ten villages are inundated, while the waters are still pouring through the gap, which is seven hundred feet long.\n\nThe Provincial Government has sent engineers and relief workers, but is handicapped by the lack of funds, as to which it has telegraphed to the Ministry of Finance appealing for the Ministry's monthly contribution to the Hopei river funds, which are now seven months in arrears.-Reuter.\n\n### BOYCOTT LIFTED\n\n#### Improved Conditions on Upper Yangtsze\n\nNaval wireless messages received over the week-end state that the situation on the Upper Yangtze has improved materially. The boycott against British ships has been officially lifted at Chungking and one of the Jardine Matheson ships is proceeding with full cargo. The B. and S. S. Wantung is loading. Trade is still bad, but the outlook is more hopeful.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-516-7 The Mui-Tsai question- resolutions from individuals and Societies 5-5-1929 - 26-10-1929.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 520657,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929",
        "page_number": 185,
        "title": "CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929",
        "content_text": "## HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.\n\n...Koo Sugar Factory, Aviation and Broadcasting; they have already been dealt with by the honourable the senior member, but I have in addition a number of my favourite schemes, and I will now deal with what I regard as some of our most pressing needs in \"this, the most progressive and up-to-date Colony of the British Empire.\"\n\n### Our City Hall\n\nAre we proud of our City Hall? True it was an appropriate building 40 to 50 years ago and the Colony must still be grateful to a generous Government and public men who provided the site and building. Is it at all in keeping with the present requirements of the Colony? Recently His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester visited the Colony and the Theatre being the most central position was chosen for his official reception--unfortunately the space is so limited that many were unable to receive invitations, almost to the extent of causing general dissatisfaction on such an auspicious occasion.\n\nThe floors of the reception halls have to be shored up whenever a public reception or entertainment is given; the public library and museum must be the cause of disappointment to any visitor who happens to be passing through the Colony.\n\nThe late Sir C. P. Chater, for many years a member of this Council, left a very interesting and valuable collection of pictures depicting the Colony's history from the earliest times, and also a collection of china representing a life work, but we have nowhere to house these generous gifts. Surely the time has come when a suitable City Hall, Theatre, and Assembly Rooms, must be provided?\n\nI notice that we contribute the sum of $1,200 per annum to the City Hall (item 211 on page 101), a very small contribution.\n\n### Vehicular Ferry\n\nYear after year, the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce refer in their annual report to the need of a Vehicular Ferry between the Island and Kowloon. The Public Press constantly refer to it. Are we any nearer the acquisition of such a means of communication which appears to be only too obvious and which must have a most beneficial effect on the whole Peninsula? What is our position? It appears to me to be a disgrace to the community that it is impossible to get motor vehicles from the Island to the mainland or vice versa between the hours of 7 p.m. and 9 a.m. and then only by very antiquated means and laborious methods--a mere sop to the public.\n\nSessional papers have been issued but we seem no nearer a solution. Is it that Government's terms are too exacting or is it that no cut and dried policy has yet been formulated? Is it a Government obligation like a road or is it a matter for private enterprise?",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929.txt",
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        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 520658,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929",
        "page_number": 186,
        "title": "CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929",
        "content_text": "# HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL\n\n## Road to Canton\n\n199\n\nHow many more years shall we be talking of the motor road to Canton? Rumour has it that the contract for the construction of the motor road in Chinese Territory to our boundary has already been given out and I have myself seen the pegging out, close to our own boundary. We are, however, almost entirely in the dark as to the position.\n\n## Home For The Infirm\n\nHong Kong is a great international port and as such there is a constant stream of individuals looking for employment. Some are attracted by the prospects of possible work, some because they are unable to get work elsewhere. There is also another class, who cease to become employable. The able-bodied are found employment by the General Charities Organisation, the Hong Kong Benevolent Association and other charities but it is of the last class I now speak. It is impossible to find work for them. They wander between the Sailors' Home and the Hong Kong Benevolent Association and often through no fault of their own become a charge on the Colony. They are of various nationalities and, as far as possible, they should be repatriated, but there is still a residue for whom a refuge should be provided. We have no old age pensions or insurance. They are nevertheless an obligation of the Colony.\n\n## Factory Legislation\n\nThe Colony is slowly but surely becoming, for various reasons, a manufacturing centre. The probabilities are that it will substantially increase in the not distant future. This carries with it in these days certain Government obligations to see that the factories are conducted according to modern hygienic methods and operated on proper lines.\n\nThe Report of the Inspector of Factories (Annex B) to the Report of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs for last year is illuminating and clearly indicates a case for further investigation. The time is not far off when more advanced factory legislation and largely increased factory inspection will have to be taken in hand, but this possibly has already received your Excellency's consideration.\n\n## Widows and Orphans Pensions\n\nI cannot help mentioning the financial position of the Widows and Orphans Pension Fund.\n\nAs far as I can find, no fund has been set apart to meet these liabilities. We collect the subscriptions and pay them into our current account and use them as the revenue of the Colony.\n\nI find on page 11 of the Estimates the sum of $190,000 is expected to be received next year.\n\nA provident fund of this nature should, in my opinion, be absolutely secure and should be kept separate and apart as a Trust.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-519-2 Estimates for 1930 19-9-1929 - 19-9-1929.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 524836,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-524-6 Hong Kong Society for the Protection of Children- inauguration of Hong Kong Branch 22-1-1930 - 22-1-1930",
        "page_number": 11,
        "title": "CO129-524-6 Hong Kong Society for the Protection of Children- inauguration of Hong Kong Branch 22-1-1930 - 22-1-1930",
        "content_text": "THE\n\nKindly pass on this paper when read.\n\n11\n\nChild's Guardian\n\nTHE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE\n\nNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.\n\nNEW SERIES\n\nVOLUME XL. NUMBER 4.\n\nEDITED BY WILLIAM J. ELLIOTT.\n\nTHE SOCIETY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1884.\n\nLONDON, APRIL, 1930.\n\nCriticism—and the Facts.\n\nMore than the ordinary amount of comment on one of the Society's cases, which ended in a prosecution before the Magistrates, was made when a case was heard recently at Leicester. Two defendants were charged with gross neglect of two children, the father being sent to prison for six months with hard labour and the daughter of nineteen, who kept house for him, for three months with hard labour. Correspondents in the Press have, in two or three instances, suggested that the punishment of the girl was excessive, and one journal has expressed the view that the Society ought not to have preferred a charge against her.\n\nCriticism of magisterial decisions, so far as they are concerned with the Society's cases, has hitherto invariably been that the sentences imposed were too lenient. An almost regular feature of the Director's correspondence is the letter which asks what the Society is doing to stir up public opinion in regard to sentences imposed by Justices, which the writer avers are felt to be inadequate. The reply sent in respect of such communications is always to the effect that the Society cannot act as both prosecutor and judge. Our position is that we present the facts to the Court and there our responsibility ends. The Magistrates, who, after all, are possessed of local knowledge, have the benefit of hearing the evidence and seeing those persons of whose conduct there is cause for complaint. The Society has nothing to do with the inflicting of penalties, the limits of which are clearly defined by Act of Parliament. The same is true when, as in the present instance, a few persons express the opinion that more than justice has been done.\n\nIn this case objection appears to have been raised that a girl of nineteen should have been sent to prison, and in one quarter, as has been stated, the opinion has been put forward that the Society ought not to have included this girl in the charge.\n\nThe facts of the case were as follows:—The local Inspector received a complaint that two boys, aged respectively twelve and eight, were being grossly neglected, and that their health was suffering in consequence. On his first visit to the home the Inspector found the elder boy fairly well nourished, but his clothing was in rags, and he was dirty and verminous. He was unwell and not attending school. The younger boy was poorly nourished, his flesh was dirty and vermin-bitten. His clothing was also in rags and foul-smelling, and both lads were described as being a picture of misery and neglect. The mother of the children had died some eighteen months previously, and the home was supposed to be being looked after by an older daughter of the man's, aged nineteen. The father was in regular employment and in receipt of wages of about £3 a week. The daughter was also employed at a factory and earned £1 weekly. The Inspector found the house in a most disgusting state. There were four rooms, two being used as bedrooms, in each of which was a full-sized bed. The bedding was in a horrible state, and the coverings consisted of old garments infested with vermin. The whole house was in a shocking state of dirt. The rent was only 7s. 7d. per week, but there was little food. The father admitted that things had been going wrong since the death of his wife. He was anxious that his daughter should stay at home and look after things and not go to work, which there was no need for her to do. The girl, when interviewed, said that she would do her best to improve matters and get the home cleaned up, but she refused to give up her work, and stated she was always at home each mid-day to give the children their food. This was found out afterwards to be untrue. The Officer severely warned both father and daughter, and pointed out to the latter that she would be held responsible by the law, as well as her father, for the state of the home and her brothers.\n\nA few days later the Inspector paid a further visit. He found that a new bed had been purchased but no sheets or blankets, and the house was still in the same horrible condition. There was nothing in the house by way of food, save a small piece of bread. Both father and daughter were again warned, which was repeated by the Officer a few days later when he met them in the street. Acting on the instructions of his Hon. Secretary, the Inspector also served on both of them the Society's written warnings that, unless they responded to those warnings, the Society would be compelled to protect the children by means of a prosecution.\n\nOn his next visit the Officer found the younger boy locked in the house by himself. After some persuasion he succeeded in getting him to open the door. He was poorly nourished and, although he had on a new shirt and vest, they were already\n\nMonthly PRICE Annually, Post free, 2s. 6d;",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-524-6 Hong Kong Society for the Protection of Children- inauguration of Hong Kong Branch 22-1-1930 - 22-1-1930.txt",
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    {
        "id": 525436,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-525-3 Estimates 1931 and other financial papers 16-1-1930 - 1-9-1932",
        "page_number": 329,
        "title": "CO129-525-3 Estimates 1931 and other financial papers 16-1-1930 - 1-9-1932",
        "content_text": "HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.\n\n115\n\n6. The proviso to sub-section (1) and sub-sections (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of the new section 3 are new and give the Governor in Council power to award compensation on the lines of sections 12 and 13 of the Harbour of Refuge Ordinance, No. 39 of 1909.\n\n7. Section 3 of this Ordinance repeals the latter part of section 5 of the principal Ordinance.\n\nFACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS ORDINANCE, 1932.\n\nTHE ATTORNEY GENERAL moved the first reading of a Bill intituled \"An Ordinance to amend and consolidate the law relating to Factories and Workshops and to the employment of Women, Young Persons and Children in certain industries.\" He said.- \"This is mainly a consolidation Bill; insofar as it changes the law the changes are set out in the table of correspondence attached to the Bill. It has been suggested that the power of the Governor-in-Council to make regulations under Section 4 of the Bill should be extended by giving the Governor-in-Council power to make certain regulations in regard to fire. Had the suggestion been made earlier it could have been included in the Bill, but Standing Orders require that two days' notice be given to members of any changes intended. I now give notice that at the next meeting of the Council, after the Council goes into Committee, I shall move in Clause 4 an amendment that clause (k) be changed to clause (7) and immediately before, the following words be inserted.— \"prescribing the precautions to be taken against fire in factories and workshops.\"\n\nTHE COLONIAL SECRETARY seconded, and the Bill was read a first time.\n\nObjects and Reasons.\n\nThe \"Objects and Reasons\" for the Bill were stated as follows:\n\nThis Ordinance consolidates and amends the Industrial Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Ordinances of 1922 and 1929 and the Factory (Accidents) Ordinance, 1927, in the manner indicated in the Table of Correspondence.\n\nMINIMUM WAGE ORDINANCE, 1932.\n\nTHE ATTORNEY GENERAL moved the first reading of a Bill intituled \"An Ordinance to make provision for fixing minimum wages in occupations where the wages paid are unreasonably low\". He said. This Bill carries out an obligation imposed upon us by the Treaty of Versailles.\n\nTHE COLONIAL SECRETARY seconded and the Bill was read a first time.\n\n391",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-525-3 Estimates 1931 and other financial papers 16-1-1930 - 1-9-1932.txt",
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    {
        "id": 527547,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-530-2 Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies- Hong Kong education report 1930 23-12-1930 - 12-10-1931",
        "page_number": 37,
        "title": "CO129-530-2 Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies- Hong Kong education report 1930 23-12-1930 - 12-10-1931",
        "content_text": "52 \n\n6 \n\nKong & Whampoa Dock Co., reports that some of the boys go on with free scholarships to the Yaumati District School and that many of the boys who have been pupils of the Lower Primary School near Kowloon Docks find their way into the Company's works as soon as they are able to enter them. The question, what becomes of the boys who get their elementary vernacular education at the Quarry Bay School (they are almost entirely the sons of the Taikoo Dockyard & Engineering Co.'s workers) and the allied question whence come the apprentices of the Taikoo Docks have been carefully investigated. The facts appear to be (1) that a considerable number of the boys who have been pupils in the Company's Quarry Bay School are not finding their way into the apprentice system of the Taikoo Dockyard, and (2) that the boys who actually become apprentices in the Taikoo Dockyard come from a variety of schools (mostly private schools) and that one apprentice has recently been admitted from King's College. The fact that many of the boys who have been pupils of the Company's Quarry Bay School are not finding their way into the Taikoo Dockyard Apprentice System is due to the time which must elapse between their leaving school and the age at which a boy is physically capable to work as an apprentice. That age is not less than 16.\n\n23. In addition to these lower primary schools which, as they give a general and not a technical education, are not strictly within the Committee's purview there is conducted in connection with the Hong Kong & Whampoa Dock Co.'s Yard in Kowloon a night school called the Hop Ying English Evening Free School.\n\nAll pupils at this school are employees of the Hong Kong & Whampoa Dock Co. Attendance at this school is not obligatory on the apprentices of the Company, nor is it in fact an institution which the Company either started or is maintaining. The school represents a voluntary effort on the part of the Company's workers and it receives a recurring grant from the Company. There is room in the school for 136 pupils and it is always full. The curriculum of the school includes English (with special reference to the English names for tools and parts of machinery) also drawing and some simple mathematics. The apprentices get away from the works at 5 p.m. The school opens at 7 p.m., and closes at 9 p.m. The Headmaster assured our Chairman that it was not the case that the boys are too tired to study intelligently. The school does not meet during the hottest part of the summer.\n\n24. The Taikoo Dockyard started a technical class for apprentices in 1925 but this class was not continued after the general strike in the Colony which took place in that year. This class was reopened in October 1930. When the reopening of this class was being mooted, the firm arranged with the Director of the Technical Institute that the firm would provide the necessary accommodation, furniture, equipment, light, etc., but that the Education Department should pay the teachers, the firm agreeing, to start with, to pay the fees of the apprentices attending the class. The Acting Manager of the Taikoo Docks was, however, subsequently told by the Education Department that no funds were available. Rather than let the opportunity lapse the firm has for the time being undertaken the remuneration of the teachers and interpreters who work this class. This class is attended by 50 apprentices. Its curriculum includes arithmetic, mensuration, solid geometry, and model drawing. The teaching of these subjects, which is in the hands of the members of the Dockyard Staff, is closely connected with the work which the apprentices are actually doing in the shops. The members of the Dockyard Staff are paid for this work at the rate adopted by the Technical Institute.\n\n25. There is also an English class conducted at the Taikoo Docks for the apprentices of the Company. This class was started early last year. The class is conducted by one of the Assistant Masters of King's College, assisted by an interpreter. Our Chairman visited this class on 3rd December, 1930, and found some 30 apprentices being instructed in it. Our Chairman was favourably impressed by the work of the class but found that some of the apprentices were unable to read the Chinese translations of the simple English sentences set out in the Anglo-Chinese reader which was in use. It transpired that some of the boys start on their apprenticeships practically, if not wholly, illiterate. Possibly some of the boys who appear to be illiterate would be found to have spent some time in a Chinese vernacular school, but whatever capacity to read and write they may have secured there they have apparently lost in the interval between leaving school and starting as apprentices. This class, which meets twice a week from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m., is organised by the Technical Institute, the teachers being paid out of the funds assigned by the Government to the Institute in the annual Colonial vote for education.\n\n26. The Salesian Institute, which maintains this school, is an Italian Order which has made it its work to relieve and raise the poor. The St. Louis Industrial School has on its rolls 72 small boys who attend as day scholars. These small boys are simply undergoing an ordinary vernacular education. The school is partly, but by no means wholly, an institute to which waifs and strays are sent. These waifs and strays are taken in at various ages and they are generally older than the other boys. They are thus organised as a special class for the purposes of general education. The school has four trade departments, viz., a department of shoemaking, which is training 24 boys, a department of tailoring, which is training 18 boys, a department of carpentry, which is training 16 boys, and a department of printing, which is training 8 boys. All the boys in these trade departments live in the school, which has incidentally trained and organised from its pupils a quite effective brass band. The Salesian Institute conducts large and important trade schools in Italy and Germany. Each trade department is in charge of a lay brother who has been trained in one of the Institute's schools in Europe. Each trade department is also run on a commercial basis. The training given in trade departments is excellent, and the school authorities have no difficulty whatever in placing their trained pupils in remunerative employment.\n\n27. With reference to the frequently repeated criticism that the Chinese system makes a technical training difficult, if not impossible, it is interesting to note that a boy trained in this school as a carpenter is admitted by the Carpenters' Guild direct on to building work as a wage-earner. The articles produced by these trade departments are distinctly good. Father Kerec assured the Chairman that his Carpentry Department carried out orders for the Furnishing Department of Messrs. Lane, Crawford, Ltd., and that the Manager of that Department was anxious to take his trained boys and to give them regular employment in his furniture shop at good wages. We understand that a Chinese Society for the encouragement of industrial education is now negotiating with the Salesian Order through the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs with a view to getting the Order to work a school for the Committee at Aberdeen. The suggestion is that the Government might hand over the old paper factory for the purpose. This school at Aberdeen will apparently be rather definitely designed for the charitable purposes which the Society has in view. But the Salesian Institute does not propose, even if it takes on this Aberdeen venture, to give up its school at West Point. On the contrary, the Institute has decided to rebuild and extend its school at West Point.\n\n## III. Higher Technical Education in Hong Kong\n\n28. We were considerably assisted in our inquiry by the Report of the Technical Education Committee, which was appointed in 1925 by His Excellency the Governor and High Commissioner to consider the feasibility of industrial and technical education in Singapore and the type of classes and institutions required. The Committee considered the problem under four heads-\n\n(a) Higher Technical Education-leading to the attainment of a college degree and the producing of fully qualified engineers, surveyors, and architects;\n\n(b) Intermediate Technical Education of the standard desirable in English clerks of works, assistant surveyors, building and road overseers, ships' engineers, architectural and other draftsmen;\n\n(c) The Education given in trade (or artisan) schools to youths training to become mechanics and so on.\n\n(d) Industrial Education-where children are taught simple trades such as carpentry besides ordinary subjects.\n\n53",
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    {
        "id": 528218,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "page_number": 175,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "## IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN JAPAN\n\n18. Japan's metal and machinery industries experienced significant growth by taking out of competition many manufacturers from other nations, thereby seizing a great opportunity in a remarkable manner. In ten years, her industry increased in total production from £140 million to nearly £700 million. The biggest percentage increase was in the metal and machinery trades, which multiplied almost sevenfold in this period to a total of £105 million.\n\nMeanwhile, the total industrial population had increased from about 1 million to 2 million factory employees, and registered manufacturing companies from roughly 5,000 to 12,000. In addition, a large number of small private factories came into existence, prepared to make anything or everything.\n\nSuch rapid growth naturally held many dangers, and the metal industry in particular has had a chequered career. Since the war, it has been assailed by recurrent periods of crisis and depression, which have weeded out many weaklings or forced them into the hands of stronger rivals. On the whole, however, production has increased and was particularly developed strongly by the great earthquake reconstruction programme and lately by the heavy ship-building programme. Our visit to Japan took place in a period of world-wide depression and slack markets, and the position of the Japanese iron and steel and machinery industries was so unsatisfactory as to make the future very obscure.\n\n## IRON ORE\n\n23. The ideal of making Japan self-supporting in the metal industries is subject to a big handicap regarding raw materials. In any analysis, it is impossible to consider Japan alone without including her colonies and the Japanese sphere of influence in Manchuria. The requirements of this inclusive territory for a normal output are about 3 million tons a year of iron ore, of which nearly 2 million tons are derived from outside Japanese jurisdiction. The figures showing the sources of Japan's supplies of iron ore are:\n\n| Source | Tons |\n| --- | --- |\n| Japan | 150,000 |\n| Korea | 550,000 |\n| Manchuria | 650,000 |\n| China | 950,000 |\n| Malaya | 950,000 |\n\nThe Chinese supply is already restricted by civil unrest in China and must be regarded as liable to possible interruption in the future, for China may need her own ores.\n\n## PIG IRON\n\n24. Japan's normal production at present of pig iron is about 1,400,000 tons, but she needs to import about 650,000 tons in addition, with 400,000 tons coming from British India. Plans are in progress for a considerable increase in the production of pig iron, both in South Manchuria and Japan. They are, however, moving very slowly, though a probable production of about 2 million tons is in sight, but at a price which is barely competitive. Japanese pig iron works were established during the War when any and every possible type of plant was purchased at very high cost. Today, many of these works are in difficulties. Under the plea of patriotism and the campaign to support home products, the pig iron makers, through their syndicate, have demanded from the Japanese Government, and are likely to succeed in obtaining, the following assistance:\n\n1. An increase of the import duty from the present figure of Yen 1.70 per ton to Yen 7 per ton.\n2. The continuation of the bounty they receive, viz:\n   - Yen 3 per ton where pig iron is manufactured and sold for castings, etc., to outside works;\n   - Yen 5 per ton where pig iron is produced and sold to other works for converting into steel;\n   - Yen 6 per ton where pig iron is produced and used in the same works for conversion into steel.\n\nIt should be noted that the iron industry in Japan is free from income and business profit taxes. The present duty and bounty alone amount to about 20 per cent. protection on the selling price. The proposed increase of duty and the existing bounty system are clearly expensive methods of supporting the industry. Further, the shutting out of imported supplies can only be made good by a much greater import of iron ore, manganese, etc., coking coal, and scrap iron. Nevertheless, the demands of the pig iron syndicate are being vigorously pressed. A campaign against Indian pig iron is also being launched by the Japanese pig iron industry under the anti-dumping clause of the Japanese tariff, which provides that:\n\n\"When important industries in Japan are threatened by the importation of unreasonably cheap articles or the sale of imported articles at unreasonably low prices, the Government may, under the regulations provided by Imperial Ordinance, specify such articles after submitting the matter to investigation by the Unreasonably Cheap Sale Investigation Committee, and impose upon them during a fixed period of time duties not exceeding in amount their proper prices, in addition to the duties provided for in the annexed tariff.\"\n\n## STEEL\n\n25. Japan has built up a large steel industry producing more or less successfully almost every description of steel. Her present productive capacity is nearly 2 million tons, of which the largest items are steel bars (31 per cent.), steel sheets and plates (28 per cent.), steel rails (14 per cent.), and steel shapes (13 per cent.). In addition to this production, Japan has to import nearly 1 million tons of steel products, of which 80 per cent. are milled products, chiefly plates and sheets, shapes, and wire rods.",
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        "page_number": 176,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "## RATIONALISATION FOR JAPAN'S STEEL INDUSTRY\n\n26. Owing to a widespread feeling that the haphazard development during the War and in the boom years that followed has caused production to be unbalanced, and the manifest weakness of Japan's steel industry in competition with other nations, a plan for a nation-wide merger to include the Government Steel Works at Yawata and private companies was started by a Government Committee report in 1925, and is still under active discussion. The project is to form a private company, the shares of which will be paid for in kind, the assets of each amalgamated company being valued by a special valuation committee. It is proposed to concentrate bulk manufacturing of sections and rails at the Yawata Steel Works, and to manufacture other lines in the works which are at present privately owned. Great difficulties arise in obtaining a correct valuation owing to the lack of specialisation prevalent throughout the Japanese steel industry, and to its diversification in numerous side lines. The private steel works complain that the Yawata Steel Works are extravagantly laid out and have excessive overhead charges.\n\n## THE GOVERNMENT STEEL WORKS\n\n27. The Yawata factory is large and well equipped, with ample railway and motor transport facilities. Internally it has a very full equipment of railways, conveyors, and transporters. The offices are handsome and spacious. There is a big private printing works. A modern laboratory of great size is nearing completion and will take the place of a smaller one at present in the works. Construction work is entirely of local material - reinforcement, cement, and bricks being made in various departments.\n\nThe power supply consists of four 1,000 h.p., one 1,800 h.p., and one 3,000 h.p. gas engines, working quite well on blast furnace gas. In addition, a 20,000 k.w. turbo-alternator of Japanese manufacture is installed.\n\nThe plant was erected in three stages - 30 years ago, 12 years ago, and four years ago. The old plant included eight 250-ton blast furnaces and 12 steel mixers and furnaces of 60 tons capacity, with plate, bar, and section mills suitable to the output, mostly German. The first extension was American and included two additional blast furnaces, a mixer of 230 tons capacity, and six furnaces of 60 tons capacity. The variety of plates and sections was increased, the latter going up to 24-in. joists. The most recent extension included four large 500-ton blast furnaces, a 300-ton Talbot mixer, and two 300-ton furnaces, also six 70-ton furnaces, additional bar and section mills of modern type, and a capacious sheet mill for black sheets and tinned plate. The equipment also includes a good wire-making plant.\n\nThe operatives appeared to be efficient, clean, and cheerful. The factory, at the time of our inspection, was running very light, say, 50 per cent., and considerable stocks were in hand. A number of mills were under repair or standing; their physical condition was poor.\n\nThe welfare arrangements included a good club, with mess-room, libraries, canteens, baths, etc., every convenience being very cheap. The club was well patronised. Elementary and technical schools, housing schemes, and recreation grounds were also in evidence. The technical school originally designed for training apprentices is now being diverted to training foremen for other factories.\n\nThe large private works are more conservatively equipped, and where they have specialised are making good progress. In particular, in black sheet, the Fukiai Works are turning out a good product economically, and among the factories and mills visited were exceptionally busy.\n\n## FUTURE OUTLOOK\n\n28. As the fundamental idea of the iron and steel merger scheme is to bring up the productive capacity in each direction in which it is now necessary to import, and as over-production is already noticed in many lines, it would seem that steel importers will find it very difficult to secure any but low-price orders, and then only in the lines in which Japan is producing short.\n\nIt will be in these same lines that a market may open for import in case of any considerable revival of trade.\n\nBut to take advantage of any such openings, it will be essential to have an expert watching for the right moment at which to bring sales pressure to bear.\n\nWhere Great Britain still secures trade, as in tinplates, special steels, and ships' sections, close touch with the actual buyer and close regard for his exact requirements are very necessary, as only thus will there be a reasonable chance of participating in any expansion. The market for iron and steel manufactures in Japan is, however, and will always be, a difficult one for importers. Poor prices will prevail, and quantities of imports will be governed by Japanese production.\n\n## MACHINERY\n\n29. The market for machinery in Japan is subject to many of the same factors as that for iron and steel but has also difficulties as well as hopeful points of its own.\n\nThe desire to support home industry and the well-known imitativeness of the Japanese bring about intense domestic competition in almost every line of engineering. Large firms and small firms seem prepared to make anything or everything, regardless of their ability to make it well or economically. Attempts...",
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        "page_number": 185,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "# SUPPLIES OF RAW MATERIAL\n\n58. England has the advantage of her own domestic wool clip and comparative nearness to South America and South Africa. So far as the supply of Australian wool is concerned, however, Japan is in a better position than England, the difference in freight being equivalent to-day to about 1d. per lb. on the cost of the top. Japan's consumption is preponderatingly Australian. The whole question of freight rates either on raw material imported into Great Britain for our industries, or on the finished product exported from Great Britain to various markets—particularly the Far East—in our opinion, calls for serious investigation and correction so that British industry shall suffer no disability in competition with other industrial nations.\n\nJapan's competitive power mainly depends upon\n(a) conversion costs, and\n(b) marketing costs and methods.\n\nConversion costs may be broadly divided into\n(1) Labour.\n(2) Power costs.\n(3) Rates and Taxes.\n(4) General overhead.\n\n## CONVERSION COSTS\n\n59. Labour. The large mills work from two shifts of 8 hours actual working time up to single shifts of 11 and even 12 hours. An average of 10 hours per shift is probably a reasonable estimate over the whole industry.\n\nThese hours are worked every day except that usually two Sundays rest per month (first and third) are given, equal to 24 rest days per year. We understand that it is customary, where mills are working two shifts a day, to allow four rest days a month, instead of two. In addition, there are certain national holidays, but the observance of these varies in different districts. It would seem that the factory inspection system is unable to exercise the same control over the many small mills (some being in remote districts) as it can over the comparatively few large mills, and in consequence, local, and in many cases individual, arrangements are made outside the general law.\n\nAs these small mills are said to be responsible for from one-third to one-half of the total output, this factor is important. One mill informed us that they worked one shift 8 hours actual time and rested every Sunday, but kept only four other holidays in the year. Another extreme in the Nagoya district worked 11 hours actual, one shift, allowing two nominal rest days per month, which were omitted if business pressed, and six to eight holidays per year in addition, also omitted if necessity arose. A fair average over the whole industry is 312 working days per year, and it is possible that this is an understatement. At the time of our visit, trade was bad and it may be that the particulars given referred in some cases to present conditions and not to normally active ones. The lowest wage for women weavers, stated to us (a statement we believe to be quite reliable) was 20 yen per month, fair average 26 working days of 11 hours, or 1.72 pence per hour. In this mill there were no other allowances except one free meal a day, value 10 to 12 sen (or say 2.4d. to 3d.).\n\n60. In addition to money wages there are given, not in all cases, but probably in the majority:\n(1) an annual bonus to workers who have been with the firm not less than a full year, ranging from two to five weeks' pay.\n(2) a leaving bonus, e.g., on retiring from work. This is stated to range from two to six weeks' pay per annum and is calculated on the whole time the employee has been with the firm. This leaving bonus is supposed to be optional on the part of the employer, but has, in fact, become an unwritten law and we had it stated that many textile strikes in Japan have been caused by the failure of the employer to observe what the employees have considered the former's rightful obligations in this respect.\n\nIn some mills—only the larger ones—some or all of the girl employees are provided with dormitory accommodation free. This consists of a room occupied by from eight to twelve girls, the usual sleeping mattresses common throughout Japan being used on the floor, and one or two cupboards used in common for their small personal belongings. This system operates only in those cases...",
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    {
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        "page_number": 190,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "238\n\na strict requirement that Japanese government departments and authorities under Government control shall, wherever possible, purchase Japanese manufactures, even if they are inferior to foreign goods.\n\nA policy is followed of obtaining for Japanese manufacturers the fullest information as to recent models and developments in foreign industry. Direct aid to the Japanese export trade is given by means of government encouragement of the establishment of co-operative guilds of manufacturers engaged in producing goods principally for export, and by partial payment of the cost of establishing export associations. The Japanese Government further assists industry by recompensing exporters for 70 per cent. of the losses sustained on shipments to undeveloped markets or markets which present obstacles to trade. By affording direct financial assistance to banks in dealing with bills for the export trade, it enables the banks to quote exporters lower rates of discount than the normal market rates.\n\nDuring the past year, the Japanese Government has established a Bureau of Foreign Trade within the Department of Commerce and Industry.\n\nThroughout the period of Japan's industrialisation, the Japanese Government has, in effect, been a partner in Japanese commerce and industry.\n\n82. The industrial growth of Japan, fostered by a policy designed to make her self-supplying in manufactured goods, has not, until now, greatly affected the volume of her imports of these goods. There are, however, unmistakable signs that Japan henceforth will more fully supply her own needs in finished goods, and for those which she still must buy from abroad will only offer a limited and highly competitive market where price will, even more than formerly, determine the source of supply.\n\n## PRODUCTION COSTS IN JAPAN\n\n83. Chief among the contributing causes of Japanese success is the low price at which Japanese goods can be sold, consequent to a large extent on low wages paid to Japanese labour. After making allowance for the superiority of the British operative in certain industries, it must be admitted that Japanese industry has a definite advantage in labour costs. The average wage throughout Japan for all factory workers was, in 1924, officially ascertained to be Yen 1.44, equalling approximately 3 shillings per day of from eight to ten hours, and in some cases twelve hours (varying with the industry) and for a six-day week. In certain industries and districts, only two rest days a month are the custom. For males only, the average wage throughout Japan was, in 1924, Yen 2.10 (or 4s. 2d.) per day, and for females, who out-number the males in textile factories, the average wage was 88 sen (or 1s. 10d.) per day.\n\n49\n\nThe foregoing figures were the result of an investigation covering factories employing 1,290,000 workers, and may therefore be taken as truly indicative of the country as a whole. The average wages paid in Japan in 1928 were very slightly below those paid in 1924, as quoted above.\n\n84. There is in Japan a system of bonus payments and money allowances on dismissal. These two together, we are informed, add approximately 10 per cent. to the figures quoted above for wages. On this basis, the average wage for female workers in factories throughout Japan, including money allowances and bonus payment, is about two shillings a day. Some further addition to wage costs must be made for the provision in certain of the larger factories of dormitories, cheap food, cooking facilities, and welfare work. The cost of the whole of these additions to wages may be assessed at from 20 to 30 per cent. of money wages.\n\n85. In addition to the wide difference in labour costs, Great Britain is often handicapped by the unnecessarily high quality of the goods she offers for sale. In the case, however, of goods exactly similar in nature and quality, the disparity in price to the disadvantage of Great Britain is still noticeable. This is due to many causes additional to labour costs. Outstanding amongst these, in the case of Great Britain, are high taxation, freight rates, both by rail and steamer, packing costs and complete separation in many cases of manufacture from export marketing.\n\n## COMPETITION FROM OTHER COUNTRIES\n\n86. Competition with Great Britain in the Japanese market, while keen from Japanese manufacturers in lines in which they have made good progress, is intensely keen from other industrial countries for such manufactured goods as Japan must or desires to import. We have cited examples of Continental and American pre-eminence in the supply of Japan's iron and steel and engineering imports, which constitute so large a share of the total imports. In addition, Germany holds the leading position in the supply of ammonium sulphate, and woollen and worsted yarns. The United States leads in leather, soda and soda-ash, and motor vehicles. As the United States and Germany are our chief competitors in the Japanese market, we set forth below, side by side, the principal classes of manufactured goods imported and the values secured by Great Britain, the United States and Germany in 1913, 1929 and 1930. We have included the 1930 figures because they show that, in a period of depression such as the world is now passing through, Great Britain is less able than her rivals to supply a market of shrinking purchasing power. In common with all other countries of the world, Japan's import trade in 1930 recorded a sharp decline. The countries sharing Japan's import trade all suffered from this decline, but we regret to report that the decline of Great Britain...\n\n239\n\nPage 190\nPage 191",
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        "page_number": 207,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "## TEXTILE MACHINERY\n\n166. There are in China already about 120 cotton mills equipped with modern machinery, chiefly of British manufacture. Owing to war difficulties Japan and the United States obtained a larger proportion of the work for a while, but Great Britain is reasserting her dominant position and in 1929 accounted for 63 per cent. of the imports. It is estimated that a further 75,000 spindles were delivered in 1930. Continued activity in mill extensions is anticipated following the new tariff. It is stated that a certain carelessness has recently characterised replacement parts supplied by our makers. The greatest care in this sort of business is essential as we must take every care of our high prestige.\n\nIn many cases, as in Japan, the complete process from spinning to finishing is carried out in one establishment but the example of our Calico Printers' Association, who have erected a first-class finishing works at Shanghai on British lines, is likely to be imitated elsewhere. There are already four finishing works of smaller size. Much of the bulky work for this section of the trade is likely to be of local manufacture, but there will remain good openings for import.\n\nThe closely allied knitting and sewing machine business, is at present largely in American hands, but in small knitting machines for cottage industry, locally made machines are gaining ground. Close study of exact requirements of this trade should result in Great Britain securing a better share, but given the right article energetic demonstration and selling will be needed to get it accepted by conservative users.\n\n## ENGINEERING WORKS\n\n167. From large dockyards and arsenals down to small Chinese workshops there is considerable activity in engineering industry. The dockyards are steady buyers of machinery and stores of which Great Britain supplies a good proportion. At Hongkong in addition to the Government Yard, there are two large private yards with very complete equipments for ship building and ship repairs. They are also able to carry out large constructional work. The Whampoa Dockyard at Kowloon is a very fine yard, with well arranged and substantially built premises, and completely equipped workshops, docks and slipways. Its foundries turn out excellent castings, both for its own use and for others; its forges and machine shops are able to undertake high quality work. Similar conditions prevail at the Taikoo Dock of Messrs. Butterfield & Swire at Hongkong and at the four large dockyards of Shanghai, the Shanghai Dock & Engineering Company, the New Engineering & Shipbuilding Works (which are British), the Kiangnang Dock & Engineering Works (which belong to the Chinese Government, but has a British Manager), and the Société Franco-Chinoise (which is partly French-owned partly Chinese). With their excellent management, good equipment and cheap labour, these yards are able to take on important work very competitively.\n\n168. The rates of wages vary from place to place. As an instance, may be given the rate at Kiangnang where coolies get fifty cents a day, skilled men one dollar and fifty cents a day and foremen one hundred and fifty dollars a month.* Owing to the expert nature of their work and their knowledge of the value of machinery, these yards are among Britain's best customers. But we must support them by an energetic sales policy of our own.\n\nChina has some 20 arsenals, some of which are very fully equipped, and all of which are from time to time, buyers of machinery and materials. The two arsenals at Mukden have very complete workshops. The large arsenal has a big power plant of British make, but the bulk of its equipment is Danish. The small arsenal has numerous tools of rather a miscellaneous character, mostly second hand. Both of them are considering seriously the problem of taking on industrial work. The large arsenal has had several Czech engineers engaged for a considerable time to report on the possibility of doing this.\n\nIt is suggested that assembly and part-construction of railway rolling stock would be a suitable activity. The small arsenal has already started in this direction by using its foundry for turning out domestic radiators, and its other departments are busy getting ready to make a special type of motor lorry suited to Manchurian requirements.\n\n169. Another big section of engineering activity is to be found in the railway workshops. These vary in importance according to the activity of the lines they serve, but in the bulk form a very large market for engineering plant and materials.\n\nThe South Manchurian Railway workshops at Dairen are exceptionally well equipped. Many of the older tools are British, but the new ones are chiefly American or Japanese, with only a few specialties of British make. The equipment is so complete that in addition to repairs they can make vehicles and even locomotives. For general repair work they can tackle 30 locomotives, 40 passenger vehicles and 100 wagons at a time. They employ about 3,000 men, half of whom are Chinese. The educational, housing, and welfare arrangements are very ample and the whole place, including all offices and factory buildings, is a model one.\n\nThe Chinese Eastern Railway at Mukden also have an excellent lay out designed for rapid overhaul of their considerable rolling stock. Unfortunately they have very little British machinery here owing, so their chief engineer stated, to our very poor propaganda compared to the United States educational advertising.\n\n* See note to paragraph 189.",
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        "content_text": "# PART I.-The Chinese Wool Textile Industry.\n\n## WOOL.\n\n187. Tientsin is the centre of the Chinese raw wool trade and the town from which the bulk of the exports are shipped, only comparatively small quantities passing through other ports. The exports comprise sheep's wool, goat hair, goats' wool or cashmere obtained from the fine inner coat of the goat's fleece by combing the animal, and camels' wool.\n\nSheep's wool comes to Tientsin in two forms, viz., as fleeces and as ball wool obtained by combing in the same way as cashmere. As received at Tientsin, the various wools may contain from 40 to 60 per cent. of sand which has to be removed by willeying after the wool has been graded. The clean wool is then exported either in the scoured or unscoured state.\n\nThe sheep's wool is coarse, irregular and kempy in quality and mainly suitable for carpet manufacture. As will be seen from Table IX, Appendix B, the bulk of this wool is absorbed by the United States. We were informed that the demand from the United States diminished in 1930 owing to the general trade depression and also to alterations in the United States import tariff, which gave the American carpet manufacturer a wider choice of raw materials. Wool exporters at Tientsin are therefore seeking new markets. Great Britain takes about 80 per cent. of the cashmere (2,128,000 lb.) and about 80 per cent. of the camels' hair (5,458,000 lb.) as will be seen from Tables X and XI, of Appendix B. Table XII shows that the export of goat hair to Great Britain declined by one-half in the period 1926-29 (from 882,000 to 419,000 lb.) whereas the export of goat hair to Germany increased fourfold (from 218,000 to 882,000 lb.).\n\n## THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY.\n\n188. We are informed that there is a considerable amount of hand-spinning on Chinese native spinning-wheels in the interior of China. At Tsinan in the province of Shantung (not Kansu), for example, it is said that thousands of women and girls spin yarn in their homes and sell it in the local markets. The yarn is made into a kind of serge which is used throughout the province and also in the neighbouring province of Shensi. Fukiang (likely a misspelling or variation, possibly referring to a different location or a part of another province), is mentioned in the context of a centre related to wool production, possibly in Shantung or another nearby region, of the domestic knitting industry where woollen socks, leg binders, and one-piece woollen suits for children are made. The country folk also make felt jackets in one piece, and in many parts of the province coarse cloth is woven in the homes. This cloth is nearly all worn by male members of the family, not much being sold in the market. The material is, of course, of a very rough type, only suitable for the domestic use of the local peasant population and, therefore, does not clash in any way with imported woollen cloth.\n\n## THE KNITTING INDUSTRY.\n\n189. In addition to the domestic knitting industry briefly mentioned above, in recent years there has been a rapid expansion of the knitting industry on a factory scale. The factories are mostly situated in Shanghai (in the International and French Settlements), and in Hongkong (Kowloon). Knitting factories are also found at Canton and other towns in the south; and at Mukden and Harbin in the north. Many of these factories are quite small with only a few machines, whereas others employ up to 100/200 work people. Some of the larger factories are well equipped and the conditions of labour as regards light, heat, and ventilation, are quite good. Some of the smaller factories, however, leave much to be desired, the equipment being antiquated and the working conditions insanitary. In the larger factories the machinery is driven by electrical power, but in some of the small factories winding and circular knitting machines are worked by hand. We found the following rates of wages at various factories visited in different towns:\n\n| Category | Wage Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| Men on straight bar knitting machines for fleece cloth | $1.00 to $1.50 per day |\n| Men or women machine minders in an electrically-driven factory | 70 cents to about $1 per day |\n| Foremen | $60 per month |\n| Girl warpers in fleece cloth factory | 40 cents to 50 cents per day |\n| Women and girl machinists in small hand-driven hosiery factory | About 50 cents per day |\n| Young girl assistants in large hosiery factory | 15 cents to 20 cents per day |\n\nNote. It is difficult to translate these rates into sterling as silver was rapidly depreciating in value at the time of our visit. The Shanghai dollar, for example, which stood at about 15d. in November, 1930, had fallen to less than 11d. at the time of writing (February, 1931). The average earnings of these Chinese textile workers at the time of our visit were therefore in terms of English money approximately 1s. to 1s. 6d. per day for men, 5d. to 1s. per day for adult women and 2d. to 6d. per day for young girls.\n\n190. The wool yarn is all imported, a large variety of goods being made from British and Continental worsted yarn. Fleece cloth for inter-lining is made from imported woollen yarn. This fleece cloth is usually knitted on straight bar machines using normally a Chinese spun and dyed cotton warp. It is 54-56 inches wide, made both in plain and a large variety of fancy coloured patterns. The finishing process consists of a fairly heavy raising, usually on machines of the Moser type. The cloth is largely used by the Chinese as a lining for winter overcoats of European style, and...",
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        "page_number": 213,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "## CARPETS AND RUGS\n\n191. China has long been famous for carpets, woven or rather knotted by hand on a thick cotton warp from hand-spun wool yarns. These hand-spun yarns are now being replaced increasingly by machine-spun yarns, but the actual weaving remains a purely hand process. The last 6-7 years have seen the establishment of mills in Tientsin in which woollen carpet yarns are made. Cost of production is very low.\n\nAccording to information received, the average earnings of weavers (all male) in the carpet trade of Tientsin may be taken as 14 local dollars per month, which includes food and lodging. As to factory woollen spinning, we are informed that the ordinary worker earns from 16-20 local dollars per month and the foreman 40 local dollars.* The average working hours per day on single shifts are 12. Mills run two shifts when necessary and make 23 hours per day. The price of the yarn dyed and delivered to the weaver was equal to 1s. 3d. per pound at the time of our visit (December, 1930).\n\n192. These machine-spun yarns give an improved appearance to the carpets, as against hand-spun yarns, and they are therefore tending to replace the latter and have entirely ousted the small imports of carpet yarn which previously came from Great Britain. As previously stated, Chinese carpets are of the hand-knotted type with a long pile. The make lends itself readily to the reproduction of almost any design, no matter how elaborate, and by reason of the hand-work, bulk quantities are little if any cheaper to produce than single carpets. They are, in effect, non-competitive with the British machine-made carpets, except to a slight extent in our own home market, as the landed cost into Great Britain puts them in the luxury class. Over the period 1925-29 inclusive Great Britain imported approximately £304,000 worth or an average of £60,800 per year. There are some factories at or near Peking and in Shanghai, but by far the greatest production takes place at Tientsin, where the industry is stated to find employment for 11,000-12,000 workers in weaving alone. No particulars are available as to the number employed in spinning and finishing processes.\n\n## PART II.-The Chinese Market for Wool Textiles\n\n193. China has a population of between four and five hundred million people, accustomed from long ages to wear clothing of cotton or silk.\n\n* See note to paragraph 189.\n\nThe Chinese climate is more extreme than the European climate in corresponding latitudes. Harbin, although south of Paris, has Siberian winter, and the port of Tientsin, in approximately the same latitude as Lisbon, was ice-bound at the time of writing this report (February, 1931). Cold wintry weather is experienced at Shanghai in the earlier part of the year, although the latitude is the same as that of Cairo, and in the interior the weather is still more severe.\n\nIt is not surprising, therefore, that the Chinese have begun to appreciate the value of wool as an article of clothing, and independently of the increasing adoption of the Western style of dress there will continue to be a large growth in the demand for wool textiles of all kinds. The rate of development of this demand is, of course, contingent upon the improvement of means of communication for opening up the interior, and this again depends in a large degree upon internal peace and security.\n\n194. The demand for wool yarn, consequent upon the recent growth of the knitting industry, gives an indication of the potentialities of the Chinese market for imported wool textiles in the future. It is true that there is a tendency in China to foster native industry, but it is perhaps scarcely to be expected that China can hope in a few decades to build up a Chinese wool textile industry capable of serving more than a portion of the demand.\n\nIt is therefore of the utmost importance that British spinners and manufacturers should be ready to meet the demand when it comes. It will be shown below, however, that Great Britain at present is rapidly falling behind in cloth imports into China, and that drastic changes are, therefore, necessary if our country is to have her fair share of the Chinese wool textile trade in the future. The low purchasing power of the Chinese masses is shown by the rates of wages quoted above. China is, therefore, necessarily a price market so far as bulk lines are concerned, and only those nations which can produce at competitive prices can hope to secure the trade.\n\n## YARN\n\n195. China imported 1,952,000 lb. of wool yarns in 1913 and 13,119,000 lb. in 1929. The imports in 1929 were abnormally large, being 5,000,000 lb. more than in 1926, the previous largest year. According to the report issued by the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce to the British Economic Mission, the trade runs in cycles of three years-one good, one average, and one poor year. Taking imports by value we get as follows, for worsted and woollen yarns:\n\n| Average imports for | Value (£) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1912 and 1913 | 197,000 |\n| 1925, 1926 and 1927 | 891,000 |\n| 1926, 1927 and 1928 | 1,098,000 |\n| 1927, 1928 and 1929 | 1,336,000 |",
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        "page_number": 214,
        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "# \n\n96 \n\nThe growth of yarn imports is truly remarkable. This reached a total of £2,091,000 in 1929 in spite of a drop in the average value of the tael from 2/11¾ in 1928 to 2/7¾ in 1929.\n\nThe exports of woollen and worsted yarns from Great Britain to China rose from 2,139,000 lb. in 1924 to 5,741,435 lb. in 1929, and the exports to Hongkong rose in the same period from 298,600 lb. to 670,627 lb. These figures reveal an apparently gratifying growth in the British wool yarn exports to China. A highly unsatisfactory feature of the position is revealed, however, by a more careful analysis of the Chinese import returns. It will be seen from Table XIV of the Wool Appendix that, whereas Great Britain had 67.6 per cent. of the trade (by volume) in 1923, there was a steady fall in Great Britain's share to 39.2 per cent. in 1928. There was a sharp rise again to 48.3 per cent. in 1929, but it is a moot point whether this rise, coincidental with the fall of Belgium's share from 11.9 per cent. to 2.2 per cent. at the same time, was due to a revulsion against the use of the continental dry spun yarns in certain directions, or to the disappearance from the market of a certain very large European supplier.\n\nThe Chinese import returns for 1930 will not be available for some months, but in the eleven months to November 30th, about 54 per cent. of the wool yarn imports into Shanghai only, came from Great Britain.\n\n## \n\nIt will be seen from Tables XIII and XIV of Appendix B that Germany is Great Britain's chief competitor. In 1913 Germany had 37.5 per cent. of the trade and only 2.5 per cent. in 1920, but her share had risen to 37.4 per cent. in 1929, or practically to her pre-war percentage.\n\nShanghai is the chief market for wool yarns. According to the report of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, the Shanghai market has a consumption of 5,000,000 to 9,000,000 lb. per annum, whereas the four other centres of distribution, Hongkong, Tientsin, Mukden, and Harbin, account for approximately 400,000 to 600,000 lb. each per year.\n\n### \n\nThe report of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce divides the yarns imported into Shanghai into four classes: hand-knitting, zephyrs, hosieries, and woollen yarn for fleece cloth. The hand-knittings account for about half the total. They are mostly of low or medium qualities, and range in counts from 5's to 10's, worsted in four-fold and six-fold. Although termed \"hand-knitting,\" much of the yarn is made up on circular hand-driven machines into such garments as heavy cardigans and headwear. The zephyr yarns consist of 2/10 English counts, in low qualities, and amount to approximately 500,000 lb. per annum, nearly all of German manufacture. The bulk of the hosiery yarns are of 2/44 inch quality and range in counts from 2/10's to 2/24's with similar counts in singles on cones, used for doubling with cotton. The hosiery yarns account for about 40 per cent. of the total, and Great Britain has a large proportion of the trade. Woollen yarns for fleece cloth, &c., are imported to the extent of 800,000 or 1,000,000 lb. per annum, and practically the whole of this comes from Great Britain.\n\nThere is a small trade in soft twisted weaving yarns in counts from 2/60's Nm to 2/72's Nm. These yarns, which come chiefly from Poland, are knitted into light fabrics.\n\nIn Manchuria, we found evidence of Japanese competition at very low prices in the hosiery yarn trade.\n\n## \n\nThe method of distribution of the imports is the same for British and for Continental yarns. The bulk of the yarn is bought by the European importing houses from British spinners or yarn merchants, many of whom have their own representatives or agents permanently stationed in Shanghai. Very little yarn is sold direct by the exporter to the Chinese.\n\nThe importing house in Shanghai sells the yarn to the local factory or to the native dealers who are nearly all situated in one street or \"Wool Alley.\" The distribution of the yarn into the interior is in the hands of natives who buy from the Shanghai dealers. All yarn dealers are formed into a guild for the exchange of information and general co-operation as to policy. Information as to price changes and all other matters is disseminated very rapidly amongst them.\n\nSales to the local dealers in Shanghai are made in sterling, whereas in other markets they are in local currency. The method of selling in sterling in Shanghai has been a source of great trouble in the last few years, as the native dealers, following the inborn gambling instinct of the Chinese, have failed to cover the exchange at the time the contracts were made. When falls in exchange have occurred, they have, in many cases, declined to take up their contracts with the importers, or have only agreed to do so, following considerable allowances made by the importers. The result has been that both importers and dealers have lost large amounts of money. The importers now stipulate that at least 50 per cent. of the exchange shall be covered at the time the yarn order is given.\n\n### \n\nAs regards the immediate outlook for the yarn trade, it is difficult to form any definite opinion, owing (1) to the depreciation of the Chinese currency resulting from the fall in the value of silver, and (2) the general political uncertainty and the disturbed condition of the interior. Taking the long view, however, it seems reasonably certain that the Chinese market for woollen and worsted yarns will steadily expand in the future.\n\n## WOOLLEN AND WORSTED CLOTH\n\n### \n\nThere is no wool cloth industry in China to speak of; the few mills are small, and their output is insignificant. They are engaged either in spinning yarn for the carpet trade, or in the... \n\nPage 287",
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        "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931",
        "content_text": "# 300 \n\n110 is for machinery and equipment of all kinds and descriptions, and we shall have no adequate share in supplying that demand unless credit facilities are arranged with suitable buyers.\n\n230. At the Conference of Industrial and Commercial Experts held at Nanking in November, 1930, an economic policy for China was promulgated. This policy emphasises amongst other things, the full economic and industrial development of China and indicates various directions which this development should follow. China has, in fact, set her face towards industrialisation. She has learned well of her near neighbour, Japan, and plans her industrial development on similar lines. There is, however, this difference, that, in order to implement her programme, China must be almost entirely supported by foreign credits. The Chinese Government recognise this, and the President of the Republic, in addressing the Conference, stressed the importance of encouraging foreign capital to build up Chinese industry.\n\nThat the leading men of China support the Government in its economic programme was demonstrated to us. In our interviews with bankers, economists, educationists, and officials, it was urged upon us that the most effective way of helping China and increasing British exports was to turn our attention to selling on long terms of credit machinery and equipment to China so that she might become industrialised and a greater international trader.\n\n231. When we remember the conditions under which Chinese workers labour in the factories and mills already established, the long hours, inadequate wage rates, the low standards—comparable with the worse conditions of factory life in England at its origin—we realise that problem which Great Britain has to face with its higher standard of living. It cannot, therefore, be denied that the extension of credits to China to promote manufacture there would, in many instances, be using British capital to equip a competitor who might oust us from her own and other markets, as Japan has done. Further, the payment of interest on investments in China would be made in goods competing with our own, and in this respect would further reduce our productive power in our home market. Yet no legitimate complaint can be made on these grounds against British capital seeking investment abroad so long as British industry is afforded equal opportunity to secure the use of British capital on as favourable terms as those obtained by foreign industrialists. British capital, like British goods, is a commodity for sale. It should suffer no restraint which manufacture is not called upon to bear. It should have that freedom of movement which we claim for British commerce.\n\nThe possibility that British capital invested abroad may equip another nation to compete with us in the home or world market does not, in itself, constitute a case for restraining or preventing such use of British capital. National capital can know no more limited frontier than does trade. For Great Britain to withhold available capital from China or elsewhere on the ground that wage rates are lower or taxes less burdensome there, would be to play into the hands of other nations with the capacity to lend to China, and so to worsen our own condition. The denial of free movement to British capital is no solution of the difficulty. The real solution lies in the attainment by Great Britain of skill and efficiency in production which will be no less than those of any competitor.\n\n## THE SILVER QUESTION\n\n232. There exists in China to-day one outstanding problem which faces all nations desirous of selling their goods in the China market. The deplorably low silver values, and the consequently much reduced buying of the vast populace, are factors contributing to restrict the increase of imports into China from foreign countries. Finding it increasingly difficult to buy (for payment in gold) goods from abroad, China will be driven to discover ways and means of producing her own requirements. Should she continue to remain on a greatly depreciated silver basis, for some years, it is obvious that she will of necessity not only quickly enlarge her industrial capacity and manufacture goods now made in foreign countries, but will be able to export many of such goods to markets abroad now being served by Great Britain. The potentiality of China with her cheap labour, low standard of living, and depreciated currency is too obvious to require special emphasis. Once a country is driven in on her own resources there arises the possibility of a market being permanently lost. The first and foremost problem for Great Britain is that of supplying China with manufactured goods but it does not stand alone. Any falling off in trade automatically brings about a corresponding reduction in the income of British ships from freight, and, concurrently, a reduction in insurance premia payable to British companies.\n\n233. Consideration of China's currency problem in another direction seems desirable. With every move downwards in silver values China has to bear increasing financial burdens arising from the payment in gold of interest on foreign loans. She has to meet these obligations by imposing new duties which in their turn further restrict imports. China's funded debt due to foreign countries in principal and interest on 1st January, 1931, stood at £202 millions. In addition, there is a considerable floating debt. A very large portion of these obligations is due to British subjects and institutions. If silver falls still lower or even remains at its present level, payment of interest on foreign loans might be affected, much damage to British interests being caused.\n\n234. Certain proposed remedies for the decline in the value of silver do not meet China's case. Financial silver producing \n\n111 \n301",
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        "content_text": "# 314 \n\n## 284. \nCessions is not only gaining a strong position of its own but is also buying the goodwill of old established British houses.\n\n## 285. \nIn small plant and materials for small buyers, price is, of course, more important, and a real effort to supply the needs of such buyers is necessary. This can only be done by mass production after close study of the requirements of the market.\n\n## 286. \nCompetition in China is undoubtedly keen, but in machinery and constructional work the market is by no means a bottom price one; inadequate specifications and lazy or inexpert selling make it so. But the Chinese will frequently pay for a good article if they are convinced of its superiority.\n\n## 287. \nThe standards and methods of different nations differ greatly; if we are to fight a winning battle for China trade we must educate China to our methods and our products:—\n(a) By educating young Chinese in Great Britain to use and appreciate our products;\n(b) By supporting universities in China with plant and literature;\n(c) By circulating British periodicals and catalogues of good quality to Chinese schools and to the offices of machinery-using industry;\n(d) By sending out more real experts not only to support our agents but also to instruct the Chinese in the use of our machinery. A general agent without an expert is usually a mere order taker and not an order getter.\n\n## 288. \nChina will probably develop an iron and steel industry of her own, but it will not suffice for her industrial future. She will make for herself much of the hardware and small machinery suited for the small user of cheap products. She will also be able to co-operate in assembly and part manufacture of our products. By such co-operation saving in freight and quicker delivery should be possible.\n\n## 289. \nOrganisations of British machinery exporters into groups to prevent wasteful inter-British competition and strengthen British representation must be given close consideration.\n\n## THE WOOL TEXTILE INDUSTRY\n\n## 290. \nThere are domestic spinning and knitting industries in China producing goods which do not compete with imports of foreign cloth. Of recent years there has been a rapid growth of the knitting industries on a factory scale. These industries are likely to expand still more and would appear to afford a promising field for British knitting machinery and yarn.\n\n## 291. \nThe Chinese have begun to appreciate the value of wool clothing and despite a probably temporary set-back caused by the new tariff and the low price of silver there should continue to be an increasing demand for wool textiles. China cannot hope to supply this demand herself, and it is essential that British spinners and manufacturers should be ready to meet it when it comes. China is, however, in wool textiles, essentially a price market, and only those nations which can produce at competitive prices can hope to secure the trade.\n\n## 292. \nExports of woollen and worsted yarns from Great Britain to China rose from just over 2 million lb. in 1924 to 5.7 million lb. in 1929, but there has been a decline in the percentage share secured by Great Britain in the total import trade into China. Germany is Great Britain's chief competitor in this trade, and has regained her pre-war position.\n\n## 293. \nThe methods of distribution of British and Continental yarns are the same. The immediate outlook is obscure owing to the fall in the value of silver, the general political uncertainty, and the disturbed condition of the interior, but taking the long view it seems reasonably certain that the Chinese market for woollen and worsted yarns will steadily expand.\n\n## 294. \nThere are only a few mills in China manufacturing woollen cloth, and their output is insignificant. As regards imports through Hongkong, it is noticeable that in the last 8 years imports from France, Germany and Italy have all increased substantially. The imports of woollen and worsted cloth into China have, of recent years, averaged in value over £4 million as compared with an average pre-war value of £1 million, but imports from Great Britain are being largely displaced by imports from Continental sources. Extensive enquiries which have been made show definitely that the cause of this decline in British trade is due to the high price of British cloth. Great Britain does not offer enough of those types of goods which are within the buying power of the Chinese, and the Chinese market is now entirely a price market. The demand for cheaper classes of cloths offered by our competitors is increasing.\n\n## 295. \nThe remedy for this state of affairs must be found almost entirely in Great Britain. Importing houses in China are handling Continental goods as well as British, and so far as the woollen and worsted cloth trade is concerned, we are satisfied that (except for certain advantages in freight rates from Continental ports), British goods are on equal terms with those of our Continental competitors as regards distribution in China. In our view, the remedies for the decline of the trade in British woollen and worsted cloth are to be found in a drastic reduction of production costs of all kinds in Great Britain.\n\n## 296. \nWe wish to draw attention to the fact that Continental shippers have certain advantages in freight rates over British exporters, and we recommend that the authorities at home should take up the matter with British Shipping Companies with a view to placing British exporters on a parity with Continental exporters.\n\n315",
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        "content_text": "134\n\nIn China it would be quite possible to give an agency to a firm without arousing jealousy amongst the others as is the case in Japan, and in my opinion, the best way to conduct and increase business in China would be to appoint a firm having offices in Hongkong and Shanghai, as agent, and to stimulate them by frequent visits of the individual acting as representative in Japan of the manufacturers. This representative could also act as the general Far Eastern representative for the manufacturer.\n\nTrade conditions in China are so complicated that if losses are to be avoided, local and up-to-date knowledge is absolutely essential. The financial position of native firms changes rapidly, and it would be difficult for an individual conducting business for a firm in the Far East to keep up-to-date.\n\nThere are certain points to be considered in the selection of a firm to act as a representative. In China \"face\" is everything, and for this reason it might be thought that the larger and better known a firm, the better they would be as representatives. My experience, however, is that a small sound firm would make a better representative than some of the princely Hongs. Large firms have such ramifications and have so many agencies that unless the agency happens to be an extraordinary good paying one it is apt to be neglected, and that they sit down and wait for business to come to them rather than go out and look for it. The overhead expenses and complicated channels of sale in the bigger firms cost so much, that unless, as I have said, the agency is a paying one, it is not worth their while to take it up seriously, even though stimulated by frequent visits of a principal or senior representative.\n\n## SIBERIA AND THE KAMCHATKA PENINSULA\n\nOf late British tinplate manufacturers have begun to turn to Siberia as a possible market for their products. Already considerable trade has been done with the ARCOS Company in London, but purchases made through this department have gone chiefly to the Caspian and Black Sea areas.\n\nThe purchasing of tinplate for the Far East is made by the Soviet trade organisation in Tokyo. This organisation makes its representations and recommendations direct to Moscow headquarters, who usually act on this advice. Certain members of the Tokyo organisation, being expert fishermen themselves, are au fait with the requirements of the trade, and mistakes in sizes and quality are therefore less likely to arise.\n\nIf we wish to increase our trade—and we are already late in the field—we should be prepared to take credit risks, to face possible losses with a view to ultimate gain, and show Russia that we are out to do business.\n\nThis business could be quite easily carried on by the individual selected as the Far Eastern representative for the British manufacturer. It might be necessary for him to occasionally visit Vladivostok, where there is a large can-making factory, and possibly once every few years to visit Saghalien and the Russian fisheries of the Maritime Province, but once the requirements of the trade had been studied, business could be carried on from Tokyo.\n\nIn conclusion, three things appear to be certain—firstly, business can rarely, if ever, be satisfactorily handled under modern conditions by correspondence only without some kind of personal representation in the market; secondly, the selection of agents requires the greatest care and attention; and thirdly, the employment of agents, however trustworthy, does not relieve the firm of the necessity of maintaining close contact with the market. It is, in my opinion, essential that principals should pay frequent visits to all important markets of the firm. While the policy of giving a substantial degree of responsibility to the representative on the spot is advocated, it is impossible for an intelligent selling policy to be maintained by headquarters, unless there is first-hand knowledge there of the market and its developments.\n\nOne important point more there appears more inclination on the part of foreign competitors to grant credit facilities than is the case with British firms, and we undoubtedly suffer in this respect. If credit is to be given, first-class up-to-date information regarding the financial status of firms must be available, and it is not possible for a firm to be kept thus posted unless they have representatives on the spot who can keep in close touch with clients.\n\n**(Signed) R. T. NEVILL**\n\n27th October, 1930\n\n## NOTES ON THE TINPLATE TRADE IN SIBERIA (VLADIVOSTOK) AND MANCHURIA\n\n(Supplementary to Notes, dated 27th October, 1930.)\n\nThe tinplate market in Siberia would at first sight appear to be a most favourable one for manufacturers at home, and will probably increase during the next few years, but this depends entirely on the attitude adopted by them towards trading with the Soviet Government. The chief competitor is, of course, America through the United States Steel Products Corporation. Russia herself is also a competitor in \"oil sizes\" to a limited extent, but the quality is poor and the plates should never be used for food canning although they can be used for oils.\n\nThe two buyers in Vladivostok are The State Fishing Trust, `Soiuzryba`, `A.K.O.` (`Akzionernaya Kamchatka Obshestva`), `A.S.O.` (`Akzionernaya Saghalien Obshestva`), and the `Neft Sindikat`.\n\n|Soiuzryba purchases for|A.K.O. and A.S.O.|\n|---|---|\n|and has the cans made up at|the A.K.O. Can Factory at Churkine across the Bay;|\n|The Neft Sindikat|purchase through ARCOS in England, the kindred organization in the United States, or direct from the Lisvievinsky Tinplate Works at Lisiev, Perm, Urals, and make up their cans themselves.|\n\nIn rush seasons the Nihon Seikan Kaisha Hakodate also make for Soiuzryba, the majority of crab cans having been made there hitherto. Crab cans are now being made at Churkine, as suitable supplies of lacquer have been obtained. Soiuzryba must take approximately 20,000 tons per annum or 400,000 basis boxes, and the Neft Sindikat about 50,000 basis boxes, although this figure is uncertain. Both organizations are subject to control from Moscow, but Soiuzryba appear to have more freedom of action than the Neft Sindikat; and, although not allowed actually to purchase direct, have power to influence the source of supply, in that, being engaged in food canning they cannot be pressed into taking an unsuitable plate.\n\nThe A.K.O. Can Factory at Churkine appears to be well run and managed. Troyer Fox full automatic plant is used, there being two lines running at 200-250 cans per minute.\n\nTrouble has been experienced with the flux used for soldering the vertical seams, and the hydrochloric acid therein caused a great number of last year's cans to become useless through rust.\n\nThey have also had minor troubles with rubber solution for sealing, but these have been overcome and the quality of the cans now produced appears excellent. All plates used are supplied by the U.S.S.P. Corp.\n\n135\n\n324 \n325",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-531-13 Proposed reorganization of the medical and sanitary services 18-11-1930 - 7-7-1933",
        "page_number": 44,
        "title": "CO129-531-13 Proposed reorganization of the medical and sanitary services 18-11-1930 - 7-7-1933",
        "content_text": "# \n\n46 \n\nFurther proof that China is earnest in her desire to advance along lines which have been successful elsewhere is shown by the fact that she has invited the League of Nations to assist her in bringing her Public Health System up to standard and the League has accepted the invitation and has made arrangements for active co-operation.\n\nBecause of its limited area and of the fact that practically the whole of the factors having a bearing on the public health lie within the City of Victoria, the town of Kowloon and the Port, this Colony is not comparable with any other except it be Gibraltar. But it is comparable with the Panama Canal Zone where the Governor is the authority to which all heads of department are directly responsible. In so far as Public Health problems are concerned it is in many respects comparable with the International Settlement of Shanghai.\n\nThe Panama health zone consists of a territory which is approximately 40 miles long and 10 miles broad and which contains two cities Colon and Panama. The population all speak Spanish or Indian. There are no rivers or mountains to mark the boundaries which can be crossed and recrossed without trouble. There are ocean-going vessels and there are numerous coasting vessels. Hundreds of people from Panamanian territory cross and recross the border daily and enter and leave the cities.\n\nThe cities of Panama and Colon are now among the world's best; when the Americans took over they were probably the world's worst.\n\nIn the Zone, the whole of the matters bearing on the Public Health including town planning, housing, scavenging, night soil disposal, sewerage, drainage, markets, dairies, stables, nuisances, anti-mosquito measures, births and deaths registration, vaccination, control of infectious disease (including leprosy and tuberculosis) quarantine, hospitals, dispensaries, and lunatic asylums are all under the department of Public Health, the Head of which is the Chief Health Officer who is directly responsible to the Governor.\n\nThe system runs with a simplicity and economy that is equalled in very few places and excelled in none.\n\nThe Officers are highly paid but because of the completeness of organisation there are comparatively few of them. Everything is done to make them comfortable but at the same time they have to work hard. Such is their prestige and their status that the service has the pick of the United States. There is no pension but there is a provident and a superannuation scheme which is its equivalent. Every year each Officer gets leave to the United States and cheap rates are provided \"on the Zone steamers\". The Officers are happy and contented and there are no resignations.\n\nIt was once the white man's grave. Panama is now a health resort for invalids from the United States. There have been no cases of yellow fever since 1906 and malaria contracted in the sanitated area is practically unknown.\n\nThe Public Health Department of Shanghai, like that of Toronto, the most up-to-date city in the Western Hemisphere, deals with all Public Health activities with the exception of town cleansing, scavenging, disposal of refuse, conservancy and sewage disposal and water supplies, the mechanical aspects of which are executed by the Municipal Engineer. The Public Health Department is divided into the following sections: Administration, laboratories, hospitals, foods, dairies and markets, sanitation, infectious disease control.\n\nThe food, dairies and markets section controls all slaughter-houses, cattle-sheds, dairies and markets, and food establishments.\n\nThe Hospitals and Infectious Disease Control Section deals with all infectious diseases removal, isolation, treatment and also with the mortuaries and the collection and disposal of dumped bodies. It also deals with all matters connected with disinfection and with ambulances. It also deals with the control of animal diseases.\n\nThe organisation of the Health Service of Hong Kong could well be on the lines which have proved successful in Panama, Shanghai, Toronto or other up-to-date cities of the world if it were recognised that so far as Public Health is concerned the Governor and the Legislative Council occupy the positions held by the President and Council of a Municipality, that the D.M.S.S. corresponds to the Commissioner of Health or Medical Officer of Health and that the Sanitary Board corresponds to a Sanitation Committee and the Sanitary Department to a town cleansing department.\n\n## RECOMMENDATIONS\n\nThe laws dealing with Quarantine and Prevention of Disease should be grouped together under one Ordinance, the Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Ordinance.\n\nThis Ordinance would not only deal with human infectious disease of an epidemic character such as plague, cholera and small-pox but with less dangerous infectious diseases such as diphtheria, measles, etc., and with special diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy. Vaccination would be included. The scope of the Ordinance should be extended to include animal diseases, animal quarantine and the control of slaughter-houses.\n\nThe Sale of Food and Drugs Ordinance should be amended so as to allow of Health Officers taking action and to ensure that none but Government Analysts shall be analysts under the Act. The scope of this Act should be extended so as to include provisions for ensuring the purity of foods and drugs sold and to prevent the sale of food and drugs unfit for human consumption. It should include provisions for licensing places where food is prepared for sale and for places where food is sold either retail or wholesale and for eating houses, restaurants and dairies.\n\nThere should be a Factory and Workshop Ordinance for dealing with the sanitation of factories and workshops, for regulating the hours of work allowed, and for ensuring proper precautions being taken in the case of dangerous trades.\n\nAll matters relating to Urban sanitation, houses, drains, scavenging, and town cleansing, conservancy and sewerage, and the licensing of premises other than those where food is sold or prepared for sale should come under a Sanitation Ordinance. There should be a clause authorising the Governor to apply any or all the provisions to villages and rural areas.\n\nRegulations regarding the construction of buildings should come under a Buildings Ordinance.\n\nThere should be an Ordinance for Town Planning and Town Improvement.\n\nThe Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Ordinance, the Sale of Food and Drugs Ordinance, and the Factories and Workshops Ordinance should be administered by the Medical and Health Department.\n\nThe Registrar of Births and Deaths should be the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services.\n\nThe Town Planning and Town Improvement Ordinance should be administered by a Board which should contain the D.P.W. and the D.M.S.S.\n\nThe Water Authority under the Water Works Ordinance should be a Board on which the D.M.S.S. has a seat.\n\nThe Buildings Ordinance should be administered by the Public Works Department.\n\nThe Sanitation Ordinance should be administered by the Sanitary Board and the Sanitary Department.\n\nThe Sanitary Board, which for 26 years has only functioned in a minor degree as an administrative body, should remain as an advisory body to the Sanitary Department and as a vent for public opinion.\n\n67",
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        "document_key": "CO129-531-13 Proposed reorganization of the medical and sanitary services 18-11-1930 - 7-7-1933",
        "page_number": 57,
        "title": "CO129-531-13 Proposed reorganization of the medical and sanitary services 18-11-1930 - 7-7-1933",
        "content_text": "## \n\n12. \n\nEssential for the proper working of a modern and effective Health Service is that it should be fully protected from political influences. Such a Service ought to be a purely technical service having at its head a Permanent Technical Chief and form the advisory and executive organ of the Government on health questions.\n\nIt is impossible to form a modern Public Health Service without requiring Public Health Officers to give the whole of their time to the requirements of the service or without ensuring that they should receive adequate pay.\n\nA special committee should be set up with the object of studying Greek Sanitary legislation in order to modify existing laws and render the legislation easier of comprehension and facilitate its enforcement.\n\n### CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION\n\nThe existing Undersecretariat of State for Health should continue to function until the permanent Hellenic Health Service begins to function. It should be attached to the Prime Minister's Office. It should include:\n\n1. The present administrative sections of the Undersecretariat for Health. These would have to undertake:\n    - (a) General direction of the local sanitary services in those parts of Greece which are not included in the districts selected for the application of the scheme. This general direction should include questions of personnel and finance, as well as the preparation of the budget in respect of those districts.\n    - (b) The control of Hospitals in the same districts.\n    - (c) Port Sanitary Service.\n    - (d) Registration of Doctors, pharmacists, midwives, etc.\n\n2. The various health services of the Ministries of the Interior, Communications, Public Instruction, and Justice. The Ministry of National Economy would retain its service of factory inspection and industrial hygiene.\n\n3. The Athens Centre—consisting of the Central Technical Service and the School for Hygiene.\n\nNew Technical Services and School of Hygiene referred to as the Athens Centre will be constituted as soon as the necessary staff of Directors can assume their posts as the Nucleus of the future Permanent Health Service.\n\nThe functions of the Centre will be:\n- (a) To direct and administer the public health work in the districts selected for the application of the scheme under the authority of the Under Secretary of State for Health.\n- (b) To train personnel of all classes of public health officials.\n- (c) To advise the head of the Central Sanitary Administration on all matters in the field of public health.\n\nThe Centre will be composed in the beginning of five divisions:\n1. Division of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine.\n\n### HEALTH SERVICE OF THE PREFECTURES\n\nThe new plan of organisation will consist essentially in transforming the purely bureaucratic prefectural health organisation into a system of Health Centres. Medical Officer of the prefecture will organise in selected regions an average of three to five of these centres per prefecture:\n1. One or more dispensaries for malaria, maternal and infant welfare, school health clinic.\n2. A health visiting service.\n3. A service of sanitary inspection especially for the minor sanitation in villages and towns.\n4. A public hall for instruction and recreation.\n5. Shower baths and a small pharmacy are desirable.\n\n### ATHENS PIRAEUS\n\n**Metropolitan Health Service**. The duties and powers of this service include:\n- (a) The enforcement of general sanitary laws and local regulations.\n- (b) Supervision of the public health and a study of vital statistics.\n- (c) Supervision of all communicable diseases.\n- (d) Maternal and infant welfare, including children of pre-school age.\n- (e) Supervision of water supplies, milk products, and other foods, inspection of places where such foods are prepared, including markets and slaughterhouses.\n- (f) Supervision of the sanitary conditions of workshops and factories.\n- (g) Provision of Laboratory Service for Communicable and occupational diseases.\n- (h) Sanitary supervision of hospitals and dispensaries. Co-ordination of all hospitals services.\n- (i) The right to enter private property to determine whether it is fit for habitation or where there is reason to suspect the presence of a case of infectious disease.\n- (j) All public health activities at present performed by other state departments.\n- (k) Preparation of local health regulations.\n\nThere should be an advisory board appointed by the head of the Central Health Service. The Chief Medical Officer should attend the meetings of the Board.\n\nThis Board should include the following members:\n| Member |\n|--------|\n| The Mayor of Athens |\n| The Mayor of Piraeus |\n| The Chief of Police |\n| The Inspector of Labour |\n| The School Inspector |\n| A Representative of the Labour Unions |\n| A Physician |\n| A Merchant Director of Industry or other Member of the Chamber of Commerce |\n| A Representative (preferably a woman) of private health agencies |\n\nThe functions of the Board will be to advise the Head of the Central Sanitary Administration and the Chief Health Officer of the Metropolitan Area.\n\nHealth Districts—To facilitate the carrying out of the functions of the service, it appears to be necessary to appoint district health officers who would be responsible to the Chief Medical Officer of the Metropolitan area.\n\n### SCHEME FOR THE PERMANENT HELLENIC HEALTH SERVICE\n\nA Director General will be appointed.\n\nThere will be an appointments committee consisting of:\n- The Permanent Head of the Service (Director General)\n- Director of the School of Hygiene\n\n## 93",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-532-3 Mui Tsai system 4-12-1930 - 9-11-1931",
        "page_number": 69,
        "title": "CO129-532-3 Mui Tsai system 4-12-1930 - 9-11-1931",
        "content_text": "# Supply: Committee— \n\n[Mr. Amery.] \n\n## HOUSE OF COMMONS\n\nThere is no doubt in the Ordinance of 1923, but it was concerned with ancient social customs immensely deep-rooted and immensely difficult to deal with.\n\nMy right hon. Friend, in an interruption in the course of the speech of the Under-Secretary of State, referred to the parallel of Prohibition in the United States, in some ways a very true parallel. We can see there how difficult it is to enforce a law, even though it is supported by the strong moral conviction of a large number of people if it does not appeal to another large part of the community.\n\nThat kind of difficulty in Hong Kong was gravely accentuated by the geographical position of Hong Kong and the fact that there is a continual going to and fro by tens of thousands daily between Hong Kong and Canton, which is just up the river, and also by the peculiar circumstances of the years following 1923. They were years of unrest and disturbance all over China, and more particularly in Southern China, and during those years there was a continual and heavy exodus of Chinese refugees into Hong Kong. Under the conditions existing it was almost impossible to ascertain the exact status of the children who came in with those people. The difficulty of ascertaining who were and were not mui-tsai was a small matter compared with the greater problem of knowing what to do with mui-tsai when you have traced it. A very large part came from the mainland of China under the conditions of the time, and it was impossible to ascertain where their parents were, if they were still alive, or in a position to keep their children and look after them if they were returned. Of course, the alternative of turning young girls into the streets of Hong Kong was unthinkable. In the circumstances of 1923, it was by no means an unreasonable thing for the Hong Kong Government to feel that the best thing it could do, while watching closely to prevent any ill-treatment or cruelty, was to see whether the mui-tsai population could not be brought to an end in a reasonably short time by preventing the creation of mui-tsai.\n\nMy right hon. Friend the Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) has emphasised the conditions under which the transfers are made under Chinese customs. Of course, while the transfers are habitually made at a tender age, the mui-tsai, according to Chinese custom, remain with their owners, if I may use that word, up to the age of 18 or 19, when, according to the Chinese custom, it is their duty to endeavour to secure a good marriage for them if they can do so. The mere mention of these facts showing a population of 9,000 mui-tsai, ranging from ... to 19 years, indicates that half of them must have been of the age of 14 or over, and that every year there would be a considerable diminution, which I think has in fact occurred, and no doubt is desired by Europeans and Chinese who are just as anxious as we are for a speedy reform. It is for these reasons, and the intense strength of Chinese feeling against interference in the affairs of their homes, a feeling which has in fact prevented us dealing with what I regard as the far worse evil, namely, child marriage in India, which has made the Government of Hong Kong feel doubtful about putting into force the 1923 Ordinance. I should like to say that I know of no one who has been a Governor in any of our colonies in recent years who has had more sympathy, based upon profound knowledge and study and true affection for the people with whom he has had to deal, than Sir Cecil Clementi.\n\nI am quite sure that it was no indifference to the welfare of these children and girls, and certainly no bureaucratic unwillingness to take action, but genuine conviction as to the profound difficulties of the situation and a belief that the best results could be obtained by degrees and by enlisting Chinese opinion on the side of the Government—that that and nothing else was responsible for the counsels of delay in action which weighed with me while I was Colonial Secretary, and which to-day I think have been successfully overcome, but overcome in very large measure because one indispensable factor in the whole situation is gradually being built up. By that I mean the support of educated Chinese opinion. You have to-day what you certainly had not eight or nine years ago—a very large body of Chinese opinion, not only in Hong Kong, but in China, which is recognising that the system is a scandal and ought to be brought to an end, and which is supporting the Government in what they are doing in Hong Kong to-day. It is by appealing to that sentiment, by enlisting it on our side, that I believe that to-day we can feel that, however difficult the situation has been, however serious the obstacles, we have reached a stage where action can be progressively rapid and effective. I unreservedly congratulate the Government on what they have been able to do so far, and I would equally unreservedly join in expressing the hope that their action may be increasingly effective in the future.\n\n## Colonial Office.\n\nMiss PICTON TURBERVILL: I think the Committee owes a deep debt of gratitude to the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley (Sir J. Simon) for his speech to-night on the subject of mui-tsai; but the feeling is, perhaps, mixed with one of profound disappointment that such a speech could have been made after 10 years' Debate almost every year on this subject in the House of Commons. The Under-Secretary began his speech with a reference to inaccurate statements and allegations. I think that every one who is interested in this subject will regret any inaccurate statements or any exaggerations; but the hon. Gentleman was replying to the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley, and I do not think that the right hon. and learned Member made a single statement in his long speech which was not substantiated and thoroughly well documented. [\"HON. MEMBERS: Hear, hear!\"] I am glad to find that I have the approval of hon. Members in regretting that the opening speech of the Under-Secretary should have contained references to inaccurate statements when his speech was a reply to the right hon. and learned Member for Spen Valley.\n\nThe Under-Secretary proceeded to quote continuously from the Ordinance which was passed in 1923; but the very fact that that Ordinance has remained a dead letter, and that Lord Passfield himself two years ago said that it had remained a dead letter for six years, surely, to a certain extent, must rob some of the reply that we have received of its weight and value. Lord Passfield, writing in August, 1926, said:\n\n\"It appears that, after six years from the passing of the Ordinance, the most that can be said is that there is no reason to believe that the number of mui-tsai has increased.\"\n\n## Colonial Office.\n\nLord Passfield himself was not content with the working of that Ordinance, and everyone knows that it was a dead letter. With regard to the question of inspectors, Lord Passfield says:\n\n\"It will be necessary for you to appoint inspectors,\" \n\nThat is to say, that they should be officially appointed by the Government, not that the Government should rely on philanthropic bodies to do this important work. We are, however, assured by the words of the Under-Secretary that now an inspector will be officially appointed, but the fact that Lord Passfield in his letter two years ago gave instructions that the Governor himself should appoint an inspector shows that the inspection has been a dead letter. I think we are justified in asking for a categorical reply. Are mui-tsai sold to-day or not? Do they get wages for the work they are doing or not? The Under-Secretary spoke of the great difficulties. I do not think anyone would wish to make little of those difficulties. Yet he went on to say the employers were now putting no difficulties in their way. It seemed almost as if one statement contradicted the other.\n\nI could not help smiling when we heard that the Governor himself went to inspect the mui-tsais' homes. It was almost as though the Lord Mayor went to inspect factories. I should not think much of a factory manager if he could not throw a little dust in the Lord Mayor's eyes. The fact that the Governor of Hong Kong went to inspect mui-tsais' homes made me think that the inspection was probably not very perfect. I have read the Governor's reports very carefully and what troubles me was that they were so extraordinarily complacent. They said the girls were fairly well treated, but that is not the point. We want to know whether they are virtually slaves or not. Slaves were often well treated. The letters of the Governor refer continually to the fact that they are not so ill-treated as some people suppose and that many of them are well treated. I had not made up my mind to take part in this Debate, but it is the complacency of the report that troubles us. We do not deny that a great deal has been done, but we are immovably persuaded that a great deal more could be done to put an end to this evil.\n\nPage 87\nPage 949\nPage 950\nPage 951\nPage 952",
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        "document_key": "CO129-532-4 Mui Tsai system- resolution and correspondence with private individuals 27-10-1930 - 24-6-1931",
        "page_number": 128,
        "title": "CO129-532-4 Mui Tsai system- resolution and correspondence with private individuals 27-10-1930 - 24-6-1931",
        "content_text": "# In Sound! \n\nBrilliant in its Air Spectacle, Tender in its Romance, Mellow in its comedy, the most Appealing Love Story of the century. \n\n## AT THE \n\n### MAJESTIC \n\nMISSIONARIES CAPTURED. ANOTHER BANDIT COUP. PRIEST ESCAPES OVER WALL. LADY RELEASED. \n\nHankow. Oct. 25. \n\nA Catholic Father who escaped from Loshan, in South Honan, ten minutes before the entry of bandits, reports that the Rev. K. N. Tvedt, and Miss Evenson, of the Lutheran United Mission, failed to escape and, it is presumed, were captured.—Reuter. \n\n### In Bandits' Hands. \n\nPeking. Oct. 25. The U.S. Consul in Hankow received a letter on October 24 from Luahan, signed by Father Tvedt and Miss Evenson, dated October 8, stating that they were in the hands of brigands belonging to the First Red Army, who were holding them \"because of financial difficulties.\" The Reds demanded $100,000 ransom. \n\nThe Rev. Tvedt says that he is a Norwegian subject, though in an American organisation. \n\nIt is understood that two American Catholics are registered as being at Loshan—Thomas M. Megan and Joseph V. Henkels. No definite news of them has been received, but it is known that Megan was here on October 15. \n\nOne Catholic priest climbed over the city wall just as the bandits were entering the town. He is believed to be one of these two.—Reuter. \n\n### Lady Captive Released. \n\nHankow, Oct. 26. The American Consulate has received a telegram stating that Miss Evenson has been released and has arrived at Sinjang. The Rev. Mr. Tvedt is still held captive.—Reuter. \n\n### Missionary Freed. \n\nPeking, Oct. 25. The Italian Legation announces that it has received information that Father Brugnetti, Italian Catholic Mission at Nanyangfu, in south-west Honan, has been liberated. \n\nFather Brugnetti was captured by brigands some time ago. The Legation made representations to the Chinese Government on the matter.—Reuter \n\n## POLICE PENSIONS. \n\n### New Ordinance to Be Introduced. REMOVING ANOMALY. \n\n**SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST. MONDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1930.**\n\n## REBELS NOT YET SUBDUED. \n\n### Attempt to Gather New Armies. TROUBLESOME TRIO. \n\nPeking, Oct. 25. Feng Yu-hsiang left Taiyuanfu on October 21 for south Shansi. It is believed at Taiyuanfu that he intends to collect armies and march to Sianfu. \n\nIt is also believed that Feng Yu-hsiang, Yen Hsi-shan and Wang Ching-wei are still working together and have decided to attempt to hold Shansi, Shensi, and Kansu against all comers. \n\nWang Ching-wei is at present living at a hotel in Taiyuanfu, and contemplates setting up his home there. \n\nThe discipline among the returned Shansi soldiers is bad. Recently 30 tried to force their way into a German's house, and were got rid of with difficulties. They said that they wanted accommodation. The soldiers are protesting against living in barracks outside the city, and desire billets in houses in the city.—Reuter \n\n### Marshals to Meet. \n\nNanking, Oct. 25. The Central News Agency learns that Chiang Kai-shek and Chang Hsueh-liang will meet shortly to discuss outstanding political questions, after which they will issue a joint circular telegram outlining their programme. The venue of the meeting is most likely to be Tsingtao.—Reuter. \n\n## RIOTS IN JAPAN. \n\n### Tokyo Strikers Clash With Police. FORTY CASUALTIES. \n\nTokyo, Oct. 25. Riotous scenes were witnessed late last night in Kameido, a suburb of Tokyo, during a clash between the police and factory workers of the Toyo Muslin Co., who have been on strike for the past five weeks. \n\nWhile the Police were attempting to suppress groups of strikers who were parading the streets, singing Labour songs, other strikers in the upper storeys of neighbouring buildings started throwing stones on the Police below. \n\nThe ensuing fight necessitated the temporary suspension of traffic, as the strikers started stoning passing trams, six of which were damaged. \n\nThe disturbance was finally quelled after the arrest of 150 strikers. About a dozen Police and 30 strikers were injured in the melee.—Reuter. \n\n## \"REDS\" RAID TOWN IN HAINAN. \n\n### Driven Off by Garrison With Heavy Loss. LACK OF TROOPS. \n\nHainan, Oct. 22. \n\n## CHINESE REDS RIOT IN MANILA. \n\n### Prominent Nationalists Mobbed and Stabbed. SIX MEN WOUNDED. \n\nManila, Oct. 25. \n\nThe Chinese Communists last night attacked, mobbed, and stabbed prominent members of the Chinese Nationalist organisation in Manila. \n\nSix were wounded and taken to hospital. Two of them were in critical condition. \n\nThe victims include Mr. Gan Bu-hong, the proprietor of the largest Chinese cigarette factory here as well as a school principal. \n\nBoth Mr. Ong Chuan-seng, leaders of the Kuomintang. \n\nThe first outbreak was believed to be a tong war, but later the victims asserted that the motives for the attack were purely political, having followed repeated threats. \n\nPolice patrols are heavy and the constabulary may assist in quelling the trouble since Chinatown is in an uproar.—Reuter. \n\n## CORRESPONDENCE. \n\n### The Boxer Indemnity. \n\n(To the Editor, S. C. M. Post.) \n\nSir, The suggestion as put forward in your leader dated the 11th inst. referring to the employment of the entire or part of the grant to the Hongkong University from the Boxer Indemnity Fund for health purposes is certainly a rational and timely proposal. \n\nIt will be recalled that the Willingdon Delegation, following the investigation of conditions in China, recommended the allocation of 17% of the Fund for \"education in medicine and public health and grants to hospitals.\" Viewed from various angles, and laying aside, pro tem, the question of the University's merit to secure such a windfall, your suggestion, if carried out, would perhaps \"satisfy all demands.\" \n\nAlthough details are not published pending the Chinese and British approval of the Governments' agreement which Dr. C. T. Wang and Sir Miles Lampson have recently concluded for the satisfactory disposal of the Fund, yet it may safely be conjectured that the plan suggested by the Willingdon Delegation will not be closely followed as it is an open secret that the bulk of the money has already been definitely decided upon railway development enterprise. In other words, the hope of the allocation of the 17% of the Fund for health purposes is extremely remote. \n\nLocated in a part of the world where health conditions are deplorable, surely there is no better way for the University of using the grant than to employ it for scientific researches and the improvement of public health. For instance, at one of the Sanitary Board meetings a few months ago, the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services was in favour of the Government making arrangements with the authorities of Sheklung Leper Settlement to take charge of lepers from Hongkong as a result of the total absence of a leper hospital in the Colony. As pointed out in my previous letter, the carrying out of the scheme would mean the increase of the already teeming leper population of the greater part of the island, and only a few garrison troops are stationed in the west half of Hainan. So in the eastern part of the island no open outbreak of Communism is taking place, although guerilla warfare is carried on, as evidenced by the wounded men being brought to Hoihow hospitals, day by day. West of Hoihow troops are stationed in Kin Kong, Fuk-san and Lami-kow but in numbers they are not nearly as strong as the Communist gang which rules the forest near Fuk-San. On Oct. 18 this band of Reds attacked Kin Kong, which is district city and the largest town in Chen-mai district. By surprise attack they gained the east suburbs of the town but the troops got some machine guns into position and it is reported that the Reds were driven off with heavy loss. The Reds were said to number all the way from 600 to 1,000 but they had only two machine guns to defend by 300 troops. \n\nSomething has, therefore, to be done to solve this and similar problems satisfactorily for the \"mutual benefit\" of both China and the British Colony. In view of the existing needs, the employment of the money for purposes as suggested by you is, and as many will doubtless agree, a legitimate proposal. \n\nJ. A. LEE. \n\n## DELIBERATE LIES IN COURT. \n\n### Witness Fined for Perjury in Assault Case. DEFENDANT DISCHARGED. \n\nThe acquittal of the accused and the fining of one of the witnesses of the prosecution for perjury was the final result of the case in which Herbert Percival, stoker of H.M.S. Herald, was alleged before Mr. Lindsell on Saturday to have assaulted a barber of Wanchai. \n\nThe defendant was alleged to have obtained a packet of cigarettes from the complainant's stall and when asked for payment struck the seller. \n\nFurther evidence was given by Chan Fook, a barber in the complainant's employ. After corroborative evidence was given, the witness was questioned by the Magistrate as to a cut on the defendant's cheek. \n\nHis Worship: Defendant's cheek was cut open; can you explain that? \n\nWitness: I don't know. \n\nYou offer no explanation for that at all? Was there any trouble with anyone of the naval men except the one you saw take the cigarettes?—No. \n\nYou do not explain how his cheek was cut open? I don't know. \n\nAny one strike him?—I did not see any one strike him. \n\nWas he knocked down?—Possibly; he may have been. Did you see him knocked down? No. \n\nYou must have seen it, you were there. He may have fallen on the ground. \n\nHis Worship pointed out to the witness that it had been proved beyond doubt that the defendant had had his cheek cut. The witness replied, \"I saw defendant knock against a glass show case as he struck the complainant.\" \n\nHis Worship reprimanded the witness and pointed out to him that a few minutes before he had told the Court that he had no idea what had happened to the defendant's cheek. \"Why do you lie like that?\" sternly asked his Worship. \"A minute ago you said you didn't know; you did not see it. Now speak the truth! Did you see him cut his cheek or not?\" \n\nWitness: I did not see him.\" \n\nHis Worship: First you said you did not, then you said you did and now you say you did not again. Which is true?—I did not see. \n\nNow that was just an absolute lie that the showcase was broken? \n\nIt was broken. \n\nDetective Sergeant Clark informed his Worship that a show case had been broken, but if the defendant had fallen into it as alleged by the witness he would have had his face severely cut. \n\nHis Worship: How do you say that showcase came to be broken? \n\nWitness: A piece of the stool flew against the glass. \n\nHe (defendant) did not fall against it as you said a minute ago? No. \n\nThen you told a deliberate lie just now when you said he banged against it. You told three different stories. I fine you $10; first one thing and then another. You keep contradicting yourself. Fined $10 or seven days. \n\n### Defendant Discharged. \n\nThe Gazette contains the draft of an Ordinance to amend the Police Ordinance 1900. \n\nThis provides that Section 17 of the Police Ordinance, 1900, be repealed and the following section substituted therefor: \n\n17-(1) It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council to make regulations for the granting of pensions to members of the Force, in respect of service in the Force, and to determine in special cases where the regulations may be inapplicable or to require modification, the amount (if any) of the pension, the terms on which it shall be granted and the manner in which it shall be paid. (2) Pensions granted under this Ordinance shall be paid out of the general revenue. \n\nThe Objects and Reasons state:-Under section 17 of the Police Force Ordinance, 1900, the Governor in Council not only regulates the general conditions on which and the manner in which pensions are to be granted to members of the Force, but determines the question of granting a pension and the amount thereof in each particular case. There does not seem to be any sufficient reason why members of the Police Force should be thus singled out from other pensionable public servants, or why the Governor in Council should have to deal with each case of retirement especially where the pension is a mere matter of calculation. \n\n## HIS LAST FLING. \n\n### Suicide's Open Letter to the World. \n\nShanghai, Oct. 25. Chow Hu-wen (27), a dentist, after spending five nights entertaining sing-song girls at the Shang Shien Hotel, addressed a lengthy letter to the world in general, advising young men not to degrade themselves by following his example, and then swallowed poison. He was found dead yesterday afternoon and the inquest revealed that he rented a room on the third floor of the hotel on Friday night and then spent until Sunday night and then spent until Friday morning surrounded by sing-song girls and wine bottles.—Our Own Correspondent. \n\nKobe, Oct. 26. In glorious weather, Emperor Hirohito reviewed the Japanese navy, consisting of 165 war vessels, aggregating 700,000 tons, every one of which was constructed wholly in Japan. Seventy-two navy planes took part in an air parade.—Reuter. \n\nThe North-Eastern authorities propose to erect a bronze statue of Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang in memory of his donation of $2,500,000 to the University.—Our Own Correspondent. \n\n## BIG NAVAL REVIEW. \n\n### Japanese Emperor Views 165 War Vessels. ALL MADE IN JAPAN. \n\nNathan Road. Phone 57222",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-532-4 Mui Tsai system- resolution and correspondence with private individuals 27-10-1930 - 24-6-1931.txt",
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        "document_key": "CO129-532-4 Mui Tsai system- resolution and correspondence with private individuals 27-10-1930 - 24-6-1931",
        "page_number": 129,
        "title": "CO129-532-4 Mui Tsai system- resolution and correspondence with private individuals 27-10-1930 - 24-6-1931",
        "content_text": "## SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST\n\n### MODERN SANITARY APPLIANCES\n\nsuch as - BATHS, LAVATORY BASINS, FLUSH TOILETS, SOAP AND SPONGE HOLDERS, TOWEL RAILS, MIRRORS AND TUMBLER HOLDERS, ETC.\n\nC. E. Warren & Co., Ltd. China Building. Tel. 20969.\n\n1277 POST. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1930.\n\npassed laws for the protection of children, but these are not being fully enforced. According to the Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance of 1922, no person shall employ a child under the age of ten years in any factory, children must not be employed in dangerous trades and children under twelve years of age must not be employed carrying coal or building material or debris. According to other Regulations, no females or children of either sex are permitted to take part in processions unless they are seated on platforms or ride on horses. This regulation is not precisely \"industrial:\" it was apparently designed to exclude women and children from political or other risks. Nevertheless, it may be used as a weapon by reformers. Even to-day, despite the Ordinances, children may be seen staggering under heavy weights, particularly in funeral processions, wherein some of them, mere babies, they ride neither on horses nor platforms but in fact carry the platforms. Of course, we shall be met with the old economic argument, that these children must work because their parents are too poor to support them in idleness or send them to school. We cannot, however, indulge indefinitely in these distressing faults in our economic state. At some point, the economic problem must be attacked. Overpopulation, high rents, high cost of living, sweated labour - if these defy reformative pressure, then in the last resort, it must be applied at the other end. When analysed, the alleged necessity for very young children to earn their living becomes less convincing.\n\n### The Society for the Rescue of Mui-tsai\n\nThe Society for the rescue of Mui-tsai displays a pleasing determination to continue its labours, and the figures quoted at the annual meeting of members on Saturday indicate that there is still great need for vigilance. According to the Society's original estimate, there are about 8,000 mui-tsai in Hongkong, but the total registrations under the new Ordinance number only 4,299. The remainder are probably by now \"adopted daughters,\" a convenient term of evasion which, however, does not necessarily mean any improvement in the lot of the little slaves. The fact that cases of cruelty are still being discovered is significant; and, unfortunately, only a small percentage of the brutality comes to light. Readers will have been struck by the comparative paucity of the Society's results. During last year, only 56 mui-tsai cases were dealt with by the Society, and only three convictions were obtained. It is, however, interesting to note that 43 cases arose from complaints made by the mui-tsai themselves, indicating an encouraging awakening of the children to their position.\n\nThe Society's work suffers greatly from the timidity of the public. Reports are made to the Society, but the informers, fearful of personal reprisals, will not appear publicly. Some stiffening of moral fibre is necessary, or, alternatively, more inspectors should be employed, by Government or by the Society, so as to permit observation of cases of suspected ill-treatment. Since half of the mui-tsai are now \"adopted daughters,\" however, the Society's status is somewhat doubtful. While the slavery evil still requires combatment, the principal evil is cruelty; and, cruelty not being confined to mui-tsai, the task of prevention is one for a Society for the Protection of Children. Such a Society was formed last year, but appears to be largely ornamental. According to the friends of the mui-tsai, the companion society employs but one inspector, a young lady, and the charge is made that its members are neither genuine nor enthusiastic. \"There is a difference in thoroughness,\" said one of the speakers, and it would certainly appear that if the Society for the Protection of Children is doing anything, it is content to accomplish good by stealth.\n\nIt is a pity that these two societies should not co-operate. Some months ago, we urged an amalgamation. There is no reason why the Society for the Protection of Children should not also condemn the mui-tsai system, and the members of the Anti-Mui-tsai Society would reinforce the combined organisation with the enthusiasm which the newer body needs. That there is work for all friends of children in Hongkong should need no emphasis. Compared with the friends of animals, these other humanitarians are lamentably inactive.\n\n## No. 7,363. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1930. 28TH YEAR. HONGKONG.\n\nO satisfy us with Thy mercy; that we may rejoice and be glad all our days. Ps. 90:14.\n\n| Page |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1277 |  |",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "page_number": 145,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "18\n\nCHINA REPORT\n\nthe spending on British material of something like £8,000,000 which will eventually pass to the Purchasing Commission in London, but I cannot see that the Chinese Government has any serious intention of guaranteeing interest either on the money which the Commission will spend or on the half instalments which will be paid to the Trustees but the spending of which the Chinese Government apparently claims to control. Even if the Chinese Government have a genuine desire to carry out their undertaking to treat the whole indemnity as an endowment—on which incidentally they subsequently promised interest at 5 per cent.—how can they possibly get this interest out of railways, the bondholders having the first claim on the profits? Besides, all sorts of other schemes are being matured, such as a factory in Nanking for the manufacture of electrical machinery. Thus nothing certain will be forthcoming from about £8,000,000 of the available capital, and if the other three millions odd are to be spent by the Chinese Government in the same way, there will be no income at all available for education. In fact, so far as I can see, the British surrender of the indemnity will in no way tend to improve British prestige in China—quite the contrary. The point I wish to make here is that there is no hope of enhancing general British influence in China, or of turning the eyes of Young China to Britain, if not in gratitude at least with interest, as the result of this last act of British generosity\" (pp. 13–14).\n\nWe understand that nothing has occurred since the date of the minute from which these words are quoted to make Sir William Hornell take a more hopeful view of the situation; and at the time when our delegation left Hong Kong for England, at the beginning of December, he had decided to resign his membership of the Board. One of his reasons for this decision was, no doubt, the difficulty of absenting himself at frequent intervals from Hong Kong to attend meetings held at Nanking; another was the fact that the proceedings at the meetings take place (not unnaturally) in Chinese, a language with which he (like all his four British colleagues on the Board) is not acquainted. But the primary reason for his action was of a more fundamental nature, which a perusal of his minute makes sufficiently clear. Whether his British colleagues will think it worth while to retain their membership of the Board probably depends largely upon whether they find it possible to reconcile the existing facts of the situation with their conception of their responsibilities as Trustees.\n\nWhen the statute of 1931 was going through its legislative stages early in that year, a good deal of criticism was directed against it both\n\n19\n\nSITUATION CREATED BY EXCHANGE OF NOTES\n\nin and out of Parliament on the ground that it compelled the Chinese to confine their purchases of railway material to the British market. It was urged that it was unfair to the Chinese to debar them from buying in the cheapest market or from calling for tenders from all the industrial nations. It was indeed unfortunate that Great Britain considered it necessary to attach such a condition to her gift, but this is perhaps a comparatively trifling objection to the new indemnity agreement and is much less serious than others to which we have called attention. If British locomotives and other railway material were substantially dearer than those produced in foreign factories, and were of no better quality, the Chinese would have real grounds for complaint. We are glad to be able to report, however, that the very numerous adverse criticisms of the new agreement which we heard from Chinese were in no case directed against that part of it which obliged the Purchasing Commission to buy their material in England. Nor would there have been any serious justification for such criticism. In this connection a passage from the Report of the British Economic Mission to the Far East, 1930-33 (pp. 66-67), is worth quoting :-\n\n\"Our competitors' prices are frequently lower than ours, but those who know our products recognise that they are very much better and more durable. This is shown up clearly in repair departments where the frequency of repairs on competing locomotives is much greater than in the case of British ones. The competing vehicles which we saw made it clear that the British specification was altogether on a higher plane. The very fine locomotives recently delivered from Great Britain to the Canton-Kowloon and Shanghai-Nanking railways should have a great educational effect.'\n\nThese observations give us confidence that even if the Chinese are obliged to purchase some of their railway material in Great Britain at a higher price than that asked by some of our industrial competitors, they are receiving full value for their money. It is not on this ground, then, that we venture to criticise the agreement arrived at in the recent Exchange of Notes, though as already stated it is undoubtedly regrettable that the British gift to China should have been accompanied by a condition which must inevitably create the unpleasant suspicion that the British Government is determined that whatever may become of the cultural projects for which the returned indemnity had originally been intended, the bulk of the money shall be applied to the stimulation of industry in Great Britain.\n\nIn view of economic conditions in England it is not surprising\n\n233",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 156,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "223 \n\n232 \n\nD. J. FINN, S.J. \n\nfigure, but there seems to be another element which is incomplete at the edge of the stamp. All the fragments found by me seem to have been from one pot. One piece has been recognized at 36 inches. It was for economy of photography (under scanty finance) that I have chosen this piece to show basket and pattern at once. Other pieces are very large and show the pattern to have been like that on a brick in the \"Five Storied Pagoda Museum in Canton; the brick is assigned to the Period \"Han to Sung.\" It may be noted here that the same Museum has other bricks showing diaper patterns like 1.b.i. with hollow central lozenge and these also are assigned to the same wide period; one with a simple diaper net is assigned to \"Early Han.\" A very similar pattern in which however the lozenges are set normally and not diagonally covers the bronze bell depicted in (3) Vol. I, p. 143 and this bell is dated by an inscription as made in the second year of Sui ho i.e. 7 B.C. \n\n1.d.ii. Fragment 12 is based on a series of inscribed squares constructed on a common pair of intersecting diagonals. This fragment (unique in my collection) has the merit of proving the use of a stamp by the presence of the same irregularity in the right-hand side of the innermost square in each impression. Mr. Schofield has a large piece of the same pot and Professor Shellshear has its neck. \n\n66 \n\n\"\" \n\nI.e. A series using circular impressions. One pot of the fabric represented by Plate 33, figure 2 shows a central circular mark (not hollow ring) surrounded by a roughly circular ring; evidently the impression of the end of a stick. More developed forms are represented by the fragments 13, 14 and 15. 13 and 14 show the connection with the rest of the series in the basket pattern and differ from 15 very much as 5 differs from 7 or 8, one is more near the square, the other the oblong. Figure 15 shows how the matrix of the stamped unit pattern was made to dovetail between the repetitions on fragment 13, the stamping has produced blurs by overprinting. This series is reminiscent of the scale patterns that occur on Chinese bronzes attributed to the Chou period. \n\nFor this group, I cannot produce any depth record as all fragments have been found on the surface. However, they belong by general fabric to the same series as the most typical of our ware below, 1.h. The ware is usually hard, well-levigated stone-ware type of a buff colour. \n\n1.f. This is represented only by one large fragment of great interest, fragment 4. \n\nThe neck shows the basket pattern and is \"attached\" by an almost level strip showing a 7-pricked \"stitch\" motive: the inner side of the neck has a factory mark made with a semi-circular sweep of the 7-pronged \"stitch\" comb. The body of the vase shows a zig-zag which after long hesitations I now regard as stamped, the breadth of the stamp seemingly being 7 rows and its height about an inch and a quarter. This fragment was picked up on the surface, but its factory mark (with which we shall deal later on in a special article devoted to these characteristic marks), its shape, fabric and ware, link it surely with this whole series. The ware is a pleasant buff red of softish feel. Perhaps intended for glazing. \n\n1.g. The fragment of this pot on experiment proved unsatisfactory for photographing, but later on when we come to deal with the glazed ware, \n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-539-4 Mui Tsai system 28-6-1932 - 28-11-1932",
        "page_number": 22,
        "title": "CO129-539-4 Mui Tsai system 28-6-1932 - 28-11-1932",
        "content_text": "25\n\n10\n\nCost of living of poorer classes:\n\n62. Since October 1927 this office has made monthly inquiries into the retail costs of a number of commodities essential to the life of the poorer classes, including articles of food and clothing and firewood. The average percentage increase between 1930 and 1931 as deduced from the reports made by the District Watch Force was found to be 2.91%.\n\nFACTORIES.\n\n(Table XXXI).\n\n63. General:—Trade continued dull for the greater part of the year and many factories were working below their full capacity. The knitting and hosiery trades, however, were fairly busy and a large number of factories have sprung up in these trades during the past year. Amongst new factories are also to be noted a large and up-to-date canning plant (a branch of a firm already established at Amoy) and a new silk weaving mill. The silk weaving factory is the first of its kind in the Colony and the local work-people are being instructed by experts from North China. Both artificial and real silk cloth is being made, and as the factory is modern and well equipped, it should prove a valuable addition to the industries of the Colony. A new felt-hat factory has started during the year as well as a number of small factories for the manufacture of electric torches and flash-lamps. The electric torch trade is a thriving one. The articles made are cheap and of good quality and a large export business is done in these goods. The Sino-Japanese company formed last year to manufacture gramophone records has proved unable to withstand the strain of recent events, and the partnership has been dissolved. The company is to be reformed under purely Chinese control.\n\n64. Child Labour:—The number of children employed in factories shows no tendency to increase and it would appear that Chinese factory owners are now beginning to realise that child labour can be dispensed with. No European firms employ children under the age of fifteen years.\n\n65. Prosecutions:—Ten prosecutions were instituted during the year by this department. Nine were for breaches of the regulations concerning the employment of women at night (Ordinance 22 of 1922). One was for a breach of the regulations concerning obstruction of fire exits (Ordinance 3 of 1927). The factory owners in all cases were Chinese. Convictions were obtained in each case with fines ranging from $25 to $100.\n\n66. Accidents:—The total number of accidents in factories was seventy-two, of which five were fatal, as compared with seventy-five (seven fatal) for the preceding year. The ship-building yards were responsible for a large proportion of the accidents and most of these were due to falls from staging or into ships' holds. Only two accidents concerned women, the compulsory fencing of machinery having reduced the risk of scalping accidents which were formerly so frequent amongst women in knitting factories. A separate table is appended showing the number of accidents occurring in each industry.\n\n67. Legislation:—No further additions have been made to the industrial legislation of the Colony during the year, but the rapid spread of small factories occupying tenement floors in the residential areas has rendered imperative the need for more effective control, and the question of registration of factories and workshops is being considered as a first step towards this object.\n\nCHINESE TEMPLES. (Ordinance 7 of 1928).\n\n(Tables XXXII and XXXIII).\n\n68. Much time and trouble were required after the Ordinance was passed to reduce the accounts of the thirty-four Temples concerned and the connected General Charities Fund account to regular order. The accounts of many of the Temples needed clarification: liabilities incurred before the date of the Ordinance sometimes outside the stricter limits set by the Ordinance—had to be examined and dealt with; the amount to be allowed for standing charges (including customary payments on account of schools, Temple Festivals and God's birthdays) required settlement, and it was essential that at this stage the questions arising should be viewed with as much sympathy as possible for those who had hitherto had the unchecked handling of the Temple Revenues. By July 1st, 1931, it was possible to reduce the accounts to order: entering generally the sum of $44,949 as spent by that date and since 1928 out of Temples Revenues on objects proper to the General Charities Fund.\n\n69. The Temples Committee then reviewed the financial position of each separate Temple and made allocations to the General Charities Fund of sums totalling $90,000, which sum has since been applied under the authority of the General Charities Fund Committee to the enlargement and improvement of the Wantsai Chinese Public Dispensary Maternity Hospital, and of the Yaumai Chinese Public Dispensary: and further to the construction of an entirely new building as a Chinese Public Dispensary in Kowloon City.\n\n70. By the community as a whole the Ordinance, one of a rather unusual nature, has been welcomed. It has resulted in no interference with religion or with customary observances, but fortune-telling of the crystal-gazing type—which was becoming a serious menace—is no longer openly practised. The policy of keeping the Temples in good repair out of their own resources\n\n1\n\n11\n\n26",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-539-4 Mui Tsai system 28-6-1932 - 28-11-1932.txt",
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    {
        "id": 534676,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-540-5 Water supply- Shing Mun Valley Waterworks scheme 11-5-1932 - 7-12-1932",
        "page_number": 71,
        "title": "CO129-540-5 Water supply- Shing Mun Valley Waterworks scheme 11-5-1932 - 7-12-1932",
        "content_text": "HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.\n\n115\n\n6. The proviso to sub-section (1) and sub-sections (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of the new section 3 are new and give the Governor in Council power to award compensation on the lines of sections 12 and 13 of the Harbour of Refuge Ordinance, No. 39 of 1909.\n\n7. Section 3 of this Ordinance repeals the latter part of section 5 of the principal Ordinance.\n\nFACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS ORDINANCE, 1932.\n\nTHE ATTORNEY GENERAL moved the first reading of a Bill intituled \"An Ordinance to amend and consolidate the law relating to Factories and Workshops and to the employment of Women, Young Persons and Children in certain industries.\" He said.- \"This is mainly a consolidation Bill; insofar as it changes the law the changes are set out in the table of correspondence attached to the Bill. It has been suggested that the power of the Governor-in-Council to make regulations under Section 4 of the Bill should be extended by giving the Governor-in-Council power to make certain regulations in regard to fire. Had the suggestion been made earlier it could have been included in the Bill, but Standing Orders require that two days' notice be given to members of any changes intended. I now give notice that at the next meeting of the Council, after the Council goes into Committee, I shall move in Clause 4 an amendment that clause (k) be changed to clause (l) and immediately before, the following words be inserted.— \"prescribing the precautions to be taken against fire in factories and workshops.\"\n\nTHE COLONIAL SECRETARY seconded, and the Bill was read a first time.\n\nObjects and Reasons.\n\nThe \"Objects and Reasons\" for the Bill were stated as follows:\n\nThis Ordinance consolidates and amends the Industrial Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Ordinances of 1922 and 1929 and the Factory (Accidents) Ordinance, 1927, in the manner indicated in the Table of Correspondence.\n\nMINIMUM WAGE ORDINANCE, 1932.\n\nTHE ATTORNEY GENERAL moved the first reading of a Bill intituled \"An Ordinance to make provision for fixing minimum wages in occupations where the wages paid are unreasonably low\". He said. This Bill carries out an obligation imposed upon us by the Treaty of Versailles.\n\nTHE COLONIAL SECRETARY seconded and the Bill was read a first time.\n\n78",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-543-12 Loans for public work 29-3-1933 - 20-12-1933",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-543-12 Loans for public work 29-3-1933 - 20-12-1933",
        "content_text": "## HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.\n\nwho may revert to it but more often will be required to serve elsewhere on their return and are therefore not a proper charge on that department.\n\nAs regards the general question of increased cost of administration, I must remind Honourable Unofficial Members that the Government of this Colony is continually receiving demands from all directions including themselves, to increase its public services. We are pressed to provide new and larger schools, new and larger hospitals, new health services, new factory legislation, first-class port status, larger legal staff, and many other similar improvements and expansions. All these involve not only increases in technical staff but parallel increases in secretarial and clerical staff. The best instance I can give is that just provided by the Honourable Member himself and so strongly supported by his colleague. If the property owners want assessment by separate flats, we shall have to treble the collection staff of the Treasury and more than treble the Assessor's Office. In ordering new houses one must not forget that the straw in the bricks though low-priced still costs money. Furthermore, I would remind the Honourable Member that the exchange rates adopted for the 1926 Estimates were 1s. 8d. for sterling salaries and 2s. 2d. for other sterling charges. (Applause).\n\n**H.E. THE GOVERNOR.** - Honourable Members, - The Budget has been dealt with in such detail by both Officials and Unofficials that there appears little left me to say except as regards the general position.\n\nIn the first place, I wish to congratulate my Honourable friend the Colonial Secretary on the clearness and lucidity of his first Budget speech, and to thank him and his officers for the great help which they have given me in the final preparation of it. I also thank the Honourable Colonial Treasurer and Honourable Director of Public Works for their useful memoranda. Further, I wish to express my great appreciation of the work done by Mr. Grantham in connection with the Budget. He has had a lot of spade work to do; and from my own experience, many years ago, I can appreciate the care and patience which are necessary in carrying out a work of this kind in which constant changes in items and figures almost bring a feeling of despair to the officer in direct charge. Mr. Grantham has carried out his duties most efficiently.\n\nI thank the Honourable Senior Chinese Member for his kindly reference to myself.\n\nI am indebted to the Honourable Members for their careful consideration of the Budget and for their helpful comments and criticisms. If we exclude certain comments which are scarcely relevant to the Budget itself, the criticisms have been gratifyingly few. It is noteworthy and somewhat unusual that some of the suggestions involve increases in staff and expenditure. That was stressed just now by the Colonial Secretary.\n\nPage 60  \nPage 61",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-544-13 British Empire Fair- reports- etc. 10-8-1933 - 8-11-1933",
        "page_number": 8,
        "title": "CO129-544-13 British Empire Fair- reports- etc. 10-8-1933 - 8-11-1933",
        "content_text": "## C. S. O. M.F. 237.\n\nThe Dominion of Canada cordially associates herself with the Crown Colony of Hong Kong by participating in the British Empire Fair which is opening to-day. It is gratifying to the Canadian Government, and particularly to myself, as Minister of Trade and Commerce, that Canada has been accorded such excellent facilities for thus displaying before the citizens of Hong Kong and South China samples of her natural products and manufactures, with a view to further extending inter-Imperial trade between these two sections of the British Commonwealth of Nations. It is particularly fitting that this Fair should open on May 24th, the anniversary of the \"Mother of the Empire\", the late Queen Victoria, and a day celebrated throughout the British Empire as indicative of its solidarity and its devotion to the Crown.\n\nThe Crown Colony of Hong Kong and the Dominion of Canada have much in common. It was in 1841, during the reign of Queen Victoria, that Hong Kong became a Crown Colony and began to flourish under the Union Jack. It was in the same year that Canada had its first democratic government. Direct steamship services between Canada and Hong Kong provide a means of greatly increasing the volume of trade between, and linking closer together, these at one time distant parts of the Empire. Their products and manufactures are to a large extent complementary, and it is to the advantage of both countries that this trade should be considerably increased. Hong Kong is at the spearhead of a large and practically unexploited trade territory which will, when the existing difficulties have passed, provide Hong Kong with a market for many of Canada's products and which in return may provide for many of Canada's wants.\n\nIt is natural that Hong Kong, due to its location and the unexcelled facilities offered by its harbour, should serve as a centre of distribution for Canadian products which will eventually be consumed in the Southern part of the Chinese Republic. It is our hope that the importers of Hong Kong will give the fullest consideration to the opportunities offered to them by Canadian producers.\n\nIt was with the object of promoting greater trade between Canada and this territory that the appointment of a Trade Commissioner was made in 1929. It is to the advantage of Hong Kong importers to prepare for the future. Canada can provide them with many of their requirements and since it is to their advantage to cultivate a trading partnership with that Dominion.\n\nI congratulate the Chairman and Committee on their efforts to make the Fair a success and feel sure that they will be fully justified by the results obtained.\n\n**N.Z's. BEST WISHES.**\n\nMr. Williamson read the following message from Mr. Masters, the Minister of Industries and Commerce in the New Zealand Government:- Please express best wishes of the New Zealand Government for the success of the Empire Fair and appreciation of the efforts of Government, committees, Hotel company and others to further Empire trade. Also express our thanks for the assistance rendered to New Zealand in this connection.\n\n**FROM AUSTRALIA.**\n\n**Prime Minister's Cable Of Appreciation.**\n\n\"EVERY SUCCESS.\"\n\nMr. J. A. Tonkin delivered the following message from the Minister of the Commonwealth Government of Australia:\n\nOn behalf of the Commonwealth Government, I wish the Empire Fair every success and hope it will mark the opening of many new avenues of inter-Empire trade. Appreciation is expressed to the Government of Hong Kong for the encouragement and assistance in launching the Fair, and to the Fair Committees, the Hotel Company, the Hon. Mr. J. P. Braga, and those organisations and associations whose activities have been responsible for this display of Empire products. Your Fair will be successful and beneficial to all British and Dominion participants.—Lyons, Prime Minister.\n\n## THE GOVERNOR'S SPEECH.\n\n**Trade Commissioner From Home.**\n\n**WHAT OF TARIFFS?**\n\nFormally declaring the Fair open, H.E. the Governor said:- Mr. Paterson, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am very pleased to have the privilege to-day of opening the second Empire Products Fair held in Hong Kong. As you know, the idea was started last year as the outcome of a letter addressed by Mrs. Amery, the wife of a former Secretary of State for the Colonies, to my wife, in which among other things she suggested an all-British food day.\n\nThe proposal to have an Empire Products Fair was taken up with great enthusiasm. My wife assisted in the preliminary stages, but to our regret we were unable to be here for the Fair itself. We were however greatly interested in the accounts which were sent to us. There was no doubt that it was a great triumph, and I take this opportunity of congratulating all those who helped to achieve that success.\n\nIt was indeed so successful that it was quite rightly decided that another Fair should be held this year, and there is no need for me to say that that decision has been amply justified, and that this year's Fair will greatly surpass that of last year.\n\nSuch Fairs have been instituted in many parts of the Empire. The British Industries Fair was started in a modest way in London soon after the War, and has grown to be of the greatest commercial value. Another Fair of the same kind has been held at Birmingham for the last fourteen years and yearly gains increasing popularity. Many of the colonies participate in that held in London, Fiji being one of the latest notable additions; and I hope that at no distant date Hong Kong will be able to participate, showing the people at home that this Colony is developing valuable industries of its own.\n\n**Local Industries.**\n\nIn a recent edition of a very interesting journal called \"The Crown Colonist\", I noticed in a map showing the various sources of Empire products that Hong Kong was marked \"Local industries and trans-shipment for China”. A few years ago the words \"local industries\" would probably not have been written, Hong Kong then being considered very little more than a mere transit port. Industries are now growing up in this Colony, one of the most notable perhaps of recent ventures being the brewing of beer! Only recently I was informed by the head of a well-known Hong Kong firm that they had a very large order from England for rubber-soled shoes manufactured here.\n\nThese Fairs are great factors in the commercial life of the Empire, and help to make us realise what a great Empire is capable of producing. It is wonderful how little many of us know of its great resources. I had an opportunity of visiting the Fair in London in 1928, and I must confess to great surprise at many of the things I saw there.\n\nThe British Empire has held a high position in trade, but owing perhaps to over-confidence has tended to sink in a slough of conservatism, in spite of considerable technical advances in industry. Where we really have to some extent failed is in actual trading.\n\nWe have been inclined to stand on a past reputation of the excellence of our goods, which has always been high, and have been extraordinarily unwilling to investigate changes in demand. Suppliers seem to hold the view that they should decide on what the consumer should take, ignoring the adage that he who pays the piper has the right to call the tune. This tendency, as far as the Far East is concerned, was recognised by the Economic Mission which visited the Far East over two years ago, and also by Mr. Beale, now Commercial Counsellor to our Peking Legation, who drew attention to it in a report which he wrote on trade in Malaya some years ago, when I first met him there. There is no doubt that many of our large suppliers have followed fortuitous methods, and have not appreciated the necessity of studying their markets. I think that I can truthfully say that great improvements have now been made in our methods. The quality of our goods has always been of a high standard and with a better realisation of the customers' needs, I feel that there is every prospect of a considerable increase in trade. If however suppliers wish to achieve a maximum of success I think that they should employ what I might term special Trade Commissioners of their own to carry out continuous investigation of the needs and desires of those whose custom they wish to retain and develop.\n\n**British Commissioner.**\n\nAt the same time I must say that I think that it is time that we had something in the nature of a British Trade Commissioner here to represent the Home Country and those parts of the Empire which are not at present represented, and I am in hopes that such an appointment may materialise in the not far distant future.\n\nMajor Duclos, the Canadian Trade Commissioner, has been with us for some time, and I congratulate him on the success which he has made of his appointment. I also would like to offer him our especial thanks for the very great assistance he has given both at last year's Fair and this Fair. He has indeed been a tower of strength to the organisers.\n\nWe greatly appreciate the friendly message from the Hon. H. H. Stevens, Minister of the Department of Trade and Commerce in Canada, which Major Duclos has just read. It is a message which indicates that true Empire spirit and desire for co-operation at the development of which we should all aim. I think there is a great deal to be done in fostering trade between Hong Kong and Canada, and I agree with Mr. Stevens that we have many interests in common. I passed through Canada on my way Home last year, but had very little time to study conditions there. I was impressed however in particular by three products which I thought could with advantage be exported on a larger scale to Hong Kong, namely motor-cars, fruit and beer. However with the establishment of a local brewery perhaps I had better not extol the value of Canadian liquor!\n\n**Advertising British Goods.**\n\nTrade between Australia and New Zealand and this Colony is growing, and I congratulate Mr. Williamson, who has acted as honorary agent for those Dominions, on this successful development. I also thank him for his valuable assistance in connexion with this Fair.\n\nWe greatly appreciate the friendly messages from Australia and New Zealand which he and Mr. Tonkin have just conveyed to us. I take this opportunity of welcoming to Hong Kong Mr. Tonkin who has just arrived as the representative of the Commonwealth of Australia.\n\nIf the whole Empire will buy British goods, things will become easy and less effort be necessary.\n\n**Tariff Question.**\n\nOur great Empire must be nearly self-supporting, and certainly should be capable of being made so. In spite of the old tradition of free trade, we have been driven to some extent to tariffs, but there is a school, and a very powerful one, which is not satisfied that that is the proper line to follow. At all events I have no hesitation in saying that the imposition of tariffs must not be allowed to depreciate efficiency and economy in production. Fundamentally it is most important that we should learn to produce goods which can compete successfully with similar goods of other countries, and at an economic price to the consumer. Tariffs would be entirely bad if they were to militate against this.\n\nHong Kong, while undoubtedly growing industrially, is still mainly a transit port, and there is no doubt in my mind that tariffs would on the whole therefore probably do more harm than good. It would be fatal to impose tariffs to help one or two industries, if by surrendering the principle which we have followed for many years we for the sake of one or two industries were to ruin the main trade of the port.\n\nMoreover it must be remembered that this Colony is not, except to a small extent, a primary producer and that in regard to its industries it is largely dependent on imported material. In these circumstances I need hardly stress the danger and difficulty of tariffs.\n\nI have not yet had an opportunity of seeing the exhibits to-day, but from what I have learnt there is no doubt that this Fair affords considerable evidence of what can be obtained from Empire sources, and also what this Colony is capable of producing.\n\n**New Territories.**\n\nI am very glad that there is such a fine exhibit of produce from the New Territories, and I trust that substantial purchases will be made. One cannot but be struck by the great local industry and ability of the agriculturist in producing what he does. The Territories have long been noted for producing some of the finest rice in the world, and to-day they are able to produce many varieties of fruit and vegetables, but more requires to be done in the direction of proper marketing, and I should like to see the principles of co-operation developed in this respect. It has been proved that pineapples can be successfully grown, and I should like to see an up-to-date canning factory for this form of fruit developed in the Colony. To compete however with the canned products of other countries such as Hawaii and Malaya, improved methods must be introduced and new strains of pineapple imported.\n\nIn the matter of advertisement, too, we British have been behind other nations. Lulled perhaps by an excessive feeling of confidence and faith in our own products and achievements, we have tended to consider it unnecessary to advertise and push those products. In these days however it must be conceded that if we are to capture the markets, it is necessary to advertise our goods.\n\nIn opening this Fair to-day, I appeal for a greater support for British products, and in that term of course I include the products of this—a British Colony. The number unemployed at home and in other parts of the Empire is very large, due partly to economic depression and partly to the fact that new inventions often diminish the need for man-power. It is necessary therefore, in order to cope with this problem, to develop to the full the resources of the Empire. Team work is called for and we should realise that in supporting British industries we make a valuable contribution to the solution of a difficult Imperial problem. It is essential however that such industries should aim at efficiency and economy and not allow themselves to be lulled into a wrong sense of security under the impression that if the whole Empire buys British, they will be safe.\n\nThe industrial tendency is undoubtedly growing in this Colony, and in spite of the slump and the fact that some factories have had to close.\n\nIt would take too long to mention by name the many residents who have helped towards the organisation of the Fair, but I desire especially to thank the Directors of the Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels for again allocating to the Fair such a large amount of space in the Peninsula Hotel. Mr. Taggart has helped in innumerable ways towards the successful organisation of the Fair, and the Hotel staff has co-operated in every possible way.\n\n**Prime Movers.**\n\nThe Hon. Mr. J. J. Paterson has ably presided over meetings, but on the Hon. Mr. J. P. Braga and his sons, Mr. H. Braga and Mr. A. M. Braga, has fallen the brunt of the work of organisation of exhibits, to which they have given a great deal of their time for months past. In this they have been supported by Mr. Key as Honorary Secretary. The Military authorities have greatly assisted the Committee to keep down expenses by lending a considerable quantity of military equipment which has been used for the erection of stalls. In this connexion I would especially mention the help of Mrs. Borrett, Mrs. Kinnaird Watson, Mrs. Hoare and the numerous ladies who are working under their leadership. The organisers of the several sections—the list is again too long to permit of individual mention—deserve our thanks.\n\nThe necessity of building two large pavilions on the adjoining land has involved special electrical difficulties, in handling which the China Light and Power Co., Messrs. Callender's Cable and Construction Co. Ltd., and Messrs. Wm. C. Jack & Co., have most helpfully collaborated in a way that has placed the Committee under a great obligation. To-night you will see the attractive lighting effects which have been installed.\n\nThe Telephone Company has gone to considerable expense and trouble to install the Public Address System which greatly helps speakers in this large building and will doubtless be found useful to exhibitors for broadcasting announcements within the Exhibition area.\n\nSeveral firms and Public Companies—both British and Chinese—have given transport facilities and many more have distributed advertisements all over the Colony. All the English newspapers and several Chinese newspapers, have rendered essential assistance by placing their columns freely at the disposal of the Committee. I may perhaps conclude this incomplete resume by thanking the many exhibitors on whose combined support the Fair depends.\n\n**Canton Visitors Welcomed.**\n\nI extend a very hearty welcome to H.E. Mr. Lin Yun-koy and our other Canton friends, who have done us the honour of coming here to-day to attend this Fair. Their presence here affords further proof of the excellent relations which exist between Canton and this Colony. This Fair is primarily held on behalf of British products, but many of these, I am happy to say, are purchased by Canton. In some things there is a healthy trade rivalry between Canton and Hong Kong, but speaking generally our interests are closely interwoven, and the prosperity of the one is largely dependent on the prosperity of the other. It is a matter for congratulation therefore that the friendship between the two places is so happily maintained.\n\nI have much pleasure in declaring the Fair open and in wishing it great success.\n\n## C. S. O. M.F. 237.\n\n### SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST. THURSDAY, MAY 25, 1933.\n\n**OFFICIAL OPENING.**\n\n**'GOVERNOR'S PLEA FOR GREATER EMPIRE CO-OPERATION.**\n\n**WELCOME TO OFFICIAL GUESTS.**\n\nWith full ceremonial, the Empire Fair was officially opened by the Governor, Sir William Peel at noon.\n\nThe Governor and Lady Peel were welcomed at the main entrance of the Hotel by the Hon. Mr. J. J. Paterson, Chairman of the Committee, who escorted them through a guard of honour comprising Boy Scouts and Girl Guides to the first floor.\n\nHis Excellency entered with Mr. Paterson, while Lady Peel was accompanied by the Vice-chairman of the Fair Committee (Hon. Mr. J. P. Braga). Then came Mr. S. T. Williamson (honorary agent for the Australian and New Zealand Governments), Major Duclos (Canadian Trade Commissioner), the Hon. Dr. Kotewall, Mr. M. F. Key (Secretary of the Fair Committee) and Capt. Walter, A. D. C. to the Governor.\n\nThe Chairman was supported on the dais, on the right, by H.E. the Governor, the Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government (Mr. Liu Yun-koy), H.B.M. Acting Consul-General (Mr. E. G. Jamieson, C.B.E.), Mr. J. A. Tonkin (representing the Department of Commerce of the Australian Commonwealth Government), Hon. Mr. J. P. Braga (Vice-Chairman and principal organiser of the Fair Committee). On the left were Lady Peel, the Mayor of Canton (Mr. Liu Chi-wen) and Mrs. Liu Chi-wen, Major V. E. Duclos (Canadian Trade Commissioner in Hong Kong), Mr. S. T. Williamson (Hon. Agent for New Zealand) Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall, C.M.G. (Vice-Chairman).\n\nOthers present included the General Officer Commanding, Major-General O. C. Borrett, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., C.B.E., and Mrs. Borrett, H. H. the Chief Justice and Mrs. J. R. Wood, representatives of the Consular Body, officials from Canton, the Commodore and Mrs. Marrack, members of the Executive Council, Government officials, members of the General Committee of the Fair, and exhibitors.\n\nA tableau, representing Britannia was staged behind the dais.\n\nWhen we found, however, that we were going to put up a show four or five times as large as before, covering an area of over an acre, we felt that we need not be quite so modest. Seeing that the Empire goods shown to-day are all intended for the great market of South China, we invited the Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, Mr. Lin Yun-Koy; the Mayor of Canton, Mr. Liu Chi-Wen and Mrs. Liu Chi-Wen; the Inspector-General for Foreign Affairs for Kwantung, Kwangsi, etc., Mr. Kan Chieh-Hou and Mrs. Kan Chieh-Hou; the Commissioner of Public Safety, General Ho Lok; the Counsellor to the 1st Group Army Headquarters, Colonel C. W. Leung, the Municipal Counsellor and Secretary to the Mayor, Dr. Wu Paak-Shing and Mrs. Wu Paak-Shing; the Secretary to the Chairman of the Kwantung Government, Mr. Chow Hok-Tong and the Secretary to the Commissioner of Public Safety, Mr. W. S. Lun, to accept our hospitality and be present here to-day.\n\nTherefore it is my privilege this morning, in the first place, to welcome His Excellency the Governor, who has taken the greatest interest in this project and who kindly promised some months ago to perform the Opening Ceremony. Secondly, as this is, I think, the first large gathering which Lady Peel has attended since her recent illness, I am sure you would wish me to express on your behalf our congratulations on her recovery and our pleasure that she is here to grace the occasion.\n\n**Canton Guests.**\n\nNext I wish to thank, in the name of the General Committee of the Empire Fair, the Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, the Mayor of Canton and the other distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen from Canton who have honoured us to-day by accepting our invitation to the Fair. We trust that what they see here will be of great interest to them and that their visit will further strengthen the friendly relations between South China and Hong Kong.\n\n**Mr. Paterson's Welcome.**\n\nAddressing the gathering, the Hon. Mr. J. J. Paterson said:- Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: The first Empire Fair in Hong Kong, held a year ago, though it called for a great deal of work from organisers, was smaller than the Fair we present to you to-day. We made the Opening Ceremony a local affair. I believe His Majesty's Consul-General at Canton was the only visitor from the outside world.\n\nThe Kwangtung Provincial Government, the Mayor of Canton and the other distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen from Canton who have honoured us to-day by accepting our invitation to the Fair. We trust that what they see here will be of great interest to them and that their visit will further strengthen the friendly relations between South China and Hong Kong. As the Fair has so greatly outgrown the space which the Hotel Company has so generously placed at our disposal, I have to express my regret that it is impossible to provide seats for all who are present. The best amends I can make is to be brief. Let me therefore extend a cordial welcome to His Majesty's Acting Consul-General at Canton, Mr. Jamieson and to our local guests. In particular I wish to take this opportunity of expressing, in all sincerity, grateful thanks to the hundreds of workers and exhibitors for their support. I want also to thank Mr. Taggart and the Directors of the Hongkong & Shanghai Hotels Ltd., for their invaluable assistance, the general public for their attendance and to express the hope that \"dividend warrants will soon be ready\" in the shape of a large increase of British trade as the result of this Fair.\n\nI will now call upon Major V. E. Duclos, Canadian Trade Commissioner in Hong Kong, to read a message from the Hon. H. H. Stevens, Minister of the Department of Trade and Commerce of the Dominion of Canada.\n\n**CANADA'S MESSAGE.**\n\n**Minister's Greeting Read By Major Duclos.**\n\nMajor Duclos then read the following message from The Hon. H. H. Stevens, Minister, Department of Trade & Commerce, of the Canadian Government:\n\n| Page | Content |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | ... |\n| 11 | ... |\n\nPage 11",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-1 Estimates 1934 4-10-1933 - 17-4-1934",
        "page_number": 45,
        "title": "CO129-545-1 Estimates 1934 4-10-1933 - 17-4-1934",
        "content_text": "## C. S. M.F. 237.)\n\nThe view to obtaining tenders at Hong Kong should go by the next mail. There is every reason, therefore, to believe the work can be started as soon as it is physically possible for the plant to arrive in the Colony.\n\nI now pass to the matter of the Marine Survey Staff.\n\nThe views of the Chamber of Commerce as to the desirability of the additional staff being recruited on a temporary basis were shared by the Government and communicated to the Board of Trade through the Colonial Office; but the Board appears to have found them impracticable.\n\nIt must be remembered that it is essential that trained men shall be on hand in the Colony as soon as possible, and it is only to be expected that such men will hesitate to fall out of the running at home in order to take up the posts with uncertain prospects in Hong Kong. I shall have more to say on the converse of this proposition in my next section.\n\nAs to the training of Marine Surveyors after recruitment, I refer my honourable friend to the reply already given on page 184 of the Hansard volume for 1931. Whenever it has been possible to find fully trained men willing to transfer to the service of the Colony, we have accepted them eagerly, but such cases have been few, and we have had to accept the cost of training as part of the price of bringing this port up to full Board of Trade requirements.\n\n### Magazine Gap Road\n\nAs regards the use of the proposed Magazine Gap Road, it is the intention of the Government that, apart from tradesmen's vans and lorries carrying goods to the houses en route, the road shall be kept for passenger traffic.\n\n### Preferential Duties\n\nIn the matter of the admission of Hong Kong manufacturers to preferential duties in the United Kingdom, I am glad to be able to say that it is believed that a method of certification satisfactory both to local manufacturers' authorities and to the Customs has now been arranged. Details of the procedure have been communicated to the Chamber of Commerce.\n\nNext are the comments of my honourable friend, the senior Chinese Member, and before I deal with them, I must thank him for the generous terms in which he has received my maiden venture. I need not remind him that in learning alphabets, the skill and patience of the tutor count for more than the capacity of the pupil.\n\nI again express my sympathy with the speaker and those whom he represents over the impending retirement of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, but I fear I can hold out no hope that he will change his mind.\n\n## (11) Juvenile Courts\n\nIt is expected that the Juvenile Courts will be in operation very shortly. At first, the proclamation putting the Ordinance into effect was held back while certain criticisms made by the Secretary of State were met. The delay has been mainly due to the difficulty experienced in securing suitable Probation Officers, but this difficulty has now been overcome.\n\n### \"Omnibus\" Heads\n\nThe only other point of detail that falls to me is the matter of the \"Omnibus\" heads. The objection that Mr. Halifax and I have raised to the new system is not that it involves extra work but that it does not achieve the object with which it was instituted, namely, to give the Legislature a more accurate view of the cost of each department.\n\nComparative figures over a series of years will show quite fictitious fluctuations due to the fact that it is only possible to frame the estimates for a given year on the position as it exists in the middle of the previous year. We know from bitter experience that the best-laid programmes for coming leave seasons never can work out as planned, but the deviations which unforeseeable casualties will impose are not calculable even by the law of averages.\n\nWe know that the odds against the figures we set down proving correct in the event are great, but these figures are at least a fixed point, and we take that rather than embark on wild guessing. It is true that after the close of a year, we can calculate exactly the expenditure for the year in Personal Emoluments in any one Department; but even that is useless for comparative purposes because, as I showed in my opening speech, the department has to bear, if not in that year, then in another, the cost of officers on leave who may revert to it but more often will be required to serve elsewhere on their return and are therefore not a proper charge on that department.\n\n### Cost of Government\n\nAs regards the general question of the increased cost of administration, I must remind honourable Unofficial members that the Government of this Colony is continually receiving demands from all directions, including themselves, to increase its public services. We are pressed to provide new and larger schools, new and larger hospitals, new health services, new factory legislation, first-class port status, larger legal staff, and many other similar improvements and expansions. All these involve not only increases in technical staff but parallel increases in secretarial and clerical staff. The best instance I can give is that just provided by the honourable member himself and so strongly supported by his colleague.\n\n44\n\nIf the property owners' assessment is by separate flats, we shall have to treble the collection staff of the Treasury and more than treble the staff of the Assessor's Office.\n\nIn ordering new houses, one must not forget that the straw in the bricks, though low-priced, still costs money. Furthermore, I would remind the honourable member that the exchange rates adopted for the 1926 Estimates were 1s. 8d. for sterling salaries and 2s. 2d. for other sterling charges. (Applause)\n\n## GOVERNOR SPEAKS\n\n### Sympathetic, Public-Spirited Policy\n\n**SLUM CLEARANCE**\n\nHis Excellency the Governor said: Honourable Members, the Budget has been dealt with in such detail by both Officials and Unofficials that there appears little left for me to say except as regards the general position.\n\nIn the first place, I wish to congratulate my honourable friend, the Colonial Secretary, on the clearness and lucidity of his first Budget speech, and to thank him and his officers for the great help which they have given me in the final preparation of it. I also thank the Honourable Colonial Treasurer and Honourable Director of Public Works for their useful memoranda. Further, I wish to express my great appreciation of the work done by Mr. Grantham in connection with the Budget. He has had a lot of spade work to do; and from my own experience, many years ago, I can appreciate the care and patience which are necessary in carrying out a work of this kind, in which constant changes in items and figures almost bring a feeling of despair to the officer in direct charge. Mr. Grantham has carried out his duties most efficiently. I thank the Honourable Senior Chinese Member for his kindly reference to myself.\n\nI am indebted to the honourable members for their careful consideration of the Budget and for their helpful comments and criticisms. If we exclude certain comments which are scarcely relevant to the Budget itself, the criticisms have been gratifyingly few. It is noteworthy and somewhat unusual that some of the suggestions involve increases in staff and expenditure. That was stressed just now by the Colonial Secretary.\n\n### Disappointing\n\nI must confess that I found the Budget somewhat difficult and, in some measure, disappointing. Six",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-1 Estimates 1934 4-10-1933 - 17-4-1934",
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        "title": "CO129-545-1 Estimates 1934 4-10-1933 - 17-4-1934",
        "content_text": "## Page 214\n\nHere lies in the adjustment of Military contribution, the original estimate of 1933 being $5,832,271 and the revised estimate $5,694,559. Part of this reduction is due to overpayment in respect of 1932 and part to certain concessions in respect of revenue exempted from contribution, of which I shall say more at a later stage.\n\nThe main factor in the falling off of our ordinary revenue lies, of course, in the general depression from which the world at large has been suffering for some years past and which is now hitting the Colony in earnest. The import duties on liquor and tobacco for the first half of 1933 have been only $1,883,876 as against an estimated figure for the same period of $2,950,000. Stamp duties are similarly $1,111,731 as against $1,300,000. Opium revenue for the half-year stands at $643,030, instead of $1,250,000, but only a very small part of this fall is attributable to the decreased means of the addicts. The bulk of the loss is attributable to the new arrangement instituted on the recommendation of the Bangkok Conference, by which this Government's Monopoly draws its supplies of prepared opium from the factory of the Straits Settlements Monopoly.\n\nThe Hong Kong addict does not like the Singapore brand; the grounds of his dislike are somewhat obscure, at any rate for the moment, and are being further explored; what is clear is that he will not buy the opium that the Hong Kong Government offers him. If this state of affairs indicated a genuine step towards the liberation of the addict from his addiction, it would not only not be a subject for regret; it would be a matter for positive congratulation. The Hong Kong Government abides by its",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-2 Government House and city development scheme 13-10-1933 - 12-1-1934",
        "page_number": 15,
        "title": "CO129-545-2 Government House and city development scheme 13-10-1933 - 12-1-1934",
        "content_text": "## \nhere lies in the adjustment of Military contribution the original estimate of 1933 being $5,832,271 and the revised estimate $5,694,559. Part of this reduction is due to over payment in respect of 1932 and part to certain concessions in respect of revenue exempted from contribution of which I shall say more at a later stage.\n\n14\n\nThe main factor in the falling off of our ordinary revenue lies of course in the general depression from which the world at large has been suffering for some years past and which is now hitting the Colony in earnest. The import duties on liquor and tobacco for the first half of 1933 have been only $1,883,876 as against an estimated figure for the same period of $2,950,000. Stamp duties are similarly $1,111,731 as against $1,300,000. Opium revenue for the half year stands at $643,030, instead of $1,250,000 but only a very small part of this fall is attributable to the decreased means of the addicts. The bulk of the loss is attributable to the new arrangement instituted on the recommendation of the Bangkok Conference by which this Government's Monopoly draws its supplies of prepared opium from the factory of the Straits Settlements Monopoly. The Hong Kong addict does not like the Singapore brand. The grounds of his dislike are somewhat obscure at any rate for the moment and are being further explored; what is clear is that he will not buy the opium that the Hong Kong Government offers him. If this state of affairs indicated a genuine step towards the liberation of the addict from his addiction, it would not only not be a subject for regret; it would be a matter for positive congratulation. The Hong Kong Government abides by its",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "page_number": 126,
        "title": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "content_text": "C.S.O. I in `4301/29`. \n\n[No. 17-16.8.33.-.3] \n\n**A BILL** \n\n**INTITULED** \n\nAn Ordinance to amend the law relating to town cleansing, nuisances, domestic sanitation, the licensing of certain premises and trades, and the disposal of the dead. \n\n**BE** is enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows: \n\n## PART I. \n\n### PRELIMINARY. \n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Public Health (**Sanitation**) Ordinance, 1933. \n\n2. Nothing herein contained shall vary or affect the rights or liabilities as between landlord and tenant under any contract between them, \n### Saving as to tenancy contracts. \n\n3. In this Ordinance,- \n### Interpreta tion :- \n'Author of a nuisance' means the person by whose act, default, permission, or sufferance the nuisance arises or continues. \n'**Author of a nuisance**' \n\n'**Bake-house**' means any premises on which bread, biscuits or confectionery are baked for sale as food for man, and also includes any premises on which such food is prepared for baking, or on which the materials for the preparation of such food are stored. \n\n'**Balcony**' means any stage, platform, oriel or other similar structure projecting from the main wall of any building and supported by brackets or cantilevers. \n\n'**Basement**' means any cellar, vault, or under-ground room or any room any side of which abuts on or against the earth or soil to an average height exceeding two feet above the floor level. \n\n'**Building**' includes any part of every domestic building, house, school, shop, factory, workshop, bakery, brewery, distillery, pawnshop, warehouse, godown, place of secure stowage, verandah, balcony, kitchen, latrine, gallery, chimney, arch, bridge, stair, column, floor, out-house, stable, shed, pier, wharf, fence, wall, roof, covered way, canopy, kiosk, sunshade, garage, well, water closet, urinal, septic tank, cow shed and hoarding. \n\n'**Building Authority**' means the Director of Public Works or such other person as the Governor in Council may appoint to give effect to the provisions of this Ordinance. \n\nPage 225",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "page_number": 130,
        "title": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "content_text": "## Workshop\n\n6. 'Workshop' means any premises or place other than a factory wherein or within the close or curtilage or precincts of which any manual labour is exercised by way of trade or for the purpose of gain in or incidental to making any article or part of an article, or altering or repairing, ornamenting or finishing or adapting for sale any article provided that at least twenty persons are employed in manual labour in the said premises or in the close, curtilage or precincts thereof.\n\n## Matters with regard to which the Council has power to make by-laws\n\n### POWER TO MAKE BY-LAWS\n\n4.(1) The Urban Council shall have power to make by-laws with regard to the following matters:\n\n| Item | Matter |\n| --- | --- |\n| (i) | the periodical entry and inspection of all buildings and curtilages—<br>(a) for the purpose of ascertaining the sanitary condition, cleanliness and good order thereof or any part thereof and of any storeys, cocklofts or partitions therein, or the condition of any drains, latrines, cubicles and kitchens, therein or in connection therewith;<br>(b) for the purpose of ascertaining whether the same are in an overcrowded condition; |\n| (ii) | the prevention and abatement of nuisances. |\n| (iii) | the promotion of domestic cleanliness. |\n| (iv) | the cleansing, limewashing, and proper sanitary maintenance of all premises; |\n| (v) | the promotion of lighting and ventilation in public or private buildings; |\n| (vi) | the provision and maintenance of proper latrine accommodation in private and public buildings. |\n| (vii) | the limitation of accommodation in premises and the prevention of overcrowding. |\n| (viii) | fixing from time to time the number of persons who may occupy a domestic building or any part thereof, and marking on the exterior or interior of such buildings the number of persons permitted to occupy the same or any part thereof; |\n| (ix) | prescribing the conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to live in, occupy or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used for habitation or for occupation as a shop, any cellar, vault, underground room, or basement, or any room any side of which abuts on or against the earth or soil; |\n| (x) | the closing of premises unfit for human habitation and the prohibition of their use as such; |\n| (xi) | the control of wells and pools. |\n| (xii) | the prevention of the propagation of mosquitoes. |\n| (xiii) | the provision and proper construction of dust boxes in public or private premises; |\n| (xiv) | the cleansing and removal of refuse and all objectionable matter at stated times from domestic buildings; |\n| (xv) | scavenging and the removal and disposal of refuse. |\n| (xvi) | the removal and disposal of nightsoil. |\n| (xvii) | the erection of public latrines and applications for permission to erect such latrines; and the sanitary maintenance of public latrines, urinals, dust-bins, and manure depots. |\n| (xviii) | the licensing, regulation and sanitary maintenance of common lodging houses and emigration houses or depots and the sanitary maintenance of eating houses, restaurants, factories, workshops, breweries, distilleries, theatres and places of public instruction, recreation or assembly. |\n| (xix) | the control of offensive trades, the prohibition of the continued maintenance of any existing offensive trade without a licence from the Council, the prohibition of the establishment of any offensive trade without a licence from the Council, and the revocation of licences to carry on offensive trades; |\n| (xx) | the regulation of public baths, laundries, and wash-houses; |\n| (xxi) | the construction, licensing, and proper sanitary maintenance of pigsties in private premises; |\n| (xxii) | providing for the regular inspection of all places where animals are kept; |\n| (xxiii) | the cleansing of vessels, and maintenance of cleanliness in the harbours, the waters of the Colony, and on the foreshores thereof; |\n| (xxiv) | the disposal of the dead, the regulation and sanitary maintenance of cemeteries, the fees to be charged in respect of graves and interments, the keeping of such registers as may be necessary, and all other matters connected therewith; also the regulation and sanitary maintenance of mortuaries and the disinfection of dead bodies; and |\n| (xxv) | the prescribing of forms. |\n\n(2) The Council may in any such by-laws impose fines for any breach thereof not exceeding fifty dollars in each case. If no specific penalty is prescribed by the Council for the breach of any by-law, the maximum penalty for such breach shall be a fine not exceeding fifty dollars.\n\n(3) No by-law made by the Council under this Ordinance shall be held to be invalid on the ground that it imposes obligations or confers powers which exceed the obligations imposed or the powers conferred by some section of this Ordinance dealing with the same subject-matter as the by-law in question.\n\n## By-laws subject to approval of Legislative Council\n\n5. All by-laws made by the Urban Council shall be submitted to the Governor, and shall be subject to the approval of the Legislative Council.\n\nPage 130  \nPage 131",
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        "content_text": "# \n\n## Limits of \n\n24 \n\n(4) On the hearing, the magistrate may make such order for the inspection, at any hour of the night or day, of the said domestic building or any part thereof as the circumstances of the case may require. Such order shall continue in force for a period not exceeding one month.\n\n## \n61. No room fitted with bunks or beds shall be so fitted as thereby to provide sleeping accommodation for a greater number of persons than are by law permitted to occupy the same.\n\n## Kitchen not to be used as sleeping room.\n\n62. Any room of a tenement house used as a kitchen shall not be used as a sleeping room, and the householder or tenant thereof shall be responsible that such kitchen is not so used.\n\n## Disements not to be occupied without permission.\n\n## Conditions which must be fulfilled before a basement can be occupied as a habitation.\n\n## Conditions under which a basement can be occupied as a shop, basement or factory.\n\n## Basements.\n\n63. It shall not be lawful, without the written permission of the Council, to live in, occupy, or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used, any basement for habitation or for occupation as a shop, workshop, or factory, or for the preparation or storage of food, and no basement shall be so used unless it is well lighted and ventilated, and is free from damp and is rendered rat-proof to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n64. The conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to live in, occupy, or use, or to let or sub-let or to suffer or permit to be used for habitation any basement shall be--\n\n(i) that such basement is provided with one window at least opening into the external air, and that the total glazed area of such window or windows is at least one-tenth of the floor area of such basement; and\n\n(ii) that no side of such basement abuts against the earth or soil to an average height exceeding 4 feet above the floor level; and\n\n(iii) that throughout the remainder of the height of such basement the ground outside is at least 8 feet distant horizontally from the external wall of such basement; and\n\n(iv) that the area formed between such ground outside and such external wall is not obstructed or covered over either wholly or partially by the erection of structures, coverings or fixtures of any kind whatsoever:\n\nProvided always that the Council may, if it thinks fit, grant permission in writing to obstruct or cover such area in any manner which may be previously approved by the Council.\n\n65. (1) The conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to occupy or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used for occupation as a shop, workshop or factory any basement shall be that such basement complies with the provisions of the preceding section, or that such basement does not exceed 30 feet in depth, as measured from the front wall to the back wall, and is lit, ventilated, and maintained in a sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n(2) Such shop, workshop, or factory may not be used for habitation except by such number of persons as the Council may authorise in writing, and in every case in which the...",
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        "title": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "content_text": "## Laundries\n### Registration and Inspection\n\n129. The Urban Council may, by public notice, prohibit the washing of clothes by washermen in the exercise of their calling except at public laundries or at such other places as it may appoint for the purpose.\n\n130. Every public laundry shall be registered at the office of the Council.\n\n131. Every public laundry shall be at all times open to inspection by any member of the Urban Council or Health Officer or Sanitary Inspector.\n\n### Requirements for Public Laundries\n\n| Requirement | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Lighting, ventilation and paving | Adequately lit and ventilated to the satisfaction of the Urban Council |\n| Drainage | Comply with requirements of Buildings Ordinance |\n| Cleansing | Kept in a cleanly condition |\n| Use as dwellings | Not to be used as dwelling places or for cooking food |\n| Occupancy | Restricted to two caretakers between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. |\n\n132. Every public laundry shall be adequately lit and ventilated to the satisfaction of the Urban Council, and the ground surfaces shall be paved with a layer of not less than 6 inches of good lime-concrete, or not less than 3 inches of cement-concrete composed of one part of cement, 3 parts of sand, and 5 parts of stone broken to pass through one inch ring, and the surface thereof shall be rendered smooth and impervious with a layer of asphalt, or cement-mortar of not less than 1 inch in thickness, or such other material as the Council may approve of.\n\n133. Every public laundry shall be so drained as to be in accordance with the requirements of the Buildings Ordinance, and all inlets to the drains shall be placed outside the building.\n\n134. Every public laundry shall be at all times kept in a cleanly condition and the inside surface of the walls thereof shall be limewashed during the months of January and July of each year.\n\n135. No portion of any laundry shall be occupied as a dwelling place or used for the purpose of cooking food.\n\n136. No persons other than two caretakers may occupy any building or part of a building which is registered as a public laundry between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m., unless such persons are actively engaged in carrying on the work of the laundry.\n\n### Health and Sanitation\n\n137.(1) No person suffering from any skin disease, leprosy, tuberculosis or infectious disease, shall enter, live, work, or be employed on any premises used as a laundry.\n\n(2) The occurrence of any infectious or contagious disease on any premises used as a laundry shall immediately be reported to the Health Officer by the licensee.\n\n(3) No public laundryman shall knowingly receive any article whatsoever from or belonging to or used by any person living in any house where there is an infectious or contagious disorder.\n\n138.(1) All utensils used in a laundry shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition.\n\n(2) No dogs, poultry, or domestic animals shall be kept on the premises of a laundry.\n\n(3) No person shall sit, recline or sleep amongst the clothes in any laundry or on any bench, table or cloth used for laundry work.\n\n(4) No dirty or polluted water shall be used for laundry work.\n\n(5) No person shall spit or commit a nuisance.\n\n(6) Separate rooms shall be used for:\n- (a) the reception of dirty clothes.\n- (b) the storing of clean clothes.\n\n## Maintenance of Sanitary Conditions in Factories\n\n139. Whenever it appears to the Urban Council that any factory, workshop, or work-place is damp or that it is not adequately lighted or is not ventilated in such a manner as to render harmless, as far as practicable, any gas, vapour, dust or other impurity generated in the course of the work carried on therein, or is not maintained in a cleanly condition, or is so overcrowded during the time in which work is carried on, as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of the persons employed therein, the Council may, by written notice, require the owner thereof to take such steps as the Council may consider necessary to prevent such dampness, or adequately to light or ventilate the same, or to render harmless as far as practicable any gas, vapour, dust or other impurity, or to cleanse the same, or to prevent the same from being overcrowded.\n\n140. Every factory, distillery, godown or other industrial establishment whatsoever employing not less than 20 persons shall be provided by the owner thereof with a proper latrine accommodation on the premises, for the separate use of persons of each sex, to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n141. Every factory and workshop must be kept in a cleanly state.\n\n142. (1) All the ceilings and inside walls of a factory or workshop shall be limewashed at least once a year. If these have been oil painted or varnished they must be washed with hot water and soap once every fourteen months.\n\n(2) The Urban Council may by special order grant exemptions from requirements as to limewashing or washing.\n\n143. Every factory or workshop must be kept free from effluvia arising from any drain, latrine, urinal or other nuisance.\n\n144. When less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person are provided in a factory or workshop, such factory or workshop shall be held to be so overcrowded as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of those employed therein.",
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        "page_number": 152,
        "title": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "content_text": "## Regulation of Factories and Workshops\n\n259\n\nNumber of occupants to be posted. Maintenance of ventilation.\n\n36\n\n145. In every factory and workshop a notice must be affixed specifying the number of persons which can be employed in each room.\n\n146. In every room in every factory and workshop sufficient means of ventilation must be provided and maintained.\n\n## Regulation of Dangerous, Unhealthy, or Offensive Trades or Occupations\n\nSpecial permission of Council necessary before any dangerous or offensive trade can be established.\n\n147.-(1) No person shall after the 26th February, 1903, establish or carry on in any premises not so used at such date, any dangerous or any offensive trade in any part of the Colony, without the special permission in writing of the Council, and a Magistrate may in addition to any penalty which he may inflict, for a contravention of this section, order the closing of any such premises for such period as he may deem necessary.\n\n(2) For the purposes of this section, any such business shall be deemed to be established after the said date not only if it has been established but also if it is removed from any one set of premises to any other premises, or if it is renewed on the same set of premises after having been discontinued for a period of twelve months or upwards, or if any premises on which it is carried on are enlarged without the permission of the Urban Council; but a business shall not be deemed to be established anew on any premises by reason only that the ownership or occupancy of such premises is wholly or partially changed, or that the building in which it is established having been wholly or partially pulled down or burnt down has been reconstructed without any extension of its area.\n\nProvided always that any permission given by the Council under this section shall be revocable at any time by the Council.\n\n148. The Council may by an order in writing prohibit the occupation for domestic purposes of any building in which any dangerous or any offensive trade is carried on.\n\n## Licence Necessary for Offensive Trade\n\n149.-(1) It shall not be lawful to carry on any offensive trade in any premises unless a licence has been issued by the Council, nor unless a licence has been issued by the authority of the Governor in accordance with the terms of the Crown lease of the lot upon which such premises are situated, where such licence is required.\n\n(2) Every licence shall expire on the 31st day of December and shall be for a period not exceeding one year.\n\n(3) Where a licence is required under the Crown lease of the lot upon which the premises are situated, such licence will be indorsed on the licence issued by the Council, and signed by the officer duly authorised for that purpose.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "page_number": 217,
        "title": "CO129-545-8 Annual medical report 1932 2-11-1933 - 16-5-1934",
        "content_text": "# A BILL\n\n[No. 40:-12.9.33.—5.]\n\n## INTITULED\n\n**An Ordinance to make better provision for the maintenance of Public Health in relation to Food.**\n\nBE it enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows:\n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the **Public Health (Food) Ordinance, 1953**.\n\n## Interpretation.\n\n2. In this Ordinance,-\n(1) \"Bake-house\" means any premises on which bread, biscuits or confectionery are baked for sale as food for man and includes any premises on which such food is prepared for baking or on which the materials for the preparation of such food are stored.\n\n(2) \"Colonial Veterinary Surgeon\" includes any Veterinary Surgeon authorised by the Governor under this Ordinance and also any Assistant Veterinary Surgeon.\n\n(3) \"Council\" means the Urban Council, unless some other Council is indicated.\n\n(4) \"Dairy\" means and includes any farm-house, cowshed, milk-store, milk shop or other place from which milk is supplied or in which milk is kept for purposes of manufacture or sale.\n\n(5) \"Dairyman\" includes any keeper of cows or buffaloes for the purpose of trade in milk, or purveyor of milk, or seller of milk, or occupier of a dairy and shall include the employees thereof engaged in the production, distribution or sale of milk and in cases where a dairy is owned by a corporation or company includes the secretary or other person actually managing such dairy.\n\n(6) \"Eating House\" means a building or portion thereof used as an eating house, coffee house or other similar establishment (where no intoxicating liquors are sold on the premises).\n\n(7) \"Food\" includes every food or article used for food or drink other than drugs.\n\n(8) \"Food Officer\" means any person appointed by the Board on the recommendation of the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services for the purposes of this Ordinance.\n\n(9) \"Food Factory\" means a place where food is prepared for sale and includes bake-houses, food preserving establishments and aerated water manufactories.\n\n(10) \"Health Officer\" includes the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services, any medical officer appointed as a Health Officer by the Governor, and any officer for the time being performing the duties of a Health Officer.\n\nPage 344",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "page_number": 17,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "C.S.O. 1 in `4301/29`.\n\n\n[No. 17-16.8.33.-.3] \n\n**A BILL** \n\n**INTITULED** \n\nAn Ordinance to amend the law relating to town cleansing, nuisances, domestic sanitation, the licensing of certain premises and trades, and the disposal of the dead. \n\n**BE** is enacted by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows: \n\n## PART I. \n\n## PRELIMINARY. \n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Public Health (**Sanitation**) Ordinance, 1933. \n\n2. Nothing herein contained shall vary or affect the rights or liabilities as between landlord and tenant under any contract between them.\n\n### Saving as to tenancy contracts. \n\n3. In this Ordinance,— \n\n#### Interpreta tion :- \n\n* 'Author of a nuisance' means the person by whose act, default, permission, or sufferance the nuisance arises or continues. \n  * **Author of a nuisance**\n* 'Bake-house' means any premises on which bread, biscuits or confectionery are baked for sale as food for man, and also includes any premises on which such food is prepared for baking, or on which the materials for the preparation of such food are stored. \n  * **Bake-house**\n* 'Balcony' means any stage, platform, oriel or other similar structure projecting from the main wall of any building and supported by brackets or cantilevers. \n  * **Balcony**\n* 'Basement' means any cellar, vault, or under-ground room or any room any side of which abuts on or against the earth or soil to an average height exceeding two feet above the floor level. \n  * **Basement**\n* 'Building' includes any part of every domestic building, house, school, shop, factory, workshop, bakery, brewery, distillery, pawnshop, warehouse, godown, place of secure stowage, verandah, balcony, kitchen, latrine, gallery, chimney, arch, bridge, stair, column, floor, out-house, stable, shed, pier, wharf, fence, wall, roof, covered way, canopy, kiosk, sunshade, garage, well, water closet, urinal, septic tank, cow shed and hoarding. \n  * **Building**\n* 'Building Authority' means the Director of Public Works or such other person as the Governor in Council may appoint to give effect to the provisions of this Ordinance. \n  * **Building Authority**",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "page_number": 21,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "# Workshop\n- 6\n\n'Workshop' means any premises or place other than a factory wherein or within the close or curtilage or precincts of which any manual labour is exercised by way of trade or for the purpose of gain in or incidental to making any article or part of an article, or altering or repairing, ornamenting or finishing or adapting for sale any article provided that at least twenty persons are employed in manual labour in the said premises or in the close, curtilage or precincts thereof.\n\n## Matters with regard to which the Council has power to make by-laws\n\n## POWER TO MAKE BY-LAWS\n\n4-(1) The Urban Council shall have power to make by-laws with regard to the following matters:\n- (i) the periodical entry and inspection of all buildings and curtilages \n  - (a) for the purpose of ascertaining the sanitary condition, cleanliness and good order thereof or any part thereof and of any storeys, cocklofts or partitions therein, or the condition of any drains, latrines, cubicles and kitchens, therein or in connection therewith;\n  - (b) for the purpose of ascertaining whether the same are in an overcrowded condition;\n\n(ii) the prevention and abatement of nuisances.\n\n(iii) the promotion of domestic cleanliness.\n\n(iv) the cleansing, limewashing, and proper sanitary maintenance of all premises;\n\n(v) the promotion of lighting and ventilation in public or private buildings;\n\n(vi) the provision and maintenance of proper latrine accommodation in private and public buildings.\n\n(vii) the limitation of accommodation in premises and the prevention of overcrowding.\n\n(viii) fixing from time to time the number of persons who may occupy a domestic building or any part thereof, and marking on the exterior or interior of such buildings the number of persons permitted to occupy the same or any part thereof;\n\n(ix) prescribing the conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to live in, occupy or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used for habitation or for occupation as a shop, any cellar, vault, underground room, or basement, or any room any side of which abuts on or against the earth or soil;\n\n(x) the closing of premises unfit for human habitation and the prohibition of their use as such;\n\n(xi) the control of wells and pools.\n\n(xii) the prevention of the propagation of mosquitoes.\n\n(xiii) the provision and proper construction of dust boxes in public or private premises;\n\n(xiv) the cleansing and removal of refuse and all objectionable matter at stated times from domestic buildings;\n\n(xv) scavenging and the removal and disposal of refuse.\n\n(xvi) the removal and disposal of nightsoil,\n\n(xvii) the erection of public latrines and applications for permission to erect such latrines; and the sanitary maintenance of public latrines, urinals, dust-bins, and manure depots.\n\n(xviii) the licensing, regulation and sanitary maintenance of common lodging houses and emigration houses or depots and the sanitary maintenance of eating houses, restaurants, factories, workshops, breweries, distilleries, theatres and places of public instruction, recreation or assembly.\n\n(xix) the control of offensive trades, the prohibition of the continued maintenance of any existing offensive trade without a licence from the Council, the prohibition of the establishment of any offensive trade without a licence from the Council, and the revocation of licences to carry on offensive trades;\n\n(xx) the regulation of public baths, laundries, and wash-houses;\n\n(xxi) the construction, licensing, and proper sanitary maintenance of pigsties in private premises;\n\n(xxii) providing for the regular inspection of all places where animals are kept;\n\n(xxiii) the cleaning of vessels, and maintenance of cleanliness in the harbours, the waters of the Colony, and on the foreshores thereof;\n\n(xxiv) the disposal of the dead, the regulation and sanitary maintenance of cemeteries, the fees to be charged in respect of graves and interments, the keeping of such registers as may be necessary, and all other matters connected therewith; also the regulation and sanitary maintenance of mortuaries and the disinfection of dead bodies; and\n\n(xxv) the prescribing of forms.\n\n(2) The Council may in any such by-laws impose fines for any breach thereof not exceeding fifty dollars in each case. If no specific penalty is prescribed by the Council for the breach of any by-law, the maximum penalty for such breach shall be a fine not exceeding fifty dollars.\n\n(3) No by-law made by the Council under this Ordinance shall be held to be invalid on the ground that it imposes obligations or confers powers which exceed the obligations imposed or the powers conferred by some section of this Ordinance dealing with the same subject-matter as the by-law in question.\n\n5. All by-laws made by the Urban Council shall be submitted to the Governor, and shall be subject to the approval of the Legislative Council.\n\n## By-laws subject to approval of Legislative Council",
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    {
        "id": 543575,
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        "page_number": 34,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "## Limits of \n(4) On the hearing, the magistrate may make such order for the inspection, at any hour of the night or day, of the said domestic building or any part thereof as the circumstances of the case may require. Such order shall continue in force for a period not exceeding one month.\n\n61. No room fitted with bunks or beds shall be so fitted as thereby to provide sleeping accommodation for a greater number of persons than are by law permitted to occupy the same.\n\n## Kitchen not to be used as sleeping room.\n62. Any room of a tenement house used as a kitchen shall not be used as a sleeping room, and the householder or tenant thereof shall be responsible that such kitchen is not so used.\n\n## Basements not to be occupied without permission.\n## Basements.\n63. It shall not be lawful, without the written permission of the Council, to live in, occupy, or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used, any basement for habitation or for occupation as a shop, workshop, or factory, or for the preparation or storage of food, and no basement shall be so used unless it is well lighted and ventilated, and is free from damp and is rendered rat-proof to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n64. The conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to live in, occupy, or use, or to let or sub-let or to suffer or permit to be used for habitation any basement shall be--\n| Condition | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| (i) | that such basement is provided with one window at least opening into the external air, and that the total glazed area of such window or windows is at least one-tenth of the floor area of such basement; and |\n| (ii) | that no side of such basement abuts against the earth or soil to an average height exceeding 4 feet above the floor level; and |\n| (iii) | that throughout the remainder of the height of such basement the ground outside is at least 8 feet distant horizontally from the external wall of such basement; and |\n| (iv) | that the area formed between such ground outside and such external wall is not obstructed or covered over either wholly or partially by the erection of structures, coverings or fixtures of any kind whatsoever : |\n\nProvided always that the Council may, if it thinks fit, grant permission in writing to obstruct or cover such area in any manner which may be previously approved by the Council.\n\n65.-(1) The conditions under which alone it shall be lawful to occupy or use, or to let or sub-let, or to suffer or permit to be used for occupation as a shop, workshop or factory any basement shall be that such basement complies with the provisions of the preceding section, or that such basement does not exceed 30 feet in depth, as measured from the front wall to the back wall, and is lit, ventilated, and maintained in a sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n(2) Such shop, workshop, or factory may not be used for habitation except by such number of persons as the Council may authorise in writing, and in every case in which the...",
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        "id": 543583,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "page_number": 42,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "## Laundries\n\n129. The Urban Council may, by public notice, prohibit the washing of clothes by washermen in the exercise of their calling except at public laundries or at such other places as it may appoint for the purpose.\n\n130. Every public laundry shall be registered at the office of the Council.\n\n131. Every public laundry shall be at all times open to inspection by any member of the Urban Council or Health Officer or Sanitary Inspector.\n\n132. Every public laundry shall be adequately lit and ventilated to the satisfaction of the Urban Council, and the ground surfaces shall be paved with a layer of not less than 6 inches of good lime-concrete, or not less than 3 inches of cement-concrete composed of one part of cement, 3 parts of sand, and 5 parts of stone broken to pass through one inch ring, and the surface thereof shall be rendered smooth and impervious with a layer of asphalt, or cement-mortar of not less than 1/4 inch in thickness, or such other material as the Council may approve of.\n\n133. Every public laundry shall be so drained as to be in accordance with the requirements of the Buildings Ordinance, and all inlets to the drains shall be placed outside the building.\n\n134. Every public laundry shall be at all times kept in a cleanly condition and the inside surface of the walls thereof shall be limewashed during the months of January and July of each year.\n\n135. No portion of any laundry shall be occupied as a dwelling place or used for the purpose of cooking food.\n\n136. No persons other than two caretakers, may occupy any building or part of a building which is registered as a public laundry, between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m., unless such persons are actively engaged in carrying on the work of the laundry.\n\n137. (1) No person suffering from any skin disease, leprosy, tuberculosis or infectious disease, shall enter, live, work, or be employed on any premises used as a laundry.\n\n(2) The occurrence of any infectious or contagious disease on any premises used as a laundry shall immediately be reported to the Health Officer by the licensee.\n\n(3) No public laundryman shall knowingly receive any article whatsoever from or belonging to or used by any person living in any house where there is an infectious or contagious disorder.\n\n138. (1) All utensils used in a laundry shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition.\n\n(2) No dogs, poultry, or domestic animals shall be kept on the premises of a laundry.\n\n(3) No person shall sit, recline or sleep amongst the clothes in any laundry or on any bench, table or cloth used for laundry work.\n\n(4) No dirty or polluted water shall be used for laundry work.\n\n(5) No person shall spit or commit a nuisance.\n\n(6) Separate rooms shall be used for:—\n(a) the reception of dirty clothes.\n(b) the storing of clean clothes.\n\n## Maintenance of Sanitary Conditions in Factories\n\n139. Whenever it appears to the Urban Council that any brewery or distillery, or any factory, workshop, or work-place is damp or that it is not adequately lighted or is not ventilated in such a manner as to render harmless, as far as practicable, any gas, vapour, dust or other impurity generated in the course of the work carried on therein, or is not maintained in a cleanly condition, or is so overcrowded during the time in which work is carried on, as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of the persons employed therein, the Council may, by written notice, require the owner thereof to take such steps as the Council may consider necessary to prevent such dampness, or adequately to light or ventilate the same, or to render harmless as far as practicable any gas, vapour, dust or other impurity, or to cleanse the same, or to prevent the same from being overcrowded.\n\n140. Every factory, distillery, godown or other industrial establishment whatsoever employing not less than 20 persons shall be provided by the owner thereof with a proper latrine accommodation on the premises, for the separate use of persons of each sex, to the satisfaction of the Council.\n\n141. Every factory and workshop must be kept in a cleanly state.\n\n142. (1) All the ceilings and inside walls of a factory or workshop shall be limewashed at least once a year. If these have been oil painted or varnished they must be washed with hot water and soap once every fourteen months.\n\n(2) The Urban Council may by special order grant exemptions from requirements as to limewashing or washing.\n\n143. Every factory or workshop must be kept free from effluvia arising from any drain, latrine, urinal or other nuisance.\n\n144. When less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person are provided in a factory or workshop such factory or workshop shall be held to be so overcrowded as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of those employed therein.",
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        "id": 543584,
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "page_number": 43,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "## Regulation of Factories and Workshops\n\n54\n\n### Number of Occupants and Ventilation\n\n145. In every factory and workshop, a notice must be affixed specifying the number of persons which can be employed in each room.\n\n146. In every room in every factory and workshop, sufficient means of ventilation must be provided and maintained.\n\n### Regulation of Dangerous, Unhealthy, or Offensive Trades or Occupations\n\n147.-(1) No person shall, after the 26th February, 1903, establish or carry on in any premises not so used at such date, any dangerous or offensive trade in any part of the Colony, without the special permission in writing of the Council. A Magistrate may, in addition to any penalty which he may inflict for a contravention of this section, order the closing of any such premises for such period as he may deem necessary.\n\n(2) For the purposes of this section, any such business shall be deemed to be established after the said date not only if it has been established but also if it is removed from any one set of premises to any other premises, or if it is renewed on the same set of premises after having been discontinued for a period of twelve months or upwards, or if any premises on which it is carried on are enlarged without the permission of the Urban Council. But a business shall not be deemed to be established anew on any premises by reason only that the ownership or occupancy of such premises is wholly or partially changed, or that the building in which it is established, having been wholly or partially pulled down or burnt down, has been reconstructed without any extension of its area.\n\nProvided always that any permission given by the Council under this section shall be revocable at any time by the Council.\n\n148. The Council may, by an order in writing, prohibit the domestic occupation for domestic purposes of any building in which any occupation of dangerous or offensive trade is carried on.\n\n### Licence for Offensive Trade\n\n149.-(1) It shall not be lawful to carry on any offensive trade in any premises unless a licence has been issued by the Council, nor unless a licence has been issued by the authority of the Governor in accordance with the terms of the Crown lease of the lot upon which such premises are situated, where such licence is required.\n\n(2) Every licence shall expire on the 31st day of December and shall be for a period not exceeding one year.\n\n(3) Where a licence is required under the Crown lease of the lot upon which the premises are situated, such licence will be indorsed on the licence issued by the Council, and signed by the officer duly authorised for that purpose.",
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    {
        "id": 543649,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "page_number": 108,
        "title": "CO129-545-9 Proposed reorganisation of medical and sanitary services 2-11-1933 - 10-1-1934",
        "content_text": "# A BILL\n\n## INTITULED\n\n[No. 40-12.9.33.-5.]\n\nAn Ordinance to make better provision for the maintenance of Public Health in relation to Food.\n\n**BE it enacted** by the Governor of Hong Kong, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows:\n\n1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Public Health (Food) Ordinance, 1953.\n\n## Short title.\n\n2. In this Ordinance,-\n \n| Term | Definition |\n| --- | --- |\n| \"Bake-house\" | means any premises on which bread, biscuits or confectionery are baked for sale as food for man and includes any premises on which such food is prepared for baking or on which the materials for the preparation of such food are stored. |\n| \"Colonial Veterinary Surgeon\" | includes any Veterinary Surgeon authorised by the Governor under this Ordinance and also any Assistant Veterinary Surgeon. |\n| \"Council\" | means the Urban Council, unless some other Council is indicated. |\n| \"Dairy\" | means and includes any farm-house, cowshed, milk-store, milk shop or other place from which milk is supplied or in which milk is kept for purposes of manufacture or sale. |\n| \"Dairyman\" | includes any keeper of cows or buffaloes for the purpose of trade in milk, or purveyor of milk, or seller of milk, or occupier of a dairy and shall include the employees thereof engaged in the production, distribution or sale of milk and in cases where a dairy is owned by a corporation or company includes the secretary or other person actually managing such dairy. |\n| \"Eating House\" | means a building or portion thereof used as an eating house, coffee house or other similar establishment (where no intoxicating liquors are sold on the premises). |\n| \"Food\" | includes every food or article used for food or drink other than drugs. |\n| \"Food Officer\" | means any person appointed by the Board on the recommendation of the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services for the purposes of this Ordinance. |\n| \"Food Factory\" | means a place where food is prepared for sale and includes bake-houses, food preserving establishments and aerated water manufactories. |\n| \"Health Officer\" | includes the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services, any medical officer appointed as a Health Officer by the Governor, and any officer for the time being performing the duties of a Health Officer. |\n\n## Interpreta-tion.\n\n7 \n139",
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    {
        "id": 544915,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-548-1 Annual reports from various government departments 3-4-1934 - 11-6-1935",
        "page_number": 221,
        "title": "CO129-548-1 Annual reports from various government departments 3-4-1934 - 11-6-1935",
        "content_text": "282\n\nE 10\n\nin the divans. It is not, however, known whether any smokers smoked either one or the other indiscriminately according to their inclination at the moment.\n\n33. In several cases, smokers in opium divans were found smoking pills which, on analysis, proved to contain no substance usually classed as a narcotic. Such pills were found always to contain caffeine as the chief constituent, together with quinine, cinchonine, aspirin, or strychnine. The colour was, as a rule, a very pale pink, and the pills were more roughly made than the genuine kind. The number of cases where such were found being consumed in opium divans tended to give rise to the question as to whether caffeine was not the chief ingredient demanded by the smoker, and that heroin was perhaps a refinement unnecessary for the unsophisticated.\n\n34. One small seizure was made of black pills which, in appearance, were similar to the anti-opium pills freely sold twenty years ago in China, in the days of strict opium suppression, and composed mostly of opium dross. Analysis, however, proved them to be ordinary heroin pills of excellent quality, the only difference being that some very persistent blue-black dye was used in the mix instead of the usual red or pink dye. Presumably, the alteration in colour was with the idea of passing them off as ordinary Chinese medicinal pills, many of which are black.\n\n35. Four seizures were made of materials and apparatus for the manufacture of heroin pills; in one case, though the factory was not actually working when raided, work had been suspended not long before. In the other three cases, the materials were not set out and were apparently in the course of removal or arrangement in new premises. The materials seized included the following: refined icing and milk sugar, gum acacia, gum tragacanth, various pink or red dyes, especially fuchine, aspirin, quinine, salicylic acid, strychnine, caffeine in considerable quantity, atoxicocaine, and strong nitric acid. Heroin was actually discovered in one case only. It was reported that the small quantity of heroin required was brought in by the actual owner of the factory just as it was required when all the other constituents had been added. No formula was found, which could be deciphered.\n\n36. In one case, a mass of material was found for making pills of various colours ranging from a very pale to a deep pink and from pale yellow to almost brown. No heroin was found in these pills, but only codeine and caffeine, and two bottles containing a mixture of codeine and caffeine. Though this mixture was not illegal, the person concerned did not claim the material. Though pills of much the same variety of colours were afterwards seized, they were found to contain heroin. No pills containing codeine and caffeine were found elsewhere.\n\nE 11\n\n37. The commonest pill found was the brand called \"Fierce Tiger,\" the latest label, adopted in August last, being in colours showing a large tiger with one paw on a rock with a small bird in flight above. According to enquiries made, the factory is situated in Chinese territory, and the pills, in bags of one thousand each, could readily be purchased in Shanghai. They claim to be made by a firm calling itself the \"Lung Ma foreign firm.\" This brand contains the most heroin, and is always of a deep pink and is the best-made pill of the kind encountered. Seizures were made on ships coming from Shanghai, and in the possession of persons either natives of or coming recently from Shanghai. In one case, a Shanghai pill dealer was arrested in an opium and heroin pill divan with a packet of pills in every pocket; he was on his rounds of the divans to sell them their day's supply.\n\nA certain number of pills come from Kongmoon; these cannot be mistaken for the Tiger brand, being of a light pink shade. A certain number come from Canton, whence came also some of the pill-making material seized.\n\n## VI. DANGEROUS DRUGS\n\n38. Only one seizure of importance was made—that of four pounds of morphia, which was seized en route to Manila together with Red Lion prepared opium. The different weights were written in Chinese on the packages. One small package was rather crude, discoloured morphia, and the majority had been mixed with caffeine, while a loose label was found enclosed giving a long description in Chinese of its efficacy as a cough medicine. After careful analysis, the analyst pronounced that the morphia itself was not very pure originally before its admixture with caffeine and was of the type to be expected from any factory working in rather a crude way.\n\n## VII. OPIUM SHOPS\n\n39. The number of Government shops for the retailing of opium remained at 6, while the number of salaried retailers using their own premises was further reduced to 24, all in the outlying portions of the urban area or in the country districts. By far the greater proportion of the opium sold was retailed through the Government shops, very little being sold in the outlying districts.\n\n## VIII. LEGISLATION\n\n40. An attempt was made by legislation to throw responsibility on the tenants of a floor or building who knowingly permitted any portion of their premises to be used as an opium divan by their sub-tenants. Several convictions were obtained until one magistrate held that, as the person generally known as the \"Principal Tenant\" had parted with the control of the cubicle, bed-space, or cock-loft by the fact that he sub-let, he\n\n283",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-548-1 Annual reports from various government departments 3-4-1934 - 11-6-1935.txt",
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    {
        "id": 545805,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-549-7 Trade School- suggested institution based on Malayan examples 11-5-1934 - 26-9-1934",
        "page_number": 22,
        "title": "CO129-549-7 Trade School- suggested institution based on Malayan examples 11-5-1934 - 26-9-1934",
        "content_text": "All the Schools are below establishment in the matter of local instructors, Singapore being most favourably placed, having four instructors and being ready to appoint a foundryman with pattern making knowledge when available. It is probable that Penang will be brought up to establishment as the number of classes increases.\n\nThese instructors are found to be very satisfactory, all having held the post of foreman in some local undertaking. Most appear to be men of about forty and seem very keen and careful.\n\n(4) CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL SCHOOLS.\n\nThe reasons underlying the establishment of Trade Schools in the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States are of extremely diverse natures, and it is remarkable that their establishment should in each case be the solution of the difficulties.\n\nFEDERATED MALAY STATES SCHOOLS.\n\nKuala Lumpur: Until recent years the Malay, the local son of the soil, has been able to supply his wants by purely agricultural pursuits, the ranks of the motor mechanics, fitters, carpenters and other trades being recruited from immigrant Chinese and Tamils. The policy of the Malay States is to give the Malay a chance to compete in the industrial field, and for this reason students are practically all Malays, chiefly recruited from country villages. All candidates must have completed Standard V of the Malay Schools, and the age of entry is about sixteen. No knowledge of English is required and there is no organisation for its systematic teaching.\n\nUntil this year no fees were charged, and a maintenance allowance of $10 per month was granted to each pupil, a hostel being provided near the school. All students are resident and their accommodation is assessed at $7 per month, leaving $3 for other expenses.\n\nThis year's entry is charged a fee of $3 per month; must pay for accommodation in the hostel; and provide overalls as required. The demand for places is as keen as ever.\n\nKuala Lumpur School is most interesting as being the only school which has hitherto had much experience of placing students who have completed their course in jobs with engineering concerns. Up to date the position is:-\n\n  \n    No. of Students who have completed course\n    No. of Students employed at trade\n  \n  \n    70\n    55\n  \n\na record by no means discreditable when the conditions in the Federated Malay States are considered, especially as several students not employed at their trade have missed chances through lack of English.\n\nAs a direct measure of the standard of skill attained, eight students have been engaged from time to time by the Royal Air Force Base, Singapore, at $2.40 per day. All have been highly satisfactory, and when a specialist in metalling steel liners was required, application for such a man was first made to Kuala Lumpur.\n\nThe workshop machinery is driven by a heavy oil engine which is run and maintained by students, who carry out all running adjustments and repairs. Two boys run the engine for a week, and during this time they strip, inspect and re-erect it - quite a big job. This side of the work has enabled many to qualify for the State Certificate of ability to take charge of engines up to 200 Horse Power and a number are employed at tin mines on this work.*\n\nOwing to the depression there is likely to be some difficulty in placing boys passing out this year, but a scheme is being propounded whereby they will pass out to the Central Workshops of the Federated Malay States Railway at Kuala Lumpur as improvers.\n\nThe Federated Malay States Railway has a five year system of trade apprenticeship and it will be interesting to compare the value of the \"workshop\" and \"trade school\" apprentice once the latter has settled down to the foreign atmosphere where \"piece work bonus\" and time saving are of equal importance to accuracy; where the automobile part weighing a few ounces is replaced by a locomotive part weighing as many hundredweights; and where the size of the machines which he has to operate is many times increased.\n\nIPOH.\n\nThe School at Ipoh is developing on much the same lines, but has the advantage that the Public Works Department has established a small factory for the repair of motor transport vehicles close to the school, all the labour being supplied by final year students. In addition to automobile work the School undertakes such work as repair of water meters, etc. As much Public Works Department work as possible is passed through the school, the money saved being credited to Revenue. This close co-operation with Public Works Department Workshops is a real asset to the school, as not only is the commercial atmosphere maintained, but boys passing out to Government workshops have already experience of official methods of control of work and costs. They also, in this way, get to know the type of plant which they will be called on to maintain after passing out from the school.\n\nSTRAITS SETTLEMENTS SCHOOLS.\n\nThe circumstances which called these schools into being were radically different from those from which the Federated Malay Schools arose.\n\nPartly due to the depression, it had been observed that there was an increasing difficulty in ensuring that boys leaving the English Schools with Junior, or even Senior, Cambridge Certificates, should be able to find sufficiently lucrative employment; this gave rise to the fear that these English Schools would in the near future be producing educated boys for whom there would be no work, and whose very education would render them unsuitable for those manual jobs which are usually available.\n\nIn order to prevent the wastage which would arise from the unemployment of this material, it was decided to open Trade Schools which would provide a method of entrance to industry free from the demoralising influences of Eastern apprenticeship. The Schools, by turning out educated mechanics of good personality, were also expected to exercise an improving influence on the standard of work done in local garages and workshops. There is little doubt that this latter will be accomplished as these Trade School students, given a little experience of the rough and tumble of the commercial workshop, will be most useful employees in the better type of garage, or strong competitors should they decide to open a workshop of their own.\n\nIn this connection it is worth noting that there is one student in attendance at Penang who intends to open a modern garage on completion of his course.\n\nThe Straits Settlements Schools started with several initial advantages.\n\n(1) The depression was less severely felt in the Straits Settlements than in the Federated Malay States.\n\n(2) They had the experience of the school at Kuala Lumpur on which to draw.\n\n(3) All candidates for admission speak reasonably good English.\n\nAs would be expected from the causes which gave rise to these Schools, the type of student is considerably higher than in the Federated Malay States. There is also no racial bar, and while the School at Singapore contains a large proportion of Chinese, this race supplies the majority of students at Penang. There is also a certain difference in policy of selection at these Schools, and while the Singapore School seems to set a higher standard for entrants than Penang, in effect the selection at Singapore takes\n\n*Similar work is done at Ipoh and Singapore.\n\nPage 23\n\nPage 24",
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    {
        "id": 545956,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-550-1 Estimates 1935 14-9-1934 - 15-9-1934",
        "page_number": 89,
        "title": "CO129-550-1 Estimates 1935 14-9-1934 - 15-9-1934",
        "content_text": "C. S. O. M. F. 237.\n\nGovernment's apathy in failing to provide a sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis and, more recently, voiced the desirability of action being taken for provision for the treatment of leprosy in the Colony. The establishment of a district dispensary at Tsimshatsui at small cost is not beyond the means of the Government to provide. These are subjects which might usefully engage the attention of the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services.\n\nIt does not require the vision of an optimist to gain the conviction that a large administration building for Kowloon under whose roof all Government services could be co-ordinated is a necessity of the near future.\n\nWord of Warning.\n\nUnder Sub-head 35 is a vote $60,000 for Anti-Malarial Works. May I be permitted, Sir, to utter a word of warning against the further encroachment on King's Park by the construction of any more Government buildings as it is proposed to erect the Railway Manager's house within that area? King's Park has been reserved for recreation purposes and if building after building is piled on the site the specific purpose for which this fine park has been laid out will be defeated. There are other suitable sites for officers' residences in Kowloon.\n\nMedical and Sanitary Services whether the allocation for anti-malarial works properly so-called is not an amount just sufficient to tinker with the malaria problem in the Colony. I cannot discover any appropriation for this essential preventive service for Kowloon and the Mainland.\n\nKowloon City Fathers, I am told, are divided in their opinion as regards a proposal for reducing the number of public rickshas plying for hire at Tsimshatsui. The support for the reduction of licences is based, I believe, on humanitarian grounds. This sentiment of humanity is all very laudable; but when one considers that the earnings of ricksha coolies within the flat areas they are licensed to ply their trade are fairly substantial in view of the comparatively light work they have to do, there is no valid reason why ricksha licences should not be maintained at their present number.\n\nThe withdrawal of licences from the pullers will deprive them of a living and go to swell the ranks of the unemployed. This is a contingency greatly to be deplored if it is allowed to happen. Rickshas are a very convenient form of transport in streets not served by the Bus Company, and in wet weather residents are in a position to say that rickshas are a real blessing for short journeys.\n\nDevelopment of the popular Castle Peak district for residential purposes, which has started in real earnest, is actually retarded through indifference in the adoption of measures for combatting the malaria scourge in this beautiful district of the New Territories. Taipo's reputation for the prevalence of malaria casts a reflection on the inertia permitting so unsatisfactory a condition of things to continue.\n\nThere is growing impatience at the delay in the presentation of the Malariologist's expert report and recommendations as a result of his investigations and research since his arrival in the Colony more than four years ago.\n\nHongkong Industries.\n\nIt will cause me no surprise if the Economic Commission Your Excellency so timely appointed were to reveal at the conclusion of their enquiry certain pleasing and startling facts and figures that cannot fail to rivet attention to the economic value of the numerous factories scattered throughout Hongkong and at Kowloon and on the Mainland. It goes without saying that shipping and the entrepot trade have first claim on the Colony's support and protection.\n\nGranting this, Hongkong's industries are not so unimportant that one can afford to despise them. In recent months there is a growing consciousness that local industries have a forceful appeal on the Government no less than on our inhabitants. For this reason, many there must be in the Colony who will share the gratification with which the newspaper report was received the other day that the Government has placed a substantial contract for materials for an essential public work with a firm that recently introduced an entirely new industry into the Colony.\n\nLocal Preference Plea.\n\nI plead for the realisation of the fact that with every order placed by the Government locally the Colony stands to benefit greatly, and if this latest move can be regarded as an inauguration of a new policy, hope is revived that better days are in store for Hongkong. Private enterprise has been responsible for the construction of extensive ship-building and repairing yards, the erection of a large cement factory, a well-appointed and up-to-date brewery, an electrically-operated brick factory, a modern pipe factory, and factories for the manufacture of rope, rubber goods, cork and felt hats, torchlights and clocks, enamelled ware, paints, cheap cotton knitted goods, toilet requisites like perfumery and cosmetics, silk-weaving and others too numerous to mention in detail.\n\nKowloon Protest.\n\nRepresentative residents of the Kowloon community have approached me to register their disappointment and protest at the perpetuation of the bottle-neck near the Star Ferry Pier at Kowloon Point. At no time did they regard the erection of the garage on the Railway ground with favour and their repeated protest against it has proved unavailing.\n\nEarly this year the small Committee appointed by Your Excellency to make recommendations for facilities for marketing New Territories produce presented their report. The Estimates furnish no indication that efforts are being made for implementing suggestions for greater facilities for the disposal of New Territories produce. If the need for relieving the bottle-neck of increasingly dangerous congestion is very real and facilities are contemplated for 1935, I trust that means will be found for the provision of the small sum required in order to obtain larger accommodation in the Colony's markets for vegetables and fruits grown in the New Territories.\n\nThe reconditioning of the garage to provide larger accommodation for postal facilities at Kowloon is a poor substitute for a new permanent Post Office in the construction of which, it has been thought, a beginning might be made in 1935.\n\nOne has only to take a walk any evening, especially after the Chinese supper hour, through the districts of Tsimshatsui, Yaumati, Mongkok, Taikoktsui and Shamshuipo to realise the pace at which Kowloon is growing. And for one like me whose vivid recollection of the Mainland as it was nearly sixty years ago is the existence of a solitary brick and mortar building that served as a picnic house, it is a source of gratification to note the development that has taken place.\n\nIt behoves the Colonists to make every effort to support the enterprising promoters who, in embarking upon their undertakings, have contributed millions of dollars to enrich the Colony and to provide the means of livelihood for the hundreds of thousands of people who flock from the neighbouring Provinces to enjoy the fruits of their labour in safety from molestation and tranquillity undisturbed by extraneous influences.\n\nAppreciative Conclusion.\n\nSir, I started my speech in a tone somewhat critical; but I propose to conclude it in a different key. Business and more often pleasure have taken me on tours of Kowloon and the New Territories in my self-imposed task as the \"man from Cook's\" to friends and visitors to Hongkong from foreign places. It has invariably been a source of pleasure and delight to me to point out to our admiring friends not only the natural beauties which Kowloon and the New Territories possess.\n\n96",
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    {
        "id": 547935,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-553-1 Wessex Aircraft Engineering Co. Ltd- propose establishment of ammunitions factory 6-2-1935 - 24-7-1935",
        "page_number": 14,
        "title": "CO129-553-1 Wessex Aircraft Engineering Co. Ltd- propose establishment of ammunitions factory 6-2-1935 - 24-7-1935",
        "content_text": "خود امنا \n\n13 \n\nThe manufacture, storage, transport, importation into Great Britain and sale of explosives are governed by the Explosives Acts, 1875 and 1923, and by Orders made thereunder. \n\nIn the first place, no explosive may be manufactured, kept, or imported until samples have been examined by the Chemical Advisers to the Home Office and have passed the necessary tests. The explosive then becomes authorised and is allowed for manufacture, storage, sale, etc. The various classes into which explosives are divided are given in Orders in Council Nos. 1, 1A and 1B. \n\nManufacture of Explosives may only be carried out in a factory licensed for the purpose by the Home Secretary, as set forth in sections 6 to 8 of the Act. In these Licences each building of each factory is appropriated to certain operations; the quantity of explosive allowed in each building is specified and depends upon the distances observed between any individual building and neighbouring buildings within the factory, as well as places, such as dwellings, roads, etc., outside the factory. The number of workpersons allowed depends upon the danger of the particular operation to be carried on. \n\nExplosives may only be stored in magazines licensed by the Home Secretary or in explosive stores licensed by local authorities. The quantities of explosive which may be kept in magazines are limited only by the terms of the licence and would depend upon the distances which the magazine can observe from \"protected works\", such as dwelling houses, public roads, railways, etc. On the other hand, the licences granted by local authorities are limited strictly to a maximum of 4,000 lbs. of gunpowder or 2,000 lbs. of high explosive. (See Orders in Council Nos. 3, 6, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D). In addition, small quantities of explosives may be kept in shops, such as gunmakers, for retail trade. The conditions for these are given in Orders",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-553-1 Wessex Aircraft Engineering Co. Ltd- propose establishment of ammunitions factory 6-2-1935 - 24-7-1935.txt",
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    {
        "id": 548688,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-553-9 Empire Air Mail Services- participation of Hong Kong in proposed development 11-3-1935 - 21-5-1935",
        "page_number": 50,
        "title": "CO129-553-9 Empire Air Mail Services- participation of Hong Kong in proposed development 11-3-1935 - 21-5-1935",
        "content_text": "64\n\n10\n\nrailway receipts were first treated on the basis of net receipts in those Colonies. It was introduced in the Straits Settlements Military Contribution Ordinance in 1899 (see paragraph 4, Class I, above) when it was desired to treat a public telephone system on the basis of net receipts, and the Colonial Office (Colonial Office letter of 5th July, 1899, to the Treasury) stated that the insertion of this provision will remove the inconvenience of having to introduce an amending Ordinance in each case of the establishment of a new productive undertaking and Mr. Chamberlain will instruct the Governor of the Straits Settlements that no new undertaking is to be deemed of a similar character to railways or telephones without previous reference to the Secretary of State, who will then submit the proposal to Their Lordships and to the Secretary of State for War.\" The second portion of the section follows the lines of a provision (see paragraph 5 above) introduced in Ceylon, Mauritius, and the Straits Settlements in 1904 (Treasury letter No. 6103/04 to the War Office of 19th April, 1904, and Colonial Office letter to the War Office of 17th May, 1904) to enable capital expenditure met from revenue to be treated as if the expenditure had been met by a loan deduction for the service of which were provided for in the first portion of the section.\n\nNo such provisions were required in Hong Kong until the construction of the British section of the Kowloon-Canton Railway in 1911 as until that date there were no productive undertakings in the Colony recognized for military contributions purposes. On the opening of the railway it was agreed that the principle of net receipts should be extended to it and an amending Ordinance on the lines of the Straits Settlements Ordinances of 1899 and 1904 was approved.\n\nIt was, however, expressly laid down (Treasury letter No. 15072/11 to the Colonial Office of 12th August, 1911) that “as in the similar case of the Straits Settlements (Colonial Office letter of the 5th July) in the event of any reproductive undertakings other than railways or telephones being established by the Colonial Government, the principle of net receipts to military contribution shall not be extended to such undertakings without previous reference to himself (the Secretary of State for the Colonies), in order that the question may first be submitted to this Board and the Army Council.\" This condition was definitely reported to the Colony in Colonial Office despatch of 19th August, 1911, to the Governor of Hong Kong. The second portion of the section can obviously not be applied unless it has been previously agreed that an undertaking should be treated under the first portion of the section as a productive undertaking.\n\nThe fact is that the section of the Hong Kong Ordinance quoted by the Deputy Treasurer is only of a permissive nature made wide in its terms to obviate the necessity of amending ordinances. It is not general in its application to all productive undertakings in a Colony and neither the whole of the section, nor a portion of it, can be extended to any particular undertaking, not previously approved for treatment on net receipts, without the prior authority of His Majesty's Government. There has thus been no error in law in the past treatment of waterworks receipts in Hong Kong.\n\nWar Office,\n\nAugust, 1931.\n\nNature of Modification.\n\nMare-Aux-Vacoas and other Motor Works (Mauritius).\n\n11\n\nAPPENDIX.\n\n(1) Assessment of Net Receipts.\n\n  \n    Date.\n    \n    Grounds for Concession.\n  \n  \n    1897\n    Penang Public Telephones (Straits)\nPenang Public Tramways (Straits)\nCurrency Note Issue (Straits)\n    Accepted by Imperial Government, under protest, as analogous to railways.\nAnalogous to railways.\nThe Government issue was to supplement issue of notes by banks. The silver received for the notes formed a fund for their payment. After deducting expenses and depreciation the balance of interest on investment of part of this fund was available as general revenue.\n  \n  \n    1899\n    Capital expenditure on productive undertakings found from revenue (General).\n    4 per cent. deduction from receipts allowed on analogy of interest, &c., on capital provided by loan.\n  \n  \n    1900\n    Christmas Island (Straits)\nLabuan (Straits)\nWeihaiwei Post Office (Hong Kong)\nGovernment Opium Factory (Straits)\n    Not part of revenue in 1895.\nDo.\nThis Post Office worked at a loss.\nAnalogous to railways.\n  \n  \n    1904\n    \n    Do.\n  \n  \n    1901 and 1905\n    Penang Government Wharves (Straits)...\nKowloon-Canton Railway (Hong Kong)...\nGovernment Distilleries (Ceylon)\n    Analogous to railways.\nRailway.\n\n  \n  \n    1906\n    Participation in Empire Exhibition, Wembley (Hong Kong).\n    Colony would only agree to take part in Exhibition if War Office agreed to principle of net profits only being applied.\n  \n  \n    1909\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1910\n    \"\n    \n  \n  \n    1911\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1911\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1912\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    1925\n    \n    \n  \n\n(2) Exclusion of Items not Properly Revenue,\n\n  \n    Nature of Modification.\n    Date.\n    Grounds for Concession.\n  \n  \n    Reimbursements:-\nMechanical Transport Loan (Mauritius)\n    1902\n    Not regarded as revenue.\"\n  \n  \n    Planters Loan (Mauritius)\n    1903\n    \n  \n  \n    Widows' and Orphans' Pension Fund (Straits).\n    1903\n    Not assessed in 1895.\n  \n  \n    Widows' and Orphans' Pension Fund (Ceylon, Mauritius, and Hong Kong), Refunds of revenue wrongly credited (Straits).\n    1904\n    Do.\n  \n  \n    Praya Reclamation Fund, balance of (Hong Kong). Balance of **Quarters for Nursing Sisters\" Fund (Hong Kong). Refunds of revenue wrongly credited (Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Ceylon) Payments to Seconded Officers Pension Funds (Straits).\n    1905\n1906\n1910\n1910\n    Such amounts are not properly revenue.\nFund found from revenue already assessed « military contribution.\nDo.\nSuch amounts are not properly revenue.\n  \n  \n    Repayment to revenue in respect of reduced loss on rice purchases (Hong Kong).\n    1911\n1919\n    \n  \n  \n    Receipts accruing in respect of returned stores (Hong Kong). Adjustment of exchanges (annual valuation of sterling investments) (Hong Kong).\n    1919\n1922\n    Represents realization of capital.\nNot real revenue only paper accounting.\n  \n  \n    Refund of revenue (repayment to British America Tobacco Company in respect of rebate on duty paid previous year). Shing Num Valley Waterworks. (Repayment to revenue out of loan of $2,000,000 capital expenditure deferred from revenue.)\n    1928\n1928\n    The $2,000,000 expended from revenue had already been subject to assessment.\n  \n\n65\n\nPage 50\nPage 51\n\n66",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-553-9 Empire Air Mail Services- participation of Hong Kong in proposed development 11-3-1935 - 21-5-1935.txt",
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    {
        "id": 549224,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-7 British Empire and China Trade Fair 14-5-1935 - 23-10-1935",
        "page_number": 40,
        "title": "CO129-554-7 British Empire and China Trade Fair 14-5-1935 - 23-10-1935",
        "content_text": "41\n\nFLORAL DECORATIONS.\n\nArrangements will be made with local florists for the supply and replenishment of floral decorations on Exhibitors' stands. Communications should be sent to the Organisers.\n\nHIRE OF FURNITURE.\n\nIf Furniture is required for stands, it may be hired from local furniture dealers. Communications should be sent to the Organisers.\n\nELECTRICITY SUPPLY.\n\nAll current is supplied by the China Light and Power Co., Ltd., and the Organisers are responsible for all main wires being connected with the stalls. The installation required in each stand must be carried out for Exhibitors by the Power Co.'s contractors, a list of whom will be supplied by the Organisers on application.\n\nINSURANCE.\n\nEvery Exhibitor should take such steps as may be necessary to protect himself against loss or damage of or to his exhibits, or any other property, arising from fire or any other cause whatever. In this connection attention is called to the fact that Exhibitors are also liable for injury or accident caused or occasioned by any articles exhibited by them. It must be clearly understood that the Organisers assume no responsibility whatever for any losses which may be incurred by Exhibitors, and each Exhibitor should satisfy himself that his policy and the conditions thereof, fully cover him.\n\nOn application the Organisers will supply the names of Insurance Companies in Hongkong with whom the Exhibitors can get in touch.\n\nFIRE PRECAUTIONS.\n\nIt is most important that Exhibitors should be in a position to extinguish any small outbreak of fire that may occur on their stands with the minimum of damage to their exhibits and those of their neighbours. Arrangements will be made to supply hand extinguishers on each stand at a nominal cost, and each Exhibitor should see that the attendants at their stalls are acquainted with its use, and are also aware of the nearest fire alarm in the building.\n\nAt the conclusion of the Trade Fair the fire extinguishers must be left in good condition on the Exhibitors' stands.\n\nSTAND CLEANING.\n\nThe Organisers have made arrangements with a local firm to undertake the cleaning of all stalls, and casual labour cannot be employed on this work. Cleaners will be provided with a pass to enter the Fair, and Exhibitors desiring to make use of the services of this firm are requested to apply to the Organisers.\n\nMETERS AND ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS.\n\nThe charge for current consumed on the stands will be based on meter readings which will be taken at the opening and closing of the Fair. The Meters will be supplied by the China Light and Power Co., who require a deposit covering the charge for such meter, and for the approximate amount of current likely to be consumed. It is important for Exhibitors that they shall note the readings of meters at their installation and before they are removed.\n\nExhibitors are responsible for the safe custody of the meters and for their surrender in good condition at the close of the Fair, and will be required to bear the cost of any damage.\n\nExhibitors should switch off the current on their stands each evening at closing time to prevent wastage, otherwise the current will be registered against the Exhibitor.\n\nPHOTOGRAPHERS.\n\nArrangements will be made for official photographers to be appointed to the Fair. Exhibitors requiring photographs of their stands or exhibits can obtain an order of admission for these photographers on application to the Organisers. The use of flashlight is prohibited during the hours the Exhibition is open to the public, and may be used during other hours only if the Exhibitor is present.\n\nBULKY EXHIBITS.\n\nIn view of the congestion that will exist as the time for the opening of the Trade Fair approaches, Exhibitors who wish to have heavy or bulky exhibits on their stands are requested to arrange early shipment of same. The names of suitable firms for handling these, or other exhibits, will be sent on application to the Organisers.\n\nREMOVAL OF EXHIBITS.\n\nNo exhibits shall be removed until the Fair has terminated.\n\nAll exhibits, draperies or decorations, and display fittings which are the property of the Exhibitor or his contractor, must be removed from the grounds of the Fair before noon on the following Saturday. After that date any property of an Exhibitor or his contractor may be removed or stored, or in the event of goods being packed, despatched by the Organisers at such Exhibitor's risk and expense.\n\nTRAVEL IN CHINA.\n\nIf Exhibitors wish to visit any part of China after the Trade Fair closes, the Organisers will do everything possible to facilitate them. In such case application should be made in good time, stating as fully as possible where it is desired to travel, and what (if any) industry or factory it is particularly desired to visit. The Organisers' interest in this matter is solely to render service to Exhibitors, and they cannot guarantee success in arranging such tours, or accept any responsibility whatever.\n\nPage 40\n\nPage 41\n\n  \n    24'x 20'\n    RESTAURANT AND TEA ROOM\n    LADIES' TOILET\n    -BUFFET 40'x 28\n  \n  \n    24'x15'\n    DOWN\n    LOUNGE HALL\n    40 x 35'\n  \n  \n    GENTS' TOILET\n    TYPISTS RM 20'x17'\n    CONFERENCE ROOM\n    27x19\n  \n  \n    WRITING ROOM!\n    26'x14'\n    CONFERENCE RM 27'x 14'\n    LOUNGE & READING ROOM\n  \n  \n    62'x136'\n    \n    \n    \n  \n\nTHE WELCOME CLUB (ON FIRST FLOOR ABOVE ENTRANCES)\n\nArchitect: LESLIE ROSS, A.R.I.B.A.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-557-5 Estimates 1937 19-8-1936 - 7-8-1937",
        "page_number": 76,
        "title": "CO129-557-5 Estimates 1937 19-8-1936 - 7-8-1937",
        "content_text": "# DANGER ON PRAYA\n## Mr. Hughes' Remarks On Traffic Peril\n### MAINTENANCE OF ROADS\n\nThe Hon. Mr. A. W. Hughes said:- Sir, The Budget for 1937 is essentially practical and in keeping with present day requirements. Necessary expenditure has been provided for and \"luxuries\" have been avoided. The task of limiting expenditure must have been a difficult one, and I feel the community has every reason to be satisfied with the result.\n\nAs I understand my Honourable friend Mr. Braga proposes to be specific in his comments upon the Roads Maintenance Vote, I will refer to it only upon broad lines. The Honourable Colonial Secretary has told us that the Government \"cannot safely repeat in 1937 the pruning of such items as road maintenance votes which has helped the financial position in 1936,\" and he added \"we are faced by heavy expenditure at some future date if we are to return to the high standards maintained in the past.\" I am pleased at this official recognition of the fact that our roads to-day are not what they have been in the past. They have not reached the stage of being definitely bad, but both upon the Island and in the New Territories, it is evident in many places that without extensive repairs the \"definitely bad\" stage will soon be reached.\n\nThere are provisions in the present Budget for maintenance and extension, but with all respect I submit this work is so important that its extent should not be dependent upon whether or not the necessary funds can be spared from General Revenue.\n\n### Petrol Tax Allocation\n\nThe present Petrol Tax is 30 cents per gallon, and I am informed that the yearly consumption in the Colony is in excess of two and a half million gallons, thus providing a Revenue of some $750,000. I suggest that as a permanent policy a percentage of this Tax should be allocated each year to road requirements. This system is in force elsewhere. In California there is a special Tax of, I believe, three cents a gallon and the proceeds of this Tax are applied solely to Roads. The California Roads are the envy of all the States in America, and of many countries outside.\n\nIn using the word \"maintenance\" above, I wish to include provision for greater safety than exists to-day. In particular, I refer to the absence of kerbing in a great number of places where the most rudimentary elements of safety demand them. There is a particularly bad stretch in front of the Hume Pipe Factory on the Castle Peak Road.\n\n### Praya Danger\n\nThe deep gutters on both sides were responsible for two very nasty accidents early this year, but the section that calls most loudly for attention is the Praya. At present there is no protection whatever and the needs of harbour craft while using the Praya must be studied, these should not be allowed to jeopardize the lives of our citizens. There have been cases of cars going over the Praya into the Harbour with resultant loss of life. It is amazing there have not been many more. Cars are in charge of drivers of varying driving ability, and innumerable people are crossing at right angles to them. During times of poor visibility the danger is, of course, increased. I respectfully draw your Excellency's attention to this very serious need. That the danger is not equally grave in other parts of the Colony is due solely to the fact that the traffic—both vehicular and pedestrian—is less in volume.\n\n### Anti-Malarial Work\n\nThe Budget provides a sum of $50,000 for anti-malarial work on the island and $10,000 in Kowloon. Presumably this is for a continuation of the unequal fight against this disease that is carried on by the Sanitary Department, but it is surely insufficient and when spent will provide little improvement in the position of to-day. The subject has been mentioned in this Chamber upon many previous occasions, but the great need for action is sufficient justification for this repetition.\n\nThe excellent work done in the Straits Settlements in eradicating malaria is undoubtedly known to your Excellency, and I urge that the problem in Hongkong be attacked upon the same lines and with the same vigour as was done by the Straits Government.\n\n## THE GOVERNMENT REPLY\n### Criticism Answered By Colonial Secretary\n#### NEED FOR ECONOMY\n\nReplying, the Colonial Secretary said:-Sir,-We have followed this year the procedure which has been usual in Hongkong on the occasion of the introduction of the Budget but I understand that Your Excellency and two Honourable Members will reply to the criticism concerning it.\n\nThe Honourable the Senior Unofficial Member has raised again the question of exchange. The official view of this matter has been very fully explained in this Council in the past and I do not think I need take up your time by paraphrasing it. I am afraid that this is one of the subjects on which we must agree to differ.\n\nWith regard to the Widows and Orphans Pension Scheme, a Committee was appointed some time ago by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to investigate the matter generally with reference to all Colonies. The Committee's report has been issued, but until the observations of the Secretary of State have been received and considered, the Government will not be in a position to make a statement.\n\nTwo members have spoken on the question of salaries.\n\n#### Record of Emoluments\n\nThe life history of most European Officials and a record of their emoluments since their arrival in Hongkong can be seen by anyone who obtains a copy of the annual Civil Service List. Until a similar record is available regarding the employees of our local firms I fear that satisfactory comparisons cannot easily be drawn.\n\nWhat is being attempted, so far as the members of the various unified services are concerned, is to draw up a scale of remuneration which shall be commensurate with that which obtains in certain other Colonies.\n\nThe Honourable the Senior Chinese Member has referred to the possibility of financing further public works from Loan funds. Generally speaking it is sound policy to finance by means of a loan only such undertakings as are likely to prove remunerative, unless, as in the case of the Gaol, important works are imperatively required which it is impossible to finance otherwise. This policy covers the case of the Central Market, but not, as a rule, such things as roads and bridges.\n\nThe Government shares the regret of the Honourable Member that financial stringency has made it necessary to make a 10% reduction in the capitation Grants to English Grant Schools, and I can assure him that the matter will receive sympathetic consideration as soon as the situation appears to warrant it.\n\n#### Higher Tariff Probable\n\nThe proposals now under consideration by Government for enhanced motor taxation, involve an increase in the case of all private and public cars and lorries with the exception of buses operated by the two companies holding licences for public bus services in Hongkong and Kowloon, it may also be found necessary to fix a higher tariff for vehicles propelled by heavy oil.\n\nI am indebted to the Honourable Mr. Braga for a number of interesting criticisms and suggestions.\n\nAs I have already pointed out 1937 is a year of transition. We shall, before the year is out, have completed a number of Public Works of the first importance, and shall be marking time to some extent until it is known how much we can afford to undertake in 1938. For the moment, therefore, we shall probably be overstaffed with architects. Of the thirteen in Government Service three will be on leave, and two are required to act in the place of the Executive Engineers in charge of the Architectural and Buildings Ordinance Offices who will also be on leave. Of the remainder four will be employed in the Buildings Ordinance Office and four in the Architectural Office. The Director of Public Works has provided me with a list showing the works on which these last will be engaged. It includes the preparation of sketch plans for future buildings and work in connection with Town Planning.\n\nThe places of officers retiring on pension from the Public Works Department are not being filled, but apart from this I doubt whether it would be economical, even if it were practical, to make a further reduction in staff at the moment.\n\n#### Inspector of Furniture\n\nThe title Inspector of Furniture is perhaps somewhat misleading. This Officer is in charge not only of the upkeep of the very considerable quantity of furniture in government quarters and offices, but also of the construction of new furniture. Expenditure on this work under recurrent votes amounted to $52,000 in 1935, to $62,000 in 1934 and to $76,000 in 1933. Special expenditure during 1936 on furniture for new buildings such as the Central British School, the new Gaol and the Queen Mary Hospital amounts to $127,000. The Inspector of Furniture is also in charge of the Workshop at Hung Hom and the Repair shop at Wanchai where 100 work...",
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        "id": 550957,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-557-5 Estimates 1937 19-8-1936 - 7-8-1937",
        "page_number": 78,
        "title": "CO129-557-5 Estimates 1937 19-8-1936 - 7-8-1937",
        "content_text": "# BUDGET CHANGE\n## Governor Suggests New Procedure\n\nH.E. the Governor said: Honourable Members, I confess to a sense of discomfiture in regard to this Budget for 1937, which does not arise solely from the fact that it is a slump budget and discloses, after every effort has been made to lop and to prune, a deficit of nearly $3,500,000. My feeling is partly due to a budget procedure which is unfamiliar to me and which, so I gather from two of the eloquent speeches to which I have listened this afternoon, is not altogether to the liking of the Unofficial Members.\n\nThe procedure here is that all departmental proposals run the gauntlet of an Estimates Committee consisting of the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer with the Governor in the chair. I may remark in parenthesis that as regards this year, my first year in Hongkong, the presidency of that triumvirate has been a most valuable lesson to me, because there can be no better introduction to the problems of an Administration than to go through the estimates of its expenditure item by item.\n\nNext, when the Estimates have emerged from this Committee they are printed and presented to Honourable Members of this Council on the first reading of the Supply Bill. In the interval between the first and second reading the Unofficial Members examine them and, four or five days before the second reading, send copies of prepared speeches containing their criticisms, comments and suggestions to the Colonial Secretary, who, as best he can in the time available, prepares a reply to all the points raised by them. Indeed in past years the Governor himself often wound up the debate by a long speech.\n\nFrom the last three volumes of Hansard I find that in the Committee stage of the Bill no alteration was made, beyond correction of a figure, in three successive years.\n\n## Malayan Procedure\n\nNow the procedure to which I became used in Malaya was very different. The formative Committee consisted of the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer without the Governor. The Colonial Secretary kept the Governor constantly informed on the progress of the Estimates and ascertained his wishes on all important points; but the Governor stood outside the Committee and any Head of Department who wished to appeal to him against the blue-pencilling of any proposal could do so, though such appeals were rare and seldom successful.\n\nThe Estimates when printed were placed in the hands of Unofficial Members at least ten days before their introduction in Council and at the first Budget session the Governor prefaced the proceedings by an Annual Address in which he dealt broadly but concisely with current problems and reviewed in perspective the important events of the year.\n\nThe Colonial Secretary next moved a resolution that the Draft Estimates be adopted. There was no need for him to make a long speech because he had already laid on the table as a Council Paper a printed memorandum on the Estimates, fully descriptive and explanatory of all new items and of all changes in annually recurrent provision.\n\nThe Unofficial Members followed him with speeches on major questions involved in the Budget; there was no need for them to go into details, because the opportunity for that came later in Select Committee. The Colonial Secretary then replied on points which he was ready to answer; on the remainder he could speak at either of two later sessions while the Budget was still before Council.\n\n## Select Committee\n\nLastly, the Treasurer moved that the subject matter of the motion be referred to a Select Committee consisting of the Colonial Secretary, the Unofficial Members and himself. The Select Committee met at convenient times over a period of days and had up before it any Heads of Departments that it cared to summon. Its proceedings were unreported and informal; and I consider that the opportunities that it gave for the Unofficial Members to meet and question Executive officers of Government were invaluable from the point of view of both sides.\n\nI am indeed a strong believer in the advantages of personal contact and round-table discussion. Proposals which had survived the Scylla of the Estimates Committee sometimes foundered in the Charybdis of Select Committee.\n\nIts Report was generally a document of two or three printed pages, and if its contents were all accepted by the Governor an amendment to the original resolution would be moved at the next session \"that the draft Estimates be approved with the alterations and amendments advised in the Select Committee's report.\"\n\nIf not all of the recommendations were acceptable, then the motion of amendment would be that the draft Estimates be approved with the alterations and amendments advised in paragraphs (A, C, F, G) etc. of the Report of the Select Committee. When the Estimates had thus been debated and passed the Supply Bill was based on them and passed through all its stages generally without debate.\n\n## Enables Collaboration\n\nNow I prefer this procedure, which is not peculiar to Malaya but represents, I understand, the practice of most British Colonies, because it enables detailed consultation and collaboration between the Unofficial Members and the Official Members who prepared the draft Estimates. It is, as far as I can see, within the four corners of the Standing Orders of this Council, but I do not wish to make a break in local tradition unless I am perfectly certain that it is desired by Honourable Members.\n\nI shall therefore write to Singapore for copies of the Governor's Address this year, of the Colonial Secretary's Memorandum on the Estimates, of the Treasurer's Financial Statement, of the Report of the Select Committee and of the Hansard of the Straits Settlements Budget Debates.\n\nThese I will circulate to members of Executive Council and Finance Committee, and if they prefer the procedure which I have just endeavoured to outline and which will be fully exemplified in those documents from the Straits, then we can adopt it next year.\n\n1 \nat which is due to one of our merchant princes. I hope he will be proved wrong, and that as speedily as possible, but I have no intention of going in for prophecy myself. All I shall say now is that I have not insured my pension and that I have no intention of doing so.\n\nI trust he will forgive me if I do not enter into an argument about the Medical Department either, but refer Honourable Members to the debate which took place in this Council on the 19th March of this year.\n\nI have already spoken regarding the suggestion made by the Honourable Mr. Hughes that revenue from petrol and motor taxation should be regarded as a special road fund. Our expenditure on roads is already so great that a percentage of the tax would be altogether inadequate.\n\n## Footpath on Praya\n\nThe side channelling opposite the Hume Pipe Factory is to be improved during the coming year. It is the policy of the Public Works Department to replace the old half-round channels by a flat channel when practicable whenever repair or replacement becomes necessary. It is thought that the provision of a wall or railing along the water front would cause too much inconvenience, but the possibility of constructing a narrow footpath for pedestrians and to serve as a guide to traffic will be investigated.\n\nAdmittedly the $60,000 to be expended on anti-malarial work will not go very far, but it represents a big increase on 1936 and is as much as we can afford at present.\n\nI should not even so describe the fight as unequal. I believe that, for example, work done in the neighbourhood of the Queen Mary Hospital has had a beneficial effect over a very large area.\n\n## Ships Surveyed\n\nThe Honourable Mr. Johnson has confined his criticism to the cost of the Marine Surveyor's Department. In this connection the Harbour Master informs me that the tonnage figures on which his comparison with British ports was based were not the tonnage figures of vessels visiting the Port but those of vessels surveyed. The actual figures for the year 1935 are (for vessels over 60 tons):\n\n| Location        | No. of Surveyors engaged on Ship surveying | Tonnage surveyed per man |\n| :-------------- | :-----------------------------------------: | :----------------------: |\n| Hongkong        |                     15*                    |         28,257+         |\n| Singapore       |                      9*                    |         18,503+         |\n| United Kingdom  |                     187*                   |         18,257†         |\n\nIf we allow for officers absent on leave at any given time the figures are:\n\n| Location        | No. of Surveyors | Tonnage surveyed per man |\n| :-------------- | :---------------: | :----------------------: |\n| Hongkong        |       12*         |         35,321+         |\n| Singapore       |        7*         |         10,932+         |\n| United Kingdom  |      1652*        |         20,631+         |\n\nThere is also in Hongkong a phenomenal number of small craft which have to be surveyed once or twice a year.\n\nFigures for the United Kingdom are not available but the number of surveys for 1935 in Hongkong and Singapore are:\n\n| Location  | Number of surveys |\n| :-------- | :----------------: |\n| Hongkong  |         747        |\n| Singapore |         121        |\n\n## Staff Not Excessive\n\nOn these figures the staff would seem to be far from excessive and it might well prove that any reduction would involve delays which would involve the Shipping Community in heavy costs in the form of demurrage.\n\nTwo additional surveyors were engaged in 1934 on the advice of the Board of Trade who considered that the application of the Conventions would involve some permanent addition to the work of the Department.\n\nPage 11 \nPage 77",
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        "id": 552295,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-559-14 Maintenance and repair of gas-holders 20-7-1936 - 15-10-1936",
        "page_number": 8,
        "title": "CO129-559-14 Maintenance and repair of gas-holders 20-7-1936 - 15-10-1936",
        "content_text": "## 2.\n\nGas \n\n(a) shall not be supplied containing any trace of sulphuretted-hydrogen, \n\n(b) shall be supplied at 2\" water pressure in mains or any connected pipe 2\" in diameter or upwards.\n\nThe only other reference to the quality of the gas is in S. Rand 0 142 of 1922 which reads The Gas (Carbon Monoxide) Order 1922, 16th Feb. Made by the Board of Trade under sect. 2 (4) of the Gas Regulations Act 1920, Limiting the proportion of Carbon Monoxide which may be supplied in gas used for domestic purposes.\n\n(2) No gas undertakers as defined in the Gas Regulation Act 1920 shall supply gas for domestic purposes containing carbon monoxide unless such gas possesses the distinctive pungent smell of coal gas.\n\nNo existing regulation requires analysis of the gas with regard to its corrosive elements. It is widely recognised that the oxygen content of the gas should be kept as low as possible with the view of preventing internal corrosion of the holders and to this end large undertakings such as the Gas Light and Coke Co. maintain an oil film on the surface of the water in their water-sealed holders to minimise the amount of aqueous vapour taken up by the gas.\n\n## 3.\n\nThe maintenance of gasholders comes under the Home Office and Inspectors of Factories have powers under the Factory Act to make an external inspection of gasholders. Reports of such inspections are forwarded to the Chief Inspector and I am informed that as a result of these reports on an average one gasholder per annum has been condemned as unsafe. This action has generally been taken where severe corrosion was evident and/or where holders had an abnormally large number of patches.\n\nIn the absence of legislation the position between the Home Office and the Gas Industry has been in the nature of a \"gentleman's agreement\". Recommendations have from time to time been submitted by the Institution of Gas Engineers and if no objection to these is taken by the Home Office they are passed on to the Undertakers with the understanding that their non-observance may lead to legislation which in the past the Gas Industry has been anxious to avoid.\n\n## 4.\n\nThe present position regarding maintenance of gasholders cannot be regarded as satisfactory and is not so regarded by any of the above-named gentlemen interviewed. At my first interview with Mr. Pollard on 23rd July, whilst admitting the desirability of ascertaining the internal surfaces the opening up of holders was, he said, a proceeding fraught with danger and several accidents arising therefrom had caused some concern. The Home Office have approved of a voluntary set of rules drawn up by the Institute of Gas Engineers (enclosure 1), and these rules are included in the 1st Report of the Research Executive Committee (enclosure 2).\n\nIn this connection it may be observed that in America it is common practice by means of compressors to purge the holders with inert gas and practice has recently been introduced in England by the Gas Light and Coke Co. of London.\n\n## 5.\n\nThe Gasholder Sub-Committee appeared fully alive to the necessity of drawing the attention of all undertakings to the desirability of ascertaining the condition of their holders especially as regards internal corrosion in view of the disasters at Hong Kong and Barrow-in-Furness.\n\nThe Sub-Committee have drawn up recommendations for the maintenance of the various types of gasholders which have now been submitted to the Home Office. Those relating to water-sealed holders which I believe is the only type erected in Hong Kong, are contained in a confidential draft (encl. ...). I understand the Home Office will not raise any objection to these recommendations and they will be published by the Institution of Gas Engineers at an early date.\n\nThe inspections recommended in the draft have for some years been carried out by Mr. Birks, who is also a member of the Sub-Committee. The periodical removal of small discs of the sheeting and carefully recording the results has much to commend it and there is no doubt if such methods were conscientiously carried out by all undertakings the necessity for legislation would not be immediate.\n\nThe question of the percentage decrease in thickness of sheeting allowable cannot arbitrarily be laid down, it is a matter of calculation and experience, but both Mr. Pollard and Mr. Birks expressed the opinion that general wastage approaching a decrease of 50% in thickness would undoubtedly warrant the renewal of that particular sheeting.\n\nThe most valuable of the draft is contained in the final paragraph, for had such examination been general practice among gas engineers many serious accidents would have been avoided.\n\nAt an interview with Mr. Pollard on the 11th Sept., I learnt that the National Gas Council have been \n\nPage 9\nPage 9\nPage 10\nPage 10\nPage 11",
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        "document_key": "CO129-562-12 Dysentry epidemic- recommendation to enforce compulsory pasteurization of milk 7-6-1937 - 17-8-1937",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-562-12 Dysentry epidemic- recommendation to enforce compulsory pasteurization of milk 7-6-1937 - 17-8-1937",
        "content_text": "## 153. The production of safe milk raises different questions, for most farmers are not making determined efforts to free their herds from tuberculosis. \nIt has been represented by several witnesses that pasteurisation would deter farmers from undertaking eradication, and there is no doubt that many farmers at present regard pasteurisation and eradication as alternatives. But whether this feeling would ultimately influence their actions would depend on the way in which both pasteurisation and eradication were introduced. (See paragraph 169 below.)\n\n## 154. \nThere are three further objections to the compulsory pasteurisation of milk which carry little weight. In the first place, it is sometimes said that pasteurisation is contrary to the spirit of other legislation respecting dangerous foods, which has always followed the principle that such food should be destroyed and not reconstituted. This objection might have force if applied against pasteurisation in any form, but it is not valid against the extension of a process which is already permitted. Secondly, it is objected that compulsion in respect of this process is improper, as whoever wishes to buy pasteurised milk may do so to-day. It is held, therefore, that there is no ground for compelling those who do not wish to do so to take this additional precaution for the benefit of their own health or that of their children. We do not accept this view. Finally, it has been suggested to us that a requirement that all milk not from tuberculosis-free herds should be pasteurised, would have the result of establishing small local monopolies in the distribution of milk. It is argued that pasteurisation is a process that is most cheaply carried out on a large scale; that this will result in the formation of larger distributing organisations, and that these in turn will be in a position to obtain unduly favourable terms both from the producers and from the consumers of milk. We are not ourselves apprehensive that this will occur. For the existence of a class of producer-retailer with tuberculosis-free herds would afford a guarantee against the extension of monopolistic practices.\n\n## 155. \nFor these reasons we do not accept the view that the substitution of pasteurised for raw milk is an evil in itself. Such objections as there are on this plane are easily outweighed by the saving in human life and suffering which would result.\n\nBut a substantial objection of a different character remains. We have seen that there is at present a balance in the supply of heat-treated milk, generally brought from a distance into large towns, and raw milk, generally produced in the country immediately surrounding them, determined by the relative costs of production and distribution of milk of each class. Compulsory pasteurisation would disturb this balance adversely to the neighbouring producers. These would suffer because they would have to bear either the high cost of pasteurisation in small plants or the increased costs of distribution, which combination to operate larger plants would involve. Moreover, the latter course is impossible for many of them, as it is important to their business to preserve the identity of their herds' milk.\n\n## 156. \nWe must anticipate, therefore, that in the event of pasteurisation being made compulsory in large towns, and in the absence of any provision designed to mitigate the economic consequences of such a change, a large number of farmers who produce milk and sell it on the circumference of such towns would be deprived of their present means of livelihood, and would be forced to find other employment for their capital and their industry. It is hardly to be expected that they would succeed in this without a break-up of their homes and a general deterioration in their economic position, which might in some instances amount to actual distress.\n\n## 157. \nThe existence of an interest, however deserving of consideration, which would be harmed by a proposed change in the law is not in itself a sufficient reason for refusing to entertain any desirable reform. Factory legislation affords a precedent. The constantly increasing regulation of industry under successive factory acts through the nineteenth century imposed, no doubt, considerable burdens upon employers, especially on small employers. But the health of those employed in factories was held to be of greater importance than the immediate material interests of the owners of factories. And it was never suggested that those who were unable to afford the minimum standards of safety and comfort laid down in the acts had any claim to compensation. But the fact that provisions which are necessary from one point of view are likely to have unfavourable repercussions in another direction is a sufficient reason for proceeding with great circumspection and moderation. In the present instance it would be improper to recommend a policy of compulsory pasteurisation even for large towns if there were a reasonable expectation that the objects of this reform could be achieved by other means, which, even if they were more expensive, would not be disadvantageous to the livelihood of producer-retailers. Change should be so introduced as to allow producer-retailers gradually to adapt their businesses to the altered conditions.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-562-12 Dysentry epidemic- recommendation to enforce compulsory pasteurization of milk 7-6-1937 - 17-8-1937.txt",
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    {
        "id": 556350,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "page_number": 16,
        "title": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "content_text": "-31- .\n\n16\n\nLXXXIV.\n\n3.\n\n4.\n\nwhether belonging to foreigners, or Chinese, shall, prior to their departure abroad, enter into a contract with the employer in accordance with the principles of these regulations and such contracts shall be submitted to the Overseas Affairs Committee for approval. The contract shall be prepared in both English and Chinese, in quadruplicate, with four 2-inch bust photographs of the labourer. Of these four copies of the contract one shall be transmitted to the Overseas Affairs Committee for record, one to the Consul for China at the place of labour while one copy each shall be retained by the employer and labourer. The form of contract shall be laid down by the Overseas Affairs Committee.\n\nThe contract which shall be signed by both labourer and employer, and to which the employer shall produce a shop guarantee, shall be witnessed by the local Overseas Affairs Bureau or the local authorities or by a Labour Union.\n\nThe contract must contain the following particulars:\n\n(1) Name and nationality of employer; name of factory or corporation; place of work.\n\n(2) Name of labourer; sex; age; native district; skilled or unskilled; and addresses in China and abroad.\n\n(3) The total number of labourers required and the class of work.\n\n(4) Period of employment from (date) to (date).\n\n(5) Monthly wages of each class of labour (those who receive weekly or daily wages must be entered separately).\n\n(6) Hours of work per day.\n\n(7) Holidays and number of days sick leave allowed per year.\n\n(8) Fare of labourer on return home after the completion of term of service payable by whom; how advances to labourer are repayable.\n\n(9) Board and Lodging of labourer, by whom supplied.\n\n(10) The employer shall insure the life of labourer if the work is of dangerous nature.\n\n(11) The poll-tax and similar taxes levied on the labourer at the place of work shall be paid by the employer.\n\n(12) The amount of compensation to be paid to a labourer, in the event of his being injured or killed in the performance of his work.\n\n(13) On the closure of the factory or corporation before the termination of the contract, the employer shall pay the return fare of the labourer to China and shall also compensate him for any losses suffered.\n\n(14) On the termination of the contract, the employer and",
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    {
        "id": 556362,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "page_number": 28,
        "title": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "content_text": "Enclosure in Swatow despatch to Peking No.36 of 28th July, 1937.\n\n28\n\nRULES for the control of the Recruiting of Labourers\n\n1.\n\n2.\n\n3.\n\n4.\n\n5.\n\n6.\n\n7.\n\nby Labour Recruiting Agents.\n\n(Promulgated by the Commission on Overseas Affairs on November 6th 1986)\n\nThese Rules are drawn up in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 of the Ordinance governing the Emigration of Labourers.\n\nAll those who recruit labourers for abroad, irrespective of whether they are individuals or legal corporations, shall be termed Recruiting Agents and shall be governed by these Rules.\n\nA Recruiting Agent shall, before commencing to recruit labourers, submit an application through an Overseas Affairs Bureau or district or municipal government to the Commission on Overseas Affairs, which, on approving his application, shall issue to him a special recruiting license.\n\nThe application must contain the following particulars:\n\n(1) The name, age, native district, previous record, and address of the Recruiting Agent or of his representative, together with two copies of a recent 2-inch bust photograph.\n\n(2) Address of the recruiting office and branch recruiting offices.\n\n(3) Total capital for recruiting purposes.\n\n(4) Particulars of the organisation and class of factory recruiting labourers.\n\n(5) Total number of labourers required.\n\n(6) Place of recruitment.\n\n(7) Class of work.\n\n(8) Place of work.\n\n(9) Copy of agreement concluded between the employer and the recruiting agent or of the employer's written authority.\n\n(10) Where the recruiting agent is a foreign national, a certificate from his Consul at the place of recruitment or nearest consulate thereto shall be produced.\n\n(11) Term of recruitment.\n\n(12) Guarantee from reliable firm established in China.\n\nIn addition to the above stipulations, the recruiting agent shall, while representing the employer in concluding agreements with the labourers, conform to the Principles governing Contracts for Labourers proceeding Abroad, and the contracts shall be chopped by a reliable firm established in China as guarantee.\n\nThe period allowed for the recruiting of labourers shall not exceed one year.\n\nThe recruiting agent may not recruit labourers outside the area stated in his license.\n\nOn his application for a license having been approved by the Commission on Overseas Affairs, the recruiting agent shall pay a fee of Twenty dollars in addition to Two dollars stamp duty.\n\n8.",
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    {
        "id": 556365,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "page_number": 31,
        "title": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "content_text": "31\n\nPrinciples governing Contracts for Labourers proceeding Abroad.\n\n1.\n\n2.\n\n3.\n\n(Promulgated by the Commission on Overseas Affairs on November 6th 1936.)\n\nThese Principles are drawn up in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 of the Ordinance governing the Emigration of Labourers.\n\nAll Chinese labourers, who are engaged to work abroad at agricultural industries, fisheries, factories and mines, whether belonging to foreigners or Chinese, shall, prior to their departure abroad, enter into a contract with the employer in accordance with the principles of these regulations and such contract shall be submitted to the Commission on Overseas Affairs for approval. The contract shall be prepared in both English and Chinese, in quadruplicate, with four 2-inch bust photographs of the labourer. Of these four copies of the contract, one shall be transmitted to the Commission on Overseas Affairs for record, one to the Consul for China at the place of labour, while one copy each shall be retained by the employer and labourer.\n\nThe form of contract shall be laid down by the Commission on Overseas Affairs.\n\nThe contract which shall be signed by both labourer and employer, and to which the employer shall produce a shop guarantee, shall be witnessed by the local Overseas Affairs Bureau or the local authorities or by a Labour Union.\n\nThe contract must contain the following particulars:\n\n(1) Name and nationality of employer; name of factory or corporation; place of work.\n\n(2) Name of labourer; sex; age; native district; skilled or unskilled; and addresses in China and abroad.\n\n(3) The total number of labourers required and the class of work.\n\n(4) Period of employment, from (date) to (date).\n\n(5) Monthly wages of each class of labour (those who receive weekly or daily wages must be entered separately).\n\n(6) Hours of work per day.\n\n(7) Holidays and number of days sick leave allowed per year.\n\n(8) Fare of labourer on return home after the completion of term of service payable by whom; how advances to labourer are repayable.\n\n(9) Board and lodging of labourer, by whom supplied.\n\n(10) The employer shall insure the life of labourer if the work is of a dangerous nature.\n\n(11) The poll-tax and similar taxes levied on the labourer at the place of work shall be paid by the employer.\n\n(12) The amount of compensation to be paid to a labourer, in the event of his being injured or killed in the performance of his work.\n\n(13) ...",
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    {
        "id": 556369,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "page_number": 35,
        "title": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "content_text": "35\n\n1.\n\n2.\n\n3.\n\nThese Rules are drawn up in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 of the Ordinance governing the Emigration of Labourers.\n\nAll those who recruit labourers for abroad, irrespective of whether they are individuals or legal corporations, shall be termed Recruiting Agents and shall be governed by these Rules.\n\nA Recruiting Agent shall, before commencing to recruit labourers, submit an application through an Overseas Affairs Bureau or district or municipal government to the Overseas Affairs Committee which, on approving his application, shall issue to him a special recruiting licence.\n\nThe application must contain the following particulars:\n\n(1) The name, age, native district, previous record, and address of the Recruiting Agent or of his representative, together with two copies of a recent 2-inch bust photograph.\n\n(2) Address of the recruiting office and branch recruiting offices.\n\n(3) Total capital for recruiting purposes.\n\n(4) Particulars of the organisation and class of factory recruiting labourers.\n\n(5) Total number of labourers required.\n\n(6) Place of recruitment.\n\n(7) Class of work.\n\n(8) Place of work.\n\n(9) Copy of agreement concluded between the employer and the recruiting agent or of the employer's written authority.\n\n(10) Where the recruiting agent is a foreign national, a certificate from his consul at the place of recruitment or nearest consulate thereto shall be produced.\n\n(11)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938.txt",
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    {
        "id": 556373,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "page_number": 39,
        "title": "CO129-565-13 Recruitment of Chinese labourers for employment abroad 1-8-1937 - 30-3-1938",
        "content_text": "4.\n\n39\n\nThe contract must contain the following particulars:\n\n(1) Name and nationality of employer; name of factory or corporation; place of work.\n\n(2) Name of labourer; sex; age; native district; skilled or unskilled; and addresses in China and abroad.\n\n(3) The total number of labourers required and the class of work.\n\n(4) Period of employment from (date) to (date).\n\n(5) Monthly wages of each class of labour (those who receive weekly or daily wages must be entered separately).\n\n(6) Hours of work per day.\n\n(7) Holidays and number of days sick leave allowed per year.\n\n(8) Fare of labourer on return home after the completion of term of service payable by whom; how advances to labourer are repayable.\n\n(9) Board and Lodging of labourer, by whom supplied.\n\n(10) The employer shall insure the life of labourer if the work is of dangerous nature.\n\n(11) The poll-tax and similar taxes levied on the labourer at the place of work shall be paid by the employer.\n\n(12) The amount of compensation to be paid to a labourer, in the event of his being injured or killed in the performance of his work.\n\n(13) On the closure of the factory or corporation before the termination of the contract, the employer shall pay the return fare of the labourer to China and shall also compensate him for any losses suffered.\n\n(14) On the termination of the contract, the employer and labourer may enter into a new contract in accordance with...",
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    {
        "id": 556479,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "page_number": 9,
        "title": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "content_text": "9\n\n-0\n\nProtector, Inspectors and their powers.\n\n1 Edw. 7, c. 22, s. 119.\n\ninstallation, electrical undertaking, gaswork, waterwork, or other work of construction, as well as the preparation for or laying the foundations of any such work or structure;\n\n(e) transport of passengers or goods by road or rail, or inland waterway, including the handling of goods at docks, quays, wharves, and warehouses, and the carriage of coal and building material and debris;\n\nbut does not include any agricultural operation.\n\n(6) \"Inspector\" means any person appointed by the Governor to be an Inspector or Assistant Inspector of Labour, Factories and Workshops for the purposes of this Ordinance.\n\n(7) \"Proprietor\" in relation to any factory, workshop or industrial undertaking includes the person for the time being having the management or control or receiving the profits of the business carried on in such factory, workshop or industrial undertaking and includes a body corporate and a firm and also the occupier of any factory, workshop or industrial undertaking and the agent of such occupier.\n\n(8) \"Protector\" means the Chairman of the Urban Council or any person appointed by the Governor to be Protector of Labour for the purposes of this Ordinance, and includes a Deputy Protector and any Assistant Protector of Labour.\n\n(9) \"Workshop\" means any premises or place other than a factory wherein or within the close or curtilage or precincts of which any manual labour is exercised by way of trade or for purposes of gain in or incidental to making any article or part of any article, or altering, repairing, ornamenting or finishing or adapting for sale any article, provided that at least 20 persons are employed in manual labour in the said premises or in the close, curtilage and precincts thereof.\n\n(10) \"Young person\" means any person of or over the age of 14 years and under the age of 18 years.\n\n3.-(1) It shall be lawful for the Governor to appoint a Protector of Labour, a Deputy Protector of Labour, Assistant Protectors of Labour and Inspectors and Assistant Inspectors of Labour, Factories and Workshops.\n\n(2) The Protector and every Inspector shall have the following powers:-\n\n(a) to enter, inspect and examine at all reasonable times, by day and night, any place or premises in which he knows or has reasonable cause to believe that an industrial undertaking is carried on.\n\n(b) to take with him in any such case any person whom he may reasonably need to assist him in carrying out his duties under this Ordinance;\n\n(c) to require the production of any register or other document required to be kept under this Ordinance or any by-law made thereunder and to inspect, examine and copy the same;\n\n(d) to make such examination and inquiry as may be necessary to ascertain whether the requirements of this Ordinance or any by-law made thereunder are complied with, and to seize any thing which may appear to be evidence of an offence against this Ordinance;\n\n(e) to examine, either alone or in the presence of other person, as he thinks fit, with respect to matters under this Ordinance, every person whom he finds in any industrial undertaking to which the by-laws made under this Ordinance for the time being apply, or whom he has reasonable cause to believe has been within the preceding two months employed in any such industrial undertaking, and to require every such person to be so examined and to sign a declaration of the truth of the matters respecting which he has been so examined;\n\n(f) any other powers which may be conferred by any by-law made under this Ordinance or which may be necessary for carrying this Ordinance into effect.\n\n(3) No person shall obstruct or delay the Protector or any Inspector in the exercise of any of his powers under this Ordinance.\n\n(4) Every person who employs or has employed any woman, young person or child in an industrial undertaking and every agent and servant of any such employer shall on demand give to the Protector or to any Inspector all information in his possession with reference to such woman, young person or child and all information in his possession with reference to the labour conditions and treatment of every woman, young person or child employed by such employer.\n\n(5) The Protector or any Inspector may remove and detain for inquiries in a place of refuge appointed under any Ordinance for the time being in force relating to women, young persons or children any young person or child whom he finds in any place in or in respect of which he has reasonable cause to suspect that an offence against this Ordinance has been committed.\n\n(6) The powers conferred by this Ordinance on the Protector and Inspectors shall be in addition to and not in substitution for any other powers which they may possess.\n\n4. Any select committee of the Urban Council, any Special health officer, any European Fire Brigade officer with the written authority of the Chief Officer of the Fire Brigade and any officer specially authorised by the Protector and subject to such directions as he may impose, may at any time enter and inspect any factory or workshop for the purpose of ascertaining whether the requirements of this Ordinance or of any by-law made thereunder are complied with, and the proprietor of every factory and workshop shall furnish the means required for such entry and inspection.\n\nNo. 15 of 1935, s. 10.\n\n5.-(1) It shall be lawful for the Urban Council to make by-laws in respect of industrial undertakings for the following purposes:-\n\n(a) declaring trades, processes and occupations to be dangerous trades for the purposes of this Ordinance;\n\n(b) prohibiting the employment of or modifying or limiting the employment of all persons or any class of persons in dangerous trades;\n\n(c) prohibiting the employment of or modifying or limiting the employment of women, young persons and children in industrial undertakings, and requiring registers to be kept of women, young persons and children employed in industrial undertakings.\n\n10",
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    {
        "id": 556481,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "page_number": 11,
        "title": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "content_text": "# FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS\n\nProtector's consent to prosecution.\n\nRepeal of Ordinances No. 27 of 1932, No. 30 of 1936 and Regulations thereunder.\n\nCommencement.\n\n6\n\nthat particular age at the said date, it shall until the contrary is proved be presumed that the said young person or child was under the said age at the said date.\n\n12. No prosecution under this Ordinance shall be commenced without the consent of the Protector.\n\n13. The Factories and Workshops Ordinance, 1932, the Factories and Workshops Amendment Ordinance, 1945, and all Regulations made thereunder are repealed.\n\n14. This Ordinance shall come into operation on the first day of January, 1938.\n\nPassed the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, 29th day of September, 1937.\n\n6. No young person shall be suffered to carry any weight which is unreasonably heavy having regard to the age and physical development of such young person, and no young person under the age of 16 years shall be suffered to carry any load exceeding 40 catties in weight.\n\n7. No female, whatever her age, shall be employed on underground work in any mine.\n\n8.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) no woman or young person shall be employed in any industrial undertaking between the hours of 8 p.m. and 7 a.m.,\n\n(2) The Protector may in exceptional cases authorize the employment of any woman or young person of 16 years or over for not more than 60 days in any year between the hours of 8 p.m. and 9 p.m.\n\n9. No young person under 16 years of age shall be employed in any industrial undertaking-\n\n(a) between the hours of 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.;\n\n(b) for more than 9 hours in any period of 24 hours;\n\n(c) for more than 5 hours continuously;\n\n(d) unless after every spell of 5 hours continuous work and before his next spell of work there is an interval for relaxation of not less than one hour, or after a spell of less than 5 hours, such interval as may be reasonable in all the circumstances;\n\n(e) unless in every seven days he is allowed one day's rest.\n\n10.(1) The proprietor of every industrial undertaking shall keep a register of the young persons employed in such undertaking.\n\n(2) Such register shall be in the form and contain the particulars shown in Appendix I to these by-laws.\n\nA. G. CLARKE,\n\nClerk of Councils.\n\nSCHEDULE\n\nBY-LAWS\n\n[s. 5 (3)].\n\n1. In these by-laws-\n\n(1) \"Building Authority\" means the person appointed to act as such officer under the Buildings Ordinance, 1935.\n\n(2) \"Tenement factory\" means a factory in any part of a building occupied or intended to be occupied by more than one person or firm.\n\n(3) \"Fire-resisting material\" means a building material certified by the Building Authority to be fire-resisting.\n\n(4) \"Mill-gearing\" includes every shaft, wheel, drum and pulley and every other appliance by which motion or power is communicated to any machine.\n\n(5) \"Securely fenced\" means securely fenced to the satisfaction of the Protector.\n\n2. The following are declared to be dangerous trades:— Boiler chipping. Fireworks manufacture. Glass working. Processes involving the use of arsenic, lead, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, or any compound of any of them. Vermilion manufacture.\n\n3. No person shall employ any child in any dangerous trade.\n\n4. Except with the written consent of the Protector, no person shall employ any woman, young person under the age of 16 years or any female young person in any dangerous trade.\n\n5. No person shall employ any child in any industrial undertaking.\n\n11. Every application for registration of a factory or workshop shall be made in the form in Appendix II to these by-laws.\n\n12. In every factory-\n\n(a) all dangerous parts of the machinery and every part of the mill-gearing shall be securely fenced or in such position or of such construction as to be as safe to every person in the factory as if such machinery or mill-gearing were securely fenced.\n\n(b) every fly wheel, pulley and exposed wheel shall be securely fenced, and every set screw and bolt shall be cut off or countersunk.\n\n(c) every driving belt passing through a floor shall be securely fenced to a height of 6 feet from such floor.\n\n(d) every driving belt used for main driving or counter driving and within 6 feet from the floor or other place to which workers have access shall be securely fenced.\n\n(e) every part, under which persons are likely to pass, of every overhead driving belt more than 4 inches wide, shall be adequately protected by wood or metal guards.\n\n(f) all shafting which runs at a height of less than 6 feet from a floor or other place to which workers have access shall be securely fenced.\n\n(g) such moving parts of any machine as are adjacent to any place to which workers have access shall be securely fenced.\n\n(h) all fencing must be constantly maintained in an efficient state while the parts required to be fenced are in motion or use, except where they are under repair or examination in connection with repair or are necessarily exposed for the purpose of cleaning or lubricating or for altering the gearing or arrangements of the parts of the machine.\n\nPage 14",
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    {
        "id": 556482,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "page_number": 12,
        "title": "CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937",
        "content_text": "15\n\nCleaning dangerous machinery.\n\nReports of serious accidents.\n\nAppendix III.\n\nFire-resisting doors.\n\nDoors to open outwards.\n\nEmergency door-fastings in working hours.\n\nFire-escapes.\n\nMaintenance of fire-escapes,\n\n\"Fire Exit\" notices.\n\nFire appliances.\n\nRestrictions on cleaning when machinery is in motion.\n\n13. (1) No young person shall be allowed to clean any dangerous part of the machinery in a factory while the machinery is in motion by the aid of any mechanical power: and for this purpose such parts of the machinery shall be presumed to be dangerous as are notified by an Inspector to the proprietor of the factory,\n\n(2) No woman or young person shall be allowed to clean such part of the machinery in a factory as is mill-gearing while the machinery is in motion for the purpose of propelling any part of the manufacturing machinery.\n\nNotification of accidents.\n\n[S. 5 (1) (7)].\n\n14. (1) Every accident which occurs in a factory or workshop and results in loss of life or disablement of any worker so as to cause him to be absent for more than three days from his ordinary work in such factory or workshop shall within seven days from the date thereof be reported in the form in Appendix III to these by-laws, either at the office of the Protector or at a police station,\n\n(2) If any accident causing disablement is notified under this by-law and the person disabled subsequently dies as a result of the accident, notice in writing of the death shall forthwith be given either at the office of the Protector or at a police station.\n\nPrevention of and escape from fire. [S. 5 (1) (k)].\n\n15. The doors of every factory and workshop and every door therein giving access to a stairway shall be of fire-resisting material.\n\n16. The doors of every factory and workshop and the doors of every room therein in which more than ten persons are employed shall, except in the case of sliding doors, be constructed or altered so as to open outwards.\n\n17. While any person employed in a factory or workshop is within the factory or workshop either for the purpose of employment or meals, the doors of the factory or workshop and of every room therein in which any such person is, shall not be locked or bolted or fastened in such manner that they cannot be easily and immediately opened from the inside.\n\n18. (1) In the case of any factory which is either (a) a building exceeding 60 feet in height or (b) a building in which more than twenty persons are employed, if the Protector is of opinion that the building is not provided with adequate means of escape therefrom in case of fire, he shall have power, and he is hereby empowered to require, by notice in writing, the proprietor of such factory to provide such means of escape as may be specified in such notice.\n\n(2) Any such notice as aforesaid shall specify in detail the requirements of the Protector, and the proprietor of the factory shall, upon receipt of such notice, execute and do all such works and things as may be necessary in order to comply with every requirement so specified, including the submission of plans to the Building Authority.\n\n19. The proprietor of every factory and workshop shall maintain in good condition and free from obstruction all the means of escape in case of fire provided in such factory or workshop, and no person shall wilfully alter, damage, obstruct or otherwise impair any such means of escape.\n\n20. The Protector may require the proprietor of any factory or workshop to provide, and thereupon such proprietor shall provide, erect and maintain to the satisfaction of the Protector illuminated notices bearing the words \"Fire Exit\" in English and Chinese at any exit from the factory or workshop.\n\n21. (1) Every proprietor of a factory or workshop shall take such precautions against fire and provide and maintain at all times in an efficient state, free from obstruction and ready for immediate use such means of dealing with fire as the Protector may direct.\n\n22. (1) Every factory building or part thereof the cubic content of which is greater than 250,000 cubic feet shall be divided by walls or floors of fire-resisting material into compartments none of which shall exceed 250,000 cubic feet in capacity, to the satisfaction of the Building Authority.\n\n(2) Every opening in such dividing wall or floor as aforesaid shall be fitted with doors of fire-resisting material constructed to the satisfaction of the Building Authority.\n\n23. In every factory adequate means shall be provided to the satisfaction of the Protector for closing in case of fire every opening in every floor through which a shaft or driving belt may pass.\n\n24. If any process, trade or occupation carried on in any factory or workshop involves the use of any inflammable liquid as defined in any regulations under the Dangerous Goods Ordinance, 1873, or any mixture containing any such liquid, or any substance or thing in which in the opinion of the Protector involves danger from fire, the Protector may prohibit smoking and the use of naked lights in such factory or workshop, and the proprietor thereof shall take such steps to enforce the prohibition as the Protector may direct.\n\nTenement factories.\n\n25. The Protector may require that any tenement factory shall be provided with an enclosed concrete stairway with self-closing doors of fire-resisting material on each landing, and that the stairway be carried in concrete to the top floor of the building and continued either in concrete or in iron to the roof. He may also require the provision of a protected route to neighbouring buildings, or such other alternative means of escape as he may approve.\n\nIn the case of such a factory extending laterally more than two house spaces on either side of an enclosed concrete stairway he may require an alternative means of egress from each house space or floor.\n\n26. No tenement factory or workshop shall be situated on any upper floor of a building of which the ground floor is licensed for the storage of any dangerous goods as defined in the Dangerous Goods Ordinance, 1873, or any regulations thereunder, unless the dangerous goods are housed in a structure effectively cut off, to the satisfaction of the Protector and the Chief Officer of the Fire Brigade, by a structure of fire-resisting material from direct communication with the factory or workshop.\n\n[By-law 10],\n\nAppendix I.\n\nREGISTER OF YOUNG PERSONS EMPLOYED IN AN INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKING.\n\nParticulars relating to the industrial undertaking.\n\nName under which the industrial undertaking is carried on\n\nAddress at which the industrial undertaking is carried on\n\nName of employer or employers\n\nName of manager\n\nParticulars relating to the Young persons:-\n\nName\n\nSex\n\nDate of birth or estimated age at date of first employment\n\nAddress (residence)\n\nName of parent or guardian\n\n16",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-565-18 Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 1-10-1937 - 4-10-1937.txt",
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    {
        "id": 557529,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-567-10 Companies Amendment Ordinance- draft bill 15-9-1938 - 28-9-1938",
        "page_number": 276,
        "title": "CO129-567-10 Companies Amendment Ordinance- draft bill 15-9-1938 - 28-9-1938",
        "content_text": "347\n\n152\n\nTHE PALESTINE GAZETTE\n\n6th February, 1936\n\n6th February, 1936\n\nTHE PALESTINE GAZETTE\n\n153\n\nbeen changed by special resolution and in accordance with section 25 of the Companies Ordinance, 1929, to:\n\n\"ELITE\" PALESTINE CHOCOLATE & SWEETS MANUFACTURING COMPANY LTD.\n\nIX.\n\nHellenic Corporation Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 100. divided into 100 shares of LP. 1.- each to LP. 5,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 4,900.— divided into 4,900 shares of LP. 1.- each.\n\nREGISTRATION OF PARTNERSHIPS.\n\nThe particulars given below correspond with the following headings:—\n\nI.\n\n1. Names and addresses of partners.\n\n2. Firm name of partnership.\n\n3. Names of partners authorised to administer the partnership and to sign for it.\n\n4. Date of commencement and determination.\n\n5. Object.\n\n1. Moshe Alfaszy, Tel Aviv,\n\nAbram Itelson, Tel Aviv.\n\n2. Palestine India Trading Co.\n\n3. Both partners jointly.\n\n4. 1.1.36, for an unlimited period.\n\n5. Manufacturers, representatives, commission agents, exporters and importers.\n\n1. Joseph Solhany, Haifa.\n\n2. Mineral water factory.\n\nLackfabrik Ed. Pfannenschmidt A. G. Danzig c/o Dr. Reinhold Cohn, Tel Aviv.\n\nIV.\n\nSheridan Trusts Limited.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 5,000. divided into 500 shares of LP.10.- each to LP. 10,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 5,000.- divided into 500 shares of LP. 10.- each.\n\nV.\n\nMazza Su Company Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 6,000.— divided into 6,000 ordinary shares of LP. 1.- each to LP. 8,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 2,000.— divided into 2,000 ordinary shares of LP. 1. each.\n\nX.\n\nAuja Irrigation Co. Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 10,000.- divided into 5,000 ordinary shares of LP. 1.- each and 100,000 deferred shares of LP. 0.050 each to LP. 50,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 40,000.- divided into 35,000 ordinary shares of LP. 1. each and 100,000 deferred shares of LP. 0.050 each.\n\nVI.\n\nPalestine Oil Industry \"Shemen\" Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 105,000.-- divided into 105,000 shares of LP. 1.- each to LP. 140,000.— by the issue of a further amount of LP. 35,000.- divided into 35,000 shares of LP. 1.— each.\n\nXI.\n\nGoldschmidt & Schwabe Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 2,000.— divided into 3 management shares of LP. 1.— each and 1,997 ordinary shares of LP. 1. each to LP. 5,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 3,000.— divided into 120 ordinary shares of LP. 10.- each, 200 ordinary shares of LP. 5.— each and 800 ordinary shares of LP. 1. each.\n\n31st January, 1936.\n\n1. Shukry Ayoub, Haifa.\n\n2. Salbany and Ayoub garages.\n\n3. Each partner severally.\n\n4. 1.2.36, for 3 years.\n\n5. Cleaning, greasing, painting, adjusting and guarding of motor cars.\n\n1. Hans Birkenfeld, Tel Aviv,\n\nEmil Van Huiden, Tel Aviv.\n\n2. Birkenfeld & Van Huiden.\n\n3. Both partners jointly.\n\n4. 1.12.35-31.12.37. But if no notice of dissolution is given three months before the expiry of the term of the partnership, the partnership shall be automatically prolonged for a further period of one year, and so on.\n\n1. Isaac Diskin, Tel Aviv.\n\nZalman Surpin, Tel Aviv.\n\nZalman Doy Weiler, Haifa.\n\n2. C'arna.\n\n3. All partners jointly.\n\n4. 15.1.36, for 3 years.\n\n5. Auto-driving school, automobile service and all kinds of sales and transportation.\n\n1. Moshe Bijrano, Jaffa,\n\nJacob Huli, Jaffa,\n\nIsaac Danon, Jaffa.\n\n2. Jacob Huli & Co.\n\n3. The partnership shall be administered by Messrs. Jacob Huli and Isaac Danon, and only the signatures of Jacob Huli together with any one of the other two partners shall bind the partnership.\n\n4. 17.11.35-16.11.38. But if no notice of dissolution is given by one of the partners three months before the expiry of the term of the partnership, the partnership shall be automatically prolonged for a further period of one year, and so on.\n\n5. Wholesale of groceries and all other kinds of merchandise.\n\nVII.\n\nGeorge Herz & Company Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 1,000.- divided into 1,000 shares of LP. 1.- each to LP. 2,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 1,000.- divided into 1,000 shares of LP. 1. each.\n\nVIII.\n\nGermanic Corporation. Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the capital of the above-named company has been increased from LP. 100. divided into 100 shares of LP. 1.-- each to LP. 5,000.- by the issue of a further amount of LP. 4,900.- divided into 4,900 shares of LP. 1. each.\n\nH. KANTROVITCH Registrar of Companies,\n\nNOTICE OF REGISTRATION OF A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP UNDER THE PARTNERSHIPS ORDINANCE, 1930.\n\nName of Partnership.\n\n1.\n\n2.\n\nDate of Registration.\n\n2.\n\nObjects of Partnership,\n\n$.\n\nName of General Partner.\n\n6.\n\nName of Limited Partner.\n\n“\n\n4. Capital contributed by Limited Partner.\n\nDuration of Partnership.\n\nL.\n\n5.\n\n1. Barukh Karl, Jerusalem,\n\nYehuda Liberbert, Jerusalem,\n\nHayim Weiss, Jerusalem.\n\n2. \"Dagim\" Beit Haroshet Ledagim Conservim.\n\n3. Any two of the three partners.\n\n4. 4.12.35, for an unlimited period.\n\n5. Preparation of conserved fish.\n\n1. Israel Kohen Schatzky, Tel Aviv.\n\nSefania Schatzky, Tel Aviv.\n\nMayer S. Schatzkin, Tel Aviv.\n\n2. Israel Kohen Schatzky.\n\n3. Each partner may sign on behalf of the partnership.\n\n4. 25.12.35, for 5 years.\n\n1. Mustapha Alumad Abu Zeid & Co.\n\n2.\n\n3.\n\nTrade.\n\n4.\n\nLP. 8,000.-\n\n5. Mustapha Ahmad Abu Zeid.\n\n6. Rasheed Yussef Samuman, Jerusalem.\n\nSubhi Hassan Khamis, Jerusalem.\n\nAlmathlaj Alwany Almumtaz.\n\n7.\n\nUnlimited period.\n\n1. Franz Cohn, Danzig, c/o Cohn, Tel Aviv.\n\n2. Varnish Works Haifa.\n\n3.\n\nFranz Cohn,\n\n4.\n\n2.1.36, for an unlimited period.\n\n5.\n\nManufacturers of and dealers in varnishes, lacquers and dye-stuffs.\n\n1. Sliman Levy, Haifa.\n\nHusein Manadila, Haifa.\n\nJewish Land Partnership \"Water\", Haifa.\n\n2.\n\n3. Each partner severally.\n\n4. 6.1.36, for an unlimited period.\n\n5. To sell and distribute water in Haifa.\n\nSTATEMENT OF NATURE OF CHANGE IN THE PARTICULARS THE GENERAL PARTNERSHIP: KIRCHNER AND Co.\n\nOF\n\nA. Change in the partners or in the name or surname of any partner.\n\nKARL KIRCHNER ceased to be a partner, and the partnership remained composed of ERNST KIRCHNER and GOTTHILF KIRCHNER.\n\nB. Change in person or persons authorised to sign on behalf of the partnership.\n\nEach partner is authorised to sign on behalf of the partnership.\n\nNOTICES\n\nThe following notices are published at the risk of the advertisers and their publication does not imply any certificate as to correctness or authority.\n\nI.\n\nIshaak Salim Dassuki Labban and Mohamed Hamed Battash.\n\nThe General Mortgage Bank of Palestine Ltd.\n\nNotice is hereby given that the following persons are authorised to sign on behalf of the bank:\n\n348",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-567-10 Companies Amendment Ordinance- draft bill 15-9-1938 - 28-9-1938.txt",
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    {
        "id": 557663,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-567-12 Hong Kong University 24-1-1938 - 24-1-1938",
        "page_number": 101,
        "title": "CO129-567-12 Hong Kong University 24-1-1938 - 24-1-1938",
        "content_text": "24. The scope of an Engineering Faculty in British and American Universities goes far beyond anything which, in our opinion, should be attempted in Hong Kong. In these Universities its functions rightly embrace original work, research and an advisory capacity to industry as well as sound teaching in the principles of engineering. In Electrical Engineering, for example, we are advised that a Technical College even of a high order would concentrate upon such points as operation and repair; whereas a University proper would go in more for research and design. In our view it is quite out of the question for Hong Kong to compete in the latter sphere with the vast aggregation of electrical knowledge of Europe and America: nor can we see any good reason why this should even be attempted, The same is equally true of Mechanical Engineering. It follows that in our view Hong Kong University need not follow the organization of Universities situated in England.\n\n25. The Faculty is at present organized with the three Departments of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering each under its own Professor with his assistant staff.\n\nWe are left with the clear impression that these Departments work disjointedly and we are satisfied that a less elaborate and a less pretentious organization will amply meet the present day requirements of the University. Our main conclusions in regard to staffing this Faculty are that a single Professor will suffice instead of the present three; that he will naturally be the Tai-koo Professor of Engineering (who need not by Statute necessarily be a Professor of Mechanical Engineering), that he should be ex officio Dean of the Faculty; and that he will be assisted by a staff of Lecturers (partly we would hope recruited from the ablest products of the University itself) who in the various departments would be adequate to give instructions on the lines required. These changes when they can be carried out without injustice to the present staff would we are convinced result in a better organization and a better discipline throughout the Faculty as well as securing an appreciable economy.\n\n25. From the Departments of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering may in time be derived in fuller measure than at present those advantages for British export trade to which we have already alluded. And we shall later on stress the desirability from this point of view of reinforcing the work of these departments.\n\n27. The Department of Civil Engineering must be evaluated somewhat differently. Unlike the other two departments there is not much hope, except very indirectly, of obtaining from it those material benefits which will assist Imperial trade. For this reason it is hardly to be expected that firms in the United Kingdom will be anxious to provide gratuitously practical post-graduate apprenticeships for the students concerned. And yet it is just in this field, taking an altruistic view, that the Hong Kong University can at present and for the next few years perhaps be of the greatest benefit to China. Nor is it surprising that this is the department which from the first attracted and still noticeably attracts the greatest number of students.\n\n28. A few Civil Engineers produced by the University will continue, as now, to find employment in various capacities in the Colony and also in Malaya. But as regards China proper we consider that the University should frankly face the fact that it is acting with no ulterior motives in its attempt to supply the engineers that are so urgently needed for developments of all kinds.\n\n29. We would go a stage further and suggest that the post-graduate training required should be deliberately provided in the Colony to such students from China in the road making, waterworks and building offices of the Public Works Department without any thought of their subsequent employment in the Colony.\n\n30. We are fully aware of the tendency to-day in Europe to recruit University graduates for such openings as may lead to the higher posts in commercial engineering, on the principle that such recruits will probably have a better knowledge of the underlying principles of their profession than the mere technician.\n\n31. But such graduation in Europe is, if not preceded, invariably followed (as well as accompanied during University vacations) by a rigorous practical training in commercial workshops. The best of laboratories, we are satisfied, is for this purpose of little value compared with the discipline of real workshops. Skill of a high order may be attained in the former, but there cannot be the discipline and the constant economic precautions against wastage that the workshop provides.\n\n32. And it is just here that, in our view, the University fails. The graduates who have profited by local practical training are found to be almost entirely non-Chinese; and even the Chinese graduates if they go to Europe readily accommodate themselves to the environment of dock or factory. What the University's founders could not be expected to foresee was that the Chinese undergraduate during vacation or the Chinese graduate after finishing his course will not take orders in Hong Kong from an uneducated foreman; and that that foreman will not give orders to that student, whether in the two large Docks or in the Railway shops or anywhere else. It is seldom safe to generalise in this way, but this conclusion is forced upon us from the unanimous evidence of those who know.\n\n33. The other factor which the founders of the University could not foretell was the growth in recent years of capable rival institutions in China proper which not only provide an adequate, if not perhaps an equivalent, training at about one-fifth of the cost, but moreover have in many cases the advantage of benevolent support from elsewhere, particularly from the United States.\n\n34. As has already been indicated, those engineering students who after graduation have profited by the generosity and far-sighted policy of certain firms and institutions, and have undergone an apprenticeship in the United Kingdom have, according to our information, fully justified the experiment. Their total number has only been fourteen, and two of these are not of Chinese race. Incidentally we observe that out of this total nine have taken electrical training, four mechanical, and one civil.\n\n35. We advise that this system should be greatly expanded if this is possible, but this means that there must be constant personal contact with the English engineering firms and their representatives in Hong Kong and China. We consider that Hong Kong will have done its proper share in the process by bringing the students as far as graduation, and that it is for the Imperial interests concerned to be persuaded to provide, as at present but to a greater degree, the practical workshop training whereby the objects in view can be attained. But Hong Kong University should endeavour to set aside funds for at least one two-years' scholarship to England in order to point the way to others, and to have means for bringing on some of its more brilliant men for eventual use on its own teaching staff.\n\n36. From what has been said it will be clear that we consider that the students selected for such a training should, apart from those required by the University itself, be such as will probably carry the \"little leaven\" of British engineering back into China proper rather than those who propose to earn their living in Hong Kong.\n\n37. We do not consider that this in any way invalidates our previous conclusions (a) that the Engineering Faculty should continue and (b) that its pretensions and cost should be restricted. It is clear that there is still a vast need for engineering knowledge in China and it is important to retain the present framework of the Faculty ready for the expansion which a closer contact with China (and a greater realization by her of the advantages which Hong Kong University can offer) may well bring in their train. It is tempting from the immediate practical point of view to suggest that the present expenditure on the Faculty could be better employed in providing students with an engineering degree in an English provincial University with all the facilities for practical training on the spot. But there is the language difficulty; there is the danger of complete loss of touch with Chinese life and sentiment; and there is the vital consideration of prestige.\n\nPage 114",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-567-12 Hong Kong University 24-1-1938 - 24-1-1938",
        "page_number": 206,
        "title": "CO129-567-12 Hong Kong University 24-1-1938 - 24-1-1938",
        "content_text": "24. The scope of an Engineering Faculty in British and American Universities goes far beyond anything which, in our opinion, should be attempted in Hong Kong. In these Universities its functions rightly embrace original work, research and an advisory capacity to industry as well as sound teaching in the principles of engineering. In Electrical Engineering, for example, we are advised that a Technical College even of a high order would concentrate upon such points as operation and repair; whereas a University proper would go in more for research and design. In our view it is quite out of the question for Hong Kong to compete in the latter sphere with the vast aggregation of electrical knowledge of Europe and America; nor can we see any good reason why this should even be attempted. The same is equally true of Mechanical Engineering. It follows that in our view Hong Kong University need not follow the organization of Universities situated in England.\n\n25. The Faculty is at present organized with the three Departments of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering each under its own Professor with his assistant staff. We are left with the clear impression that these Departments work disjointedly and we are satisfied that a less elaborate and a less pretentious organization will amply meet the present day requirements of the University. Our main conclusions in regard to staffing this Faculty are that a single Professor will suffice instead of the present three; that he will naturally be the Tai-koo Professor of Engineering (who need not by Statute necessarily be a Professor of Mechanical Engineering), that he should be ex officio Dean of the Faculty; and that he will be assisted by a staff of Lecturers (partly we would hope recruited from the ablest products of the University itself) who in the various departments would be adequate to give instructions on the lines required. These changes when they can be carried out without injustice to the present staff would we are convinced result in a better organization and a better discipline throughout the Faculty as well as securing an appreciable economy.\n\n26. From the Departments of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering may in time be derived in fuller measure than at present those advantages for British export trade to which we have already alluded. And we shall later on stress the desirability from this point of view of reinforcing the work of these departments.\n\n27. The Department of Civil Engineering must be evaluated somewhat differently. Unlike the other two departments there is not much hope, except very indirectly, of obtaining from it those material benefits which will assist Imperial trade. For this reason it is hardly to be expected that firms in the United Kingdom will be anxious to provide gratuitously practical post-graduate apprenticeships for the students concerned. And yet it is just in this field, taking an altruistic view, that the Hong Kong University can at present and for the next few years perhaps be of the greatest benefit to China. Nor is it surprising that this is the department which from the first attracted and still noticeably attracts the greatest number of students.\n\n28. A few Civil Engineers produced by the University will continue, as now, to find employment in various capacities in the Colony and also in Malaya. But as regards China proper we consider that the University should frankly face the fact that it is acting with no ulterior motives in its attempt to supply the engineers that are so urgently needed for developments of all kinds.\n\n29. We would go a stage further and suggest that the post-graduate training required should be deliberately provided in the Colony to such students from China in the road making, waterworks and building offices of the Public Works Department without any thought of their subsequent employment in the Colony.\n\n30. We are fully aware of the tendency to-day in Europe to recruit University graduates for such openings as may lead to the higher posts in commercial engineering, on the principle that such recruits will probably have a better knowledge of the underlying principles of their profession than the mere technician.\n\n31. But such graduation in Europe is, if not preceded, invariably followed (as well as accompanied during University vacations) by a rigorous practical training in commercial workshops. The best of laboratories, we are satisfied, is for this purpose of little value compared with the discipline of real workshops. Skill of a high order may be attained in the former, but there cannot be the discipline and the constant economic precautions against wastage that the workshop provides.\n\n32. And it is just here that, in our view, the University fails. The graduates who have profited by local practical training are found to be almost entirely non-Chinese; and even the Chinese graduates if they go to Europe readily accommodate themselves to the environment of dock or factory. What the University's founders could not be expected to foresee was that the Chinese undergraduate during vacation or the Chinese graduate after finishing his course will not take orders in Hong Kong from an uneducated foreman; and that that foreman will not give orders to that student, whether in the two large Docks or in the Railway shops or anywhere else. It is seldom safe to generalise in this way, but this conclusion is forced upon us from the unanimous evidence of those who know.\n\n33. The other factor which the founders of the University could not foretell was the growth in recent years of capable rival institutions in China proper which not only provide an adequate, if not perhaps an equivalent, training at about one-fifth of the cost, but moreover have in many cases the advantage of benevolent support from elsewhere, particularly from the United States.\n\n34. As has already been indicated, those engineering students who after graduation have profited by the generosity and far-sighted policy of certain firms and institutions, and have undergone an apprenticeship in the United Kingdom have, according to our information, fully justified the experiment. Their total number has only been fourteen, and two of these are not of Chinese race. Incidentally we observe that out of this total nine have taken electrical training, four mechanical, and one civil.\n\n35. We advise that this system should be greatly expanded if this is possible, but this means that there must be constant personal contact with the English engineering firms and their representatives in Hong Kong and China. We consider that Hong Kong will have done its proper share in the process by bringing the students as far as graduation, and that it is for the Imperial interests concerned to be persuaded to provide, as at present but to a greater degree, the practical workshop training whereby the objects in view can be attained. But Hong Kong University should endeavour to set aside funds for at least one two-years' scholarship to England in order to point the way to others, and to have means for bringing on some of its more brilliant men for eventual use on its own teaching staff.\n\n36. From what has been said it will be clear that we consider that the students selected for such a training should, apart from those required by the University itself, be such as will probably carry the \"little leaven\" of British engineering back into China proper rather than those who propose to earn their living in Hong Kong.\n\n37. We do not consider that this in any way invalidates our previous conclusions (a) that the Engineering Faculty should continue and (b) that its pretensions and cost should be restricted. It is clear that there is still a vast need for engineering knowledge in China and it is important to retain the present framework of the Faculty ready for the expansion which a closer contact with China (and a greater realization by her of the advantages which Hong Kong University can offer) may well bring in their train. It is tempting from the immediate practical point of view to suggest that the present expenditure on the Faculty could be better employed in providing students with an engineering degree in an English provincial University with all the facilities for practical training on the spot. But there is the language difficulty; there is the danger of complete loss of touch with Chinese life and sentiment; and there is the vital consideration of prestige.\n\nPage 230\n\n20",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-570-7 Sino-Japanese War- attack on shipping 21-3-1938 - 18-11-1938",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-570-7 Sino-Japanese War- attack on shipping 21-3-1938 - 18-11-1938",
        "content_text": "38\n\nTHE BOMBING OF CANTON: A DOCTOR'S EXPERIENCE\nAs Surgeon to the Canton Hospital, the oldest Hospital in the Orient, where China was opened at the point of a lancet, I have been asked by my colleagues, the American and British Physicians and Nurses of Canton, the ancient city of Rams, to tell you something of the bombing of this great city, during a period of two weeks.\n\nLarge squadrons of Japanese naval bombing planes, often numbering thirty or more, daily and nightly fly over this city, and are from the sky raining death and destruction. Thousands of high explosive bombs have been dropped at 250 different places throughout the city, killing more than a thousand people and wounding many times that number. The planes usually fly at a great height, so that discrimination is absolutely impossible even were this not an obvious attempt to terrorize the people, to demoralize the city, and destroy the private property and public institutions of the community, with the object of conquering and enslaving the Chinese people.\n\nWe, foreign physicians, who have witnessed these ruthless and barbarous bombings, and have ourselves cared for more than 500 severely wounded men, women and children, all non-combatants, in our Hospitals, have cabled to America and Great Britain, appealing to the humane people of the world to take decisive steps immediately to stop these persistent and terrible massacres. These dispatches have been signed by Doctors W. W. Cadbury, C. A. Hayes, R.L. Lancaster, F. Oldt, T. D. Stevenson, P. J. Todd, J. O. Thomson on our own initiative, and also on behalf of the Chinese Medical Association.\n\nWe have all served in China for many years and are accustomed to caring for large numbers of wounded soldiers, but this is the first time that the wounded in great numbers have all been civilians, women and children as well as men. The wounded are often brought to our Hospitals, particularly the Hackett Medical Centre and the Canton Hospital, while the airmen are bombing other places. At times the bombers return and many Red Cross workers have been wounded. Some are in our Hospitals. The Hospitals of Canton resemble field hospitals after a large battle, but the wounded are not soldiers. They are ordinary people like you and your loved ones.\n\nThe whole personnel of our institutions are required to care for the wounded men, women and children. Everyone works steadily until all have been operated upon and relieved of pain; but the staff is almost exhausted. As many as 160 severely wounded people have been admitted to each of several of our Mission Hospitals within a period of an hour or two. Ninety-nine per cent of the deaths and casualties are due to high explosive bombs, the same that are being used to blast the Chinese armies that are defending their country, their homes and their families. The explosive force of the bombs, the bomb fragments and the collapsing buildings cause terrible wounds.\n\nThe dead are more fortunate—for the wounded children and women as well as men, with large and painful wounds, often lie in agony, pinned down in the ruins of their homes, awaiting rescue, or death from hemorrhage or shock—often whole families are killed, sometimes one may be left maimed, penniless and homeless. The Chinese men say, \"We don't care if they kill us men, but why do they kill our women and children?\" Women of Japan, why do your airmen, soldiers and sailors kill women and children in large numbers?\n\nIs this \"just and fair\" as your military leaders declare? Do you approve of this? You in foreign countries who are providing the Japanese militarist raiders with the materials for this slaughter of the innocents—their blood is on your heads.\n\nWe can never forget the young doctor brought to us with both thighs shattered, one twisted as if by a typhoon. For lack of a bed he lay on the floor quietly, uncomplainingly, quite conscious, calmly awaiting death, for he had done his duty, nobly and courageously. His distracted wife, weeping daughter and sorrowing brother begged us to save his life. We could do nothing but relieve his pain. His wounds were too severe and he had lost too much blood. We had to turn away from that pathetic group to save the lives of others. \"Greater love hath no man than this—that a man lay down his life for his friends.\"\n\nThe Red Cross organizations and personnel, boy and girl scouts, and the staffs of our Hospitals are doing magnificent work. They are well worthy of your support. The heads of our medical institutions and of the Health and Red Cross services are splendid Chinese men and physicians, distinguished and worthy graduates of American and British medical schools mostly.\n\nOur Hospitals are full of wounded—those whose limbs needed to be amputated—expectant mothers injured—children with shattered bones. Very few cases with bomb wounds of the abdomen survive, they are too serious. You would be interested in many of those who fill our wards. There is the newsboy whose calf muscles are torn away: The fruit peddler whose leg was blown off. He cannot now provide for his family. The young woman, a member of a happy family of seven. A bomb dropped on their home and one of her feet was blown off. When she recovered consciousness she learned that the other members of the family had been killed. The fireman who was machine-gunned by the airmen while putting out a fire caused by an incendiary bomb.\n\nAfter dropping their bombs near the Wong Sha (yellow sand) station in the city, the bombers swooped down and machine-gunned the people as they ran out of their collapsing houses. A mother was injured, a nine year old boy was killed and a baby boy five months old had a bullet through the thigh. There is the mother of four small children whose legs were shattered and who will be bedridden for months. The baby girl of four months, part of whose foot was blown off and mother whose was killed while she was nursing her, will probably live. A cobbler with his right hand shattered. With most of these people it is a hand to mouth existence. If they cannot work they cannot eat. Many would prefer to be killed rather than be maimed, for they can neither support themselves nor their families, but are a burden to them.\n\nWe try to save as many limbs as possible, but have had to sacrifice dozens, and will have to provide them with artificial ones. One of our girl nurses remarked, 'If I am struck by a bomb I hope I will be killed outright rather than have a limb blown off!' It is very unpleasant for everyone in Canton—for there are no neutrals nor non-combatants—when the bombers dive overhead, and no one knows where the bombs will drop and scatter fragments of human bodies all over a wide area. Most unpleasant is it for those who have already gone through both mental and physical torture once, to anticipate further suffering.\n\nThe wounds are extensive and multiple, requiring quantities of dressing and medicines. We are grateful to the Lord Mayors' Fund, the Red Cross Societies and individuals for help. Much more will be required. Are you acting the part of the Good Samaritan?\n\nA Japanese spokesman declared that \"accurate bombing of Canton had been carried out\". These objectives \"accurately bombed\" include the French Hospital on the Bund with large flags painted on the roof. (The beautiful young woman whose leg we had to amputate thought that it was a safety zone). Bombs struck directly a group of sampans in the river, people on the main streets of the city, schools (mission and others), hundreds of private homes and shops. We have wounded from those places in our hospitals. We refuse to term these and the essential Public utilities, such as the power plant and water works, and administrative offices of a great municipality \"military objectives\".\n\nBombs fell close to buildings of the Hackett Medical Centre and beside the Hospital of the New Zealand Mission adorned with flags, and on Lingnan University. We must assume from their own statement that the Japanese air force considers these \"military objectives\" and deliberately bombed them.\n\nOur Hospitals are functioning under great difficulties. The destruction of the major power plant deprives us of our lighting systems, X-rays, refrigeration of serums and food supplies, water pumping, elevator service, cooling fans—Canton is in the sub-tropics. It is mid-summer.\n\nWith the destruction of the public utilities which is the Japanese declared intention, the city could be destroyed by fire caused by many incendiary bombs. Thousands of people have taken refuge close to Shameen—the Anglo-French Concession here, but the Japanese bombers have made a practice of diving low over the Consulates flying the American, British, French and other flags to slaughter the people nearby. Is it fair to the Chinese to tolerate this? Are we respecting the treaties our nations voluntarily signed with the intention of securing the integrity and sovereignty of China from just such an aggression?\n\n39\n\n3\n\nThe ruthless bombing of non-combatants has not been confined to Canton. Four hundred air-raids have been made upon various places throughout this Province during the past 9 months—an average of nearly two daily. The despatches of such reputable press agencies as Reuter and United Press have been substantially correct.\n\nYou may have read that several Japanese planes machine-gunned two passage boats with hundreds of passengers, most of whom were killed or wounded. That six planes attacked a group of cargo junks with firewood, killing and wounding. That Japanese airmen dropped incendiary bombs on a sewing factory full of young women, scores of whom were killed, as many maimed and burned—a terrible sight. That bombs were dropped on a train on the Hankow railroad coming south and that the aeroplanes then opened fire with machine guns killing and wounding passengers.\n\nThat half a city was destroyed and many injured in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy a small military objective\". That bombs were rained on stations of the British financed Kowloon railway killing and wounding old men, women and babies. These reports are not propaganda, but the truth, for some of the wounded have been admitted to our Canton hospitals and those of our medical colleagues at Swatow, Kong Chuen, Fat Shan, Shiu Chow, Kong Moon, Tsung Fa and other places, and treated by Doctors H.R. Worth, O.L. Eaton, G.W. Hollings, H.R. Hartnell, R.L. Cockfield F.E. Bates and Nurse James and others of the Presbyterian, Methodist, Anglican, Seventh Day Adventist and United Churches of England, the United States of America, Canada, and New Zealand.\n\nThe killing of non-combatants but strengthens the determination of the Chinese to resist in order to bring peace and security to China and Asia. Canton cannot be captured from the air. Will the people of Britain and America allow it to become a second Nanking? Will you not actively help to hasten the time when there shall be neither sorrow nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain—the time when nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more? or will you continue to be an isolationist and watch the hands of the clock of civilization and of Christianity put back to the dark ages—America and Britain were given their goodly heritage for a world mission.\n\nIn the judgement of the nations will America and Britain hear the words: \"In as much as you have done it unto the least of these (Chinese women, children and men) my brethren—you have done it unto me?\"\n\nThis letter has been written during day and night air raids still continuing.\n\nJ. O. Thomson, M.D., F.A.C.S.\n\nCanton, CHINA.\n\nJune 12, 1938.",
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    {
        "id": 560608,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-570-7 Sino-Japanese War- attack on shipping 21-3-1938 - 18-11-1938",
        "page_number": 39,
        "title": "CO129-570-7 Sino-Japanese War- attack on shipping 21-3-1938 - 18-11-1938",
        "content_text": "40\n\n.4!\n\n5\n\n# A DIARY OF THE AIR RAIDS.\n\nFor the previous two or three weeks, we had been having wet weather, and were congratulating ourselves that the rain at least kept the Japanese aeroplanes away. Since the beginning of May, when an attack had been made on Canton near the Sun Yat Sen University, there had been a respite. But on Saturday, May 28th, a spell of fine weather began again,—blue sky with patches of fleecy white cloud hanging fairly low. This made very good cover for the Japanese airmen, who seem to have developed the technique of diving out of the clouds to drop their bombs, and then retiring to safety before the anti-aircraft guns could spot them. Indeed, for a great part of the bombing, we have been unable to see the aeroplanes at all. The anti-aircraft fire has been vigorous and persistent. Two planes are said to have been hit, but it has been an unequal struggle, and emphasises that, as far as aerial attack is concerned, Canton is not a heavily fortified city.\n\n## Saturday, May 28th.\n\nIn the morning, I was over at Pak Hok Tung, which lies across the river from Canton. The meeting I was at was, of course, disturbed by the roar of planes and the detonation of bombs and anti-aircraft fire; but it was not till the local Red Cross corps received a 'phone call to go and help at Lychee Wan in the North West of the city that we realised how serious the raid had been. At 1 o'clock, the raiders came back and dropped more bombs, which I afterwards learnt had fallen among the rescue-workers near Wong Sha Railway Station. As we came back in the launch, we could see smoke coming up from a match factory only a few hundred yards from Shameen. I began to go with another foreigner towards our home in the East of the city, but the planes came over for the third time that day, and the police would not let our rickshaws proceed till the firing was over.\n\nA colleague who is a member of the Committee of Justice had been round by the Wong Sha Station, which was destroyed. Bombs had also fallen on a great many small houses in the neighbourhood, and he reported ghastly scenes of dead and wounded. Coming home, I saw an undertaker's car piled up with rough wooden coffins.\n\n## Sunday, May 29th.\n\nThe raiders came about 10 a.m., power-diving, apparently very close to where we live. It is a shattering noise and instinctively makes you recoil into a corner or fall flat on the floor. Fortunately, there was an interval, and I was able to get to a church service in Sai Kwan, the West suburb. Another raid began just as we were finishing, and it was rather a disturbed service, with the sound of ambulances and cars rushing by, and then a general movement away from the west part of the city where the Wong Sha Station lies. The Japanese have been persistently attacking this district. Hackett Hospital, which is of American Christian foundation, lies at least half a mile from the Station, but bombs have dropped just outside it.\n\nAfter Church, I got a rickshaw, although planes were overhead, and reached the Columbus Restaurant in the middle of Canton. Two planes were visible, and hundreds of people sheltering in doorways and shops were looking up at them as they dodged the anti-aircraft fire. The Restaurant was packed to the doors. People were sitting on the stairs and in every available place. But when the All Clear Signal had gone, most people went out, and we could pursue more or less normal life for the rest of the day.\n\n## Monday, May 30th.\n\nThe air-raid began about 9:30 a.m. The school where we live is strongly built with four concrete floors above the entrance hall, which has become a kind of public shelter. Between 100 and 200 poor people from the neighbourhood come each time. It was particularly noisy that morning. The planes were power-diving near us again, and bombs were falling not far off. One exploded three hundred yards away in a field. Whenever there was a lull, we would rush upstairs to look out and see what damage had been done. Tremendous columns of smoke and dust were going up from the Siu Pak (Little North Gate) district, while far away to the West, we could see from the smoke that Wong Sha Station was being attacked again.\n\nSome of the Boy Scouts from the School prepared to go and lend a hand at the places nearest to us. They went very willingly, but we nearly started too soon, as the planes came back while we were still in the school grounds. We had to wait for a few very unpleasant moments by a bamboo hedge while the planes roared, and on three occasions at least, we could hear the swish of bombs hurtling through the air. There were terrible scenes of dead and dying at Siu Pak, where scores of little houses and shops had been destroyed. In a village not far from our school, a bomb had fallen in a bamboo grove, and there had probably been a house near by. When we got there, there was only a huge crater. Some Red Cross workers were helping with the wounded. We helped some soldiers with digging. An old woman recognised the body of her small grandson. A disconsolate mother kept crying \"Why did they come here?\" Why indeed? There was nothing that could be called military anywhere near.\n\n## May 31st-June 2nd.\n\nDuring the middle of the week, the air-raids were not quite so intensive. On Tuesday, the Japanese raided Sai Tsuen, where the Electric Power plant and other factories are situated. On Wednesday, there was no raid. I took the opportunity to visit the Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall. It is one of the finest buildings in China, and stands in its own grounds well apart from the other buildings. The north-west corner of the building was hit by a bomb and badly damaged. Broken blue tiles were scattered everywhere on the pavement. Two other bombs were aimed at it, one of them hitting a Primary School which stood at the corner of the square. It is difficult to see the reason for, or to excuse this act of vandalism.\n\n## Friday, June 3rd.\n\nI got caught in the streets during a raid in the afternoon. Traffic came to a halt, while people moved quickly, but without panic, taking what cover they could. I found myself near the Sun Yat Sen University and knew it was not a good spot to be in. I made my way by stages to the Lingnan wharf and found that three bombs had fallen into the river, killing some boat people. I crossed in a sampan to Lingnan, and passed the cotton factory, which had also been hit. Ambulances were already on the spot.\n\n## Saturday, June 4th.\n\nThis was one of the worst raids we have had. I was in the YMCA building in the Bund at the time. There were several tremendous explosions, and we could hear the bombs coming through the air, which fell near the Pearl River Bridge, and behind the Provincial Bank. Whole rows of houses were demolished there. Four or five bombs had fallen at the corner of Tai Hong Rd. and Hon Man (Wing Hon) Rd. Somehow, to see that destruction and bodies laid out in the main shopping street of Canton brings out more clearly the cruel futility of war and its threat to all that we call civilisation.\n\n## Sunday, June 5th.\n\nWhitsunday. Our Church service was held in very trying conditions. Bombs had fallen about 400 yards away the day before. On this day too, the explosions sounded almost as near; but somehow we finished the service. Two bombs had fallen on the old campus of the National Sun Yat Sen University. Attacks were also made on the Municipal Building—another very fine achievement of modern Chinese architecture—and on the broadcasting station, but these were not successful.\n\n## Monday, June 6th.\n\nAnother terrible day. Raids began at 8 a.m. Some bombs fell not far from the Sun Yat Sen University Hospital. Others fell near the old East Gate, and it is difficult to see what they could have been aimed at. They hit a number of poor houses, which collapsed. I realised how many people must have been trapped and buried alive in ruins when we helped to unearth a woman and child in this district. At first, we could only hear them, but after some feverish clearing away of bricks and rubble and wood, their heads appeared. The little boy could be got out, but the woman was buried almost up to the neck. Then there was another raid, and an agony of waiting while more bombs dropped. Afterwards, the rescue party got to work again, and she was freed. But hundreds of people in Canton have not been so lucky, and some are probably still buried in ruins.\n\nRound at the YMCA, they had had an even worse time. Bombs had fallen on the French Hospital almost next door, on some houses behind the Power Station 150 yards away, and a third at the foot of the new Tiger Balm building on the Bund. Again, a terrible roll of dead and wounded. It was quite difficult to get home owing to the number of bombed areas that had been cordoned off by the police.\n\n## Tuesday, June 7th.\n\nIn the afternoon, there was another raid. Three bombs fell on the grounds of Lingnan University. One of them, only 130 yards from the house of an American Professor, failed to explode and buried itself 10 feet into the earth.\n\n## June 8th to 13th.\n\nNight raids began as soon as the moon was a little way past half full. By now, a tremendous number of people have left Canton for the country or Hong Kong. As soon as there is an alarm, those who are left either run out to the fields on the outskirts or go to some part of the city that is still considered safe. There is a hasty procession of cars, then silence while we listen for the distant drone of the planes.\n\nThe Japanese appear to have hired spies to let off flares on the first night, and many were seen going up from all parts of the city. But most of the traitors must have been caught, as there were none on the following nights. The airmen seem to be more cautious by night. Only one plane comes at a time, and the bombs have mostly fallen on the edge of the city. The Electric Light Plant, at Sai Tsuen, which was put up by German engineers, to be paid for out of the running profits, was badly damaged in these night-raids.\n\nRaids have taken place on five nights, and the moon will last long enough for them to come five times more.\n\nOn each occasion, about six to ten bombs have been dropped, with the usual chances of death and destruction. There is the additional terror of it happening in the dark. On June 8th, there was also a fire in an oil-shop, possibly started by incendiaries. The gallant Japanese airmen made their contribution to the peace of East Asia by machine-gunning the people who were trying to put it out.\n\nCanton is now very quiet, but not completely deserted. There has been no panic, and no looting. Government Officials, Police, soldiers, Labour Corps, Red Cross workers, doctors, and many others remain to protect life where they can, and to preserve peace in the city. The Chinese civilians are doing courageous work in exceptionally trying conditions. It is because we believe that their cause is essentially the cause of humanity that we appeal to friends in the West to sympathise actively by helping to restrain Japanese aggression, and to stop war supplies going from Britain and the United States to a country which uses them in this way.\n\nGILBERT BAKER.",
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    {
        "id": 561317,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "content_text": "19 \n\n19. F0-F1708/298/10 \n\n14th and \n\n24-2-38 \n\nAgrees \n\nthat assembly of ambulance planes \n\nshould be sanctioned, but not of passenger planes \n\nI have spoken to Lieutenant-Commander \n\nWigglesworth. \n\nOn the ground that \n\nThe Foreign Office agree that \n\nambulance aircraft may be assembled at Hong \n\nKong and delivered to China, but consider \n\nthat the assembly of passenger aircraft should \n\nnot be sanctioned \"as it is virtually impossible \n\nto ensure that they shall not be used for \n\nmilitary purposes\". I understand that the \n\nAir Ministry agree with this view and are writing to us accordingly. I presume that \n\nin view of this, we can only telegraph such \n\na decision in reply to the Governor's \n\ntelegram (No. 13), and I attach a draft for \n\nconsideration accordingly. \n\nIf I may be permitted \n\nthe remark, however, I am not quite clear as \n\nto the Foreign Office line of reasoning \n\non the assembly of ambulance aircraft, but not of passenger aircraft. If it is virtually impossible to \n\nensure that passenger aircraft shall not be \n\nused for military purposes, as I understand \n\nfrom Lieutenant-Commander Wigglesworth that \n\nthere is practically no difference between the military purposes for which either ambulance \n\nor passenger aircraft can be used. The distinction is purely a political one, and \n\nthe assembly of passenger aircraft in Hong Kong is presumably considered to be more \n\n\"provocative\" to the Japanese Government. \n\nIn view of this decision, I suggest \n\nthat it is now scarcely worth while discussing \n\nthe project for setting up a factory in Hong \n\nKong as set out in (18), at an inter-departmental conference. \n\nIf neither civil \nnor",
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    {
        "id": 561392,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "page_number": 94,
        "title": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "content_text": "# Quod 113\n\nB.6263/38.\n\n## BURMA OFFICE\nWHITEHALL, S.W.1.\n7th October 1938.\n\nDear Rogers,\n\nWe do not seem to have heard anything since the circulation of Colonial Office telegram to Hong Kong of the 5th July, copy of which was sent to us under your No.53846/38 about the proposed establishment of an aircraft factory at Hong Kong.\n\nMeanwhile, as you will have seen from our printed letter of the 15th July, `B.3468/38`, we consulted the Government of Burma demi-officially on this project. We have now received a reply from them, the upshot of which is that the Governor is unwilling to consult the Ministry as to their attitude towards this project until further details are known. We do not propose to circulate the letters we have had from Burma, but, if there have been any developments in the matter, we shall be glad to be informed.\n\nYours sincerely,\nmandan\n\nP. Rogers, Esq.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 561439,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "page_number": 141,
        "title": "CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939",
        "content_text": "# HONG KONG, 3rd June, 1938.\n\n## 14) Aeroplane Factory\n\nThank you for your letter of 26th May.\n\nThe proposed factory will undertake the manufacture of all parts of an aeroplane at present undertaken by manufacturers in the United States and England, which does not include the engine.\n\nPawley tells me that in America and Great Britain, no aeroplane factory makes their own engines. This is a very costly business and requires very large capital.\n\nThe Curtiss-Wright people have an engine factory but it is quite a separate organization from their aeroplane factory.\n\nTo start with, we did not propose to make our own aluminium and gun metal forgings, but as soon as the business justified it, we should do so. These, however, constitute but a small proportion of the necessary parts, so that it is not misleading to say that we are proposing to manufacture aeroplanes, and not merely assemble the manufactured parts.\n\nThe Hon. Mr. N.L. Smith, C.M.G.,  \nColonial Secretary,  \nHong Kong.\n\nYours sincerely,  \n**(Sd.) Stanley H. Dodwell**",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-571-15 Sino-Japanese War- manufacture and import of aircraft to China 18-1-1938 - 5-1-1939.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 562285,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-572-10 Rent Commission 14-3-1938 - 7-6-1938",
        "page_number": 67,
        "title": "CO129-572-10 Rent Commission 14-3-1938 - 7-6-1938",
        "content_text": "# \n\n**straw** who hoped to make a quick boom profit were deservedly punished, and it is a fact that in the years 1933 to 1937 there was in the Colony what has been described to us as an overbuilt position\". but the majority of property owners must be regarded as legitimate investors, and had it not been for the overbuilt position, the present acute shortage of accommodation would have been much accentuated.\n\n3. During the years of severe depression, property owners were left with great numbers of vacant tenements on their hands, and were glad to find tenants at rentals which did not yield an economic return on capital outlay. Many tenants availed themselves of this position to move into a class of premises considerably superior to that which they would normally occupy, and when, with the increased demand for accommodation due mainly, but probably not entirely, to the outbreak of the present Sino-Japanese hostilities, rents began to show an upward tendency, these tenants found themselves faced with demands for rentals which they could not afford to meet but which were not in the great majority of cases at all exorbitant having regard to the class of property in respect of which they were charged. The Government Assessor of Rates gave us an example in his evidence of flats let in Wongneichong for $145 per month four or five years ago, fetching after the slump and until the commencement of the upward tendency only $70 per month, and later made the general statement that in some cases where he had found what appeared to be a very heavy increase in rent, investigation had shown that during the depression rents were excessively low for the class of property concerned. If a more normal level of rental were taken as a standard, there was in fact no excessive increase.\n\n4. Many other tenants did not move from their residences, but reaped the benefit of the slump by threatening to quit unless their landlords reduced the existing rents. The landlords were forced to agree to reduction in order to avoid being left with empty and wholly unremunerative premises on their hands. The Government Assessor of Rates summed up this aspect of the situation in his evidence in the words \"tenants have for the past few years been holding a pistol to the landlords' heads\".\n\n5. Our attention was thus directed to the question whether the rentals which we had been informed had been increased or were about to be increased had on the average reached or were about to reach a rate of rental higher than that prevailing for the same premises before the depression set in.\n\n6. A prominent member of the Chinese community, whom we invited to give evidence, stated that up to November, 1937, beyond which date he had not pursued enquiries, statistics showed that rentals had not gone back to pre-depression figures.\n\n7. We next investigated the records at the office of the Government Assessor of Rates from 1928 or, in the case of new buildings, from the first assessment, until the present time, paying particular attention to the premises referred to by landlords and tenants in their written or oral statements.\n\n8. Of some 269 addresses, some of which probably included several floors, only 213 provided sufficient data upon which to base any conclusions whatever. In only 45 of these 213 cases did the Government Assessor's records of assessment show definite figures for 1933 and 1937, the figure for 1937 being confirmed by the tenant, who also provided a figure for 1938. Of the 45 cases, 8 showed an increase of rent above the 1933-1934 level; 11 showed a return to that level; 17, while increased beyond the 1937 level, had not reached the 1933-1934 level and in 5 cases we were already aware that a bare notice to quit had been given. Of the 8 cases showing an increase over the 1933-1934 level, one related to a factory, one to a school and one, we learned from the landlord, was really a notice to quit. Of the remaining cases, the increases over the 1933-1934 level were either small or, in relation to the class of premises concerned, not excessive.\n\n9. As regards the 168 cases remaining after deducting the 45 cases of which there were exact assessment figures for the years 1933 and 1937, we were in some difficulty, for assessments had often been made on whole houses and we had therefore in such cases to make an estimate of floor rents by having regard to the rent of the whole house and inquiring what rents were the basis of assessment for comparative floors in the neighbourhood. In order to avoid any possibility of bias, we made this estimate without having the figures given by landlords and tenants before us, and with some doubt we consider that in 29 cases the rent has been raised above the 1933-1934 level; in 22 cases has been restored to that level; in 52 cases has been raised above the 1937 level, but has not yet reached the 1933-1934 level and in 27 cases has been raised above the 1937 level with no figures of pre-depression rentals available. In 36 cases we were already aware that bare notice to quit had been given. The remaining 2 cases are probably increases to a high rent with a view to getting rid of the tenant.\n\n10. Although we have done our best to arrive at a correct conclusion, these figures are at best guesswork, and may be either too high or too low. Even the figures relating to the 45 cases mentioned above are only approximate. We prefer to place greater reliance on the facts and figures set forth in the succeeding paragraphs of this Report.\n\n## Illustrations from Written and Oral Evidence\n\n11. A tenant of a floor in Glenealy wrote to us, and his own words are illuminating \"I have been living in the above address since 1935 June paying a monthly rent of $60 and in December 1935 I asked for a reduction of $10 and my landlord only complied with it when I sent in the month's notice to leave. $60 rent I could not pay, but as the locality is good I meant to stay for 6 months only unless finding me a good and regular tenant the landlord will reduce the rent to $50\". It will be observed that the tenancy commenced during the depression, and that the tenant obtained accommodation of a type for which he could not afford to pay even during that period in the hope of obtaining a reduction. The landlord now proposes to raise the rent to $65 per month.\n\n12. A tenant in Kennedy Road writes: \"For over two years I have been paying a rental of $90. When I moved in, this place was not at all considered a bargain (witness the fact that it had been vacant for some time before I took it over)\". Again the rent of $90 commenced during the depression and it is obvious that the landlord would accept a rental at that figure rather than leave the premises vacant.\n\n13. A letter in the issue of the South China Morning Post of the 17th March, 1938, alleged an increase in rental as follows:— \n| Old Rent | New Rent | Increase |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| $60 | $100 | 66⅔ per cent.; subject to a lease for 2 years being signed within 15 days of notice, the new rent is to be reduced to $90\" |\n\nThe letter went on to allege extortion on the part of \"one of the biggest property owners in the Colony\". The writer of this letter did not appear before us, but his landlords did, and from unimpeachable evidence we are satisfied that the true facts are as follows:— \n\nIn September, 1930, the flat (not house) in question was let for $107 per month \"including taxes and water\". In December, 1930, the rent was adjusted to $95 per month \"exclusive of taxes\". (This really means rates). This adjustment amounted to a monthly liability on the part of the tenant to pay $110.80. In September, 1933, by which time the depression was beginning to make itself felt, the tenant asked for a reduction of his rent to $90, adding that he would be compelled to give notice if his request was not acceded to. The landlords did not agree to the reduction, the tenant left, and the flat stood vacant for over two months.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-572-10 Rent Commission 14-3-1938 - 7-6-1938.txt",
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        "id": 563254,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-574-13 British capital for China- Prime Minister's statement 5-11-1938 - 5-11-1938",
        "page_number": 14,
        "title": "CO129-574-13 British capital for China- Prime Minister's statement 5-11-1938 - 5-11-1938",
        "content_text": "# Oral Answers \n\n## HOUSE OF COMMONS \n\n[Mr. Simmonds.] contractual obligation, so that they should be in fact available when any emergency arises? \n\nMr. Lloyd: This is a subject with which my right hon. Friend will deal in the course of the Debate. \n\nMr. Mabane: Can my hon. Friend say how many of this total fall within the category of air raid wardens? \n\nMr. Lloyd: Not without notice. \n\nMr. R. Gibson: Do these figures include Scotland? \n\nMr. Lloyd: Yes, Sir. \n\nMr. Davidson: If the hon. Gentleman is considering the question of contract, will he also consider the question of payment? \n\n## 35. Mr. Simmonds asked the Home Secretary what practical steps have been taken to implement the recommendations of the committee upon evacuation presided over by the right hon. Member for the Scottish Universities (Sir J. Anderson)? \n\nMr. Lloyd: As stated in the memorandum which my right hon. Friend issued with the report, action has already been taken both in the light of the recommendations in the report and of the experience gained during the recent emergency to examine and prepare in detail evacuation schemes. Steps had been taken before the recent emergency to have ready schemes such as could be operated at once if there were no time for lengthy preparation. Information was given in the Press about such a scheme which had been prepared for London. It is, however fully recognised that with time for preparation much can be done to improve such schemes, and the detailed work necessary for this purpose is in progress. \n\nMr. Simmonds: Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind the wide national support which has been given to this plan and that the nation is only too anxious to see other branches of air-raid precautions investigated in a similar manner? \n\nSir Percy Harris: Will the right hon. Gentleman explain to the House why this report was held up before publication for three months? \n\nMr. Lloyd: My right hon. Friend will deal with that rather complicated subject later. \n\nMr. R. C. Morrison: Can the hon. Gentleman say whether he will issue any information to local authorities in the near future, so that they may play their part in making the long and active preparations which will be necessary if this scheme is to be successful? \n\nMr. Lloyd: Yes, Sir, certainly. \n\n## 41. Mr. Gallacher asked the Home Secretary whether any steps were taken to enable unemployed persons to receive the various articles recommended in the air-raid precautions handbook as being necessary for the evacuation of children and for protecting homes in the event of aerial attack? \n\nMr. Lloyd: As regards evacuation, steps were taken to secure that school children were equipped with the articles which they might need, and arrangements were made for meeting the immediate necessities of all persons who would have become refugees. As regards the provision of various forms of protection for persons remaining in specially vulnerable areas, the subject cannot be adequately dealt with in reply to a question, but my right hon. Friend hopes to have an early opportunity of making a full statement. \n\nMr. Gallacher: Will the Minister take note of the fact that the allowances paid to those who are unemployed are quite inadequate to meet their ordinary needs, and that if there is any special arrangement made for protecting their homes, assistance must be given to them? \n\n## 43. Mr. Touche asked the Home Secretary whether he will consider letting the public know the regulations which would be enforced in time of war regarding such air-raid precautions as blanketing of windows, provision of sand, and the best means of dealing with incendiary and other bombs, so that persons responsible for large buildings may take the necessary preparatory steps to enable them to comply with such regulations should the emergency arise? \n\nMr. Lloyd: Every endeavour has been and is being made, both through the medium of the published memoranda and handbooks and otherwise, to give the widest publicity to the various precautionary measures which should be taken by the public against the danger from air raids. It should not, however, be assumed that all these measures would be the subject of mandatory regulations on the outbreak of war. Many of them would remain measures which members of the public and occupiers of premises would be expected to take in their own interests. \n\nMr. Macquisten: Would it not be as well to mobilise all the unemployed miners and make them build bomb-proof shelters in all the big towns? \n\nMr. Garro Jones: Does that answer mean that the dealing with incendiary bombs is left exclusively to the initiative of the public after merely receiving publicity information from the Home Office? \n\nMr. Lloyd: No, Sir, it does not mean that. It is proposed both that the fire brigades should be augmented and also in the case of certain similar brigade plants in some of the streets in the event of air raids, that simple fire extinction apparatus should be made available in certain streets, probably in connection with the air-raid wardens. \n\n## BOGUS CLUBS \n\n34. Mr. Touche asked the Home Secretary whether he is aware of the hardship caused to licensed victuallers by the continuance of the unfair competition of bogus clubs; and whether he can make any statement as to when legislation is likely to be introduced on this subject? \n\n**The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Sir Samuel Hoare)**: I am fully aware of the position, but my hon. Friend will realise that it is not possible for me to-day to make any statement as to the legislative programme for next Session. \n\n## PARLIAMENTARY ELECTORATES \n\n37. Sir J. Mellor asked the Home Secretary whether, in view of the growing inequality of Parliamentary electorates, he will introduce legislation in order to effect a redistribution before the next General Election? \n\n32. Mr. Keeling asked the Home Secretary whether he is aware that in 79 of the 498 single-Member constituencies in England and Wales the number of voters is over 25 per cent. above the average and that the disparity between large and small electorates is greater than it has been since the Reform Act, 1832; and whether he will consider the introduction of legislation to make a redistribution before the next General Election? \n\n**1 NOVEMBER 1938**\n\nSir S. Hoare: I am not in a position to add anything to the replies given to previous questions on this subject. \n\nSir J. Mellor: Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind the fact that the size of some electorates in single-Member constituencies is two, three and even four times the size of the average electorate? \n\nSir S. Hoare: Yes, Sir. \n\n## TWO-SHIFT SYSTEM \n\n38. Mr. Kelly asked the Home Secretary the number of firms operating the two-shift system, and also the conditions which have been laid down for transport as well as continued education? \n\nSir S. Hoare: About 1,100 two-shift authorisations are now in force under the Act of 1936. It is now the practice to insert a condition to the effect that if any young person employed in the shifts is desirous of attending a continuation school or class, reasonable facilities shall be afforded by the employer for such attendance, and where it appears that transport difficulties are liable to arise a condition is inserted that the Secretary of State may at any time require the employer to make such special arrangements for the conveyance of workers living at a distance as may be necessary to prevent hardship. \n\nMr. Kelly: Will the right hon. Gentleman consider publishing a list of those firms operating this two-shift system? \n\nSir S. Hoare: I scarcely think that it would be necessary to publish a list of these 1,100 firms, but if the hon. Member will communicate with me, I will see if there is any further information I can give him. \n\nMr. Rhys Davies: Is the right hon. Gentleman satisfied that the conditions which were laid down by the Factory Department are carried out by the employers?",
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    {
        "id": 563794,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-575-15 Traffic of arms to China 24-1-1939 - 4-12-1939",
        "page_number": 85,
        "title": "CO129-575-15 Traffic of arms to China 24-1-1939 - 4-12-1939",
        "content_text": "82 \n\nFurther, although the number of mules stated to be required is 1,200, many of which are on their way down to Bhamo, the balance of some 800 being considered sufficient for ordinary trade needs for the next four months, it has been proposed that all mules shall come under official control. This may not materialise, but in any case, the fixing of a moderate rate for munitions should have the effect of stabilising commercial freights. So far, the agreement is said to be merely verbal, and mule freights are soaring not only because of the fear of commandeering which these activities first inspired, but also because of increased demand for cotton yarn. I have been in touch with the head of the Tengyueh Bureau and urged him not to lose sight of the needs of ordinary Burma-China trade. He and the Chairman of the local Chamber of Commerce both assure me that trade will not be unduly affected. They tell me the Myitkyina-Tengyueh route is also being considered for the transport of munitions. I have brought all these matters to the notice of the Burma authorities.\n\n50 The buildings and landing ground of the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company's establishment at Loiwing were reported at the beginning of this month as practically completed. The great bulk of the equipment for this concern has been imported by the Irrawaddy and the Bhamo-Namhkam road. I am informed that the factory will require more than 5,000 tons of additional equipment, already ordered, during the rains, and the American management, which has done much to improve this road, is doubtful whether a large section of it will be usable after June.\n\nI have the honour to be, etc.,  \n**(Signed) G.E. STOCKLEY,**  \nConsul.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-575-15 Traffic of arms to China 24-1-1939 - 4-12-1939.txt",
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    {
        "id": 564137,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-575-3 Japanese affairs 2-1-1939 - 21-12-1939",
        "page_number": 100,
        "title": "CO129-575-3 Japanese affairs 2-1-1939 - 21-12-1939",
        "content_text": "# 124 \n\n7 \n\n## The Tohokai \n\n108. The Tohokai, a small reactionary party controlling eleven seats in the House of Representatives, was disbanded on the 30th March, after Mr. Nakano Seigo, the leader of the party, had resigned his seat. Mr. Nakano had set out on a tour of the occupied areas in China, having obtained leave from the Speaker to absent himself from the session for one week; he had been threatened with expulsion owing to this deliberate slight upon the House.\n\n## The National Mobilisation Law \n\n109. Now that the Diet session has been concluded, the Government intend to proceed in earnest with the enforcement of the National Mobilisation Law, under which little action has as yet been taken. Three Imperial Ordinances were promulgated on the 31st March under article 6 embodying regulations for the control of wages and factory hours in the heavy industries, which are designed to check the inflation of wage rates arising from competition among employers for the services of an insufficient supply of skilled operatives. The invocation of article 11, which provides for the restriction of dividend rates, is due to be gazetted at the beginning of April. It is also expected that the Government will in the near future enforce article 19, empowering them to control commodity prices, and article 4, which provides for the requisitioning of labour.\n\n## The Cost of the War \n\n110. On the 1st March, the Ministry of Finance announced that the total appropriations voted for war expenditure from the outbreak of hostilities in China to the end of March, 1940, would be 12,660 million yen or about £745 million at present rates of exchange. This figure is equal to seven times the cost of the Russo-Japanese war.\n\n## Savings Campaign \n\n111. The Ministry of Finance are redoubling their efforts to encourage thrift among the public during the coming fiscal year with the dual object of facilitating the absorption of loan issues and of checking the rise in commodity prices. The objective of this campaign is set at 10,000 million yen as compared with 8,000 million yen during the financial year just concluded. Taking the population of the Japanese Empire as 100 million, this means that Japanese subjects are expected to economise at an average rate of 100 yen a year.\n\n## Infringements of Economic Control \n\n112. According to an announcement by the economic police section of the Tokyo police board, 54,351 cases of infringement against various provisions of the economic control regulations occurred in Tokyo from the time of their enforcement in July of last year down to the end of March. The majority of the offences were in connexion with dealings in iron, fuel, and textile goods.\n\n## Birth of Imperial Princess \n\n113. A daughter was born to Her Majesty the Empress on the 2nd March. Their Majesties now have one son aged 5 and four daughters.\n\n## Explosion at Military Arsenal \n\n114. A serious explosion occurred on the 1st March at a large ammunition depot in the neighbourhood of Kyoto, resulting in at least six hundred casualties, including about one hundred deaths. Disciplinary action has been taken against the officers technically responsible for the disaster.\n\n## Population \n\n115. Statistics published recently by the Cabinet covering the three months from July to September 1938 show that the natural increase of population during this period was 81,531, or less by 81,048 than during the corresponding period of 1937. The increase of population during the first nine months of 1938 was 534,171, representing a decline of 196,770 as compared with the same period of the preceding year.\n\n## An Original Claim \n\n116. A Japanese sculptor has now advanced the theory that the Japanese are physically superior to all others in the world. He claims that their race is ideally beautiful and most harmonious with the will of the Creator.\n\n## Registration of Foreigners \n\n117. A Ministry of Home Affairs Ordinance was issued in the official Gazette on the 1st March containing regulations governing the registration of foreigners. The new regulations, which are to take effect from the 1st May, are much more comprehensive than those now in force, and require foreigners inter alia to apply for permission to stay in this country for more than thirty days and to notify the police authorities of changes of address, &c. A landing fee of yen is to be payable on arrival in the country, but this requirement will be waived on a basis of reciprocity upon which, it is assumed, British subjects will be exempted.\n\n10 \n\n# 125 \n\nPage 100  \nPage 101",
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    {
        "id": 566682,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939",
        "page_number": 16,
        "title": "CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939",
        "content_text": "by ships running the blockade. As we are already experiencing great difficulties with the Japanese authorities in connexion with alleged terrorist activities in the British-controlled areas in Tientsin and Shanghai, if we were to allow Hong Kong to become a distributing centre for the smuggling of even small quantities of munitions for the use of Chinese guerrillas, we should be likely to have even more trouble. Further, the stopping of British shipping accused of carrying war material for the Chinese Government has already given rise to great difficulties. The establishment of an explosives factory at Hong Kong might well serve to lend an air of plausibility, however spurious, to the pretexts of the Japanese authorities for interfering more frequently than they already do with British shipping on the high seas.\n\nI...\n\n16",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939.txt",
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    {
        "id": 566689,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939",
        "page_number": 23,
        "title": "CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939",
        "content_text": "CYPHER TELEGRAM from the Governor of Hong Kong to the Secretary of State for the Colonies.\n\nDated 20th April, 1939.\n\nRECEIVED 21 APR 1939\n\na.m. 20th April.\n\nAddressed to the Secretary of State for the Colonies No.151 of the 20th April, repeated to Shanghai No.56, Tokio No.41.\n\nI have been asked by European Resident of good repute if there are any political objections to the opening in Hong Kong of a factory for high explosives primarily for sale to the Chinese Government but also possibly for commercial purposes and I shall be glad of your instructions. Military authorities do not object.\n\nThe proposed factory would be a private commercial venture.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-13 Sino-Japanese War- proposal to establish high explosives factory in Hong Kong 20-4-1939 - 21-6-1939.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 568626,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "page_number": 11,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "sense\n\n>>\n\n2\n\nhimself on not knowing Chinese, he has a very thorough knowledge of every personality of importance in Chinese politics. He started life as a journalist in Australia and later became a correspondent in China for some of the most important English and American newspapers, but he has had no experience of politics in England or America, or, indeed, anywhere outside of China, and consequently has not the broad background necessary for a general political adviser. He has, however, a sense of what is right or wrong for China, which I think is often correct. His advice on the whole is probably more negative than constructive. He is in no sense an intriguer nor is he self-interested, though he naturally likes to maintain his most interesting position. He is, I am convinced, perfectly straight and honest, making nothing out of his position and doing his utmost with Madame to fight against all forms of corruption in the Administration. There is no doubt that he is a powerful factor in Chinese politics, and many people, especially foreign advisers, ambassadors and some of the anti-corruption Chinese elements, go to him to try and get things done by the Generalissimo. He describes himself as the channel for all complaints. This irregular and anomalous position that he holds naturally antagonises a number of the Chinese, amongst them T. V. Soong, with whose position I will deal later.\n\n5. It might here be appropriate to deal with the position of Madame in China. She naturally holds a very special position as the wife and confidante of the Generalissimo and as his English interpreter on all important occasions. She is a most attractive and intelligent woman with considerable drive and energy, and she has especially identified her activities with the New Life Movement in Chinese Politics. She is genuinely anxious to clean up the Administration and to make honesty and efficiency the criterion of service. She is accused by some of hypocrisy, since she has not accomplished or ordered the changes that she has recommended in her series of \"Resurgam\" articles. I have copies of these for anyone who would care to read them. These articles contain the most remarkably frank discussion of Chinese administration and have had a wide publicity in China itself. The proofs for them were corrected by the Generalissimo, who is thoroughly in sympathy with the ideas contained in them. When, however, it comes to carrying the necessary changes of personnel into effect, there is sometimes a sharp division of opinion between the Generalissimo and Madame. The former is basically influenced by the traditional feudalism of China though he is anxious to see the new China grow up with better standards, whereas Madame wants immediate and drastic reformation. She is constantly exhausting herself in this struggle and threatening to give it up as it is of no use to continue. On the last occasion on which I saw her in Hong Kong, where she was resting, she told me of all her difficulties with the Generalissimo, and said: \"You must never forget that he has a truly oriental mind.\" This means that he is prepared to agree for politeness' sake with propositions he has no intention of carrying out, that he will not get rid of old associates who are loyal to him, and that the longest way round may often seem to him to be and may, in fact, be the shortest way home.\n\n6. There is one special difficulty that affects both the Generalissimo and Madame, and that is the Soong family relations; Mme. Sun Yat-sen is in sympathy with the Communists, who are hated and feared by the Generalissimo, and she has not been allowed in Chungking in the past. Mme. Kung, the other sister, lives in Hong Kong, and is generally accused throughout China of having made herself a multi-millionairess by speculating with special knowledge in foreign exchange. T. V. Soong also lives in Hong Kong, and associates rather with Mme. Sun than with the other sisters. Mme. Chiang's one completely blind spot is for the Kung family. However much she sees and fights corruption elsewhere, as far as they are concerned her family loyalty prevents any criticism. I should say that on the whole she is a very good influence for China, though her actual powers to get things done are, I believe, overestimated. Her attitude to Great Britain, while not being one of hostility, is apt to be rather bitterly critical in the light of recent events. The only other member of the Soong family who is actively engaged in Chinese politics is the brother, T. L. Soong, who is in charge of Stores and Transport at Peiping and of whom many unsavoury stories are current.\n\n(1) Since writing the above the three Soong sisters have together gone to Chungking and made a tour of the western areas and the front lines. This is an important political rapprochement.\n\n3\n\n7. I return to the scope of my enquiry. While in Burma I was able to discuss Sino-Burmese relations with the Governor and some of his leading politicians. I was fortunate in being able to get Donald to stay one night with the Governor in Mandalay, and we had a long and useful discussion together on the situation. There has hitherto been an almost complete lack of contact between the two countries so far as the ruling powers are concerned, and this has led to a certain amount of misunderstanding and difficulty over such matters as the through road and railway. Now that the air service and road are available between the two countries, it is most desirable that a closer contact should be maintained. I have done what I could to encourage this and the Chinese are certainly prepared to do all they can to create a more friendly relationship. I think that it is most important for the future that visits should be exchanged between the important personalities in each country as soon as possible.\n\n8. The most important matters between the two countries at the moment are the questions of the Burma-Yunnan Railway and the Bhamo-Yunnan road, with which I will deal later under the Transport section. The only other outstanding matter is the question of the delimitation of the boundary over a comparatively small section in the Southern Shan States. Its importance is that the railway would pass through this area unless an unnecessary deviation were made to avoid it, and there seems to be no reason why this boundary should not be delimited forthwith and thus any present or future difficulty could be removed.\n\n9. From Mandalay we proceeded by road to Lashio, and thence we drove in a convoy of cars provided by the Chinese Government up the Burma-Yunnan Highway, visiting the Sino-American aircraft factory at Loiwing on the way. We spent one day in Paoshan and another in Talifu with Mr. Tan, the extremely capable and energetic manager of the Yunnan-Burma Highway Administration. We visited the headquarters of the Yunnan-Burma Railway construction just beyond Shia-Kwan and then flew into Kunming from Yunnan-Ni in the Generalissimo's plane which he sent for us. We inspected the training school for military aviators under American instructors at Yunnan-I.\n\n10. The whole of the aviation south and east of Chungking is under American influence, that north and west under Russian instructors and influence. The only other operating company is the Eurasia, which is half German and flies from Chungking to Hong Kong (sharing the service with the C.N.A.C.), and also to Hami, in Sinkiang, where it joins the Sino-Russian service to Moscow.\n\n11. We stayed in Kunming for five days, during which we inspected a great number of factories and other institutions, including the universities, and also interviewed the Governor and many other important people. A provincial reception committee looked after us and arranged for us to see everything we wanted to. We were provided with reports at most of the factories describing their initiation and activities. From Kunming we flew to Chungking and remained there for about three weeks, during which I spent five days in motoring to Chengtu, via Nikiang and Tseluchan, with a special view to seeing something of the Chinese Industrial Co-operative movement and also some factories along the route.\n\n12. I was fortunate enough to establish very friendly contact with the Soviet Ambassador in Chungking, with the result that I obtained a visa to visit Russia, via Sinkiang. I was particularly anxious to see something of the latter place and ascertain what was happening there. We were the first non-Chinese, other than Russians (excepting the consul at Kashgar), to visit the province for several years, and I will devote a special section of this report to that province.\n\n13. I had many opportunities for long talks with the Generalissimo, Madame, all the Ministers, many other prominent Chinese, including T. V. Soong, as well as the British Ambassador and his staff, the American Ambassador and Mr. Peck, the counsellor to the American Embassy. I also met all the prominent British commercial representatives both in Kunming and Chungking, Hong Kong and Shanghai, and many of the Canadian and American missionaries, especially at Chengtu, where the West China University is situated. I saw a great number of the young Chinese administrators and technical staff, and also a multitude of principals of universities, professors, &c. In the provincial towns I saw the Governors and their staffs and also provincial administrators, mayors, &c. As far as possible I saw everyone who was in any way concerned with the new China, and each one of them was only too anxious to give me all the information they could.\n\n[21258]\n\nB 2\n\n12",
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        "content_text": "19\n\n10\n\nbecome less effective as military units with their lengthening periods of service in China. They get drawn into the corruption of the military machine which there exists and, from all accounts, their troops are not now as good fighting units as they were at the beginning of the hostilities. The Chinese troops, on the other hand, due to their longer period of training and especially to the fact that their officers are now better qualified, are becoming more effective. The Chinese Government has taken special steps to increase the efficiency of the mobile and guerrilla units, and has set up a number of establishments where the officers of these units are given special instruction in that type of warfare.\n\nChinese Air Force.\n\n34. There has in the past been a great deal of corruption among some of the senior members of the air force connected with the supply of planes, and this has been associated with the name of Mr. Pawley, the American supplier, who is president of the Inter-Continent Corporation and connected with Curtiss-Wright and other American corporations. An attempt was made by Mme. Chiang and Donald to clean this up, but it failed to a great extent as the Generalissimo could not see his way to getting rid of so many trained and skilled personnel from the air force at a critical time.\n\n35. The size of the air force is extremely small, and the general account of the capabilities of the pilots is not good. The American chief instructor at Yunnan gave me a very poor impression of the material that he was getting to train, and said that the pilots failed in emergency though they were quite competent when flying to rule in ordinary circumstances. There is a great deal of training proceeding at a number of centres, and there is a fair supply of training planes. The actual fighters and bombers are, I gather, used comparatively seldom as they are kept for the protection of particularly vital points like Nanning and Chungking.\n\n36. So far the production of Chinese planes must be very small indeed. One factory at Nanning is producing and Lowing has just come into production, while another factory is being built in Sinkiang for the Central Government. The Lowing factory, which we visited, is being extremely efficiently organised and run by an American staff, and should soon be producing one aeroplane a day with power to increase the production.\n\n37. The Chinese air force cannot be of any real assistance in deciding the fate of the war. The best it can do is to hamper somewhat the activities of the Japanese and cause them considerable losses in the air. But it is not very efficient even for its strength as it loses a great deal of its effectiveness through corruption and bad pilots.\n\n38. In civil aviation, of which we had considerable experience, we found the Chinese pilots superior to the Russian, who did nothing but contact-flying and had no direction-finding apparatus nor, apparently, any knowledge of navigation. The result was that they could not fly above the clouds or in cloudy or snowy weather. This resulted in unending delays, and on our return flight from Moscow it was not until we got into the area flown by Chinese pilots, which is much more difficult, that we were able to get along quickly without undue delays. The Chinese pilots struck us as competent and courageous, and certainly their record of freedom from accidents compared with the bad record of the Russian pilots in China would make them seem superior.\n\nPolitical.\n\n39. The present Government of China is a party Government by the Kuomintang, which consists of branches and individual members organised somewhat on the lines of the Communist party in Russia, but very different in its discipline, objectives and methods. Theoretically and to some extent in practice too other parties are permitted to exist, but the only rival party now in operation is the Communist, if exception is made for Sinkiang and those provinces or parts of provinces which lie behind the Japanese lines. The Kuomintang does not exercise a rigid discipline in any way, and its relationship to its members is much more like that in the British Labour party than in a Communist party. The party control of the Government is, however, of the totalitarian type, and its influence through the police, army, youth organisations and educational institutions is much greater than would be possible in any democratic country. Those at present in control of the Kuomintang party machine are undoubtedly bent upon the wiping out of all opposition to their power, by force if need be, and are of a reactionary type. I certainly gained the impression that they paid nothing but lip service to the principles of the Chinese revolution, and that they were in reality bent on preserving many of the less desirable incidents of the old régime which would give them personal power and, in some cases, wealth.\n\n40. In this connexion it is necessary to deal in a little detail with the Generalissimo and his peculiar position in China. He is in the position to become an absolute autocrat under existing circumstances. He has the almost universal support of the people so long as he leads China against Japanese aggression. It seems at times that he underestimates the strength of his own position and fails to carry through changes that he wishes to see because of his fear of jeopardising his position of leadership. He is certainly indispensable to China at the present time and is without doubt the only person who could hold China together at all. There is no other person amongst the Ministers or outside the governmental circles who even looks like being able to succeed him should a successor become necessary. He is not in sympathy with the extreme attitude taken up by the party controllers of the Kuomintang. I had an example of this with regard to a circular sent out from the north-western headquarters of the party dealing with the extinction of the Communists. I set out an English extract from this in the appendix.(*) I pointed out to one of his lieutenants (Han Lih-wu) the extreme undesirability of such action, and he told me, after seeing the Generalissimo, that this had not his approval, and that he had definitely refused to allow its issue, but that somehow or other it had got out and that the Generalissimo was anxious for an accommodation with the Communists. I instance this as showing that apparently the connexion between the Generalissimo and the party control is not as close as some might believe, especially in the outlying provinces. The trouble is that the lieutenants he has appointed, for instance as Governors, are not men of the new type but men with the old war-lord mentality. He is, too, unfortunately surrounded and largely influenced by a clique of younger officers under the War Minister and Vice-Minister, who seem as anxious to destroy the Communists, and so Chinese unity, as to defeat Japan. My own estimate of the Generalissimo is that he has great qualities of leadership, that he has an attachment to autocratic military methods and feudalism which he finds it difficult to overcome, that he is very oriental in the workings of his mind, and that, though intelligent and willing and able to learn, he knows very little of finance and industrial matters. He is primarily a military leader and is more at home in that side of affairs than in the more complex financial, transport and industrial matters. He has a good knowledge and appreciation of international affairs, and though not hostile to Great Britain, he is extremely disappointed with the present attitude of our Government, and that disappointment might easily turn into hostility if it continues. He has little, if any, appreciation of democratic politics, though he does quite sincerely desire to see democracy of a suitable form in China. He has, I am certain, a desire to improve the honesty and efficiency of the Administration, but he is not at present prepared to take those steps as to change of personnel which are essential. Donald's view is that he is perfectly genuine in his determination to make changes, but that he will bide his time until he considers the right opportunity offers for such a change. My own fear, on this assumption, is that he may delay the matter for too long.\n\nThe\n\n41. Under the principles laid down by Dr. Sun Yat-sen there was to be a period of tutelage for the people during which they should become instructed in democratic methods, prior to the actual introduction of democracy. War has, of course, interfered with this development, but, nevertheless, it has been decided, upon the instigation of the People's Political Council, to introduce the new democratic Constitution by means of an elected Constituent Assembly this autumn, and active preparations are now going forward in this direction. I append the latest draft(2) of the Constitution as it will come before the Constituent Assembly. The present Constitution is substantially totalitarian, in that the Kuomintang controls the Executive Yuan through the National Defence Council, which is a purely party body, and so controls all Administration. Every Minister is a member of the Kuomintang, though it is not compulsory and, at times, there have been Ministers who were not members. Only about a third\n\n(2) Not printed.\n\n[21258]\n\nc 2\n\n20\n\n! \n\n11",
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        "page_number": 20,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "61.\n\n17\n\nTransport.\n\nThe question of the organisation and fuelling of road transport is a critical one for China to-day, both as regards the capacity to import vital supplies and as regards the internal movement of goods. The problem of maintaining and extending railway transport, particularly for heavy machinery and such goods, is also vitally important. The available means of transport are:-\n\n(1) Air.\n\n(2) Railway.\n\n(3) Water.\n\n(4) Motor trucks.\n\n(5) Hand trucks.\n\n(6) Pony- and bullock-drawn carts.\n\n(7) Pack trains and camel caravans.\n\n(8) Coolie carriers.\n\n62. So far as air transport is concerned, this is in the hands of three companies, the China National Aviation Company, which flies Douglas planes and is under American influence; the Eurasa Company, which flies Junker planes and is half German; and the Sino-Russian Company, which operates the service across Sinkiang from Hami to Ili and on to Moscow, also with Douglas planes. The routes are limited to the following external: Chungking-Moscow; Chungking-Hong Kong; Kunming-Haiphong; Kunming-Rangoon. The routes also serve certain internal communication purposes as well, e.g., the Moscow route connects Chungking, Chengtu, Lanchow, Suchow, Hami, Urumchi and Ili, and there are, in addition, regular services between Chungking and Chengtu and Chungking and Kunming. These services are most useful for passenger purposes, but cannot, of course, carry any effective load of goods. They do, however, enable official communications to be maintained both personally and by letter.\n\n9\n\n63. It is a great pity that the Kunming-Rangoon service is not in the hands of a Sino-British company, which might serve Northern Burma as well as Yunnan, and could be run in connexion with a Sino-British aeroplane factory which might be established in North Burma to the great benefit of both Burma and China, and which, in normal times, could supply aircraft for such places as the F.M.S. and Siam in addition to local needs.\n\n64. The Americans, Russians and Germans have realised the importance of getting in on these air services, which are bound to develop very greatly in the future since the Chinese are becoming very air-minded, and in many cases there is no practical alternative to air services for passengers and mails. The influence of these services goes a good deal beyond the mere transport facilities they provide. In fact many of the pilots are foreigners, and they have considerable influence as instructors and otherwise in the different localities, and in the placing of orders for planes of all kinds. The British are losing a very great opportunity for future trade and influence by refusing to partake in the development of aviation services in China. I realise the difficulty at the present moment in sparing personnel, but the very small number required would make it in my view well worth while in consideration of the very large influence that it would have as regards the future. There can be no argument against it from the point of view of not antagonising Japan, since the Americans are already doing so much in this direction. If this matter is allowed to wait over until after the war then it will be too late to establish any market for British airplanes in China and the Far East.\n\n(2) Railways.\n\n65. From the point of view of imports and exports railway transport is of supreme importance, as it is by far the most economical method of transporting large quantities of goods great distances. It is also of value in certain districts for internal transport, where the Chinese have managed to keep the railways running in spite of being under gunfire from the Japanese or subject to aerial bombardment. The stories of how this has been accomplished and of the very large mass of goods still moved by these means display a heroism in the railways\n\n[21258]\n\nD\n\n26\n\nPage 20\n\nPage 21\n\n27",
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        "page_number": 24,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "33\n\n24\n\nthe investment of private funds from diverse sources, but especially from Chinese individuals, in new industries, and they have a special section of the Department of Economics which is charged with this encouragement. They are equally anxious to obtain the help of foreign capital and of foreign advisers, a considerable number of whom are already helping them, but there are, as far as I know, practically no British experts in the industrial sphere, if the Salt Administration is excepted. I append a note(*) got out for me by Mr. Yün on the Ministry of Economics and the National Resources Commission.\n\n88. One other aspect of this matter is well worth bearing in mind. It was put to me by one of the best of the younger men in the Ministry of Finance, whom the Minister lent me when my secretary fell ill at Chungking, and who afterwards accompanied us to Sinkiang, Mr. C. L. Hsia (brother of the man of the same name in the Chinese Embassy in London). He said that one of the principal traditions of behaviour of the Chinese was to remember with gratitude those who had helped them or done them a favour, and that the future relations of China with foreigners and foreign Governments would, to a great extent, be determined by what those Governments or nationals now did to help the Chinese in their hour of need. It would be of no use for the nationals of those countries who had not helped China to expect any particular advantages or opportunities in the future, when the time of extensive and wholesale reconstruction came.\n\n89. In spite of the splendid work and great popularity of the present British Ambassador to China, it is impossible to gain any other impression than that the Chinese are gravely disappointed at the way in which Great Britain has failed to give active help, and has tried to appease Japan at the expense of China. America and Russia are both giving, either officially or through their nationals, a very great deal of help, and are very prominent in the bigger cities of the west. This means that in the future these two countries will reap the harvest of their assistance in their participation in China's reconstruction on favourable terms, whereas other foreigners may be left out in the cold. It is extremely easy to raise up feeling in China against foreigners because of the tradition of foreign exploitation of China, and, if there should come, for any reason, a breakdown of the Central Government of China, the one common ground upon which it will be possible to unite the Chinese people will be an anti-foreign campaign. Then, as more than one Chinese has said to me, woe betide the unfortunate foreigners if that day should ever come.\n\n90. The attitude of many representatives of British firms in Western China seems to be merely a continuance of the old spirit of selfish exploitation. They do not seem yet to have realised that there is a new spirit and a new determination in China upon this matter, and that their future, if any, lies in assisting the Chinese and co-operating with them upon equal or subordinate terms, even though the Chinese may seem to them inefficient or difficult to work with. Some of the younger representatives that I have met do seem to have grasped this idea, but there are as yet no definite practical signs of its being put into effect. I should like to add here a word of high commendation of the Consul-General at Kunming and of the Consul and his staff at Chungking, all of whom realised the new situation and are doing their best to advance British interests in difficult circumstances.\n\n91. It would not be of assistance to set out here in detail accounts of the actual productive units that have been put into operation in Western China. They are pitifully small compared with the magnitude of the task. When it is remembered that the population of Szechuan is about the same as that of Germany, it will be realised how great is the task. Though small in extent, however, a very real and good beginning has been made, and the work being done both by the Chinese managing technicians and by the workers is of excellent quality and accuracy. A certain degree of planning is to be found in the arrangement of the new factories; for instance, at Kunming the new electric power station has been placed close to a copper refinery and a cable manufacturing plant, to both of which it supplies power. Other factories have been similarly grouped, where the safety factor allows of this, and regard has been had to the accessibility of labour and transport. In one area to the west of Chengtu, which I was not able to visit because of the distance and the time occupied, a regular factory estate has been laid out for a number of factories of different kinds. At the same time, however, a certain confusion and waste is in evidence due to\n\n(*) Not printed.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "page_number": 25,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "25\n\nthe activities of private enterprise and to the fact that certain special types of machinery have been partially salved from the factories in the east. Such machinery is often incomplete and not suitable for the most urgent kinds of production. Nevertheless, a great deal of time and energy is spent in its repair and erection simply because it happens to be there. It would be far better to utilise the same resources for the manufacture of new and more urgently required productive units.\n\n92. I was particularly anxious to ascertain the quality of the work turned out by skilled Chinese labour and I questioned all the American supervisors at the Lowing factory on this point. They all spoke in terms of the highest praise of their labour corps, and the man in charge of the erection section said that he considered his Chinese staff compared favourably with the Americans he had had under him in the United States of America. I myself checked up the accuracy of some machine tools and gauges that were being made and of some optical work (field-glasses) and in both cases the results were good. The rates of wages paid are, on a foreign exchange basis, exceedingly low, amounting to about 1 dollar a day for unskilled work, up to 3 dollars for skilled work and up to 5 dollars in very exceptional cases.\n\n93. The difficulties that exist at the present time are fourfold: First, the inability to purchase or obtain delivery of machinery from abroad that cannot be made in China; second, the fact that, though thousands of tons of machinery have been brought by water or by road from the cities in the east, often this is incomplete and requires many new parts and a great deal of adjustment before it can be put into operation; third, even if machinery can be delivered to Haiphong or Rangoon, often it cannot be transported from these places owing to the congestion; fourth, the lack of any plan of priorities leads to the wasteful use of the very small resources that exist for the manufacture of machinery upon things that are not vital while more vital matters cannot be attended to. It would be of great assistance in overcoming many of these difficulties if the Advisory and Planning Committee suggested (see Foreign Relations section) could be put into operation, and whole-hearted British co-operation in this would undoubtedly assist in the rehabilitation of British influence in China. To make this a success would entail the release for special service in China of some half-dozen British experts and also the release of certain specialities in machinery for export to China from Great Britain. This latter question is an important one. I am well aware of the difficulties in certain cases, but I am sure that, if the political value of such action could be fully realised, a great deal more could be done to facilitate exports to China without in any way jeopardising the situation at home. The political aspect is important, as this is one of the matters upon which the Chinese feel strongly, though they fully understand that, as regards certain special types of machinery, there may be difficulties. As a rule, however, the quantities that are to them vital are almost negligible compared to British requirements. Some of this machinery might be second-hand material which is too out-of-date for use in Great Britain but would adequately serve the purpose of the Chinese. Provision should also be made to assist the transport of such machinery through Burma.\n\n94. Apart from the organised attempt by the Chinese Government to set up new industries, either themselves or in association with private capitalists, there is, of course, a very large volume of handicraft industries of all kinds. These principally cater for the every-day requirements of the people along traditional lines, and their only practical connexion with the new industrialisation is through the manufacture of pig-iron and the mining of coal.\n\n95. A good deal of work has already been completed upon the investigation of the natural resources of Western China, and valuable minerals have been proved in a number of areas, though many of these are too remote from transport facilities to render them workable. A few large-scale coal-mines have been opened up, and this development is continuing. There exist very large coal reserves, some of good quality and in seams of great thickness. Certain of the rarer metals like tungsten and molybdenum are available in considerable quantities, as also is gold, though at present the workings for the latter metal are only of an elementary kind. Copper, silver, lead, tin, zinc, antimony and other metals are also found, and of these copper, silver and tin are being worked to an appreciable extent. There is no doubt that Western China is a rich mineral and agricultural area, and that the effect of the present conditions must be to open up this wealth\n\n[21258]\n\nE\n\n34",
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        "content_text": "35= \n\n27 \n\n26 \n\non a permanent basis. In view of the number of electric power plants and permanent factories already established, or in course of erection, it is impossible to contemplate the discontinuance of industrial production in this area when the hostilities terminate. At least one very large and one smaller hydro-electric plant have been planned and are to be erected. These, together with the coal resources available, give a power reserve which is bound to find its outlet in industrial production. The people in the area are becoming industrially conscious, and the standard of living throughout the area will undoubtedly rise with the growth of industry to an extent that will make it impossible to revert to pre-war conditions. One of the main industrial problems at the moment is the provision of fuel for transport purposes, but this has been dealt with in the \"Transport section. \n\n96. In view of the constant attacks by Japanese airplanes upon all Chinese towns, it has been considered wise as undoubtedly it is to erect small units of production, relying upon a multiplicity of these rather than upon one large unit. This no doubt tends to reduce overall efficiency, but on the other hand it eases to some extent the transport problem. There are very few factories other than cotton spinning and weaving mills, and the arsenals, which employ more than 200 operatives. The arsenals, as well as some smaller factories, are now producing large quantities of all types of small arms, including machine-guns and ammunition, but not arms of large calibre. The main aircraft factory at Lowing, under American management, has just come into production, its construction having been completed in twelve months, a remarkable feat in view of the isolation of its situation. The Sino-Russian Aviation Factory is now under erection by the Central Government in Sinkiang, and there is another aircraft factory in operation at Kunming. \n\n97. In reviewing the situation as regards industrial reconstruction, I was struck with the importance of the \"returned student personnel\" which is to be found everywhere in managerial and technical positions. These men are both keen and efficient in their work, and are certainly putting their whole energy into the task of freeing China from Japanese aggression, often under most difficult circumstances. I gained the impression, from contact with a great number of them, that they were prepared for almost any sacrifice in their patriotic devotion. It is very noticeable how such persons, consciously or unconsciously, influence the policy adopted in the purchase of machinery. For instance, in a factory which is run by an American returned student, most of the machinery will be American, and so with other nationalities. This makes it a matter of very great importance that our country, if it wishes to get orders from China in the future, should do its utmost to encourage the Chinese to come to Great Britain both for university and technical courses and also to work in British factories. Some of the larger British industries are apparently hostile to this procedure. For instance, I discussed this matter with the I.C.I. representative in Kunming, and he told me that his firm would not allow any Chinese student in their works on principle. He further added that they were hostile to giving any help in the setting up of any industry in which they were interested in China, as they wished to retain China as an export market for their own manufactures. Nothing could be more hopelessly short-sighted than such a policy, and if it is persisted in by British firms it will only lead to the complete loss of Chinese sympathy and of the Chinese market. A very different attitude is, I gather, adopted by other big industrial countries, including Russia. \n\n98. I desire to emphasise that some immediate action is necessary if Great Britain is to maintain her trading position with the new China. The competition to help Chinese reconstruction, after the war is over in Europe, will be very intense as China will be one of the few really hopeful export markets for heavy industry. The opportunity of getting any advantage in that competition will depend, not so much upon what is done then, but very largely upon what is done in the period from now until that time. So far the reserves of goodwill in China are more in favour of Russia and America and some of the smaller countries than they are of Great Britain. Indeed, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the prestige of Great Britain, which once stood so high that no major step was taken without consultation with the British, has now fallen to a low ebb, and if matters continue as at present there will be nothing upon which Great Britain will be able to rely for gaining any special position, or perhaps any position at all, in the reconstruction of China. \n\n99. \n\nIn order to supplement the efforts of the Chinese Government and also to deal with the refugee problem in Western China, the Chinese Industrial Co-operatives (C.I.C.) were started by a group of foreigners and Chinese. The C.I.C. has set up a very large number of producing co-operatives throughout Western China, though they are stronger in the north-west where there is less mechanised industry and where there is more of the Communist influence than in the south and west. Many have also been established in the areas behind the Japanese lines, where they are still in contact with the central organisation and are doing excellent work. This movement has the support of the Chinese Government, who have given it considerable financial assistance and have placed very considerable orders with it for military supplies. During the present year over 1 million blankets have been ordered and will be delivered to the army by the co-operatives. The co-operatives rely almost entirely upon handwork. I believe that at present they have only one power machine, and that is an old motor engine converted to use producer gas. I visited some of these co-operatives, including one near Chengtu, where they were making simple machine-tools and engineering material with lathes, &c., operated entirely by hand power. Unfortunately, there are as yet no accurate statistics as to their production, but the attached report(*) gives an account of their activities up to the time that I left China. Their staff consists of a very keen and competent set of young men and women who are devoting themselves to this work for the merest pittance, from purely patriotic motives. The opportunity for the expansion of this work is almost unlimited, and it has the great merit of producing the goods in small units of production widely distributed and often close to the point of use, thus assisting in the economy of means of transport. Under the existing circumstances in China, and for a long time to come until transport facilities are very greatly improved and transport costs greatly diminished, there will be almost unlimited opportunities for the C.I.C. to continue with its development and expansion, and it will be able to play an important part in the industrial production of the country. The C.I.C, however, is not only of industrial importance, the educational work that it is doing is also likely to have a marked and permanent effect upon Chinese life. This work is primarily devoted to education in co-operative ideals, but it necessarily awakens the political and civic consciousness of the people and helps to prepare them for the exercise of their democratic rights. At a recent exhibition of co-operative production in the north-west over 20,000 peasants visited the exhibition which was entirely organised by the peasants themselves. \n\n100. To start up such work even with the simplest hand machinery and to acquire the necessary premises, &c., involves a very considerable outlay, though it is small compared with the capital required for mechanised industries. The C.I.C. are much hampered at present by their lack of funds for this purpose. There was a proposal in Great Britain that a Sino-British society should be set up to give the C.I.C. assistance, and steps had been taken to this end when the war broke out in Europe and the proposal was put aside. I think that every effort should be made to revive this idea and to bring it into effective operation, as this type of help now given at very small cost would find a ready response from the Chinese and might lead hereafter to a considerable trade of a limited character between the two countries. The assistance would be quite unofficial, but the British Government could, in fact, do a certain amount to facilitate the launching of such a venture and so give it an auspicious start. Mme. Chiang, who is a keen supporter of the C.I.C., has also herself started a series of Women's Co-operatives for the production of articles of household use, &c., for which women's hand labour is particularly suitable. So far their production is a negligible quantity. \n\n101. If the British Government is not prepared itself as I gather it is not from the replies that have been given to the Chinese requests—to assist directly in the reconstruction of China through the National Government, something else must be done to preserve the future position of Great Britain in the Chinese markets, by actively encouraging all other agencies which may help in that direction, and by facilitating the supply of all goods that it is feasible to supply. There is, and can be, no doubt as to the importance of the Chinese market when war production ceases in Europe and America and a change-over has to be made \n\n[21258] \n\n(*) Not printed. \n\nE 2 \n\n36",
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        "content_text": "41\n\nthere were more. All those we met were being driven by Chinese or Sinkiangese. The only substantial traffic is by camel or donkey caravan or cart over the caravan track which runs for long distances either close to or actually along the road. The camel caravans pass at night, the donkeys and carts (drawn by ponies) by day, at this time of year. When it gets hotter, all go by night, and during the hottest season few, if any, pass at all. The donkey caravans are about 15 per cent. faster than the camels. The average daily number passing at this time of year on a census taken at Chih Chou Ching is 300-400 camels and 400-500 donkeys. The number of carts we did not ascertain, but they would only be in dozens. Their loads going west are very largely wool, which now all goes to Russia, though before it went mainly down the Yellow River into East China, and the return load east is to a very great extent petrol. The transport north and south is not fast, as it takes fourteen to sixteen days by bus from, e.g., Hami to Khotan, the road going right across the desert. There are road stations about every 25 miles used by the caravans, and at longer distances, stations where motor drivers and others can stop for rest and food, which latter, of course, has to be carried for the through journey. There is no through traffic by lorry passing from Russia into Central China, as the distance is so great that the lorry would use more than its own full load of petrol in completing the journey. For some reason, which is not clear, but which is partially financial, the Sinkiangese Government will not send their mails into China by air, with the result that letters often take a fortnight or more to reach Lanchow, either by lorry or by caravan, and thence they go by plane.\n\n151. There are now twenty-seven telegraph offices in the province and a number of radio stations. All the main points in the north are linked by telegraph and there are also about 1,000 kilom. of telephone wires (long-distance). In Urumchi there are 350 telephone subscribers. Broadcasting has been started in Urumchi and there are 800 receivers. Some attempt is being made to extend reception outside Urumchi, to which area at the moment it is limited. A small wireless factory has been started in Urumchi to deal with repairs for receiving sets.\n\nEducation.\n\n152. The Government is particularly keen on its educational programme, both from the point of view of general progress and of its own particular problems. Owing to the fear of foreign interference and of the incursion of Chinese from other provinces, it is necessary for the Government to use Sinkiangese for its development work, but, unfortunately, the standards of education are deplorably low owing to the complete neglect of education by former Governors. The Governor is therefore attempting to increase the intelligence standards of his own people as rapidly as possible. In the meantime, the progress of the province is being hampered by the lack of suitable staff even in clerical posts. Many persons in comparatively responsible positions have often had no education beyond that in an elementary school. At the time of the April revolution education was practically non-existent as a public service in the province. There were a few dozen elementary schools and that was all. The principal reforms carried out since then are as follows:\n\n(1) An attempt has been made to unify the administration and organisation of education throughout the province. The educational reforms have had to take into account three special characteristics of the problem, the racial differences in the population, the generally low intellectual level of the people, and the very sparse means of communication. In addition to these there is very great difficulty in obtaining teachers, whose standard of education is very low, and there is a great lack of teaching material of all kinds.\n\n(2) A determined attempt is being made to train teachers in normal schools as quickly as possible. In 1939 in the districts of Urumchi, Ili, Darchen, Aoshan, Hami and Yengtze the number trained was 1,320. In addition to this regular training, a number of short-term courses of three or six months, have been held for teachers in Hotien, Kashgar and Akashu districts in particular.\n\n(3) Text books have been compiled in four different languages: Chinese, Wei-er Wu, Mongolian and Karsak. This has to some extent solved the problem of text books in the province.\n\n[21258]\n\nG\n\n50",
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        "content_text": "2 \n\nhimself on not knowing Chinese, he has a very thorough knowledge of every personality of importance in Chinese politics. He started life as a journalist in Australia and later became a correspondent in China for some of the most important English and American newspapers, but he has had no experience of politics in England or America, or, indeed, anywhere outside of China, and consequently has not the broad background necessary for a general political adviser. He has, however, a sense of what is right or wrong for China, which I think is often correct. His advice on the whole probably more negative than constructive. He is in no sense an intriguer nor is he self-interested, though he naturally likes to maintain his most interesting position. He is, I am convinced, perfectly straight and honest, making nothing out of his position and doing his utmost with Madame to fight against all forms of corruption in the Administration. There is no doubt that he is a powerful factor in Chinese politics, and many people, especially foreign advisers, ambassadors and some of the anti-corruption Chinese elements, go to him to try and get things done by the Generalissimo. He describes himself as the channel for all complaints. This irregular and anomalous position that he holds naturally antagonises a number of the Chinese, amongst them T. V. Soong, with whose position I will deal later.\n\n5. It might here be appropriate to deal with the position of Madame in China. She naturally holds a very special position as the wife and confidante of the Generalissimo and as his English interpreter on all important occasions. She is a most attractive and intelligent woman with considerable drive and energy, and she has especially identified her activities with the New Life Movement in Chinese Politics. She is genuinely anxious to clean up the Administration and to make honesty and efficiency the criterion of service. She is accused by some of hypocrisy, since she has not accomplished or ordered the changes that she has recommended in her series of Resurgam articles. I have copies of these for anyone who would care to read them. These articles contain the most remarkably frank discussion of Chinese administration and have had a wide publicity in China itself. The proofs for them were corrected by the Generalissimo, who is thoroughly in sympathy with the ideas contained in them. When, however, it comes to carrying the necessary changes of personnel into effect, there is sometimes a sharp division of opinion between the Generalissimo and Madame. The former is basically influenced by the traditional feudalism of China though he is anxious to see the new China grow up with better standards, whereas Madame wants immediate and drastic reformation. She is constantly exhausting herself in this struggle and threatening to give it up as it is of no use to continue. On the last occasion on which I saw her in Hong Kong, where she was resting, she told me of all her difficulties with the Generalissimo, and said: You must never forget that he has a truly oriental mind. This means that he is prepared to agree for politeness sake with propositions he has no intention of carrying out, that he will not get rid of old associates who are loyal to him, and that the longest way round may often seem to him to be—and may, in fact, be—the shortest way home.\n\n6. There is one special difficulty that affects both the Generalissimo and Madame, and that is the Soong family relations; Mme. Sun Yat-sen is in sympathy with the Communists, who are hated and feared by the Generalissimo, and she has not been allowed in Chungking in the past.(2) Mme. Kung, the other sister, lives in Hong Kong, and is generally accused throughout China of having made herself a multi-millionairess by speculating with special knowledge in foreign exchange. T. V. Soong also lives in Hong Kong, and associates rather with Mme. Sun than with the other sisters. Mme. Chiang's one completely blind spot is for the Kung family. However much she sees and fights corruption elsewhere, as far as they are concerned her family loyalty prevents any criticism. I should say that on the whole she is a very good influence for China, though her actual powers to get things done are, I believe, overestimated. Her attitude to Great Britain, while not being one of hostility, is apt to be rather bitterly critical in the light of recent events. The only other member of the Soong family who is actively engaged in Chinese politics is the brother, T. L. Soong, who is in charge of Stores and Transport at Peiping and of whom many unsavoury stories are current.\n\n(1) Since writing the above the three Soong sisters have together gone to Chungking and made a tour of the western areas and the front lines. This is an important political rapprochement.\n\n7. I return to the scope of my enquiry. While in Burma I was able to discuss Sino-Burmese relations with the Governor and some of his leading politicians. I was fortunate in being able to get Donald to stay one night with the Governor in Mandalay, and we had a long and useful discussion together on the situation. There has hitherto been an almost complete lack of contact between the two countries so far as the ruling powers are concerned, and this has led to a certain amount of misunderstanding and difficulty over such matters as the through road and railway. Now that the air service and road are available between the two countries, it is most desirable that a closer contact should be maintained. I have done what I could to encourage this and the Chinese are certainly prepared to do all they can to create a more friendly relationship. I think that it is most important for the future that visits should be exchanged between the important personalities in each country as soon as possible.\n\n8. The most important matters between the two countries at the moment are the questions of the Burma-Yunnan Railway and the Bhamo-Yunnan road, with which I will deal later under the Transport section. The only other outstanding matter is the question of the delimitation of the boundary over a comparatively small section in the Southern Shan States. Its importance is that the railway would pass through this area unless an unnecessary deviation were made to avoid it, and there seems to be no reason why this boundary should not be delimited forthwith and thus any present or future difficulty could be removed.\n\n9. From Mandalay we proceeded by road to Lashio, and thence we drove in a convoy of cars provided by the Chinese Government up the Burma-Yunnan Highway, visiting the Sino-American aircraft factory at Loiwing on the way. We spent one day in Paoshan and another in Talifu with Mr. Tan, the extremely capable and energetic manager of the Yunnan-Burma Highway Administration. We visited the headquarters of the Yunnan-Burma Railway construction just beyond Shia-Kwan and then flew into Kunming from Yunnan-Ni in the Generalissimo's plane which he sent for us. We inspected the training school for military aviators under American instructors at Yunnan-I.\n\n10. The whole of the aviation south and east of Chungking is under American influence, that north and west under Russian instructors and influence. The only other operating company is the Eurasia, which is half German and flies from Chungking to Hong Kong (sharing the service with the C.N.A.C.), and also to Hami, in Sinkiang, where it joins the Sino-Russian service to Moscow.\n\n11. We stayed in Kunming for five days, during which we inspected a great number of factories and other institutions, including the universities, and also interviewed the Governor and many other important people. A provincial reception committee looked after us and arranged for us to see everything we wanted to. We were provided with reports at most of the factories describing their initiation and activities. From Kunming we flew to Chungking and remained there for about three weeks, during which I spent five days in motoring to Chengtu, via Nikiang and Tseluchan, with a special view to seeing something of the Chinese Industrial Co-operative movement and also some factories along the route.\n\n12. I was fortunate enough to establish very friendly contact with the Soviet Ambassador in Chungking, with the result that I obtained a visa to visit Russia, via Sinkiang. I was particularly anxious to see something of the latter place and ascertain what was happening there. We were the first non-Chinese, other than Russians (excepting the consul at Kashgar), to visit the province for several years, and I will devote a special section of this report to that province.\n\n13. I had many opportunities for long talks with the Generalissimo, Madame, all the Ministers, many other prominent Chinese, including T. V. Soong, as well as the British Ambassador and his staff, the American Ambassador and Mr. Peck, the counsellor to the American Embassy. I also met all the prominent British commercial representatives both in Kunming and Chungking, Hong Kong and Shanghai, and many of the Canadian and American missionaries, especially at Chengtu, where the West China University is situated. I saw a great number of the young Chinese administrators and technical staff, and also a multitude of principals of universities, professors, &c. In the provincial towns I saw the Governors and their staffs and also provincial administrators, mayors, &c. As far as possible I saw everyone who was in any way concerned with the new China, and each one of them was only too anxious to give me all the information I\n\n[21258]\n\nB 2\n\n61",
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        "content_text": "10\n\nbecome less effective as military units with their lengthening periods of service in China. They get drawn into the corruption of the military machine which there exists and, from all accounts, their troops are not now as good fighting units as they were at the beginning of the hostilities. The Chinese troops, on the other hand, due to their longer period of training and especially to the fact that their officers are now better qualified, are becoming more effective. The Chinese Government has taken special steps to increase the efficiency of the mobile and guerrilla units, and has set up a number of establishments where the officers of these units are given special instruction in that type of warfare.\n\nChinese Air Force.\n\n34. There has in the past been a great deal of corruption among some of the senior members of the air force connected with the supply of planes, and this has been associated with the name of Mr. Pawley, the American supplier, who is president of the Inter-Continent Corporation and connected with Curtiss-Wright and other American corporations. An attempt was made by Mme. Chiang and Donald to clean this up, but it failed to a great extent as the Generalissimo could not see his way to getting rid of so many trained and skilled personnel from the air force at a critical time.\n\n35. The size of the air force is extremely small, and the general account of the capabilities of the pilots is not good. The American chief instructor at Yunnan gave me a very poor impression of the material that he was getting to train, and said that the pilots failed in emergency though they were quite competent when flying to rule in ordinary circumstances. There is a great deal of training proceeding at a number of centres, and there is a fair supply of training planes. The actual fighters and bombers are, I gather, used comparatively seldom as they are kept for the protection of particularly vital points like Nanning and Chungking.\n\n36. So far the production of Chinese planes must be very small indeed. One factory at Nanning is producing and Lowing has just come into production, while another factory is being built in Sinkiang for the Central Government. The Lowing factory, which we visited, is being extremely efficiently organised and run by an American staff, and should soon be producing one aeroplane a day with power to increase the production.\n\n37. The Chinese air force cannot be of any real assistance in deciding the fate of the war. The best it can do is to hamper somewhat the activities of the Japanese and cause them considerable losses in the air. But it is not very efficient even for its strength as it loses a great deal of its effectiveness through corruption and bad pilots.\n\n38. In civil aviation, of which we had considerable experience, we found the Chinese pilots superior to the Russian, who did nothing but contact-flying and had no direction-finding apparatus nor, apparently, any knowledge of navigation. The result was that they could not fly above the clouds or in cloudy or snowy weather. This resulted in unending delays, and on our return flight from Moscow it was not until we got into the area flown by Chinese pilots, which is much more difficult, that we were able to get along quickly without undue delays. The Chinese pilots struck us as competent and courageous, and certainly their record of freedom from accidents compared with the bad record of the Russian pilots in China would make them seem superior.\n\nPolitical.\n\n39. The present Government of China is a party Government by the Kuomintang, which consists of branches and individual members organised somewhat on the lines of the Communist party in Russia, but very different in its discipline, objectives and methods. Theoretically and to some extent in practice too other parties are permitted to exist, but the only rival party now in operation is the Communist, if exception is made for Sinkiang and those provinces or parts of provinces which lie behind the Japanese lines. The Kuomintang does not exercise a rigid discipline in any way, and its relationship to its members is much more like that in the British Labour party than in a Communist party. The party control of the Government is, however, of the totalitarian type, and its influence through the police, army, youth organisations and educational institutions is much greater than would be possible in any democratic country. Those at present in control of the Kuomintang party machine are undoubtedly bent upon the wiping out of all opposition to their power, by force if need be, and are of a reactionary type. I certainly gained the impression that they paid nothing but lip service to the principles of the Chinese revolution, and that they were in reality bent on preserving many of the less desirable incidents of the old régime which would give them personal power and, in some cases, wealth.\n\n40. In this connexion it is necessary to deal in a little detail with the Generalissimo and his peculiar position in China. He is in the position to become an absolute autocrat under existing circumstances. He has the almost universal support of the people so long as he leads China against Japanese aggression. It seems at times that he underestimates the strength of his own position and fails to carry through changes that he wishes to see because of his fear of jeopardising his position of leadership. He is certainly indispensable to China at the present time and is without doubt the only person who could hold China together at all. There is no other person amongst the Ministers or outside the governmental circles who even looks like being able to succeed him should a successor become necessary. He is not in sympathy with the extreme attitude taken up by the party controllers of the Kuomintang. I had an example of this with regard to a circular sent out from the north-western headquarters of the party dealing with the extinction of the Communists. I set out an English extract from this in the appendix. I pointed out to one of his lieutenants (Han Lih-wu) the extreme undesirability of such action, and he told me, after seeing the Generalissimo, that this had not his approval, and that he had definitely refused to allow its issue, but that somehow or other it had got out and that the Generalissimo was anxious for an accommodation with the Communists. I instance this as showing that apparently the connexion between the Generalissimo and the party control is not as close as some might believe, especially in the outlying provinces. The trouble is that the lieutenants he has appointed, for instance as Governors, are not men of the new type but men with the old war-lord mentality. He is, too, unfortunately surrounded and largely influenced by a clique of younger officers under the War Minister and Vice-Minister, who seem as anxious to destroy the Communists, and so Chinese unity, as to defeat Japan. My own estimate of the Generalissimo is that he has great qualities of leadership, that he has an attachment to autocratic military methods and feudalism which he finds it difficult to overcome, that he is very oriental in the workings of his mind, and that, though intelligent and willing and able to learn, he knows very little of finance and industrial matters. He is primarily a military leader and is more at home in that side of affairs than in the more complex financial, transport and industrial matters. He has a good knowledge and appreciation of international affairs, and though not hostile to Great Britain, he is extremely disappointed with the present attitude of our Government, and that disappointment might easily turn into hostility if it continues. He has little, if any, appreciation of democratic politics, though he does quite sincerely desire to see democracy of a suitable form in China. He has, I am certain, a desire to improve the honesty and efficiency of the Administration, but he is not at present prepared to take those steps as to change of personnel which are essential. Donald's view is that he is perfectly genuine in his determination to make changes, but that he will bide his time until he considers the right opportunity offers for such a change. My own fear, on this assumption, is that he may delay the matter for too long.\n\n41. Under the principles laid down by Dr. Sun Yat-sen there was to be a period of tutelage for the people during which they should become instructed in democratic methods, prior to the actual introduction of democracy. The war has, of course, interfered with this development, but, nevertheless, it has been decided, upon the instigation of the People's Political Council, to introduce the new democratic Constitution by means of an elected Constituent Assembly this autumn, and active preparations are now going forward in this direction. I append the latest draft of the Constitution as it will come before the Constituent Assembly. The present Constitution is substantially totalitarian, in that the Kuomintang controls the Executive Yuan through the National Defence Council, which is a purely party body, and so controls all Administration. Every Minister is a member of the Kuomintang, though it is not compulsory and, at times, there have been Ministers who were not members. Only about a third\n\n11\n\nPage 69",
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        "content_text": "# 17\n\nTransport.\n\nThe question of the organisation and fuelling of road transport is a critical one for China to-day, both as regards the capacity to import vital supplies and as regards the internal movement of goods. The problem of maintaining and extending railway transport, particularly for heavy machinery and such goods, is also vitally important. The available means of transport are:-\n\n(1) Air.\n\n(2) Railway.\n\n(3) Water.\n\n(4) Motor trucks.\n\n(5) Hand trucks.\n\n(6) Pony- and bullock-drawn carts.\n\n(7) Pack trains and camel caravans.\n\n(8) Coolie carriers.\n\n62. So far as air transport is concerned, this is in the hands of three companies, the China National Aviation Company, which flies Douglas planes and is under American influence; the Eurasa Company, which flies Junker planes and is half German; and the Sino-Russian Company, which operates the service across Sinkiang from Hami to Ili and on to Moscow, also with Douglas planes. The routes are limited to the following external: Chungking-Moscow; Chungking-Hong Kong; Kunming-Haiphong; Kunming-Rangoon. The routes also serve certain internal communication purposes as well, e.g., the Moscow route connects Chungking, Chengtu, Lanchow, Suchow, Hami, Urumchi and Ili, and there are, in addition, regular services between Chungking and Chengtu and Chungking and Kunming. These services are most useful for passenger purposes, but cannot, of course, carry any effective load of goods. They do, however, enable official communications to be maintained both personally and by letter.\n\n63. It is a great pity that the Kunming-Rangoon service is not in the hands of a Sino-British company, which might serve Northern Burma as well as Yunnan, and could be run in connexion with a Sino-British aeroplane factory which might be established in North Burma to the great benefit of both Burma and China, and which, in normal times, could supply aircraft for such places as the F.M.S. and Siam in addition to local needs.\n\n64. The Americans, Russians and Germans have realised the importance of getting in on these air services, which are bound to develop very greatly in the future since the Chinese are becoming very air-minded, and in many cases there is no practical alternative to air services for passengers and mails. The influence of these services goes a good deal beyond the mere transport facilities they provide. In fact many of the pilots are foreigners, and they have considerable influence as instructors and otherwise in the different localities, and in the placing of orders for planes of all kinds. The British are losing a very great opportunity for future trade and influence by refusing to partake in the development of aviation services in China. I realise the difficulty at the present moment in sparing personnel, but the very small number required would make it in my view well worth while in consideration of the very large influence that it would have as regards the future. There can be no argument against it from the point of view of not antagonising Japan, since the Americans are already doing so much in this direction. If this matter is allowed to wait over until after the war then it will be too late to establish any market for British airplanes in China and the Far East.\n\n(2) Railways.\n\n65. From the point of view of imports and exports railway transport is of supreme importance, as it is by far the most economical method of transporting large quantities of goods great distances. It is also of value in certain districts for internal transport, where the Chinese have managed to keep the railways running in spite of being under gunfire from the Japanese or subject to aerial bombardment. The stories of how this has been accomplished and of the very large mass of goods still moved by these means display a heroism in the railways\n\n[21258]\n\nD\n\n75",
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        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "82\n\n24\n\nthe investment of private funds from diverse sources, but especially from Chinese individuals, in new industries, and they have a special section of the Department of Economics which is charged with this encouragement. They are equally anxious to obtain the help of foreign capital and of foreign advisers—a considerable number of whom are already helping them—but there are, as far as I know, practically no British experts in the industrial sphere, if the Salt Administration is excepted. I append a note got out for me by Mr. Yün on the Ministry of Economics and the National Resources Commission.\n\n88. One other aspect of this matter is well worth bearing in mind. It was put to me by one of the best of the younger men in the Ministry of Finance whom the Minister lent me when my secretary fell ill at Chungking, and who after accompanied us to Sinkiang, Mr. C. L. Hsia (brother of the man of the same name in the Chinese Embassy in London). He said that one of the principal traditions of behaviour of the Chinese was to remember with gratitude those who had helped them or done them a favour, and that the future relations of China with foreigners and foreign Governments would to a great extent be determined by what those Governments or nationals now did to help the Chinese in their hour of need. It would be of no use for the nationals of those countries who had not helped China to expect any particular advantages or opportunities in the future, when the time of extensive and wholesale reconstruction came.\n\n89. In spite of the splendid work and great popularity of the present British Ambassador to China, it is impossible to gain any other impression than that the Chinese are gravely disappointed at the way in which Great Britain has failed to give active help, and has tried to appease Japan at the expense of China. America and Russia are both giving, either officially or through their nationals, a very great deal of help, and are very prominent in the bigger cities of the west. This means that in the future these two countries will reap the harvest of their assistance in their participation in China's reconstruction on favourable terms, whereas other foreigners may be left out in the cold. It is extremely easy to raise up feeling in China against foreigners because of the tradition of foreign exploitation of China, and, if there should come, for any reason, a breakdown of the Central Government of China, the one common ground upon which it will be possible to unite the Chinese people will be an anti-foreign campaign. Then, as more than one Chinese has said to me, woe betide the unfortunate foreigners if that day should ever come.\n\n90. The attitude of many representatives of British firms in Western China seems to be merely a continuance of the old spirit of selfish exploitation. They do not seem yet to have realised that there is a new spirit and a new determination in China upon this matter, and that their future if any lies in assisting the Chinese and co-operating with them upon equal or subordinate terms even though the Chinese may seem to them inefficient or difficult to work with. Some of the younger representatives that I have met do seem to have grasped this idea but there are as yet no definite practical signs of its being put into effect. I should like to add here a word of high commendation of the consul-general at Kunming and of the consul and his staff at Chungking, all of whom realised the new situation and are doing their best to advance British interests in difficult circumstances.\n\n91. It would not be of assistance to set out here in detail accounts of the actual productive units that have been put into operation in Western China. They are pitifully small compared with the magnitude of the task. When it is remembered that the population of Szechuan is about the same as that of Germany, it will be realised how great is the task. Though small in extent, however, a very real and good beginning has been made, and the work being done both by the Chinese managing technicians and by the workers is of excellent quality and accuracy. A certain degree of planning is to be found in the arrangement of the new factories; for instance at Kunming the new electric power station has been placed close to a copper refinery and a cable manufacturing plant, to both of which it supplies power. Other factories have been similarly grouped, where the safety factor allows of this, and regard has been had to the accessibility of labour and transport. In one area to the west of Chengtu, which I was not able to visit because of the distance and the time occupied, a regular factory estate has been laid out for a number of factories of different kinds. At the same time, however, a certain confusion and waste is in evidence due to\n\n(*) Not printed.\n\n1",
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        "document_key": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "page_number": 56,
        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "25\n\nA\n\nthe activities of private enterprise and to the fact that certain special types of machinery have been partially salved from the factories in the east. Such machinery is often incomplete and not suitable for the most urgent kinds of production. Nevertheless, a great deal of time and energy is spent in its repair and erection simply because it happens to be there. It would be far better to utilise the same resources for the manufacture of new and more urgently required productive units.\n\n92. I was particularly anxious to ascertain the quality of the work turned out by skilled Chinese labour and I questioned all the American supervisors at the Lowing factory on this point. They all spoke in terms of the highest praise of their labour corps, and the man in charge of the erection section said that he considered his Chinese staff compared favourably with the Americans he had had under him in the United States of America. I myself checked up the accuracy of some machine tools and gauges that were being made and of some optical work (field-glasses) and in both cases the results were good. The rates of wages paid are, on a foreign exchange basis, exceedingly low, amounting to about 1 dollar a day for unskilled work, up to 3 dollars for skilled work and up to 5 dollars in very exceptional cases.\n\n93. The difficulties that exist at the present time are fourfold: First, the inability to purchase or obtain delivery of machinery from abroad that cannot be made in China; second, the fact that, though thousands of tons of machinery have been brought by water or by road from the cities in the east, often this is incomplete and requires many new parts and a great deal of adjustment before it can be put into operation; third, even if machinery can be delivered to Haiphong or Rangoon, often it cannot be transported from these places owing to the congestion; fourth, the lack of any plan of priorities leads to the wasteful use of the very small resources that exist for the manufacture of machinery upon things that are not vital while more vital matters cannot be attended to. It would be of great assistance in overcoming many of these difficulties if the Advisory and Planning Committee suggested (see Foreign Relations section) could be put into operation, and whole-hearted British co-operation in this would undoubtedly assist in the rehabilitation of British influence in China. To make this a success would entail the release for special service in China of some half-dozen British experts and also the release of certain specialities in machinery for export to China from Great Britain. This latter question is an important one. I am well aware of the difficulties in certain cases, but I am sure that, if the political value of such action could be fully realised, a great deal more could be done to facilitate exports to China without in any way jeopardising the situation at home. The political aspect is important, as this is one of the matters upon which the Chinese feel strongly, though they fully understand that, as regards certain special types of machinery, there may be difficulties. As a rule, however, the quantities that are to them vital are almost negligible compared to British requirements. Some of this machinery might be second-hand material which is too out-of-date for use in Great Britain but would adequately serve the purpose of the Chinese. Provision should also be made to assist the transport of such machinery through Burma.\n\nApart from the organised attempt by the Chinese Government to set up new industries, either themselves or in association with private capitalists, there is, of course, a very large volume of handicraft industries of all kinds. These principally cater for the every-day requirements of the people along traditional lines, and their only practical connexion with the new industrialisation is through the manufacture of pig-iron and the mining of coal.\n\n95. A good deal of work has already been completed upon the investigation of the natural resources of Western China, and valuable minerals have been proved in a number of areas, though many of these are too remote from transport facilities to render them workable. A few large-scale coal-mines have been opened up, and this development is continuing. There exist very large coal reserves, some of good quality and in seams of great thickness. Certain of the rarer metals like tungsten and molybdenum are available in considerable quantities, as also is gold, though at present the workings for the latter metal are only of an elementary kind. Copper, silver, lead, tin, zinc, antimony and other metals are also found, and of these copper, silver and tin are being worked to an appreciable extent. There is no doubt that Western China is a rich mineral and agricultural area, and that the effect of the present conditions must be to open up this wealth\n\n[21258]\n\nE\n\n83",
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        "document_key": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
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        "title": "CO129-582-22 Visit of Sir Stafford Cripps to China 13-12-1939 - 4-7-1940",
        "content_text": "84\n\n26\n\n25\n\non a permanent basis. In view of the number of electric power plants and permanent factories already established, or in course of erection, it is impossible to contemplate the discontinuance of industrial production in this area when the hostilities terminate. At least one very large and one smaller hydro-electric plant have been planned and are to be erected. These, together with the coal resources available, give a power reserve which is bound to find its outlet in industrial production. The people in the area are becoming industrially conscious, and the standard of living throughout the area will undoubtedly rise with the growth of industry to an extent that will make it impossible to revert to pre-war conditions. One of the main industrial problems at the moment is the provision of fuel for transport purposes, but this has been dealt with in the Transport section.\n\n96. In view of the constant attacks by Japanese airplanes upon all Chinese towns, it has been considered wise—and undoubtedly it is—to erect small units of production, relying upon a multiplicity of these rather than upon one large unit. This no doubt tends to reduce overall efficiency, but on the other hand, it eases to some extent the transport problem. There are very few factories other than cotton spinning and weaving mills, and the arsenals, which employ more than 200 operatives. The arsenals, as well as some smaller factories, are now producing large quantities of all types of small arms, including machine-guns and ammunition, but not arms of large calibre. The main aircraft factory at Lowing, under American management, has just come into production, its construction having been completed in twelve months, a remarkable feat in view of the isolation of its situation. The Sino-Russian Aviation Factory is now under erection by the Central Government in Sinkiang, and there is another aircraft factory in operation at Kunming.\n\n66\n\n97. In reviewing the situation as regards industrial reconstruction, I was struck with the importance of the returned student personnel which is to be found everywhere in managerial and technical positions. These men are both keen and efficient in their work, and are certainly putting their whole energy into the task of freeing China from Japanese aggression, often under most difficult circumstances. I gained the impression, from contact with a great number of them, that they were prepared for almost any sacrifice in their patriotic devotion. It is very noticeable how such persons, consciously or unconsciously, influence the policy adopted in the purchase of machinery. For instance, in a factory which is run by an American returned student, most of the machinery will be American, and so with other nationalities. This makes it a matter of very great importance that our country, if it wishes to get orders from China in the future, should do its utmost to encourage the Chinese to come to Great Britain both for university and technical courses and also to work in British factories. Some of the larger British industries are apparently hostile to this procedure. For instance, I discussed this matter with the I.C.I. representative in Kunming, and he told me that his firm would not allow any Chinese student in their works on principle. He further added that they were hostile to giving any help in the setting up of any industry in which they were interested in China, as they wished to retain China as an export market for their own manufactures. Nothing could be more hopelessly short-sighted than such a policy, and if it is persisted in by British firms, it will only lead to the complete loss of Chinese sympathy and of the Chinese market. A very different attitude is, I gather, adopted by other big industrial countries, including Russia.\n\n98. I desire to emphasise that some immediate action is necessary if Great Britain is to maintain her trading position with the new China. The competition to help Chinese reconstruction, after the war is over in Europe, will be very intense as China will be one of the few really hopeful export markets for heavy industry. The opportunity of getting any advantage in that competition will depend, not so much upon what is done then, but very largely upon what is done in the period from now until that time. So far, the reserves of goodwill in China are more in favour of Russia and America and some of the smaller countries than they are of Great Britain. Indeed, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the prestige of Great Britain, which once stood so high that no major step was taken without consultation with the British, has now fallen to a low ebb, and if matters continue as at present, there will be nothing upon which Great Britain will be able to rely for gaining any special position, or perhaps any position at all, in the reconstruction of China.\n\n1\n\n27\n\n99. In order to supplement the efforts of the Chinese Government and also to deal with the refugee problem in Western China, the Chinese Industrial Co-operatives (C.I.C.) were started by a group of foreigners and Chinese. The C.I.C. has set up a very large number of producing co-operatives throughout Western China, though they are stronger in the north-west where there is less mechanised industry and where there is more of the Communist influence than in the south and west. Many have also been established in the areas behind the Japanese lines, where they are still in contact with the central organisation and are doing excellent work. This movement has the support of the Chinese Government, who have given it considerable financial assistance and have placed very considerable orders with it for military supplies. During the present year, over 1 million blankets have been ordered and will be delivered to the army by the co-operatives. The co-operatives rely almost entirely upon handwork. I believe that at present they have only one power machine, and that is an old motor engine converted to use producer gas. I visited some of these co-operatives, including one near Chengtu, where they were making simple machine-tools and engineering material with lathes, &c., operated entirely by hand power. Unfortunately, there are as yet no accurate statistics as to their production, but the attached report(*) gives an account of their activities up to the time that I left China. Their staff consists of a very keen and competent set of young men and women who are devoting themselves to this work for the merest pittance, from purely patriotic motives. The opportunity for the expansion of this work is almost unlimited, and it has the great merit of producing the goods in small units of production widely distributed and often close to the point of use, thus assisting in the economy of means of transport. Under the existing circumstances in China, and for a long time to come until transport facilities are very greatly improved and transport costs greatly diminished, there will be almost unlimited opportunities for the C.I.C. to continue with its development and expansion, and it will be able to play an important part in the industrial production of the country. The C.I.C., however, is not only of industrial importance; the educational work that it is doing is also likely to have a marked and permanent effect upon Chinese life. This work is primarily devoted to education in co-operative ideals, but it necessarily awakens the political and civic consciousness of the people and helps to prepare them for the exercise of their democratic rights. At a recent exhibition of co-operative production in the north-west, over 20,000 peasants visited the exhibition, which was entirely organised by the peasants themselves.\n\n100. To start up such work, even with the simplest hand machinery and to acquire the necessary premises, &c., involves a very considerable outlay, though it is small compared with the capital required for mechanised industries. The C.I.C. are much hampered at present by their lack of funds for this purpose. There was a proposal in Great Britain that a Sino-British society should be set up to give the C.I.C. assistance, and steps had been taken to this end when the war broke out in Europe and the proposal was put aside. I think that every effort should be made to revive this idea and to bring it into effective operation, as this type of help, now given at very small cost, would find a ready response from the Chinese and might lead hereafter to a considerable trade of a limited character between the two countries. The assistance would be quite unofficial, but the British Government could, in fact, do a certain amount to facilitate the launching of such a venture and so give it an auspicious start. Mme. Chiang, who is a keen supporter of the C.I.C., has also herself started a series of Women's Co-operatives for the production of articles of household use, &c., for which women's hand labour is particularly suitable. So far, their production is a negligible quantity.\n\n101. If the British Government is not prepared itself—as I gather it is not from the replies that have been given to the Chinese requests—to assist directly in the reconstruction of China through the National Government, something else must be done to preserve the future position of Great Britain in the Chinese markets, by actively encouraging all other agencies which may help in that direction, and by facilitating the supply of all goods that it is feasible to supply. There is, and can be, no doubt as to the importance of the Chinese market when war production ceases in Europe and America and a change-over has to be made\n\n[21258]\n\n(*) Not printed.\n\nE 2\n\n85",
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        "content_text": "41\n\nthere were more. All those we met were being driven by Chinese or Sinkiangese. The only substantial traffic is by camel or donkey caravan or cart over the caravan track which runs for long distances either close to or actually along the road. The camel caravans pass at night, the donkeys and carts (drawn by ponies) by day, at this time of year. When it gets hotter, all go by night, and during the hottest season few, if any, pass at all. The donkey caravans are about 15 per cent. faster than the camels. The average daily number passing at this time of year on a census taken at Chih Chou Ching is 300-400 camels and 400-500 donkeys. The number of carts we did not ascertain, but they would only be in dozens. Their loads going west are very largely wool, which now all goes to Russia, though before it went mainly down the Yellow River into East China, and the return load east is to a very great extent petrol. The transport north and south is not fast, as it takes fourteen to sixteen days by bus from, e.g., Hami to Khotan, the road going right across the desert. There are road stations about every 25 miles used by the caravans, and at longer distances, stations where motor drivers and others can stop for rest and food, which latter, of course, has to be carried for the through journey. There is no through traffic by lorry passing from Russia into Central China, as the distance is so great that the lorry would use more than its own full load of petrol in completing the journey. For some reason, which is not clear, but which is partially financial, the Sinkiangese Government will not send their mails into China by air, with the result that letters often take a fortnight or more to reach Lanchow, either by lorry or by caravan, and thence they go by plane.\n\n151. There are now twenty-seven telegraph offices in the province and a number of radio stations. All the main points in the north are linked by telegraph and there are also about 1,000 kilom. of telephone wires (long-distance). In Urumchi there are 350 telephone subscribers. Broadcasting has been started in Urumchi and there are 800 receivers. Some attempt is being made to extend reception outside Urumchi, to which area at the moment it is limited. A small wireless factory has been started in Urumchi to deal with repairs for receiving sets.\n\nEducation.\n\n152. The Government is particularly keen on its educational programme, both from the point of view of general progress and of its own particular problems. Owing to the fear of foreign interference and of the incursion of Chinese from other provinces, it is necessary for the Government to use Sinkiangese for its development work, but, unfortunately, the standards of education are deplorably low owing to the complete neglect of education by former Governors. The Governor is therefore attempting to increase the intelligence standards of his own people as rapidly as possible. In the meantime, the progress of the province is being hampered by the lack of suitable staff even in clerical posts. Many persons in comparatively responsible positions have often had no education beyond that in an elementary school. At the time of the April revolution education was practically non-existent as a public service in the province. There were a few dozen elementary schools and that was all. The principal reforms carried out since then are as follows:\n\n(1) An attempt has been made to unify the administration and organisation of education throughout the province. The educational reforms have had to take into account three special characteristics of the problem, the racial differences in the population, the generally low intellectual level of the people, and the very sparse means of communication. In addition to these there is very great difficulty in obtaining teachers, whose standard of education is very low, and there is a great lack of teaching material of all kinds.\n\n(2) A determined attempt is being made to train teachers in normal schools as quickly as possible. In 1939 in the districts of Urumchi, Ili, Darchen, Aoshan, Hami and Yengtze the number trained was 1,320. In addition to this regular training, a number of short-term courses of three or six months have been held for teachers in Hotien, Kashgar and Akashu districts in particular.\n\n(3) Text books have been compiled in four different languages: Chinese, Wei-er Wu, Mongolian and Karsak. This has to some extent solved the problem of text books in the province.\n\n[21258]\n\nG\n\n99",
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        "document_key": "CO129-589-14 War contributions- extracts from Governor's speeches 5-7-1941 - 5-7-1941",
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        "title": "CO129-589-14 War contributions- extracts from Governor's speeches 5-7-1941 - 5-7-1941",
        "content_text": "# Extract from the SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST dated 28th June, 1941.\n\n## WAR EFFORT\n### Governor Speaks On Empire's Danger\n#### HONGKONG'S PART\n\nWhether people in Hongkong realise fully the gravity of the situation in which the British Empire finds itself to-day was one of the points raised by His Excellency the Governor, Sir Geoffry Northcote, when he spoke on Hongkong's War Effort over ZBW, the Hongkong broadcasting station, last night.\n\nHis Excellency said: On May 29, I made two announcements in Legislative Council: the first was that I had appointed a Committee to examine Hongkong's economic war effort and to advise how it might be strengthened and intensified; the second was that Government proposed to raise the War Revenue Taxation to a general basic level of 7 per cent and 14 per cent with revised abatements for earners of low salaries. This evening I am seeking a wider audience, partly because what I want to do is to go over the same ground rather more fully and partly in order to say publicly and frankly what was in my mind when I spoke in the Council.\n\nI will put my main point in the form of a question or two. Do we here in Hongkong realise fully the gravity of the situation in which the British Empire finds itself to-day? Is it really borne in upon us how imperative it is that we should now throw every ounce of our weight into the struggle which Great Britain is maintaining against the enslavement of the world? The time has gone by for complacency. The time has come to face facts: to acknowledge to ourselves that if the British Empire is to survive this war we, together with all its other colonies, have got to tighten our belts and play our part in like manner with that in which the people of Great Britain are playing theirs, at any rate so far as circumstances allow us to.\n\nThe greatest peril by far that threatens the British Empire to-day is not the German raider or invader by land, sea or air: it is not the tank, the bomb, or the torpedo that we have most to fear: our greatest danger unquestionably lies on the economic side. If Hitler is rash enough to invade the British Isles he will rue the day on which he does it—we are more than ready for him. The German submarine and raider have done us enormous harm at sea: nevertheless we are slowly and surely, with the help of good friends, winning the battle of the Atlantic. Many streets and great buildings in the cities of England, Scotland, and Wales have been smashed: but we are giving Germany's factories, docks and arsenals to-day more than she has given us; and as the months go by the scale of our attack will rise higher and higher. But all those glorious feats will avail us but little unless the Empire can find more and ever more ships, planes, arms and ammunition for our Fighting Forces wherever they may be, and food for the beleaguered people of Great Britain.\n\nCan the British Empire stand the enormous, the hitherto undreamed-of, strain on her resources which their furnishing entails? It can; but only by one way, and that is for every unit of the Empire, large and small, rich and poor, to do its utmost—and I give that word \"utmost\" its fullest meaning—to that one end. In the old phrase, it is for the British to-day a case of \"Root! Hog, or die.\" That may sound despairing to some ears; but I am at the other end of the scale from despair, knowing as I do from my own sixty years' experience, as well as from history, that once the British hog realises that he has got to root, root he does and he survives!\n\n### War Savings Certificates\n\nWell! the time has come for that process. How are we going to set about it? In the first place there is the Economic War Effort Committee. You may have tasted its first-fruits with your early morning tea, but its task is not going to be easy. A more technical bit of work which they have put through is to draft a scheme for the sale of local War Savings Certificates, which I hope will meet with the approval of the Home Authorities. But the main problems which the Committee has to solve are: \"How can the importation into Hongkong of non-essential goods be reduced to the minimum?\" \"How can the consumption in Hongkong of necessary commodities be administered with the maximum of economy?\" And lastly, \"How can these restrictions be brought about without two very dangerous reactions being entailed? That is to say, without killing the mainspring of the Colony's prosperity, our entrepot trade, and, secondly, without crippling our growing ability to supply the Navy, Army, and Air Force and the Merchant Service with what they need to fight and to win this war?\" The last perhaps is the most vitally important of the three.\n\n### Tonnage, Labour and Sterling\n\nThese three are vital factors in the Economies of War, and we must strain every nerve to conserve them to the utmost.\n\nThe scope of the Economic War Effort Committee's labours is vast, but even so it does not cover the whole field; for though I would not shut them out from consideration of its possibilities, I have not specifically mentioned taxation in their terms of reference. In taxation, however, Government has a more flexible and more effective instrument for enforcing economy within the community than any other. I do not propose to-night even to suggest how that instrument can be put into further use, but I will quote a few words from the Chancellor of the Exchequer's speech in the House of Commons on the last Budget, which go straight to the fundamental principle which I have in mind: \"The primary object of these proposals is not to obtain taxation for taxation's sake, nor to raise revenue for the sake of revenue, but to make a considerable cut in purchasing power during the war.\"\n\n### Taxable Limits\n\nGiven then, that it is our bounden duty to take upon our shoulders a heavier burden of taxation—and that, I contend, cannot be refuted—there comes the question of \"ability to pay.\" That, of course, is a most intricate matter and I can only deal with it very generally to-night. I would begin by saying that any increase must be either in direct taxation—as for example through the War Revenue taxes, unless those are replaced by an Income Tax—or, if it is in indirect taxation, must concern itself solely with luxury and semi-luxury goods. The vast majority—at least 95 per cent of the people who live here certainly can bear no heavier burden than is theirs to-day—indeed their relief is one of our major problems. And there is, secondly, a large class of wage-earners who are fully taxed already: many of them, who are compelled by the hard necessity of war to keep up two homes, can clearly stand no further taxation, direct or indirect. Where above them in the social scale a taxable margin begins to appear is a question for close and expert inquiry; but, unquestionably, at the upper end there are some—relatively few it may be, but from the Treasury view-point far from inconsiderable—who are a long way from being taxed fully. Whatever their number or their nationality may be, if they are living here and have prospered here, safe under the British flag and sheltered by Great Britain's might, and if they can afford to pay more in taxes, their liability and obligation are plain: in this time of crisis they must share to the full the burden now being borne by the people of Great Britain, who are, as the saying is, already \"paying till it hurts.\"\n\nThose seeming irreconcilables have, somehow, to be woven into a consistent and positive policy by the Economic War Effort Committee. They may have some daylight for us; but it looks as though they will have to keep their own lamps burning late into the night before they find all the right answers.\n\n### Threefold Object\n\nThe objects to be served by denying ourselves everything that is not necessary for the healthy maintenance of body and soul are threefold:\n\n| Object | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| (i) | Every ton of shipping space saved is a ton given to our fighting men and to the people who are bearing the real brunt of this war. |\n| (ii) | Every hour of labour switched from the manufacture of non-essentials to that of war-supplies means an earlier victory. |\n| (iii) | Every pound sterling not spent on luxuries means a better gold dollar exchange for Great Britain—and that is vital. |\n\nOne last word on the best use to which we could put the proceeds of increased taxation. The money which has been subscribed here by the public or which has been voted by the Legislature has gone to serve the highly useful purpose of helping Great Britain to pay her war bill, and His Majesty's Government has expressed a very sincere gratitude on that account. I trust that nothing that I say to-night will do harm to those voluntary Funds which are still open. But the new revenue which increased taxation would bring in calls for different treatment.\n\n### Production Value\n\nRegarded from the strictly economic point of view, the most immediately effective use to which it could be put would be to put it into production here in Hongkong; in other words to build ships—war vessels or freighters—and to produce equipment and munitions of war on the spot. By so doing not only would we help to pay Great Britain's war bill but we would also secure delivery of the goods at the same time. Every shipyard and factory at home is busy \"to capacity\" whereas here we have ample labour at our doors. The manufactures which our taxes, if spent here, would bring into being would go immediately to swell the stocks of war stores and equipment which His Majesty's Government needs for our sailors, soldiers and airmen. Lastly, the employment so given would help to keep the Colony going: and that is one of our prime imperial duties.\n\nI suppose that not a few of my hearers will think this a very disagreeable talk, to say the least of it. Well! War is a very disagreeable thing at any time; but we are getting near to the end of the second year of this one and we are, or ought to be, beyond such minor considerations! So I will end where I began. The British Commonwealth is fighting with its back to the wall. What are we in Hongkong doing to help? All that is in our power, or not yet all? And if not all, are we going to hang back? I am convinced that Hongkong's answer to that is the same as that Australia and Canada have given in the last few days: \"We will withhold nothing that is within our power to give\". Worldly wisdom alone would dictate that reply to us. I trust, however, that Hongkong will give it from a worthier motive. Let me state that motive in Mr Churchill's stirring words:\n\n\"We have but one aim and one single irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air; until, with God's help, we will rid the earth of all those who have shadowed it and will liberate the enslaved peoples from his yoke. That is our policy and that our declaration: that course we shall pursue—faithfully and to the end.”\n\nTo be continued.\n\nPage 5\nPage 5",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-589-14 War contributions- extracts from Governor's speeches 5-7-1941 - 5-7-1941.txt",
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    {
        "id": 574995,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942",
        "page_number": 18,
        "title": "CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942",
        "content_text": "18\n\nIn the period immediately prior to invasion, it was indicated to us in a message transmitted through the Governor that our stock of jute bags had been \"levied\", also two small lighters.\n\n3. In cables received direct from our representatives, it was hinted that our stock of Cutch and all our small craft had been destroyed.\n\n4. The use of the word \"levied\" in the message transmitted through the Governor seems to imply that the Jute Bags were commandeered and not actually destroyed, but as the message was in code, we believe literal significance cannot be attached to the actual word \"levied\".\n\n5. There would be in the factory at the end of December 1941 about 132,000 double bags, although the figures used in the message referred to were 117,600 double bags, but it may be taken as granted that the balance of over 14,000 double bags was not left for the Japanese.\n\n6. The actual stock of Cutch was about 5,500 cwts.\n\n7. The factory contained a vast quantity of General Stores and Replace Parts of Plant and Machinery. Also, there were two large temporary buildings filled with surplus Plant and Machinery. There were also considerable quantities of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap.\n\n8. We have no advice as to what befell the General Stores and Scraps, but owing to their useful character to the enemy, it is extremely unlikely that official steps were not taken to destroy these.\n\n9. The following are approximate particulars of values:-\n\n| Item | Value (£) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Bags | 6,600 |\n| Cutch Stock | 5,000 |\n| Wood Fuel Stock | 3,500 |\n| General Stores | 3,000 |\n| Surplus Plant & Machinery | 3,500 |\n| 6 Launches and 17 Lighters | 20,000 |\n\n10. The values shown are approximate but are more likely to be exceeded than diminished.\n\n11. No reference was made in any message to the stock of fuel at the factory, and in the message through the Governor, two of the Lighters were described as having been \"levied\", whatever that may mean.\n\n12.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 574996,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942",
        "content_text": "## \n12. Against our estimate of Stock of Cutch there was a message to the effect that 950 cwts. of Stock had been put on board our steamer \"Baynain\" when that vessel was sent away under official orders.\n\n13. We believe the foregoing furnishes the information presently required by you.\n\n14. We ought to remark that if the Factory Buildings, Plant and Machinery and General equipment, including Staff and Native Houses, were destroyed the amount involved would not be less than £60,000.\n\n15. The subscriber is arranging to call upon you at an early date to discuss these and other relevant matters.\n\nWe are,\nYours faithfully,\nfor BAKAU AND KENYA EXTRACT CO. LTD.\n\n(Sgd)\n\nTHE NORTH BORNEO TRADING CO. LTD.\nJas. M. Hood.\nManaging Director.\n\nTemporary Address:\nThe Secretary,\nCecil Chambers,\n76/86 Strand,\nThe British North Borneo (Chartered) Co.\nLloyds Bank (New) Buildings,\nHigh Street, Rickmansworth, Herts.\n\nLondon, W.C.2. 10th April, 1942.\n\nDear Sir,\n\nReferring to our letter of the 16th January, we shall be very glad to hear from you if anything has been decided concerning claims which will arise out of enemy occupation of British North Borneo.\n\nFurther, will you please let us know the correct procedure for lodging a possible claim against shipments from our Estates to Hong Kong. From advices received from our Branch a considerable amount of timber had actually arrived, but",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-590-17 Government policy regarding firewood supplies 7-8-1941 - 31-7-1942.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 575251,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-22 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 19-1-1943 - 20-11-1943",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "CO129-590-22 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 19-1-1943 - 20-11-1943",
        "content_text": "## Colonial Office 46 \n## 89 \n(F4331/2916/10)\n\nExtract from report by r. K.E. Mogre forwarded by H.M. Consul General Kweilin 29th March, 1943.\n\n### Conditions in Hong Kong\n\nThe present condition in Hong Kong is worse than before. Compulsory conscription will soon come into force, and already men of young age between 18 and 40 are given evacuation permits under the greatest difficulty. Unless the Gendarmerie Headquarters sanction these permits, no one is allowed to leave Hong Kong; this has curbed any activities on the part of refugees to bribe the employees in the Civil Affairs office (Man Ching Po). Every young person has to pass medical examinations and their names recorded.\n\nKai Tack aerodrome has been extended; the whole road along the airfield has been broken up, and all the buildings along the Kai Tack Bund have been demolished. The Japs are going to extend the airfield up to the hillside and will have all stores, and even planes, placed in tunnels, which they plan to dig in the hills. They employ foreign prisoners of war and also Chinese to dig the fields. I have reliable information that foreign prisoners are only fed with rice, two meals a day, and they work with hardly any clothing at all, some with a strip of loin cloth. The lack of clothing is due to what they had having gone to shreds. They receive no pay. The Chinese workers receive rice with vegetables and a small slice of meat and receive 30 cents in Military yen per day. Several foreign prisoners have been killed and wounded during the recent raids when bombs were dropped on the aerodrome.\n\nThe tuberculosis scourge is taking a heavy toll of the population in Hong Kong due to lack of nourishment.\n\nThe four ships which were being built in Hong Kong at Taikoo and Whampoa Docks have been completed and are being fitted up. This information was given to me by one of the owners of Messrs. E. Hing, Shipchandlers and hardware merchants, for the Japs have bought from them materials for fitting the ships.\n\nPrice of rice in Hong Kong is M.Y. 1.20 per catty.\n\nThe following are also strategic points of military interest:\n- Luk Kwok Hotel, completely taken up by the Japanese Authorities as a Naval Officers' Home.\n- All Buildings from Luk Kwok Hotel up to the China Fleet Club premises. Huge quantities of cement and building materials are stored in godowns and vacant places around this place.\n- The dockyard is now operating, and many former workers have joined in. The machine shops and other establishments in the Naval Yard are now operating, including the dry dock; naval vessels necessitating quick and slight repairs are put in at Hong Kong. Heavily damaged vessels do not come into Hong Kong. Bombing of this point at night will save casualties amongst workers.\n- Japanese Naval officers of ranks above that of Petty Officer stay in quarters established amongst all buildings on Blue Pool Road, Wong Neichong Road, and Tai Hang Road. All houses on these roads may be considered as residences for Japanese Naval Officers.\n\nMost of the knitting factories and rubber works have opened up, making goods for the Japs. The rubber factories are melting down old tyres and getting raw rubber from Indo-China. Chan Wah Factory for radio receivers is now operating. All factories are under joint Chinese and Japanese ownership.\n\nWhen I arrived in Kwangchowan, I communicated with a Parsee merchant, Mr. P.K. Pavri, informing him that I would do my best to seek among my Chinese associates help to arrange a way by which Indians can get permits to leave Hong Kong. In this, I was greatly helped by Mr. Chiu Tse Wen, who is well acquainted with several Japanese agents, and he helped me to such an extent that Indians who applied for permits...",
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    },
    {
        "id": 575530,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-23 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "page_number": 172,
        "title": "CO129-590-23 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "content_text": "# Mr. Pent \n\n\"Evening Standard\"\n\n## BUSHIDO \n\nBUSHIDO, we are told, is the name given to the ancient Japanese code of chivalry. Henceforth, it should acquire the same common usage as the word Quisling.\" It might be used to describe the frauds perpetrated by our enemies or the illusions fostered by ourselves that this war can be won by any other means but the most fearful, bloody and remorseless fighting. Bushido is the answer to anyone who expects any quarter from our deadly enemies.\n\nLong ago in the days of 1939 we seemed to believe that victory could be gained by pounds, shillings and pence. Proudly we surveyed the vast total of potential Allied resources. We had the gold. Hitler had none. War seemed to be nothing more than a counting house operation until after that first winter Hitler proved that labour was a more universal coinage than the most precious metal in the world.\n\nOther illusions, less childish, but no less dangerous, have prevailed since then. One school claimed that sea power alone could enable us to win. Let Britain only hold the seas and our enemies would suffer a slow process of strangulation. Once, no doubt, that doctrine was true. It was a happy one for us in our possession of an island and ocean empire. But to-day that doctrine is destroyed. The airplane has prevented ships from moving so easily on the seas, whilst the speed of land warfare has deprived sea bases of their impregnability. Singapore in Japanese hands, with its guns still facing seawards, is the epitaph on that illusion.\n\n## 171 / \n## Evening Standard \n1 MAR 1942 \n\n▲ Air power fighting alone as an offensive weapon has suffered an equal eclipse. It lost the Battle of Britain and now even the most vociferous British protagonists of the long-term bombing strategy have mitigated their claims. The bombing of the Renault factory in Paris, despite its great success, is the final revelation of reality. To win by bombs we should have to do to the whole continent of Europe what the Luftwaffe failed to do to this island.\n\n▲ Still yet another illusion persists. Production, we are told, is the key to victory. Certainly, without a constantly increased production, we cannot win. After Dunkirk it was the key. Without it we could do nothing. Yet now the truth has become only half true. We cannot win by piling up machines. Sooner or later—and better sooner they must be hurled into desperate, bloody battle. And in that test we shall need the fighting spirit and military aptitude of a great mass of the British people developed to its highest point.\n\n▲ The task cannot be left to the financiers, the sailors or the airmen. Victory cannot be secured at warships weeks or on the seas or in the skies. Ships and airplanes will have to assist eventual battle on land. This nation will have to face and bear great bloodshed and sacrifice. There is no other road and no easy way to win. As wise to put our trust in Japanese chivalry as to believe the war can be won by any other means.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-590-23 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 577844,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-591-20 Reports on current situation 18-10-1945 - 7-11-1945",
        "page_number": 58,
        "title": "CO129-591-20 Reports on current situation 18-10-1945 - 7-11-1945",
        "content_text": "Report No. 2 to London\n\nPage 3.\n\n61\n\nThe Trade Statistics Department will reopen on November 1st and it is hoped to have reliable figures, covering goods imported and exported, available in the near future.\n\n13.) INDUSTRY SECTION. Inspection of factory premises and interviews continue. The following industries are operating:\n\nSafety Latches; Paint and Enamel; Leather Tanning; Rubber shoes; Lime quarrying; Native Craft Building and Repairs; Engineering Repair shops; Kerosene Distillery; Nails.\n\nThe\n\nFurther claims for plant and goods are being investigated. H.K. & Yaumati Ferry is hampered by lack of vessels and those operating require repairs.\n\n14.) HARBOUR SECTION. The Principal Ship's Surveyor has continued his work of surveying ships in the harbour. These surveys have mainly been on ex Japanese motor junks prior to utilization for local trading. Repair work at the various Chinese and European owned dockyards was also inspected. The Yaumati Government dockyard, which employs approximately 186 men has now got the cradle of the slipway in order and 4 Government launches have been slipped and repaired. Navigational lights have been inspected and crews relieved as necessary and Tong Ku Light has been temporarily re-established. In due course it is hoped that Green Island Light, Cheung Chau Light and South-West Lantau Light will also be re-established. It is also intended that various wrecks within the harbour precincts and in the Colony's waters which constitute dangers to navigation will be marked by lighted wreck buoys. It is hoped that the shipping office, when commercial shipping is resumed on full scale, will be able to compete with requirements up to pre-war standard. Vessels cleared numbered ten and total vessels entered was seven, and in addition a total of ninety-two men have been either signed on or off articles during October. There are now six \"A\" Class moorings and four \"B\" class moorings available for shipping. The Junk Office has continued its normal duties. Junk registration is still increasing and the number now registered is 280 Motor Junks, 290 Sailing Junks, 392 Fishing Junks. The harbour Department is rapidly assuming its pre-war functions and in addition to issuing Notices to Mariners and conferring with Naval Authorities as regards berths and pilots, it has notified shipping and junks generally of safe routes through mine fields and other obstructions dangerous to navigation. The recent coal shortage affected shipping considerably and various ferry services had to curtail their traffic slightly. A committee has been set up to consider questions relating to the small ex-Japanese tonnage.\n\nA Burgess, Colonel, (C.A.)\n\nSupplies, Transport & Industry.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-591-20 Reports on current situation 18-10-1945 - 7-11-1945.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 577856,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-591-20 Reports on current situation 18-10-1945 - 7-11-1945",
        "page_number": 70,
        "title": "CO129-591-20 Reports on current situation 18-10-1945 - 7-11-1945",
        "content_text": "73\n\nD. Geletelor (Col. Ihmisen)\n\nThe Imports & Exports Department operates as (a) a revenue collection department and (b) a department for a modified form of trade control and as from November 1st the collection of trade statistics.\n\nLiquor and Tobacco. The collection of revenue from liquor and tobacco in the form of duties and licences has commenced but owing to present conditions it will be some time before large amount of money in the form of Excise and Customs Duty will be collected. There are only small stocks of European and Chinese liquor in the Colony and it is doubtful when new stocks will arrive. A certain amount of beer will be produced in the near future and the production of Chinese spirit is very uncertain owing to shortage of raw materials (rice, molasses and coal). In 1941 we had nine large distilleries which produced spirit of this type but now most of these are closed though a few may reopen in the near future. There are, however, a large number of small Chinese type stills in shops, houses and sheds which will have to be closed down as soon as possible as it is impossible to control these establishments. Their number is about 200 and they each produce from four to possibly 20 gallons of native spirit per day. We are, in fact, as far as distilleries are concerned, back to the days before 1922 as regards small distilleries and the large establishments will need careful nursing. Licences will not be issued to the small establishments. The issue of licences to Chinese spirit shops is proceeding and their number will be kept within reasonable limits. There have been many applications for licences to deal in European type liquor and in view of the fact that most of those who have applied are obviously dealing in looted goods, none are being issued except to the old holders.\n\nIn 1941 tobacco was a more important source of revenue than liquor. There were three cigarette factories, four cigar factories and about six Chinese prepared tobacco factories. One cigarette factory is open and two will reopen in the future. About 1,000,000 pounds of tobacco are available for cigarettes though much of this is inferior grade leaf. The Oriental Cigar Factory is closed and three Chinese prepared tobacco factories are operating. The collection of tobacco duty has commenced and supplies of raw leaf are expected in the reasonably near future.\n\nTobacco dealers' and retailers' licences are being issued.\n\nTrade Control. A system of waterfront patrols was commenced early in September with the object of ascertaining what types of cargo were moving on the Victoria waterfront and in Kowloon.\n\nThese patrols have been successful in several cases of attempted export of prohibited goods and in one particularly bad case the exporter was prosecuted and fined. The patrols are being expanded and much information is being obtained.\n\nThe Trade Statistics Department will reopen on November 1st and it is hoped to have reliable figures, covering goods imported\n\nPage 70\n\nPage 71",
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    },
    {
        "id": 578025,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-591-4 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 7-1-1944 - 21-11-1944",
        "page_number": 46,
        "title": "CO129-591-4 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 7-1-1944 - 21-11-1944",
        "content_text": "46\n\nSalvage\n\n1. Between 10 to 20 ships of all sizes that were scuttled in Hongkong have been salvaged and repaired at the Kowloon Dockyard. The largest is the Jardine steamer Hin Sang (4,644 g.r.t) which was scuttled in Kowloon Bay. Repairs were completed in May/June 1943 and the ship was renamed the Kensei Maru.\n\nRe-named Ships\n\n  \n    Old Name\n    G.R.T.\n    New Name\n  \n  \n    Empire Dragon\n    6,580\n    Gyoten Maru\n  \n  \n    Hin Sang\n    4,644\n    Kinsei Maru\n  \n  \n    Wing We\n    1,200\n    Gy onan\n  \n  \n    Daylite\n    1,970\n    Gyor yo Fun\n  \n  \n    Northern Star (Ferry)\n    \n    \n  \n\nShipping Routes\n\n1.\n\n2.\n\nEarly in February there were indications that small ships were to continue to be allocated to ship coal from Hongay to Hoihow, Hainan Island.\n\nCoastal service round the Celebes is increasing since the formation of an Association which controls praus. It is claimed that 10,000 tons of goods are transported by praus, and that the Association is assisting the natives in building more. By the end of March, the first period of planned production, a further increase is expected.\n\nWooden ships\n\n1. (a) Details of the progress of the wooden shipbuilding programme at the Kin Sun Dock, Hongkong, up to September 1943, are now available. This dock is said to produce the engines as well as the ships. At that date the yard had completed four wooden ships:\n\n  Nanshu Maru launched January 1943 and in service in February 1943,\n  Hoku Maru.\n  Itate Maru launched August 1943)\n  Engine completed by Yamada Maru #1 September but not installed.\n\nThe keels for two more had been laid, but work on these was stopped from June-September because of shortage of wood. The yard had 20-30 motor car engines which were being converted for use as marine engines. The engines built in this yard were all of 115 h.p.\n\n(b) The Kin Sun Dock is not known here, but is possibly a small slipway erected on the foreshore of one of the numerous bays in and around the island of Hongkong and the mainland of Kowloon. Earlier reports stated that the Nanshu Maru was only given a trial run in April 1943.\n\n2. (a) The Hip Tung Wo Iron Works, Hongkong are said to be manufacturing oil engines of 115 h.p. Prior to the war they turned out an engine in two months, but under Japanese control this takes six months. Up to September 1943, they had completed three engines and had three more under construction. Metal is obtained locally, but is in short supply. The labour force is 340 workmen working two 4-hour shifts. The Luk Ho Kao Iron Works, Hongkong, are also equipped to make engines. Pre-war output was 30 engines a month (large and small). The factory is now under Japanese control, but output is not known. A labour force of 300 workmen work on two shifts, one of 3 hours, and one of 5 hours.\n\n(b) The Hip Tung Wo yard was quite a well-known builder of high repute which produced engines and river boats up to 750 tons. They also built under Government contract all kinds of launches up to 80 feet long and were Government contractors for ferrous and non-ferrous metal castings.",
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    {
        "id": 578026,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-591-4 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 7-1-1944 - 21-11-1944",
        "page_number": 47,
        "title": "CO129-591-4 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 7-1-1944 - 21-11-1944",
        "content_text": "for which their foundry was very efficient. Addition built lighters of all kinds.\n\nThe yard in\n\n3. Wooden motor landing craft are fitted out at small yards in Ngauchiwan, Hongkong. The hulls and 115 h.p. engines are built by the Kin Sun Dock and the propeller shafts are ground at the Kowloon Dock which had supplied 100 by last September.\n\n4. The construction of diesel-engines in Java for standard-type vessels is showing an increase, and already many have been delivered to the shipyards for installing in ships. It is planned to extend the facilities of the factory and to build a shipyard to increase the production of diesel-engined ships. (Broadcasts).\n\n5. In an article written by a Japanese in March 1943, mass production of wooden vessels is discussed. It states that this can only be successful if, without interfering with the present main shipbuilding programme, there can be assembled the requisite timber, machines, and workers. The first essential of mass production is complete standardisation of types, and the writer advocates that one type only should be selected which will not interfere with the present shipbuilding plans. Parts should be limited to 1/2,000 standard forms so that less skilled labour can be trained to produce them in a shorter time.\n\nThe question of substitutes for shipbuilding material is touched on. Plastics and synthetic resin, as used in motor car bodies, etc., would not encroach on the shipbuilding programme, but to purchase sufficient quantities would interfere with other industries.\n\nThe use of a synthetic resin binder for glueing together short pieces of timber or narrow boards, not normally suitable for shipbuilding, is suggested, but this substance, although it can be waterproofed, after long immersion in water loses strength. This can be overcome by suitable paints. The glued ship's material can be made with a comparatively simple hydraulic pressure apparatus, and is said to be resistant to shipworms. The possibility of coating the ships' bottoms with rubber to prevent leakage and to delay rotting is also mentioned. Parts should be produced by division of labour among specially trained workmen.\n\nThe manufacture of the main engines, propeller shafts, propellers, and auxiliary machinery for a mass building programme involves mobilisation of industry on quite a large scale. For wooden ships, a system of manufacture which will not impede this mobilisation must be devised. Special machines should be built to produce simple parts. Examples given are:-\n\n(i) To produce a main engine having three cylinders, a special machine to bore these cylinders to a standard type could be built, but this machine would be able to produce nothing else.\n\n(ii) The problem of overcoming a bottleneck in production of crankshafts could be overcome by making the crankshaft on a piece system and then joining the pieces. Some fine cutting work would be involved, but could be done without large sized lathes which are in short supply.\n\n(iii) Large size propeller shafts could be built up like masts, although they are not necessary for wooden ships. In shaping a large propeller shaft, an especially long lathe is required, and there is a bottleneck in the forging of blanks for these shafts. (Press).\n\n/6.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 578598,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-592-1 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-11-1945 - 7-3-1946",
        "page_number": 54,
        "title": "CO129-592-1 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-11-1945 - 7-3-1946",
        "content_text": "stated they could only guarantee supplies to the end of June after which funds might not be available.\n\nIn addition to the fresh milk, he obtained a free supply of skim milk which he discovered the Japanese were discarding, and this he sent to the Canossa for distribution between dependants and destitutes. Tinned milk was also sent to the Canossa and Tsun Yuk Maternity Hospitals and this he obtained from supplies recovered or received from the Japanese.\n\n(viii) T.B. Wards in the French Hospital.\n\n52\"\n\nTo cope with Tubercular patients it was necessary to open special wards for them at the French Hospital. Funds were not available but the Japanese in time agreed to Dr. Selwyn-Clarke withdrawing part of the funds of the Anti-Tuberculosis Association. These funds were used in the purchase of a large quantity of soya beans and margarine. He spent months trying to reopen the Soya Bean Milk Company so that cheap milk would be available for the poor, but as this factory was occupied by the Military, he never succeeded. Soya bean milk was, however, made on a small scale by the staff at the French Hospital and this was available for the poor and the Tubercular patients.\n\nTwo T.B. wards, one for women and the other for men, were opened with a staff of one Chinese lady doctor (ex Government), ex Government nurses, and menial staff. These wards remained open in the French Hospital until our internment and I left some 8,000 Dollars with the medical officer in charge so that these wards could remain open for a short time anyway. Indigent patients in these wards received free treatment and a Chinese T.B. Specialist lent his expert advice free of charge. A number of dependants of internees and Prisoners-of-war also received treatment in these wards. Dr. Selwyn-Clarke, who visited the wards daily, was in direct charge and his previous experience with this type of work was invaluable.\n\nD.\n\nCIVILIAN INTERNEES.\n\nHis work on this side commenced immediately following the cessation of hostilities and even before these persons were interned in the Chinese hotels prior to final internment at Stanley. During this short period he performed many acts of mercy to all and sundry, but these are too numerous to describe in a report of this nature.\n\nAfter registration and the internment of Europeans in the Chinese hotels and elsewhere, Dr. Selwyn-Clarke, in addition to making personal daily visits, arranged for the allocation of certain Medical Department and neutral doctors to the different hotels concerned. On one occasion I accompanied him on daily visits and was able to see for myself what excellent work he was doing. His car was filled with bread and cooking utensils, etc., and these he distributed between the various hotels. I accompanied him for the purpose of taking notes of immediate requirements and it was pitiful to find how much was actually needed and how totally inadequate and unnecessary had been these temporary arrangements made by the Japanese. Somehow he managed to meet all requirements, and in some cases arrange for the sick to be removed to hospitals, and it was due to him that disease was not rampant in many of these so-called hotels.\n\nPrior to the opening of the Stanley Camp and after the Japanese finally agreed upon the place of internment, Dr. Selwyn-Clarke was called upon for advice and was taken out to the site of the intended camp. His work on the equipping... was invaluable.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-592-1 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-11-1945 - 7-3-1946.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 579142,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-592-2 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-3-1946 - 12-5-1947",
        "page_number": 58,
        "title": "CO129-592-2 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-3-1946 - 12-5-1947",
        "content_text": "64\n\n12\n\nto be suffering from acute malaria. But for the prompt pooling of resources of personnel and materials by the Civil and Crown Forces, it is probable that a very serious epidemic of malaria would have attacked all branches of the community in the last quarter of 1945 owing to the regrettable neglect of this problem by the Japanese. As it was, it became necessary to enforce the taking of a tablet of atebrine (mepacrine) daily, the wearing of long sleeves and long trousers from an hour before dusk to an hour after dawn and the use of mosquito nets by all members of the Forces in the Colony.\n\nSoon after the re-occupation of Hong Kong arrangements were made for a specially adapted aeroplane to be shipped from Australia, to be reassembled on Kai Tak Airfield, Kowloon, and to carry out aerial spraying with a mixture of anti-malarial oil and D.D.T. dissolved in kerosine. The aeroplane was fitted with one 300 gallon tank under each wing and with a smaller auxiliary tank, to fly at a height of 100-300 feet at a speed of about 160 miles per hour and in a wind not exceeding six miles per hour. It was anticipated that this form of spraying should prove effective on marshy land, paddy fields, and the like (and would also be effective against flies), but that D.D.T. spraying of the interior of premises and the usual anti-malarial oiling and permanent training of nullahs, ravines and hill seepages would have to be continued.\n\nAs in pre-war days, the general Health Inspectorate (or rather such of the very reduced staff as remained in Hong Kong during the occupation) gave full co-operation to the anti-malarial staff and did their best to cope with the general mosquito nuisance. This work was considerably handicapped by three factors, inter alia. Firstly, the Japanese prohibited the collection and disposal of tins by the Health staff on the grounds that the tins would be gathered up at a later date and sent to Japan with all other forms of metal (factory parts, telephone wire, road studs, iron gates and railings, reinforcement from demolished buildings, and so on). In this way, heaps of tins were to be found in ruined houses and formed potential reservoirs for mosquitos after every heavy rain. Secondly, in an entirely ineffectual way to stop looting and destruction of property, the Japanese had hundreds of premises barricaded with barbed wire and forbade Health Inspectors to inspect and deal with mosquito-breeding and other nuisances. This had no effect in keeping determined looters from entering these same buildings at night and removing all the contents including wooden floors, ceilings and staircases, doors, windows, etc. In the Peak District alone there were 500 looted residences. Thirdly, the Naval, Military Forces and Gendarmerie refused to allow the Health Inspectorate to enter any areas occupied by them and to take appropriate anti-mosquito measures. This was a particularly unsatisfactory feature because the occupation forces seized property all over the Colony and, hence, provided nuisances and mosquito-breeding foci in areas which could otherwise have been effectively protected. Immediately the Department came into existence once more, a strenuous effort was made to overcome this state of affairs. Valuable co-operation was rendered by British Naval, Military and Air Force units in ameliorating conditions.\n\n(b) BACTERIOLOGICAL INSTITUTE\n\nThe Bacteriological Institute remained open during the whole period of the Japanese occupation. In fact, the Japanese took over a teaching institution at 103, Austin Road, Kowloon, and established a second laboratory, in the former Maternity Ward of the Kowloon Hospital. Although the Institute rendered valuable assistance in the earlier months of 1942 by carrying out special tests for Tweed Bay Hospital, Stanley Civilian Internment Camp, St. Paul's, the Nethersole, Mental and Sai Ying Pun Hospitals, Hong Kong, its activities were very largely devoted to the preparation of anti-cholera vaccine and the examinations of rectal swabs from would-be immigrants or contacts with cases of cholera and typhoid. The invading authorities refused to make any provision for the care and feeding of laboratory animals and the large majority of these had died before the retaking of Hong Kong, despite the devoted sacrifices made by the staff of the Institute. This state of affairs had a very depressing effect on Professor R. C. Robertson, M.C., former Lecturer in Pathology to the University of Hong Kong and Medical Officer in charge of the Victoria Mortuary. After putting up a courageous fight, he found the situation too difficult and died under tragic circumstances in the early summer of 1942.\n\nMuch of the cholera vaccine produced by the Japanese, especially in Kowloon, proved to be heavily contaminated and had to be condemned owing to its very serious effects on those inoculated with it. The anti-smallpox vaccine also proved to be without any potency whatever and had to be destroyed.\n\n63\n\ni\n\n13\n\nIt would appear that the interest taken by the Japanese in performing tens of thousands of rectal swab tests and in inoculating the community with cholera vaccine was not unconnected with the necessity for the Japanese Medical Department to raise revenue to cover its expenditure. Out of the first ten thousand rectal swabs examined at the Bacteriological Institute, during a period, be it said, of cholera prevalence, only one proved positive. This was quite understandable, for to produce a growth two prerequisites are essential; firstly the media used must be suitable and the swab must not have dried off after removal from the rectum before being applied to the culture tube. No steps were taken in the one instance mentioned, although it would only be fair to record the fact that several contacts with cholera patients who were alleged to be carriers were detained for varying periods at the Infectious Diseases Hospitals in Kennedy Town and Lai Chi Kok. It should, also, be noted that very large numbers of cholera inoculations were given free at ferry crossings and in the streets, but no amount of protests and representations on the part of the writer were successful in persuading the Authorities to order these inoculation units to take aseptic precautions, although a tremendous improvement was noted on occasions. It is hardly to be wondered at, under these circumstances, that all who could afford the fee charged at special inoculation centres were glad to avoid being pricked with a needle that had already done service on a half dozen or more persons without previous sterilization. Many inflamed arms and abscesses were encountered following these mass infected inoculations.\n\n(c) CHEMICAL LABORATORY\n\nThe Chemical Laboratory was taken over by the Japanese Military Authorities soon after the surrender in 1941 and ceased to be available for the examination of works samples, food, drugs or biochemical work. In the middle of 1942, however, the writer was able to persuade the Japanese Medical Authorities that such laboratory facilities would be of considerable assistance and could be made self-supporting by charging fees for reports on drugs, etc. As a result and since the Military Authorities refused any co-operation, a duplicate laboratory was fitted out in the same building and at considerable expense, although the bulk of the actual chemicals and apparatus had been seized from \"enemy sources\" in the town. In view of the high prices charged for drugs (the importation of which ceased when the Colony was captured, with the exception of a relatively small quantity of Japanese origin), the counterfeiting of drugs like atebrine, quinine, sulfanilamide and vitamins became very prevalent. To give an example, eight out of ten samples of sulfapyridine which the writer needed for outbreaks of dysentery (especially in Shamshuipo Military Internment Camp) proved to be inert or heavily adulterated. The testing of powder, tablets and solutions purporting to contain...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-592-2 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-3-1946 - 12-5-1947.txt",
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    {
        "id": 579161,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-592-2 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-3-1946 - 12-5-1947",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-592-2 Reports on current situation- medical work 3-3-1946 - 12-5-1947",
        "content_text": "101\n\nled\n\n12\n\n100\n\nto be suffering from acute malaria. But for the prompt pooling of resources of personnel and materials by the Civil and Crown Forces, it is probable that a very serious epidemic of malaria would have attacked all branches of the community in the last quarter of 1945 owing to the regrettable neglect of this problem by the Japanese. As it was, it became necessary to enforce the taking of a tablet of atebrine (atecrine) daily, the wearing of long sleeves and long trousers from an hour before dusk to an hour after dawn and the use of mosquito nets by all members of the Forces in the Colony.\n\nSoon after the re-occupation of Hong Kong, arrangements were made for a specially adapted aeroplane to be shipped from Australia, to be reassembled on Kai Tak Airfield, Kowloon, and to carry out aerial spraying with a mixture of anti-malarial oil and D.D.T. dissolved in kerosene. The aeroplane was fitted with one 300-gallon tank under each wing and with a smaller auxiliary tank, to fly at a height of 100-300 feet at a speed of about 160 miles per hour and in a wind not exceeding six miles per hour. It was anticipated that this form of spraying should prove effective on marshy land, paddy fields, and the like (and would also be effective against flies), but that D.D.T. spraying of the interior of premises and the usual anti-malarial oiling and permanent draining of nullahs, ravines, and hill seepages would have to be continued.\n\nAs in pre-war days, the general Health Inspectorate (or rather such of the very reduced staff as remained in Hong Kong during the occupation) gave full co-operation to the anti-malarial staff and did their best to cope with the general mosquito nuisance. This work was considerably handicapped by three factors, inter alia. Firstly, the Japanese prohibited the collection and disposal of tins by the Health staff on the grounds that the tins would be gathered up at a later date and sent to Japan with all other forms of metal (factory parts, telephone wire, road studs, iron gates and railings, reinforcement from demolished buildings, and so on). In this way, heaps of tins were to be found in ruinous houses and formed potential reservoirs for mosquitoes after every heavy rain. Secondly, in an entirely ineffectual way to stop looting and destruction of property, the Japanese had hundreds of premises barricaded with barbed wire and forbade Health Inspectors to inspect and deal with mosquito-breeding and other nuisances. This had no effect in keeping determined looters from entering these same buildings at night and removing all the contents, including wooden floors, ceilings, and staircases, doors, windows, etc. In the Peak District alone, there were 500 looted residences. Thirdly, the Naval, Military Forces, and Gendarmerie refused to allow the Health Inspectorate to enter any areas occupied by them and to take appropriate anti-mosquito measures. This was a particularly unsatisfactory feature because the occupation forces seized property all over the Colony and, hence, provided nuisances and mosquito-breeding foci in areas which could otherwise have been effectively protected. Immediately the Department came into existence once more, a strenuous effort was made to overcome this state of affairs. Valuable co-operation was rendered by British Naval, Military, and Air Force units in ameliorating conditions.\n\n(b) BACTERIOLOGICAL INSTITUTE\n\nThe Bacteriological Institute remained open during the whole period of the Japanese occupation. In fact, the Japanese took over a teaching institution at 103 Austin Road, Kowloon, and established a second laboratory in the former Maternity Ward of the Kowloon Hospital. Although the Institute rendered valuable assistance in the earlier months of 1942 by carrying out special tests for Tweed Bay Hospital, Stanley Civilian Internment Camp, St. Paul's, the Nethersole, Mental, and Sai Ying Pun Hospitals, Hong Kong, its activities were very largely devoted to the preparation of anti-cholera vaccine and the examinations of rectal swabs from would-be immigrants or contacts with cases of cholera and typhoid. The invading authorities refused to make any provision for the care and feeding of laboratory animals, and the large majority of these had died before the retaking of Hong Kong, despite the devoted sacrifices made by the staff of the Institute. This state of affairs had a very depressing effect on Professor R. C. Robertson, M.C., former Lecturer in Pathology to the University of Hong Kong and Medical Officer in charge of the Victoria Mortuary. After putting up a courageous fight, he found the situation too difficult and died under tragic circumstances in the early summer of 1942.\n\nMuch of the cholera vaccine produced by the Japanese, especially in Kowloon, proved to be heavily contaminated and had to be condemned owing to its very serious effects on those inoculated with it. The anti-smallpox vaccine also proved to be without any potency whatever and had to be destroyed.\n\nIt would appear that the interest taken by the Japanese in performing tens of thousands of rectal swab tests and in inoculating the community with cholera vaccine was not unconnected with the necessity for the Japanese Medical Department to raise revenue to cover its expenditure. Out of the first ten thousand rectal swabs examined at the Bacteriological Institute, during a period, be it said, of cholera prevalence, only one proved positive. This was quite understandable, for to produce a growth, two prerequisites are essential; firstly, the media used must be suitable, and the swab must not have dried off after removal from the rectum before being applied to the culture tube. No steps were taken in the one instance mentioned, although it would only be fair to record the fact that several contacts with cholera patients who were alleged to be carriers were detained for varying periods at the Infectious Diseases Hospitals in Kennedy Town and Lai Chi Kok. It should also be noted that very large numbers of cholera inoculations were given free at ferry crossings and in the streets, but no amount of protests and representations on the part of the writer were successful in persuading the Authorities to order these inoculation units to take aseptic precautions, although a tremendous improvement was noted on occasions. It is hardly to be wondered at, under these circumstances, that all who could afford the fee charged at special inoculation centres were glad to avoid being pricked with a needle that had already done service on a half-dozen or more persons without previous sterilization. Many inflamed arms and abscesses were encountered following these mass infected inoculations.\n\n(c) CHEMICAL LABORATORY\n\nThe Chemical Laboratory was taken over by the Japanese Military Authorities soon after the surrender in 1941 and ceased to be available for the examination of works samples, food, drugs, or biochemical work. In the middle of 1942, however, the writer was able to persuade the Japanese Medical Authorities that such laboratory facilities would be of considerable assistance and could be made self-supporting by charging fees for reports on drugs, etc. As a result, and since the Military Authorities refused any co-operation, a duplicate laboratory was fitted out in the same building and at considerable expense, although the bulk of the actual chemicals and apparatus had been seized from enemy sources in the town. In view of the high prices charged for drugs (the importation of which ceased when the Colony was captured, with the exception of a relatively small quantity of Japanese origin), the counterfeiting of drugs like atebrine, quinine, sulfanilamide, and vitamins became very prevalent. To give an example, eight out of ten samples of sulfapyridine which the writer needed for outbreaks of dysentery (especially in Shamshuipo Military Internment Camp) proved to be inert or heavily adulterated. The testing of powder, tablets, and solutions purporting to contain...",
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    {
        "id": 582248,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-595-3 Proposed introduction of income tax 12-12-1946 - 26-1-1947",
        "page_number": 62,
        "title": "CO129-595-3 Proposed introduction of income tax 12-12-1946 - 26-1-1947",
        "content_text": "62\n\n(2) Where there are sale, insurance, salvage or compensation moneys, or where the residue of the expenditure immediately before the event exceeds those moneys, a balancing allowance shall be made and the amount thereof shall be the amount of the said residue or, as the case may be, of the excess thereof over the said moneys.\n\n(3) If the sale, insurance, salvage or compensation moneys exceed the residue, if any, of the expenditure immediately before the event, a balancing charge shall be made and the amount on which it is made shall be an amount equal to the excess or, where the residue is nil, to the said moneys.\n\n## In his Chapter\n\n37.\n\n(1) An \"industrial building or structure\" means a building or structure in use \n(i) for the purposes of a trade carried on in a mill, factory or other similar premises; or \n(ii) for the purposes of a transport, dock, water or electricity undertaking; or \n(iii) for the purposes of a trade which consists in the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any process; or \n(iv) for the purpose of a trade which consists in the storage of goods or materials which are to be used in the manufacture of other goods or to be subjected, in the course of a trade, to any process; or \n(v) for the purpose of a trade which consists of the storage of goods or materials on their arrival by sea or air into the Colony; \n\nand, in particular, the said expression includes any building or structure provided by the person carrying on such a trade or undertaking for the welfare of workers employed in that trade or undertaking and in use for that purpose.\n\nProvided that notwithstanding anything in the foregoing, the expression \"industrial building or structure\" does not include any building or structure in use as, or as part of...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-595-3 Proposed introduction of income tax 12-12-1946 - 26-1-1947.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 582629,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946",
        "page_number": 78,
        "title": "CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946",
        "content_text": "## 15. Labour\n\n118 X \n\nThe reconstruction efforts have focused on organizing artisans and semi-skilled labour. A permanent Labour Advisory Board was established early in November, comprising representatives from all branches of the Services, Civil Affairs, and major European labour employers. On the Board's recommendation, the Administration has accepted a full grading scheme that establishes basic hourly wages for all grades and classes of artisans and daily-paid labour. The variable factor, i.e., the rehabilitation allowance in wages at about their current level, has been increased from $1 to $1.50, but it is now tied to the current prices of ten items of food and fuel, and provision has been made for its gradual reduction and elimination as these prices are reduced.\n\n## 91. Food and Fuel Statistics\n\nWeekly food and fuel statistics are being prepared and circulated by the Labour Officer on the pre-war basis.\n\n## 92. Trade Union Movements\n\nThe flourishing Trade Union movements fostered by the Labour Officer before the war were obliterated during the occupation. Pending the introduction of new Trade Union legislation to replace the scanty pre-war enactments, all Trade Unions and Employers' Guilds are being encouraged to record particulars of their organisations, and help and advice are made available for the foundation or re-forming of unions and guilds. At some sacrifice to other branches of the administration, the strongest available team has been assigned to labour duties of this and allied kinds.\n\n## 93. Factory Inspection\n\nThe inspection of factories is now being resumed.\n\n## 94. Labour Disputes\n\nFour incipient strikes were dealt with during the period under review. None of them became serious, and all were due to economic causes and were not inspired by political agitation.\n\n## CUSTOMS & EXCISE REVENUE\n\n## 95. Revenue Collection\n\nThe collection of duties on liquor and tobacco under the `Dutiable Commodities Ordinance` commenced on October 29th, and between that date and 25th November, the total revenue collected amounted to:\n| Category | Revenue |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquor | $131,429.50 |\n| Tobacco | $256,472.35 |\n\nLicences have also been issued for the several forms of trade in these commodities, with the result that a further $212,387.70 has accrued to revenue under this head.\n\n## DANGEROUS DRUGS & OPIUM\n\n## 96. Opium Trafficking\n\nThe Opium Monopoly was formally abolished, and possession and control of opium for smoking purposes became illegal in September 1945, on instructions from H.M. Government in the U.K. By October, it was hoped that with total prohibition, the opium traffic in Hong Kong would cease, but during November, the waterfront patrols reported that raw opium in small amounts was appearing in Hong Kong, and after investigations, a number of seizures were made.\n\n## 97. Other Dangerous Drugs\n\nThere is nothing to report concerning other dangerous drugs like Heroin, Morphine, and Cocaine. The machinery for their import and control has been established.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 582694,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946",
        "page_number": 143,
        "title": "CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946",
        "content_text": "## C.C.4.0.\n\nThe Imports & Exports Department operates as \n(a) A Customs & Excise Revenue Collection Department, \n(b) A Department exercising a modified form of Trade Control to suit conditions which are normal in Hong Kong but abnormal in most British Empire ports, \n(c) The collection of Trade Statistics, \n(d) The control of Dangerous Drugs.\n\nThe four subdepartments enumerated above have been brought into operation since the Japanese surrender.\n\n### (a) Revenue\n\nThe collection of Duties on Liquor and Tobacco under the Dutiable Commodities Ordinance commenced on October 29th and the total revenue collected to date (November 25th) is \n| Category | Revenue |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquor | $813,449.50 |\n| Tobacco | $56,472.35 |\n\nThese figures are low when compared with an average month in 1941 but in view of the conditions under which trade is being carried on they must be regarded as satisfactory. Local distilleries, as an example, have to pay greatly increased prices for Rice, Molasses, and Coal. In some cases, the stills themselves have been sold as scrap metal and new stills have to be made at prices many times those ruling in 1941.\n\nAn early difficulty experienced in connection with Liquor Taxation was the large number of distilleries licensed by the Japanese Authorities which produced Chinese Spirit on a small scale. These distilleries used small native type pot stills over which it is impossible to exercise any form of control. Their raw materials are rice, sugar, and native yeast, and their only fuel is wood. Their output per distillery is from 4 to 20 gallons per day, and, as the duty on a gallon of Chinese Spirit (47 degrees under proof) is $2.00, any form of control visiting is an expensive method of revenue collection, whereas few large distilleries on sites adjoining a motor road can be effectively controlled at a reasonable cost.\n\nThe Tobacco Revenue is being paid almost entirely on Raw Tobacco used in the British Cigarette Factory, which is operating under Government Control for the production of Cigarettes suitable for the cheap native trade. The sales are about two million cigarettes per day and are increasing. A certain amount of Raw Tobacco is being used in Chinese Prepared (Smoking) Tobacco factories. During the three months under review, there have been no imports of \n* (a) European Type Liquor (Whisky, Brandy, Gin, etc.)\n* (b) Luxury types of foreign manufactured Smoking Tobacco and Cigarettes.\n* (c) Raw Tobacco other than very small quantities of China-grown Tobacco.\n\nA supply of at least two million pounds of Raw Tobacco is urgently required for the manufacture of Cigarettes. Some of this may be obtained eventually from China, but a large percentage will be required...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-595-9 The British Military Administration of Hong Kong- report- 1946 11-7-1946 - 2-9-1946.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 583112,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-596-7 Canton-Kowloon Railway 6-2-1948 - 25-8-1948",
        "page_number": 32,
        "title": "CO129-596-7 Canton-Kowloon Railway 6-2-1948 - 25-8-1948",
        "content_text": "# APPENDIX I.I.\n## ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GENERAL MANAGER, KOWLOON CANTON RAILWAY\n\nThe following Report, the first since the re-occupation of the Colony under the Civil Administration, covers a period of 11 months from 1st May 1946 to 31st March, 1947.\n\n2. General. The working conditions of this Department today are not comparable with those of the period prior to hostilities against Hong Kong, and therefore any attempt to use the year 1941 as a yardstick is entirely unrealistic.\n\nPerhaps the most striking of these differences are the introduction of the 8-hour day, the high cost of labour and fuel, and the fact that this small line of 36 kilometres is connected intimately with a large Continental Railway, the Canton-Hankow Line, for a total distance of 1275 kilometres, with all the delicate day-to-day negotiations, including a difference in currency, which such a union involves. It is true that the original connection was made in August 1937, but it then served a predominantly military purpose, commercial traffic being negligible.\n\n3. The meagre rail terminal facilities which existed at Kowloon before the war will soon be inadequate to deal with the traffic offering; they would already have been inadequate, but for China's currency exchange difficulties. Various schemes have been suggested, but an important omission in nearly all of them is the absence of a designated factory area on the mainland which the Railway could serve. Such a site is considered almost as important to the future development of the Colony as a whole as the effective clearance of cargo through the Port to and from the interior.\n\nThe final railway scheme must necessarily conform to the major plan for the development of the Colony, but the time has arrived for detailed plans to be prepared.\n\n4. The legacy left by the Military Administration to the Civil Control was a melancholy one so far as the Railway was concerned. With the exception of 12 locomotives and spares, some bridge girders, and token instruments, the Railway stores were negligible in quantity. No rails or rolling stock were received, and at the close of the year, only 6 of the locomotives had arrived, and these were not provided with... \n\n1 \n## Page 40",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-596-7 Canton-Kowloon Railway 6-2-1948 - 25-8-1948.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 583832,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-597-3 Estimates 1950 22-2-1949 - 3-11-1950",
        "page_number": 255,
        "title": "CO129-597-3 Estimates 1950 22-2-1949 - 3-11-1950",
        "content_text": "# Hong Kong Governor's Annual Report for 1948\n\nHonourable Members,\n\nCopies of the Annual Report for the year 1948 have been laid on the table. This saves me the labour of having to give an account in detail of the Colony's activities during the past 12 months and Honourable Members the tedium of having to listen to a long address. I shall confine myself to the principal features in the Report and to any other outstanding matters during the past year. I shall then go on to talk of the ensuing 12 months and the future generally.\n\nTo begin with, I shall deal with the out-turn of the Colony's trade. I make no apology for taking this first. Trade is the life blood of this Colony. If trade is good everyone prospers, the Exchequer is full and we can afford to spend more on social services and other developments than would otherwise be the case. If trade is bad, then everyone suffers, including Government revenue and hence the things that Government can undertake. It was Napoleon, I believe, who taunted the English people with being a nation of shopkeepers. That was a taunt of which the English people were proud. So, too, I am proud of being Governor of a Colony of shopkeepers. Trade flourishes under conditions of peace; it does not during war. Thus traders are the best advocates of peace, of which, alas, the world has had so little in recent years.\n\nWhen I spoke to you a year ago I had some fear that 1948 would fall below 1947. In actual fact that has not proved to be so. 1948 has been a record year for the Colony's trade with a total value of imports and exports of £229 millions sterling, an increase of approximately 32% over 1947. Not only is this boom in commercial activity borne out by the trade figures, but we can see its effects with our own eyes in the general air of prosperity and the amount of building that has taken, and is taking, place. The only unsatisfactory feature of the past year has been the general decline in our trade with China, which still, however, remains our principal customer. For details I invite attention to Chapter 5 of the Annual Report. As regards industry, which is dealt with on pages 62 to 65 of the Report, the year was generally a difficult one with increased competition in foreign markets. At the same time new industries have developed, cotton spinning has now fully established itself while metallurgical industries have considerably expanded, with the assistance in particular of machine tools delivered under the Japanese reparation scheme. New industries include plastics and the manufacture of textile machinery and electric irons. Industries are tending to develop on a larger scale than pre-war and to be housed in proper factory type buildings instead of in tenements. Whilst the spirit of the manufacturers is encouraging, and here I should like to pay tribute to the Chinese Manufacturers' Union, much has still to be done to modernise equipment. The future of Hong Kong industry, on the long term view, remains obscure.\n\nThat 1948 was a boom year is also borne out by the figures for shipping, air and rail travel, and mails handled. Shipping figures for 1948 are 22,400,750 tons as compared with 18,990,420 tons in 1947. There are now 25,000 passengers arriving and departing every month from Kai Tak, which is now handling almost as much traffic, I should say, as any airport in the Empire. The Railway carried nearly 3 million passengers, an increase of 34% over 1947 and 31% higher than the previous highest number in 1936. The Post Office handled more than 1,000 bags of mail a day, which shows an increase of 44% over 1947 in respect of ordinary mail and of one third in respect of air mail. Nearly $10 millions worth of stamps were sold, an increase of nearly 30% over 1947.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-597-3 Estimates 1950 22-2-1949 - 3-11-1950.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 591147,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "page_number": 103,
        "title": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "content_text": "102 \n\nI am convinced that the study of the nutritive value of foods and the nature of such foods should be under the control of a Department other than a medical one. It is essential biological and not medical. \n\nIt is true that nutrition has both its bio-chemical and its medical aspects and these being the more obvious have received the most attention but the biological aspect is in my opinion the most fundamental. The chemist analyses foods at their components, the doctor says what essentials are missing in a sick person's diet but it is the biologist's job to see that the foods eaten provide the essentials and thus prevent the people from becoming the doctors' patients. \n\nIt is in the firm belief that this is the right line of approach that I make the following suggestions. \n\nI need not dwell on the appalling state of malnutrition and subnutrition prevalent in the Colony, just prior to the war when 1,000 people were dying monthly from beri-beri alone. Conditions then were abnormal because of the influx of refugees but even at the best of times malnutrition is universal amongst the poor in Hong Kong. \n\nI propose for consideration two schemes. \n\nI. The establishment of a Government Food Advisory and Research Bureau. \nII. The establishment of a Model Food Factory. \n\n## I. A Food Advisory and Research Bureau\n\n1. There might be a board of directors representing different interests in the community. The chairman would be the Director of the Bureau, other members might include the Chairman of the Urban Council (if other than the Director), the Director of Fisheries, the Director of Agriculture, the Professor of Biology or Zoology at the University and say two representatives of business firms and representatives of the medical and educational fraternity. \n\n2. The Director of the Bureau should be a man properly qualified, preferably a medical man and one trained at Nutrition Research Station e.g. that at Coonoor, S. India. Most of his time would be spent in advisory work but he would have time to supervise laboratory and field research. \n\n3. Chemist. One or more biochemists qualified to carry out food analyses and vitamin assays. Chinese graduates might be suitable if trained at the Lester Institute Shanghai, the Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine, Singapore or other recognised institute. \n\n4. Biologist. A man or woman, Chinese or foreign, especially qualified in Entomology could fill this post. \n\n5. Doctor. One or more Chinese graduates with a special bent towards nutritional research and its application, perhaps seconded by the Medical Department. \n\n## Accommodation Required\n\nA small building with laboratories and offices are required. \n\n1 \n16",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 591152,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "page_number": 108,
        "title": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "content_text": "## \nThe products would be distributed as follows –  \nFactories, dockyards, etc., employing labour and feeding their staff.  \nSchools.  \nHospitals and prisons.  \nRetail shops and restaurants.  \nFood kitchens and restaurants for the indigent and very poor.  \nShipping companies.  \nExport to China and elsewhere.  \n\nAgar and I are convinced that it would be possible to manufacture attractive biscuits from wheat flour, soybean flour, peanut meal, etc., which would find a ready sale with the shipping companies. Labour is cheap in Hong Kong and there is no reason why we should not make an improved ship's (lifeboat) biscuit that would more than satisfy Board of Trade requirements, and be cheaper than elsewhere. In addition, fancy biscuits, cocktail biscuits, breakfast goods, malt and fish oil extracts, vitamin concentrates, etc., are all practicable.  \n\nI am certain that given a start and the right publicity a Food Factory on the lines outlined here could pay its way and help in no small measure to combat malnutrition amongst the local populace and might even, by its example, stretch to China.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 591156,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "page_number": 112,
        "title": "CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947",
        "content_text": "## 3. Sewage Farm, for want of a more appropriate name.\n\nIn the Colony of Hong Kong, there is an enormous production of night soil. The Chinese for many centuries have realized the value of this as fertilizer for rice and vegetable crops. Much of Hong Kong's night soil is used, and plans are in preparation for still more to be utilized. The scheme to be adopted is based on the construction of batteries of concrete tanks in which the night soil would be matured for a period before it is distributed to the farmers. The reason why fresh night soil should not be used is because it teems with parasites, not only harmful bacteria and protozoa but also the eggs of Ascaris and other worms. The disadvantage of night soil maturing in tanks is that much of the combined nitrogen is lost as nitrogen gas during maturation. The ideal way of utilizing night soil is to convert it and solid city rubbish into Indore Compost, which is a most valuable and balanced fertilizer.\n\n## My proposal in brief is this.\n\nAn area on Lantau Island, largely uninhabited - including two or more valleys with the slopes on either side - should be taken over for the farm. Reservoirs should be constructed with the necessary cut-offs and conduits, and extended to the hillsides in the area to be dressed as required. A pier would be constructed at the foot of the valley, and the night soil, brought by lighter from the city, would be pumped up through pipes to storage tanks high up on the hillsides; city rubbish would be conveyed by overhead trolleys. Below the storage tanks and rubbish dumps, terraces would be made, and on these would be built open-sided sheds in which Indore Compost would be manufactured. The essentials are dry rubbish, which would include all the city wastes and grass from the hillsides, etc., night soil, alkali (either wood ashes or coral), and water. There are several lime kilns on an island near Lantau Island. At first, part of the city night soil could be used, as the amount of dry rubbish would be the limiting factor, but as the firm developed, the amount of dry vegetable refuse would increase, and more of the liquid night soil could be utilized. The Indore Compost would be used for fertilizing the hillsides and valleys in the farm area. There would also be water available for irrigation of vegetable plots in the winter. Summer crops would include rice, guinea grass, elephant grass, and various vegetables; winter crops would include Chinese and foreign vegetables, in particular, tomatoes. An economic crop such as tobacco could also be cultivated.\n\n## 2\n\nThe farm could produce vegetables for the Hong Kong markets; it could also produce pigs, poultry, beef, eggs, etc., the animals being fed largely on the produce of the farm. If tomatoes and other vegetables were grown on a very large scale, they could be canned in a small factory erected on the site.\n\n## Such a farm\n\nwould provide occupation for a large number of men and women, and would produce much valuable food.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-611-4 Development Committee- reports on various aspects 11-12-1945 - 14-7-1947.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 591245,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-611-5 Development Secretariat- appointment of registrar of Co-operatives 10-3-1947 - 10-3-1948",
        "page_number": 70,
        "title": "CO129-611-5 Development Secretariat- appointment of registrar of Co-operatives 10-3-1947 - 10-3-1948",
        "content_text": "# OUTLINES OF BROAD POLICY OF THE FISHERIES DEPARTMENT\n\nEver since the Fisheries Department commenced its activities in the first week of September 1945, it was clearly recognised by Government that two bodies existed. 1. A Fisheries Department with staff paid by Government and 2. A Fisheries Co-operative Society with staff paid by the Co-operative. The paid staffs of each of these are stated below.\n\n|          | Fisheries Department | Fisheries Co-operative | Totals |\n|----------|----------------------|------------------------|--------|\n| October 1945 | 17                  | 147                    | 164    |\n| October 1946 | 19                  | 248                    | 267    |\n\nThe functions of any Fisheries Department may be reviewed under three heads:\n\n1. ORGANIZATION (Administrative). Marketing, transport, district organizations, social welfare (schools, discussion groups), co-operation, banking, loans.\n2. PROCESSING (Technical-research and commerce). Ice factory, cold storage, canning, smoking, etc.\n3. VESSELS AND GEAR (Technical-research leading to expansion). Building, replacement of war losses, first steps mechanisation.\n\n1. ORGANIZATION.\n\nUp to the present the entire staff of the Fisheries Department has been concerned with the first head, and the success that has been achieved has been borne largely at the expense of the fishing community which has paid for its own organization. The entire present small staff of 19, which includes one British officer, is required for this first field of activity.\n\nThe immediate post-war problems have been solved; for the first time in the history of Hong Kong the fishermen are receiving the money for the fish which they catch; but the work of the Department cannot stop here. Development and progress are essential if the Department is to fulfil its purpose.\n\n2. PROCESSING.\n\nNo development can take place without additional staff and capital. The logical sequence of development is somewhat as follows:\n\n1. This Government is now investigating the possibility of purchasing and erecting an ice plant with a maximum daily output of 50 tons. The cost of operation of this plant would be met by the Fisheries Co-operative and not by Government.\n\n2. Preliminary research must next be carried out in canning, smoking, fish meal and the preparation of bye products e.g. shark liver oil, and later in brine freezing. It is considered that such research, in which pilot plants are employed, should be undertaken at Government expense.\n\nPage 70  \nPage 71",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-611-5 Development Secretariat- appointment of registrar of Co-operatives 10-3-1947 - 10-3-1948.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 592698,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-614-1 Commission of Inquiry into fire at West Point- report 26-5-1949 - 22-12-1949",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "CO129-614-1 Commission of Inquiry into fire at West Point- report 26-5-1949 - 22-12-1949",
        "content_text": "## (1) General properties\n\nThe film is packed in the form of tight rolls of varying sizes, but normally 8-12\" in diameter. These are placed, as tightly as possible, in layers within the drum until the whole is full. Normally, a paper sack is first inserted into the drum, so that the film does not touch the metal. In 28 drums out of 30 examined, this sack was present; in two, it was absent.\n\nThe nett weight of film per drum is about 500 lbs. The drums have a well-fitting lid which is not, however, airtight. Many of the drums bear a label from **20th Century Fox Film Corporation**, consigning them to:\n\n**Messrs. Strong Cellulose Products Corporation,  \nOGDENSBURG, N.J., U.S.A.**\n\nThe internal conditions of the drums are very variable; some are clean and bright, and others heavily rusted. This rusting can usually be traced to seepage of water through the lids at their junction with the drum bodies.\n\nIn one drum, pieces of unwashed film were found underneath the paper bag, together with a \"Fox film\" label. It may reasonably be conjectured that waste film is shipped by **20th Century Fox** to the Ogdensburg firm in these drums; it is washed at the latter factory, and then re-packed in the same drums.\n\nThe film itself is rather variable in appearance. The greater number of the rolls are yellowed and have coalesced into firm blocks; the film can, however, easily be unwound. Some of the film is grayish in colour; the rolls of this film tend to be looser and less coalesced. In the drums where the film was in contact with rusty iron, the former is much stained and discoloured.\n\nWithin the rolls of film are a number of \"Splices\", or joins made with film cement. These are of two kinds. The first type is small and neat, and is the normal repair made to films broken during projection. The other type of splice is large and rough, and was in some cases supplemented by the use of metal staples. This type of splice was perhaps made in the film-washing plant to obtain continuous lengths of film to go through the machine.\n\nThe film was on the whole clear, but contained many smears, spots, and black patches, which were found to consist of traces of the emulsion not removed in the washing process.\n\n## (ii) Stability and liability to self-ignition\n\nHaving established the variability in condition of this film, it was felt that it should be sampled as extensively as possible, and stability tests performed thereon. Accordingly, Insp. Shaw and I visited Macao, to which place the film had been moved in the meantime, and opened 30 out of the 80 drums, extracting samples of all types of material found.\n\nThese were then tested in the laboratory for their stability; that is to say, for their resistance to the decomposition and self-ignition reaction already referred to. As has already been indicated above, the factors producing self-ignition are rather subtle and imperfectly understood; but the best generally practicable test consists in heating the material at 160° Centigrade. Under these conditions, a good and stable celluloid should survive at least one hour without decomposition or \"puffing\" - the latter word indicating the sudden vaporization of the material, accompanied by flaming, to which we have already referred.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-614-1 Commission of Inquiry into fire at West Point- report 26-5-1949 - 22-12-1949.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 592927,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-614-3 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 4-1-1948 - 10-1-1949",
        "page_number": 58,
        "title": "CO129-614-3 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 4-1-1948 - 10-1-1949",
        "content_text": "-10-\n\nThese form a fine backbone to Kowloon, whose boldness of conception is marred by the side streets entering at every block and continuous frontages (a treatment normal to the period); conditions might eventually be improved for through traffic. Lying between the northern extension of this strip town and the Railway is the agricultural area of Kep Shek Mu, which if possible should preserve its character.\n\n39 On the Eastern side of Kowloon Bay, there is an opportunity for a large industrial and shipping frontage, with additional piers (the rail connection will be dealt with later). Here the Oil Storage is located.\n\n40 \n\nThe Northern harbour frontage from Belcher Bay to Sau Ki Wan requires detailed study, particularly with regard to the depth of the coastal industrial strip.\n\n57 \n\nA clear break is, of course, essential from the Yau Ma Tei Pier (or further west) to the beginning of Gloucester Road. The only sites for Noxious industry are at the extreme west at Belcher Bay - for the Slaughterhouse only - at North Point, and at the extreme East for a small fish curing area at Sau Ki Wan. This latter is the same type of special area allowed for Aberdeen and its island.\n\nIt will be seen from the above brief description that, with the exception of a narrow strip of harbour frontage, including the ship repairing at Tai Koo, on Hong Kong Island, the large and continuous industrial areas of various types are all located at Kowloon: they will thus provide the workplaces for the increased population of half a million which can be placed there.\n\n42 \n\nThe Light Industrial zones (which approximate to the 'Domestic' workshops under the Tenements) should take into consideration (a) their relation to the surrounding Residential areas, (b) provision for loading and other requirements of Industry, (c) the avoidance of obstruction of traffic on main roads. If these conditions are observed, there is no objection to a wide distribution of these industrial zones, so as to minimise the distance between home and work. And they will allow regulations to be imposed prohibiting any further conversion of houses into partial factories.\n\n43 \n\nTo sum up, there should be four broad types of Industrial location.\n\n(a) Noxious\n(b) Intermediate\n(c) Light\n(d) Home or domestic\n\nOf these, (a) should have no houses whatever within the zone: (b) should be in properly planned 'Trading Estates' in which a limited number of houses may be allowed: (c) will require individual decisions on each site in relation to traffic and houses. The Lands Department must beware of snatching quick profits through leasing factory sites without regard to surrounding conditions.\n\n6. Roads.\n\n44 \n\nThe existing roads of Hong Kong are sharply divided according to hillside and level ground. The latter is exclusively gridiron in pattern; the former a free landscape treatment dictated by contours; there has",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-614-3 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 4-1-1948 - 10-1-1949.txt",
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    {
        "id": 592975,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-614-4 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 18-1-1949 - 19-5-1950",
        "page_number": 33,
        "title": "CO129-614-4 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 18-1-1949 - 19-5-1950",
        "content_text": "# 10 INDUSTRIAL LOCATION AND ZONING\n\n35. A considerable amount of zoning for industry has already been carried out, there being three major groups (a) Noxious (b) Intermediate (c) Light Industry. In the main this zoning has followed existing trends and has sought to confine what is already there rather than to direct development. A large scale scheme of harbour reclamation, the proposal to rebuild and enlarge certain harbour works, and finally the possible full development of land for residential purposes in Kowloon, with the proposed reduction of population in Hong Kong Island, call for a revision of these industrial zones.\n\n36. In a number of places additional and more detailed surveys are required in order to find out how far industrialisation of certain areas has gone - this applies to the long strip behind Connaught Road; East Point near Causeway Bay and the Ma Tau Kok area on the east in Kowloon. One or two areas which have been already zoned for industry, under the proposed conditions might well revert to residential, but without attempting to remove existing industries: an example of this is the area immediately south of the old Kowloon City. It is proposed to zone a very large area from Shek Shan northwards, including Ma Tau Kok as a Trading Estate, which should be given positive encouragement; this would become the major industrial zone in this part of Kowloon (but the noxious area should be eliminated, including ultimately the Cement Works). This links up with Tai Wan and Hung Hom and will be one of the most important shipping and industrial zones in the Colony.\n\n37. On the western side of the Kowloon peninsula much readjustment of the existing industrial zoning is necessary, owing to the proposed alteration of the coast line. From Lai Chi Kok there is an intermediate industry frontage as far south as Prince Edward Road, with a residential hinterland. The present noxious zone at Tai Kok Tsui should not extend eastwards of Tong Mi Road. The filled-in Typhoon anchorage could be zoned for light industry and commercial use, but the existing noxious zone eastwards should be eliminated. The Kowloon wharves, as already mentioned, may be supplemented with new enclosing piers.\n\n38. The long strip town on either side of Nathan Road is a mixed zone, predominantly commercial and residential: its continuation northwards is by Cheung Sha Wan Road. These roads form a fine backbone to Kowloon, whose boldness of conception is marred by the side streets entering at every block and continuous frontages (a treatment normal to the period). Conditions might eventually be improved for through traffic.\n\n39. On the eastern side of Kowloon Bay there is an opportunity for a large industrial and shipping frontage, with additional piers (the rail connection will be dealt with later). Here the oil storage is located.\n\n40. The Island harbour frontage from Belcher's Bay to Shaukiwan requires detailed study, particularly with regard to the depth of the coastal industrial strip. A clear break is of course essential from the Yau Ma Ti Pier (or further west) to the beginning of Gloucester Road. The only three sites for noxious industry are at the extreme west at Belcher's Bay - for the slaughterhouse only - at North Point, and at the extreme east for a small fish curing area at Shaukiwan. This latter is the same type of special area allowed for at Aberdeen and its island.\n\n41. It will be seen from the above brief description, that with the exception of a narrow strip of harbour frontage, including the ship repairing yard at Taikoo, on Hong Kong Island, the large and continuous industrial areas of various types are all located in Kowloon: they will thus provide work places for the increased population of half a million which can be placed there.\n\n## 11\n\n42. Consideration of the light industrial zones (which approximate to the domestic workshops on the ground floors of tenements) should include (a) their relation to the surrounding residential areas (b) provision for loading and other requirements of industry (c) the avoidance of obstruction of traffic on main roads. If these conditions are observed, there is no objection to a wide distribution of these industrial zones, so as to minimise the distance between home and work. And they will allow regulations to be imposed prohibiting any further conversion of houses into partial factories.\n\n43. To sum up, there should be four broad types of industrial location.\n| Type | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| (a) Noxious | should have no houses whatever within the zone |\n| (b) Intermediate | should be in properly planned Trading Estates in which a limited number of houses may be allowed |\n| (c) Light | will require individual decisions on each site in relation to traffic and houses |\n| (d) Home or domestic |  |\n\nThe Lands Department must beware of snatching quick profits through leasing factory sites without regard to surrounding conditions.\n\n# 6 ROADS\n\n44. The existing roads of Hong Kong are sharply divided according to hillside and level ground. Roads on the latter are exclusively gridiron in pattern; on the former a free landscape treatment is dictated by contours. There has however been some attempt, as is so frequent elsewhere, to apply gridiron planning to irregular sites. At the same time there has been a tendency to start levelling rocky ground to produce a level site for a piece of gridiron layout. This has led at times to most expensive site works, through insufficient study of the geological formation, the decomposed granite being irregular in its appearance.\n\n45. The layout of level ground has been dominated by the \"gridiron mentality\"; indeed when once roadmakers and property developers are inoculated with this pattern, it is extremely difficult to throw off. Squared plots on level ground are so simple and effective for leasing and building (especially with standardised Chinese tenements) that they appear inevitable, as has happened with millions of acres in U.S.A. But this method in which crossroads occur merely as boundaries of blocks or as coverage for sewers and stormwater is directly at variance with traffic requirements which seek to canalise main routes and avoid cross currents. Nor does the gridiron reflect any of the changing emphasis of community grouping. The main backbone of through roads on the Island, Des Voeux, Queens, Hennessy and the much finer Nathan Road of Kowloon, are rendered ineffective as main traffic routes by reason of these cross roads and the continuous riparian frontages.\n\n46. The hillside roads in Hong Kong Island display an exuberance of construction that is quite astonishing - there appears to have been no limit to the length of road in relation to buildings or through traffic and there was apparently in the past no charge for road-making made to the developer. In the future (and a considerable amount of new hillside development is to be anticipated for larger houses), it is recommended that the developers roughly form the roads, which are then to be made up by the Government and charged to the developers: they will then be maintained by the P.W.D. Alternatively, when it is intended to encourage development (and by \n\n## 37",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-614-4 Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning 18-1-1949 - 19-5-1950.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 593286,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "page_number": 117,
        "title": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "content_text": "# [A.D. 1947 No. 20]\n\n## Definitions\n\n## INLAND REVENUE\n\n(3) If the sale, insurance, salvage, or compensation moneys exceed the residue, if any, of the expenditure immediately before the event, a balancing charge shall be made, and the amount on which it is made shall be an amount equal to the excess or, where the residue is nil, to the said moneys.\n\n(4) Notwithstanding anything in the last preceding subsection, in no case shall the amount on which a balancing charge is made on a person exceed the aggregate of the following amounts, that is to say—\n| Amount | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| (a) | the amount of the initial allowance, if any, made to him in respect of the expenditure in question; |\n| (b) | the amount of the annual allowances, if any, made to him in respect of the expenditure in question. |\n\n37. In this Chapter—\n\n(1) An \"industrial building or structure\" means a building or structure in use—\n| Clause | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| (i) | for the purposes of a trade carried on in a mill, factory, or other similar premises; or |\n| (ii) | for the purposes of a transport, dock, water, or electricity undertaking; or |\n| (iii) | for the purposes of a trade which consists in the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any process; or |\n| (iv) | for the purpose of a trade which consists in the storage of goods or materials which are to be used in the manufacture of other goods or to be subjected, in the course of a trade, to any process; or |\n| (v) | for the purpose of a trade which consists of the storage of goods or materials on their arrival by sea or air into the Colony; |\n\nand, in particular, the said expression includes any building or structure provided by the person carrying on such a trade or undertaking for the welfare of workers employed in that trade or undertaking and in use for that purpose.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 593340,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "page_number": 171,
        "title": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "content_text": "## 37. Definitions\n\n(4) Notwithstanding anything in the last preceding sub-section, in no case shall the amount on which a balancing charge is made on a person exceed the aggregate of the following amounts, that is to say-\n\n(a) the amount of the initial allowance, if any, made to him in respect of the expenditure in question;\n\n(b) the amount of the annual allowances, if any, made to him in respect of the expenditure in question.\n\n## 37. In this Chapter\n\n(1) An \"industrial building or structure\" means a building or structure in use-\n\n(i) for the purposes of a trade carried on in a mill, factory or other similar premises; or\n(ii) for the purposes of a transport, dock, water or electricity undertaking; or\n(iii) for the purposes of a trade which consists in the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any process; or\n(iv) for the purpose of a trade which consists in the storage of goods or materials which are to be used in the manufacture of other goods or to be subjected, in the course of a trade, to any process; or\n(v) for the purpose of a trade which consists of the storage of goods or materials on their arrival by sea or air into the Colony;\n\nand, in particular, the said expression includes any building or structure provided by the person carrying on such a trade or undertaking for the welfare of workers employed in that trade or undertaking and in use for that purpose.\n\nProvided that notwithstanding anything in the foregoing, the expression \"industrial building or structure\" does not include any building or structure in use as, or as part of, a dwelling house, retail shop, showroom, hotel or office or for any purpose ancillary to the purposes of a dwelling house, retail shop, showroom, hotel or office.\n\n(2) The \"relevant interest\" means, in relation to any expenditure incurred on the construction of a building or structure, the interest in that building or structure to which the person who incurred the expenditure was entitled when he incurred it.\n\n(3) The \"residue of expenditure\" shall be the amount of the capital expenditure incurred in the construction of a building or structure reduced by-\n\n(i) the amount of any initial allowance made; and\n(ii) any annual allowance made; and\n(iii) any balancing allowances granted;\n\nand increased by any balancing charges made.\n\nFor the purpose of computing the residue of expenditure, there shall be written off an amount of one-fiftieth of the expenditure in respect of any year of assessment in which no initial or annual allowance falls to be made.\n\nPage 170",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 593386,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "page_number": 217,
        "title": "CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948",
        "content_text": "## Definitions\n\n16\n\n(a) the relevant interest in the building or structure is sold; or\n\n(b) that interest, being a leasehold interest, comes to an end otherwise than on the person entitled thereto acquiring the interest which is reversionary thereon; or\n\n(c) the building or structure is demolished or destroyed or, without being demolished or destroyed, ceases altogether to be used,\n\nan allowance or charge, to be known as a \"balancing allowance\" or a \"balancing charge\" shall, in the circumstances mentioned in this section, be made to or, as the case may be, on the person entitled to the relevant interest immediately before that event occurs for the year of assessment in his basis period for which that event occurs.\n\nProvided that no balancing allowance or balancing charge shall be made to or on any person for any year of assessment by reason of any event occurring after the end of his basis period for the fiftieth year of assessment after that in which the building or structure was first used.\n\n(2) Where there are no sale, insurance, salvage or compensation moneys, or where the residue of the expenditure immediately before the event exceeds those moneys, a balancing allowance shall be made and the amount thereof shall be the amount of the said residue or, as the case may be, of the excess thereof over the said moneys.\n\n(3) If the sale, insurance, salvage or compensation moneys exceed the residue, if any, of the expenditure immediately before the event, a balancing charge shall be made and the amount on which it is made shall be an amount equal to the excess or, where the residue is nil, to the said moneys.\n\n## 37. In this Chapter\n\n(1) An \"industrial building or structure\" means a building or structure in use-\n\n(i) for the purposes of a trade carried on in a mill, factory or other similar premises; or\n\n(ii) for the purposes of a transport, dock, water or electricity undertaking; or\n\n(iii) for the purposes of a trade which consists in the manufacture of goods or materials or the subjection of goods or materials to any process; or\n\n(iv) for the purpose of a trade which consists in the storage of goods or materials which are to be used in the manufacture of other goods or to be subjected, in the course of a trade, to any process; or\n\n(v) for the purpose of a trade which consists of the storage of goods or materials on their arrival by sea or air into the Colony;\n\nand, in particular, the said expression includes any building or structure provided by the person carrying on such a trade or undertaking for the welfare of workers employed in that trade or undertaking and in use for that purpose.\n\n217",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-615-2 Income tax 10-3-1947 - 6-2-1948.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 593676,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-615-8 Crown Lands 18-6-1948 - 24-7-1948",
        "page_number": 5,
        "title": "CO129-615-8 Crown Lands 18-6-1948 - 24-7-1948",
        "content_text": "# Secretariat file 1/2914/46.\n\n## No. 138.\n\n**GOVERNMENT HOUSE, HONG KONG.**\n\n18th June, 1948.\n\n5\n\nSir,\n\nI have the honour to refer to your telegram No.1539 of 25th September, 1947, in which you approved that the period during which Crown Land may be disposed of without public auction for private housing schemes might be extended for a further year ending on 31st July, 1948, and that the concession might also be extended to cover individual buildings subject to precautions being taken against exploitation by speculators.\n\n2. A number of applications for the grant of land by private treaty for housing schemes and for individual buildings have been received and have either been approved or are under examination. I do not propose that this concession which has now been in force for nearly two years should be further extended. The public have had ample opportunity to take advantage of it and outstanding requirements for accommodation of European type are not so great as to warrant the sacrifice of revenue involved. I propose therefore that only applications received before the 1st August, 1948, should be considered for this special concession and that later applications should not be given the advantage of obtaining land without public auction.\n\n3. There is one exception to this for which I should be glad to have your approval. As you will be aware, there has been a considerable revival of industrial activity in the Colony and new concerns have been transferring their interests here from Shanghai and other parts of China. Industrial expansion of this nature inevitably brings with it an increase in the labour force in the Colony for whom existing accommodation is quite inadequate. Some concerns are anxious to provide housing for their own workers and I have no doubt that other firms would contemplate this step if they had some assurance that the cost would not be made prohibitive by their having to acquire land at public auction. In view of the shortage of accommodation of this nature and of the high rents prevailing, factory labour tends to find accommodation by squatting on Crown Land or privately owned land. Proper housing schemes for workers and their families sponsored by industrial concerns would not only benefit industry by securing a contented labour force, but would also be a great boon to the workers themselves, and, from the point of view of Government, would provide housing for large numbers who might otherwise become additions to the already numerous squatters who are such an embarrassment.\n\n4. For these reasons I would be grateful for authority for a period of two years from the 1st August, 1948, to dispose of Crown Land for the sole purpose of comprehensive workers' housing schemes. My intention is that this concession should not be used for the benefit of small groups of workers but that, to earn the benefit of it, each scheme should provide housing for a substantial number of the workers engaged in the industrial undertaking sponsoring each scheme.\n\n29 JUN 1948\n\nI have the honour to be, Sir,\n\nYour most obedient, humble servant,\n\n**THE RIGHT HONOURABLE ARTHUR CREECH JONES, M.P.**",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-615-8 Crown Lands 18-6-1948 - 24-7-1948.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 596247,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-623-1 Rubber Industry- report and correspondence on the labour situation 1-4-1950 - 31-1-1951",
        "page_number": 46,
        "title": "CO129-623-1 Rubber Industry- report and correspondence on the labour situation 1-4-1950 - 31-1-1951",
        "content_text": "(4) \n\ndiscretion. Common official agreement and Labour Regulations are just as good as non-existent.\n\n(4) Two weeks had hardly elapsed when the workers of Wah Hing Button Factory were confronted with a minatory notice from their employer. It conveyed the employer's order to reduce unconditionally the wages and was openly and boldly worded that his factory would follow the example of the measure of complete discharge adopted first by the Fung Kung Rubber Shoe Factory, should his workers say \"No\" to it.\n\nWith their celebrated example of complete discharge adopted first by Fung Kung Rubber Shoes Factory, the manner of most of the general employers is growing arrogantly immovable in their dealings with our workers; the low-margin subsistence of our workers in this Colony is totally placed under the menace of unexpected and ubiquitous massive unemployment, and worst of all, Communist agitation is rampantly canvassing for a chance of infiltration.\n\n(The disastrous effects would have been easily imagined by any observer that what fate else except hunger and destitution, have befallen those poor rubber shoes workers whose daily bitter existence hangs only on meager wages, viz. an average daily payment of 60 cents (some 30 cents) to H.K.$1.00 that only enables the common citizen to buy three or two apples or one pack of cigarettes, as was authentically discovered by Mr. Krane and Mr. Dally, the ICFTU's Delegation to Hong Kong. In the course of this period of about a month, life for them has been more and more fraught with obvious depressing worries and bitter sufferings; hunger has virtually become part of their daily life. It is impossible for them to cope with the exigencies of even a scanty life with just a place to sleep and some clothes to don. No one would have expected some savings of them whose livelihood was scarcely carried on with little wages. Starvation and the tragedy of human life are imminent on these one thousand and seven hundred workers.\n\nWhat this TUC, being constantly badly in lack of operative fund, can do is only to mobilize all the workers' associations to tender material and moral support to these discharged workers to render them tenable, not against the oppression of the employer as the latter has already achieved the triumph with impunity, but against the fatal attack of starvation.\n\nBut what shall this TUC and the general workers do when presently this unfavorable tendency is allowed to prevail with other employers likely to discharge unrestrainedly more and more workers, we dare not visualize how heavy the burden will be on the shoulders of those still in employment but with scanty wages to support the livelihood of those discharged workers still increasing in number.\n\n(b) Naturally, the privation of our liberty-loving and law-abiding bona fide workers is the enjoyment of our enemies, the Communist agents, whose propaganda is desperately depreciating and",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-623-1 Rubber Industry- report and correspondence on the labour situation 1-4-1950 - 31-1-1951.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 596659,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-623-6 Education Department- annual report 1-5-1950 - 31-12-1950",
        "page_number": 49,
        "title": "CO129-623-6 Education Department- annual report 1-5-1950 - 31-12-1950",
        "content_text": "55.\n\nTONGA\n\n-2-\n\nfeature of the school was the very high standard of English and great tribute is due to the New Zealand headmistress who has established and set up the fine tradition for this pioneer project in girls' education.\n\n(2) Schemes of Cooperation. The education system of Fiji is dependent on the very generous Scheme of Cooperation with the New Zealand Government whereby men and women from the New Zealand teaching service can spend any number of years working in Fiji but at the same time retain their pension rights in New Zealand. As the inspiration of educational policy in Fiji comes from expatriate staff from England, i.e., the Director of Education, the Deputy Director of Education, the Principal of the Training College and Headmaster of the Secondary School, and as the practitioners on the whole are from New Zealand, it seems desirable that as many opportunities as possible should be given to the New Zealanders who are prepared to spend a number of years in Fiji to get firsthand acquaintance with the practice of English education in this country.\n\n(3) Fiji is a community development paradise. For this same closely knit society which regulates its community activities can also produce the most entertaining community development schemes, as for example when one community sold firewood to the Americans, made a considerable amount of profit, and devoted it to community projects, even though some of these came to a sticky end. A more successful example was the Chief who happened to be an ex-service man who produced for his village a development scheme which provided in this order: (a) a wooden house for the Chief, (b) a milking herd, (c) a school, (d) a church, (e) another new house for the Chief. The Director of Education has been quick to see the possibilities here and launched in January 1950 a project in Moturoki, a small island with 3 schools, 10 villages, good soil, near a pineapple canning factory on a neighbouring island, and with a good sprinkling of ex-servicemen. It will be particularly interesting to see how this project works out as the team consists entirely of Fijian men and women.\n\n(4) The Teacher Training College at Nasinu is a government one which is replacing all other government and denominational institutions. It trains teachers of all races and both sexes and is guided by a Principal who is prepared to try anything once and will, I am sure, learn as much from the ventures that fail as from those that succeed. I am not convinced, however, that the time is yet really ripe for co-education at this level among Indian men and women.\n\n(5) There is provision for the education of Indians both by Government and by the Indian communities themselves. However, the Indians, unlike the Fijians, are individualists and do not easily develop a system that helps in the provision of community services. There is need for particular help to be given to Indian girls.\n\nTonga has a population of about 45,000, of whom over 10,000 are in school, as there is compulsory education for children from 6 to 14 years of age. This delightful little island paradise, which seems to have no external worries so that it can concentrate with great seriousness upon its internal ones, has a very pleasant patriarchal, or should I say matriarchal, yet parliamentary system.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-623-6 Education Department- annual report 1-5-1950 - 31-12-1950.txt",
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    {
        "id": 598553,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-2 Movement of dangerous goods around Hong Kong 1-1-1951 - 30-4-1951",
        "page_number": 21,
        "title": "CO129-626-2 Movement of dangerous goods around Hong Kong 1-1-1951 - 30-4-1951",
        "content_text": "Page 10\n\n.20\n\nWe see no reason to transfer the control of the Gunpowder Depot at Green Island from the Marine Department. It is, on the whole, efficiently operated and, with the security provisions made by the Commissioner of Police, adequately protected.\n\nThere has, however, been a general lack of supervision of the movement of commercial Explosives, both on water and on land. After the permit had been granted to obtain delivery of the Explosives from Green Island Depot, little or no supervision was carried out of the transport of the Explosives in a small motor-boat through the Harbour, nor of their landing at any point along the crowded waterfront and their transfer therefrom to an Explosives' store. On arrival at the store, the receipt of the Explosives should be entered up in a stockbook, which is inspected regularly by the Police, and issues for use in blasting should similarly be set down, but it is obvious that the loopholes for evasion and illicit issue of Explosives are very great.\n\nWe recommend that the supervision of the importation, conveyance, sale, and use of Explosives should be entirely in the hands of the Commissioner of Police, and we have drawn up Regulations designed to cover not only the storage of Explosives but also their use in blasting.\n\nPending a re-siting of the Gunpowder Depot, we have recommended restrictions in the amount of Explosives and in the type of vessel on which they may be carried through the Harbour with due safety precautions. The removal permit, which will now be issued by the Commissioner of Police, will specify the place where the Explosives may be landed and by what route they may be conveyed to the licensed store. Constant supervision by the Police is essential.\n\nEven if it may not be possible to proceed at an early date with the construction of a new magazine for commercial Explosives on Fu Tau Chau, we recommend the construction of a small sub-store in the neighbourhood of Yau Tong, large enough to accommodate a week's or a fortnight's normal consumption. Transfer from the main depot to this sub-store would be made as required, under Police escort. Conveyance from this sub-store, even to the island, would not require passage through the centre of the Harbour.\n\nPage 17\n\nManufacture of Gunpowder and Fireworks\n\nThe control of the manufacture, conveyance, and sale of gunpowder and fireworks has hitherto been exercised under the Gunpowder and Fireworks Ordinance, No. 14 of 1901, and Regulations made thereunder. It has been argued that there is a conflict between these Regulations and Regulations made under the Dangerous Goods Ordinance. It seems best, therefore, to combine the Regulations under one enabling Ordinance.\n\nThe control of the manufacture of gunpowder and fireworks (as they involve the use of gunpowder) should be in the hands of the Commissioner of Police, and we have followed fairly closely the provisions of the present Ordinance and Regulations, which have proved to be adequate.\n\nThe storage (outside a factory) and sale of fireworks (shop goods), which are included under Category 7(B), Readily Combustible Substances, should, however, be under the control of the Chief Officer of the Fire Brigade. Again, we have not made great changes in the present Regulations but have modified them for ease of administration. We stress again that fireworks containing a chlorate must be wholly prohibited from manufacture, landing, or storage in the Colony.\n\nPage 18",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-2 Movement of dangerous goods around Hong Kong 1-1-1951 - 30-4-1951.txt",
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    {
        "id": 598646,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "35 -\n\nThis circular letter, however, was not issued to the great majority of Chinese employers who were reluctant to accept the idea of a rehabilitation allowance. The general result of this action, however, was to establish much greater uniformity in wage rates and generally resulted in setting standards which, if not generous, afforded an income to the lowest paid workers sufficient for adequate maintenance.\n\n210.\n\nToday, however, there are many distinct and separate wage standards operating in Hong Kong. The European firms and most of the utility services pay wages based on an eight-hour day and a six-day week. Although actual wages may be paid on a basis of time or piece work, all payments are made in cash.\n\n211.\n\nIn the larger Chinese-owned establishments, wage rates are, in the main, based on piece rates, but remuneration frequently includes food or lodgings or both. Most of these firms appear to observe a seven-day week, although there is said to be a steady movement towards a six-day week, particularly in so far as the commercial firms and distributive trades are concerned.\n\n212.\n\nAs a rule, the smaller Chinese firms appear to pay wages which are determined by the free play of the law of supply and demand, but there is no doubt that some of the trade unions have been able to secure some degree of stability. A 9 or 10 hour day is usual, and food is often provided. When lodgings are said to be available to the workers, this usually means just a space in the workplace in which the worker is permitted to sleep.\n\n213.\n\nIn the numerous industries where only a few workers are employed and amongst the outworker contractors, wage rates are very low and hours of work long. Wages are undoubtedly depressed because of the competition of refugees for employment without which they would be in danger of near starvation. Industrial outwork is carried out usually in squatters' huts or tenements upon materials supplied by an employer; it is a decentralised form of production, and there is a dearth of comprehensive and accurate information on the matter. Employers use this system to lower costs, and the work is carried out in so many small units that effective control is practically impossible at the present time.\n\n214.\n\nSome of the newer industries which have migrated from Shanghai employ a substantial number of Shanghailanders. In one large factory of this type, the wages paid were one dollar and thirty cents a day, plus three meals and dormitory accommodation.\n\nThere are several such firms, and they contend that the value of these wages is in excess of three dollars a day, which is the rate they pay to local workers. On the other hand, imported labour from Shanghai in the modern textile mills earns as much as seven and eight dollars a day, out of which $1.50 is deducted for food and lodgings.\n\n215.\n\nThe Shanghailanders, who are said to be more energetic workers than the average Cantonese, have the added advantage of greater security of tenure in that when business contracts, it is the local labour which is first dispensed with.\n\n216.\n\nIn other industries, various methods of remuneration have come into being. In some, the workers have a small wage plus perquisites, such as the proceeds of the sale of certain commodities or the free disposal of packing cases, packing materials, empties, etc.\n\n20",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 598647,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 82,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "There are still other methods of payment of the supplementation of wages as exemplified by the following extract from the \"Wah Kiu Yat Po\" of 13 February 1951:\n\n\"With a view to easing the business difficulties encountered by its members the Hong Kong and Kowloon Bakers Association wrote to the Flour Merchants Association requesting the latter's members to reduce the 1.5% chut dim (shop leaving) commission which Bakers and Confectioners have to pay when purchasing flour.\n\nThis request however was rejected by the Flour Merchants Association on the following grounds:\n\n(a) the chut dim commissions all go to the workers whose wages are so small that they rely on these commissions to make up their wages;\n\n(b) since the war commodity prices have been rising and a commission of 1.5% is not considered to be too high.\"\n\nAmong the lower paid workers employed by the smaller Chinese firms there is little evidence of industrial dissatisfaction. The refugees and others of the poorer classes are usually unorganised and in any case without some work and an income they would be hard put to it to avoid actual starvation. This, no doubt, has a profound effect on their outlook on life. If such workers took strike action they could and would easily be replaced.\n\nIt is probable that many such workers would return to China if they were satisfied that conditions there were reasonably stable and food cheap and that they were unlikely to be conscripted and ultimately sent to Korea. Recently the possibility of return to China has been made more difficult for them in that they are now required to obtain an entry permit from the Communist authorities.\n\nIn many of the larger Chinese factories the general wage basis may be said to rest on the ability of an average experienced woman worker to earn about three dollars a day. Male workers on time rates receive little more. Where men are employed on piece rates in a semi-skilled job their average wage seems to vary between $3 and $4.50 per day. In the silk mills male weavers were earning between $7 and $8 a day, but the male and female workers on unskilled time work in the same factory were paid $3 a day plus one meal. Skilled engineers in Chinese-owned establishments earn between $7 and $10 a day without food.\n\nIn the rubber industry wage rates seem to be slightly lower. In the larger firms $2.80 a day is a fair average for a semi-skilled woman on piece rates although some earn as much as $5 or $6 a day.\n\nBy no means entirely unfair statement setting out the women's views on wage rates, is contained in the following extract from an article by Miss Kwok Yick Ping, Chairman of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Rubber Shoe Workers Union.\n\n\"The fact that a woman accepts low pay for her services is no doubt due to circumstances where a Chinese woman has no social standing. When compelled to work she has to reduce her daily necessities such as clothing, food, housing, etc. to strict minimum barely enough",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 598667,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 102,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "349.\n\n-56-\n\n91\n\nEach factory and Workshop is visited at least once each year for the purpose of re-registration and during 1950 as many as 14,000 visits of inspection were made. Night inspections in order to check on the employment of women and young persons on night work were by no means infrequent.\n\n350. A total of 629 accidents (45 fatal) involving injuries to 625 persons were reported during the year: 414 of these accidents (22 fatal) involving 431 persons occurred in registered factories or workshop premises.\n\n351.\n\nThere is no doubt that this toll of accidents would have been appreciably higher were it not for the very effective activities of the Factory Inspectorate.\n\n352.\n\nThat the Factories and Workshops Ordinance 1937 is administered with firmness is demonstrated by the following record of prosecution, particularly when it is appreciated that prosecution action is only taken as a last resort.\n\nSUMMARY OF PROSECUTIONS UNDER THE\n\nFACTORIES & WORKSHOPS ORDINANCE 1937\n\nFROM 1ST JANUARY 1950 TO 31ST DECEMBER 1950\n\n  \n    Unfenced Machinery\n    27\n  \n  \n    Employing women in prohibited hours\n    52\n  \n  \n    Employing Young Persons in prohibited hours\n    35\n  \n  \n    Failing to keep a Young Persons Register\n    7\n  \n  \n    Failure to register\n    6\n  \n  \n    Employing children in an industrial undertaking\n    1\n  \n  \n    Obstructing fire exits\n    1\n  \n  \n    Failing to report an accident\n    1\n  \n  \n    Locked exits\n    3\n  \n  \n    No Certificate of Fitness for steam Steam Boilers\n    2\n  \n  \n    Total\n    222\n  \n\n353.\n\nIt is suggested that, as the staffing arrangements of the Department of Labour permit, the scope of the definition \"factory\" and \"workshop\" (see Appendix 12 for present definitions) be progressively widened so that those numerous small industries where conditions of employment are often both unsatisfactory and dangerous are required to observe reasonable standards of safety and hygiene. As a first step towards this desirable end I suggest that, when circumstances permit, the definition of \"workshop\" be amended to read \"Any premises where at least ten persons are employed. At present the figure quoted in the definition in the Ordinance is twenty.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 598671,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 106,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "-60-\n\n95\n\nquite happy earning two dollars a day with a large urn of tea in the corner of the room and freedom to gossip, and it is doubtful whether the work they were producing was worth any more because the same output could have been achieved by one machine operated by two women. The proprietor explained that in about a year's time he expected to be able to move the factory into modern premises. On the other hand, in the most up-to-date factories, girls were earning seven dollars a day on the spinning machines and as much as 8 or 9 dollars a day minding sixteen automatic weaving machines. The lowest wage rate encountered was one dollar twenty cents a day for finishing work on 400 small electric bulbs.\n\n372. To effect too rapid a change in present employment practices would, I am sure, do more harm than good. Adequate minimum wages enforced by law, at this juncture, would merely have the effect of causing widespread unemployment and serious destitution for the relief of which there would be no adequate provision.\n\n373.\n\nThat drastic changes and improvements are necessary is obvious, but the process must be steady and progressive; otherwise, unnecessary hardship is likely to be inflicted, and many workers who would not easily be convinced that the taking away of their livelihood was essential to the ultimate establishment of reasonable living standards for the working community.\n\n374.\n\nSome brief notes on the principal industries follow.\n\n(1) THE WEAVING INDUSTRY\n\n375. The difficult economic conditions prevailing in this industry and the large reservoir of labour which exists has obviously enabled some employers to impose terms and conditions of employment which considerable numbers of workers are prepared to accept rather than risk unemployment. On the other hand, the larger and most modern undertakings are observing excellent standards.\n\n376.\n\nThere are two workers' trade unions, viz., the Hong Kong Spinning and Weaving Workers' General Union and the Kowloon Female Knitters' Association, one of which is all-embracing, and membership of the other is confined exclusively to women operatives. They are affiliated to rival federations. The employers' organisation is the Hong Kong Cotton Weaving Manufacturers' Association.\n\n377. Both the workers' organisations are looked upon with some disfavour by the majority of employers in the industry, and the workers are said to be in some fear of dismissal if they openly represent their organisation in negotiations. They even regard open negotiation with the managements of other factories with some apprehension.\n\n378. It is clear that wage rates and conditions of employment vary appreciably. The weavers, combers, and bobbin winders are all employed on piece-work rates, and the variation in earnings suggests that differences are not entirely due to degrees of efficiency or dexterity, although the volume of work available has some effect on earnings.\n\n379. In many instances, the provision of food forms part of the wage rate, and nothing short of a detailed survey of the industry as a whole will reveal the true",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 598717,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 152,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "141\n\n(f) In the event of any person interested being dissatisfied with the decision or order of the Commissioner he may, within fourteen days, after such decision or order, file a memorandum of appeal to the High Court: for the purposes of any such appeal the decision or order of the Commissioner shall be deemed to be the decision of a Magistrates' Court.\n\n(g) Nothing in this section shall limit or affect the jurisdiction of any Court.\n\n(h) In proceedings under this section where it appears to the Commissioner that there are more workers than one having a common cause or similar causes of complaint against the same employer, it shall not be necessary for each of them to make a separate complaint under this section but the Commissioner may, if he thinks fit, permit one or more of them to lodge a memorandum or make a complaint and to attend and act on behalf of and generally to represent the others and the Commissioner may proceed to adjudicate on the several joint claims of each and all such workers provided that where the Commissioner is of the opinion that the interests of the employer are likely to be prejudiced by the non-attendance of any worker he shall require the attendance of such worker.\n\nPART VII.\n\nRegister of workers.\n\nReturns to be made by employers.\n\nGENERAL.\n\n34. Every employer shall maintain a register of workers and the Commissioner may prescribe the form in which such register is to be kept.\n\n35. (1) Every employer shall, within the first fourteen days of January, April, July and October in each year forward to the Commissioner a return in such form or forms as may be approved by the Commissioner giving the particulars prescribed thereby.\n\n(2) Every such form shall be published in the Gazette. Copies of such forms shall be supplied to employers free of charge on application to the Commissioner.\n\nEntry and 36. The Commissioner or any officer duly authorised by him in writing in that behalf may enter at all reasonable times into any factory or place of employment whatsoever and any place which he may reasonably suspect to be a place of employment and may put questions concerning any worker to the employer or to any person who may be in charge at the time or to the workers themselves and the employer or such person or any worker shall be legally bound to answer such questions to the best of their ability.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 598723,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 158,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "147\n\nEach Relief Administration shall have a chief and one or two deputy-chiefs, to be appointed by the municipal government. Heads of Sections shall be appointed by the Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Workers. Staff members shall be drawn from related organisations, and if there are not enough, priority should be given to (registered) unemployed persons.\n\n## CHAPTER III. RELIEF FUNDS.\n\n### Article 6. \n\nThe sources of relief funds shall be as follows:\n\n(a) In all cities sponsoring relief, the administrative side or the employer in all national and private factories and workshops and commercial undertakings shall contribute every month towards relief funds a sum equivalent to one per cent of all payments made in respect of wages and emoluments. Workers and employees in the above-mentioned enterprises and in port transport work, etc., shall also make a monthly contribution of one per cent of their total wages for the same purpose;\n\n(b) Relief grants made by the Central and local People's Governments;\n\n(c) Donations from various circles.\n\n### Article 7. The Safe Custody of Relief Funds.\n\n(a) All relief funds shall be collected by and kept in local People's Banks;\n\n(b) Relief foodstuffs shall be entrusted to the care of local National Foodstuffs Companies.\n\n### Article 8.\n\n \nThe use and distribution of relief funds shall be determined by the Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Workers, and shall not be used for any purpose other than the relief of unemployed workers.\n\n### Article 9.\n\n \nEmbezzlement cases discovered in the conduct of relief work shall be handed over to judicial organs by the Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Workers.\n\n## CHAPTER IV. REGISTRATION OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS.\n\n### Article 10.\n\n \nAll such unemployed persons as are defined in Article 3 may apply for registration. Those, however, who have returned to their native places to do production work or have found employment will not be considered.\n\n### Article 11.\n\n \nThe registration of unemployed workers shall be entrusted by the Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Workers to the foundation organisations of the various industrial trade unions subordinate to the Trade Union Council. Where trade union foundation organisations have not been formed, registration shall be handled directly by the industrial trade unions or the trade union council.\n\n### Article 12.\n\n \nAn unemployed person shall produce the following documents when he applies for registration:\n\n(a) Testimonial provided by the trade union organisation to which the applicant formerly belonged, or by the factory or commercial shop or school where he last worked. If an applicant has been out of employment too long and cannot secure a testimonial from his trade union organisation or employer, he must secure two workers in employment to vouch for him;",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 598726,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "page_number": 161,
        "title": "CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952",
        "content_text": "150\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\nDISTRICUTION OF RELIEF FUNDS.\n\nArticle 31. All such unemployed workers and employees as are defined in Article 3 who have more than 12 years of working experience, and have not yet taken part in relief engineering work or self-help production schemes are entitled to relief allowances classified in Article 35 below.\n\nArticle 32. The following categories of unemployed workers are not entitled to relief allowances:\n\n(a) Those who are still receiving pay-off bonuses which are being paid over a period agreed upon at the time of disengagement;\n\n(b) Those who themselves, or whose family dependants, have other sources of income which can maintain them;\n\n(c) Those who are receiving relief from other organisations;\n\n(d) Those who have returned to their native countryside and come back to the city especially to obtain relief allowances.\n\n(e) Those who have obtained retirement or disability payments;\n\n(f) Those who do not fulfill the conditions mentioned in Article 31.\n\nArticle 33. The payment of relief allowances shall be suspended under any of the following conditions:\n\n(a) If an unemployed worker has been placed by the Labour Bureau, or if he has found a job himself, or if his factory resumes operation. In these cases relief allowances shall be paid up to the day his new work begins;\n\n(b) If an unemployed worker takes part in relief engineering work or decides to return to his native countryside to take up production work. In these cases relief allowances shall be paid up to the day the work begins;\n\n(c) If an unemployed worker rejects without good reason an opportunity to resume employment. In this case relief allowances shall be stopped;\n\n(d) If an unemployed worker rejects without good reason an opportunity to take part in relief engineering work or to return to his native countryside to take up production work; or if he withdraws half-way after committing himself to either. In these cases relief allowances shall be stopped.\n\nArticle 34. Any persons drawing relief allowances by fraud or other illegal means shall be handed over to judicial organisations for punishment.\n\nArticle 35. Relief allowances are divided into the following grades:\n\n(a) Unemployed workers shall be given 45-90 catties of the local staple food per month, the exact amount to be decided by trade union foundation organisations according to the circumstances of each worker, and to be approved by the Relief Administration;\n\n(b) Unemployed apprentices shall be given 30 catties per month;",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-3 Labour Department- report to Labour Commissioner 1-3-1951 - 30-6-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 598838,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-626-5 Crown Lands 1-1-1950 - 31-8-1951",
        "page_number": 12,
        "title": "CO129-626-5 Crown Lands 1-1-1950 - 31-8-1951",
        "content_text": "SAVINGRAM\n\nTo the Secretary of State for the Colonies.\n\nOffice Administering the Government\n\nFrom the Governor, Hong Kong.\n\nDate 21st July 1950\n\nNo. 778\n\nIn your telegram No. 832 of the 24th July 1948 you approved the proposals set out in the third and fourth paragraphs of Sir Alexander Grantham's despatch No. 138 of the 18th June 1948, and granted authority, for a period of two years from the 1st August 1948, to dispose of Crown land by private treaty for the purpose of comprehensive workers' housing schemes.\n\n2. That period is now about to expire and I recommend, with the concurrence of Executive Council, that it be extended for another year as from the 1st August 1950.\n\n3. The considerations mentioned in the third paragraph of Sir Alexander Grantham's despatch referred to above still obtain. The population has greatly increased since 1948 and the influx of new industries has continued since the concession was made public. There are, therefore, some factory managements who may be unaware of the concession or whose plans to make use of it have not yet matured. It is only within the last 18 months that the Labour Department has stipulated, when dealing with building plans for factories, that quarters for persons living on the factory premises should be provided.\n\n4. It is a deplorable fact that, because of the shortage of accommodation and the high rents prevailing, many employees of large factories and utility companies continue to live in squatter settlements, which are now larger and more numerous than ever. Although there has recently been a fall in building costs which may tend to induce some employers to provide adequate housing, that incentive might prove to be insufficient if the opportunity of obtaining land by private treaty were to be withdrawn, and promoters had to compete with other more speculative bidders at public auction.\n\n5. If you approve I shall be grateful for an early reply in order that the necessary public announcement may be made as soon as possible.\n\n28 JUL 1951 REGISTRY",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-626-5 Crown Lands 1-1-1950 - 31-8-1951.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 599211,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "page_number": 43,
        "title": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "content_text": "Saving 54403/15/51\n\nFrom the Secretary of State for Colonies.\n\nTo the Officer Administering the Government of\n\nDate\n\nNo. 15\n\n15th November, 1951.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL\n\nHONG KONG\n\n43\n\nYour saving No.1208 Confidential of the 31st October.\n\nFertilizer Factory.\n\nI share your regret that the arrangements made so far have proved unsatisfactory.\n\n2.\n\nThe Crown Agents are being asked to resume negotiations with Mitchell Engineering Ltd, but they are being given discretion to sound the firm very carefully and to report back if they think that it is in any way unsuitable. If Mitchell Engineering Ltd. do not seem fully suitable, I shall ask the Crown Agents on your behalf to find some other engineers capable of advising you in this matter and of taking the project to the stage indicated in your paragraph 4. It is fully appreciated, however, that this latter course would probably involve another visit to Hong Kong by an expert and it would be much better to proceed, if possible, with Mitchell Engineering Ltd.\n\n3.\n\nI will keep you informed of developments.\n\nSECRETARY.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 599212,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "page_number": 44,
        "title": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "content_text": "3\n\nALLEGRAM/\n\n*\n\nDraft S\n\nSAVINGRAM\n\n• The word Priority may be entered here, if necessary.\n\nFile No. 54403/15/51 Sect.23/641/50\n\nSent. 42. Mr. Anderson 7/4 Mr. Hall 10/13 Mr... Mr... Sir Permt. U.S. of S. Parly. U.S. of S. S. of S.\n\nRepeated to :- Priority Nil. - Reply urgently required. Important. Immediate. Most Immediate.\n\nTo be transmitted:- No. In Clear Code Cypher hours.\n\n194. 15 NOV 1951 1157\n\n-Restricted.- Confidential. Secret. Top Secret and Personal.\n\nno 1208 Confidential of the 31st Oct. (46) Your Saving\n\nFertilizer Factory. the arrangements made I share So far have proved unsatisfactory fa your requet regret that de initial amanganate teen wasked on 'M' Beant.\n\nintrod M2 Brunt LAD Ts were not do that pa Your Gack had corresponded with Milzbett Eagineering Het opportunity Mi forcat set to sever bis who did not disclean this fact with the fram set aut and you say, the bis personal interests.\n\n2. The Crown Agents being asked to arked to resume\n\nDistribution :— 1 extra M/C. As cupy under cover of off C.\n\nFurther action :- Wt. 28261/5326 30m 18.49 Wa. & Co. 51/3 are negotiations with Mitchell Engineering Ltd, but they are being given discretion to sound the firm very carefully and to report back if they think that Hamina is in example any way unsuitable.\n\nFor most confortunate it M Brant contrived to rejoin the firm and it is conceivable that his anties may have queered Seem a pitch with\n\nIf Mitchell Engineering Ltd do not fully suitable, I shall ask the C. As, an\n\nlym",
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    {
        "id": 599217,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "page_number": 49,
        "title": "CO129-627-2 Fertilizer factory new territories- contains drawings 1-12-1950 - 31-1-1952",
        "content_text": "(C. S. 36)\n\nFF. 23/641/50.\n\n46\n\nCOLONIAL SECRETARIAT,\n\nLOWER ALBERT ROAD,\n\nHONG KONG.\n\n(46)\n\n(1)\n\nCONFIDENTIAL\n\nAy den Hall\n\n31st October, 1951.\n\nWill you please refer to our Confidential Savingram No.1208 of the 31st October 1951 about the projected fertiliser factory here. I am very sorry that you have been given so much trouble over this scheme and I hope that the whole position is now clear. I fear that we are responsible very largely for the confusion especially as paragraph 5 of our despatch No.136 of the 12th December 1950 was ambiguous. I have seen your letter 54403/15/51 of the 2nd August to Bowring and his reply of the 11th August. Bowring is not correct when he says that his Department had not been consulted on the project; before Bowring's arrival the papers were sent to the Acting Director and the memorandum on the subject which went to Executive Council was cleared with him. It is also unfortunate that Littlejohn, who attended the meeting in my office, did not say at the time that he had doubts about Brunt.\n\nI hope that it will be possible to go on with the project because our small pilot scheme, which is turning out about 100 tons of compost a month, cannot meet except to a small degree the demands of the farmers who undoubtedly will take compost if we can provide it at the right price which must be no more than the old price at which they could obtain nightsoil. It does mean more work for them in that compost needs digging in but I understand that they now, as a result of our pilot scheme, fully appreciate that compost builds up the soil more effectively.\n\nYum\n\n(J. F. Nicoll)\n\nH. P. Hall, Esq., M.B.E.,\n\nColonial Office,\n\nThe Church House,\n\nGreat Smith Street, LONDON, S.W.1.",
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    {
        "id": 600208,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 37,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "54494/50\n\nLABOUR CONDITIONS IN HONG KONG COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY.\n\n1. General\n\nThe textile industry of Hong Kong is a comparatively large industry employing 20,649 persons in 372 registered concerns. The industry produces all types of textiles and to a considerable extent carries out all processes—spinning, weaving, and the making up of garments. A large proportion of the industry, except in the spinning section, consists of very small concerns. For example, in the knitting garment and hosiery sections, one half of the total number of concerns employ 20 workers or less, and there are large numbers of places run more or less as family concerns making garments and hand-woven material.\n\nA considerable expansion has taken place recently in the industry, particularly in the cotton spinning section. This latter now consists of 12 mills with 5,971 workers; apart from the two pioneer mills, all are in buildings specially constructed for the purpose and compare favourably with cotton mills anywhere. The state of the weaving and knitting sections of the industry is not so good. High production costs and loss of markets through increased competition and the high cost of yarn have forced many small factories to close down recently. The larger and better-organised concerns have not been so hard hit, but they too are concerned about the future of the industry, which undoubtedly needs overhauling and modernising. In the weaving section, modernization has in fact begun; four concerns now have automatic looms, and they are being installed in another. The general installation of automatic looms would, however, in addition to improving the efficiency of the industry, also cause much unemployment as a result of closing down small concerns, particularly those where weavers using hand looms at present succeed in making a living. In the garment-making section of the industry, shirts, sports shirts, and underwear are made up from the woven or knitted material. This work is mainly carried on in independent factories, though where the material is knitted, both knitting and garment making may be done in the same factory.\n\nAs a matter of general interest, it may be noted that the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce has established a Committee which is to draw up a list of accredited producers in Hong Kong industries. Producers will only be included in this list when they signify their willingness to accept the following conditions:\n\n(a) to guarantee standards of quality established by the Committee,\n\n(b) to undertake to meet all claims established as fair after arbitration,\n\n(c) to conform...",
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    {
        "id": 600213,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 42,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "High cost of yarn have forced many small factories to close down recently. The larger and better organised concerns have not been so hard hit but they too are concerned about the future of the industry which undoubtedly needs overhauling and modernising. In the weaving section modernization has in fact begun; four concerns now have automatic looms and they are being installed in another. The general installation of automatic looms would, however, in addition to improving the efficiency of the industry, also cause much unemployment as the result of closing down small concerns, particularly those where weavers using hand looms at present succeed in making a living. In the garment making section of the industry, shirts, sports shirts and underwear are made up from woven or knitted material. This work is mainly carried on in independent factories though where the material is knitted, both knitting and garment making may be done in the same factory.\n\nAs a matter of general interest it may be noted that The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce has established a Committee which is to draw up a list of accredited producers in Hong Kong. Producers will only be included in this list when they signify their willingness to accept the following conditions:\n\n(a) to guarantee standards of quality established by the Committee,\n\n(b) to undertake to meet all claims established as fair after arbitration,\n\n(c) to conform to factory and labour legislation,\n\n(d) to allow inspection by the Committee at any stage of manufacture,\n\n(e) to pay close attention to customs requirements connected with Imperial preference,\n\n(f)...\n\nPage 41",
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    {
        "id": 600225,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 54,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "CONFIDENTIAL 53\n\nA.\n\nSection 1.\n\nCOMMENTS ON\n\nNOTE FOR PUBLICATION.\n\nGeneral.\n\n(a) Employment figures for December 1949:\n\nTotal number employed in cotton textiles (including spinning, knitting, garment-making, hosiery and cloth calendering) - 20,649 in 372 concerns.\n\n(b) Big expansion in spinning to: 12 mills with 5,971 workers. Automatic looms now in 4 weaving concerns; in one more now being installed - beginning of modernisation in weaving section.\n\n(d) Very large proportion of very small concerns in all except spinning section:\n\n(i) Knitting, garments and hosiery combined: one half of total number of concerns employ 20 workers or under; and less than one-sixth employ 50 or over.\n\n(ii) Weaving: a little over one-third employ 20 or under, and a little less than a third 50 or over.\n\n(iii) In addition, large numbers of unregistrable places are run more or less as family concerns, making garments and hand-woven material.\n\n(e) Not quite accurate to say that the garment-making section is carried on in independent factories - true for shirts of woven material, but where of knitted material frequently knitting and garment-making done by same factory.\n\n(f)\n\nThe following extract from a report on the Knitted Piece Goods Industry made in February 1948 is still relevant:\n\n\"In making knitted piece goods there are two distinct sections: I. manufacture of the rolls of knitted material; II. making up the material into a variety of garments of all sizes and styles: vests, singlets, pants, open-necked sports shirts and shirts with a button opening at the neck.\n\nOf the one hundred and seven factories inspected, thirty-seven had only section I, twenty-six only section II, and the remaining forty-four worked all processes from the yarn to the completed garment. A number of factories have in addition their own dyeing plant but this is not universal.\"\n\n(i) Tempo and output. Generally speaking, true to say that the output of a Chinese workman is considerably less than that of an English workman of similar skill, but it is not true of the spinning operatives.\n\nThe spinning mills, run on modern lines with modern machinery, and skill and output of operatives the equal of their Lancashire counterpart. This greater concentration compensated for by better wages (higher general average than elsewhere), good factory conditions, subsidised food, free quarters, free medical attention and some recreational facilities.\n\nThe tempo of certain processes in garment-making can be fairly quick, but work usually not nearly as sustained and continuous.\n\n(ii) Workers have comparative freedom to come and go during working hours, and also to take casual leave. Common in all except spinning for workers to supply a substitute for a period of casual leave desired for any important family affairs.\n\nThe provision of a substitute is not always required as the larger concerns often have one or two workers specifically for that purpose and, in smaller concerns, a member of the proprietor's family can often do the job.",
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        "id": 600230,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 59,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "58\n\nB. Points mentioned in Mr. Grossmith's letter. What the Labour Department is doing to see that conditions are as good as possible?\n\n(a) Hours.\n\n(i) Encourage workers and employers to consider reduction in hours and bring about themselves. If any agreements contemplated suggest clause re hours.\n\n(ii) The I.L.O. Conventions regarding hours are loyally observed by the Labour Department and regulations in accordance with these are strictly enforced. Regular inspections are made to see that there are no breaches of the regulations in industrial undertakings. Where permission for special extension of hours for women and young persons (Reg. 8(2) under the Factories and Workshops Ordinance), strict check kept on such establishments for hours and for overtime rates which must be paid.\n\n(iii) This question of hours is made more difficult by the willingness of the women to work beyond the prescribed period. It is worthy of note that on one occasion an attempt made by the union committee to include in an agreement a clause stipulating a reduction in hours, was completely defeated by the members themselves.\n\nFurthermore (1) from some points of view in a tropical country work at night might be better for women as it is cooler; (2) factories are frequently less crowded and the atmosphere more wholesome than the homes of many workers as Hong Kong is so overcrowded and from the point of view of health, might be better working than in own homes.\n\n(b) Efficiency.\n\n(i) Where possible better conditions are insisted on. Many factories are still in tenement-type buildings, inevitable with overcrowding, and in proportion, a small amount of building. But all those on temporary year-to-year registration are encouraged to rebuild either separately, if resources are sufficient, or, if not, in flatted-type.\n\n(ii) New buildings. When plans are submitted, advice from Chief Labour Inspector re. lay-out of plant, spacing, machinery, etc.\n\n(iii) Old buildings. Advice re. rearrangement for increased efficiency.\n\n(iv) Chief Labour Inspector meets members of Chinese Manufacturers' Union to discuss problems in various industries (Chairman of Chinese Manufacturers' Union is the owner of the weaving factory where the training system has been started (see (c) below).\n\n(v) Gradual introduction of new machinery; 5 places now as opposed to one place at the beginning of the year with automatic looms.\n\n(vi) Increasing attention paid to workers' health by employers generally. Good in spinning which is all modern, regular medical visits, etc. and qualified nurse - not so good elsewhere generally because of more limited resources. It would seem that generally speaking the health is improved in comparison with pre-war.\n\nN.B. All the foregoing should help to increase efficiency.",
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    {
        "id": 600231,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "(c) Training\n\n(i) Spinning industry regular graduated system of training and wages for learners usually lasting 3-6 months. (ii) Other sections more haphazard, usually left to mechanic and introducer to arrange for tuition anything from a few days to few weeks. (iii) Now one weaving factory has inaugurated regular training system - this outcome of interest in vocational training shown by the Citizens' Welfare Association in one district. Other similar associations also interested and it is hoped that pioneer will be followed by many. (iv) Labour Department and Education Department very much alive to problems of training and hoping to get something going with apprenticeship and training, but cannot be done immediately without adequate preparation.\n\n(a) Wages.\n\nWages may appear small but have in fact increased since the war proportionately more than cost of living, and standard of living (except in respect of housing) is higher. Workers' organisations are encouraged by the Department to make agreements with associations of employers. Very difficult matter to deal with, especially as regards improving rates when a large pool of labour is always available and particularly now and during the last 12 months with conditions in China.\n\n(e) General Conditions.\n\n(f)\n\nRegular checks on registered concerns possible and done in respect of safety, health and welfare, hours, etc. Regular checks on all small unregistrable concerns would be very difficult even with a much increased staff, but if any are seen in the course of ordinary inspections, visited, regulations explained and advice given.\n\nChinese, in spite of remarks above slower tempo, lesser output, etc., are industrious and nearly always willing to work overtime if extra financial inducement.\n\nThe following information, not necessarily for publication, was obtained about prices from two of the largest concerns.\n\n(1) Factory making garments from woven material.\n\nShirts made from Hong Kong woven cotton drill. Sold F.O.B. $72-$77 per dozen for the following measurements:\n\n  \n    Collar\n    Chest\n    Length Front\n    Back\n    Sleeve\n    Shoulder\n    Armpit\n    Cuff\n  \n  \n    14½\" - 16½\"\n    44\"\n    31\" - 33\"\n    33½\"-\" 35\"\n     - 34\"\n    18\"\n20\"\n    10\" - 11\"\n    9½\"1\n10½\"\n  \n\nBoys' shirts: $55.30 - $60 per dozen.\n\nPage 60\n\nPage 61",
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    {
        "id": 600233,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 62,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "A\n\nCONFIDENTIAL\n\nCOMMENTS ON\n\nNOTE FOR PUBLICATION.\n\nSection 1. General.\n\n(a) Employment figures for December 1949:\n\nTotal number employed in cotton textiles (including spinning, knitting, garment-making, hosiery and cloth calendering) - 20,649 in 372 concerns.\n\n(b) Big expansion in spinning to: 12 mills with 5,971 workers. Automatic looms now in 4 weaving concerns; in one more now being installed – beginning of modernisation in weaving section.\n\n(d) Very large proportion of very small concerns in all except spinning section:\n\n(1) Knitting, garments and hosiery combined: one half of total number of concerns employ 20 workers or under; and less than one-sixth employ 50 or over.\n\n(ii) Weaving: a little over one-third employ 20 or under, and a little less than a third 50 or over.\n\n(iii) In addition, large numbers of unregistrable places are run more or less as family concerns, making garments and hand-woven material.\n\n(e) Not quite accurate to say that the garment-making section is carried on in independent factories - true for shirts of woven material, but where of knitted material frequently knitting and garment-making done by same factory.\n\nThe following extract from a report on the Knitted Piece Goods Industry made in February 1948 is still relevant:-\n\n\"In making knitted piece goods there are two distinct sections: I. - manufacture of the rolls of knitted material; II. - making up the material into a variety of garments of all sizes and styles: vests, singlets, pants, open-necked sports shirts and shirts with a button opening at the neck.\n\nOf the one hundred and seven factories inspected, thirty-seven had only section I, twenty-six only section II, and the remaining forty-four worked all processes from the yarn to the completed garment. A number of factories have in addition their own dyeing plant but this is not universal.\"\n\n(1) Tempo and output. Generally speaking, true to say that the output of a Chinese workman is considerably less than that of an English workman of similar skill, but it is not true of the spinning operatives.\n\nThe spinning mills, run on modern lines with modern machinery, and skill and output of operatives the equal of their Lancashire counterpart. This greater concentration compensated for by better wages (higher general average than elsewhere), good factory conditions, subsidised food, free quarters, free medical attention and some recreational facilities.\n\nThe tempo of certain processes in garment-making can be fairly quick, but work usually not nearly as sustained and continuous.\n\n(11) Workers have comparative freedom to come and go during working hours, and also to take casual leave. Common in all except spinning for workers to supply a substitute for a period of casual leave desired for any important family affairs.\n\nThe provision of a substitute is not always required as the larger concerns often have one or two workers specifically for that purpose and, in smaller concerns, a member of the proprietor's family can often do the job.",
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        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "66\n\nB.\n\nPoints mentioned in Mr. Grossmith's letter.\n\nWhat the Labour Department is doing to see that conditions are as good as possible?\n\n(a) Hours.\n\n(i) Encourage workers and employers to consider reduction in hours and bring about themselves. If any agreements contemplated suggest clause re hours.\n\n(ii) The I.L.O. Conventions regarding hours are loyally observed by the Labour Department and regulations in accordance with these are strictly enforced. Regular inspections are made to see that there are no breaches of the regulations in industrial undertakings. Where permission for special extension of hours for women and young persons (Reg. 8(2) under the Factories and Workshops Ordinance), strict check kept on such establishments for hours and for overtime rates which must be paid.\n\n(iii) This question of hours is made more difficult by the willingness of the women to work beyond the prescribed period. It is worthy of note that on one occasion an attempt made by the union committee to include in an agreement a clause stipulating a reduction in hours, was completely defeated by the members themselves.\n\nFurthermore (1) from some points of view in tropical country work at night might be better for women as cooler; (2) factories are frequently less crowded and the atmosphere more wholesome than the homes of many workers as Hong Kong is so overcrowded and from point of view of health, might be better working than in own homes.\n\n(b) Efficiency.\n\n(i) Where possible better conditions insisted on. Many inevitable factories still in tenement-type buildings with overcrowding, and in proportion, small amount of building. But all those on temporary year to year registration and encouraged to rebuild either separately, if resources sufficient or, if not, in flatted-type.\n\n(ii) New buildings. When plans submitted, advice from Chief Labour Inspector re. lay-out of plant, spacing, machinery, etc.\n\n(iii) Old buildings. Advice re. rearrangement for increased efficiency.\n\n(iv) Chief Labour Inspector meets members of Chinese Manufacturers' Union to discuss problems in various industries (Chairman of Chinese Manufacturers' Union is the owner of the weaving factory where the training system has been started (see (c) below)).\n\n(v) Gradual introduction new machinery — 5 places now as opposed to one place at beginning of year with automatic looms.\n\n(vi) Increasing attention paid to workers' health by employers generally. Good in spinning which is all modern, regular medical visits, etc. and qualified nurse — not so good elsewhere generally because more limited resources. It would seem that generally speaking the health is improved in comparison with pre-war.\n\nN.B. All foregoing should help to increase efficiency.",
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    {
        "id": 600239,
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        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 68,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "(c) Training\n\n←\n\n(1) Spinning industry regular graduated system of training and wages for learners usually lasting 3-6 months. (11) Other sections more haphazard, usually left to mechanic and introducer to arrange for tuition anything from a few days to few weeks. (iii) Now one weaving factory has inaugurated regular training system this outcome of interest in vocational training shown by the Citizens' Welfare Association in one district. Other similar associations also interested and it is hoped that pioneer will be followed by many. (iv) Labour Department and Education Department very much alive to problems of training and hoping to get something going with apprenticeship and training, but cannot be done immediately without adequate preparation.\n\n(a) Wages.\n\nWages may appear small but have in fact increased since the war proportionately more than cost of living, and standard of living (except in respect of housing) is higher. Workers' organisations are encouraged by the Department to make agreements with associations of employees. Very difficult matter to deal with, especially as regards improving rates when a large pool of labour is always available and particularly now and during the last 12 months with conditions in China.\n\n(e) General Conditions.\n\n(f)\n\nRegular checks on registered concerns possible and done in respect of safety, health and welfare, hours, etc. Regular checks on all small unregistrable concerns would be very difficult even with a much increased staff, but if any are seen in the course of ordinary inspections, visited, regulations explained and advice given.\n\nChinese, in spite of remarks above slower tempo, lesser output, etc., are industrious and nearly always willing to work overtime if extra financial inducement.\n\nThe following information, not necessarily for publication, was obtained about prices from two of the largest concerns.\n\n(1) Factory making garments from woven material.\n\nShirts made from Hong Kong woven cotton drill. Sold F.O.B. $72-$77 per dozen for the following measurements:\n\n  \n    Collar\n    14\" - 16\"\n  \n  \n    Chest\n    44\" - 48½\"\n  \n  \n    Length Front\n    31\" - 33\"\n  \n  \n    Back\n    33\" - 35\"\n  \n  \n    Sleeve\n    33\" - 34\"\n  \n  \n    Shoulder\n    18\" - 20\"\n  \n  \n    Armpit\n    \n  \n  \n    Cuff\n    10\" - 11\"\n  \n\nBoys' shirts: $55.30 - $60 per dozen.",
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        "page_number": 72,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "Provision for case of persons employed by piece-work where a minimum time-rate but no general minimum piece-rate has been fixed.\n\n9 Edw. 7, c. 22, s. 8,\n\nPrevention of evasion.\n\n9 Edw. 7, c. 22, s. 9.\n\n(2) Where an employer who is charged with an offence against this Ordinance proves to the satisfaction of the court that he has used due diligence to enforce the execution of the Ordinance and that the offence was in fact committed by his agent or some other person without his knowledge, consent, or connivance, he shall, in the event of the conviction of that agent or other person for the offence, be exempt from any fine in respect of the offence, without prejudice, however, to the power of the court under sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 5 to adjudge him to pay any sum which appears to the court to be due to the person employed on account of wages.\n\n(3) Where the immediate employer of any worker to whom a minimum rate of wages applies is himself in the employment of some other person and that worker is employed on the premises of that other person, that other person shall for the purposes of the provisions of this Ordinance relating to the penalty for not paying wages in accordance with the minimum rate be deemed to be the employer of the worker jointly with the immediate employer.\n\n7. (1) An employer shall, in cases where persons are employed on piece-work and a general minimum time-rate but no general minimum piece-rate has been fixed, be deemed to pay wages at less than the minimum rate—\n\n(a) in cases where a special minimum piece-rate has been fixed under the provisions of this Ordinance for persons employed by that employer, if the rate of wages paid is less than that special minimum piece-rate; and\n\n(b) in cases where a special minimum piece-rate has not been so fixed, unless he shows that the piece-rate of wages paid would yield, in the circumstances of the case, to an ordinary worker at least the same amount of money as the basis rate.\n\n(2) For the purpose of this section the expression \"basis rate\" means the general minimum time-rate or, where a rate (in this Ordinance referred to as a \"piece-work basis time-rate\") has been fixed by the Governor in Council for the purpose of being substituted for the general minimum time-rate as the basis rate, the rate so fixed.\n\nThe Governor in Council may fix a piece-work basis time-rate in any case in which, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, he is of opinion that the general minimum time-rate does not form a proper basis for the purposes of paragraph (b) of sub-section (1) of this section, and a piece-work basis time-rate may be higher or lower than the general minimum time-rate and may be fixed so as to apply universally to the trade or so as to apply to any special process in the work of the trade or to any special area, or to any class of workers in the trade or to any class of workers in any special process or in any special area.\n\n8. Any shopkeeper, dealer or trader, who by way of trade makes any arrangement express or implied with any worker in pursuance of which the worker performs any work for which a minimum rate of wages has been fixed under this Ordinance, shall be deemed for the purposes of this Ordinance to be the employer of the worker, and the net remuneration obtainable by the worker in respect of the work after allowing for his necessary expenditure in connexion with the work shall be deemed to be wages.\n\n9. (1) Where a worker in any trade, being a person to whom a minimum rate of wages fixed by the Governor in Council applies, is an apprentice or learner, it shall not be lawful for his employer to receive directly or indirectly from him, or on his behalf or on his account, any payment by way of premium.\n\nProvided that nothing in the foregoing provisions shall apply to any such payment duly made in pursuance of any instrument of apprenticeship not later than four weeks after the commencement of the employment.\n\n(2) If any employer acts in contravention of this provision, he shall be liable on summary conviction in respect of each offence to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars, and the court may by the conviction, in addition to imposing a fine, adjudge him to repay to the worker or other person by whom the payment was made the sum improperly received by way of premium.\n\n8 & 9 Geo. 5, c. 32, s. 7.\n\n10.—(1) Any officer of any Government Department for the time being assisting in carrying this Ordinance into effect shall have power for the performance of his duties—\n\n(a) to require the production of wages sheets or other record of wages by an employer, and records of payments made to outworkers by persons giving out work and to inspect and examine the same and copy any material part thereof;\n\n(b) to require any person giving out work and any outworker to give any information which it is in his power to give with respect to the names and addresses of the persons to whom the work is given out or from whom the work is received, as the case may be, and with respect to the payments to be made for the work;\n\n(c) at all reasonable times to enter any factory or workshop or any place used for giving out work to outworkers;\n\n(d) to inspect and copy any material part of any list of outworkers kept by an employer or person giving out work to outworkers; and\n\n(e) to examine, either alone or in the presence of any other person, as he thinks fit, with respect to any matters under this Ordinance any person whom he finds in any factory or workshop or any place used for giving out work to outworkers, or whom he has reasonable cause to believe to be or to have been a worker in any trade to which a minimum rate under this Ordinance is applicable, and to require every such person to be so examined, and to sign a declaration of the truth of the matters in respect of which he is so examined.\n\n(2) If any person fails to furnish the means required by an officer as necessary for any entry or inspection or the exercise of his powers under this section, or if any person hinders or molests any officer in the exercise of the powers given by this section, or refuses to produce any document or give any information which any officer requires him to produce or give under the powers given by this section, that\n\n9 Edw. 7, c. 22, s. 15\n\nPage 72\n\n―\n\n5\n\nPage 73",
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    {
        "id": 600252,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950",
        "content_text": "CMYME NEW3 \n\nکار جیم \n\nShut the door on the shilling shirt \n\nR\n\nEMEMBER how, fifteen years ago, British folk were shocked by the shilling shirt? \n\nMade in Japan, it was flooding the markets of the world. It was five shillings cheaper than anything the mills of Lancashire could produce. It put Lancashire cotton workers out of jobs by the thousand. \n\nAnd the busy Japanese were not only making shirts. They sold the world sixpenny socks, 3d.-a-dozen matches, bicycles that were pounds cheaper than anything Britain could turn \n\nAll out. seemed like the \"genuine article\" Britain had been proudly making for decades. \n\nIs it all going to happen again? At this vital moment in Britain's recovery drive is there a chance that we shall have to meet the Japanese on the unfair terms that poorly-paid labour can give the manufacturers of the Far East? Many British businessmen think so. \n\nThey see the way things are going by the arrival here of East's first 3s. 6d. the Far shirts. A thousand dozen piled up in a big Manchester warehouse last week. \n\nTrue, these aren't Japanese shirts sneaked in from Hong Kong under Imperial Preference - they were made in Hong Kong itself from yarn either spun locally or originating in the Empire. \n\nBut British manufacturers see the possible danger. Nearer home, too, they see how post-war Germany may try to enter their markets with cut-price goods. \n\nNow let us take a close-up of two average workers in Japan and Germany. Sunday Empire News special correspondents yesterday cabled these first-hand reports: \n\nTOKIO \n\nFrom Richard Hughes \n\nO\n\na\n\nUT into the snow and drizzle of black Osaka winter morning clops 35-year-old Torao Zuzuki, textile worker at Keneguchi cotton mills. \n\nZuzuki-San, the shabbiest man in the world, wears darned slop clothes, wooden geta (clogs), carries his lunchbox of rice, dried fish and pickles under his arm. \n\nHe faces a half-hour railway trip in a packed car to his factory, where he begins work at 8 a.m. and finishes at 5 p.m. Six days a week, earning 4,000 yen (say £4) a month. \n\nHe shares a three-roomed paper and bamboo home near the main Osaka canal with his in-laws, whose own home was burned down in the early American fire raids. \n\nWith his wife, his mother-in-law, father-in-law, and two children, he sits, eats and sleeps on the matting floor of his tiny home, where all the fuel for cooking and heating is provided by charcoal. \n\nOnce again Britain may face peril from the sweated mills of Japan and a new Germany out to get rich again. \n\nHere is the first-hand background to a story which affects every worker in Britain. \n\nor\n\nHere is the first 3s. 6d. boy's shirt Britain has seen in years. But it isn't a Japanese product - it comes in from Hong Kong, made from locally-spun Empire yarn. \n\nAt the factory, where American rationalisation methods have recently been spurring on production and cutting operating costs, he labours earnestly and uncomplainingly to produce inferior textiles at one-third the cost of Lancashire textiles. \n\nCrowding into the stuffy railway carriage beside him is his neighbour, Kenichi Takahashi, who wears a 1918-style white mask as a protection against tuberculosis germs and who labours in a gimcrack toy factory near Kaneguichi textile mill. \n\nTakahashi-San smears yellow paint on mass-produced duck toys made in imitation of an English model and now selling at one-quarter of the English cost in Indonesia, India, South America. Takahashi-San is a relatively unskilled worker, but because he has four children he earns five thousand yen (£5) a month. \n\nNeither Zuzuki-San nor Takahashi-San, who part with elaborate bows at the factory gates, has money, opportunity, nor leisure - nor the desire for recreation or sport. \n\nEach solemnly throws a baseball to his companion at the half-hour meal break and the two toss down a few glasses of sake (warm rice wine) or excellent Japanese beer after work on the way home. \n\nThey take their children for a walk on their weekly day off, and they are still far more comfortable in their yukata (informal Japanese) than in kimono Western-style dress. \n\nThey tend to suspect the union organisers, who urge them to unite for higher wages and a higher standard of living. So long as they have enough to eat - and by comparative standards they are eating more than English workers are - they content to continue the ancient Japanese tradition of Spartan hard work, living, and obedience to authority. \n\nThey know that their Emperor saved them - and the world - from hardship and suffering by graciously ending the war, which the Americans were using hideously unfair bombing, and they know that the Americans are now busily helping them recover industrially. \n\nThey blandly accept their coolie rice-bowl standards of living - because they still know no other. On the bowed shoulders of eighty million Suzukis and Takahashis Japan is doggedly hoping to win its way back to Asiatic leadership and leadership of the world markets. \n\nBERLIN \n\nFrom Antony Terry \n\nC\n\nUTLERY, cars, cameras, toys, textiles and Rhine wine are some of the things Germany hopes to sell to the world in increasing quantities during the next few years. \n\nTypical of the energy Germans are putting into rebuilding their export trade is the spectacular post-war comeback of the £2,000,000 people's car plant near Brunswick. \n\nFour miles of factory built by Hitler to make amphibious jeeps to carry his armies across France and Russia finished up a mass of twisted scrap-iron after a dozen heavy R.A.F. raids in 1944. \n\nWhen British troops took over the plant the official description was 70 per cent. destroyed.\" British Control Commission officials who followed the troops immediately set about putting the Volkswagen factory on its feet again. \n\nThe brilliant American-trained director of the Volkswagen plant hopes eventually to oust British cars from Scandinavia and other European markets and to step up output to 60,000 cars a year. \n\nWorking conditions in the Volkswagen factory, where 10,000 are now employed, are good by German standards. Forty-nine-year-old Kurt Schroeder, who earns £5 a week fitting \"luxury upholstery\" inside the £440 export model of the Volkswagen, pays 10s. a week for his spotlessly clean, simply furnished single room on the Nazi-built housing estate and, of course, he has no fares to pay. \n\nHe cycles to work, pays £1 a week to his landlady for a single meat-meal a day and takes a packet of brown bread and dripping for his mid-shift meal. \n\nMy Sidebottens. \n\nMEHA. Hall. \n\nMr. Faircli \n\nMe Adio",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-629-11 Manufacture of shirts 1-1-1950 - 30-11-1950.txt",
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