[
    {
        "id": 241300,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-062 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 325,
        "title": "CO129-062 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "The Hongkong Register. \n\n24 \n\nNO. 6. FEBRUARY 10, 1857. \n\nLeaving his shop, which was to be burned, to take While we cannot fail to admire the philosophic ed; a largeness of thought, which has some of the effect of lantry and self-devotion to which he pished briefly\n\nestrup They think in lakhs and pounds, of provinces advert. There were on board the Birkenhead, in að- sare itself, and carrying biz \"pate in peril\" into view which our contemporary tales of this as fut parishes, of populations and classes of society. Mondition to the soldiers, a number of women and children a place where it could be more easily cut off. To every other great question, we must confess our we have seen race to warm the Katrs se children, and sick persons. The discipline exhibited by the troops as the inference is natural, that he feared to lose selves at a loss in arriving at way thing like a Tinta Joelity, cannot regard & Katie war i\n\nwyl:tu-\n\nhis family, and knowing he would do so if he repractical solution of his vast problem. It is, in its purtent. Tee who saw a badron more numbered and while the vessel was going to pieces under their feet was efficient than that of the Mediterranean despatched to Kanot remarkable. The only boats available were filled mained here, unless he first of all lost his life, he present unwieldy hulk and shapeless outline, too goon sus phrase, canol consider air davedition to Naples with the women and children, und went off from the fled with them to save himself, taking with him, as many for ue. It is like the discovery of a new very exfestive effort. Even the advance of Rusis which ship's side; so that the officers Kil soldiers, remaining he supposed, the lives of a large number of foreign-planet outside all our known sidereal system, and which has seen the red ine in a single reigu embrace King means of safety, and, calm and motionless, awaited the swallows comicis in a year, per less strange to a public on deck, deliberately deprived themselves of their only ers as a peace offering to the Mandarins; perhaps which we must consequently take upon trust of doms grew in a Frapoan houseby. This disposition, sinking of the messe). Their noble conduct was well also calculating that in the event of the poison the mathematician's calculations. When the however, though wo adnit its advai rugs, las one very described by Captain Wright, one of the survivors, who\n\nserious drawback. It war's triday to their true proportion, carrying off a large number, he would be more Friend has added the three or four hundred but it blinds us somewhat to tou alcance of the events\n\nu a private letter, said that all the odiders received their with us mattips round 1, the said that all the odiders received their with us mattips round 1, the sunly vir rus taan indemnified for what he lost here. Waat he 1 millions of China, to the hundred and fly with Stienst the account of ties attack Chaton, que af bucking, lastead of going to she bottom; that, indeed, orders and had them carried out as if the men were êm-\n\nspeculded ist um 1 effeat at focision would exorci never saw an crabarkation conducted with such\n\nan\n\nthe boats were filled with women and children, and fer a war of conquest, the Exeter Hall wit be clamorets must inevitably be swamped if their living freight were\n\nwas to lose here was advanced as a reason why he millions of Hindostar, his aggregate becomes a was not likely to commit such a crime; it was ecraething so stupendous, that the very idea cakes n the opium trade Of de few who believe at Sir Johu absence of note and confusion at there was not a however shown, that he was nothing more than sa our breath away, especially if this heterogenous Bowring intends to keep the city, the majority regard the single ery or morietur from any of the men; but, just active, perhaps thriving tradeanan. We say. per- mass of peoples and tribes and nations, is expected as a lead to in inexplicable To Plori before the final plunge a suggestion having been made, polertiary it is said, can have a settled policy lie at that ail who could swim should jump overboard and join haps thriving tradesman, because it may be, that to cohere under the unity of the same Imperial ient is not infected by the with dreams of the? Friend of the boats, the officers begged them not to do so, because if he were able collect his recounts he would be Rule emanating from a geographical speck in the Indiu. aowa sled the Condly ental powera will not per in a position to pay the very heavy debts he owes. Northern seas at a disttee of ten thousandil us to hold land in Cia, Dist Pa-Esment, will not suf perhaps not. Hut, to continue with his statement, tuiles. It is true this is the age of wonders and against the frightful siaughter of them and brothers! Be increased, when the men replied by a cheer and only he takes bread to be consumed by his family on monster undertakings. We are told that distance fort is, and is; be, it is said, a mers provali, rifuru three of them attempted to reach the bonds (Heat the passage, and to be given away to his friendsinis anihilated. We are at this moment putting in the Earoy will not have the mears to follow our bear.) This net of chol keroism, which had been es\n\nIt may guntoran, Tha bombardment, and virtual timated at its full value, not in this country alone but lus native village. Strange to say his liberality in electric girdle around our Indian dominions, conquers of the third city in the wori thay be simply an abroad, and find done much to sustain, and even su czise, commences on board of the steamer, and we find which will virtually establish our imperial presence \"incident.\" The tempt to retain it may be premature, or the high character of our army for unflinching diset- biru cutting up the not very large supply of four at Calcutta and Delhi, and carry the imperial fiat may be overbell, or y bu rastrate by the Jealousy of\n\nother European powers. But it may also be, that another pline, was beyond all praise. This result was in a greet loaves among a dozen people! Then we are told for peace or war and all the main issues of gov stroke los sounlod of the great passing ball which this Can- incasure due to the efforts of Colonel Scatoo, who was he offered 50 and eventually $100 if the crument, to eur most distant borders, in less than sury is ringing veus the ions of the Bast. Bin your certainly no ordinary man, and who rare talent for own view of the subject is upon to grave question \"Sir gaining the effections of the soldiers unter his command steaner would go back to Hongkong that night, the fortieth part of \"forty minutes.\" Even at\n\nJohn Bowring, the qua phitose e Gadici, is not and moulding them to his will had trained these men, the offer being made after the fires were put out, the same put are the solitudes of the the great ways for the sake of falling on his face. most of whom were young and untried levies, to face It must have been one of Ahlum's unlucky days Euphrates Valley, hitherto but the lonely halting His sotions at least indicate something very like a settled danger and death with unshaken fortitude. (Hear, hear.) in which so many extraordinarily suspicioua cir- place of the wild Bedouin, being broken in upoti detuviction, Frau is not about to oppase, for the men of An equal meed was due to all the other officers and men cumstances were arrayed against him, though his by the heralds of our civilization, as they map it the grims were in the breach, and the Muleur values prosent on this trying. occasion, (Hear, hear.) The patente cordial. While France and England net in ect, youngest officer of the regiment, to whore life was full Inek certainly was in the ascendant on the trial, as it for that iron road which shall convey a future\n\nit masters very little whed the reader of Barope chriose of hope and promise, trod the deck by the side of his to fancy in the mater. Nor is it at certain that he blow the result shews. To go on to other points, we have British Viceroy within a week from St. Jamess to\n\ncommander with an em a step, and looked upon the will be misouderstand at home. Lord Palingesson is still first of all his numerous contradictory statement the Ganges.\n\nghastly horrors of death with as much travery and com- dietacor, and likely to remain no, and it was lord Palmer- as to whether ho was going, or not going to leav-\n\neton who said that one day we should be compelled to co-\n\nposure as those who had been longest ingred to peril ing Hongkong. He tells the public in a chop; i\n\nquer China\n\n(Haar.) He (Mr Gordon) did not think'it too late to That grent Seligious body which you call Exe fer Hall, and which when in earnest is evorger than a the\n\nmark the country's sense of the discipline and heroisuz of men who liad thus calmly sacrificed their lives la savo\n\nIt will no doubt be argued,-if we have thus\n\nJudia, while\n\nis not on the side of Manchester. Every religiosa peper others, and he therefore begged to put the question uf\n\nnien\n\nthat he feguing he tells people that he fears centralized our rule and comenlidated our power he must go, at the very time he had his worthy over the vast continent of India, giving the philosophers in the kingdes, on the snigeer of amuxation aid grandmother's letter in his pocket which ad- blessings of peace and goed government to itaf mack in England approves the unexation of Use. The which he had given notice. (Tere, hear.) vised him to remain, aud on which advice he said long oppressed and plundered races, shall we repeated murders of Missionaria, the prepetual insults co Sir G. Grey said that every one acqualated with dew he intended to act. We have bie final assertion | shrink from a similar mission upon thus, waere Christianity, avove ail de up-rising of a new high which,citemstances just described he his hon. friend must\n\nbe it what it may, is founded on the Bible, have borne teir\n\nIt la nut vo ceronic a many insgime that the len filly concur in the feeling tribute which he had paid to that he would not go home, and by way of every enormity of misrule and every phase of it.\"\n\nthe gallart and devoted band of British officers and adencher the purchase of a cargo of word; net social disruption and suffering, seem to cry aloud pounders even will protest. The sales about the mild Hit-\n\nwho lost their lives on the melancholy occasion of the withstanding all this he does go. He is brought to the Invader in the naine of our curamundou which slinded Fatope for half a centary, have never\n\nbeen circulated about the Chinese. That race is underated wreck of the Birkenhead. This act of cole daring, per- back, tried, and found not guilty, and the crime humanity; and shall we shrink from this great duty very nearly in its true character, as one in which disgusting furitest by men who were not inspired by the incentives\n\nuncenaid by a cruelty abhorrent the warat is now laid to the charge of two abeconding fore. solely through fear of offending political jeal seriguality\n\nor surmanded with the glory and excitement of the bat men, who, far any thing we see that could be! Ousica, and because of the sgnitude of the of the ropean peoples. It is just possible,we write in tlefield, bat under circumstances in which there were no mumise deference to the community who deals in api approving eyes to see them, deterred to equal measure brought against them, might return and take their enterprise? Its mognitede is, after all perhaps, that England say vitare le approve. And then-\n\nof admiration and gratitude with the brightest achieve. trial, in all confidence that the black deed could more Collossal than formidable. It may be that!\n\nIt is useless to predict, when the event inust so speedy ments in our military history. (Hear, hear.) With it will be found to lie cather in pussive bulk and falsify or realize all speculations. But if ever Cons of these sentiments Her Majesty's Guvernment were co- be proved by no evidence that would satisfy helpless inertia, than in any vigorous and intrinsic a failug Empire wore laiby on the fan of any land they tainly prepared to take into consideration the propriety jury of this place.\n\nThere is one consolatory point of view in this China would be but the double of what we have den up sing from below, but of its wir rotenness. The referred to. (Hear, hear.)-Times, July 19,\n\ngreatness. Numerically, the task before us in apparent in China gow, The Central Goverment is\n\nof erecting some permanent memorial of the description dying, not of any attack from without, ast event of any sad- had business, it is the fact, that the English public\n\nActually achieved are not bland thiresy, and that an Baglish jury effort it would seem to sink into insignificance in which, whatever the Manchester actout may say, a national Military people weighed down by their scaldbrug civilization have Just all the virtues which spring of strength, and without will do what it believes to be ste duty, even al though that inty may run counter, not only, to the comparison. We are year by year, doubling eztaremos a net posible. They have not even pride, for outside prefice, but even to the opinion of the and quadrupling with success, every domain of their exclusivisin is rather that of a Spanish aristoorsey than a healthy self-assertion, A new creed with some of our productive system; shall we then besitate, if the renate et Christianity and all the ferocity of Judziem judge on the bench. fa that view the trial is a great triumph. Perhaps the Chinese may not our Destiny thrust it upon us, to double the area is striving to attain dominion, as the Huguenots strove, and understand it, perhaps they may think that, what of cur Indo-deminions, and the census of unred. The sticial caste, selectal by competitive examira\n\nconquered populations? the Attorney Gencral happily designated judiciome prodigality\" may have bought justice to At present, however, all such magnificent con- turnside its blow-We cannot help that and must captions as these are remote and shadowy and so- trust to further teaching. In our first Burmese war the same brutal proceedings were carried on see our forces held at bay on the very threshaid of ash a handful of marines, is an fecere by the social ty time he has learned the value of a chapeau and sword, against as as are now being carried ou by the the Friend's great enterprise, the discussion of company predaniant for cudurfer, that it dare not even leave Since this zaemorable event, however, things have gone\n\nthe city til Fel ne given permansson. That ly to mu Chinese-poisoning and massaure-two years after quest seems premature. Still it is the first office thinking the frature of the recent angle. There are towar on asal. Nothing daunted, var countrymen #sad the commencement of that wor one of the ablest of the politician to forecast the future, especially in the world whose poputation would have forn Sir M. Say-still crowd the offices of the legations in London and Paris, chieftains, who had been among the moet ruthless on the eve of such an undertaking as we find our lab for lane. Tasre are tone the population of demand an introduction to Majesty. General Cad- of our opponents, issued an orier, that every before us at Canton, and in this view the disens- there is another town on earth in which a million of people, Dallas, sed made has appearance at court iu full military which would have'iled in parte terror. Bat we question if walleder, of Pennsylvania, has been presented by Mr. English soldier captured abonid be spared, and sion even of remote possibilitica can do no harm. with death raining over head, dared neither a fight car fly costume, wearing a badge of the Order of Cincinnati well treated. Let us hope we may have similar While we cannot follow our contemporary into Nothing but an iron social organization, noting on a rane half a yard sung No mistake about him. Another results from similar conduct in China.\n\nhis tremendous scheme of \"building up second produced such a result. Tits & resil Romsun Famples, an\n\ndeprived of the smallest capacity for Freedora. would have personage has also had his card endorsed by the cham- which cannot endace, berlain-Mr. Hart, of Philadelphia--and he had the\n\nAMERICAN PRESENTATIONS AT European Courte\n\nThe following appears In the New York Herald :— By the last accounts from Europo we learn there has been no new phase at court of an alarming character. The peace of the world not having been disturbed by tien. has all the cold cruelty of the doctrinaires hour thus Rystem fosters without the inzen which sometime gives\n\nthe contretemps of the West Point Professor, there is then strength. The gread Mansela robs the trader, and reason to believe that the secretary of state will not be retis any coin but wirh a specis: stamp. The Governor called on to communicate with Me. Dellas on the inher General pepitates two hunted a day, and teaches his ent vid clolites rights of mankind in genersi and Ameri\n\ncans in particolar. The embarrassment of Mr. Dallas is\n\nme what out of place; while to us upon the spot who Braves to make faces to frighten the Barbarians to their\n\nshipe The great population of Cantem, 100 cowardly to over, and the Weat Pelne professor has retreated. By this\n\nAnglo-Indian Bapire,\" we het Bonod to admit and the vale help scene to be, ay in the OWING to the prisoning case, a great clamor has that mighty contingencies are even at this ma-Tuption of the still vigorous barbarians. The Chinzee may lagesally, doubtless, to obtain a court dress from the costatniers at the usual price. Though sat a military been raised us to the necessity of the government, looming the troubled horizon of this; The insurgenta tave not yet predané a caw idea, If men, like Professor Muhau, he was not afraid to have a ment declaring martial law. We hardly think country. In entering upon a campaign against Christians, they are all Chinese, still consider\n\nslaughter the reacties: patl: to domini, still punca sword dangling between his legs. Probably the amiable striel master of ceremonies did not know what un honour he parties clamorous for martial law clearly un- Cant n, it is not impossible that in our very first\n\nexaminations\" as the end of all good urvornment, still ex was conferring on his sovereigu, nor did the Queen derstand wint it is, Martial law tho hand-step we shall have crossed the Rubicon of our hicind the old hawed of light from without,\n\nknow it, either. She wea probably not aware that in ing over to the military, the lives of the civi-destiny in furthermost Asis, and shall ultimately\n\nWe contas, \"herefore, dat we recive without pleasure the her presence stood in very respectable bookseller, and a fians. It existed in Scotland and in Ireland for fad ourselves involved jo anch inextricable com- roport that no material auistance will granted to Sie Hebrew of the Ilebres.\" Grub-street, though itself many long years-read what good it did in either plications, that we shall neither be able to with- John Bowing frota India. It is of erase vais to hope that excluded from the drawing-ruus, might on this pECA- Martial bus was proclaimed at the draw or stand still. The situation even in its berately on the reale of hallding up as Indian Europe, the fraternity Healy, it is time our foreign legations\n\na Government composed of Englishmen will set itauit deli- country.\n\nsion have glorified itself upon the reception of one of Cape of trucù riops (wo haljeve) a few years ag very first phase, is big with the most formidable That is not the English fashion. The gut reault must - were protected from this constant avalunetic of irrel- Bid some excesses committe d'under it were brought presentments ze regards the fature, and with theive slowly, and be in a matter forse day, or sur con- seines will scarcely be at rest. But weistande sufficient\n\nJerz, who, baving acquire money enough spend six Lo the notice of Parliament. Earl Grey had the buribers it may lay at our door. A military oc- to hold Canson Baglish opinion has been pro muaths in Europe, seek every opportunity of infing it al court Godfish and old clothes have heen sufficiently hardihood to defend it. and appeal to the example upation of the Southern capital of China-it might sll be granted. Nobody is India at least, doubts of the Duke, which brought that great nun ou ia banking centre at once the wealthiest and most that the Plenipotendary is in the right. The organent that represented abroad, and the dealers in these articles we have not men to send is after all only proity to look t aloid now hold up. The truth is, we are running our legs to tell Earl Grey he did not know what he turbulent city in the empire, appears inevitable, Europeans are not wanted. A Chinese is just as Pttle privileges it.to the ground. Our foreign minister should was talking about. He said \"I certainly licht The appropriation of the Imperial revenues pro tema, marel for a sens as he is for An Englishmay, and we can decline presenting any but those whe by their public countries occupied by my armies noder martial follows a matter of course, and pro fem. at dolormined fud se What are tes reginents of loc-\n\nula infantry Indin? The gay could be ill up ook dietiverian. Ar eminent man, or an accomplished and services and position at home are fairly untruted to the law, but I did bot administer the crim.onl justice lost, the Imperial Government is supplanted by\n\nand conveyance for them cen, un reluced to a prestin về of those countries. that was done by the ordina. an invading Power, and, once suppisnted, what ry tribunals of the country; and the only persons Seer shall foretell the day of its restoration, with I beld subject to martial law were those composii subduct, and with the evil spirit of centuries so may wild elements of disorder to be first the armies nuder my orden\n\nMartial inw will not mend the matter; and be\n\nyand the summary execution of spies and the de. portation of vagrant Chinese wa kertainly alone not proceed. We have warned the government as to the necessity of vigilance, and we have urged them to adopt proper precautions, but we equally warn them against the brutality of Military Jaw which ought solely to be confined to the regain- tion of military men.\n\nCommunicated)\n\nHepere, There are or cough for hire. What is earful woman, right very well expect this attention- wasted is new men or steamers, but a formal rengusion of thought in some cases within our knowledge, even when it has been intimated to suit that their appearance at of says is to sell cotton. The pher, and it is pochtaps the the faci, waste so low to ac-zpt, that the Anglo-Saxen Te in this mixteenth neutmy has fivo furetless to perform. One court would be agreeable, they have declined the honour\n\nblom infancy, to oper. with a strong hand a pak by\n\nrather than enjoy it with so many of the impurient and\n\nworthy. We propose to publish, as for as possible,\n\nto be scourged out of a stubborn goneration, lor, is to ride, to reduce the Asiatic vices to trends\n\nto us as Captain of Industry, to protect civilation, in the names of those Amereens who, when abroad, auc- We may assure curselves that a discipline such as this, is not the work of a flying campaign; way we must admit it to be quite upon the cards, that complications arising out of the emergency which taker our forces to Centon in our day may find them there in that of our children'\n\ncred in their straggles to encounter royalty, and who which a tesching me powerful tun eyes that of Anow- Ledre, may was its way abroad. We have in how the jungle anmoy our ministers with appications for the privilege. as wel as sell the are, to not as pincere as well as pillars, A curious list it would be. Is is not very ereditable to to be the teachers of truth as well as tre thoney changes of oat country to be thus known through our tuft hunters, clo world friend of India, Derober, 25, 185.\n\nand it is time we should cease trespasilag on the good nature of our legations, and the iegulations which all ther nations conform to without hesitation or uncivility. ---Globe.\n\nRECEIVING SHIPS.\n\nVeseli..\n\nA\n\nCAPTAIN.\n\nOWNERS.\n\nFort William Congkong M Dermott. P. & 6. St. N. Co. vielen Adam\n\nHOUSE OF COMMONS-- Friday, July 18, To our thinking the feature of the present struggle is, that it has come upon us without a\n\nLOSS UP HER MAJKATY'S SHIT \"DIRKINHEAD.” word of warning, noiselessly as the tread of Fate\n\nMr. Gordon anked the first Lord of the Treasury itself, not only without our seeking but after the\n\nwhether he would take into consideration the propišety Ws desire to draw the attention of the readers most humane and patient attempts to avert it;\n\nof erecting, in the chapel of Chrises Hospital, of else where, sone permanent memorial of the gallant auci of this Journal to an able article in the Friend of and that it has now assumed character which self-devoted conduct of the officers and inen lost in Her India of 25th December last, containing some in. admits of no compromise upon our part save an Majesty's ship Birkenhead on the 25th day of Febranty, teresting speculations on the present hostile crisis ignoble and a dangerous one-that we have now to 1832. The hon. member observen that it might be usk- at Canton, and on the possible alternative to which fight it out not merely with the Government of ed why he raised such a question at a perful so long it may give birth, in the progress of what our con- Chine but with the people of Cunton, and nuts the erent to which it referred. Its answer was, temporary assumes to the inevitable Destiny of merely with the people of Canton in the better war way happily terminated and we si evinced our Cast it was not an unfitting time for us, now that the Great Britain in the Eas tite que grand sense, whose pridle we shall subdue, but with gratitude to the army which fought and suffered for us ruling and abs bing Poser. In a word, the its infuriate militia, longer a patriotic soldiery, in the Crimea, to recognize services which, though of a Friend of India is not without hope that the amenable to control, but broken by defeat and peaceful character, were universally admitted to he as existing situation at Canton is but the first step disgrace into a desperate banditti, against whose balliunt and distinguished as Gay recorded in our soun\n\nHarlequin tcy's quands. The circumstances connected with the in a career of conquest, the final result of which ravages their own people will be driven to in-loss of the Birkenhead must be so fresh in the ory shail be. (thongh not necessarily in our day or plore our protection. Such is but a faint outline of all that it would be unnecessary for him to canke sur generation) the absorption of China proper into of the probable work out out for the first batta. hat the most passing allusion to thear. The vessel a our Indian empire. Thisis a bold flight certainly, lions in he landed at Canton-Who shall especially for waxen wings within the melting foret all the end 2\n\nheat of the tropics, and we have only to hope\n\nboth for sake of the advocate and his courc, that\n\nit may not prove an Icaran che.\n\nRENT EVENTS IN CHINA-Angle ladinas negaire, simply from tha tireumians by which they are surround\n\nge tooup ship--was ontployed in encrying to the Cape of Good Hupe the draw;hts of vanous regiments. to the amber of 500 men, under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Seaton, and she sailed from Queenstown in the\n\nWhimay\n\nGarant\n\nBrown\n\nM-Muric\n\nC. S. Lungrana\n\nItunoll & Co.\n\nJard.nu, M. &. Dent & Co.\n\nDent & Co.\n\nJardins, A. & Co Jardine, M. & Co. Dent & Co.\n\nDeat & s\n\n. Heard & Co. Deat, Beale & O Jardine, M. & Co.\n\n8. Sens & Co.\n\nRoger\n\nD. S. Sons & Co.\n\n11\n\nCana Family boluy Itupavil Any\n\nWition\n\n[P. F. Cama & Co.\n\nJameson\n\n33\n\nSwntow\n\nSalva\n\nHongkong\n\nPatinder\n\nLord Aust\n\nTernate\n\nChichen Fitzgibbon\n\nBarton Mahamoudie Folthau Crawford Water Watch\n\nBeby Ann Which\n\nWoosung Endicott\n\nFaily Jane\n\nPiketonu Nimrod Sea Horse\n\n¡Baylis\n\nCali\n\nKappel\n\nP. F. Cana & Co.\n\n17\n\nHenderson musty & Ca\n\nJardine M. & Co,\n\n323",
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        "id": 243196,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-066 - Public Offices - 1857",
        "page_number": 121,
        "title": "CO129-066 - Public Offices - 1857",
        "content_text": "# \n## James \n### Age District Calling \nto \n### Names \n### Age \n### District Calling \n\n| Names | Age | District | Calling |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 29. Vom Cheem | 22 | Namtive | Labourer |\n| 30. Leon Asen | 28 | Polo' | dom |\n| 31. Chemfan | 22 | Cayenchar | Labourer |\n| 59. te hem | 24 | Som fu | Labourer |\n| 60. Sam achoy | 24 | Chansean | do |\n| 61. Choy yot | 23 | ito | do |\n| 32. Leon Achiv | 26 | Chamsem | do |\n| 62. khám Nan | 28 | May cha | do |\n| 33. Seen Anan | 33 | Sanfo | do |\n| 63. Jac Asun | 27 | Sanny | do |\n| 34. Cheam acky | 25 | Sumloy | do |\n| 64. Clin Alin. | 18 | Punky | do |\n| 35. Pan pa | 26 | Chausins | do |\n| A | 15. Su Ain | 26 | Jauny | do |\n| 36 Achey Man | 25 | Ampur | do |\n| 37. Am | 25 | Sanny | do |\n| 66. Không | 22 | Sentock | do de |\n| 38 Chomso | 25 | Sanny | do |\n| 78 Vom addo | 18 | tamboe | do |\n| 38. Yam Aman | 28 | Kintav | do |\n| 69. Chen afod | 30 | Pinky | do |\n| 39. Chum apo | 28 | Sauny | do |\n| 70. Sam asi. | 23 | Saumy | do |\n| 40. Cheom Achaw | 29 | Sanny | do |\n| 41. Mas Asw | 28 | Assaw | do |\n| 42. Seem pa | 20 | Chamseand | do |\n| 11. Son jav | 25 | bemden | do |\n| 72. Jay | 23 | Way chav | do |\n| 73. Chorfin | 23 | Saumy | do |\n| 43. So sut | 22 | Tonikun. | do |\n| 74. by achas | 21 | Comenaofu | do |\n| 414. Chean Aguin | 26 | Hoppen | do |\n| 75. Chan asi | 22 | Tom Kerr | do- |\n| 45. Com aliv | 27 | Polo. | do |\n| 76. Law ahen | 22 | Pol | do |\n| 46. Jain aliv | 21 | Besan | do |\n| 77. Wem achav | 25 | Tonkin | do |\n| 47. Your Avoy | 23 | Tomkem | do |\n| 48. Chem hem. | 23 | Confu | do |\n| 49. Cheam Amen | 27 | do | do |\n| 79. Chan ayer | 26 | Sammy | do |\n| 50. Vanchad | 28 | Torikun | do. |\n| 81. Cham Achaur | 26 | Polo | don |\n| 51. Seven Kin | 22 | Samsory | do- |\n| 82. Vom You | 30 | do | do |\n| 57. Livm Asuo | 28 | Manhoe | do |\n| 83. Se am | 21 | Seulock | do |\n| 53. Mukean | 27 | Polo | do |\n| 84. Vom Asem | 25 | Chansean | do |\n| 54. Hoy fum) | 28 | May pun | do |\n| 85. Chom Aquan | 24 | Scacton | do |\n| 55. Chrom Afou | 27 | Cheminfau | do |\n| 86 Les achi | 21 | Sentock. | do |\n| 56. Si Alin | 28 | Sauvy | do |\n| 87. Leo Com | 244 | do | don |\n| 57. Chas Ca | 23 | Chamseaw | do |\n| 88. Lav av' | 21 | Chaufen | do |\n| 58. Leone Fo | 20 | Namhoe | do |\n| 89. Li avom | 24 | Polo | do |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-066 - Public Offices - 1857.txt",
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    {
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12]",
        "page_number": 293,
        "title": "CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12]",
        "content_text": "# Names of Passengers\n\nMale\n\nFemale\n\nAge\n\nProfession, Occupation or calling\n\nNative Place\n\nPort at which Passengers have contracted to land\n\nWhether a free or a hired Emigrant\n\n23\n\nMale\n\nFemale\n\nNames of Passengers\n\nAge\n\nProfession, Occupation or calling\n\nThe awo Chum asum\n\n18\n\nChanchyan Ele\n\n27\n\nRacao Ly Alor\n\n24\n\nLion Ahion\n\n22\n\ndo Saning\n\nChi Acon\n\n29\n\ndo\n\nuchon\n\nMaiat\n\n20\n\nLabourer Fanchor\n\nLay kimmpac\n\n26\n\ndo Palo\n\nHachiso\n\n20\n\nCoolie Calenchao\n\ndo Valo\n\nHuiquaesao\n\n25\n\nLiasan\n\n30\n\nLy Achon\n\n19\n\nta achu\n\n30\n\nLovohan\n\n28\n\nChan ally\n\n20\n\nYamacas\n\n22\n\nVan Aman\n\n18\n\nChan Afw\n\n18\n\nNamapon\n\n24\n\nLo alun\n\n30\n\nLam Acai\n\n18\n\ndo Sanong\n\ndo Ponhisi\n\ndo Chansian\n\nboolie Palo\n\nSanver\n\ndo\n\nSanon\n\ndo\n\nSany Chonfa. Haepin Vaichao\n\n23\n\n24\n\nMia con\n\nCarr Chiat\n\n24\n\nSion Achet\n\n23\n\nCon Anam\n\n25\n\nCham assan\n\n25\n\nVan Afu\n\n18\n\nFamamen\n\n18\n\nChamavay\n\n18\n\nXhumasim\n\n20\n\nYam Ahao\n\n25\n\nNam Assam\n\nSio Ahim\n\n30\n\nChow clim\n\n28\n\ndo\n\n〃\n\ndo\n\n\"\n\ndo\n\n\"\n\ndo\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\nde\n\nSanen\n\nPunky\n\nJuncin\n\nnamoy Chenson\n\n\"\n\n22\n\n$\n\ndo\n\nChoi Aloi\n\n20\n\nChee Apa\n\n30\n\nChia fat\n\n18\n\nJam for\n\n18\n\nChi Ahead\n\n18\n\n\"\n\nChomfa\n\nSuchom Palo Sanvor Vaichas\n\n12\n\nJanvor\n\ndo\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\n#\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\nNative Place\n\nPort at which Passengers have contracted to land\n\nWhether a free or a hired Emigrant\n\nCoolie Sanver Comerard thired\n\ndo\n\ndo\n\n29.0\n\nFree\n\n289\n\n3\n\n292\n\n\"\n\n1 True Copy/\n\nMontemal Suntary\n\n28",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 247781,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12]",
        "page_number": 455,
        "title": "CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12]",
        "content_text": "Male \n\nFemale \n\nProfession, Occu- \n\nPort of Embarkation \n\nNames of Passengers \n\nation or calling \n\nNative Place \n\nof Passengers \n\nAge \n\nAge \n\nPort at which Passengers have contracted to land \n\nWether a free \n\nor a hired Emigrant \n\nRemark \n\nPort of Embarkation \n\nMate \n\nFemale \n\nNames of Passengers \n\nAge \n\nAge \n\nProfession, Occu- pation or calling of Passengers \n\nNative Place \n\nPort at which Passengers have contracted to land \n\n4512 \n\nWether a free or a hired Emigrant \n\nRemarke \n\n  \n    Do\n    Do\n    30\n    De\n    Chomfor Ionon\n  \n  \n    Do\n    Oi fong Sonon\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    304\n    318 Chan auque\n    30\n    Coolie\n    Chinein Demerara Hired\n  \n  \n    305\n    319 Juncapsiv\n    30\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    287\n    301\n    360 lessin\n    24\n    '88 302 Lay Assin\n    23\n  \n  \n    19:0\n    Polo Chureund\n    30\n    \n    LJ\n  \n  \n    Pols Chrisind\n    \n    \n    Polo\n    \n  \n  \n    89:\n    303 Funcunlich\n    29\n    70:304\n    Cham Assio.\n  \n  \n    ·91\n    305 Quan quachy\n    29\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    192\n    306 Van linsen\n    25.\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    20\n    93\n    307 Lu Achoe\n    29\n    4\n    308 Lee Moksing\n    21\n  \n  \n    95.\n    309. Jam Alin\n    \n    96\n    310 Chan Amen.\n    24\n  \n  \n    978\n    11 Chamafat\n    30.\n    298\n    312 Chin achu\n    25\n  \n  \n    .99\n    813 Lay Assey\n    30\n    \n    \n    100\n    814 hin A chae\n    21\n  \n  \n    201\n    315 Ti cunchoe\n    30.\n    302\n    316 Chinsiakhin\n    30\n  \n  \n    303\n    317 Ly Assun\n    \n    0:\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    2\n    335 Pam Aquit\n    30\n    \n    \n    22\n    336 Chiccheon\n    \n  \n  \n    23\n    337. Cha Ayin\n    22\n    \n    24\n    338. He cam my\n    26\n  \n  \n    25\n    339 Lane thas\n    \n    28\n    \n    26\n    340 Chin Ayai\n    30.\n  \n  \n    27\n    341 Vam Capsic\n    \n    08\n    342 Has Apsin\n    \n  \n  \n    29\n    343 Pin Sinche\n    20\n    \n    18\n    do\n    Cla\n    do\n  \n  \n    Ceolies\n    Latyn Demerara Hired\n    \n    Cahinsao\n    \n    du\n    do\n    do\n  \n  \n    Ginse\n    Shoemaker\n    Lanen\n    28\n    \n    Cookies\n    Patone\n    \n  \n  \n    30\n    de\n    Macad\n    \n    do\n    do.\n    \n    33.\n  \n  \n    347.\n    Cha dun\n    \n    30.\n    341\n    44 Chonquiagen\n    18\n  \n  \n    31\n    345 Hupeunguar\n    18\n    \n    32\n    346 Chin Apan.\n    19.\n  \n  \n    Do\n    Chunlor\n    \n    do\n    Jaun\n    \n    do\n    Palo\n  \n  \n    30\n    \n    do\n    Caucha\n    \n    Oefong\n    \n    Folo Colsem\n  \n  \n    Deffor Coesem\n    \n    7\n    351 to Afo\n    \n    2/4\n    348 Lui Atay\n    22.\n  \n  \n    de\n    Haem\n    \n    33\n    349 Fumangun\n    18\n    \n    do\n  \n  \n    bước khuy cũng sai lệ\n    \n    18\n    \n    do\n    Palo\n    \n    22\n  \n  \n    do\n    Sarun\n    \n    38\n    352 Keon Sinisao.\n    30\n    \n    ds\n  \n  \n    Palo\n    \n    \n    مور\n    \n    39\n    353 Charinran.\n    30.\n  \n  \n    do\n    Chiloe\n    \n    20\n    354 Liquachun\n    20\n    \n    do\n  \n  \n    laun\n    \n    بوع.\n    Polo\n    \n    41.\n    368 Lis fo Lis\n    20\n  \n  \n    do\n    Clo\n    \n    20\n    \n    De\n    Defong\n    \n  \n  \n    2356\n    To Chinfu\n    19.\n    \n    do\n    Pale\n    \n    09\n  \n  \n    323\n    Chanseuncas\n    22\n    \n    Do\n    \n    110\n    324 Hem A Line\n  \n  \n    30\n    \n    0°\n    \n    Janeuni boesem\n    \n    133\n    57 Jun Achun\n  \n  \n    28.\n    \n    Oo\n    \n    Maen\n    \n    443\n    58 to affu\n  \n  \n    30.\n    \n    do\n    \n    Chusian\n    \n    '11\n    325 Chan Achin\n  \n  \n    \n    : 12\n    326 Chay a pun.\n    27\n    \n    453\n    59. Pamasu\n    \n  \n  \n    18\n    \n    do\n    \n    Lecomi\n    \n    30.\n    Do\n  \n  \n    163\n    60 Lead Linfure\n    18\n    \n    Palo\n    \n    بوع\n    \n  \n  \n    7\n    361 Fam havnsia\n    30.\n    \n    do\n    \n    Pale\n    \n  \n  \n    13\n    327 Chau achan\n    24\n    \n    143\n    28 Lam Asu\n    30.\n    \n  \n  \n    Chinsen\n    \n    8\n    362 Ficuelin\n    \n    18\n    \n    do\n  \n  \n    Loum.\n    \n    0.0\n    \n    بعد\n    \n    936\n    3 Ho Ahin\n  \n  \n    18\n    \n    do\n    \n    Palo\n    \n    15\n    329 Hin Apo\n  \n  \n    163\n    30 Lo A Chis\n    \n    317\n    331 Him cushi.\n    26.\n    \n    26\n  \n  \n    20\n    \n    De\n    \n    Pole Shunt\n    \n    30\n    364 Tom Augu\n  \n  \n    \n    do\n    \n    do\n    \n    365-leho- Assan\n    \n    24.\n  \n  \n    موه\n    \n    18\n    332 Chananque\n    30\n    \n    19\n    333 Chat a qui\n  \n  \n    203\n    34 Chi sun him\n    18.\n    \n    25\n    \n    مو\n    \n  \n  \n    ہو\n    \n    Pole\n    \n    Hakun\n    \n    Do\n    \n  \n  \n    Colo\n    \n    236\n    6 bam fotal\n    \n    20\n    \n    336\n  \n  \n    8 Chum Chunche\n    244\n    \n    4.\n    369. Lam Amue\n    30\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    do\n    do\n    do\n    do\n    \n    Puisan Sanon\n    \n    Jonen. Summe\n  \n\n1",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-074 - Lieut. Governor Caine & Sir Robinson - 1859 [6-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 363649,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-276 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 483,
        "title": "CO129-276 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "462\n\nSergeant to 190) Tai pau chi was there. I asked why we had been obliged to shut up. Tang Chung said he would go to the station and enquire what was the matter. I was told \"Fai pau Chie.\"\n\nI knew that Kwai taw Hoi had made this statement that ...\n\n6. Leaving the question of the books and papers on one side for the moment, as to the content we see from the information was practically correct as to the other matters mentioned in the letter to Mr. May.\n\n(a) That these two gambling houses existed. (b) That the Keepers were Oliam Yin (Sham Chea's nephew) and Law Chi (tai pau chi).\n\n(c) that the upper floor of 3 East Street was used as a depôt for the gambling house.\n\n2. The documents and books found at No. 3 East Street and which were in the handwriting of Sham Chea appear to be exactly what you would expect to find if you were to seize the books and papers of an illegal gambling house.\n\nThe books have no name upon them. The memoranda accounts have nothing on them to show any legal business. Octés are carefully avoided even in the memoranda.\n\nTake for instance list: 1.) (L in Mr. May's list of enclosures). The 19th entry is \"194 Fang 11.7 + $100\". This does not show what month or year it is made, it does not show whether the 11.7 is a payment or a receipt. It is perfectly unintelligible.\n\n(4)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-276 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [6-8].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 370555,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 156,
        "title": "CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "## DESPATCH\n\nAs is aware, the injury to Commerce consequent on the infern... is of great importance to the trade of Hongkong and that Mr Chamberlain hopes that it will be pressed on the Chinese Govt, when the occasion seems opportune for such representations.\n\n## NO. 5497\n**(Subject.)** New Territory.\n\nas soon as the minister Ackin' shall have arranged for demarcation of boundary.\n\n## (Minutes.)\nSevere people below this TRO. suggest that we should telegraph & ask C. Maddale, how he is getting on with the demarcation.\n\n| Reference | Discussion of |\n| --- | --- |\n| Sham Cheer | ... witnessing you steadly defend the sour... that the Wantlistin |\n\n1 \nPage 1 \n`1-2000-12-08`\n`C.0. 549752`\nBee 3 MAR 19 \n`GR...`...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 371089,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 691,
        "title": "CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "10\n\n674\n\nCANTONESE, HAKKA.\n\n50\n\nNg-shap 五十 Ng-sheep.\n\nVOCABULARY\n\nIN THE CANTONESE AND HAKKA)\n\n100\n\nYat-pák. -10 Yeet-palik.\n\n1,000\n\nYat-ts'in 一仟 Yeet-ts'en.\n\n10,000\n\n..... Yat-mán\n\nNOTE.-You are advised to show the characters in preference to any attempt to pronounce them, as the right tones are difficult to give\n\nand a very slight error in tone may alter the meaning of the word.\n\nBy and by\n\nMany thanks\n\nImmediately\n\n................Tsik hák ......Chi th ...To tse ·多謝 ·萬 即刻 遲下\n\nTsit kheat. Mahu-mahn-tsz. To tsea. Yeet-wahn.\n\nWait a little\n\n....Tang ha •等吓 Then ha.\n\nCANTONESE, Yes! No! Hai Mò\n\nCash Tsin\n\nDollars Ngan\n\nNo. 1 Yat 2 P San\n\nHAKKA. Si \" Ng. th 6 Luk 7 Ts'at א Pát. Kau 10 ...Shap 11 ..Shap-yat 12 20 299 Shap-i2 „I2-shap Sam-shap 40 Si-shap\n\n係冇錢銀壹弍叁肆伍陸柒捌玖拾十十二三四\n\nHay.\n\nI want some-\n\n} yẻ thing to eat Ngo iú shik ye...\n\nPlease bring me.....To fán nim pingo\n\nELK 我要食野\n\nse. Mari. Rice Fán 飯 Ts'en.\n\nBread..... Min pán 麵飽 Nyoon.\n\nMeat (beef).....Ngan yuk 凍牛肉 Yeet.\n\nFowl Kai hong 鷄項 Ngec.\n\nSahm. See. Fish Oysters Eggs Shang ii 生魚 Hò 蠔 LIVERPOOR Kai tán 雞旦 Ng.\n\nBiscuits Peng kon\n\nNgai oi shit tung-\n\nTo fan cha pan ga.\n\nMe. Men-pow. Nyook.\n\nKigh tsai. Ng. ΠΟ Kigh ch'oon. Peng kon.\n\nLook, Oranges Kom chung 橙 Kahm. Ts'ect.\n\nBananas .....Héung ngá tsiú.....*** Heong ts'yow. Paht.\n\nKeeoo. Tea „Ch`a 茶 T's'ah.\n\nSugar Pak t'ong 白糖 Tong.\n\nSheep, Wine Tsau 酒 Tsecoo.\n\n四十 111+++\n\nSheep-yeet. Salt Sháng in 生鹽 Yalım.\n\nSheep-ngee. Ngec-sheep. Yat cheang tò?\n\nKnife tsai }一張刀仔 Tow.\n\nFork Yat chi ch 一枝叉 Ts'ah.\n\nSahm-sheep. Spoon Shi kang ●匙羹 Chee kahng.\n\nSee-sheep.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-290 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [1-4].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 371350,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-291 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [5-6]",
        "page_number": 99,
        "title": "CO129-291 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "1415199.\n\nthe proposal occupation\n\nof Kowloon and\n\nSham Cheen, together\n\nwith\n\nChar...\n\nThe draft of telegram Farish, with\n\nhis Lordship's concurrence,\n\nto Colonial\n\nOffice in reply.\n\nI am,\n\nC.P. Lucas\n\n11789.5.\n\nTelegraphic Instructions to the Governor\n\nof Hong Kong.\n\nIn answer to\n\nyour Telegrams of the\n\n10th and 11th\n\nMay you\n\nshould\n\noccupy\n\nboth Kowloon and Sham Cheen in the\n\nmanner you propose, effecting object\n\nif possible by overwhelming display of\n\nforce\n\nand\n\navoiding bloodshed. But\n\nSham Chun must not be occupied\n\nunless General is satisfied that he is\n\nin a\n\nposition to hold it for the present\n\nwith force already at his disposal.\n\n‡S. No. 1175\n\n97",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-291 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [5-6].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 372008,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-292 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 3,
        "title": "CO129-292 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "Desp. No 1\n\nDale 148 Hong Kong 1899 Volvame ill Continto.\n\nOnlyest Governor In H.A. Blake Gemy 16 June.\n\n149 Teligion 17\n\n$ * Tel 13°2 Th 15°3 2\n\n154 13-3- 10-6 159 164 162 163 2\n\n28 28 29 30 Regestoor Genes. Dopi Guns for Volunteer Corps.\n\nI easing of Crown Lands.\n\nSubsidiary Ilver Coin: Occupation of Kowloon. Defences of thission aries.\n\nMundar Roccupation of Sham Cheen.\n\nrepences of Almoy, Volunteer Corpy.\n\nPension o C.C. maisch Victoria New Territory. Militory operations Iolanie; of Fire Brigade Hoff. chun. Sen Varken en 1898. Health\n\nWater Police. Pension of Ilaque.\n\nTaxation + utter Singh.\n\n* Memorial of My-Kuoi thang Opium smuggling & Saigon.\n\nEC. Lewis. Applen for house allowance,\n\nD.www. 164 44 July 165- 166\n\n168 17 } 171 2 173 Compe Telegram 170-1 promotion\n\ncupation & Coolyan fly Sham thund Bithrey\n\nPostal rates for soldiers & sailors British Indiany\n\nI alary of MA Pereira, adde. And Jupe of Police.\n\nVenereal disease. Brothed slavery\n\nNew Territory, appen of Ht. King Laws.\n\nPensions & gratuites",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-292 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [6-8].txt",
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        "id": 372649,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-293 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 3,
        "title": "CO129-293 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "Hong Kong\n\n1899\n\nVolume IV\n\n224\n\n225\n\n226\n\n228\n\nCompe\n\n230\n\n231\n\n232\n\n233\n\n234\n\n235\n\n236\n\n237\n\nGovern Built A. Blake, G.C.M.G\n\n16 Aug. You of New Territory\n\nFor Mardiary\n\n?\n\n238\n\n239\n\n240\n\n22.\n\n241\n\n23\n\n243\n\n244\n\n245\n\n246\n\n25-\n\n247\n\n248\n\n249 Coupe!\n\n30\n\n31\n\n13\"/\n\n(Dept.\n\n20\n\n6\n\nSecret.\n\nTelegraph roli.\n\naccom 5 with Crown Agen St. New Territory.\n\nAddl. Cleste for I resoury\n\nI Kong\n\nExtn Exemption Ora ce\n\nPolice Force.\n\nJalories of\n\nCivil Servants.\n\nPisacij in Kwang I\n\nKwong I ung & Kiring Resignation of J. G. T. Buick. Passia & Japan.\n\nof Amoyn\n\nCon C89 1899.\n\n+1\n\nof\n\n19.\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\nPresin Rules.\n\nInfections hospital school for Kowloon,\n\nCapitão sentence. Commutation.\n\n2.7. Boulton.\n\nWales to with Dept.\n\nPostol agreement with Chania,\n\nBruce 23 of 1879.\n\nSo.\n\nOccupation of Sham Cheen. New Territory Police requirement:\n\nWomen & Children's Hospital & Hursing Inst Defence\n\nScheme",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-293 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [8-9].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 373521,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-294 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 251,
        "title": "CO129-294 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "筵\n\novernor.\n\nNo.\n\nLake Tel\n\n1899\n\nnd November\n\nst previous Paper.\n\nHong Trang\n\nNo. 30386 AMA\n\n(Subject.)\n\n248\n\nDESPATCH.\n\nC.O.\n\n30336\n\nREC\n\nREG 3 NOV 39\n\nOccupation of Sham Chun\n\nFurther\n\n...\n\n77\n\n19827 sec.\n\n18&L (781-19055-15000-17-95\n\nat subsequent Paper:\n\nF.o. 30492\n\n0%\n\nSiW. Hamilton\n\n(Minutes.)\n\n! Reply that he should\n\nCarry out the instructions of our telegram\n\nat once.\n\nA. F. 3/11\n\nSin R. Huber\n\nI think that this\n\nrecorded\n\nthe care,\n\n...\n\nwanag sentimental come\n\nDeraining of remons conduction. If the British population\n\nof the day\n\nJespondens\n\nS.africa, they can cheer themes",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-294 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [10-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 374442,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "page_number": 515,
        "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "content_text": "the military occupation \n\nof Sham Chee \n\nshould be fungoing, \n\nunder certain;\n\n...\n\nGo to Co. Coup \n\nAnd it will be seen from \n\nthe enclosed \n\nis forwarded as a despatch with \"d \n\nrepresented for. \n\nChamberlain the \n\nfour of them being \n\nthat quiet was \n\nhave been \n\nthe \n\ndecenni...\n\non the southern boundary \n\nin is compatible \n\ncrossed with \n\nwith the \n\nMINUTE.\n\nlately \n\nEnclosures, \n\nreceived \n\nthe \n\nGarand 9 Hig \n\nthat \n\nAntrobus. \n\nCox. \n\nSender will \"Chinese residents in Conditions the Sham \n\nvalley \n\nA \n\ncan lately \n\nLucas. \n\nGraham. \n\n...\n\na cease complete due \n\n· less and keep oma \n\nto control. \n\nM. Chamberlain, had \n\nand Lord Salisbury is \n\naware from the letter written to the Foreign \n\nfree on the 5th \n\n(asidans that was \n\nthat \n\nthe \n\nopinion Boundary as delim.\n\nNo \n\nE. Wingfield. \n\nof Selborne. \n\nChamberlain. \n\nim aduuntiation \n\nof a considerable \n\ndestruction \n\nthe \n\n...\n\nby M. Lockhart and the Commissioner of the Viceroy of Canton should \n\nrestored to \n\nbe adhered to Sham Chun being China, and his lordship \n\nconcurred in that opinion \n\nSince that date \n\nbut more than three months \n\nBritish occupation have \n\nnow elapsed and it appears to M Chamberlain that \n\nit makes theme is \n\nThat there will \n\nbe \n\nlikely \n\nan immediate \n\nSettlement \n\nTO.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 374471,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "page_number": 544,
        "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "content_text": "CLA\n\nEarly decision-pointing out that Kupin date of Sham Cheen is in a state of lawlessness, the hoops which are not more than necessary. For the sanitising Hong Kong cannot for any lengthy time be kept at Sham Chun.\n\nThe Commander in Chief is making enquiries in minutes which have come home to the C.X.C., besides the mischief and scandal.\n\nEW 20 soft\n\nSo reply 80/9\n\nAn Stain Chum & the northern boundary of the new territory 510\n\nThe question whether the occupation of Sham Cheen and the affairs in dispute should be permanent or merely temporary has from the first been subject to considerable fluctuations of opinion.\n\n16th April\n\nIn a telegram of Sir F. Blake tags absolute agreement for \"the vicinity of the district that the boundary be made the crest of the hill, north of Sham Chun\", and in a letter to F.O. of 10th April, Lok\n\nI. Chamberlain's strong opinion that in \"aounty are pay that the\n\n...\n\n \nPage 1 \n\n(To be continued)\n\n1.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 374482,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "page_number": 555,
        "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "content_text": "from this Dept of the 13th \n\nAssistant.\n\n2 I am \n\nalso to enclose copy \n\nof a Despatch From \n\nthe Governor \n\nof Hongkong \n\nrelative to the relations \n\nof \n\nRussia & Japan, and also \n\nto the occupation of Sham Chee; \n\nto add that in my \n\nopinion on the latter \n\nsubject to date \n\nwith regard to \n\nthe question \n\nNo \n\nChamberlain \n\nhas to add nothing \n\nto Sir Henry Blake's Despatch \n\n& to the letter from this Dept \n\nof the 5th inst.\n\n3 Mr. Chamberlain desires again \n\nto impress upon Lord Salisbury \n\nthe importance of arriving at \n\nan early decision on this \n\nmatter: and \n\nI am to point \n\nout that apart from the mischief \n\n& scandal \n\ncaused \n\nby leaving \n\nSham Chow in its present state \n\nof \n\nlawlessness it is impossible \n\nthat the Troops which are \n\nnot \n\nmore than sufficient \n\nfor garrisoning Hongkong \n\nshould be kept at Sham Chun \n\nfor \n\nan indefinite period.\n\nI am &c.\n\n1. Lucas\n\n#NO 240815\n\nSA 25097",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899.txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "page_number": 606,
        "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "content_text": "602 DOMESTIC. 99 ber 66 Hong Kong No. 26.815 (Subject.) 20815 RECO & IRES 4 OCT 99 Occupation of Sham Chee Further a s Paper. 75. ent Paper. (Minutes.) Si W. Hamilton Previous papers with you I think. See 19626 25950 264 99 265$ AE you, /10. This letter weber in sweeping to re-consider the matter on 25950 we may 26199 Souffre aforeme from pera: 2 that they have arrived at a understanding 7.0. ratefactan records Cloe...\n\nHowever, to better follow the instructions and improve the output:\n\n1. The text appears to be a jumbled OCR output. Let's first try to make sense of it and correct obvious errors.\n2. \"Hong Jhang\" should likely be \"Hong Kong\".\n3. \"s Paper\" and \"ent Paper\" could be \"this Paper\" and \"present Paper\".\n4. \"weber\" is likely a misrecognition and could be \"we beg\" or another phrase, but without context, it's hard to be sure.\n5. \"sweeping\" might be correct, but \"weeping\" is also a possibility; however, \"sweeping\" is more likely in the context of reconsidering something.\n6. \"Souffre\" is likely \"Suffer\" or another word, but \"Suffer\" doesn't fit well here; it could be a misrecognition.\n7. \"pera: 2\" is unclear and could be a misrecognition of a date or a reference.\n8. \"ratefactan\" doesn't make sense and is likely a misrecognition.\n\nGiven the constraints and the text, a more corrected version in HTML, focusing on clear errors and following the instructions:\n\n602 DOMESTIC. 99 ber 66 Hong Kong No. 26.815 (Subject.) 20815 RECO & IRES 4 OCT 99 Occupation of Sham Chee Further a this Paper. 75. present Paper. (Minutes.) Sir W. Hamilton Previous papers with you I think. See 19626 25950 264 99 265$ AE you, /10. This letter we beg in sweeping to re-consider the matter on 25950 we may 26199 Suffer aforesaid from ... that they have arrived at a understanding 7.0. ... records Close...\n\nHowever, the original request was to output in HTML using `` for paragraphs. Let's correct and simplify the output to adhere strictly to the format requested:\n\n602 DOMESTIC. 99 ber 66 Hong Kong No. 26.815 (Subject.) 20815 RECO & IRES 4 OCT 99 Occupation of Sham Chee Further a this Paper. 75. present Paper. (Minutes.) Sir W. Hamilton Previous papers with you I think. See 19626 25950 264 99 265$ AE you, /10. This letter we beg in sweeping to re-consider the matter on 25950 we may 26199 Suffer aforesaid from ... that they have arrived at a understanding 7.0. ... records Close...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899.txt",
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    {
        "id": 374561,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "page_number": 634,
        "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899",
        "content_text": "Rock or them Chun. Bun\n\nJap\n\nBr\n\nthen recurs as herein\n\nin\n\nLetting\n\nthe 2.O. tell the\n\nChevere for that gep\n\nReck\n\n\"will be retained\" procesaly\n\n-\n\nits present footing, which\n\nis all that appears really.\n\nnewfrez.\n\nwe shall of course\n\nhave to\n\nLeave 2.O. a\n\nlong telegram\n\n& Mary Mary;\n\nЕле\n\nJoning\n\nIttle cre\n\nacas you\n\nwichen exter\n\nLot of several protest agerich\n\nthen decision lon\n\nthegs m\n\nay indemnity, porting\n\nthat it is hardly conceivable\n\ndescribe the occupation of\n\nthan Cheen\n\nbang\n\nGau\n\nto\n\nI do not see much good\n\nin mentioning\n\nhave Only keep the status quo\n\nit. Duy\n\n1 yes cra\n\ncarried out\n\n630\n\nauthorities are in accordance\n\nwith their own\n\njudgement,\n\nthe entire peninsula\n\nfrom fish to Cartly..\n\nCamed Cherth\n\nwith the approval\n\nmuch the Express andão\n\ngom. Fort\n\n19/20\n\nIn B. Herbat\n\ndelimited\n\nThis letter is very misleading.\n\nThere was a boundary, but in consequence of\n\ndisturbances\n\nof which the Viceroy of Canton ought to have prevented, it existed, as the colonial government thought, we not\n\nand also for reasons of Imperial policy\n\nSham\n\nonly occupied Kowloon City but also Occupied the town or village of Chan outside the provisional boundary.\n\non the 9th of May The Foreign Office wrote advising\n\n\"that the governor of\n\nHongkong should be instructed by telegraph to take such steps as may be necessary \"to secure the execution of the Convention",
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    {
        "id": 395928,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-328 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [1-6]",
        "page_number": 10,
        "title": "CO129-328 - Governor Nathan - 1905 [1-6]",
        "content_text": "## 17\n\nOne of the witnesses, Long Shing, of the Sua Tax Sing junk, who still continues dredging at Ping Chou, stated also that the Sham Shui Po lize burners refused to buy their shells because the licence fee had been imposed at Ping Chau.\n\n## 9\n\nIt is to be remarked that none of these people ever attempted to work under the new system, and if they had continued to work and sold their shells to the Ping Chau line burners, they would have suffered no loss at all, and the Sham Shui Po line burners would have done sooner what they are doing now; that is, they would have paid the Crown Lessees' charge of 8 candareens per Teu and left the dredgers the same price for their shells as before.\n\nUnder present conditions, there is no loss to the dredgers, and Ohiv Fun, the master of the Tang o juak, states in his evidence that under present circumstances, he would not have sent in his Petition to the Government.\n\n## 10\n\nThe first four witnesses put forward on behalf of the shell gatherers were to show that, by reason of the Company levying a charge for dredging at Ping Chau, the business stopped because the employees refused to work, and in consequence, the masters of the junks laid the junks up at Sai Kok near Sham Shui Po, and they became rotten or insanitary, and the compensation asked for by those witnesses was on account of damage to the junks by laying them up, and not compensation for loss of work or business because the Leases were granted.\n\n## 11\n\nIn the case of the first witness, Lan Sang, the master of the junk Lan Sang Li, he admitted his junk (a small one) was 30 years old, and his junk had been rotten for 2 years. He wants compensation to repair his old junk, in which case he could earn more money than before, as the price of shells is higher. As he removed on his own account from Ping Chau and laid up his old junk at Sai Kok, and admits that but for the condition of his junk, he would be making no loss, I do not recommend any compensation to be paid in this case.\n\n## 12\n\nIn the case of Chee Yen, the said witness, the master of the junk Yau Lee, his junk was not working and was anchored, and was wrecked by a typhoon. He admits that he stopped dredging because the Company started...",
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        "id": 424881,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-365 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1910 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 529,
        "title": "CO129-365 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1910 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "# HONG-KONG, KOWLOON AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES.\n\n124\n\n## Map of the Region\n\nThe original map appears to be a geographical representation of Hong Kong, Kowloon, and adjacent territories, including various place names and geographical features.\n\n\n| Location        | \n|---------------|\n| CHU KIANG      |\n| CANTON RIVER   |\n| TUNG WAN       |\n| Pian-ti        |\n| Ling-hu-ho     |\n| Tai-Tong-tu    |\n| Tong-lai       |\n| Hsin hi        |\n| Wu-shai-ngan   |\n| Shak-kan       |\n| KUI HAN        |\n| Ten-tsu        |\n| Timg-col       |\n| Chong-hang-kung|\n| Apo-           |\n| Long-her &     |\n| Lung-fa        |\n| Pa konge       |\n| Tigam-kei      |\n| Ki-abur a      |\n| Yong-tai-shar  |\n| Sai Hering     |\n| NAM-TAO        |\n| Ha-isal        |\n| TAL-CHAM BAY   |\n| Ping Chang     |\n| TRIANG         |\n| Kwaimis        |\n| Ma-chec        |\n| Lin-tin        |\n| Pac-th         |\n| Wang kongs     |\n| Lilong         |\n| Tel-wo-chan    |\n| Pu-kak         |\n| Hoi-line       |\n| Sha-co         |\n| Yam-ion        |\n| HSIN-NG AN-tong|\n| Loforgo (SUM-ON)|\n| Sam-chun       |\n| Wa-had         |\n| Chak-win       |\n| DEEP BAY ANHAU |\n| Shui-wan-ton   |\n| Tereksi-bang   |\n| Lang-ke        |\n| Chin chan      |\n| Pet-kang       |\n| Nan-long       |\n| TALO           |\n| Yo Shur-leu    |\n| chu-la-Nek     |\n| LAN-TAO        |\n| (TAI U SHAN)   |\n| Langtaubhy     |\n| Sha-Cap        |\n| Sha-tau-kok    |\n| Shung-tungh    |\n| Kaichung       |\n| Marbent        |\n| Crooked 1.     |\n| Song-shau      |\n| Crossesnt í.   |\n| Hain-tem       |\n| Shang Chur     |\n| Archang        |\n| Blut Hd        |\n| Wang-ling-ta   |\n| ik-yan         |\n| Tiw kolo       |\n| Shan-wynma     |\n| Love           |\n| Lim-chang      |\n| Ram-tin/       |\n| Channe         |\n| Tain           |\n| TOLD HARBOUR   |\n| Un-in          |\n| Tai-lam chung  |\n| (TAL-PUNG-SANG)|\n| BA             |\n| Wong-muo       |\n| Tipjuk         |\n| Hasha          |\n| Frog.shat      |\n| Tom            |\n| Ho-tongoz      |\n| Port Island    |\n| Grase 1.       |\n| Tep-oun        |\n| Tanka wa       |\n| THE Joey       |\n| bg Chak-Feristi|\n| Shak-heng      |\n| Hei-wang       |\n| PChin-hang     |\n| ing-on-ww      |\n| Ha-yong        |\n| к              |\n| Fing Head      |\n| Fung Gey       |\n| San ast-wan    |\n| Ping           |\n| Proge 1.       |\n| Toma 1         |\n| Gaealt 1.      |\n| Taf-no-sham    |\n| Lok La H       |\n| Tal-shui-hang  |\n| Fet-kong       |\n| Sai-kurg       |\n| Shetic         |\n| $TRA-WERD      |\n| (Chuala        |\n| hue            |\n| Lai Ch         |\n| Shelter        |\n| Sham Shui      |\n| i              |\n| Ping-chau      |\n| Grati le       |\n| Chau-kung      |\n| Silver Mine    |\n| Bar            |\n| 3              |\n| Taiku etay     |\n| VICTORIA       |\n| Pokfulam       |\n| \"Shau-ki-want  |\n| Aberdeen       |\n| HONG-KONG SE   |\n| Shill-jai      |\n| Jas Chou       |\n| Ninepir        |\n| A Group        |\n| Taki           |\n| Ts-tank)       |\n| Jam-tung 1.    |\n| Lo-chav        |\n| Ingan ADNIM    |\n| ang-me-k       |\n| Fury Rocks     |\n| Sun-kong       |\n| aktres         |\n| Way-lan        |\n| JAMMA CHAN.    |\n| Cheung Chak    |\n| Tai-want       |\n| Lamma          |\n| Sha-ku-wan     |\n| (For Lit:)     |\n| 1              |\n| Stu-A-Chau     |\n| Tat-A-Chow     |\n| Tric           |\n| Lap-cap-mi 15  |\n| LEMA           |\n| CHANNEL        |\n| chi-chau i     |\n| 1              |\n| Mies R         |\n| Fit absu       |\n| Kak-ten        |\n\n## NOTE\n\nTerritory under Convention of 1880  \nBoundary under Convention 1998  \nSmeliat Mee the chin)  \nSamun  \nVrstnance Survey Offen, Southampton, 1999.  \n27  \n521",
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        "document_key": "CO129-365 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1910 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 530,
        "title": "CO129-365 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1910 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "# CHUKIANG (CANTON) RIVER\n\nHONG-KONG, KOWLOON AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES.\n\n| Location        |                |\n| --------------- | -------------- |\n| Pianti          | Tung           |\n| Shak-by KWAN    | Ling to he     |\n| Lung-kuk        | Tai-Tang-tu    |\n| Sa-tsiang       | 1lsin hi       |\n| KU J            | Kon            |\n| Wu-shak-cgam    | Shak-kong      |\n| Ten-teu         | HAN            |\n| → Tong-poi      | BIAS           |\n| 2               | Chong hung-kang|\n| Fuk yun         | Apo            |\n| Loze her $      | Lung fa        |\n| Yong-laschen    | Wang konge     |\n| \"Pan-ter        | Lr-lopp        |\n| STRig chun      | Ma-h           |\n| Paki-shak-lung  | Pu-kak         |\n| Yam-tend        | Sini-Heung     |\n| NAM-TAO         | o Moulin       |\n| He-tsai         | TALCHAM BAY    |\n| HSIN NG A/Nealong o | (SUN-ON)     |\n| Ping Chang      | Lengtsuchy     |\n| Sha-tapi        | Tsien          |\n| kwsimsO         | Me-chau        |\n| Wan-had         | DEEP BAY       |\n| HAU-HG1         | hak-wan        |\n| Shui-wan-ter    | Pain-ten Shang Shy |\n| \"Laung-kyrût-tog | uk-pan'        |\n| Tiu-kokt        | Shon wa        |\n| Lnfongo         | Hai-           |\n| Crooked 1.      | Sha-tau-kok    |\n| Pa-song         | -Visam-kai     |\n| Ki-chee         | Shong-tungs    |\n| TAL-PUNG-SANG   | Sa ng-chung    |\n| 2 AY            | Wong-mu        |\n| Tipjuk...       | Hesha          |\n| tt-chau         | Song-shau Creacent 1. |\n| Namo            | -hung          |\n| Tai-shui-heng   | Shui-led       |\n| Lung-ku         | Chin-shan      |\n| \"Pet-long       | Nam-long       |\n| Kam-tio         | Um in          |\n| Talebui hang    | Tai-mo sis     |\n| Lo Lo           | Put-long       |\n| Wang Jing-iau   |                |\n| Plover Cove     | YARBOUR        |\n| Changi          | Tem            |\n| Ko-tagor        | Chakkang#      |\n| Pehin-bong      | Port Island    |\n| Cross 1. Tap-mun | Ten-ka-An      |\n| Tai-long        | Shak-hang liai-wang |\n| Sai- und        | Fung Head      |\n| Fung Bay        | Ping Pt        |\n| Bluff Hu        | Kalt-ren       |\n| 3amuo           | Mire PA        |\n| (Sa-chau        | Chr-tu-kok     |\n| Tung-chutiy     | 2              |\n| Clau-Run        | LAN-TAO (TAI-U SHANI) |\n| Silver Mire     | Tsin-wan       |\n| Chunk           | Lai Chi Koka   |\n| Kow             | Shelter        |\n| Mahu tanio      | Sham Shui Pu   |\n| HONG            | Ping-char Lighthools |\n| Green Bowen projsem on HAI | VICTORIA    |\n| Chen 1774       | \"Shazz-ki war  |\n| Pak tur         | Aberdeen HONG-KONG S |\n| ng home Kon     | Te             |\n| tong            | wa Ha-yong     |\n| -DJ-Wan         | High 1.        |\n| Fawr i.         | Beanit 1.      |\n| Niaepir         | A Group        |\n| Lam-long i      | Tai-ku-chau    |\n| tong            | Chanog Chath   |\n| Taiwan Lamma    | (Pak-Lip       |\n| LAMMA CHAN      | Lo-chau        |\n| Wong-ma         | Cha            |\n| Tai kongan      | -kak Fury Hooks|\n| Wag-tan Sati-kous Lighthou | G         |\n| 0               | -lo 13         |\n| Dryla           | Siu-A-Chau     |\n| Tal-A-Cha       | Lap-gap-mi     |\n| [Chhobart 15    | LEMA           |\n| CHANNEL         | 1              |\n\nNOTE  \nTerritory under Convention of 1860  \nBoundary under Convention 1898 --  \nEnglish titles (53-16m 11  \nBechance barwny Galing, Smuthangdon, 1909.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-365 - Governor Sir Lugard - 1910 [1-3].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 462351,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-434 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 140,
        "title": "CO129-434 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "# KOHANGES OF LAND \n## SCHEME DURING THE SEC \n### CONNECTION NITH THE SHAM SHUI PO \n#### QUARTER. 1916.\n\n| Lot No. | Dimensions | Area in Sq. ft. | Lessee | Annual Crown Rent | Term of Lease | Exchange for | Area of Lot or Lots exchanged for. | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| N.K.I.L.139 | 57'9\"x 62'0\" | 3,580 | Tsang Mow Ched and others | $16.00 | 75 years from 1.7.98 renewable | Lot 2434, S.D.IV. | 2,376 Sq. ft. | 1925/16 for 24 years less 3 days. |\n| N.K.I.L.140 | 18'0\" x 62'0\" | 1,116 | Tai On | $6.00 | DO. | Lot 2290, S.D.IV | 435 | 537/15 |\n| N.K.I.L.141 | 32'0\"x 72'0\" | 2,304 | Hon: Secretary for Chinese Affairs for the Kai Fong at Sham Shui Po. | $10.00 | Do. | Lots 2352 & 2475, S.D. IV | 1,742 | 4763/08 $34.00 Do. |\n| N.K.I.L.154 | 123'0\"x 62'0\" | 7,626 | Wong Yuk Tong and others. | $107.16 |  | Lot 2282, S.D.IV | 4,356 | 537/1 A sum of $65.10 was paid for excess area over that the lessees were entitled to. |\n\n`FRECE 40403`  \n`REG 25 AUG 16`  \n`2.`  \n`137`",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-434 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [7-8].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 479688,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-454 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 104,
        "title": "CO129-454 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "#2\n\nand er and kid rubs bettit asoomusl 22 rot erleger to saxo  \nvond I CORDARI TRIÃO CO PAJolt egy fiú ban notterbía co  \nS.LV ke var da OVA.\n\n'a  \nað Be Doivres art ni begnyos  \nLOPIN Þu veitur & IIS SA  \n190 ĮV18g and tot vendimai ible  \n\n„BABI TUQ v Iuco aneqgon  \nqom ni neissatiace sie zuiviovni aztigoo Mole ni ibrę  \nDober don ne EM: ALd elik  \nBOULIBJEIJIedon jus eo880I  \nYar esto0 182(LO Juale care BICI DIAJ Dylatinos huazol enaki.  \n„kovar rud 88-riend bus, betidinlarg  \nOut GBP volvise and tjel ong GIVI AN  \nJUK JUS LB J  \n© Best: muri vei, dibyle to coldouzdanoo vid  \nCLOCK  \n0 3000 e de stery ord van 89jutrď rein gol  \nin virer 19  \n\nThe total capital expended in the business of boats, piers, repairs, etc. during the 17 years the combination has been running the ferry is upwards of $450,000.00.\n\n## SAM SHUI PO SERVICE\n\nIn 1904 the Chee Wo Company and the Tack On Company (who are now members of the present combination but at that time were running independently) joined together and each Company contributed one launch to run the Sham Shui Po service at intervals of thirty minutes at a fare of four cents. They ran from a pier lying near Gilman's Bazaar which was erected by them to the Public Wharf in front of Tai Kung Temple.\n\nPrior to this the same parties had run an irregular service to Sam Shui Po but from this date it run regularly, no one else had ever run any service to Sam Shui Po regular, or irregular. After these two parties joined the combination they continued to run the Sam Shui Po service independently save that, if the launches devoted to it had to be laid up for any purpose, the combination supplied launches and took the fare, until the launches so laid up were in commission again.\n\nIn 1914 the Chee Wo Company went bankrupt and their business was purchased by the Tung Hing (another member of the combination) who continued to run the Sam Shui Po service in conjunction with the Tack On Company on the same lines as before. In 1916 the fare was increased to five cents. In the beginning of 1917 the Sze Yeuk Company put two small launches (one belonging to them, one hired by them) in the Sam Shui Po service in opposition at a fare of three cents. They ran from Pottinger Street Wharf (Government) to the wharf -7-",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-454 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [4-6].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 508452,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "page_number": 46,
        "title": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "content_text": "## 8.\n\n- \n50\n\nstatus of any kind\": and further that the existing sub-stations Changchow, Capsuimoon, Lai-chee-kok, and Fotochow should be removed to points outside the leased territory, as their retention would be a fruitful source of friction and would always be misconstrued by the Chinese mind. There were, as Major-General Black pointed out, many points both on the coast and on adjacent islands where the Chinese Customs could establish new stations.\n\n## 11.\n\nI can find no reply from the Colonial Office nor any communication from the British Legation on this subject: but, as a matter of history, the view of Major-General Black prevailed. The sub-stations of the Chinese Maritime Customs have been removed to Chinese territory at Sham-chun, Sha-tau-kok, and along the coast of Mirs Bay, while the officer of the Foreign Inspectorate, still called \"Commissioner of Customs for Kowloon and District\", remains to this day in Hong Kong island, only \"unofficially acknowledged\" in Sir R. Hart's phrase, with a residence at the Peak and an office in Victoria City. Moreover, the questions raised by Mr. Fleming in 1890 as to the exact position of the Kowloon Commissioner, his powers, whom he really represents, and to whom he is responsible have never been answered.\n\n## 12.\n\nThe only further event to record in this connection is that, upon the opening of the Kowloon-Canton Railway in October, 1911, it was arranged for the convenience of through traffic that Chinese import duties should be collected by the Kowloon Commissioner at the railway terminus at Kowloon Point in British territory.\n\n## 13.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 508458,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926",
        "content_text": "## Chinese Characters for Names in the secret despatch of the 12th August, 1927.\n\n**(奥海関部)**  \nYueh Hai-kuan Pu  \n**(廣東)**  \nKuang-tung  \nKup-sui-mun  \n**(吸水門)**  \nLyerun  \n**(鯉魚門)**  \nLi Hung-chang  \n**(李鴻章)**  \nChangchow  \n**(& H|)** was likely meant to be **(漳州)**\nLai-chee-kok  \n**(荔枝角)**  \nFotochow  \n**(斧頭州)**  \nSham-chun  \n**(深圳)**  \nSha-tau-kok  \n**(沙頭角)**  \n\n56",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-501-8 General policy in China 30-11-1926 - 30-11-1926.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 521943,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "page_number": 104,
        "title": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "content_text": "103\n\n16.\n\nshould be found that other stations are required, they may be instituted\".\n\nUpon these recommendations Major-General W. Black, then Officer Administering the Government, wrote in despatch No. 221 of the 29th July, 1898, to Mr. Joseph Chamberlain strongly urging that \"the Chinese Customs be not formally accorded the right to maintain its office in Hong Kong and that the Commissioner of Customs be not recognized as a Chinese official, but that he remain as at present without official status of any kind\": and further that the existing sub-stations - Changchow, Capsuimoon, Lai-chee-kok and Fotochow should be removed to points outside the leased territory, as their retention would be a fruitful source of friction and would always be misconstrued by the Chinese mind.\n\nThere were, as Major-General Black pointed out, many points both on the coast and on the adjacent islands where the Chinese Customs could establish new stations.\n\n14. I can find no reply from the Colonial Office nor any communication from the British Legation on this subject: but, as a matter of history, the view of Major-General Black prevailed.\n\nThe sub-stations of the Chinese Maritime Customs have been removed to Chinese territory at Sham-chun, Sha-tau-kok and along the",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549093,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 1,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "53611\n\n1935\n\nPrevious\n\nHONG KONG UNIVERSITY\n\n0129/554/6/\n\n7\n\n7\n\n33791\n\n1.83\n\nBUT BY\n\n34\n\nSubsequent\n\n536137\n\nFILE A.\n\nRB3\n\n915\n\nm Casten 9/5\n\nMr. Guat\n\nN Bell 10\n\nResor FUTBY 83 12/x\n\nM. Cesta\n\nIch\n\n12/10\n\n14\n\nLibrary 15/10\n\nby Jeand....\n\nMass Brow\n\nCy...1.77.0.0.\n\nM. Stock dal 19/10 Shary 30/10 We Stockdale 4.2h\n\nLibrary\n\n5.1\n\n(27159) Wt. 24455-46 11,000 in 2 sorts\n\n1/35 P.St. Q.645/17",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549094,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 2,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "C.I.D.\n\nNominal\n\n(1) Prof R. Jasler\n\nCommentà\n\nc\n\n18-3-35\n\nappt. of\n\nEducation.\n\nDr Chen\n\nShas yi\n\na\n\nhead\n\nof Dept.\n\nof\n\nChinese\n\n? Pulley\n\n9/5\n\nReef murd\n\nMsewell my\n\nům beu\n\nAll Gent.\n\n9/5-\n\nし\n\n10\n\nII\n\n2 Copy of Hong Kong Naturalist forπIN 2\n\nsubunker by Dr Buklots\n\nLuhay\n\nMoletan\n\nHan\n\nder Gent.\n\n70\n\n12/16/35\n\nhad previous issues of\n\nThis\n\nin Sout\n\n14\n\nan odd number\n\nOccasionally amies in the Library but as we do nor get it regularly we have never\n\nput it on record.\n\nP.T.O\n\nD. Bromley\n\nLibrary 15/10/35",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549095,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 3,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "of secure\n\n6\n\nme\n\narticles\n\nthan are full\n\nof interest for\n\nreference\n\nThe\n\n4\n\nChobrany appar\n\n} 4d ack\n\nM. Stockdall if he will\n\nconsider granting to go Haklols\n\nTo\n\nthat\n\nvery\n\nA\n\ncom 7\n\nmuch like to have\n\nlach\n\nhim hi\n\nhere.\n\nro\n\n7\n\nNo l\n\nthe Lalony\n\nbeginning\n\nI agree with\n\n17/x\n\nsuggestion.\n\nhu. Sent's\n\nI whichever\n\n17/10/35\n\nMr. Stockdale,\n\nBelow is a list of the copies of \"The Hong Kong Naturalist\" which have been supplied to you in the past :-\n\nVolume",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549096,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 4,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Volume III.\n\nVolume IV.\n\nVolume V.\n\nNos. 3 and 4.\n\nNos. 1 and 2.\n\nNos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.\n\nVolume VI.\n\nNos. 1 and 2.\n\n4\n\nSupplements\n\nNos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.\n\nThe following copies are therefore required\n\nto complete your set :-\n\nVolumes I and II.\n\nVolume III.\n\nNos. 1 and 2.\n\nVolume IV.\n\nNos. 3 and 4.\n\nB.D. Balph.\n\n19.10.35.\n\nLibrary,\n\nWith reference to your query on the papers\n\nattached, I am prepared to pass over to you the numbers\n\nwhich have been sent to me, and to ask for the\n\nmissing numbers, if you so desire.\n\nFashrdale\n\nhu,\n\nStochdale\n\n19.10.35.\n\nMany thanks. I\n\nshall\n\nyou\n\nwill do\n\nSo.\n\nbe grateful if\n\nilver\n\n23/10705\n\n28.10.35.\n\n3. To Dr. Herklots\n\nteller warned\n\ndefirkdale\n\n2870\n\nFrom Dr. Herklots\n\n29.11.35.\n\nForwards\n\ncopies of \"Naturalist\" under\n\nseparate cover.\n\nTELE",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549097,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 5,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Library.\n\nThese copies have now arrived, and I am passing them on to you for record as suggested. Further issues will be sent when they have been seen by Mr. Stockdale.\n\n7/2.\n\nCopies taken.\n\nTo see R.D. Ralph.\n\n1. Lerchener 4.2.36.\n\n572/36\n\nM. Feb. 9, 1936.\n\nInitialled by Hunter",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549098,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 6,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "2, Richmond Terrace\n\nWhitehall, S.W.1.\n\n6\n\n3.\n\n28th October, 1935.\n\nDear Dr. Herklots,\n\nWith reference to the copies of \"The Hong Kong Naturalist\" which you send to me, I should be glad if it would be possible for you to let me have one copy each of the following numbers, which I find are missing from my set:-\n\nVolumes\n\nI and II (All numbers issued).\n\nVolume III Nos. 1 and 2.\n\nVolume IV Nos. 3 and 4.\n\nI am proposing to pass on the copies sent to me to the Colonial Office Library so that they may be readily available for reference purposes, and naturally the Library would be glad to have a complete set of this publication.\n\nYours sincerely,\n\nDr. G.A.C. Herklots, M.Sc., F.L.S.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 549099,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 7,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Vol. VI No. 2.\n\nTHE\n\nJuly 1935.\n\nHONG KONG NATURALIST\n\nA QUARTERLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL\n\nPRINCIPALLY FOR HONG KONG AND SOUTH CHINA.\n\nEDITED BY\n\nG. A. C. HERKLOTS, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.\n\nREADER IN BIOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY, HONG KONG.\n\nASSISTED BY\n\nG. S. P. HEYWOOD, M.A., B.Sc.\n\nPROFESSIONAL ASSISTANT, ROYAL OBSERVATORY, HONG KONG.\n\nCONTENTS\n\nPage\n\nThe Birds of Hong Kong.\n\nPart XIX. The Swallows\n\nG. A. C. Herklots\n\n85\n\nGrasses\n\n... A. H. Crook\n\n89\n\nHong Kong Spiders, Part II\n\nAnimal Parasites of Hogs, Goats and Buffaloes\n\nfrom Hong Kong\n\nHong Kong Hills.\n\nPart II, Ma On Shan\n\nLegends and Stories of the New Territories.\n\nPart II, Castle Peak\n\nArchaeological Finds on Lamma Island.\n\nPart IX\n\n... A Synopsis of the Fishes of China.\n\nPart V, continued\n\nNotes and Comments ...\n\nOrnithology.\n\nInce's Paradise Flycatcher.\n\n... ...\n\nA Day with Birds among the Islands. Rufous-backed and Dusky Shrike.\n\nBotany.\n\nNotes on Orchids.\n\nW. Rae Sherriffs 97\n\nH. T. Chen 102\n\n... G. S. P. Heywood 105\n\nSung Hok-p'ang 110\n\nD. J. Finn 117\n\nHenry W. Fowler 132\n\n4.\n\n148\n\nNesting Notes.\n\nMeteorology.\n\nBook Reviews\n\nClimatological Data for January to June\n\n... ... ...\n\nPrice $2.00. Prepaid Subscription. $7.00 Hong Kong currency or Twelve shillings and sixpence, per annum, post free.\n\nThe Newspaper Enterprise Ltd., Hong Kong.\n\n156\n\n157\n\n7",
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        "page_number": 8,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "EVERYONE\n\nWHO WISHES TO KEEP IN TOUCH WITH THE LATEST DISCOVERIES IN\n\nA MONTHLY\n\nSCIENCE, LITERATURE AND THE ARTS.\n\nShould Subscribe To\n\nDISCOVERY\n\nBY\n\nPOPULAR JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE, WRITTEN BY EXPERTS FOR THE LAYMAN AND ILLUSTRATED THROUGHOUT,\n\nThe Annual Subscription is 12s. 6d. post free.\n\nA SINGLE COPY COSTS ONE SHILLING,\n\nThe policy of the journal is directed by the Trustees, Sir J. J. THOMSON, O.M., F.R.S., Sir FREDERIC KENYON, K.C.B., F.B.A., Professor A. C. SEWARD, SC.D., F.R.S., and Dr. CYRIL BAILEY, F.B.A., assisted by a distinguished editorial committee.\n\nSEND SIXPENCE FOR A SPECIMEN COPY TO:\n\nThe Manager, “Discovery,” 154, Fleet St., London, E.C.4.\n\nHONG KONG NATURALISTS\n\nshould subscribe to\n\nTHE CHINA JOURNAL which contains numerous illustrated articles and notes on the\n\nNATURAL HISTORY OF CHINA\n\nand neighbouring regions.\n\nANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION $13.50\n\nAlso the following works by its Editor, Mr. A. de C. Sowerby, the well-known Naturalist and Explorer in China:\n\nTHE NATURALIST IN MANCHURIA (Five Volumes in Three Bindings) $25.00 per set,\n\nA NATURALIST’S NOTE-BOOK IN CHINA $8.00\n\nApply to the office of\n\nTHE CHINA JOURNAL\n\n20, Museum Road.\n\nShanghai.\n\nPage\n\nPage",
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        "page_number": 9,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Vol. VI No. 2.\n\nTHE\n\nJuly 1935.\n\nHONG KONG\n\nKONG NATURALIST\n\nA QUARTERLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL\n\nPRINCIPALLY FOR HONG KONG AND SOUTH CHINA.\n\nEDITED BY\n\nG. A. C. HERKLOTS, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S.\n\nREADER IN BIOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY, HONG KONG.\n\nASSISTED BY\n\nG. S. P. HEYWOOD, M.A., B.Sc.\n\nPROFESSIONAL ASSISTANT, ROYAL OBSERVATORY, HONG KONG.\n\n9\n\nThe Birds of Hong Kong.\n\nPart XIX. The Swallows\n\nGrasses\n\n...\n\nHong Kong Spiders, Part II\n\nCONTENTS\n\nPage\n\nG. A. C. Herklots\n\n85\n\n... A. H. Crook\n\nW. Rae Sherriffs\n\n89\n\n97\n\nAnimal Parasites of Hogs, Goats and Buffaloes\n\nfrom Hong Kong\n\nHong Kong Hills.\n\nPart II, Ma On Shan\n\nLegends and Stories of the New Territories.\n\nPart II, Castle Peak\n\nArchaeological Finds on Lamma Island.\n\nPart IX\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China.\n\nPart V, continued\n\nNotes and Comments\n\nOrnithology.\n\n...\n\nInce's Paradise Flycatcher.\n\nA Day with Birds among the Islands. Rufous-backed and Dusky Shrike.\n\nBotany.\n\nNotes on Orchids.\n\nH. T. Chen\n\n102\n\nG. S. P. Heywood\n\n105\n\nSung Hok-p'ang\n\n110\n\nD. J. Finn\n\n117\n\n...\n\nHenry W. Fowler\n\n132\n\n148\n\nNesting Notes.\n\nMeteorology.\n\nBook Reviews\n\nClimatological Data for January to June\n\nPrice $2.00. Prepaid Subscription. $7.00 Hong Kong currency or Twelve shillings and sixpence, per annum, post free.\n\nThe Newspaper Enterprise Ltd., Hong Kong.\n\n156\n\n157",
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        "page_number": 10,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist, Vol. VI, No. 2.\n\nVol. VI No. 2.\n\nJULY 1935.\n\nPlate\n\nHirundo daurica japonica T. & S. (Japanese Striated or Golden-Rumped Swallow).\n\ntwo upper figures.\n\nHirundo rustica gutturalis Scop. (Eastern House-Swallow), two lower figures.\n\nTHE BIRDS OF HONG KONG.\n\nPART XIX.\n\nG. A. C. HERKLOTS.\n\nFamily HIRUNDINIDAE (Swallows and Martins).\n\nThe Swallows and Martins are swift flying insectivorous birds, catching their prey always on the wing. They have a wide gape, the short triangular bill is hooked at the tip, culmen nearly straight except at the tip, nostrils exposed. They have long and narrow wings with nine primaries, the secondaries are very short. The tail is more or less forked. Their legs are weak and though suitable for perching are not much good for walking; in consequence, the birds rarely come to the ground save to bathe in shallow pools and puddles and to pick up pellets of mud for their nests. The Swallows are related to the Flycatchers, Shrikes, and Birds-of-Paradise. The Swifts, though in some respects superficially like the Swallows (e.g., in their complete mastery of the art of flight), are not even in the same order, being in fact closely related to the Hummingbirds and akin to the Nightjars.\n\nHONG KONG SPECIES:- One swallow, the Eastern House-Swallow, Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop., is a common summer visitor which breeds in the Colony; another, the Japanese Striated or Golden-Rumped Swallow, Hirundo daurica japonica T. & S., is a migrant species which spends a few days or a week or so in the Colony before proceeding northwards to its breeding grounds in China, Manchoukuo, and Japan. The Siberian House Martin, Delichon urbica whiteleyi, possibly migrates across the Colony regularly every year but has only once been recognized by us.\n\nDESCRIPTION.\n\nThe Eastern House-Swallow L.T. 6¾ inches. Plate 6, two lower figures. Length about 6½ inches. \"Forehead, base of fore crown, chin, and throat chestnut, very dark on forehead and fore crown; lores velvety black, sides of head otherwise glossy black; upper parts steel-blue, bases of hind neck and upper back-feathers white, those of rest of upper parts grey or dark brown; surface of wings and tail dull black, the wing-coverts and tertiaries glossed with metallic greenish-blue, the tail with a row of white spots near the tips of the inner webs of all the side-rectrices, but not showing unless the tail is spread out; an irregular black band on the upper breast, broken or encroached upon more or less by the chestnut of the throat.\" \"The rest of the underparts are either pure white, or else vinous-rufous or pale brick-red in various light or darker shades. In the rufous-bellied birds, the under tail-coverts are all darker than the abdomen, these varieties corresponding with those found in the European Swallow. In the white-bellied variety, the under tail-coverts are centred with blackish or brown. The young in first plumage are dull brownish above with very little gloss,\n\nPage 10\n\nPage 11",
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        "page_number": 11,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "12\n\n86\n\nG. A. C. HERKLOTS\n\nand the chestnut of the throat is very pale. Iris brown, bill and legs black. This Swallow differs from H. r. rustica in its smaller size and in the broken breast-band.\" L.T. I, p. 392.\n\n75\n\nThe Japanese Striated or Golden-Rumped Swallow, L.T. No. 337. Plate 6, two upper figures. Length about 7 inches. \"Lores black (bases of feathers greyish); a narrow supercilium over these and over the eye, sides of the head behind the eye, and nape chestnut, the nape streaked with metallic blue-black; crown, hind neck, back, and scapulars steel-blue, the bases of the feathers of the hind neck and upper back white.' \"Feathers of rump-band rufous with black shafts; underparts deep-coloured, much suffused with rufous, streaks on breast and abdomen broad, sometimes very broad.\"\n\n\"Upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue; wings and tail very dark blackish-brown, the lesser wing-coverts somewhat metallic steel-blue, the greater coverts and the tertiaries glossed with the same.\"\n\n\"Tips of shorter and all the longer under tail-coverts glossy blue-black. Iris brown, bill blackish-brown, legs reddish-brown.\" L.T. I, pp. 395 and 397.\n\nThe Siberian House-Martin. L.T. No. 327. Length about 5 inches. \"Forehead, crown, hind neck, sides of the neck, and mantle dark steel-blue, the bases of the feathers of the hind neck and of the mantle white; lores and feathers under the eye and the upper part of the ear-coverts black, the latter glossed with steel-blue; wings and tail black, the edge of the wing marked with white; lower back, rump, upper tail coverts, underparts, and legs and feet white, the longest under tail-coverts, and some of the upper with black shafts; under wing-coverts and axillaries smoke-grey, the feathers of the under edge of the wing dark brown with white edges. Legs very heavily feathered, claws greyish.\" L.T. I, p. 384.\n\nFIELD IDENTIFICATION.\n\nThe Eastern House-Swallow. Uniform bluish-black upper parts, no rump patch. Rufous throat, white breast and usually white belly, deeply forked tail with white spots near the tips of the feathers.\n\nThe Japanese Striated or Golden Rumped Swallow. Golden orange-chestnut rump-band, underparts suffused with rufous feathers with black shafts.\n\nThe Siberian House Martin. Small size. Tail not deeply forked, upper parts dark steel-grey or black, rump and underparts white.\n\nHABITS.\n\nThe Eastern House-Swallow is a regular and common summer visitor which breeds in the Colony. It arrives between the 15th and the end of February and leaves the Colony in August, September and early October though a few birds may remain as late as the beginning of November. November 2nd is our latest date for this species. Eastern House-Swallows are so abundant and their habits so well known that detailed description is unnecessary, they can be seen at their best from a high bank overlooking flooded paddy fields close to the surface of which swallows love to fly.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "The Birds of Hong Kong\n\n87\n\nbird is a subspecies of the Swallow Hirundo r. rustica which visits England during the summer months and is very similar to it in its appearance, twittering song and habits.\n\nOur\n\nThe Golden-Rumped Swallow has only been seen by us on three occasions, in each time in numbers but confined to a particular district and in all three cases in association with the Eastern House-Swallow. records are, April 9, 1932, Kam Tin, several hawking flies over flooded paddy fields; April 19, 1934, Pokfulam, several hawking flies over a hillside and April 6, 1935, again at Kam Tin over flooded fields. These dates and the fact that the birds were seen only once in the month makes us think that in April the species migrates across the Colony northwards, small parties stopping for a short time to rest and feed. We have a record from Nanking for April 28 when the species arrived there. This species nests in the Min Valley, the Yangtse Valley, Chefoo, and further north in Manchoukuo and Japan.\n\nThe Siberian House Martin has only once been seen by us, a party of birds, in the company of Eastern House-Swallows, hawking flies over a village pond at Sek Kong near Kam Tin on April 2, 1934. La Touche, I, p. 384 writes of this species that it \"is not frequently seen on the China coast; the two specimens in my collection, one of which is from Shaweishan and the other shot by me at Chingwangtao, and a flock noticed by Vaughan and Jones on 16th March, 1907, at Hong Kong are about the only records. This species breeds in Siberia.\n\nNESTING HABITS.\n\nThe Eastern House-Swallow has similar nesting habits to its European cousin. The nests are built of mud, mixed perhaps with a little straw or grass, in the form of a saucer or cup and lined with feathers, they are fixed under the eaves of a house or on a ledge of rock. Inhabited houses and old deserted ruins are equally favoured. Four or five eggs are laid; they are white with a pale mauve tint and with small purplish brown speckles mostly towards the larger end. Size 18 x 13 mm. (See plate I, Egg No. 11, H.K.N. IV, 1933). The breeding season in Hong Kong is from mid March to the end of June. We have records of nest building March 12, eggs April 8 and 28 and young in nest May 20. In England the birds have up to four broods in a season; Caldwell in \"South China Birds\" gives two for Fukien.\n\nCROW-PHEASANTS, ADDITIONAL NOTES.\n\nIn the last issue of this journal on page 3 under Nesting Habits a reference was made on line 28 to a nest of the Chinese Crow-Pheasant found in a branch of a screw pine and built of course bladed grasses. The nest was made entirely of leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus and not of coarse bladed grasses as stated. This nest is illustrated in Plate 7 figure 2.\n\nA\n\nJust before the last issue went to press a note was added at the end of the article on page 4 about a nest of the Lesser Crow-Pheasant. photograph of this nest is reproduced here on Plate 7 figure 3.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n13",
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        "page_number": 13,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "14\n\n88\n\nG. A. C. HERKLOTS\n\nThe Call of the Lesser Crow-Pheasant.\n\ncoop currah currah\n\nThe\n\nOn June 3, whilst we were having breakfast, a curious call was heard in the garden outside. It sounded like, \"Currah currah.\" We went out to discover its origin. Presently a Lesser Crow-Pheasant flew onto the top of a small pine tree in the garden and commenced calling, “Coop currah currah.\" We watched the bird through binoculars whilst it sang. The call was quite different to that of the Chinese Crow Pheasant, the \"coop\" being on one note, there being no inflection at the end. We have, since that day, frequently heard this species calling in Pokfulam but never have seen it again. From our house, the following cuckoos can be heard in the course of a day or two: Chinese Koel, Chinese Crow-Pheasant, Lesser Crow-Pheasant, Indian Cuckoo, and Burmese Plaintive Cuckoo.\n\npoomp • • poomp · 4\n\nThe call of the Chinese Crow Pheasant is usually written \"Poomp poomp poomp poomp,\" each call being slightly lower on the scale than the preceding one, and the short pause between each call lessening progressively. The call heard in the distance could thus be interpreted fairly accurately, but if the bird is nearby, a slight inflection is quite noticeable in each call, and a more correct interpretation would be \"poom\" or even \"quoo,\" as I interpreted it in the last issue of this journal on page 2.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nVol. VI, No. 2.\n\nPlate 7. Figure 1, Pandanus odoratissimus with examples of clockwise\n\nand contraclockwise screws.\n\nFigure 2, Nest of Chinese Crow-Pheasant built in and composed\n\nof leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus.\n\nFigure 3, Nest of Lesser Crow-Pheasant built in \"elephant grass\n\nPage 19",
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        "content_text": "[ 89 ]\n\nGRASSES.\n\nA. H. CROOK.\n\nAmong the devotees of natural history there are few more interesting figures than Gilbert White. He lived through stirring times in European and Colonial history, but through them all he showed that unique detachment of mind which is more interested in the nesting habits of the nightjar than in the Declaration of Independence; is more affected by an unusual cloud of insects than by the French Revolution. He left us two interesting observations. One of these, in May 1777, was on earthworms. About a hundred years later Charles Darwin took up the hint then dropped and gave us \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.”\n\nIn the second observation, about a year later, Gilbert White says:-\n\n\"Of all sorts of vegetation the grasses seem to be most neglected, neither the farmer nor the grazier seem to distinguish the annual from the perennial, the hardy from the tender, nor the succulent and nutritive from the dry and juiceless. The study of grasses would be of great consequence to a northerly and grazing kingdom. The botanist that could improve the sward of the district where he lived would be a useful member of society: to raise a thick turf on a naked soil would be worth volumes of systematic knowledge; and he would be the best commonwealth's man that could occasion the growth of 'two blades of grass where only one was seen before.'\n\n21\n\nMrs. Arber has now taken the hint and given us this monumental work on the grasses.* The work, of course, has not come a ready-made and completed miracle from the brain of Mrs. Arber as Athena came from the head of Zeus. For more than a generation the public has been indebted to her for her monographs and studies on the grasses and other families: botanists have requisitioned her erudition and research on monocotyledons, water-plants, and indeed over the whole range of morphological studies. And now after more than thirty years of intensive study she has epitomised her researches in this masterly volume, utilizing in her path all the scholarship and research which the great band of agrostologists from all over the world have placed at the disposal of the scientific scholar. But how few there are who could have used this mass of material with the wonderful skill and appropriateness which Mrs. Arber has displayed!\n\nThe study of the grasses embraces so much and is so far-reaching in its effects from the creation of the world to the flora of the New Jerusalem; from the diet of palaeolithic man to the food questions of President Roosevelt; from the latest news from Lord's or Wimbledon to the state of our digestion after a breakfast of shredded wheat or puffed rice—that any work dealing with the whole subject must stretch out into volumes. And in whatever\n\n* The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo, and Grass, by Agnes Arber, M.A., D.Sc., Cambridge at The University Press, price £1 1os. od,\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n16",
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        "content_text": "17\n\n90\n\nA. H. CROOK\n\nmethod the subject is treated there will be some readers who will want something different, some who will be disappointed that their particular pet hobby has not been sufficiently emphasised.\n\nMrs. Arber says her book was not logically planned but simply grew. Her own words are, she \"allowed the book to write itself.\" This of course, must not be taken as the equivalent of the schoolboy's well-known cloak of excuse, \"I didn't do it, Sir: it was my hand.\" The first few chapters all too short-give an account of the cereals, their putative homes, history, and relationships to their wild cousins. Considering that the whole of human existence and civilization is bound up with these cereals we are surprised that Mrs. Arber curtailed these chapters so much. Even at the expense of a book twice the size we need all the information we can get. One whole side of the question is shut out with the laconic words: \"An account of cereal geography would be outside the scope of this book.\"\n\nShe offers no pronounced opinion on the relative antiquity of wheat, barley, rice and maize as domesticated plants, though if botanists could assist in settling this question, or throw some light on it, they would thereby greatly aid the solution of the whole vexed question of the priority of civilization in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, or Peru.\n\nMrs. Arber mentions the interesting fact that maize is the only cereal which may not lead a feral existence: \"it cannot propagate itself spontaneously, for the grain does not escape from the husks without help.” The most natural explanation of this fact would seem to be that the grain had been so long domesticated that it had lost the essential means of survival, whereas the other cereals were only on the way towards losing them. This of course is a supposition, but Mrs. Arber rather than assume it seems to prefer the derivation of the plant 'possibly by a process of hybridisation' from Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana), the grass of nearest affinity to it in the New World. When Mrs. Arber says \"the grain does not escape from the husks without help\" we naturally wonder if there might not have been in days gone by, in the native home of the grain, a parrot or some such bird which might have been the effective ministrant. A plant like maize, which supplies en masse a proliferation of seed as in the corn-cob, could well afford to sacrifice 60% to 70% of each cob if it thereby got 5% to 10% disseminated. Some of the parrots can handle a cob with great dexterity. But if the Indians of America adopted this grain as their chief domestic plant they would naturally kill out this enemy to their food supply.\n\nOf the rice plant we are told that \"the earliest record we have of it is in old Chinese writings and it has been cultivated continuously in that country since the remote past.\" When Mrs. Arber wrote her book Mr. Andersson's \"Children of the Yellow Earth\" was only in the press. In this latter work (p. 336) in speaking of the fragments of a jar from the Yang Shao civilization Mr. Andersson says:----\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "Grasses\n\n91\n\n\"We happened to examine more closely a fragment of a jar from Yang Shao Tsun. It was unusually thick in the wall, porous and full of plant imprints. Two Swedish botanists, G. Edman and E. Söderberg, examined this small fragment and their examination led to the most important discovery in this field since the discovery in 1921 of the Yang Shao dwelling site. It could be shown with certainty that the plant imprints in this fragment were husks of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). The discovery was in a high degree sensational not only because it sets back the history of rice an immense distance in time, but also because it points not to dry Central Asia, but to rainy Southern Asia, which is the homeland of rice.'\n\n\"\n\nIt thus looks as if we should have to give rice the pre-eminence in antiquity of all the cereals. Its home was probably the Burma-Siam region or perhaps Southern China, though Mrs. Arber does not shut out the possibility of tropical Africa. When did it first reach Europe? If its original home was Africa it possibly reached Europe in very early times. But if, as seems more probable, its original home was the monsoon area of Eastern Asia it probably did not reach Europe till Saracen times. Gibbon, however, gives quite another view. He says of the Roman marriage, \"the contracting parties tasted a salt cake of far or rice, and this confarreation, which denoted the ancient food of Italy, (italics ours) seemed as an emblem of their mystic union of mind and body.\" Gibbon was probably no botanist any more than Dr. Johnson, but we should have been pleased if Mrs. Arber had told us whether there was any foundation for Gibbon's belief that rice was \"the ancient food of Italy.\" Some of the facts which Mrs. Arber does mention about rice are well worthy of note. One often wonders why some of the Eastern peoples keep rice as their staple food, especially as it is dearer than wheat, and not a very complete food stuff (\"it lacks nitrogenous matter and also fat.\") But we get this interesting piece of information which may possibly account for a good deal:-\"The deficiencies of the grain from the food standpoint become virtues under tropical conditions, since they improve its keeping capacity.\"\n\nCurious and disjointed facts which we have heard in youth sometimes stay in our heads a long time. When I was a schoolboy we had Robinson Crusoe as an examination text-book, and the teacher, believing that the examiners were likely to ask a question on de Foe's errors in Robinson Crusoe, had carefully coached us on all these mistakes. I have forgotten them all now, except one. I don't think my teacher was a botanist but he told us that when Robinson Crusoe is represented as emptying the bag of remains of barley and rice on the ground under the rocks and later finding barley and rice growing, that de Foe had made a mistake; that the rice grain in this condition would not grow; that it was the only grain which lost its germ in being hulled.*\n\nNow the rice grain as we get it for food has no germ. Mrs. Arber, of course, does not mention in what stage of the process\n\n* Since writing the above I have found that this error and others in Robinson Crusoe are mentioned by Archbishop Whately in his Commonplace Book, and my teacher seems to have got them from this source.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n18",
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        "content_text": "19\n\n92\n\nA. H. CROOK\n\nof preparation the germ is lost but she does mention a fact about the rice spikelet which may possibly have something to do with this. \"The spikelet of rice (Oryza sativa, L.)\", she says, \"shows the unusual feature that the lodicules are joined to the margins of the palea, at its base, so that they look deceptively as if they were related to it as stipules.\"\n\nIn Leerzia oryzoides, a close ally of Oryza, mechanical pressure has caused an interlocking of the lemma and palea so that cleistogamy takes place. But Mrs. Arber does not mention whether any of the near allies of rice lose their germ as readily as rice seems to do.\n\nWe should have liked a lengthier discussion on the antiquity and possible birthplace of the sugar-cane-\"the only important perennial grass grown for human food.\" \"It is selected for sterility, since the store of sugar in the stem would be exhausted by the act of flowering.\" So this is the reason that the plant never flowers. Many a time in South China and Formosa I have asked the Chinese farmer for the flower and fruit of the sugar-cane and he always replied that it had none. Mr. Silvens in his \"Texas Grasses\" also notes, \"rarely blooms in the United States.\" \"There are indications that the cultivation of the sugar-cane began very early in India\" but we are not given any precise idea of what this 'very early' means. Mrs. Arber does not refer to the two passages in the Old Testament where the sugar-cane is mentioned-Isaiah XLIII, v. 24, \"Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money neither hast thou filled me with the fat of thy sacrifices\"; and Jeremiah VI, v. 20 \"to what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba and the sweet cane from a far country?\" So evidently the Hebrews of 600 or 700 B.C. were familiar with the sugar-cane as a domestic plant, though like spices it was an import 'from a far country'. Alphonse de Candolle, in \"The Origin of Cultivated Plants\" (p. 159), says, \"On the other hand the Hebrew writings do not mention sugar\". But Alphonse de Candolle was a Frenchman, and the French are almost proverbially ignorant of the Bible. Not so, however, Mrs. Arber.\n\nWhen we come to the résumé of our knowledge of the bamboos and the origin of the tree-habit as exemplified by them we reach some of the most interesting part of the book. Like the shady Bishop, \"our interest's on the dangerous edge of things\", though perhaps 'the dangerous edge' is not quite the same for the Bishop and for us. But readers of some of these fascinating chapters must feel that Mrs. Arber has an interest in the dangerous edge of things too, but inspired and tempered by her unique scholarship and academic restraint. When the man in the street thinks about the development of plants at all he seems generally to conclude that the herbaceous forms appeared first, and that some of these, strengthening and lignifying their vascular tissues, grew into shrubs and trees. Botanists, on the other hand, were inclined to reverse this order: they generally held that the herbaceous forms were later than the woody forms; the herbaceous and annual grasses would thus be the later and more modern arrivals. This view seemed to be rather supported from an examination of the flower. Thus the flower of the bamboos conformed more closely to what was accepted as the original typical monocotyledonous type. Mrs. Arber, however, questions this theory, and substitutes for it the\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "Grasses\n\n93\n\ndoctrine of 'evolutionary lag'. Lest we should do an injustice to her theory we must put the crucial part of her statement in her own words:-\n\n•\n\n\"In discussions on the tree and herb habit in Angiosperms, a mode of statement is often used, which seems to me to be the root of much morphological evil: I mean that in comparing various groups of flowering plants, botanists are apt to speak of some as more ancient than others. Every one of the various lineages must have lived through all the time that has elapsed since the original stock came into being, and it is hence a misuse of language to talk of one lineage as being ‘older’ than another. This usage is sometimes defended on the ground that 'old' or 'ancient' in this sense means 'having primitive characteristics' but I do not think that the word 'old' should be treated as a synonym for 'old-fashioned'. Now there is a time-relation, to which attention has been drawn in Sinnott's paper on \"Comparative Rapidity of Evolution in Various Plant Types,\" which is of the first importance when considered in connection with the equality of evolutionary age of all existing stocks of flowering plants. This point is the shortness of generations in herbs as compared with trees. Sinnott estimates that in herbaceous species we may reckon fifty to a hundred generations to a century, and in most trees only four or five. It is possible that he exaggerates this difference in general, but in some of the Gramineae it is undoubtedly even more striking than his figures suggest.\n\nThe dictum, that \"the single step in evolution is not a year but a generation,\" must be accepted, if we believe that evolutionary development depends on the changes in the germ cells which come about in connection with sexual reproduction. It is thus obvious, a priori, that, in a given period of years, the herb will have more numerous chances than the tree of undergoing the changes in its genic outfit which condition variations. This theoretical conclusion is confirmed by the statistical facts concerning the number of species in genera and families of trees and herbs; for it is clear that the existence of a relatively high number of species in a genus or family means that it has been the scene of correspondingly active evolutionary development. Sinnott shows that in the Dicotyledons the average number of species in the woody genera is 12.5, while in the herbaceous genera it is 15. The existence of this evolutionary lag—if we may so name it—among trees as compared with herbs is well demonstrated by Sinnott, and yet he hardly seems to appreciate its full significance. In the Leguminosae, two of the subfamilies, Mimoseae and Caesalpineae, with their regular or nearly regular flowers, are without question more primitive in type than the Papilionatae, with their curious butterfly-shaped blossoms. Now of the 121 genera in the first two subfamilies, 113 are wholly woody, and the other 8 contain both woody and herbaceous forms; there are no entirely herbaceous genera. In the Papilionatae, on the other hand, 29% of the genera are herbaceous. It is evident, therefore, that the more primitive members of the Leguminosae are almost all woody, but that there is a much higher percentage of herbs in the part of the family with more specialised\n\nJuly 1935,\n\n•\n\n10",
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        "content_text": "Page 21\n\nA. H. CROOK\n\nflowers. Sinnott and Bailey interpret these facts as showing that the family was originally arboreal, and that a subsequent reduction from the tree to the herbaceous type in certain genera has been accompanied by the development of specialised flowers. But bearing in mind the evolutionary lag in the tree form, it is surely more logical to suppose that the Leguminosae were originally herbaceous, and that those lineages which adopted the tree habit, put a brake, as it were, upon their own evolution and thus dropped behind the lineages which by remaining herbaceous, retained the power of mounting the ladder of floral specialization at a relatively rapid rate. The Leguminosae are by no means the only family in which the same process can be followed. The example which chiefly concerns us here, but to which Sinnott and Bailey do not refer, is the Gramineae. The herbaceous grasses have, as a rule, extremely reduced flowers, but the flowers of the dendroid Bambuseae approximate much more closely to the usual monocotyledonous type.\n\nSo far so good. But surely Mrs. Arber must admit that the genera of the Bambuseae themselves ought to show this evolutionary lag more clearly in those where the generations are slow than in the annual or biennial forms; i.e. the flowers of those bamboos with a long period between their generations should approximate much more closely to the usual monocotyledonous type than the flowers of those which are annual or have a short period. But this is not so. Thus Dendrocalamus sp. with about a twenty-five or thirty year breeding period has numerous stamens; and Ochlandra sp., also with a slow breeding period, shows numerous structural variations from what might be considered the type form. While some of the annual bamboos, like Arundinaria Wightiana, which have therefore much more chance of undergoing the changes of genic outfit, remain much closer to the usual monocotyledonous type. It must be noted, however, that many of the changes which do take place in the bamboos are in the nature of proliferation of the parts rather than reduction.\n\nThere is so much to comment upon and so many interesting details to quote in this volume that selection is difficult. The way in which cytology has come to the assistance of the observer and the field naturalist forms a very interesting branch of modern research. The early settlers in America were hard up for fodder grasses. Several British meadow grasses had to be imported. One, Phleum pratense L., introduced by Timothy Hansen, proved a very useful fodder grass. It was sent back to England a stronger and stouter plant under the name of 'Timothy grass.' Cytologists have now found that the returned emigrant has 42 chromosomes instead of the 14 with which the original wild 'Pilgrim Father' started out. Poa pratensis has also gone across to the States, and has become the famous 'Kentucky blue-grass.' Mrs. Arber makes the interesting suggestion that it, too, may be found to be a polyploid form i.e. a grass which has multiplied its chromosomes. This polyploidy is possibly initiated by crossing with some other species—though by what species these particular grasses were fertilised may now perhaps never be discovered.\n\nPolyploidy, too, seems to have played its part in the production of that useful grass Spartina townsendi of which Mrs. Arber gives an interesting\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nPage 20\n\nPage 21",
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        "content_text": "Grasses\n\n95\n\nAt that account. This grass was first found at Hythe in England in 1870. It has since spread rapidly along the South coast and has invaded the Normandy coast of France. It was thought at first to be a foreign invader—but this is now disbelieved. Cytological evidence shows that it has no less than 126 chromosomes. So that possibly hybridisation and doubling of the chromosomes may account for this useful arrival. My first acquaintance with it was in 1918 from Carey and Oliver's \"Tidal Lands.\" At the time I was in Hong Kong and was anxious to have the grass tried experimentally on those terrible inter-tidal mud flats which disfigure so much of the sea coast in the New Territory. I then failed but I hope to try again. Its speed of growth and usefulness in reclaiming salt-marshes and mud swamps have made this grass a godsend, and now Mrs. Arber gives a glowing account of its beauty in the Baie des Veys on the French coast. Who knows but if it were transplanted to the mud flats of the Canton River it might become more polyploid still and not only transfigure the landscape there but return to us as a beneficial emigrant like Timothy.\n\nIt would be sheer impertinence on our part to attempt to criticise this book. Its format, its printing, and Mrs. Arber's delicate illustrations make it a perfect pleasure to read. Almost 500 pages of highly technical English terms, as well as hosts of botanical names, generic and specific without, as far as we could see, a single error, throw a lustre on the Cambridge University Press and all concerned in its production. True, we might pick a crow with Mrs. Arber about some of her terms, but we know we could only expect a few quills. Mrs. Arber is painfully fastidious about her terminology, as witness her notes on the spelling of gynæcium and andrœcium, but yet she writes caryopses as the plural of caryopsis. We doubt it has classical justification, but it is not sanctioned by the S.O.E.D. Again, she writes 'stomates'—possibly an early form. This, too, is not sanctioned by the S.O.E.D.; for though it gives the singular 'stomate,' it distinctly states that this is the singular of 'stomata.' She has monantochloë—possibly the original form. But 'anthos,' not 'antos,' is the Greek for a flower: but even if Linnaeus himself or Darwin made the mistake originally that is no reason why it should be followed now. In another place she writes, 'the twist of the column is dextral.' Now here, though Mrs. Arber has the S.O.E.D. with her, we cannot agree. An old mathematical master at school never tired of telling us, of motion in a circle or a spiral you can never say left or right, sinistral or dextral: you must always say clockwise and contraclockwise.\n\nWhen I read the account of the twist in the awn of avena, anthoxanthum, stipa, and danthonia I took out specimens of the plants to see if the direction of the twist was constant. Mrs. Arber offers no explanation of the direction or constancy. As a few of my specimens were from Natal my interest naturally turned to them to see if the twist was in the opposite direction (for Marie Stopes' baby would kick itself round so as to have its head pointing to the South pole if it was born south of the Equator). But they were all alike. But is there unfailing constancy of twist? Mrs. Arber quotes from Percival, apparently with approval, the\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n22",
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        "content_text": "23\n\n96\n\nA. H. CROOK\n\nstatement that \"in wheat, the blade is twisted in the form of a loose right-handed screw. With rare exceptions, this direction of the screw is the same for all the leaf blades.\" But the illustrations in Percival's book, \"The Wheat Plant\" (pp. 70 and 71), as far as one can interpret them, seem to contradict this and must be among the rare exceptions.' With another group of plants, the Pandanaceae or Screw pines, though at first appearing fixed the constancy seemed to have many exceptions. The accompanying photo, plate 7 figure 1, with examples of the clockwise and contraclockwise screw beside one another, was taken in the New Territory many years ago.\n\nWhen Mr. Chesterton wrote \"A Short History of England\" one of his reviewers said that an adequate and complete history of England could be compiled from what Mr. Chesterton had left out. In the case of Mr. Chesterton's work this was scarcely intended for a compliment. But if we say that there is room for a couple more volumes on the grasses treating of the material which Mrs. Arber has not inserted here and that we hope Mrs. Arber will write them, we mean it for a sincere compliment. She has not, for instance, touched on the geological history of the grasses at all. But we can wait in hope.\n\nEven the most bounteous have not now, as Antony had, realms and islands to drop from their pockets but it is a popular fancy to think of how you would bestow them if you had. Well, if I were dictator I would give Mrs. Arber a dukedom for having written this book.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "HONG KONG SPIDERS.\n\nII.\n\nBy W. RAE SHERRIFFS.\n\nProfessor OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON.\n\nFamily ARGIOPIDAE (continued).\n\nGenus ARANEUS, Clerck (cf. H.K.N. V., p. 88.).\n\n5. Araneus mitificus, Simon.\n\nFirst described by Simon in \"Ann. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux.\" xi, p. 150 (1886) as Epeïra mitifica.\n\nThorell in his 'Primo Saggio Sui Ragni Birmani' Genova 1887 p. 187 describes this species fully in Latin as Epeira mitifica. Workman figures it in his 'Malaysian Spiders,' 1896.\n\nIt is, when alive, a beautiful small green spider with the abdomen dorsally yellowish grey or fawn and prettily marked with characteristic black spots of which there is a large transverse procurved one (bean shaped) at the top end and four much smaller ones at the hind end (see figure).\n\nI have found this spider within the city of Madras and also on the Nilgiri Hills at Kotagiri. It has been reported also from Poona and Konkan in India and from Singapore. The snare is said to measure 4\"-5\" diameter and to have one free segment with a line from it.\n\nThe spider is usually resting on a leaf of the hedge under a light silk tunnel with the orb web close by. It then rushes out whenever a fly alights on the web. In the Nilgiris I have taken it frequently from Lantana and other bushes.\n\nFrom Hong Kong this spider has been collected, one female only from the Peak.\n\nGenus ARGIOPE, Savigny 1827.\n\n6. Argiope aemula, Walck.\n\nFirst described by Walckenaer in his \"Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres\" Paris 1837 as Epeïra aemula.\n\nThorell gives the Latin description in his \"Ragni di Selebes\" p. 24 Genoa 1877 and Pocock very briefly in English in his \"Arachnida\" (Fauna of British India series) 1900 p. 223.\n\nThe genus Argiope has given its name to the huge family to which the preceding spiders have all belonged. The cephalothorax is flat; ocular quadrangle much longer than wide: eyes of posterior line very strongly procurved, the medians being far behind the laterals: abdomen truncate in front, swollen and with or without caudal processes and large lateral lobes.\n\nThe females are usually spiders of large size (10-20 mm. long) generally very beautifully marked and coloured in white, silver or gold. The sternum is usually black with a distinct median longitudinal line in white, yellow or orange.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n24",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "98\n\nW. RAE SHERRIFFS\n\nThe species aemula has the abdomen longer than wide, oval without lateral lobes and caudal processes. The dorsal pattern consists of transverse black lines with broader pale bands intervening.\n\nThe webs of the different species of Argiope are orbs without a conducting thread.\n\nThe female always remains at the centre resting on a characteristic white stabilimentum which is X-shaped. The long legs of the spider stretch out with one pair to each arm of the X. Pocock considers that the white ribbons of the stabilimentum conceal the spider's limbs from flies and from marauding wasps. It seems to me, however, that they serve rather as a background which shows up the spider's legs. The white silk may attract flies but the ribbons are essentially a support for the spider's body. That the spider is quite easily seen thus resting during the day by an enemy is proved by their being picked off their web by birds. In Madras in my own compound I have watched a Mynah (Acridotheres tristis), an Indian starling, deliberately walk up to the web in full daylight and find a juicy mouthful in the unfortunate owner. The spider in this case was the common South Indian species anasuja, Thor.\n\nW.R.S\n\nThe South Indian Argiope anasuja to show the female spider dorsally on her web with a fly, trussed up in silk, in her jaws. She rests head downwards with the legs in the characteristic X position ending in the stabilimentum. This figure is a composite drawing from original photographs.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\n25",
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        "id": 549117,
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 25,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nVol. VI, No. 2.\n\nPlate 8. Figure 5, Araneus mitificus Simon, female × 31.\n\nFigure 6, Argiope aemula Walckenaer, female × 2. Figure 7, Araneus de Haanii Doleschal, female × 12. Figure 8, Argyrodes fissifrons O. Pickard-Cambridge, female × 5, side view.\n\nFrom original drawings by W. R. S.\n\n8.\n\n6.\n\n26",
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    {
        "id": 549118,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 26,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Hong Kong Spiders \n\n99 \n\nThe young Argiopes, immature females, make a small web which has at first no proper stabilimentum but only a lacework of stronger threads at the centre, \n\nThe mature female of anasuja always rested at the centre of the web head downwards. When alarmed she used to raise her body outwards from the web and then suddenly pop through the opening right at the centre of the web within the X of the ribbons to the other side. \n\nThe male Argiope is much smaller than his mate (4 mm.) and very inconspicuous, being only a plain purple brown in colour. He is found usually on the edge of the big web or on a tiny web of his own near by. \n\nArgiope aemula was originally described by Walckenaer from the Celebes. It has been obtained since from Burma, Ceylon, different parts of India, Nicobar Isles and Malaysia. The genus is widespread in the Tropics and sub-Tropics with the headquarters in Malaya and Oceania from which some 40 species have been identified. One species is European and another Canadian. Several species have a very wide distribution such as the type A. lobata Pallas which extends from a great part of Africa through \n\nCentral Asia to India. \n\nThe genus is easily recognised by the white X on the web and again by the richness of the livery. \n\nWithin Hong Kong A. aemula has been taken at the Peak, Tai O and Aberdeen. \n\nGenus ARANEUS, Clerck 1757. \n\n7. Araneus de Haanii Dol. \n\nFirst described by Doleschall in \"Verh. Nat. Vereen. Neder. Ind. V. p. 33 (1859). Thorell in 'Ragni Birmani' p. 178 (1887) gives the synonymy under Epeira. Pocock in his 'Arachnida' p. 225 gives a brief description and a figure. \n\nThe species de haanii is a large type of Araneus, the mature female reaching a length of one inch (25 mm.) \n\nIn colour the cephalothorax is reddish and covered with white hairs; legs and palps red; abdomen yellow brown generally with darker mottled areas below, dark brown in front of shoulder points and again below the terminal point. There is a large conical tubercle over each pair of lateral eyes. Abdomen is triangular in outline with two distinct sharp shoulder points in front and a median terminal one. There is a very strong scape to the vulva. Workman figures the species in his \"Malaysian Spiders.\" From the specimens I have examined, the colour markings seem to be most variable for in some cases there is a dark brownish mark on the abdomen dorsally arching across from the two shoulder points then extending downwards to the point at the tip; the front and sides round this patch being yellowish. \n\nThe web is said by Workman to be vertical and from 20′′-24′′ across with a line reaching to the spider's resting place under a leaf. \n\nJuly 1935- \n\n27",
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    {
        "id": 549119,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 27,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "28\n\n100\n\nW. RAE SHERRIFFS\n\nThe Hong Kong specimens came from (1) Kowloon City and (2) Shau-ki-wan and were both captured in August 1931.\n\nThis species has a wide distribution in the East Indies viz;- whole of Malaya, Sumatra, New Guinea, Burma, Ceylon and India. Not unnaturally therefore there are several synonyms, cf. bogoriensis, submucronata and Khandarensis.\n\nThe male is much smaller than the female and was described by Thorell under the name of Epeïra caestata (1890).\n\nFamily THERIDIIDAE.\n\nGenus ARGYRODES, Simon 1864.\n\n8. Argyrodes fissifrons, O. Pickard-Cambridge.\n\nFirst described in \"The Journal of the Linnean Society\" Zool. X, p. 380 (1869).\n\nThe genus Argyrodes includes a number of small so-called parasitic spiders because they live on the big webs of other larger spiders such as Nephila, Cyrtophora, Psechrus, etc. These spiders were first noticed by Dr. Vinson in the Island of Reunion and described in his \"Araneides des Iles de la Reunion, Maurice et Madagascar\" 1863 pp. 268-276. He first noticed their small webs placed between the strands of the large web and found them eating the young of another species.\n\nThese parasitic spiders evidently escape the notice of the bigger spider and take food that she finds too small to bother with. Vinson called his first species Linyphia parasitica.\n\nThe species fissifrons derives its name from the male where the fore part of the head is prominent and divided horizontally by a deep fissure into 2 lobes, the lower one being the stronger. Both lobes have strong, prominent hairs on them, but especially the upper one. In spirit specimen the colours are as follows:- cephalothorax yellow brown: legs of same colour with darker bands and not very hairy: abdomen oblong rounded in front and produced behind over the spinnerets which are prominent. Abdomen dorsally is pale yellow brown with two longitudinal silvery lines meeting behind; these lines branch at the sides and become margined with deep red brown approaching black. Both sexes have the same colourings and the abdomen may have scattered silvery spots in addition to the lines. Tip of abdomen in the female is distinctly pointed as compared with the projecting bluff end in the male. She has not the deep cleft in the head so characteristic of the male. The female has a characteristic dark brown spot on the tip of the abdomen and another of the same kind and size low down behind the spinnerets.\n\nThe female measures 5 mm. long and the male about the same. The cocoon containing the eggs has a characteristic shape like a pear or globular with a blunt tip downwards: at the top end there is a long stalk which divides at its upper end into two diverging branches which attach the cocoon to the strands of the big web of the host (see figure).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549120,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
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        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 28,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "29\n\nHong Kong Spiders\n\n101\n\nArgyrodes fissifrons was found within Hong Kong presumably, but unfortunately no locality was sent with the two specimens, both female, received.\n\nCambridge reported his specimens from Ceylon where I also have taken them. When alive these spiders are small red and white forms with black legs. I found them all on the large web of Nephila malabarensis.\n\nA. inguinalis and A. procrastinans are synonyms.\n\nA. fissifrons is reported from Burma by Thorell. Simon mentions at least 80 species of this genus, some twenty of which belong to Tropical Asia. He records as species Argyrodes argyrodes as having the same distribution as Cyrtophora citricola on whose web it is a parasite.\n\nINDEX.\n\n5. Araneus mitificus, Simon. 6. Argiope aemula, Walckenaer.\n\nP. 97.\n\nP. 97.\n\np. 99.\n\n8. Argyrodes fissifrons, Pickard-Cambridge.\n\np. 100.\n\n7. Araneus de Haanii, Doleschal.\n\nCORRIGENDA.\n\nHong Kong Spiders I, H.K.N.H.V., No. 2, pages 85 to 90, 1934.\n\nPage 86, paragraph 6 line 28 \"half of pair\" should read \"half of palp.”\n\nPage 87, paragraph 5 line 22 “pecuinosa\" should read \"pecuniosa.”\n\nPage 87, paragraph 7 line 33 \"aumelipes\" should read \"annulipes.\"\n\nPage 88, paragraph 6 line 33 \"deceus\" should read “decens.\"\n\nPage 88, paragraph 7 line 36 “Nalckenaer” should read “Walckenaer.”\n\nPage 89, paragraph 5 line 44 \"Ceuni\" should read “Cenni.”\n\nPage 90, paragraph 1 line 2 “Araignels\" should read “Araignées.”\n\nJuly 1935.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
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    {
        "id": 549121,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "30\n\n[102]\n\nANIMAL PARASITES OF HOGS, GOATS, AND BUFFALOES FROM HONG KONG.*\n\nH. T. CHEN.\n\nLingnan University, Canton.\n\nThrough the kindness of Dr. Walter MacKenzie, the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon of the Sanitary Department, Hong Kong, the writer had the rare opportunity of working at intervals in the Kennedy Town Abattoir during the academic year of 1933-1934 for the examination of animal parasites in slaughtered animals. The cadavers examined consisted\n\nI. BUFFALOES.\n\n  \n    Name of Parasite\n    Location in Host\n    Incidence of Infection\n    Remarks\n  \n  \n    Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758\n    Liver and biliary passage\n    18 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Eurytrema pancreaticum (Janson, 1889)\n    Biliary passage, pancreatic duct\n    20 per cent.\n    Generally very heavy infections\n  \n  \n    Fischoederius elongatus (Poirier, 1883)\n    Stomach\n    79 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Homalogaster paloniae Poirier, 1883\n    Large intestine\n    13 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Fischoeder, 1901)\n    Stomach\n    10 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Moniezia sp.++\n    Small intestine\n    5 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi, 1803)\n    Large intestine\n    15 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795)\n    Large intestine\n    23 per cent.\n    \n  \n  \n    Cooperia punctata (V. Linstow, 1907)\n    Small intestine\n    Less than 5 per cent.\n    \n  \n\n* A contribution from the Biological Laboratory, Lingnan University, Canton. The investigation is partly supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in China.\n\n+ These trematodes, because of their abundance, are being used by some people for feeding their chickens. It is said that they are very nutritious.\n\n++ Since some important structural characters do not seem to fit into the key of any known species, we feel that its specific determination will have to be left until a more critical study can be made.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549122,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 30,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Animal Parasites of Hogs, Goats, and Buffaloes from Hong Kong 103\n\nof hogs (Sus scrofa domestica), goats (Capra hircus), and buffaloes (Bos buffelus and Bos indicus). Altogether approximately three hundred animals were examined. Results show that twenty different kinds of parasites were found during the survey. The present report is of preliminary nature and aims to give only a list of these parasites.\n\nIn addition to the nine species listed in the above table there are two other species of nematodes of which only the females were recovered, and consequently an identification is at present impossible. One species was found in the heart and lungs, while the other was found in the small intestine.\n\nII. HOGS.\n\n31\n\nName of Parasite\nLocation in Host\nIncidence of Infection\nRemarks\n\nFasciola hepatica\nLiver and biliary passage\n10 per cent.\n\nFasciolopsis buski\nIntestine\n24 per cent.\nLinnaeus, 1758\n\nCysticercus* tenuicollis\nLiver and abdominal cavity\n85 per cent.\nAttaching to mesenteries or omentum in abd. cavity\n\nAscaris lumbricoides\nSmall intestine\n73 per cent.\nLinnaeus, 1758\n\nTrichuris suis\nLarge intestine\n13 per cent.\nSchrank, 1788\n\nStrongyloides sp.\nSmall intestine\nRare\n\nGlobocephalus samoensis (Lane, 1922)\nSmall intestine\n15 per cent.\nBloch, 1782\n\nEchinorhynchus gigas\n\n* This is the larval form of Taenia hydatigena (Pallas, 1766), the adult of which is commonly found in dogs in China.\n\nIn addition to these seven species listed in the above table, there is a single specimen of an undetermined female nematode, which is probably a strongyloid.\n\nIII. GOATS.\n\nOnly three species of parasites were recovered from the goats, two of which are nematodes, namely, Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892) and Oesophagostomum sp. Both of these occur in the small intestine and were found in less than ten per cent. of the animals examined. The third species, probably immature specimens of Cotylophoron cotylophorum, were commonly found in the stomach of the host.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\nA\n\nPage 30\nPage 31\n\n32",
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    {
        "id": 549123,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 31,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "104\n\nH. T. CHEN\n\nDISCUSSION.\n\nIt is believed that a more intensive survey of these hosts will undoubtedly reveal many more species than the twenty odd species listed here. The majority of the animals slaughtered in Hong Kong are imported from Indo-China and a certain number from Kwangtung province and therefore Hong Kong cannot be considered as a unit separate from China from the standpoint of the parasitic fauna though it may have its own peculiarities.\n\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS.\n\nThe writer wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Walter MacKenzie, the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon of the Sanitary Department of the Hong Kong Government, for his kindness in letting him pay regular visits to work in the Abattoir. He also wishes to thank Mr. Old, the Inspector of the Abattoir, for space and facilities for carrying on preliminary examinations at the Abattoir.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549124,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "page_number": 32,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "33\n\n[105]\n\n# HONG KONG HILLS.\n\n## PART II.\n\n### MA ON SHAN (2,261 feet), and some neighbouring hills.\n\nG. S. P. HEYWOOD.\n\nOf all the Hong Kong hills Ma On Shan is my favourite; its steep wooded slopes falling straight to the sea and the graceful curve of the skyline between its two peaks make it the most beautiful of our mountains. It is a fine climb by any route, and on a clear day the view from the summit is unsurpassed; to the west Tai Mo Shan shows its full height; to the east, seeming almost beneath one's feet so steep is the slope, lies Port Shelter, and beyond it are blue hills and blue water along miles of coast to Bias Bay in the distance. Even on a cloudy day it is worth a visit; a mountain never looks so impressive from below as when its slopes disappear into the mist, and the imagination is left to picture fantastic peaks above.\n\nThe mountain has been happily described in an article by Mr. Gibbs in H.K.N. Vol. II, p. 214; his sketch map shows all the paths referred to below.\n\n### The Hunchback Ridge.\n\nThe south and west sides of Ma On Shan can most easily be reached by taking a sampan from Lok Lo Ha, about a mile and a half beyond Shatin on the Tai Po road; the voyage across Tide Cove takes twenty minutes or so, and is a pleasant way of beginning and ending a day's scrambling. The sampan lands us at Tai Shui Hang, and we take the path which turns uphill to the left behind the last house in the village; the path winds along the side of a valley some distance above the stream until it joins the Iron Mine road near Ma On Shan village. The road is followed for a few hundred yards westward to the foot of the Hunchback ridge; a faint track can be discovered winding steeply up the ridge, which provides a most airy and exhilarating climb to the summit. The top of the first hunchback is a delectable place for the lunch halt; here the climber can recline on sun-warmed rocks, while dangling his feet over the edge of the cliff a hundred feet or so above the tree-tops.\n\nThe way up the second hunchback is steep and slippery; nailed shoes give a sense of security which the handholds of straggling grass fail to provide. The third and highest hunchback (2,226 feet) is reached in about 2 1/2 hours from Tai Shui Hang, and 20 minutes more are needed for the walk along the narrow ridge of the saddle to the top of Ma On Shan.\n\nThe short cut directly down the S.W. face towards Ma On Shan village looks simple but is not to be recommended; I have vivid recollections of a nightmare struggle to reach the stream through thick scrub, where spiders of incredible size would appear with startling suddenness a few inches in front of my face. A better way is to continue along the ridge and so down to the Iron Mine by the route described in the next paragraph.\n\n### The South Ridge.\n\nThe easiest way up the mountain starts from the Iron Mine about half a mile S.E. of Ma On Shan village. Fortunately for the walker there are at present no signs that this secluded bit of country will become a smoky industrial area. Peace reigns, and the lorry which used to jolt up and down the road between the mine and the jetty appears to have made its last journey. Beyond the mine a path crosses a shoulder of the hill into a narrow valley which descends from the high ground im-\n\nJuly 1935.",
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        "content_text": "HARBOUR\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMA ON SHAN\n\nTHE HUNCHBACKS\n\nPYRAMID HILL,\n\nIRON MINE\n\nMA ON SHAN VILLAGE\n\nMa On Shan from the south-west.\n\nA-Path from Tai Shui Hang to the Hunchbacks.\n\nB-Path from the Iron Mine to Ma On Shan.\n\n106\n\n34\n\nG. S. P. HEYWOOD",
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        "content_text": "Hong Kong Hills\n\n107\n\nmediately to the south of the summit. The path crosses the stream and zig-zags up a grassy spur on the far side, eventually reaching a high pass on the ridge between Ma On Shan and Pyramid Hill. The ridge is followed to the top, passing close to the fine crag which falls sheer from the summit on its eastern side. Time, 2½ hours from Tai Shui Hang.\n\nThe East Face from Sai Kung.-Seen from Port Shelter the bold eastern face of Ma On Shan looks almost impregnable, yet there is an easy path up the mountain from this side. Rather less than a mile north of Sai Kung a long wooded spur comes down to the coast, and a paved path leads up it to the village of Wong Chuk Yeung, about 700 feet above sea level. I reached this village one cloudy evening with about two hours of daylight to spare; in the still air the blue smoke from the cottages was rising into the grey blanket of mist which lay close above the roofs. A villager, whom I asked the way up the mountain, evidently thought that this mad Westerner should be discouraged from wandering on the hills so late in the evening in so thick a fog, and told me that no path existed. Not wishing to worry the kind man, I retraced my steps until out of sight, and then plunged through the bushes to an obvious path on the hillside behind the village. This took me up on to a spur and along a hummocky ridge towards the face of the mountain, with fine glimpses through the mist of the cliffs below the summit away to the right. The path turned to the left where the ridge joins the face, and finally reached the top of the south ridge about 500 yards from the summit. This climb takes about 2 hours from Sai Kung; the path is well shown on the R.A.F. map, sheets 15 and 16.\n\nSo much for the easy ways up Ma On Shan; those which can be climbed (almost) with the hands in the pockets.\n\nThe North East Face. This splendid mountain wall is thickly forested and difficult of access, but the botanist or scrambler will find it well worth a visit. Through the kindness of a friend in Tai Po our party was given a lift in a launch, which landed some of us in the bay to the east of White Head. It was a cloudy day, and most of the party scorned the delights of scrambling in the mist, and landed further down the coast for a long walk over the lower hills. We started along a track which led hopefully up the glen behind Cheung Muk Tau; unfortunately it was only a cow track, and after meandering between the bushes as cow tracks do, it disappeared completely in the deep gorge at the head of the glen. We burrowed our way up through a jungle, where wild pigs had evidently been grubbing for roots, and rather to our surprise managed to find a way out on to the ridge to the east. Here to our joy there was a path; it would probably have been better to start the climb from the foot of this spur, where it comes down to the sea at Nai Chung.\n\nWe\n\nFor another 500 feet of ascent we followed the path up the steep crest of the spur, until the latter merged into the N.E. face of the mountain. The path dwindled away, and the rest of the climb was through thick scrub, up a slope which was everywhere steep and in places precipitous. We took comfort from the thought that had we slipped on the damp and greasy rocks, the bushes would have prevented us from rolling far. Finally we emerged, breathless and triumphant, on the highest point of the Hunchbacks.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n35",
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        "content_text": "36\n\n108\n\nG. S. P. HEYWOOD\n\nThe North West Ridge of the Hunchbacks.-Like the route just described-very steep and bushy; a wearisome ascent, but admirable as a quick way off the mountain. The ridge plunges straight down from the summit of the Hunchbacks almost to sea level. A narrow track follows the edge of the ridge, like a long rabbit-hole through the bushes. When it reaches a big shoulder about 1,000 feet above sea level, the track diverges to the right and descends towards White Head. If your sampan is waiting for you at Tai Shui Hang, you will be tempted to take a short cut to the left, across the lower slopes of the mountain, where a path is shown in Mr. Gibb's sketch map.\n\nBut the path has disappeared, the hillside is thickly forested and almost impassable, and the shortest way will take the longest time. It is better to come down to the sea near White Head, and to follow the shore to Tai Shui Hang.\n\nOther ascents, more or less legendary, have been made on the north and north-west sides of Ma On Shan, but it would be a pity to describe them and so deprive the reader of the joys of exploration on this fascinating mountain.\n\nKowloon Peak to Ma On Shan.-There is a charm in a long walk on a high ridge; the uphill grind is finished early, and all day long you are walking in the cool air of the hilltops, with wide views on either side. And when at last you reach the final point of the ridge and look back on the long rank of peaks and passes which you have crossed, you feel that the day has indeed been well spent. Perhaps the finest walk in the Colony is from Kowloon Peak to Ma On Shan, along the watershed which divides Port Shelter on the East from Tide Cove and Hong Kong Harbour on the west. The ridge is never less than 1,000 feet above sea level; from end to end it is five miles as the crow flies, and the whole walk, returning by Sai Kung and over Customs Pass, is about 16 miles in length. A peak-bagger, who delights in climbing as many summits as possible in the day, will of course walk over every point on the ridge; this would involve over 5,000 feet of ascent-rather too enormous an expedition for an ordinary walker. We started at 9:30 a.m., and took an easier way, missing Kowloon Peak itself, and reaching the ridge by the Jat Incline. This excellent path starts from the Customs Pass road a short distance above the Kowloon Dairy, and climbs for 1,800 feet at an easy gradient across the flank of Kowloon Peak to the top of the ridge a few yards S.E. of Tate's Cairn. Time, 13/4 hours from the bus stop at Kai Tak.\n\nA few steps down the far side of the ridge put us out of sight of the town, and we might have been a hundred miles from civilization. This is certainly the place for a halt, to gaze on the lovely view over Port Shelter; but not a long one, for Ma On Shan, standing up nobly at the end of the ridge, is still far away. The next obstacle was the little hill obscurely named One Rise More. Perhaps this hill has no Chinese name, but in cases where native names exist it is surely better to stick to them. There are too many absurdities such as Pottinger Peak and Mount Butler in the Colony, however worthy their namesakes may have been. It is fortunate that the English name for the highest mountain in the world sounds so well, but the native name Chomolungma, \"The Goddess Mother of the Snows,\" is perhaps more beautiful and certainly more appropriate.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist",
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        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nVol. VI, No. 2.\n\n1\n\n2\n\n#\n\nPlate 9.\n\n1. Ma On Shan seen across the mangrove swamp near Shatin.\n\n2. Ma On Shan and Tolo Harbour. The nearer point is the summit of the Hunchbacks, with the North-West Ridge to the left, and the highest point of Ma On Shan showing behind the Hunchback Ridge to the right. The white streak on the lower slopes of the Hunchbacks is the scar of the disused road leading to the Iron Mine. In the foreground can be seen the single track of the Kowloon-Canton railway.",
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        "content_text": "Hong Kong Hills\n\n109\n\nMusing thus on the whims of surveyors, we decided that we could do with one rise less, and refused to clamber to the top of the hillock with the odd name.\n\nIt was avoided by skirting it to the west along a path which passes just above Tiu Tso Ngam village, and so down to Heather Pass. A few yards below this pass to the east is a spring which is always running except in the driest of seasons; here we did justice to a magnificent thirst.\n\nA paved path runs eastward from Heather Pass across the slopes of Buffalo Hill to Buffalo Pass. As far as I know, there is no path to the top of Buffalo Hill (1,987 feet), but this glorious viewpoint can be reached fairly easily by a steep scramble of 400 feet up from the pass of the same name. After this digression we returned to the pass and continued along the ridge; the route was a little vague, for the good path had descended into the valley on our left, and we had to trust to cow tracks. In clear weather there is no difficulty in following the watershed down to Delta Pass; unfortunately, however, we were by this time shrouded in thick mist. It soon became obvious to the rearguard that the leader, although he continued to plod obstinately ahead, had lost the way; in a little while some cows loomed up out of the mist; they looked strangely familiar, and closer examination proved without any doubt that they were the very cows which we had passed a quarter of an hour previously. After this chastening experience we pulled ourselves together, and found our way to Delta Pass without further mishap. Here we halted for half an hour for lunch.\n\nOn the far side of the pass is a short steep rise to Ngong Ping. This remote little village has a charm of its own; it stands on a high plateau, hidden from the rest of the world; a grove shades it in summer, and shelters it from the east wind in winter; in front are a few paddy fields, and beyond them are only the mountain tops and the wide sky.\n\nThe path crosses the paddy fields, goes over a pass west of Pyramid Hill, and descends to Ma On Shan village; we left it a few yards below the pass on the far side, and took an easy short cut across the hillside in the direction of the summit of Ma On Shan, until we struck the path up from the Iron Mine. The route from here to the summit has already been described. We reached the top in thick cloud at 2.45 p.m., halted long enough to eat an orange, and turned back to descend to Sai Kung. It was pleasant to come down out of the cloud on to lower ground; the greens and browns of the hillsides were good to look on, for colours never seem so rich as when the eyes have been attuned for hours to a grey monotone of mist.\n\nThe fishing fleet was anchored in the little harbour of Sai Kung, and from the junks came a cheerful clack of voices, like the contented sounds from a rookery in the evening. If Sai Kung were transplanted to the south coast of England, it would become a \"beauty spot\"; artists would inhabit the cottages; \"Ye Olde Ship Inne\" would inevitably make its appearance, with its ruinous prices and sham antiques, and at its doors charabancs would unload their hordes at week-ends. But away with such horrid thoughts; Sai Kung is still cut off from civilization by six miles of footpath, and if you cannot get beer to revive you for the long trudge home, at least you can get delicious oranges for next to nothing.\n\nThus refreshed, we strolled home in the dusk over Customs Pass, and at 7.10 p.m. reached the car waiting at the bottom of the hill.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n38",
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        "content_text": "39 \n\n[ 110 ] \n\nLEGENDS AND STORIES OF THE NEW TERRITORIES.\n\nII.\n\nTS'ING SHAAN OR CASTLE PEAK.\n\nSUNG HOK-P'ANG.\n\nThe original name of Tsing Shaan was Yeung 'Haang 'Shaan (1) meaning \"Ship or Goat Ditch Hill,\" and nearby there is still a village called Yeung Siu 'Haang (2) \"Ship or Goat little Ditch;\" but later on the Peak was called simultaneously Shing 'Shaan (3) “Saint Hill,\" and T'uen Moon 'Shaan (3) \"Military Colonist Gate Hill.\" The latter name was given because in olden times the Chinese Emperor sent soldiers there to cultivate the soil, and at the same time protect the country-side from the numerous pirates that infested the coast.\n\nIn A.D. 428 a certain monk named 'Pooi To (1) became abbot of the monastery, and then the name of Pooi To Shaan (3) was used.\n\nNearly five and a half centuries later, in the 12th year of Taai Po (A) of Naam Hon (1) dynasty, on the 18th day of the 2nd month (A.D. 969) the Emperor gave the hill the special name of Sui Ying 'Shaan (2) \"Good omen hill,\" and caused a stone tablet to be erected on which was carved the history of the monastery. This stone recorded that in the 11th year of K'in, Woh (2) A.D. 954 a military officer named Ch'an Ts'un (1) had paid a stone mason to carve a figure of Pooi To which he put in a cave near the monastery, and which can still be seen. In the 4th year of Yuen Yau (πi) A.D. 1089 of \"Sung (✯) dynasty a general in Canton named Tseung Chi K'ei (2) wrote an account of the hill, and put it on a stone tablet in place of the old one. This second one has now disappeared, but fortunately the account is in the \"History of the 'Sun 'On district,\" and from it can be learnt that formerly there was a castle at the north of the hill, and to the west of the castle a Po To Haai (1) or \"arrest bandit station.\" No trace is left of either of these buildings, but undoubtedly this is the origin of the English name of Castle Peak.\n\nThe history of the monk Pooi To is a curious one, and the stories of the miracles he did, are very numerous. It is not known what his real name was, Pooi To being his Bhuddist name. He is supposed to have lived in the \"K'ei 'Chau (1) district at first, which is between Shantung (山東) and Chili (1) provinces. He was an uncultivated man, without family, wandering from place to place, and asking shelter from house to house. Once when he went to the then capital city of China (Sung dynasty) Kin Hong(1) he was described as looking about forty years old. He used a rope instead of a belt, his coat was all torn. He was easily pleased, but quickly angered. Sometimes he talked a lot, at other times he remained silent for whole days, and when it was very cold he would often roll in the snow. He would climb the hills in rough wooden clogs or walk about the town barefoot. He was not a vegetarian like other Bhuddist monks, but ate and drank as an ordinary man. His only possessions were a rice basket and a wooden ...\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "Legends and Stories of the New Territories\n\nIII\n\ncup. The cup plays an important part in the various stories about him, and is the origin of his name. Once he went to live at a monastery called Yin Yin Tsz (E) where the abbot Faat \"Yee To Yan (A) allowed him to occupy the spare room. After staying there a while he wished to go across the 'Kwa Po river () but the ferry man seeing his ragged condition and doubting probably his ability to pay refused to take him. So Pooi To tossed his cup into the water, put his legs in it, and singing merrily he floated across to the northern shore.\n\nAnother story and one rather to his discredit tells how he stole a Bhuddist idol of gold from a house where he had been entertained. The owner gave chase, but even though he ran and Pooi To appeared to be walking slowly ahead of him, he could not catch him up. Then a man on a horse joined in the chase, but even he fared no better. At last the river, Maang Tsuh (#) was reached and the owner felt certain of being able to get his idol back, but Pooi To, a little ahead of him, calmly threw his cup in the river, and sitting in it ferried across. From these stories his name of Pooi To \"cup across\" was derived.\n\nmove it.\n\nOnce Pooi To went to a small district called Kwong Ling (M) and entered a village belonging to a family called Lei (). One of the villagers was holding a big religious ceremony and feast (called Paat 'Kwaan Tsaai A which is a vegetarian meal given free to all that call) in his house, and into the midst of this Pooi To walked calmly, and put his rice basket down in the centre of the hall, and sat down to meditate. The guests at the feast were much disgusted at his dirty appearance and tried to take the basket away, but found they could not. Lei himself tried to lift it, and called his sons to help, still they could not move it. Then Pooi To, taking no notice of them, started eating the rice and food set on the table, and when he had finished his meal, he got up, lifted up the basket and went out. Turning back at the door he said \"The four Kings of Heaven will send a lot of Happiness to your family, Lei.\" While he spoke a young child was peering into his basket, and he quickly ran and told his father that he had seen four miniature children only a few inches long and beautifully dressed, lying in the basket. Then Lei realized that Pooi To must be a holy man, and he wanted to ask him to stay, but he found Pooi To had gone. For three days he searched for him, and at last found him sitting in a little wood to the west of his house. So Lei took Pooi To back to his home, and he stayed with him for many days. The people living round about soon learnt that he was a holy man, and brought their sick to be cured by him. They would offer him money and presents, which Pooi To with his characteristic inconsistency sometimes accepted and sometimes refused.\n\nLater on a high officer named Lau 'Hing Paak () heard about Pooi To and invited him to stay in his house. Pooi To arrived carrying, as usual, his rice basket. Lau hospitably sent his servants to meet him and to carry his basket for him, but they found they could not pick it up. More servants came until there were ten of them, yet even they could not move it. Then Lau himself looked in the basket and found in it only one torn coat and one wooden cup.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n40",
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        "content_text": "112\n\nSUNG HOK-P'ANG\n\nPooi To stayed with Lau about 30 days, and then returned to Lei. One day, just at daybreak Pooi To asked his host to make him a new coat, and said that he wanted it by noon. Lei started off at once to make it, but when noon came it was not finished, so Pooi To said \"I want to go out for a while, but I will return this evening.\" Evening came but Pooi To did not come back. Lei noticed a very sweet smell filling the house, and wondering where the fragrance came from, he went out and traced it to a stone cave. There he found Pooi To lying dead. His old torn coat was beneath him, but round his head and feet a lot of water-lilies were growing. Much grieved Lei left the cave, and the next morning he came back with a coffin. He found the water-lilies all dead, but Pooi To still there, so he buried him and went home sadly. Several days later a traveller from the North visited Lei and mentioned that he had seen Pooi To walking with his rice basket towards a place called P'aang Sheng (). Lei was astonished and could not believe it, an argument followed, and to prove he was right Lei took the traveller to where Pooi To had been buried. With much effort Lei dug up the coffin, and opened it. All that was inside was a pair of old shoes.\n\nWhen Pooi To arrived at Paang Sheng a very poor scholar named Wong Yan () entertained him in his house. Wong was ashamed of his poverty and being only able to give his guest corn to eat, but Pooi To said \"This is the best food in the world\". After staying with him about six months Pooi To said to Wong one day, \"I have need of thirty-six rice baskets. Get them at once for me\". Wong was much distressed and answered \"I have only got ten and I am so poor I cannot afford to buy more, what can I do?\" Pooi To comforted him, and said “There is no need to buy, look about your house\". Wong did what he was told, and in all sorts of corners rice baskets appeared, until he found to his amazement that he had collected thirty-six in his yard. Most of them were dirty and broken, but Pooi To told him to go round and count them again carefully, after which they all appeared quite new. Then Pooi To wrapped each basket up separately and when that was done, he told Wong to open them again. Each basket was full of coins. Wong did not keep all the money himself, but gave generously to others in need.\n\nPooi To stayed with Wong for a year, and then quite suddenly he said one day \"I must go\". Wong hastened to cook a farewell meal, but, even before it was ready Pooi To had disappeared as mysteriously as he had come.\n\nAbout a month later Pooi To appeared in a place called Ng Kwan (), a prefecture in the East of China. Pooi To walked by the sea shore and met an old fisherman, and begged a fish from him. The fisherman refused, but after Pooi To had continued to worry him for some time, he picked up a very stale and putrifying fish, and threw it to him roughly. Pooi To took the fish, and held it up admiringly. Then he tossed it back into the sea, and the fish swam away. Pooi To went on to another fisherman, who had a net. He again begged to be given a fish, but he was told to go away. So Pooi To picked up two small stones and threw them into the net, and instantly two buffaloes appeared in the net, fighting with each other.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nPage 40\n\nPage 41",
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        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\n天秤\n\n山仰止释公名重兵邦人\n\n蟬是頭回\n\nVol. VI. No. 2.\n\nPlate 10. Stone figure of Fooi To erected at\n\nInside of Gateway leading to Monastery, erected A.D. 1929.\n\nCastle Peak Monastery A. D. 954.",
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        "content_text": "Legends and Stories of the New Territories\n\n113\n\neach other. Soon the net was torn to pieces, and the buffaloes slipped out of the net and disappeared, and when the astonished fisherman turned round to Pooi To, he had disappeared too.\n\nThe\n\nAfter this Pooi To went to the capital city, and stayed in the house of a rich man named Ch'an, a native of Naam Chau. Later stories reached Chan that there was another Pooi To in the city. Chan and his four sons could not believe it, but as the people who told them persisted, Chan resolved to find out for himself. Leaving Pooi To in the house, he went with his sons into the town, and found, to his surprise, another monk exactly like Pooi To sitting there. Then Chan prepared a box of honey-ginger, which he gave to the new Pooi To, together with a knife to cut the ginger and a handkerchief dipped in fragrant water. The monk put the box on his lap, and started to eat the ginger, but however much he ate, the same amount remained in the box. So Chan decided that this man must indeed be Pooi To, and telling his two younger sons to remain with him, he went home again with the others. When they opened the door of their house they found Pooi To sitting there and on his lap was a box of honey ginger, a knife and a handkerchief dipped in fragrant water. He held out the knife to Chan, saying, \"This is not sharp enough to cut the ginger. Sharpen it.\" While Chan was doing this, the two younger sons returned home, and reported that they had followed the monk in the city to the monastery of Ling Tsau. Then Pooi To asked to be given two pieces of yellow paper, and he wrote some characters on the back of each. No one could understand the characters or even knew what language they were, and when Chan asked him what he was writing Pooi To gave no reply. He folded the papers together, and shortly afterwards disappeared.\n\n3\n\nAbout that time a certain official or minister named Chue Ling K'ei was on his way down from Korea to China in a small vessel. He met a typhoon and the boat was tossed about the sea for nine days and then driven on to the shore of an island. The island consisted of a steep mountain, and here Chue and his companions wandered about trying to find food and help. At last they came to a grass-cutter's path which they followed. After walking about ten miles they heard the sound of monastery bells and smelt the fragrance of burning joss sticks. Filled with hope they knelt and prayed to Buddha to bring them to safety. Then they came to a monastery, large and beautifully decorated, and saw ten or more priests outside, but coming nearer they found that they were made of stone. The travellers were amazed, and being afraid began to pray to be forgiven of their sins. In the distance they heard a voice shouting to them, and searching in the direction of the voice they came across another priest, but found he also was made of stone. Many times they heard voices calling them, but could find nothing but stone figures. Then they said to each other, \"Those are all Saints, we are unworthy wicked men, so how can we see them,\" and they knelt down and prayed very earnestly for forgiveness. When they had finished praying they looked up and saw a real priest coming towards them, who welcomed them kindly and brought them into the monastery. A meal was set before them, all the dishes were\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n43",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "44\n\n114\n\nSUNG HOK-P'ANG\n\nThe ordinary vegetables such as Buddhist priests eat, but they smelt very fragrant, and tasted delicious, and the travellers had never tasted anything as good before. When the meal was over, they asked the priest how to get to the capital city, who answered \"From here to the capital is more than 200,000 miles, but do not worry, make up your mind to go and you will reach there quickly.\" Then he asked Chue \"Do you know Pooi To?\" The minister answered \"Yes, I know him well.\" Then the priest pointed to the north wall and showed him a cloth sack, a tall Abbot's staff, and a priest's alms bowl hanging there. He said \"Those are Pooi To's things. I beg you to give him back this alms bowl when you see him, and this letter that I will give you. And here is a green bamboo stick, which when you get back to your boat, throw into the water in front of the boat and shut the windows of the boat and sit quietly. You need not trouble to row or sail, for you will arrive at the capital very speedily.\"\n\n1\n\nThey all said goodbye and a young priest took them to the monastery door and showed them a path to follow which would bring them back to their vessel quickly. Once more on board, they did what they had been told, and soon found to their amazement that the boat had left the water and was sailing over the tops of the trees. After three days of this novel means of travel, they reached the Waai river (淮河) and arrived at a place named 'Chue Tseuk' (朱雀) not far from the capital. Here they espied Pooi To riding along on a big horse, urging it along with a whip. Chue and his companions threw themselves down and began to worship Pooi To, who entered their boat, and they gave him the alms bowl and the letter. Now there were many people about, and when some of them saw the letter, they recognized it as that which Pooi To had written in Chan's house, for it was on two bits of yellow paper and only consisted of a few characters which were ugly and no-one could understand them. Pooi To held the alms bowl in his hand, and laughed. He said “Oh, they want me to go home and throw this bowl into the sky and catch it again. But I haven't seen the bowl for four thousand years!\"\n\nAnother version of this story recounts that when Chue reached the island, he met a priest carrying the alms bowl who said \"I was a pupil of Pooi To. Formerly I held this bowl, but I died in Ye Shing Monastery (冶城寺). Now I ask you to return this bowl to Pooi To for me. When you get to your boat, hold it in front of the boat and let one man hold the tiller, and you will reach the capital safely.\" And the minister did what he had been told, and reached Pooi To, as described before.\n\nPooi To must have returned to Chan's family by then because the story tells that on that day, he had left Chan's house early and did not return till dark. The following morning, Chan rose up early, and found that Pooi To had disappeared, but on his door, written in childish and uneducated characters, were the words \"Happiness family. The holy man will come and live there.\" After that, Pooi To never returned to Chan's family again, but he made several mysterious appearances and disappearances in the city, working miracles and curing sick people.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "Legends and Stories of the New Territories\n\n115\n\nHer\n\nA man called Yue Sheung () had a servant girl who stole a lot of things and ran away. He searched for her in vain, so sent someone to ask Pooi To's help. Pooi To said, \"She is dead already. Her body is in an old tomb on the river shore in Kam Shing.\" His words were proved to be true.\n\nAn officer of high rank named 'Hung Ning \"Tsz (JLT) was very ill with dysentery. No one could cure him, so Pooi To was consulted. The monk looked sad and said \"No, he cannot be cured. I have seen four ghosts all badly wounded.\" When the sick man heard this, he wept and said \"When 'Suen 'Yan () raised a rebellion, his family were scattered by the soldiers. His parents and an uncle were cruelly treated, and he himself died. Were these their ghosts?\" And soon after, he died.\n\nThe wife of a worthy man, Ts'ai Haai () was ill, and all hope of her recovery was given up. As the doctors appeared no good, Tsai Haai asked the priests to come and pray for her. They could not help. Then one of them said \"Why not ask Pooi To to come?\" When Pooi To arrived, he wandered into the room, looked at the woman, and said quietly \"Easy.\" Then he muttered to himself for a while, and gradually the woman was cured. Tsai Haai after that insisted on Pooi To staying with him in his house, and treated him with the greatest of respect.\n\nIn the ninth month of the third year of Yuen Ka () of Sung dynasty (A.D. 426), Pooi To went off to a lake in the East called Ch'ek 'Shaan Woo () where he became ill, and died. Tsai Haai took his corpse and buried it in a hill called 'Fook 'Chan Shaan (¥) \"upside down boat hill,\" which is somewhere to the north-east of Nanking.\n\nPage 116\n\nTwo years later, one day in the third month, Tsai Haai was in his house with his family, when to his surprise the door opened and Pooi To walked in. He talked pleasantly for a short while, when there was a knock at the door and a priest appeared. He beckoned to Pooi To, who followed him, but before he left, Pooi To told the family that he had to go to 'Kaau Kwong () (now Kwangtung, Kwangsi, and Annam) and would never come back to them. He then threw his cup into the sea, and he and the priest sailed away in it, to the Monastery of Tuen Moon Shaan (Castle Peak), where, as has been already said, he became Abbot.\n\nPooi To is reputed also to have lived for a while in another hill nearby called Ling To 'Shaan () “miracle across the Sea Hill,” and there is still a monastery there bearing the name of Ling To Tsz (靈渡寺).\n\nNothing further is known about Pooi To, and there are no stories about him after he came to Castle Peak, but it is supposed that the monastery there was carried on by the Buddhist monks for many years after his death. There is nothing recorded to give any indication of how long the monastery continued to exist, but it must have fallen into disuse by the reign of To 1Kwong () 1821-1850 of Ts'ing () dynasty because the Taoists built a monastery then on the site of the old one, and called it 'Ts'ing Wan\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n3\n\n45",
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        "page_number": 45,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "46\n\n116\n\nSUNG HOK-P'ANG\n\nKwun () \"green cloud Taoist temple.\" At first many people visited it, but its popularity did not last long, and eventually it became deserted.\n\nIn 1918 a Buddhist came to Castle Peak, and established the present Buddhist monastery, adding to the buildings and becoming the first abbot.\n\nAnyone visiting Castle Peak now, will find much of interest. About half-way up the path leading to the monastery there is a handsome gate that was erected in 1929. On the front of it are the characters 'Heung Hoi Ming 'Shaan (l) \"Hong Kong Sea famous Mountain\" which were put there by Sir Cecil Clementi. On the reverse side is written Wui T'au Shi Ngon (D) meaning, the shore is just behind you, i.e., you can mend your ways easily. This is a Buddhist saying and was written on the gate by Tit Shim () a famous abbot in Canton. The gate was erected by twenty Chinese benefactors, and their names are written on the left-hand side of the front of the gate.\n\n10\n\nThe monastery itself consists of several buildings, the Abbot's Lodge, the Pooi To pavilion, and a garden with an arbour called 'Hoi Yuet Ting (H) \"Sea Moon Arbour\" which was placed there for the delightful purpose of looking at the moonlight on the sea. The Fishes Tomb is an object of interest. The Buddhists who believe that no form of life should be taken are in the habit of buying fish from the fishermen and releasing them in the sea again. If, however, the fishes are dead, they bury them in this Tomb so that no one will eat them.\n\nJust above the buildings, there is a small cave with the remains of a whale's bones in it. This whale is supposed to have crushed the mountain in remote times, but there is more appearance of the whale having suffered than the mountain! Unfortunately, a lot of the bones have been taken away by unscrupulous visitors, and only one very worn vertebra and some ribs are left. Near this cave is the little shrine with Pooi To's figure in it.\n\nIf the path leading up to the summit of the mountain is followed, a little summer house with stone benches by it is found near the top. This is called \"Clementi Arbour,\" and was erected by a Chinese gentleman, who visited Castle Peak with Sir Cecil one day, and heard him remark that it would be a good plan to have a convenient resting place in that particular spot. At the summit of the mountain, there is a large stone on which are carved the characters 'Ko 'Shaan Tai Yat (-) “The best high mountain\" which are supposed to have been written by Hon Yue () a very famous scholar of the T'ong () dynasty, who was born in A.D. 768 and died A.D. 824.\n\n13\n\nThe present Chinese name of Tsing Shaan, \"green mountain\" is derived from the fact that the grass on it always appears green, even though the surrounding hills may be burnt up and brown during the rainless winter months.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "[ 117 ]\n\nARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS ON LAMMA ISLAND\n\n(H) NEAR HONG KONG.\n\nPART IX.\n\nBy D. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nWhat has already been published by Professor Shellshear (24) and in the H.K.N. series of articles is enough to give an adequate idea of the prehistorical material found around Hong Kong in general and on Lamma in particular. The Naturalist series so far has kept within the Neolithic and Bronze Age aspects of the Lamma finds, because these are the prevailing features there and it was actually a long time before the presence of older types was noted. Professor Shellshear and Dr. Heanley had come to recognise the existence of such elements in their surface finds elsewhere and these were published in the Hanoi paper (24) p. 67, Plates VII, VIII (5, 6). In rounding off by this publication the important features of the Lamma finds, I wish to keep mostly to the Tai Wan and HSY material and to treat this peculiar \"epimiolithic\" evidence merely in an introductory fashion: it is of great importance and a proper discussion of it is hardly possible as yet and would in any case involve the illustration of other sites and material: I hope to describe later some other sites in quick survey and then the question will come up again. After this present part, we shall be concerned with Tai Wan mainly only by way of amplification or special detail.\n\nThe material to be described here does not admit of as much illustration by parallels from other sites outside the Hong Kong area as did the bulk of the things already treated above; it consists, first, of some objects whose use and even fabrication are obscure-they are perhaps fabricators themselves; secondly, of the types of polishing stones (briefly indicated, for the material is very rich and hard to publish); thirdly, of the \"epimioliths\" and finally of some implements very significant for the character of the Lamma culture (spindle-whorls and fish-hook).\n\nSTONE-WORKING IMPLEMENTS (POLISHERS)?\n\nThis is the type of thing illustrated in Plate 11. The specimens come from Tai Wan except for the piece E which seems obviously to be a piece in readiness to make an article of the type, Plate 11 D: this “blank\" comes from HSY (picked up loose). Material and finish (if one can so describe what seems rather to be smoothened surfaces consequent on use) suggest that these objects belong to the type of tools used by workers in stone, analogous to the saws (or files) published in H.K.N. VI, p. 59, Plate 6. The material of these as far we know them is softer than that of the saws: it is of the ash, shale or softer sandstone kind.\n\nThe first piece Plate 11, A was found at 27ins. resting on top of a short pestle-like stone: this latter kind of thing has turned up frequently on our sites here and seems to have been either a percussion implement or a whet-stone (usually the ends show signs of hammering, often with big fractures, but the sides sometimes seem polished): the collocation looks like that of tools such as we shall have to note below for other specimens. This piece is of a greyish-blue. The shape is roughly like that of the saws\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n47",
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        "content_text": "48\n\nX\n\n118\n\nD. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nfor which we find commonly a sub-triangular scheme corresponding to an \"edge\"-carrying side, a slope to a point and a back-slope (here to a butt). The \"edge\" is the meeting of two bevelled surfaces, one on each face to a depth of about 8-9 mm. Over the rest of the faces there is a vague smoothening except on the lumpy \"grip\". The edge is not straight but very slightly convex and it finishes at either end in a blunt surface as if the movement that produced it suddenly changed at a right angle. The face shown in Plate 11, A gives us the typical feature of this whole group, the resemblance to a protoneolith in that the \"edge\" is the only section fully worked out: the other boundaries are left untrimmed or only roughly blocked out: the faces are not polished down to a smooth surface. This face is worked on three different cleavage planes, the deepest being that on which \"27\" is written, the second plane that to the right and the nearest is to be seen at the bottom of the figure: this last merges with the first at the line of the bevel. It is to be noted that if the lower section were to be cut off, what would\n\n3. cms.\n\nཔ11©།།U quw\n\nA.\n\nStone polisher (?) as in Plate 11, A. Note that all sections show front face to left of vertical sections and above in horizontal sections.\n\nF\n\n3. cms\n\nF. A stone form, possibly intended for use as scythe, but material is of the mica-schist type used for \"stone-saws.\"\n\nbe left agrees almost exactly in shape and size with the complete piece Plate 1 B. On the reverse side, there is a lump of rock left protruding, presumably to make a grip, on the area corresponding to the second plane described above. The section shows how distinctly the piece is of the “backed-blade\" type.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nVol. VI, No. 2.\n\nPlate 11. A-D. Stone Implements of uncertain meaning, perhaps polishing tools. E is a rough blank closely related to D in form. D and E seem to be of the \"hache courte\" type (see text). G is a polishing tool of sandstone. D, E, G found in a clump with neolithic step-axes. R is a bronze fishing-hook from HSY. X is a stone disk pierced: around lip of hole is a spindle-whorl \"cushion\" rim. Probably this is a ...\n\nScales in Cms.\n\nThe Scales on the right refer, in turn from the upper one, to figures D and E; B and C; G; X; R; A.\n\n27\n6\n49",
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    {
        "id": 549141,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n119\n\nThe position and size of this lump, the much rougher reverse face, the material, the bluntness of the \"edge,\" the inequality of the bevels, all suggest that we have here some tool used in the preparation of other tools that were worked by polishing, sharpening or a cutting that was akin to polishing, something intimately related to the saws of our preceding article but of much softer material.\n\nThe next piece is of importance Plate 11, B because on the one hand it is just like a portion of the above specimen as far as general shape, section and condition are concerned; because, on the other hand, it was found in one of those group finds which seem to have always been together and which warrant us in supposing that thus we may argue to the piece's proper cultural context. This specimen was found along with the next piece and the sandstone polisher below G, a group of seven neolithic axes (some of them showing the most pronounced type of stepping that we have got, very good \"Philippine\" axes all of them but one showing at least some kind of faint stepping and four of them showing no signs of use), much pottery including two whole pots standing erect (one of them very like H.K.N. IV, Plate 15, No. 3 but larger and very similar to the An Yang piece (45) p. 58. Plate I: the other was like H.K.N. IV, Plate 15, No. 1 but had more marked splay of the sides cp. (5), Plate IV, Nos. 15, 19 (Han), a mouth less highly collared but with two pair of suspension holes, a dish-bottom making a sharp angle with the sides and which originally stood probably on a foot): the pottery was all of the quartz-corded type of real neolithic stuff (no \"Double-F\"): there were also two split but unworked pieces of stone, seemingly \"blanks\" for stone implements, though one may have been cut out with a saw from an older adze-tool. The seven axes were beautifully finished: they are the best we have got from Lamma for excellence of material and finish; hence the collocation would warn us against regarding the present specimens as protoncoliths the finding of the sandstone polisher or whet-stone and of the blanks point to this being a group of tools with some unused pieces. In this context, it is important to note the similarity of this find to the burial deposit in the undisturbed grave found by J. G. Andersson at Pien Chau Kou (Kansu; Yang Shao culture of the painted burial wares, probably about 2000 B.C.):- two greenstone axes, two grindstones of light red sandstone and twelve burial urns of which four unpainted (rougher) and eight painted (\"elegant, fine, pale brick-red ware\"). It is probable that the rougher wares contained meat and drink there were fragments of a stag's skull in one and all four were at the dead man's head. We may take it that the Lamma find was not a mortuary deposit for the usual character of the finds seems to point to actual habitation rather than to burial: however, even from this point of view, the P.C.K. deposit suggests an important point of view, viz:- burial deposits embrace the important elements in the culture of the people, the articles deemed most necessary at some stage (if not the actual present) of their development: the Lamma find containing the very same species of objects might therefore be taken as completely characteristic of the culture in its distinctive features (99), p. 274. And at Lamma there is also the close proximity of\n\nJuly 1935.\n\nPage 120\n\nOne\n\n50",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "120 \n\nD. J. FINN, S.J. \n\na much finer ware: at P.C.K. there was painted pottery as well as the rougher vessels of everyday use. This whole find came from the region corresponding to the C-D of the excavation at about 50 ins. At a short distance to each side we found fragments of an old friend, a pot which figured in H.K.N. III, Plate 39, No. 28. (\"Double-F\" of a peculiar style) and of which we recovered scores of fragments in the later excavation of \"C-D.\" The levels at which these \"Double F\" fragments were found seem to reach their limit just about 60 ins. and mostly to lie rather about 40-50. \n\nThis implement is of a sandstone, slightly purplish in colour. Again, only the edge region is cleanly polished: the implement becomes thicker and rougher towards the back or grip region. \n\nThe third piece Plate 11 C, found with this last, is of a harder schist in which thicker red layers are separated by very fine layers of grey-blue-black mica: one face is just one such cleavage plane. The other has a marked lumpy projection along one of the shorter sides and a slighter ridge bounding the other. The edge is fan-shaped and the central part agrees fairly well with the curve of Plate 11 D. The edge does not lie in one plane but makes a sigmoid curve: it is produced by two bevels but gives the impression of being the result of a scraping action: it might be caused if the thing were a hand-whet-stone to be held in the left hand with the lumpy part well in the palm: sharpening a knife by strokes such as farmers make when sharpening a scythe would well explain the sigmoid line and the fading off of the bevels, one at the one extremity and the other at the opposite end. The material of the stone resembles somewhat the saws but has less quartz. \n\nIn general shape, this piece strangely resembles the \"scrapers\" or \"epimioliths\" published by Professor Shellshear (24) Plate VIII (6) or the piece from Lamma K. The straight edge is the result of a preliminary fracture along a cleavage plane: the concave side has been got by trimming down a fracture. \n\nNext come the two interesting pieces, one D from Tai Wan, the other, E from HSY, the latter obviously roughly prepared to be what the former has actually become: the notable difference being that the Tai Wan has a saw-cut back that is slightly convex, while the HSY piece has a concave back. The most interesting thing about these is that one knows so little about them. The shape resembles that of the \"Haches courtes\" of the Hwa-binhian, e.g. the large specimen reproduced after Mdlle. Colani in (25) figure 3: this Indo-China implement is of course much older, unlike in finish and material, but in size it is not much smaller our piece (143 x 189 mm.). Both Lamma specimens were picked up loose having previously been displaced by somebody digging. The more finished article is a very soft shale stone which has somewhat the feel and look of pig-skin leather, an impression reinforced by a varnish of tar-like oxidation which resembles the oxidation remarked on the rings (H.K.N. VI p. 51) and on the Aberdeen adze (H.K.N., IV, Plate XIX, 11). This coating is much heavier on one side, the rougher one: it seems moreover to have \n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist. \n\nPage 50\n\nPage 51",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n121\n\nbeen present before the polishing use, for it disappears in proportion to the finish of a surface: perhaps it is manganese oxide drawn from the stone by the action of some vegetative growth once adhering to it.\n\nThis D piece presents too some of the features of the preceding specimens: the thickening towards the back, the \"edge\" apparently produced by use rather than fashioned for cutting: yet this implement seems to have been hacked and has old gaps on the edge and deep scratches on the faces. The edge follows for the most part the line of a semi-circle whose centre lies well in on the face, but the curve is continued beyond in unconformity. The whole is a semi-circular segment extended irregularly beyond the diameter towards the back, i.e. presumably the grip part.\n\nIt is hard to conceive what the use of this implement could be: it is not well enough made to rank as a ceremonial weapon (axe)—its material is too soft for a knife or a scraper—the edge seems to indicate something other than a plate or palette—the form is hard to explain unless in some very regular, mechanical movement that would seem to go beyond the aptitude of the mere hand.\n\nバ\n\nE\n\n5. cms.\n\nE. Rough stone blank of \"hache courte\" type, possibly here, as sharpener. Mr. Schofield's specimen very similar but nearer still to \"hache courte\" in size and proportions.\n\nThe piece E in preparation shows a roughly shaped edge to which the very thick body has been flaked down. It seems to be of a harder stone than the finer specimen probably an ash, but intended to serve the same use. The shape agrees very closely in the breadth from edge to back with the former one's, yet there is a wider divergence from the circular form—the central part seems to have almost the same curvature, but the extremities are strongly contracted and part of the curve to one side is flattened. Had we not the other better specimen, we should have seen some kind of mesolithic form here. Actually, this is a very ungainly piece, for it is thicker towards the edge than towards the hand-grip. Mr. Schofield has found elsewhere a piece very similar to this in all but\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n52",
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    {
        "id": 549144,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "53\n\n122\n\nD. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nsize and exact proportions. His piece is very close indeed to the hache courte of the Hwabinhian. All that we can say is that both these Lamma specimens seem to belong to the same culture as that which made the polished spear and arrow-heads. They seem also to go with the other objects described above in the present part. But Mr. Schofield's find makes a very remarkable link with the mesolithic of Tongking and N. Annam.\n\nThe\n\nA\n\nAnother piece that puts us in touch with flaked tools is F. material of this is that of the saws, a mica-schist: it is a very flat tool with an average greatest thickness of 10 mm. which by flaking has been reduced all around the edges to about 6 mm. One face shows an old patina, while the other seems to be a more recent cleavage from the parent block. The straight edge (hypoteneuse) has a narrow flat ribbon in place of a working edge and suggests that a beginning of use as a saw had been made. strange similarity with a completely flaked instrument again presents itself here (33) Plate XIV, 8 is a chert knife from Rubetsu on Yeterofu, one of the Kurile Islands: its shape is almost precisely that of our piece and it is only 15 mm. shorter and about 5-9 mm. narrower : our piece is certainly not a knife in its present state, it has no point and no edge-possibly we have an older shape transferred to another use when stone had yielded to the metals as the material of knives and the stone came to survive in the saw and sharpener type of tool. It may be well to note that Lamma has given us clear cases of a pot with loop-handles inside the neck, a style that is found in these same Kurile Islands, in Kamchatka and in North Japan (33) Plate XV and text.\n\nAgain, Dr. Andersson (99) pp. 207-209 provides an extraordinarily satisfactory parallel. He identifies a similar stone \"knife\" from An Yang (Chinese historical c. 1200 B.C.) functionally with iron scythes used in N. China (Anhui Kalgan). This parallel leads me to see in our piece F the \"makings\" of a scythe, for such an explanation suggested by actual modern types gives a very satisfactory reconciliation of the flaked stone from the Kuriles with the polished stone from An Yang and the unfinished Lamma piece an agricultural implement is more likely to retain an old form amid the changes of technique and material than is a weapon or a knife.\n\nIn conclusion, it would seem that this group of tools offers a link between the flaked type and the polished implement that already was in contact with bronze: here the old weapon-form has sunk down to a subsidiary workshop-form.\n\nPOLISHERS AND SHARPENERS.\n\nIn this section, there is space here only for the merest indication. The unifying factors are the material (most usually, sandstone), the surfaces (smooth, concave, often glistening), the shapes (either broad and flattish, like modern fixed whet-stones of the Chinese knife-sharpener or tool-maker or else multiple faces on a longish cucumber-shaped stone), sometimes there are the grooves that prove the use as a sharpener. Here there are illustrated only two specimens out of the very many we have found. These are two small ones which show very markedly the tracks of points that were to be\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 53,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n123\n\nsharpened. One is from Tai Wan G and was found with the axes and the rest as described above in the area C-D at 50-60 ins. It is of a reddish sandstone: the shape is typical even in large pieces of about 400 mm. in length: thicker and raw at one end, more pointed at the other: on larger specimens from Tai Wan (one very good one has been deposited with Professor Beyer in Manila) or from the S sites, five or six working facets are distributed very evenly around the stone leaving one untouched face to act as a bedding surface. Small pieces however seem to be used on all convenient surfaces. A peculiarity of all is the development of very narrow filets of polished surface between the wider faces. This specimen has one face hollowed in the typical manner, a second face that must have been used for some chisel-like tool, a third that has a deep groove in a surface also used for whetting: the fourth face has only the beginning of a groove. In addition there are two thin filets on the angles between the faces and they seem to have been made by a sharpening action at right angles to the long axis, as if the stone was held in the hand and then rubbed over an object with a side-to-side movement of the hand. Plate II G.\n\nW\n\n54\n\nH\n\n3. cms.\n\nH. A sharpening-stone from HSY. It shows the tracks of implements deeply cut: the uppermost track I. is in a plane intersecting that of the other grooves.\n\nThe section does not show clearly enough the presence of marked wider polishing surfaces on the back.\n\nA\n\n5. cms.\n\nStone adapted to hand-axe use by a few rough flakings. See text for interesting context of find.\n\nThe other piece H is from HSY and is selected for the deep grooves (three very marked and two weaker ones) in a rock that is much more compact (metamorphosed) than the first.\n\nSuch implements turn up on most of the sites, Tai Wan has given us very neat thin hone-shaped pieces quite close to pieces of bronze. Very small pieces occur, about 20 mm. in greatest dimension but also large heavy pieces up to about half a metre.\n\nA special type of polisher has been recognized at Lamma and S sites. It resembles the skittle used in bowls, having a cylindrical part to act as a handle and a very thin head which was obviously used to smoothen the inner circumference of some ring-shaped article.\n\nJuly 1935.",
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    {
        "id": 549146,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 54,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "55\n\n124\n\nD. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nFrom HSY and Aberdeen and Stanley, we have pieces which seem to be stones for grinding meal: they are usually of granitic types of stone and are characterized by the usual hollow.\n\nM\nx\nN\n5. cms.\n5. cms.\na\nM. \"Epimiolith\" with\n\"bent\" (apparently a sought-for form).\npoint\nN. \"Epimiolith\" from HSY: an excellent specimen of an implement in the Old Stone Age tradition (even Chalossian- but most likely to be referred rather to Asturian types): found close to neolithic axes and pottery (see text).\n\nEPIMIOLITHS.\n\nWe now come to the most interesting (archæologically) finds of all: but we can as yet say but little about them by way of explanation of context, use and culture. We find them on all our Hong Kong sites (or rather on the ones I personally know-they occur also on many of those known to my colleagues in this study). On the Lamma sites, at Aberdeen, Stanley and one other site, I have found them in the ground where the rougher corded ware was plentiful or characteristically present.\n\nIt must here be noted that “Double-F” is rare outside Lamma. Aberdeen yielded one piece of an older type of the D--F. ware with some fragments of another ware that is found typically at HSY: Stanley only one small fragment of a ware cognate to the \"Double-F.\" In one case below, figure I, the \"epimiolith\" was found with a neatly packed group of half a dozen clam shells and a piece of deer-antler and all amid a group of pottery, the objects seemingly having been originally inside a black pot of the gritty quartz-tempered corded type. This find was made before the excavations of 1933.\n\nHowever, every place which has yielded these implements has also given rough types of pottery, usually the black and the red corded wares showing much quartz in the paste. This is especially true of a Stanley site where on a low hill well out of reach of any wave disturbance a thin layer of humus, about one foot deep over the natural mantle of de-composed rock, still contains this type of pottery while, lower down at the base of the hill, evidently weathered out and carried down by erosion in typical fresh water gravel, some very good \"epimioliths\" were found. Thus they would belong to a period using already pottery of the usual neolithic type: on the same hill (both on the top and at the base), neolithic polished stone adzes (stepped and rectangular) were found.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n125\n\nWe\n\nBut the specimen in figure K has a more puzzling context and condition. It comes from Tai Wan, from a section not counted in the 1933 excavation. It is from a kind of pocket amid rocks to the east of the clump of vegetation and the (sacred) tree which stands on the rocky knoll. The ground there is no longer the pure sliding sands of the main site but beneath the humus is lightly cemented together with minerals brought down by moisture from the upper layers. The sandy mass is about five feet deep over the rocks in this, one day when I visited the site with Mr. Schofield and Drs. Brock and Lees the geologists, I found by my own digging a most interesting collection of objects. These may be set forth here quickly, for the whole group is in the nature of a test case on which we have fortunately some of the best judgments that the scientific world may give on certain points. The section was about five feet wide with a face standing firm and clean about six feet measured down from the surface: at about five feet heavy boulders began: above that it was a sand concreted slightly with lime: the levels here as distinct from the rest of the Tai Wan site admit of much wash-down from the background.\n\nFound \"Double-F\" pottery at 40 ins. as described in H.K.N. III, p. 245. Related ware of I.d. ii type at 49 ins. (cp. ib. pp. 232, 245). The \"Chou\" type of ware (white rough developed from corded ware with bronze influence on pattern), illustrated in H.K.N. IV, Plate XIV, No. 6, p. 64: this was at about 50 ins. At the same level and quite close, four pieces of bronze of uncertain use, very corroded so that they were cracked as if made of perished leather: Mr. Simpson suggests that one piece with a curved point (like the nail-extractor on the old-fashioned Sheffield combination pocket-knives or, the Chinese so-called \"knot-openers\") may be a tool for trimming a clay mould before casting bronze: two pieces might possibly be bits of a runner from a mould: the other two are of about the thickness of an ordinary pencil but almost square in section: one surface is very flat being probably the top level of the liquid metal: they seem originally to have made one stick about 80 mm. in length of which the curved tip comes to a scraping edge. Close by these was a bronze coin of the usual cash type, obviously of an old date: it is so worn that it is not worth reproducing: the British Museum Coin Room to whom it was submitted gave as their opinion of its date:-\"PROBABLY c. I CENTURY A.D.\" The coin was not contained in any object and thus we have the alternative of dating the rest by the contiguity of the coin (later than the coin?) or else of regarding the coin as a later intruder: the second solution is suggested by quite modern coins which here and there were found well below the surface in other parts of the site. Further, close to the bronzes were two pottery \"beads\" or, more probably, spindle whorls these are of rough pottery with a vague design of small holes arranged in horizontal zones: one end (polar) of each specimen has been cut into, in one case seemingly by a regular curved object. These things look very primitive, but Professor Beyer has found pieces of very similar type in one of his Early Iron Age sites on Luzon. A neighbouring part of Tai Wan gave very much better finished specimens of the same kind of object (but without decoration) from a corresponding level (about 4 feet).\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n56",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 56,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "D. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nWe have however from HSY a different type of whorl which strangely resembles specimens from Troy (Hissarlik)(97) p. 353 in decoration, figure Q—and our S sites have given us many specimens of this type in corroboration; it has also been found at Ba-Xa in Indo China(98) Plate XIV: so that the actual use of these \"beads\" as whorls must be held an open question—they might be loom weights as we can argue from the pottery imprints that textiles were known here: this later use (or whorl-use) might explain the peculiarly fractured under-sides of our two specimens.\n\n3. cms.\n\nQ.\n\nQ. A spindle-whorl from HSY. With the section, a spindle has been drawn in section to suggest use. This specimen had a decoration of four tree-like branches as found on European Bronze Age whorls. The use of such whorls in Early Chinese Culture is shown by the upper wheel part of the character \n\nwith the idea of spinning as well as by the reference in the Book of Poetry to the \"pottery\" (sc, a pottery-whorl) given to baby girls as a play-thing and a presage of their future occupation.\n\nP.\n\nP. A loom-weight or spindle-whorl of pottery. Decoration of shallow holes in belts. Lower part broken.\n\nA stone disc with projecting rims to the central hole (Tai Wan) may be still another type of whorl, Plate 11, X].\n\nThe actual find of importance to which all this is a prelude was figure K. It is undoubtedly a worked stone in a palaeolithic tradition. The material seems to be a rhyolite with perhaps three different patinations, the most recent of which must be very old: it has produced a pale greenish to cream tone: it is clearest at the flaked tip and the flaked edge to the left of figure. An older patina with a little more of a light yellow-red covers the other flaked (or cleavage faces) as on the rest of figure, except for projecting surfaces which preserve the third or oldest patina on the\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549149,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 57,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n127\n\nnatural surfaces, especially good on the strip left between the two flaked areas above this third patina is a pronounced brownish red. Thus the original implement must have been more like figure N from HSY and probably had a rounded hand-grip surface covered with the natural skin of the pebble, one flat surface (probably at the back) and a more pronounced trihedral angle below with the ridge more central than now. It was Professor Henri Breuil who pointed out to me the difference of patina and the reworking: that authority is decisive. He regarded the patina on the typical specimen for our local coup-de-poing (faust-keil) or cleaver or scraper \"epimiolith\" as incontrovertible proof that they are considerably older than the local neolithic stone-axes from the same sites: this specimen then must be older still. The logical inference is that there is no ground for any generalized argument for dating by reason of the find-spot on such sites as these where we find \"epimioliths\" and polished axes, pottery of various types and even bronzes at the same levels without any possibility of discriminating times of deposition.\n\nX\n\nK\n\n373%. \n\nX\n\nX\n\n5.cms.\n\nK. \"Epimiolith\" showing three stages of patination. The oldest is represented in the sketch by the white surfaces: the next by the curved hatching: the most recent by the straight hatching.\n\nI have used the word \"epimiolith\" above: it may be new to most of my readers and perhaps I should explain. The prefix \"epi-\" has been used by certain modern scholars, notably Menghin (30) pp. 84-5. to denote that a culture of the type indicated by the word used after \"epi-\" is in that particular case surviving into a period later by one than its own proper time: thus \"epiprotolithic\" would mean some culture whose forms were that of the Early Stone Age lasting on into the Mesolithic should the survival be drawn out longer Menghin would use the form \"opsiprotolithic\". Though our case is still sub judice, I use the word \"epimiolith\" to describe these objects. which must now be regarded as much older than neolithic: this is the name that Menghin would give to the Bacsonian of Indo-China and to the Asturian of Spain actually one type that I have got in several specimens is very like the Asturian hand-axes (coup-de-poings: there used for opening sea-shells)\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n58",
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        "page_number": 58,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "59\n\n128\n\nD. J. FINN, S.J.\n\nand so I propose this name for the present to designate this whole group until we know more about their certain contexts. Some of our specimens show a form astonishingly like that of the very early protolithic Chalossian coup-de-poing.\n\nL\n\n5. cms.\n\nL. \"Epimiolith\" with a marked lever-like handle.\n\nA third piece is from \"K\" at 51 ins.: it is of similar material but shows only two patinations, the oldest and the youngest of those described above (figure L). One other was picked up loose opposite the A-K cuts (figure M). The make of these pieces suggests that they were used for opening shells, as the point showing signs of use has above it an edge like that of a scraper which would serve admirably for prizing open the shells.\n\nThe two\n\nThe figures best explain the shape of these specimens, but the most shapely piece, in fact the first that really convinced me of its artifact nature, is that in figure N. It is from 27 ins. deep at HSY from an area which gave us many polished stone axes at similar and greater depths. It is a sub-tetrahedral form with a marked rostral tendency, one face being obviously the back and flaked to a higher level with a slight general concavity. This is typical of all our pieces though otherwise varying: the back is very flat, sometimes as a naturally weathered surface, sometimes flaked, sometimes at cleavage face (figure 1). The hand-grip is the natural skin or weathered end of a big pebble: this makes a platform usually sloping on top. front-faces meet in a marked angle (see figure L and compare carefully figure K). Figure I here retains most of the original stone and is flaked only on one edge but the ridge is represented by the natural rounded angle of the stone. The flaking is in broad strokes: the finer dressing is very clumsy (a sign of late date). The point is usually trihedral, sometimes tetrahedral; the trihedral point has been noted as typical of the very early Chalossian and has also been found in South Africa in the Victoria West culture. Judging by Menghin's description of certain implements (30) p. 117 in this latter, they must be very like the type of our figures N, O:-crooked point-thick end with vigorous flaking-trihedral point-flat back-resemblance to \"rostro-carinates\". There is apparently some doubt about these Victoria-West pieces as to whether they are artifacts: there can be no doubt about such a piece as figure N. A related culture in South Africa, that of Stellenbosch, has \"faustkeil\" with one side carefully flaked to an edge: we cannot say that ours are carefully done, but they certainly have the \"faustkeil\"\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 59,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n129\n\n0\n\n5. Cms.\n\nO. Epimiolith\" also from HSY. A flatter, triangular type common here.\n\nform with a side scraper-edge. Sometimes our pieces are flatter as figure O from HSY 36 ins. but still the likeness of form is evident. There is a marked tendency away from the isoceles in the vertical widest-plane section as if to give more leverage at the point by reason of a butt that went well back to the centre region of the palm of the hand while the point was directed comfortably by the fingers: this would help the opening of shell-fish, but we have actually found very few shells, one being a plaything or ornament, quite small with a hole (might even be modern).\n\nFISH-HOOK.\n\nWe illustrate here a bronze fish-hook from HSY, for it shows where in the bronze time they got food. This hook R should be compared with specimens from Somrong Seng (41) Plate VI, (76) Plate IV, Laos country Ban Na Veng (Musée Finot) Dong Son (Musée Finot) and with fish-hook motives on the bronze drums of Indo-China. It apparently belongs to the same culture—the Yüeh(?)—but it differs in many details, particularly in the curve of the lower part and in the absence of an eye for the line (instead we have a serrated shaft for binding: in this it does seem to agree with a Somrong Seng piece). Plate 11, R.\n\nWith that we have rounded off the general description of the finds at the Lamma site, Tai Wan, and we have learned something about the neighbouring and closely related site HSY. The actual material published in this article presents problems that have first to be solved before any full interpretation of the finds is possible. We are not yet in a position to date these \"epimioliths\" or place them in their proper relation to the rest of the material: so there is no need just now to sum up. Other sites may help us first and there still remains much material for the amplification of what we have already seen.\n\nOne stone object found at a high level (18 ins.) should be recorded because of its possible relation to the otherwise rare form of shouldered adze (Figure S). It is in a green stone that shows no sign of polishing, but\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n60",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "130 \n\nD. J. FINN, S.J. \n\nwhich has been trimmed by a primitive technique into a mallet-like shape it suggests that it is a preliminary stage in the making of a shouldered axe or adze, for the \"active\" part though roughly rounded in cross section seems to have an indication of definite sides, as if it would make one of the shouldered axes belonging to the \"vierkantbeil\" series. At first sight it suggests a much older type of implement, a rough beater or hammer, but I think its real significance is in showing a deliberate shouldering to provide a handle.\n\n5. cms.\n\nS\n\nx\n\nS. A shouldered stone implement from Tai Wan, probably a “blank\" for a neolithic axe, but looking like some older type.\n\nBefore concluding, I wish here to quote from a physiographical history of the Lamma sites kindly given me by Dr. Lees who was with me there on the day I found the piece figure K: thus he had a clear idea of the circumstances in which things are found.\n\n\"Culture found in beach sand; top of level 1 to 3½ feet below the present level surface.\n\n(1) Deep depression of the land forming a \"Ria shore-line of submergence\". (2) Elevation at intervals permitting terraces to form.\n\n(3) 2000 years ago (archaeological data) a slightly raised beach; slightly eroded; on which culture found with an occasional boulder probably brought in use by the inhabitants.\n\n(4) Slight depression, 3½ feet, permitting that amount of beach sand to be deposited on culture.\n\n(5) Elevation to present level 13 feet above high water.\n\n(6) Erosion by sea and formation of wave-cut terrace with cliff-front. (7) Slight erosion by present stream of small valley in present surface in effort to bring beds to grade with sea level.\"\n\nDr. Lees had examined Hong Kong and the New Territories at the time he wrote this.\n\nI must now conclude with the pleasant duty of recording my obligation of gratitude to Mr. Schofield for permission to refer to his important find, to Professor Shellshear and Dr. Van Stein Callenfels for important help towards the above, to the geologists Drs. Brook and Lees for their guidance—and especially to Dr. Herklots who has made such a valuable contribution to this\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nPage 60\n\nPage 61",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "# Archaeological Finds on Lamma Island\n\n131\n\npart by the difficult drawings of the \"epimioliths\" and to whom is due in greatest measure the whole publication of the Tai Wan Finds so far.\n\n## REFERENCES\n\nOnly those cited for the first time in the above article.\n\n(97) Hoernes-Menghin: Urgeschichte der bildendenden Kunst in Europa. Vienna, 1925.\n\n(98) Mansuy, H. et Colani, M.: Néolithique Inférieur (Bacsonien) et Néolithique Supérieur dans le Haut Tonkin. (Mémoires du Service Géologique de l'Indochine, XII, Fasc. III) Hanoi, 1925.\n\n(99) Andersson, J. G.: Children of the Yellow Earth. London, 1934.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n62",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 62,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "63\n\n[132]\n\nA SYNOPSIS OF THE FISHES OF CHINA.\n\nPART V continued.\n\nThe Cods, Opahs, Flounders, Soles, John Dories, Berycoids, Pipe Fishes, Silversides, Mullets, Barracudas and Thread Fishes.\n\nby\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER,\n\nACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A.\n\nOrder HYPOSTOMIDES.\n\nThe Dragon Fishes.\n\nBody covered with bony plates, firmly joined on trunk, movable on tail. Snout extended forward above mouth, not tubular. Mouth inferior, toothless. Gill openings narrow. Gill cover formed by large plate corresponding to opercle, preopercle and subopercle. No pseudobranchiae. Gills 4, laminated. One branchiostegal, rudimentary. Lower pharyngeals separate. bladder. Dorsal and anal short, of soft rays only. Pectoral large, of elongate rays, sometimes spinous. Ventral abdominal, with spine and 1 to 3 rays.\n\nOne family, fantastic little fishes of Asiatic seas.\n\nFamily Pegasidae.\n\nThe Sea Moths.\n\nNo air bladder.\n\nBody broad, greatly depressed. Tail with 4 angles. Snout prolonged. Mouth small, edge formed by premaxillaries. No teeth. Suborbital ring well developed, forms suture with gill cover. Intestinal canal short. Vertebrae few, no ribs. Dorsal short, opposite similar anal. Caudal small. Pectoral broad, very large, horizontal. Ventral well behind pectoral, not far from vent, of 1 or 2 rays, 1 very long.\n\nSynopsis of the Genera.\n\na'. Tail short, with but 8 rings, not long as rest of body.\n\na2. Tail longer, with 11 to 15 rings, longer than rest of body.\n\nPEGASUS.\n\nPARAPEGASUS.\n\nPEGASUS Linnaeus.\n\nSea Moths.\n\nPegasus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 338. Type Pegasus volitans Linnaeus, monotypic.\n\nTrunk short, broad, greatly depressed. Tail short, not elongate or compressed, with but 8 rings. Snout more or less extended. Mouth inferior. Suborbital well developed, forms suture with gill cover. Intestinal tract rather short, with 1 or 2 complete circumvolutions. Vertebrae not numerous, thin. No ribs. Pectoral rays all simple, slender, not spine-like. Ventral with 1 or 2 rays, outer longer.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "64 | 133\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nPegasus draconis Linnaeus. Figure 53.\n\nPegasus draconis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, pt. 1, 1766, p. 418. India. Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 125 (reference). Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 99 (reference).\n\nPegasus draco Duméril, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1870, p. 490 (China). Pegasus latirostris Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 203. Sea of China.\n\nPegasus natans (not Linnaeus) Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish Brit. Mus., 1856, pl. 1, fig. 3 (ventral view).\n\nTrunk gibbous, median depressed part divided by 3 cross ridges; obtuse tubercles at meeting points of transverse and longitudinal ridges. Pair of deep grooves on neck. Tail with 8 rings, first and second and fourth and fifth rings with compressed spine directed backwards in middle of side. Snout extended, with 4 denticulated ridges, 2 lower of which dilated with age, forming semioval expansion. Dorsal 5; Anal 5; Pectoral 11, fifth ray not stronger than others; ventral 2. Body finely reticulated with brown. Snout and 2 or 3 last caudal rings black. Pectoral rays with fine brown dots; fin with broad milky white edge, within which another concentric whitish band.\n\n(Günther.)\n\nH.W.F\n\nFigure 53. Pegasus draconis Linnaeus.\n\nChina (Zanzibar, India, East Indies, Melanesia). Reaches 84 mm.\n\nPARAPEGASUS Duméril.\n\nParapegasus Duméril, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1870, p. 493. Type Pegasus natans Linnaeus, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 3, 1919, p. 357.\n\nJuly 1935.",
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        "content_text": "134\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nVertebrae\n\nBody slender. Tail much longer than trunk, with 11 to 15 rings, depressed. Snout more or less elongate, edges denticulate, narrow. 19 to 21, of which 12 to 14 caudal.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na1. Tail longer than rest of body, with 12 rings.\n\na2. Tail subequal with trunk, with 11 rings.\n\nParapegasus natans (Linnaeus).\n\nnatans.\n\nvolans.\n\nPegasus natans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, pt. 1, 1766, p. 418. India.—Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 148 (North China; China Seas).\n\nLeptopegasus natans Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 125 (reference).\n\nParapegasus natans Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 7 (name).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 99 (reference).\n\nTail without caudal as long as or longer than body, with 12 rings, tapering and well flattened behind. Snout 21/8 to 21/5 to vent, with 6 to 8 longitudinal ridges above. Dorsal 5; Anal 5; pectoral 11; ventral 3. Clay colour to tawny olive above, with 5 dusky obscurely defined transverse bands, first at nape, second above vent and others on tail. Dorsal, pectoral, and caudal all finely dotted with dusky above. Below uniform pale to whitish. Length 95 mm.\n\nChina (East Indies*, Formosa*, North Australia).\n\nParapegasus volans (Linnaeus).\n\nPegasus volans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 338. Amboina.—Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 148 (China).—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 125 (name).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 99 (reference).\n\nPegasus volitans Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 7 (name).\n\nPegasus laternarius Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 202 (Sea of China).—Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish Brit. Mus., 1856, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4 (China Sea).—Duméril, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1870, p. 491, pl. 26, figs. 1, a-b (China; Macao).\n\nBack of trunk with 2 median ridges, each with 3 compressed and more or less trenchant longitudinal tubercles; no groove behind head. Tail with 11 rings, as long as trunk, second, third, and fourth rings with spine directed backwards in middle of side. Snout sometimes short, pointed, with or without minute spine, sometimes with 5 or 6 ridged extensions, each ridge finely denticulated. Dorsal 5; Anal 5; pectoral 10; ventral 2. Usually 2 broad brownish bands across tail, posterior some distance from caudal base. Pectoral rays with brown spots.\n\nChina, Macao (India, East Indies). Reaches 50 mm.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "A Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nOrder PERCESOCES.\n\nThe Perch Pikes.\n\n135\n\npresent\n\nOpercle unarmed. Branchial arches well developed, all bones except fourth upper branchial. Third upper pharyngeal much enlarged and lower pharyngeals distinct from one another. Pelvic bones not joined to shoulder girdle. Lateral line median or obsolete. Spinous armature of fins but moderately developed. Spinous dorsal usually present and other fins also with spines. Pectoral elevated, about level with upper hind opercle angle. Ventral abdominal, graduated from outer rays, which longest, inner shortest, with one spine and 5 rays.\n\nAn interesting transition group from soft rayed to spiny rayed fishes. Chiefly shore and fresh water forms, many of small size, some large and very voracious.\n\nSynopsis of the Families.\n\na'. Head short, usually less pointed; teeth small or absent; gill rakers long, slender; lateral line absent.\n\nb'. Head and body elongate; stomach not gizzard like; carnivorous.\n\nATHERINIDAE.\n\nb2. Head short, broad; stomach gizzard like; intestines long; mud and vegetation feeders.\n\nMUGILIDAE.\n\na2. Head long, pointed; teeth very strong, unequal; gill rakers obsolete; lateral line present.\n\nSPHYRAENIDAE.\n\nFamily Atherinidae.\n\nThe Silversides.\n\nBody rather elongate, subcylindrical or somewhat compressed. Eyes lateral, without adipose lids. Mouth cleft moderate, usually terminal, oblique, reaches to or beyond front of eye. Jaws equal or not. Teeth small in jaws, sometimes on vomer, palatines or pterygoids, rarely absent. Opercular bones without spines or serratures. Gill openings wide, membranes not united, free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit behind fourth. Gill rakers long and slender. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Third and fourth upper pharyngeals joined together, with teeth. Air bladder present. No pyloric appendages. Vertebrae 32 to 60, of which 23 caudal. Scales moderate or small, usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid. No lateral line, some scales often with pits or rudimentary mucous tubes.\n\nTwo dorsals, well separated, first with 3 to 8 slender flexible spines, second of 4 or 5 soft rays or spine and 3 to 6 unbranched rays. Anal like soft dorsal, often larger, with weak spine. Caudal emarginate. Pectorals high, moderate or small. Ventrals small, usually abdominal, not far back, with small spine and 5 rays.\n\nMostly small carnivorous fishes, abounding in great schools near the shores of temperate and tropical seas, a few in fresh water. Most have a silvery band along the sides, sometimes underlaid by dark pigment. Those of sufficient size are valued food fishes,\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n66",
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        "content_text": "67\n\n136\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nGenus Atherina Linnaeus.\n\nSilversides.\n\nAtherina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 315. Type Atherina hepsetus Linnaeus, monotypic.\n\nBody elongate, partly cylindrical or feebly compressed, belly rounded. Head well compressed, rather attenuated. Mouth oblique, short. Mandible small, weak. Teeth small, conic, in jaws, on vomer and palatines. Vertebrae 43 to 56. Scales cycloid, moderate to rather large, extend on parts of head. Anal spines feeble, 5 to 9. Soft dorsal and anal opposite, similar. Pectoral short. Ventral inserted well behind pectoral base.\n\nWidely distributed in the warm seas of the globe.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na1. Eye large, 22 to 23/5 in head from snout tip.\n\na2. Eye smaller, 3 in head.\n\nforskalii.\n\nbleekeri.\n\nAtherina forskalii Rüppell.\n\nFigure 54.\n\nH.W.F\n\nFigure 54. Atherina forskalii Rüppell.\n\nAtherina forskalii Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 132, pl. 33, fig. 1. Red Sea.--Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 60 (Hong Kong). Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 603 (Hong Kong). Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 103 (reference).\n\nSnout 34/5 to 44 in head with interorbital. Lower\n\nDepth 47/10 to 62/5; head 4 to 5. from snout tip; eye 21/5 to 27/10, subequal gill rakers 20. Scales 42 to 45, transversely 6. Dorsal V-11, 8; Anal 11, 11 to 13; pectoral 1, 13 to 1, 15; ventral I, 5. Broad silvery lateral band, upper part with indistinct dark band. Above scales with broad brown borders and brown points. Fins dusky, usually more pronounced on hind border of caudal. Upper half of pectoral often with blackish points. Head more or less blackish, as also ventral border of lower jaw. Length 130 mm.\n\n(Weber and Beaufort.)\n\nHong Kong (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mauritius, Andamans, Nicobars, Malaya, East Indies, Tonkin, Philippines).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nh",
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        "page_number": 67,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "A Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nAtherina bleekeri Günther.\n\n137\n\nAtherina bleekeri Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1868, p. 398. China.-Scale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 60 (Hong Kong). -Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (name). Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 103 (reference).\n\nAtherina japonica (not Houttuyn) Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 142 (reference).\n\nD 534; head 42. Snout 4 in head; eye 3; maxillary 234. Lower gill rakers 19 Scales 45, transversely 7, predorsal 20. Dorsal V or VI-I, 9 or I, 10; Anal I, 11 to I, 13. Lateral silvery band present, dark above. Scales of back broadly edged blackish or dusky. Top of head and snout tip dusky. Ventral and anal colourless. Length 130 mm.\n\nChina, Hong Kong (Japan).\n\n(Jordan and Starks.)\n\nFamily Mugilidae.\n\nThe Grey Mullets.\n\nBody oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth small. Jaws with small feeble teeth or none, when present of various form. Premaxillaries protractile. Gill openings wide, membranes separate and free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit behind fourth. Gill rakers long, slender. Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Air bladder large, simple. Intestinal canal long. Peritoneum usually black. Vertebrae 24. Scales rather large, cycloid. No lateral line, but furrows often deepened on middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks. Two short dorsals, well separated, first of 4 stiff spines and last much shorter than others. Second dorsal longer than first, like anal. Anal spines 2 or 3, graduated to last. Ventrals abdominal, not far back, of spine and 5 rays.\n\nSmall or moderate sized fishes, valued as food, living in fresh waters and on the coasts of warm countries. They feed on organic matter contained in mud.\n\na1. No true teeth in jaws.\n\nSynopsis of the Genera.\n\nMugil.\n\na2. Single series of small teeth in upper jaw; lower jaw with sharp front margin.\n\nMyxus.\n\nMUGIL Linnaeus. Grey Mullets.\n\nMugil Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 316. Type Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, monotypic.\n\nBody oblong, rather robust or somewhat compressed. Eye large. Adipose eyelid large, when present nearly conceals eye; little developed in young. Mouth small, partly inferior, lower jaw angulated. Jaws with one or few series of short flexible ciliiform teeth; less developed in young. No vomerine or palatine teeth. Preorbital usually entire, more serrate in young,\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n68",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 68,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "69\n\n138\n\nHENRY W. Fowler\n\nStomach muscular, like gizzard of fowl. Anal spines 3, only 2 developed in young.\n\nA large genus, with many species, feeding on mud and living in great schools along the shores and brackish lagoons in all warm regions. Some enter fresh water and many are valued as food.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na'. Mugil. Front of jaws broadly convex as seen from above; lips narrow or only moderately wide.\n\nb'. Pointed scaly flap in pectoral axil.\n\nc'. Adipose lids of eye largely cover eye.\n\nd'. Branched anal rays 9.\n\ne1. Scales 33 to 38.\n\nf1. Pectoral little shorter than head.\n\ng1. Predorsal scales 24. affinis.\n\ng2. Predorsal scales 18 or 19.\n\nh1. Eye 27/8 in head. strongycephalus.\n\nh2. Eye 33/5 to 43/4. tade. longimanus.\n\nf2. Pectoral long as head.\n\ne2. Scales 41.\n\nd2. Branched anal rays 8. carinatus. cephalus.\n\nc2. Eye without adipose eye-lids; scales 30 to 35; branched anal rays 9 or 10.\n\nb2. No pointed scaly flap in pectoral axil.\n\n¿1. Branched anal rays 9.\n\nj1. Eye with broad adipose lids. ceramensis.\n\nk1. Scales 30.\n\nk2. Scales 38 to 40. seheli.\n\nj2. Eye without adipose lids.\n\ndussumieri.\n\nl1. Scales 30 to 33, predorsal 19 or 20. macrolepis.\n\nl2. Scales 41, predorsal 23. haematocheilus.\n\n¿2. Branched anal rays 8; pectoral black. vaigiensis.\n\na2. Oedalechilus. Front of jaws broadly truncate as seen from above; lips broad and papillate; branched anal rays 9 or 10.\n\nMugil affinis Günther.\n\ncrenilabis.\n\nMugil affinis Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 433, text fig. (head below). Amoy.—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).—Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, vol. 1, 1876, p. 385 (Shanghai).—Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (reference).—Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 81 (Amoy).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 143 (reference).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549161,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 69,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "A Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n139\n\nMugil affins Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, fig. 64 (misprint).\n\nDepth 5 in total; head 5. Snout long as eye; adipose eyelids well developed in front and behind; upper lip rather wide, situated at lower side of snout; end of maxillary visible behind and below mouth angle. Scales 38, transversely 13, predorsal 24. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral not reaching dorsal origin, equals space between pupil and opercular edge, with very short obtuse axillary scale. Greenish, shining silvery.\n\n(Günther.)\n\nAmoy, Shanghai, Wu gives the length as 145 mm. without caudal.\n\nMugil strongylocephalus Richardson.\n\nMugil strongylocephalus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, P. 249. Hong Kong; Sea of China. Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3: 1861, p. 425, text fig. (head) (types; China).—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).—Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., ser. 5, vol. 7, 1881, p. 106 (Swatow).—Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 70 (copied). Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nMugil stronglylocephalus Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1931, p. 8 (reference) (error).\n\nDepth 43⁄4 in total; head 5. Snout obtusely conic, shorter than eye; eye 27⁄8 in head, with broad adipose lids; maxillary with narrow hind exposure; upper lip thick; interorbital 21⁄2 in head, very convex. Scales 33, transversely 11, predorsal 18. Soft dorsal and anal scaly. Dorsal IV—I, 8; Anal III, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral longer than head without snout, with long axillary scale.\n\nHong Kong. According to Richardson whole fore part of back dark bronze. No spot on pectoral base. Length 178 mm.\n\nArabia.\n\nMugil tade (Forskal).\n\nMugil crenilabis tade Forskal, Descr. Animal, 1775, pp. xiv, 74.\n\nMugil tade Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (reference).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nMugil planiceps Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 428 (China).—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name). Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 61 (Hong Kong).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nMugil bontah Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (Amoy).\n\nDepth 33⁄4 to 33⁄4; head 32⁄3 to 33⁄4, width 1 2/5 to 13⁄5. Snout 37⁄8 to 4 in head; eye 3 3/5 to 41⁄3, 1/3 in interorbital, adipose lids narrow; maxillary 4 1/6 in head, slight exposed end; lips thin; interorbital 27⁄8, broadly convex. Scales 33 to 36, transversely 10 to 12, predorsal 18 or 19.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n70",
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    {
        "id": 549162,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 70,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "140 \n\nHENRY W. Fowler \n\nSoft vertical fins scaly basally. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; Anal II, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral but slightly less than head, with long axillary scale: ventral 1 2/5. Back pale olivaceous, below whitish. No dark spot at pectoral base. Iris whitish. Reaches 470 mm. \n\nChina, Amoy, Hong Kong (Red Sea, Arabia, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines, Queensland, Micronesia*, Polynesia). \n\nMugil longimanus Günther. \n\nMugil longimanus Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 428. East Indies. Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 61 (Hong Kong). -Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference). \n\nMost soft \n\nDepth 3 2/5 to 4; head 3 2/5 to 4, width 1 3/4 to 1 4/5. Snout 4 in head; eye 3 3/5 to 4, with broad adipose lids; maxillary 3 3/4, concealed, reaches eye; upper lip width 1⁄2 of pupil; interorbital 2 1/5 to 2 3/5, broadly convex. Scales 33 to 37, transversely 11 to 12, predorsal 18 to 20. Vertical fins finely scaled. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; Anal III, 9; caudal deeply emarginate, scaly basally; pectoral 1 to 1 1/10 in head, reaches beyond spinous dorsal origin, with large axillary scale; ventral 1 2/5. Back grey brown or olive, rows of scales on back and side above with grey brown line. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral greyish, last dusky basally above. Lower fins and iris whitish. Length 223 mm. \n\nHong Kong (Portuguese East Africa*, India, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, Polynesia*). \n\nMugil carinatus Valenciennes. \n\nMugil carinatus Ehrenberg, in Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 11, 1836, p. 148. Red Sea; Seychelles; Guam.-Oshima, Annotat. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, No. 1, March 31, 1926, p. 19 (Haiho, Hainan).-Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 79, fig. 63 (Amoy).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference). \n\nDepth 4 2/5; head 4 2/5. Snout 4 1⁄2 in head; eye 4, with broad adipose lids; maxillary end exposed; interorbital 2 2/3 in head, slightly convex. Scales 41, transversely 14. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; pectoral 16, with axillary scale, 1 2/5 in head; ventral rays I, 5, fin 1 3/4 in head. White, dorsal surface darker. Length 183 mm. without caudal.\" \n\n(Wu.) \n\nHainan, Amoy (Red Sea, India). Although Day gives scales 34 to 36 in a lateral series his figure shows 40, of which 40 appear to be on the caudal base. \n\nMugil cephalus Linnaeus. \n\nMugil cephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 316. European Ocean.-Jordan and Seale, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1905, p. 521 (Hong Kong; Shanghai).-Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p. 516 (Port Arthur, Manchuria).—Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 61 (Hong Kong).—Evermann and Shaw, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 16, No. 4, Jan. 31, 1927, p. 114 (Hangchow).-Reeves. Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-Sep. 1927, p. 8 (Chingwangtao to Hong Kong). Sowerby, Nat. Manchuria, vol. 4, 1930, p. 157 (Pei tai Ho).—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 603 (Hong Kong). \n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist \n\nPage 70\n\nPage 71",
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        "id": 549163,
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        "content_text": "Arabia.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n141\n\nMugil crenilabis öur Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xiv, 74.\n\nMugil oeur Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 70 (Swatow).--Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 78, fig. 62 (Amoy).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nMugil cephalotus (not Valenciennes) Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 484 (Chusan).-Günther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 419, fig. (head) (Amoy, China, Chusan).—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).-Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 923 (Ningpo).—Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., ser. 7, vol. 5, 1881, p. 106 (Swatow).\n\nMugil japonicus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 247 (seas of China).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name).\n\nMugil macrolepidotus (not Rüppell) Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 249 (China Seas?).-Journ, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, 1866 (1868), p. 244 (Hong Kong).\n\nMugil dobula Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 224 (Hong Kong). -Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nDepth 32 to 43; head 3 to 4. Snout 3 3/4 to 4 8/10 in head; eye 3 1/5 to 4 4/5, adipose lids absent in young, greatly developed with age; maxillary 3 2/10 to 4 8/10 in head; interorbital 2 to 2 3/10, broadly convex. Scales 39 to 46, transversely 13 or 14, predorsal 17 to 28. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 8, young II, 9; caudal broadly emarginate; pectoral 1 3/10 to 1 2/5 in head; ventral 1 1/2 to 1 3/4. Dark olive or bluish dusky on back, sides and below silvery white. Each row of scales on side above with darker longitudinal streak. Dorsal and caudal grey, other fins whitish. Ventral yellowish. Reaches 760 mm.\n\nChina (Red Sea, Arabia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, Baluchistan, India, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Japan, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia, Hawaii*, California, Chili, also Atlantic*).\n\nMugil ceramensis Bleeker.\n\nMugil ceramensis Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Indie, vol. 3, 1852, p. 699. Wahai, Ceram.\n\nLiza ceramensis Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-Sep. 1927, p. 8 (name).--Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nLiza parva Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 82, fig. 65. Amoy.\n\nDepth 3 1/6 to 3 3/4; head 3 8/10 to 3 3/5, width 1 4/5. Snout 3 3/4 to 4 in head; eye 3 3/4 to 4, 1 2/5 in interorbital, gelatinous lid forming narrow ring around eye; upper lip rather thick, ciliated; maxillary exposed, 3 1/2 in head.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n72",
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        "content_text": "73\n\n142\n\nHENRY W. Fowler\n\nhead; interorbital 2½ in head, flat or slightly convex. Scales 30 to 35, transversely 10 or 11, predorsal 21. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; Anal III, 9 or 10; caudal concave, base scaly; pectoral conspicuously shorter than head, 12/5 in head, with axillary scale; ventral 1½. Back olivaceous, below white. Dorsal and caudal dusky or pale. Length 166 mm.\n\nChina (Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines*). Liza parva Wu is likely the young, though the presence or absence of pectoral axillary scale not noted. It is noted as follows:\n\nDepth 4; head 4. Snout 5 in head; eye 4, greater than snout, without adipose eyelids; maxillary end exposed; interorbital 1 1/5 in head, low. Scales 30, transversely 10. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral rays 14, fin 1 1/5 in head; ventral I, 5, fin 1⅓. Dark above, white below. Caudal and soft dorsal tips dusky. Length 77 mm without caudal.\n\nMugil dussumieri Valenciennes.\n\nFigure 55.\n\nH.W.F\n\nFigure 55. Mugil dussumieri Valenciennes.\n\nPah tze (white mullet), Pih tse (white parer), Patz tsai. Mugil dussumieri Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol 11, 1836, p. 147. Bombay; Coromandel.\n\nMugil ventricosus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 249. Chinese Sea; Canton (on figure).-Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 410 (reference).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nMugil nepalensis Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 424. Nepal. Oshima, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 2, No. 1, March 31, 1926, p. 19 (Haiho, Hainan).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nDepth 4; head 33/4 to 33/3, width 1 3/5 to 13/4. Snout 3 1/5 to 3/4 in head; eye 3 3/5 to 42, 1/3 in interorbital, with broad adipose lids; maxillary well exposed; interorbital 24 to 22, nearly level. Scales 30,\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "A Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n143\n\ntransversely 11, predorsal 23. Soft vertical fins scaled. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral 1 1/2 to 1 3/5 in head, without axillary scale; ventral 1 2/5. Back olive brown, below whitish. Iris grey white. Fins brown, lower whitish and no dark spot at pectoral origin. Reaches 300 mm.\n\nHainan, Canton, (India*, Ceylon, Andamans, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, New South Wales). The imperfectly described nominal Mugil ventricosus Richardson is noticed as follows:\n\nDepth 3 2/3 in total, back little elevated, curve of belly prominent. Caudal peduncle thick. Head slender, pointed. Lower lip closes under snout. Second dorsal begins length behind beginning of anal and extends far beyond. Space between anal and caudal exceeds anal length. Caudal acutely but not deeply notched. Back and upper sides with disks of scales pale grass green, edges silvery and whole lower parts pearly or silvery. Mouth hyacinth red, fore part of gill cover buff orange and bright Berlin-blue patch at upper angle of gill opening. First dorsal red lilac purple, second dorsal and caudal mountain green, notch of latter edged plum purple. Pectoral dark brownish green. Anal pale mountain green, rays and basal streak white. Ventral rays opaque white, with some carmine streaks at tips and membrane pale blue.\n\nMugil seheli (Forskal).\n\nOotow (black head), Otau.\n\nMugil crenilabis seheli Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xiv, 73. Lohajae, Red Sea.\n\nMugil seheli Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 603 (Hong Kong).\n\nMugil melancranus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 248. China Seas; Canton.-Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 410 (reference). Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name).\n\nChu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nMugil axillaris Kner, Novara Reise, Fische, 1865, p. 227, pl. 9, fig. 3-a (side and under view of head) (Shanghai).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (Amoy).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nSoft\n\nDepth 3 3/4 to 3 7/8; head 3 3/4 to 3 7/8, width 1 3/5. Snout 3 3/4 to 3 7/8 in head; eye 4 1/2 to 4 3/4, 1 3/5 in interorbital, adipose lids well developed; upper lip width 1 4/5 in pupil; interorbital 2 2/5 to 2 3/4 in head, broadly convex. Scales 38 to 40, transversely 11 to 13, predorsal 19 to 29. Vertical fins with small basal scales. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral 1 1/10 to 1 1/8 in head, with axillary scale; ventral 1 2/5 to 1 3/4 in head. Grey, with 9 to 10 bright silvery arrow-like marks along body. Dark over nose. Fins transparent, black at pectoral base and caudal tips. Length to 465 mm.\n\nCanton, Amoy, Pei Ho, Shanghai (Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauritius, Seychelles, India,\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n74",
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        "id": 549166,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 74,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "75\n\n144\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nMalaya, East Indies*, Siam, Philippines*, Melanesia*, Micronesia Polynesia*). Likely Mugil melancranus Richardson may have been intended for this species, though its description is very imperfect, neglecting not only the proportions but also the fin rays. It is noted as follows:\n\nDepth 5 in total; head 5. Upper lip rather fleshy. Mouth large, teeth visible. Slender maxillary exposed. Scales 37, transversely 11. Soft dorsal and anal scaly. Caudal almost entirely scaly. Pectoral with long axillary scale. Back greenish grey, sides silvery, with yellowish grey line through middle of each row of scales. Top of head, circle around eye and borders of gill pieces dark oil green. Pectoral orpiment orange with blue mark on scaly base and other fins greenish grey. Length 195 mm.\n\nMugil macrolepis Andrew Smith.\n\nMugil macrolepis Andrew Smith, Illustr. Zool. South Africa, 1849, no pagination, pl. 28, fig. 2. Rivers and fresh water lakes of South Africa.- Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 595 (Shanghai), p. 603 (Hong Kong).\n\nMugil troschelii Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 70 (Swatow).\n\nLiza troscheli Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (reference).\n\nLiza troschelii Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nDepth 3 to 34/5; head 33/5 to 34/5, width 12. Snout 33/5 to 4 in head; eye 33 to 33/4, 11/2 in interorbital, gelatinous lids only as narrow cutaneous rim; lips thin, smooth; maxillary 47/8 in head; interorbital 22/5 to 24/5, broadly convex. Scales 30 to 33; transversely 11 or 12, predorsal 19 or 20. Dorsal IV-1, 8 or 9; Anal III, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral 1% in head, without axillary scale; ventral 13/4. Back olivaceous, pale to whitish below. Dorsal and pectoral pale brown, other fins whitish. Length 125 mm.\n\nSwatow, Hong Kong, Shanghai (South Africa, East Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines*, Formosa, Pescadores Islands, Japan, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nMugil haematocheilus Schlegel.\n\nKeuen yu (dog's fish), Hwang we tze (yellow tail parer), Hwang ne tsae (yellow tailed), Won ne tsai, Chai ue.\n\nMugil haematocheilus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 7-9, 1845, p. 135, pl. 72, fig. 2. Nagasaki.-Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 249 (seas of China).\n\nMugil haematochilus Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).-Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 923 (Ningpo).-Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (name).—Sowerby, Nat. Manchuria, vol. 4, 1930, p. 157 (Tientsin, Peking, Pei tai Ho, Chin wang Tao).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nM",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 75,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "A Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n145\n\nLiza haematochila Mori, Hand List Manchur. Vertebr., 1927, p. 177 (compiled). Chu, Biol. Bull, St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nLiza haematocheila Herre, Lignan Sci. Journ., vol. 2, No. 3, July 22, 1932, p. 434 (Tei Ping).\n\nMugil (vel Cestraeus?) xanthurus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 248 (sea of China; Canton).\n\nMugil so-iuy Basilewsky, Nouv. Mém. Imp. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, 1855, p. 226, pl. 4, fig. 3. Sinu Tschiliensis; Pekin.\"-Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 1, 1898, p. 260 (Newchwang).--Morrison, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 1, 1898, p. 265 (Liao Basin).\n\nMugil soiuy Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 12, 1873, p. 243 (Shanghai); ser. 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 157 (Chefoo).\n\nMugil sinensis Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).\n\nAgonostoma plicatile (not Günther) Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (on Basilewsky).\n\nDepth 5; head 43. Snout longer than orbit; eye 51⁄2 in head, without adipose lids; upper lip thin; maxillary end not hidden. Scales 41, transversely 14, predorsal 23. Dorsal and anal scaleless. Dorsal IV—I, 8; Anal III, 9, begins before soft dorsal; caudal emarginate; pectoral without axillary scale, long as head without snout. Uniform. Length 279 mm.\n\n(Günther.)\n\nCanton, Ningpo, Shanghai, Chefoo, Pekin, Newchwang, Liao Ho (Japan). Günther remarks of Basilewsky's Mugil so-iuy \"He mentions the eyes as 'nictitantes'; but this seems to refer merely to the circular eyelid, which covers only the margin of the orbit, as also shown in the figure.\"\n\nMugil vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard.\n\nMugil vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranic, Zool., 1825, p. 337, pl. 59, fig. 2. Waigiu.-Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (China; name only).\n\nLiza waigiensis Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (Shanghai).---Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nDepth 44 to 5; head 44 to 54. Snout shorter than eye in young, longer with age; eye 4 to 5 in head, 2 in interorbital, without adipose lids; maxillary end exposed; lips thin, smooth. Scales 26 to 28, transversely 9 or 10, predorsal 15 or 16. Dorsal and anal scaly. Dorsal IV-I, 7 or 8; Anal III, 8; caudal nearly truncate; pectoral much shorter than head, without axillary scale; ventral half of pectoral. Back dark olive, below paler to whitish. About 6 dark longitudinal bands. Edges of fins dusky. Pectoral blackish, entirely so in young. Reaches 400 mm.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n76",
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    {
        "id": 549168,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 76,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "77\n\n146\n\nHENRY W. Fowler\n\nChina (Red Sea, Portuguese East Africa, Natal, India, Andamans, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nMugil crenilabis Forskal.\n\nFigure 56.\n\nH.W.F\n\nSea.\n\nFigure 56. Mugil crenilabis Forskal.\n\nMugil crenilabis Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xiv, 73. Red Sea.\n\nMugil lauvergnii Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., vol. 1, 1841, p. 174, pl. 4, fig. 3. China (Macao).-Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 410 (name).-Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nDepth 32 to 5; head 4 to 5, width 12/5. Snout 32 in head, blunt; eye 41/5, 13 in interorbital, without adipose lids; lips very thick, upper with 4 or 5 rows of papillae, lower with fleshy papillae; maxillary hidden or only end exposed; interorbital 11/5 in head, fat. Scales 38 to 44, transversely 12 or 13, predorsal 20 to 22. Dorsal IV-I, 7 or 8; Anal III, 9 or 10, origin opposite soft dorsal origin; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral 11/5 in head, without axillary scale. Olive above, white below.\n\nUpper pectoral base with small blackish spot. Length 500 mm.\n\nMacao (Red Sea, Madagascar, Andamans, Nicobars, East Indies, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*). Easily known by its thick papillose lips. The nominal Mugil lauvergnii Eydoux and Souleyet, apparently this species, is shown with the following:\n\nDepth 33/4; head 43/4. Snout 4 in head, very short; eye 4; no teeth. Scales 47 (of which 3 apparently on caudal base), transversely 11. Soft dorsal and anal with small scales basally. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 10 (figure shows 9); caudal emarginate; pectoral rays 16, very short, 1/4 in head; ventral rays I, 5, fin 14 in head. Above grey olive, below silvery. Fins grey. Length 220 mm.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Myxus Günther.\n\n147\n\nMyxus Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 466. Type Mugil elongatus Günther, designated by Jordan, Genera of Fishes, pt. 3, 1919, p. 307.\n\nBody elongate, fusiform. Head pointed. Eye large, advanced, high. Mouth cleft extending on sides of snout, but not to orbit. Upper lip not especially thick. Front edge of mandible sharp. Small uniserial teeth above, sometimes also on palate and mandible. Scales small. Lateral line distinct. Vertical fins more or less scaly. Spinous dorsal postmedian in body without caudal. Soft dorsal and anal opposite. Caudal large, deeply emarginate. Pectoral long, not reaching spinous dorsal. Ventral inserted below middle of pectoral.\n\nSpecies few.\n\nMyxus analis Kner.\n\nFigure 57.\n\nH.W.F.\n\nFigure 57. Myxus analis Kner.\n\nMyxus analis Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 231, pl. 10, fig. 1. Shanghai. Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference). Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (reference). Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nDepth 4 1/5 in head 3 3/5. Snout 4/3 in head; eye 4/3 without adipose lids; maxillary reaches 9/10 to eye, length 3 3/4 in head; single row of fine pointed upper teeth, below row of fine ciliate teeth; interorbital low. Scales 50, transversely 12. Soft vertical fins scaly. Dorsal IV-I, 9; Anal III, 10 to 12; pectoral 1 1/2 in head; ventral 2. Grey brown above, with dark longitudinal streaks following scale rows. Below silvery white. Pectoral without dark spot (Kner). Length 191 mm.\n\nShanghai.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n78\n\n \nPage 78\n\nPage 78",
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    {
        "id": 549170,
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 78,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "79\n\n[148]\n\nNOTES AND COMMENTS.\n\nORNITHOLOGY\n\nOne new record for this journal.\n\nINCE'S PARADISE FLYCATCHER (Tchitrea incei D. & O.).\n\nNest with four young birds found on May 26, built in a very large tree near Chung Kok, about the 8½ milestone on the Castle Peak Road. The parent birds were very wild remaining among the topmost branches while the nest was being examined. As we did not know what they were then two of the young birds were taken.\n\nThe young is entirely different from the adult being almost all brown with the exception of the breast which is more or less of a dirty white, the young male having a dark streak extending along the breast-bone. The neck is scarcely perceptible although the bird was fully fledged. The neck was also bare of feathers making it resemble a vulture when the neck was extended during feeding. They were fed with various insects and scraps of raw meat and thrived.\n\nWhile yet unable to pick up food from the cup the birds were adepts at catching flies on the wing.\n\nAt about 5 weeks old and without any previous indications the brown head feathers were discarded and next morning I was surprised to see the whole crown covered with a dark bluish-black coat. The head feathers grew longer day by day and developed into an occipital crest in the male.\n\nThere is also a slight semblance of a beard when the bird is alarmed or angered. After this they commenced to discard the whitish feathers of the breast and within a fortnight had there an ashy-grey coat, the grey in the case of the male being prominently darker. During this interval the tail had grown as long as the body. The male bird tries very hard to sing and produces queer, confused, hollow sounds.\n\nWhen the locality was next visited the two remaining birds had flown. I collected the nest which is cup-shaped and composed of rootlets, grasses and twigs. The outside was carefully wrapped with strips of bark, not unlike rough hemp, and pasted with mosses and bits of decayed leaves.\n\nR. A. P.\n\nA DAY WITH BIRDS AMONG THE ISLANDS.\n\nThe larger islands off the mainland of the southern China coast offer an interesting study of birds throughout the winter. As spring lengthens the plumage of certain of the plovers changes and the birds manifest a certain\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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    {
        "id": 549171,
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 79,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Notes and Comments\n\n149\n\nrestlessness and become more noisy than during the winter months. The wild geese lead the northward migration in March. From that time on it is one continuous stream of migration until well along into May.\n\nIt has actually never been definitely determined just what species of the shore birds nest in southern China. In 1931 we definitely located the Eastern Oystercatcher nesting on the small islands, again this year we have located numerous nests. As late as May 12th., there were both Golden Plover and Turnstone still to be found on Haitang Island. The Greenshank too, was to be seen in considerable numbers. There were many others of the shorebirds not supposed to nest in southern China. Eastern Pratincole began nesting about May 10th. Painted Snipe nest upon the grassy lowlands of Haitang Island about the same time.\n\nWe had long heard of fishermen taking eggs by the basketfull from some of the outlying islands. It has long been our desire to check up on this thing in order to ascertain just what species nest in such numbers.\n\nOf course it was evident terns were likely the greatest sufferers at the hands of these professional poachers upon their nesting grounds. May 9th., was a little early for terns to be nesting, but this seemed the only opportunity to visit these islands, so we planned to spend a day with notebook and fieldglasses upon what seemed to be a promising island. La Touche had reported years ago of one egg of what seemed to him to be of the Bridled Tern that was brought to him from one of the islands. We desired to make a survey in person of promising nesting grounds.\n\nThe islands visited lay six miles or so from shore east of Haitang and in the general region of the Turnabout Lighthouse. Not until we came within a couple of miles of the islands did we see any birds. As we approached nearer the island both Bridled and Black-naped Terns began to be seen in ever increasing numbers. On the outer island of the group we found terns of the two mentioned species in vast numbers. A survey of the island disclosed the following species. As this island was small we feel confident we noted every bird found upon it. Besides the two species of terns mentioned which were very abundant we noted the following species in the order listed. Eastern Reef Heron (Demiegretta sacra) were first noticed flying from one island to the other. There were four pair of these birds.\n\nAt least twenty pair of Yellow-nib Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha) were on the island. One nest of this species was located. It was a bit too early to catch these duck busy in their domestic affairs. Red-bellied Rock Thrush (Monticola p. philippensis) were seen nesting in crevices. There were three pairs of this thrush. One Malay House Swift seemed to be greatly disturbed at our presence; also one Eastern House Swallow swerved about feeding with little concern. There was a single male White-faced Wagtail which at this season of the year very likely had a mate tucked away in some crack or cranny. One pair of Spotted Sandpiper (Tringa hypoleucos) seemed very much at home. The surprise of the day was to find both the Crested Myna (Aethiopsar c. cristatellus) and the Formosan Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus taivanensis) present in considerable numbers and evidently nesting in perfect contentment on this bleak island far from the haunts of man.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n80",
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    {
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 80,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Page 81\n\n150\n\nNotes and Comments\n\nWith the duck and tern nesting on this small island in such numbers it is very easy to conceive of the fishermen gathering baskets of eggs when the island is visited late in the month of May.\n\nIt is interesting to note that the Oystercatcher does not frequent islands any considerable distance from the mainland or from Haitang Island, which is the central island of the group. Two pairs of Black-napped Tern were found on an island one mile off the eastern tip of Haitang.\n\nFour pairs of Oystercatcher were found nesting on three smaller islands only a few hundred yards off shore.\n\nUntil some ornithologist finds time and opportunity to spend considerable time among the islands off the southern China coast, it is going to be impossible to determine with any degree of certainty what birds do nest in this region. We have seen both Shearwater and Petrel over Haitang waters in May. On the fourth of May, we saw flocks of Mallard (Anas p. platyrhyncha) in the waters along the Futsing coast. This certainly is after duck of this species are supposed to have followed the teal, pintail, etc., on the northward migration.\n\nHARRY R. CALDWELL,\nFutsing, Fukien.\n\nThe island of Haitang is situated to the E.S.E. of Futsing and S.E. of Foochow, roughly Long. 119° 45′ and Lat. 25° 35′ N.—Ed.\n\nTHE DUSKY AND THE RUFOUS-BACKED SHRIKES.\n\nIn H.K.N. V, p. 227, mention is made of a nest of the Dusky Shrike found at Tsun Wan last year, in which case both parents and all young were dusky.\n\nHaving during the past few years seen numerous nests of the Rufous-backed Shrike, where, in every case, the young were similar to their parents, I jumped to the conclusion that the Dusky Shrike is, and can only be, the offspring of parents which are both dusky.\n\nThis nesting season, the theory I so fondly cherished was very rudely exploded.\n\nOn the 22nd of June, a nest of the Rufous-backed Shrike was located. Imagine my surprise when, on examining the contents, I found that of the three young birds, two were Rufous-backed and the third Dusky. Scarcely believing my eyes, I had another good look at the parents, which were but a few yards away protesting loudly against the intrusion, but they were both without doubt typical Lanius s. schach. With the object of being doubly sure, I retreated and waited for a couple of hours, and during this interval, both birds were observed to descend to the nest to tend the young.\n\nThe three young birds were taken home and brought to the University, where they were examined by Dr. G. A. C. Herklots and proved to be, as stated, one Dusky, two Rufous-backed.\n\nAccording to La Touche, the Dusky Shrike (Lanius fuscatus) and the Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius s. schach) are separate species, and I was, until the last find, of the same opinion. Stressemann, Rothschild, and\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nPage 80\nPage 81",
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        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Notes and Comments \n\n151 \n\nDelacour, however, say that Lanius s. schach and Lanius fuscatus are one and the same bird and this recent find supports their view. \n\nR. A. P. \n\nLa Touche in a \"Handbook of the Birds of Eastern China\" p. 186 makes this significant remark. \"However, until specimens of L. schach and L. fuscatus are taken from the same nest, the question must remain unsolved.\" In his Corrigenda and Addenda on p. 481, he writes of L. fuscatus \"It is most probable that, as pointed out by Dr. Stresemann, this Shrike is a melanistic form of L. schach.” \n\nWe have not seen Dr. Stresemann's paper on the question and therefore are unacquainted with his evidence. If melanism in L. schach behaves as a simple recessive then if a Rufous bird RR, mated with a Dusky bird rr, the first hybrid generation Rr, would all be Rufous. If two such hybrids mated then on the average in every four chicks one would be RR, two Rr and one rr, i.e., one pure Rufous, two hybrid Rufous and one Dusky. It appears that in the case found by Mr. R. A. Pereira both parents were Rr and therefore one in every four of the chicks would be Dusky; one Dusky and two Rufous chicks in the family of three supports this view. \n\nMajor Hutson's note on these birds H.K.N. II, p. 221, is worth quoting. \"On June 17, 1931, two adult shrikes, one normal and one dusky, were seen together with a couple of youngsters both of which looked normal; on July 13, two young shrikes, one normal and one dusky were seen together with one adult which was normal. If the view of melanism behaving as a simple recessive is correct then in the first of Major Hutson's examples the parents were probably RR and rr and the youngsters Rr, alternatively the parents may have been Rr and rr and the youngsters Rr but in this case one of the two youngsters by the laws of chance should have been rr and therefore dusky. In the second of Major Hutson's examples the adult seen must have been Rr for in no case with an RR parent is it possible to have one rufous and one dusky offspring, the other parent may have been either Rr or rr as in either case the two youngsters, one rufous and one dusky, could have been obtained. If the other parent was Rr then the rufous youngster could have been either RR or Rr; if the other parent was rr then the rufous youngster must have been Rr.—Ed. \n\nNESTING NOTES. \n\nViolet Whistling Thrush, Myophonus c. coeruleus (Scop.) A nest was discovered in a rather unusual situation on June 8. It was situated in a hole in a bank—the half-dome shaped hole left by an old wasps' nest. The bank formed one side of a deep cutting above Tai Hang, and the nest was twelve feet from the bottom of the bank and about three feet from the top of the cutting, which, however, had a slight overhang, and thus gave ample protection and cover. In fact, had the sitting bird not flown out at my approach, leading to a search for the probable nest, it would not have been discovered. \n\nJuly 1935.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 82,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "83\n\n152\n\nNotes and Comments\n\nThere were three eggs, which subsequent early hatching proved to have been already well set at the time of discovery. It is worth noting that the eggs were pale buff coloured spotted with reddish-brown towards the larger end, which seems to be the normal form, though there is a great variation remarked upon by all observers. In the Hong Kong Naturalist, No. 1 of Vol. IV, plate No. 2 shows a Violet Whistling Thrush's egg which has a plain ground colour of creamy-brown and no markings whatever. In an earlier issue of the H.K. Naturalist, No. 1 of Vol. II, Major Hutson stated:-\"The ground colour may be reddish stone or pale green, and is speckled and blotched with reddish brown. One clutch examined was a very pale stone or buff colour and free from any marking.\" Again, Caldwell's \"South China Birds\" has the following note:-\"The eggs vary greatly in colour from pale greenish almost entirely unmarked, to yellowish-green or pale brownish, minutely spotted with reddish, the markings being so thick as to appear almost as a smear over the entire egg, often forming a wreath around the larger end.\"\n\nIt was not possible to visit the nest except at weekly intervals: and on the following Saturday, June 15, it was found that three nestlings had hatched. They were some four or five days old. A week later, on June 22, the nest was empty. A careful scrutiny of the spot failed to reveal any signs of a human raid, nor was it likely that any other form of enemy had discovered the nest or been able to reach it. The conclusion is that the nestlings had grown sufficiently to leave the nest for the shelter of a dense copse nearby, where they would gradually attain full strength and maturity. Presuming they had left the nest that day or the day before, this gives them at the most about eleven or twelve days from hatching to becoming full fledged: perhaps other observers can state whether such rapid development is likely or usual.\n\nV. H. C. J.\n\nNest\n\nSouth China White-Eye, Zosterops simplex simplex Swinhoe. containing four eggs found near Kimberley Road. It was hanging at the end of a small tree suspended only by its rims and fully exposed. The eggs measured 14 mm. x 11 mm. on the average. Later three eggs hatched out, the fourth having mysteriously disappeared. When the birds had left we collected the nest which is a deep cup approximately 60 mm. in diameter and 50 mm. in depth. It was built entirely of rootlets and lined with partially decayed leaves.\n\nChinese Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis sinensis (Gm.) Nest with three young located almost in the very top of a large tree in a garden at Chatham Road, Kowloon. This is the only nest found of the above species this year. They are not very numerous within town limits as are the Red-whiskered Bulbuls and we believe the birds prefer to nest in the country, where Chinese villagers often find them.\n\nA\n\nChinese Red-whiskered Bulbul, Otocompsa jocosa jocosa (Linn.) friend residing at the Hermitage, Kennedy Road found a nest containing four newly hatched birds within a stone's throw from the house. They are now almost fully fledged and are expected to leave the nest at any time.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Notes and Comments\n\n153\n\nChinese Spotted-necked Dove, Streptopelia chinensis chinensis (Scop.) Two other nests were found at Tsun Wan during June. We have, this year, located several of their nests. The parents are very stupid at concealing them. They are very frail, being composed of a few roots woven loosely together, with the result that the eggs, which always number two, can be seen from below.\n\nChinese Dayal Bird, Copsychus saularis prosthopellus Oberhsr. Two nests, each containing four young birds, were discovered, one at Kam Tin and the other at Tsun Wan. Both nests were built in the crevice of a ruined wall behind the village. These birds will always utilise the same hole year after year if unmolested. The nest found at Tsun Wan was built in the same crevice as the one found there the previous year.\n\nBlack-naped Oriole, Oriolus chinensis diffusus Sharpe. Every year a pair nests at Ting Kau, behind the village at the 11th mile beach, Kowloon, and the young are invariably stolen by one or other of the village urchins. Visiting the place on June 5th, I saw a lad with a young golden oriole which was more dead than alive. He told me he had found three young birds in a nest built on the large \"loong-ngarn\" tree, but two had died. I offered him ten cents, and he gladly sold me the bird. It was promptly fed with a few grass-hoppers and taken home. The bird survived and is now big and strong, having just commenced a partial moult.\n\nIts confiding nature prevents me from liberating it, as the bird will come and perch on the hand when called.\n\nChinese Hair-Crested Drongo, Chibia hottentotta brevirostris Cab. & H. Nest with four fully fledged young located near Kwei Chong. The young birds immediately jumped and flew out of the nest when the tree was climbed. One was eventually captured and examined and found to be similar to the adult but paler in shade. The occipital crest is entirely absent in the young bird.\n\nChinese Francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus pintadeanus (Scop.). Three nests containing 4, 4, and 6 eggs were found on the slopes of Tai Mo Shan by female grass-cutters of Lo Wai village. In one case, the woman actually captured the hen, which refused to leave the nest. Here it may interest readers to know that one of the francolin chicks I reared last year (see H.K.N. V, pp. 170-175, \"Development of young francolins\") laid four eggs. As she showed no signs of being broody, the eggs were put under a common hen. All hatched out and are now fully fledged, being approximately half the size of the grown-up bird.\n\nBOTANY.\n\nR. A. P.\n\nThe writer was much interested in the treatment of some of the species in the Genera Eria and Dendrobium, as two of the species described represented species which were undetermined in the Herbarium and the Herbarium Orchid Garden at Lingnan University. It might be of interest to the readers of the Hong Kong Naturalist to know where this material came from.\n\nDendrobium acinaciforme Roxb. is represented by the live number 2803, collected in southern Hainan by Lau, Sam-Kee, in April 1935, this\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n84",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 84,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "154\n\nNotes and Comments\n\nblossomed during June this year almost immediately after it was planted in a coconut-shell. (In the Herbarium it is represented by Metcalf 18,005). This is a very characteristic species and is easily recognized by the distichous leaves and dainty white flowers which come out on what appear almost to be dead stems.\n\nEria coronaria Reichb. is represented by the live number 2757, collected on Shap-Man-Tai-Shan in November 1934 by Tsang, Wai-Tak. These plants were planted in flower pots and blossomed on February 20th, 1935. (In the Herbarium it is represented by Metcalf 17,973). Numerous yellow and reddish-brown flowers are very attractive.\n\nFRANKLIN P. METCALF,\n\nCurator of Herbarium.\n\nThe\n\nMETEOROLOGY. January-June, 1935. January on the whole was dull and humid; there were nine completely sunless days, and the total sunshine for the month was 39 hours less than normal. Although the month was abnormally cloudy, there was very little rainfall. February opened with a spell of wet weather, rain or drizzle falling every day until the 11th; on the 12th the weather cleared up, and no rain was recorded during the remainder of the month. The 12th to the 17th were days of almost unbroken sunshine. March came in and went out with cloudy, damp spells, while ten days in the middle of the month were warm and sunny.\n\nThe first half of April was cloudy, wet, and often foggy. Towards the end of the month the weather improved, and continued mainly fair until the middle of May; we were lucky to have a sunny spell for the Jubilee celebrations, more than 10 hours of sunshine being recorded on each day from the 6th to the 9th. In the latter half of May and the whole of June the weather was normal for the time of year—mainly cloudy and showery, with occasional sunny days. Up to the end of June the total rainfall for the year was still 10 inches short of the normal; every month except March had been deficient in rain.\n\nAt the time of writing (July) we are in the midst of the rainy season; sometimes in a tropical downpour it seems little short of miraculous that such deluges of water can be produced out of empty air, and some notes on the formation of rain may be of interest at this time of year.\n\nAs any school geography book tells us, rain is caused by the raising and consequent cooling of damp air; but the books are necessarily a little vague when they come to deal with the actual physical processes which go on inside a rain-cloud, for these are difficult to observe and are not yet fully understood.\n\nAir can contain a limited quantity of invisible water-vapour; when this limit is reached, the air is said to be saturated, and its relative humidity is then 100%. The amount of water-vapour needed to saturate a sample of air increases with the temperature of the latter. Consequently, if damp air is cooled, a temperature will eventually be reached at which it becomes saturated with water-vapour; any further cooling must result in some of the water-vapour condensing in the form of visible droplets, which we see as a mist or cloud.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "page_number": 85,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Notes and Comments\n\n155\n\nThere are several ways in which the raising and cooling of the air may take place. A damp wind may be forced up a hillside, and form a cloud over the top; this is the reason for the heavy mass of Cumulus cloud which so often lies on the Peak during the SW monsoon. Again, air may rise vertically owing to convection currents over heated ground; this mode of cloud formation is illustrated by the isolated Cumulus or \"Woolpack\" clouds of a warm summer afternoon in England; each cloud marks the summit of a rising column of air. Thirdly, a whole layer of air may be forced up the sloping surface of a wedge of denser air lying beneath it, in which case a uniform layer of Stratus cloud may form.\n\nIf the process of cooling and condensation proceeds far enough, the minute droplets forming the cloud grow in size as more water is added to them. It is probable that they collide with each other and coalesce, and eventually they become sufficiently large to fall out of the cloud as rain. At first sight it may seem strange that a cloud remains floating in the sky while a shower of rain falls to the earth; both consist of water drops, so why should not the cloud fall as well as the rain? To explain why a cloud remains floating, we must examine the forces acting on a body falling through a resisting medium such as the air. When a body falls through air, it will continue to accelerate until the force of gravity is exactly balanced by the air resistance, and thereafter will fall at a constant speed known as its \"terminal velocity\". Now for objects of the same density, the air resistance depends on the surface area of the body, and so increases as the square of the linear dimensions, while the weight increases as the cube of the linear dimensions; consequently a large body must attain a much higher terminal velocity than a small one before its weight is balanced by the air resistance. A man, for instance, falling through air attains a terminal velocity of about 100 miles per hour—however high the aeroplane may be when you fall out of it, you cannot hit the ground at a greater speed than this; if that is any comfort! A large raindrop may have a diameter of 0.2 inch, and its terminal velocity is about 18 m.p.h. The minute droplets which form a cloud may have diameters as small as 0.001 inch, and a terminal velocity of only 150 feet per hour.\n\nEven if a cloud were not buoyed up by rising air-currents, its descent at this slow rate would be imperceptible from the ground.\n\nMore water-vapour is needed to saturate warm air than cold, and the amount of water-vapour which may be contained by the heated air of the Tropics is colossal. For example, the air over the Colony, covering an area of about 350 square miles, can hold when saturated about 50 million tons of water-vapour, if we take the temperature at ground level as 85° F. No wonder it rains hard in summer. If all this water-vapour were condensed and precipitated as rain, the fall would amount to about 3 inches; it is evident that to produce the tremendous falls of 20 inches or more in 24 hours, which have sometimes been recorded here, the damp air over the Colony must be renewed many times over.\n\nIn winter the air over Hong Kong, even if saturated, can contain a mere 20 million tons of water-vapour; as a rule it is very far from being saturated throughout its height at this time of year, and the precipitation which falls from it can in truth be described as \"the gentle rain from heaven\".\n\nJuly 1935.",
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        "page_number": 86,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "BOOK REVIEW.\n\n\"The Lily Year-Book,\" 1934; London, Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.1. Pages 1-117 with 43 figures in the text, prepared mostly from photographs of lilies in flower. Price, five shillings paper, six shillings cloth.\n\nThe third annual \"Lily Year-Book\" for 1934 is as interesting and instructive as its two predecessors. Two articles deal with lilies in their natural environment, in Tibet by Capt. F. Kingdon Ward and in the Pontic region by E. K. Balls; in addition there are articles on \"Lilies in Kenya\" by J. L. Gifford, \"Californian Lilies in Cultivation\" by Dr. A. M. Vollmer and \"Diseases of Lilium longiflorum in Bermuda\" by L. Ogilvie. This serves to show how all-embracing is the geographic field covered by the \"Lily Year Book\". In order to understand fully how best to grow lilies it is necessary to know as much as possible about their natural habitat, the type of plants they are associated with, the character of the soil and the climate; the first two articles give us certain of these basic facts. Secondly it is desirable to know how lilies grow in cultivation not only in England but in other countries and the next two articles give us facts in this connection.\n\nOther writers deal with problems of propagation, of the arrangement and structure of the chromosomes in the reproductive cells, of diseases in stored bulbs and in growing plants, of hybrids and of the cultivation of lilies in gardens and woodlands. Certainly this volume should be in the possession of all who are in any manner interested in the study or culture of lilies.\n\nG. A. C. H.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "content_text": "July 1935.\n\nJanuary\n\nFebruary\n\nMarch\n\n:\n\nJanuary\n\nFebruary\n\nMarch\n\nCLIMATOLOGICAL DATA.\n\nJanuary-March, 1935.\n\n  \n    Temperature (F)\n    Relative Humidity %\n    Sunshine, Hours\n  \n  \n    1935\n    \n    \n    1935\n    50 Year Normal\n    1935\n    50 Year Normal\n  \n  \n    Max.\n    Min.\n    Mean.\n    50 Year Normal\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    75.7°\n    47.0°\n    60.0°\n    58.9°\n    79\n    76.6°\n    75\n  \n  \n    82.9°\n    56.6°\n    66.1°\n    63.1°\n    88\n    83\n    83\n  \n  \n    2 2 3\n    \n    106.2\n    145.4\n    79\n  \n  \n    109.2\n    95.5\n    106.6\n    95.2\n    \n  \n  \n    :\n    :\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n  \n\n[ 157 ]\n\n  \n    Cloud %\n    Rainfall, inches\n    Days of Rain †\n    Wind\n    \n  \n  \n    \n    1935\n    50 Year\n    1935\n    Normal\n    50 Year Normal\n    1935\n    50 Year Normal\n    Direction*\n    Velocity m.p.h.\n    50 Y. N.\n  \n  \n    79\n    64\n    1.090\n    1.271\n    00\n    6\n    NE\n    12.6\n    14.0\n  \n  \n    74\n    76\n    1.130\n    1.751\n    7\n    00\n    E\n    11.8\n    12.0\n  \n  \n    81\n    82\n    4.665\n    2.934\n    12\n    11\n    € 68 18\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    74\n    76\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    $4\n    13.5\n    14.0\n  \n\n† A day of rain is one on which more than 0.005 inch fell, * 0° — N., 90° — E., etc.\n\nCourtesy of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong,\n\n88",
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        "content_text": "The Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nCLIMATOLOGICAL DATA. April-June, 1935.\n\n  \n    \n    April\n    May\n    June\n  \n  \n    Temperature (F)\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Max.\n    85.5°\n    89.2°\n    90.2°\n  \n  \n    Min.\n    56.7°\n    68.2°\n    76.0°\n  \n  \n    Mean\n    70.3°\n    77.3°\n    82.2°\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    70.3°\n    77.1°\n    81.0°\n  \n  \n    Relative Humidity %\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    83\n    83\n    83\n  \n  \n    \n    88\n    84\n    88\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    88\n    85\n    85\n  \n  \n    Sunshine, Hours\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    77.2\n    143.1\n    154.1\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    115.5\n    157.7\n    163.7\n  \n  \n    Cloud %\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    75\n    80\n    78\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    28\n    ...\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Rainfall, inches\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    2.455\n    4.735\n    14.425\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    5.444\n    11.502\n    15.524\n  \n  \n    Days of Rain †\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    \n    8\n    13\n    24\n  \n  \n    50 Year Normal\n    76\n    21\n    22\n  \n  \n    Wind Direction *\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Velocity m. p. h.\n    12\n    16\n    13.4\n  \n  \n    50 Y. N.\n    88\n    89\n    12.1\n  \n  \n    \n    14.0\n    13.9\n    100\n  \n  \n    \n    203\n    148\n    ...\n  \n  \n    \n    7.7\n    11.6\n    ...\n  \n\n† A day of rain is one on which more than 0.005 inch fell.\n\n* 0° N., 90° — E., etc.\n\nCourtesy of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong.\n\n[158]",
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        "page_number": 89,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Prof & English af \n\nHK Univ. \n\nExtract from a letter from \n\nProfessor L. Forster to \n\nMr. Mayhew dated the 18th \n\nMarch, 1935. \n\n90 \n\n \n\nThe Council has approved of the appointment \n\nof Dr. Chen Shao Yi as head of the Department of Chinese. \n\nThe salary offered is generous and yet I am not certain \n\nthat he will come. There is a big cleavage between \n\nCanton and Peking because Peking has taken the lead in the \n\nnew movement (literary), Hu Shih being the leader. \n\nSouth in this matter is very reactionary and under \n\nChen Chi Tang, the general in control. The movement is \n\nback towards the Chinese classics and even Chinese \n\nmedicine. Now \n\nThe \n\nDr. Chen comes here it will mean that \n\nwe become identified with the forward movement, the aim \n\nof which is to make Kuo Yu the literary medium, though \n\nit does not mean the exclusion of the classics, which, \n\nit is accepted, should be the final goal of study. It \n\nis quite obvious that the future lies this way and that \n\nthe present system is doomed for the type of person \n\nthe old Hanlin scholar will soon be unobtainable. \n\nNot only so, but all the intellectual life is in the North, \n\npractically none in Canton. \n\nNot \n\nHowever apart from this antagonism between \n\nPeking and Canton which expressed itself very fully when \n\nDr. Hu Shih went up to Canton after receiving his \n\nhonorary degree from us in January and when he was \n\nordered officially to leave Canton without addressing \n\nChung Shan",
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        "id": 549182,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 90,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Chung Shan University after he had been invited to do so, there is also the natural fear on the part of Canton that this University might become a real centre of Chinese studies if a scholar of Dr. Chen's repute came to it, and Dr. Chen being a scholar and a man of peace will probably not wish to become the centre of jealousy and even hatred. In any case he would only come for one year, though if the political situation were easier, he might at the end of that time be induced to stay. The salary, as Dr. Hu Shih admitted, is a great temptation, so it will be a bad blow for us if our offer is turned down, for it will suggest to me at least that cultural relations with Hong Kong University are not altogether safe or desirable from the point of view of a scholar in China. Individually of course one can make very good and very pleasant contacts but officially Hong Kong seems to be cold-shouldered. Hu Shih's visit to us and his acceptance of the LL.D. I thought had put an end to this but now I am not so sure.\n\nHong Kong is an excellent place for Generals like Chan Chai Tong who wish to have a safe deposit for the great profits they make. I am told he owns a considerable amount of property in D'Avouex Road, one of the main streets, but apart from that there is more evidence of a desire to crush Hong Kong economically than to preserve it. The Canton-Hankow line is being built with British Boxer Indemnity funds, but there is to be no linking up of the Hong-Kong-Canton railway with the new line, though there will be a loop from Whampoa, a port on the Canton river, which it is hoped\n\nPage 90\nPage 91",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 91,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "92 END \n\nto develop as a rival to Hong Kong. Our relations \n\nwith Canton have never been very good since 1925 except \n\nwhen Sir Cecil Clementi after very strenuous efforts \n\ngot onto very good terms with Lui Chai Sum.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "53611",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935.txt",
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    {
        "id": 560074,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-570-1 Sino-Japanese War- arrangements for refugees from Shanghai 2-2-1938 - 2-11-1938",
        "page_number": 13,
        "title": "CO129-570-1 Sino-Japanese War- arrangements for refugees from Shanghai 2-2-1938 - 2-11-1938",
        "content_text": "The expenditure should be recovered from the dura con caned and there Chees where individual recovery from the posible, Stung King and J chih not should furst of all on Those lines.\n\nunderlined portion of po 2 take action 12ee of the despatch. as H. R. mecoverable 20 left with amounts (? leas Cham 2200) and t considered rather home smashing that Homes. should hear The was of 20. refuse, I suppre 6.0 could, with Treasury Danelion 140\n\n7116/44/38 Aden possibly meer The change from for a somewhat Similar Case Minor Colomal Lemos - Luckhead of the F- Colomal Middle Easter James Polê. Barmer 7/14/18\n\nAll except 3 a 4 n Itale Concerned he doubt means Russians, which White Russime, who have no Gort concerned in the sense of A. Serkant.\n\n21.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-570-1 Sino-Japanese War- arrangements for refugees from Shanghai 2-2-1938 - 2-11-1938.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    {
        "id": 573594,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-588-9 Hong Kong University- relief work 11-8-1942 - 19-11-1943",
        "page_number": 79,
        "title": "CO129-588-9 Hong Kong University- relief work 11-8-1942 - 19-11-1943",
        "content_text": "# \n! \n\nforced them to huddle up like sheep. This is to my mind not only expressive of the Japanese sense of proportion but his innate nature.\n\n## AN UNFORTUNATE ADVENTURE\n\nThe famous Burma Road is not without its dangers, especially with reckless drivers. My experience commenced when I left Kweiyang for Chungking. Just before the well-known 72 curves, an over-loaded N.R.C. truck, with its paraphernalia of wolfram sacks, mercury bottles and passengers, was trailing behind another truck which found itself stopping half-way up a steep slope. Our driver put on the brakes, but with no success. The truck slipped backwards and crashed on to a rock. Nothing serious happened on this occasion, but this was the prelude to the main disaster and illustrates the dangerous situation we were constantly in. Miraculously, the truck managed the 72 curves safely. But, while coming down a small hill about two kilometres from Chuchiang, the left brake failed; the driver lost his presence of mind and headed the truck straight for a rock, then jammed on the brakes. The truck was completely overturned, two men killed instantaneously, two sustained serious injuries, one miraculously escaped and, for myself, I am at present recuperating from a compound Colles' Fracture and a dislocated elbow.\n\n## THREE VOLUNTEERS ESCAPE\n\nI cannot vouchsafe that our escape from the Japanese internment camp at Sham-shui-po was anything dramatic, but it was nevertheless quite a thrilling adventure for us. Undoubtedly it was an enterprise worth undertaking, however great the risk, and it was prompted not by a desire to escape from a life of rice and beans, for \"man does not live by bread alone\", but by a rebellious hatred of our captors and all that they stood for.\n\nThe camp borders the sea and the old wooden jetty was a favourite rendezvous of soldier, sailor, regular and volunteer alike. Everyone was a philosopher resigned to his fate. You could see a Canadian fishing with a common hook and line, a weather-beaten old sailor watching the ships not far off, a Royal Scot snoring in an afternoon siesta and a Middlesex corporal reading Shakespeare. I was thinking of Masefield's \"Call of the Sea\" one day, when I met a sergeant of the Royal Grenadiers, a short and stout young man, who looked typically a soldier and a Scot. A tete-a-tete ensued, in the course of which he asked me why I had not thought of \"making a break\". I was planning, I told him, but the time was still inopportune. \"Oh,\" he said, \"it is easy,\" and he divulged to me what was supposed to be a secret.\n\nIn the small hours, every morning, a boatman used to bring quantities of food-stuffs to the side of the jetty to sell to those internees who could still afford to buy. Sugar, sardines, pork and beans - these were sold like hot-cakes at colossal prices. This petty business done in the dark must have brought the fisherman a fortune. Surely a bargain could be struck with the man. It was a happy piece of news and it greatly revived the spirit that was slowly being sapped within me.\n\nI was at the jetty the next morning with two friends. We were there only to watch, not to act. We saw a lot. We saw officers and privates lined up in two queues down the gangway, waiting for the boat to arrive. It was pitch dark, and one and all were mute and quiet. No one desired to wake up the Japanese sentry! We had not long to wait. The boat drew near, quietly, very quietly indeed, and stopped next to the jetty. It was an ordinary fisherman's boat, such as one sees along the coast of China. Business soon began, with a Volunteer named \"Charlie\" acting as the middleman. Everything had to be transacted promptly and fast - 5 for a tiny packet of sugar, 10 for a tin of sardines, and so forth.\n\nIt was \"Charlie\" who bargained with the boatman for us the next day, and the two friends and I were carried to the boat by friendly hands. There were more than a hundred of them that morning and they were glad to see us making a bid for freedom. In their heart of hearts, they wished they could join us, and they raised a soft cheer for us as the boat moved away. We did not expect such a send-off and we felt it augured well for the voyage.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-588-9 Hong Kong University- relief work 11-8-1942 - 19-11-1943.txt",
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    {
        "id": 577781,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-591-2 Hong Kong University- award of degrees to medical students whose studies were interrupted by war.... 26-2-1943 - 19-12-1945",
        "page_number": 206,
        "title": "CO129-591-2 Hong Kong University- award of degrees to medical students whose studies were interrupted by war.... 26-2-1943 - 19-12-1945",
        "content_text": "(F975/399/10)\n\nc/o British Embassy,\n\nChungking, China.\n\n31st December, 1942.\n\n208\n\nDear Sir,\n\nI am writing to you with regard to the medical students of Hong Kong University, many of whom are now continuing their studies at Medical Colleges in Free China.\n\nAt the time of the outbreak of the war in Hong Kong, there were approximately 300 medical students in Hong Kong University, of whom about 100 were students of the First Year. You will recollect that students were registered with the General Medical Council on passing the first examinations on Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and that subsequently, on graduation, these students were eligible to be included in the Medical Register. This latter is a point of major importance to most of the medical graduates of Hong Kong University, as the majority of them enter practice in British regions such as Hong Kong, Malaya, British North Borneo, etc.\n\nWhen the war broke out in Hong Kong, final examinations were in progress, and it was unanimously decided by the Senate at an Emergency Meeting on December 31st, 1941, for which the requisite quorum was present, to confer war-time degrees in Medicine on those students whose examinations had been interrupted by the outbreak of war. These names included:\n\nHilda Chan (Miss)\n\nChan Ping Kwok\n\nChow Cham Lau\n\nLau Po Hei\n\nLee Ching Iu\n\nLeong Yean Seng\n\nLing Sing Hang\n\nOng Hian Pitt\n\nE.N. Orloff (Posthumous Degree)\n\nSoon Cheng Hoe\n\nWong Ching Kuen\n\n(E.N. Orloff was barbarically murdered by the Japanese when he was carrying out his duties on the day the Japanese first landed on the island of Hong Kong, and it was felt that a posthumous degree should be awarded to him).\n\nAt a later meeting of the Senate, which took place shortly before the internment of the majority of the University Staff, it was further decided to award war-time degrees to the following 13 members of the final year class who would normally have expected to graduate in June 1942:\n\nThe Secretary,\n\nCheung Ah Chee\n\nKung Kwok King\n\nLee Sui Luen\n\nHans Raj\n\nYeoh Seow Tiung\n\nDavid Yue Pui Lum\n\nPhyllis Woo Poh Yee (Miss)\n\nLatifa Gnows (Miss)\n\nKwan Kui Lun\n\nLeow Oy Chean\n\nTo Shiu Yuen\n\nYip Tai Hing\n\nWong Sau Haan (Miss)\n\nGeneral Medical Council,\n\nHallam Street,\n\nLondon, W.\n\nSpecial",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-591-2 Hong Kong University- award of degrees to medical students whose studies were interrupted by war.... 26-2-1943 - 19-12-1945.txt",
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    {
        "id": 579506,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-592-6 Reports on current situation- including weekly intelligence reports 18-9-1945 - 20-12-1945",
        "page_number": 48,
        "title": "CO129-592-6 Reports on current situation- including weekly intelligence reports 18-9-1945 - 20-12-1945",
        "content_text": "SECRET.\n\n3\n\n48\n\nOn 3rd November a Chinese-language newspaper in the Colony carried an item from its special correspondent at CANTON, stating that the people of PING SHAN had sent two representatives to ask the Chinese Government (\"our Government\") for help. The two emissaries were stated to have gone to CANTON on 29th October and to have seen General CHAN FA KWAI, who promised to submit the matter to the Chinese Central Government. At the same time, General OS SAI LAI was requested to negotiate with the HONG KONG Government. It is noted that on 4th November KUMMING radio commented that the prices being offered the land-owners as compensation for the loss of their land were based on the cost of land in 1890, and also reported the despatch of the two emissaries to CANTON.\n\nThe area affected by the building scheme is 690 acres of paddy, and the population to be evicted from their houses approximately 1,400. The experimental air strip will be 100 feet by 900 feet.\n\n(iii) Successor to Mr. SHAM CHIT SON as head of the HONG KONG branch of the KUOMINTANG, Mr. CHAN SU has reported to the Chief Civil Affairs Officer and will be accepted at Government House as the officially accredited representative of the Chinese Central Government. Matters which it was previously anticipated would be referred to emissaries from CANTON will now be handled instead by Mr. CHAN SU, who is empowered to deal with them. His official position should help to a great extent to clarify and put on a satisfactory basis the affairs of the KUOMINTANG in the Colony.\n\n(iv) In the belief that the Commando guards at TAI HO SHAN had already been removed, a party of 30 looters paid a visit to that place on 31st October, only to find that they had arrived 24 hours too soon. As a result, 15 of them were arrested after a brush with the Commandos.\n\n(v) An advance party of Commandos have established themselves at PAK-A on LUNG SHUN WAN CHAU (HIGH Island). They report all houses to be in a filthy condition and the water supply poor.\n\n(vi) Two Chinese constables have been convicted and sentenced for accepting bribes from two Chinese women who attempted to enter WITFIELD Barracks to give food and clothing to Japanese internees. No political motive appears to have been involved in the case.\n\n(vii) Another case has occurred of a Japanese male being harboured by two Chinese females in the Colony. The story behind the headlines in this instance is that the two women were acting on the instructions of a Chinese named HUNG YUN, formerly employed by the Japanese as a detective, and whose whereabouts are known to the Civil Police. The latter are taking appropriate action in regard to HUNG YUN. Meanwhile, NISHI KORA (the harboured Japanese) reposes safely behind bars.\n\n4.\n\nPIRACY.\n\nOn 31st October it was reported that a junk manned by 15 pirates had been seen in the area of TAP NUN (GRASS Island) robbing passenger boats running between TAI PO and Chinese territories. On 28th October the pirates had captured some civilians and nailed them in the hold of a junk, afterwards throwing dynamite into the hold and thus killing the occupants.\n\nAt the same time, information was received that a further attack by the same band of pirates might be made on the village of LAI CHEE CHONG and other inadequately-garrisoned villages. A Commando patrol was accordingly despatched to LAI CHEE CHONG and no incidents have so far been reported.",
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