[
    {
        "id": 271192,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-125 - Sir MacDonnell - 1867 [10-11]",
        "page_number": 148,
        "title": "CO129-125 - Sir MacDonnell - 1867 [10-11]",
        "content_text": "12.\n\nSeamen.\n\nthe latter claim and receive the willing assistance and advice of the able Superintendent of the \"Home.\" enjoy greater freedom of choice and while the former escape the great nuisance of being harassed by Boarding house keepers that very excellent Institution. By the change, Masters and Seamen are more readily brought into contact, they each \"Sailors' Home\" is found a great convenience to Shipmasters and Seamen, and of course assists materially in the support of the dullness of Trade during the year. The removal of the shipping and discharging branch of this Department to the The number of shipped and discharged amounts to 7150 and 7197 respectively, this is a decrease and is consequent on \n\nMarine Magistrate's Court.\n\nand with the exception of two, were dealt with summarily.\n\nExaminations, Ord. 17 of 1860. The number of cases tried is in excess of the number in the previous year, but none of the cases were of a serious nature,\n\non Cupchi Point-I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient Servant, Sina group,the \"Westminster\" on the Pratas Shoal,the \"T. E. Boyd\" on the Pescadores Islands, and the \"Teen Chung from Whampoa to Demerara. The other four being to enquire into the causes of the wrecks of the \"Fairlight\" on the Meinco the circumstances attending the mutiny of Chinese Emigrants and loss of life on board that vessel while pursuing a voyage These Courts have been held in five instances during the year. The first on the \"Pride of the Ganges\" to enquire into \n\nproper training of young Officers for the Mercantile Marine,\n\nMarine Courts, Ord. 11 of 1860. being unable to pass the required examinations. This is a large proportion of rejections and can be attributed to the want of Under this Ordinance-27 Masters and Mates have received Certificates of Competency and 10 have been rejected as \n\nH. G. THOMSETT,\n\nColonial Secretary.\n\nThe Honorable, W. T. MERCER,\n\nHarbor Master, &c.\n\nNo. 1.—NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of Vessels entered at Ports in the Colony of Hongkong from each Country, in the Year 1866.\n\nCOUNTRIES WHENCE ARRIVED\nBRITISH\nFOREIGN\nTOTAL\n\nWITH CARGOS\n\nIN BALLAST\n\nTOTAL\n\nGreat Britain\n82\n23\n105\n\n60,548\n3,599\n64,147\n\n1,801\n83\n1,884\n\nContinent of Europe\n13\n332\n345\n\n13\n13\n\nUnited States\n\nIndia and Singapore\n85\n51\n136\n\n19,869\n3,861\n23,730\n\n640\n96\n736\n\nPolynesia\n\nWest Indies\n\nAustralia and New Zealand\n17\n\n17\n\n6,618\n\n6,618\n\n246\n\n246\n\nSouth America\n\nJava and other Islands in the Indian Archipelago\n88\n57\n145\n\n27,813\n7,874\n35,687\n\n716\n\n716\n\nPhilippine Islands\n\nSiam\n\nJapan\n\nCoast of China and Formosa\n394\n106\n500\n\n231,490\n51,698\n283,188\n\n20,481\n3,154\n23,635\n\nTOTAL\n780\n286,186\n286,966\n\n164,993\n28,625\n193,618\n\n33,673\n\n33,673\n\nCanton and Macao, exclusive of Junks\n84,200 Tons\n\nH. G. THOMSETT,\n\nHarbor Master, &c.\n\nNo. 2.—NUMBER, TONNAGE, and CREWS of Vessels cleared at Ports in the Colony of Hongkong to each Country, in the Year 1866.\n\nCOUNTRIES TO WHICH DEPARTED\nBRITISH\nFOREIGN\nTOTAL\n\nWITH CARGOES\n\nIN BALLAST\n\nTOTAL\n\nGreat Britain\n13\n\n13\n\n8,628\n\n8,628\n\n304\n\n304\n\nContinent of Europe\n\n11\n11\n\n2,081\n2,081\n\nUnited States\n4\n\n4\n\n1,988\n\n1,988\n\n48\n\n48\n\nIndia and Singapore\n15\n24\n39\n\n10,634\n15,462\n26,096\n\n294\n495\n789\n\nAustralia and New Zealand\n\nSouth America\n\nJava and other Islands in the Indian Archipelago\n44\n31\n75\n\n29,487\n10,966\n40,453\n\n1,609\n487\n2,096\n\nPhilippine Islands\n\nSiam\n\nJapan\n\nCoast of China and Formosa\n280\n\n280\n\n186,459\n\n186,459\n\n18,217\n\n18,217\n\nTOTAL\n488\n461\n949\n\n294,884\n188,060\n482,944\n\n27,689\n9,614\n37,303\n\nCanton and Macao, exclusive of Junks\n40,466 Tons",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-125 - Sir MacDonnell - 1867 [10-11].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 290582,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-162 - Sir Kennedy - 1873 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 223,
        "title": "CO129-162 - Sir Kennedy - 1873 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "219\n\nfor consideration\n\nwith reference\n\nto the second point, on\n\nandum and\n\nfirst\n\nreading the Attorney General's memo;\n\ncomparing it with the Chinese Passengers Act and the Hongkong Ordinance 407 1870 I was\n\nat a loss to conceive what he\n\nmeant\n\nThe E. Crs. suggest an explanation of his meaning and they submit that his interpretation of the law is erroneous\n\nI would point out that sec XIII of the draft Hong Kong Ordinance in 2003 (which is under reference to the For: Off:) confers upon\n\nthe Governor\n\npowers\n\nsimilar\n\nto what the Att. Gen. contends\n\nunder the abovementioned Act\n\nThe E. Crs. submit that sec XVII\n\nof the draft\n\nordinance was ultra vires in so far as it extended to foreign vessels This point has been referred to the FO with the concurrence of Mal Lord Kimberley we view with much reluctance the exclusion of foreign vessels from the operation of sec XIII.\n\n122/3\n\nIt would be idle to follow Mr\n\nHeugh\n\nMINUTE PAPER.\n\nthrough that part of his argument in which he renews his old proposal to prohibit Chinese Emigration altogether. If we thought it right to try to prevent Chinese from emigrating we could not do it. they\n\nare determined to emigrate if they\n\ncan and if they\n\ncannot be properly cared for they\n\nwill\n\ngo to other places under bad conditions\n\nPolynesia,\n\nWhat we have\n\nto do is to help\n\nthem to emigrate under favourable conditions.\n\nthe question then is how to prevent abuses\n\nin\n\nemigration which we desire to encourage. As far as British vessels and British Colonies are concerned\n\nwe can prevent ships leaving in contravention to such rules as\n\nwe like to lay down, by local ordinances. But Mr Secley's letter & Mr Laurence's opinion seem to indicate that this is not enough, and that we must follow British subjects to places in China\n\nand elsewhere (perhaps\n\nPeru) and it looks as\n\nif\n\nan\n\nImperial Act\n\nis necessary for this purpose.\n\nIt is to be regretted that the kidnapping Act 1872\n\nwas not made wide enough to cover\n\nkidnapping\n\nin any part of the world. HM's Govt should consider this\n\npoint\n\nPage 7",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-162 - Sir Kennedy - 1873 [1-3].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 293177,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-166 - Public Offices & Others - 1873",
        "page_number": 607,
        "title": "CO129-166 - Public Offices & Others - 1873",
        "content_text": "## Hong Kong Fiji Is Not Affected No. 12331\n\nOffice or Individual.\n\n**(Subject)**\n\nDOMESTIC.\n\n**RECEIVED**\n\n20 NOV 1873\n\n604\n\nRegarding the Macnaghten Coolie Traffic and \n\n**Date.**\n\n1873\n\n**Last previous Paper.**\n\nPolynesian Labor traffic\n\nOppose est... Eising Ceich It has 27 \n\nAndy 2000 | 7 | 73-R & S 1190)\n\nde. Herbert \n\n**(Minutes.)**\n\nI understand that these papers bearing on the subject came immediately in a communication from the Berlin Post marked, addressed to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. One of them is a reprinted Article from the Berlin Magazine for foreign \"Situations\", the second a separate sheet probably from the same pen.\n\nThey are devoted to the Coolie traffic, which I observe on glancing at them, they refer to are different. The undersigned...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-166 - Public Offices & Others - 1873.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 319308,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-204 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 312,
        "title": "CO129-204 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "307\n\nHerewith) that in spite of stringent regulations & the contrary, this practice continues. It is so ingrained in the habits of the people that it will not easily be stamped out.\n\nFrom the passages marked above it appears that the regulations I was referred to were in a way openly broken so as to expose the traders to punishment. This may sometimes be the case, but I understand that the usual course is for the trader to protect himself by giving the recruit money immediately on hand, and to his Chief or family against theirs.\n\nAnd although it is not exactly the same practice, it could not easily be put down.\n\nMINUTE PAPER\n\nI don't think there's anything else upon which Mr. Labouchere might fasten. Although abuses may exist, it is in recruiting that they come to light.\n\nWhen a Polynesian is allotted to a planter, he is generally fairly well treated, & certainly not kept in slavery. Commander Wilson bears this testimony to Luscarland & Fiji (especially the latter) at page 4 of the same Report.\n\nIf this, as is very frequent a case, continues after the expiration of his engagement, it is due to ill treatment on the plantation,",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-204 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [11-12].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 449560,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-414 - Governor Sir May - 1914 [10-11]",
        "page_number": 242,
        "title": "CO129-414 - Governor Sir May - 1914 [10-11]",
        "content_text": "It has been a matter of common knowledge, if not of public concern for some time past, that opinion on the China Coast and in Japan inclined to the belief that Manila was being used by one of the belligerent powers as a base of supply. Arrivals from various ports told of the openly expressed conviction that the spirit, if not the letter, of United States neutrality was being tampered with, and it is interesting to find in a recent number of the Hongkong Daily Press that the subject is discussed with much good sense, and with none of the acrimony which has been reported. We reproduce in full what that paper has to say on the subject:\n\nAs the time comes for a reconsideration of international practice in time of war, in the light of experience gained in the present momentous conflict—a conflict that is making its effects felt throughout the world—one of the questions which will need to be discussed is that relating to the obligations resting on neutral Powers to prevent their ports being made bases of supply for belligerent warships. During the past two months, this subject has been forced upon public attention by the fact that four or five German cruisers have been roaming over the broad expanse of the southern seas between the Indian Ocean and the Polynesian Islands, relying for their coal and other supplies on ships which must necessarily be despatched from some neutral port. For instance, we have seen the statement made that more than 33,000 tons of coal (not to mention great quantities of provisions) intended for the use of German warships, went out of Manila during the months of August and September.\n\nIt is claimed that the Government of Manila was powerless to prevent the export of this coal, inasmuch as the ships' papers did not show that the coal was intended for the use of ships engaged in the war. Let us examine this contention. Between August 8th and September 4th, five ships—one American (the Rio Pasig, now held as a prize in Hongkong) and four German ships—left the port of Manila with coal amounting in the aggregate to 14,000 tons, their ostensible destinations, according to the clearance papers, being Guam (under American jurisdiction), Menado (Java), and Bangkok, and at the present time, we understand, there are five German ships loaded with coal (12,800 tons) in Manila harbor, waiting, no doubt, for a favorable opportunity to leave.\n\nThe Port Authorities at Manila cannot escape a suspicion that the whole of this coal was intended for German warships, but their attitude, we take it, is: \"We cannot go behind the ships' papers which show that this coal is for neutral ports. It is up to Germany's enemy to capture or sink German ships wherever they may be on the high seas, while in the case of a neutral ship, the Declaration of London lays it down that such a ship carrying conditional contraband is liable to capture if she is found clearly out of the course indicated by her papers and unable to give adequate reasons to justify such deviation.\" In short, the attitude of neutral port authorities would seem to be: \"If the ship's papers produced to us show that the ship has instructions to sail for another neutral port, we have no justification for refusing her clearance.\"\n\nIf that is the case, then it is clear that the Port Authorities in neutral territory ought in time of war to have their powers considerably enlarged. An obligation should rest upon them to do something more than this to satisfy themselves regarding the destination of ships carrying cargo which either of the belligerents has declared absolute or conditional contraband of war. It would not be too much to expect of neutral port authorities that they should require the captains of vessels loading contraband cargoes to furnish confirmation of their charters endorsed by a Consul residing at the specified port of destination; e.g., if the charter is for carrying coal from Manila to Bangkok, confirmation by the American Consul at Bangkok should be necessary before clearance papers are granted to the ship.\n\nIt is in their own interest that neutral Powers should take some such measures. One result of what has been happening in Manila is that Australia has stopped the export of coal to the Philippine Islands, while the Japanese Government, we understand, is now demanding that a deposit representing double the value of the coal imported from Japan shall be made before shipment is permitted, this cash deposit being released only on production of certificates from the Japanese Consul in Manila that such coal has been delivered to bona-fide customers at the port.\n\nThe objection to this policy is that it imposes a heavy burden on the bona-fide customer, while it is ineffective to prevent Japanese coal reaching the warships of the Power with which Japan, in common with England, France, and Russia, is at war, because if the coal is urgently needed, any price will probably be paid for it.\n\n... \n\nThe German ... for assisting ... lost at Manila ... Meyers. ... which ... Otto Heige, ...\n\n2381\n\n238\n\nL\n\n1\n\nL\n\n1",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-414 - Governor Sir May - 1914 [10-11].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 449590,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-414 - Governor Sir May - 1914 [10-11]",
        "page_number": 272,
        "title": "CO129-414 - Governor Sir May - 1914 [10-11]",
        "content_text": "Extract from the Hongkong Daily Press of the 22nd October, 1914.\n\nWHEN the time comes for a reconsideration of international practice in time of war in the light of experience gained in the present momentous conflict—a conflict that is making its effects felt throughout the world—one of the questions which will need to be discussed is that relating to the obligations resting on neutral Powers to prevent their ports being made bases of supply for belligerent warships. During the past two months this subject has been forced upon public attention by the fact that four or five German cruisers have been roaming over the broad expanse of the southern seas between the Indian Ocean and the Polynesian Islands relying for their coal and other supplies on ships which must necessarily be despatched from neutral ports.\n\nFor instance, we have seen the statement made that more than 33,000 tons of coal (not to mention great quantities of provisions) intended for the use of German warships, went out of Manila during the months of August and September. It is claimed that the Government of Manila was powerless to prevent the export of this coal inasmuch as the ships' papers did not show that the coal was intended for the use of ships engaged in the war. Let us examine this contention. Between August 8th and September 4th five ships—one American (the Rio Pasis, now held as a prize in Hongkong) and four German ships left the port of Manila with coal amounting in the aggregate to 14,800 tons, their ostensible destinations, according to the clearance papers, being Guam (under American jurisdiction), Menado (Java) and Bangkok, and at the present time, we understand, there are five German ships loaded with coal (12,500 tons) in Manila harbour, waiting, no doubt, for a favourable opportunity to leave.\n\nThe Port Authorities at Manila cannot escape a suspicion that the whole of this coal was intended for German warships, but their attitude, we take it, is: \"We cannot go behind the ships' papers which show that this coal is for neutral ports. It is up to Germany's enemies to capture or sink German ships wherever they may be on the high seas, while in the case of a neutral ship, the Declaration of London lays it down that such a ship carrying conditional contraband is liable to capture if she is found clearly out of the course indicated by her papers and unable to give adequate reasons to justify such deviation.\" In short, the attitude of neutral port authorities would seem to be: \"If the ship's papers produced to us show that the ship has instructions to sail for another neutral port we have no justification for refusing her clearance.\" If that is the case, then it is clear that the Port Authorities in neutral territory ought in time of war to have their powers considerably enlarged.\n\nAn obligation should rest upon them to do something more than this to satisfy themselves regarding the destination of ships carrying cargo which either of the belligerents has declared absolute or conditional contraband of war. It would not be too much to expect of neutral port authorities that they should require the captains of vessels loading contraband cargoes to furnish confirmation of their charters endorsed by a Consul residing at the specified port of destination; e.g. if the charter is for carrying coal from Manila to Bangkok, confirmation by the American Consul at Bangkok should be necessary before clearance papers are granted to the ship.\n\nIt is in their own interest that neutral Powers should take some such measures. One result of what has been happening in Manila is that Australia has stopped the export of coal to the Philippine Islands, while the Japanese Government, we understand, is now demanding that a deposit representing double the value of the coal imported from Japan shall be made before shipment is permitted, this cash deposit being released only on production of certificates from the Japanese Consul in Manila that such coal has been delivered to bonâ-fide customers at the port.\n\nThe objection to this policy is that it imposes a heavy burden on the bonâ-fide customer, while it is ineffective to prevent Japanese coal reaching the warships of the Power with which Japan, in common with England, France and Russia, is at war, because if the coal is urgently needed, any price will probably be paid for it. It might, of course, be said in answer to this that a customer who had imported the coal with the approval of the Japanese Consul, and afterwards diverted it to uses which the Japanese Government desired to prevent, would not be likely to receive a second consignment. Most likely that is just what would happen, and Japan would be quite justified in the circumstances in taking such action. The Government of the Philippines, or of any other territory where such practices obtain would be only safeguarding its own interests in marking down such firms as are carrying on this surreptitious trade.\n\nFor a neutral Power depending for its coal supplies on outside sources to have those supplies suddenly cut off is a matter which is likely to induce reflection on the policy responsible for such a step, and we have very little doubt that when the time comes for revising the international codes applicable in time of war, those bearing on this particular question will be reconsidered.\n\nPage 268",
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    {
        "id": 453071,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-420 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [1-2]",
        "page_number": 427,
        "title": "CO129-420 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [1-2]",
        "content_text": "# Page Four\n\n## An Imaginary Interview With Carnival Director Dean\n\nMills Dean, the Director General of the 1915 Carnival, was finally located by our reporter at the rehearsal of \"Defending Their Homes\" on the Carnival grounds. He was in earnest conversation with Dr. Cox, Dr. Robinson, Mr. Batchelder, and Col. Johnson from Rome, Georgia, boyhood friend of Mrs. Wilson and now here directing the census. Mills explained to the scribe: \"You see, this spectacular drama must not only be attractive but it must be historically accurate in every detail. This pirate Tamah is fierce, and I would like to have Mr. Batchelder take that role, but he wishes to have a sea scene, the sinking of a passenger ship. We can't have that. He wants to save the ladies by putting life-belts on them. I don't want a sea drama. I want his views on how the fierce wild tribes ought to act. I want expert advice on savages from him. Then Col. Johnson is from the South and these Tamah pirates are supposed to come up from the south. He wants to have them all stop fighting and do a buck and wing dance and have a glee club quartette sing 'Georgia, Georgia, Over All', but you see how impossible it would be to give it local U.S.A. color. Dr. Robertson suggested that one side be chosen from the subscribers to 'Consolidacion Nacional' while the other be selected from the Vanguardia readers and arm both parties with stuffed clubs and let the tocsin ring and the people would get their money's worth, but this does not appeal to me. I want to have harmony. Dr. Cox has some of the clearest views, but I am sorry I cannot incorporate them into the show. He wants the dialogues written in the ancient Polynesian-Indico-Ibernica language which, according to undisputed authorities, might have been spoken here 1635 years ago or more correctly 280 A.D. He contends, and I think with force of reason, that all the private colleges would come and it would be a feast of reason as well as a flow of soul. But I think the general public wants something stirring so we have all collaborated and have produced this last word in dramatic art.\"\n\n\"I must express my admiration of the beautiful scenery and large conception, Mr. Mills.\"\n\n\"Oh, that was done by our esteemed and talented Sr. José Viñas of the Spanish Opera Co. He also has taken great pains to coach me in acting all the leading parts. You see, I stand ready to fill any part. It may be that one of the actors wants to go to a ball on a certain night, and if that happens you will find me right there with the goods and take his part without a hitch. Oh, it is not only in this great drama that I have become proficient, but I have made it a duty to be an understudy for every attraction in the Hubbub. I state it modestly that I am prepared to take Mme. Garcia's place in the bell-defying plunge through space in the dinky automobile. I have also given lots of attention running the Old Dutch Windmill. Boss La Pointe has volunteered to be understudy for Wa-wa, the Borneo missing link. I had some difficulty in successfully learning the parts in the Chinese playhouse. Of course, you know I would only be called on to play the leading parts because the minor parts can be filled by others and if they bungle it won't be so noticeable. These Chinese dramas continue on for two weeks and unless one gets thoroughly into the spirit of the play he cannot do it justice, but I may not be called on to act. I shudder to think of how I would correctly act the part of the Samar twins. It has been suggested that if they are indisposed and cannot show that act be suspended and I have about decided that this is the best solution because it would never do to only act half of the twins or in any other way do less than perfection.\"\n\n\"Mr. Dean, then nothing has been left to chance. You are bound to make it a success. What other features do you emphasize?\"\n\n\"There are the three parades. I have given them personal attention. I wanted Major Hartigan to take complete charge but he begged off. He said he wished to be foot loose and frisk about and have some fun with the boys. I have got a lot of real startling effects for the parades. The Japanese have taken a hold in great style as have the Chinese and when the boy scouts are masqueraded and their identity is hidden they will 'cut up dog' for fare-ye-well. Oh, it is all doped out and is going to be a hummer. Of course, the balls each night are a specialty by themselves. I shall naturally have to shape their course and destiny and now that the constabulary band is not here I will have to give special attention to the music. I have thought some of having a snare drum in the orchestra to keep up the spirit of the Escuela de Baile. Opinion is divided. There are those who declare they cannot dance without the drum while others want variety and have the drum cut out. I have been giving several hours a day with the brass bands putting life and ginger into them. Their technique is fairly good and if I get their morale improved I will have gained much.\"\n\n\"Mr. Dean, I really had no idea of the vast amount of work you have done. How did you ever dare to undertake it?\"\n\n\"Well, as one becomes accustomed to responsibilities one gets to carrying a few more on an ever-increasing ratio until the whole frame becomes a machine to do more and there is then no longer any limit to what the will power can force the unwilling body to do, but as each day sees its task well done there is the compensating reward of a contented mind. And now if you will please excuse me I see a duty before me. I have daily taken the young ladies who sell the chocolates on an imaginary round to accustom them to the routine and I see they are waiting for me as usual and the most possible must be made of the few days to insure thoroughness in every detail.\"\n\n## O'CONNELL'S, January 30, 1915\n\n### One On Cooper\n\nOle Olsen, the descendant of Eric the Red, the Viking king that beat Columbus to America by a century or two, now and then between times when he is shipping cigars to the States by the million or so, indulges in a little visit to the house of a friend out near the new reservoir. Ole went there last Sunday and spent some little time in looking over his friend's garden patch. Ole is some farmer himself. He says that when he was living back in Norway on the side of an iceberg, he often used to see pictures of trees and flowers and grain growing in the green fields and he thought that if he could ever get some place where winter did not last eleven months and a half every year he would turn farmer. Ole has a nice little garden around his place near the gas-house and quite frequently he attires himself in some old clothes that he had especially imported from the States to do the part right in, and ambles forth among the cabbage patches and the cucumber vines to fool the birds. Ole is the original thing in scarecrows when he gets properly togged out in his farmer costume. Well, to get back where we started. Ole was looking his friend's place over when he noticed that the pump would not work. Immediately he called his host's attention to the fact and suggested that he buy one of Henry Cooper's hot air pumps. His friend replied that Cooper was a pretty regular caller and thought that there was no necessity for buying a pump as Cooper's conversation could be used and this would cost nothing.\n\n### The breeze has been blowing some cooler Plaza Moraga this week.\n\n### Clever\n\nThat story printed in one of the daily papers about the possibility of the Igorot Scouts not being permitted to take part in the military parade because of their lack of pants, was certainly a clever piece of publicity. All over town people were talking about it and some of the rumors were that Major-General Barry had delivered an ultimatum that if the scouts from the hill country could not parade then there would be no parade of any of his troops. Quite a little excitement was stirred up about the matter. The carnival publicity man deserves a medal for putting that one over.\n\n### Paper Suppressed\n\nDublin, Ireland, Dec. 3. - The newspaper Sinn Fein did not appear today. The publishers of this journal refused to print in consequence of having been warned by the authorities that they would be liable to prosecutions for the publication of treasonable matter.\n\nThis is the second step in the suppression of Irish publications which have been opposing enlistment and expressing pro-German sentiments. The police last night raided the office of the Irish Freedom, a monthly publication, and confiscated all copies of the paper offered for sale on the news stands.\n\n## O'CONNELL'S, January 30, 1915\n\n### Manila Ethics\n\nCommissioner Dennison has decreed that a municipal doctor, paid by public funds, can refuse to attend any call for his services even in critical cases, if it is contrary to his established code of professional ethics.\n\nFor the benefit of those who have not seen the account of the case in question we will briefly state the main facts. An infant child of Capt. Hill of the Cavite naval ferry was taken with severe convulsions during the Captain's absence. Several women who live near went to the assistance of Mrs. Hill, and one was sent out to summon a doctor. This woman saw Dr. Catalino Nicolas, municipal doctor of Cavite, sitting in the drug store smoking and talking, and she rushed to him. She stated to him that Hill's baby was very sick and asked him to come at once. This doctor, paid out of public funds presumably to attend urgent cases, refused and stated as they had Dr. Victoriano before let them get him again and he would not go. Thanks to a merciful Providence the child did not die and this cold-blooded doctor did not have the joy of telling everybody in Cavite what an awful mistake it is to ever hire the other doctor because the other doctor turned up just in time and saved the child's life.\n\nThe public of Cavite asked Capt. Hill to report this matter because if this is the kind of spite that is worked out on a paying patient, what hope is there to get this doctor to visit a poor patient in time of need?\n\nThe accused doctor simply smiled when the charges were made. He knew that the influence that put him in office would keep him there. In answer to the charges he said he \"understood\" that he was merely wanted for consultation and that he did not want to look after somebody else's patients. His superior, Com. Dennison, figuratively speaking, patted him on the back and intimated to him that when an urgent call comes and he does not wish to violate professional ethics all he needs to do is to telephone the undertaker and coroner to go to a certain house and his ethical duties as municipal doctor will be quite fully and satisfactorily discharged.\n\nOh! for one hour of stern Worcester, whose shadow falling on Dennison would make that pigmy look like a man.\n\n### From Another Angle\n\nThe \"Free Press\" publishes the following just appreciation of agricultural specialist Prautch, but seems to err in thinking that Prautch has been the chief sufferer in not being paid a salary. We desire to interject this idea. The people have been deprived of more than Mr. Prautch has; they have lost possible crops and prosperity.\n\nWe fully concur with the \"Free Press\" as far as it goes and print the editorial to give it wider publicity:\n\n#### Prautch Redivivus\n\n\"A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country. For ten years past a man by the name of Prautch has been dinning into our ears that in spite of the sad fate of Lipa, coffee can be grown in the Philippines and on a large scale with every assurance of success. Now a Mr. Strauss, a practical planter from Java, confirms what Mr. Prautch has been saying. The trouble with Mr. P. is that he was not born in Kansas and can't qualify as a \"boy expert.\" It is not so very long ago that 19,000 was paid Professor Waters from Kansas, who never saw the tropics till he came to the Philippines, to come over and tell us all about the land we live in. It was the old story of what was new was not good and what was good was not new, among the \"new\" being a fairy tale to the effect that locusts take a trip down from the hills once every ten years. And that is just about the length of time that Mr. Prautch has been \"doing his voice-in-the-wilderness stunt.\" But he never got any twelve thousand pesos. No, he is just a prophet, not a professor, and he doesn't hail from Kansas.\"\n\n# Page Five\n\n## Answers To Correspondents\n\n| Name | Response |\n| --- | --- |\n| Burdett | The mistake you made was very natural. He was a veterano not veterinary and hence the confusion. Your claiming him as a brother ought not to worry you now that you know. |\n| H. Skinin | He runs two newspapers in Kansas. It seems a job in the Bureau of Agriculture pays him better. Search us. Eight others also came. They don't know much in any language. |\n| Heinie Fisher | You should have no difficulty in heating any well-built ice house. The best method is the simplest one. It is just the opposite of the way to cool a hot house. We hope you get your money. |\n| Horace H. Ferns | should be watered daily but once every two years is often enough to water stocks. |\n| Florence | We would offhand answer that a good \"foot rule\" is to take off your shoes before going to bed. |\n| Eddie Tait | Yes, a bill was introduced to change Aug. 13th from Occupation Day to Blessed Redeemer Day or Redemption Day. July 4th will not be changed to Leberwurst Day to please anybody. |\n| Carrie Bly | We decline to print your article. We think that City Club speech was stupid, so does he. We can say so, he dare not. Why nag him, he is trying to return among white folks. |\n| Carl Hess | It is not so much why he got out of politics but what he got out of politics. See the difference, Carl? |\n| Elmer Brown | Your questions \"How far can a bed spring, and does a watch run fast in cold weather in order to keep warm?\" are silly. Send them to the \"Free Press.\" |\n\n### MANILA HOTEL Will Not Be Closed During The Carnival\n\n### NUFF SED\n\n### LIVE WIRE!\n\nA messenger, AT CALL, bicycle mounted, in this land of mañana, is a live wire personified. We have Pronto Service TEL. 152 42 ESCOLTA",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-420 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [1-2].txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-424 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [9-10]",
        "page_number": 119,
        "title": "CO129-424 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [9-10]",
        "content_text": "## From Hongkong\n| From | Date | Steamer | To | Date |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Canada | 4.1.14 | Empress | Maw Lang | 25 |\n|  |  | of Britain |  |  |\n| Australia | 12.4.14 |  | Soo Vhing Tong | 10 |\n|  |  |  | mese | 2 |\n|  |  |  | Kat Lung | 116 |\n|  | 23.4.14 | J.G. | hai ang | 3 |\n|  | 17.5.14 | Steamer | Lui Lang | 4 |\n|  | 4.9.14 |  | Jo Lang | 4 |\n|  | 19.9.14 |  | Nam Jung | 10 |\n|  | 26.9.14 |  | Hoy Lang | 56 |\n| United States | 1.7.14 | Sui Sang | 17.7.14 |\n|  |  | Tem Jang | 19.7.14 |  |\n|  |  | Shing Ho |  |  |\n|  |  | Sat Sang | 10.7.14 |  |\n|  |  | Kam Sang | 10.7.14 | 377 |\n|  |  |  | to thing | 17.10.14 |\n|  | 1.7.14 | Valumla | 14 |  |\n|  |  | Masaki Maru |  |  |\n|  | 5.9.14 | Jose Mari | 3 | 4.9.14 |\n|  |  | Choy Lang |  |  |\n| Michu | 2 | 27.9.14 |  |  |\n|  |  | Alamy Kwong | 33 | 7.10.14 |\n|  |  | ang |  | Team |\n|  | 24.10.14 | Hain Jung | 20 | 15.10.14 |\n|  |  | Yasaki Maru |  |  |\n|  | 24.10.14 | Kat Lucy | 10 |  |\n|  | 24.10.14 | Kan JEARS |  |  |\n| Japan | 17 | 5.11.14 |  | fary (Custration) |\n|  |  | (6 bang Custration) | 37 | 25.8.16 |\n|  | 12.7.14 | Aibano Maru | 17 | 5.11.14 |\n|  | 22.11.14 | Solucris |  |  |\n|  | 2.11.14 |  |  |  |\n|  | 22 | 6.1.15 | Hau fung |  |\n|  |  | Sanyo Maru | 1/14 | Hakata |\n|  |  |  | 4315 | hai tang |\n|  | 22 | 24.1.14 | Ceylon Maru | 14 | 31.3.15 |\n|  |  |  | skindend | 4 |\n|  | 3 | 12.14 | Toon Mau | ref odd |\n|  |  |  | Joninge | erzetto |\n|  |  |  | ne rende |  |\n|  | 1.1.15 | Kut-Tany |  |  |\n|  | 13.1.15 | Lai Sang |  |  |\n|  | 14.1.15 | Polynesien |  |  |\n|  | 7.1.15 | Fuck Suny | 21 | 6.1.1 |\n|  |  | Nam Sang | 1.9.15 | Jupunt |\n|  |  |  | 1105 |  |\n\n## Total\n|  | On Jang | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  | 19 | 234 |\n|  | 731 | On Jang |\n| Total | 953 |  |\n|  | 3 | 89 |\n|  |  | 100 |\n|  | 363 | Total |\n|  | 353 |  | \n\n## Other Text\nto Mikit ok no Natsu no molding, Tatriga rotrudidan darte bow Labor Mog a dél ald Feteering oneda. Na mnafsiding gririqongelad ni .(3) i uden pre ro \"umpli nech\" 12 12 art id arette to medium \n\nNo not of Judd beamotni ezer frammero\" reibel CEN .Bwołolgaum cow aclters: * metada kod ipfi erit mont gran Indious sunt ★ India other than Sovernment Complyses.\n\nJendlosure 3.\n\n... dein Saugo ‚rotrah ni betercselt að nem fight made to spend on nið nå bolles orte dinke ndiqet ed pen all anotimet nd comf dan al ! \n\nN L mom yonquer bra mahfant dele nänen metalen nimetoret på inbiltem el asking to Jambemtebronn platoon met „Mihailt ant de matest regneem edt nå q^bruch die am .A Pat al Fom ametamadli most*[han to paltai famarth att nå větve, kuona Jakoų gan zij \n\n26.9. they Jurig 4 Awonglang 9 6.1. Arem wung Tosamaris 15 Alik Katsang But Any Kew bang 28 44 vambach 2 764 Dunar Jau lang 2 222615 Japaor 15214 Yaki mame 5 19.8.15 Sango 234.14 Clyton mura 34.95 112.14 Austration 2 14.6.15 hunting 4 210:14 Kitaus muru 2 5.6.15 Dunera 26.12.14 Tosa masu y / 6.1.15 Nam Lany by Jung 4 12.1.15 Kut Jang 16 51.3.15 8 19-1-15 hut Lung 4 22.6.6 Jupe 2.3.15 due lang 26 13.76] Lai |H.3.15 Staudurd Suntheu alg. 416 24.8.0 Jangda 43.9.0 Jupan 1.5.15 Erness Grindų l 30.5.15 Ceylon heari 2.4.15 Naw Lang 4 8.6.h) buutra' 4.6.15 Japan 13.7.15 Live lany !! 34.7.15 Fuk Lacey 19.8.15 Singola! do. & Mun Lang 27.5.6 Aur Sung! 50.4.15 Junin 255 On Jang 58 2.365 Jaal 313 34K 271 dung Standard 12 34.15 Polynesian 4 #7415 Cubay Mare 2 15.15 Erment Limone 305.15 Layton Marie ! 2.4.15 ham tang 3 8.6.15 Sunera 13.7.15 Lai Sany ag.y.15 Fuk Jung 20.9.15 Jupan 3 On Lang 15 2.3.1 On Sang 82 2.3.15 \n\n## Total \n363 \nJital 353 \nbuner a \n234 \nOn Jang 19 \n731 OnJang \nJotal 953 \nTotal \n3 \n89 \n100 \n1.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 590,
        "title": "CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "sent to the Foreign Office with reference to that achieved maybe taken as in the third paragraph of your letter.\n\nCary \n\n? \n\nHONG KONG \nMac. C.O. \n12070 \n586 \n(3 MAR 16) \n12070 Goods on d. 5. \"Polynesian\" \nAmy Goods \n1916 \n11 Mar. Transmits Copy Tel. from French Ministry of \nLast previous Paper. \nTel to Gov? 11 Mar. \nCopy above tel Addressed 18 Mch Ld. \nMarine responsible \nApp for particulars & meanwhile suggest the release of the Cargo \n\nC \nCopy tel & Ptg 27 \nKippo tome \nR. 13MAR \nSR2 \nReply from H.K. now in \nDal 14 \n\nNext subsequent Paper. \n\n| Number | Wt. | Other |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 12188 | 35800–6 | 45,000 12/15. B MAS. | \nA.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 491626,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 167,
        "title": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "The Troubles in Hong-kong.\n\nAn important British colony, the great Far Eastern port of Hong-kong, which has long been one of the chief channels for the dissemination of Western influences in China, is now seriously affected by the obscure reactions of modern movements that are now changing the whole face of Chinese politics. Some weeks ago a seamen's strike disturbed the rich traffic of the port of Hong-kong, and, gradually extending and including within its scope, first the coolies, and then other indispensable workers, has now brought within its range even the house-boys and the workers who bring down provisions to the colony from up the river. Some of the Chinese population have tried to make their way into the interior across the leased territory of the Kowloon peninsula, and have been held up by military cordons on the frontier. The Seaman's Union, which started the strike, has been proclaimed; the more responsible Chinese elements have tried to exert a moderating influence; the Legislative Council has placed in the hands of the Governor, REGINALD STUBBS, and his Executive Council exceptional powers to deal with the emergency; the small non-Chinese population of Victoria, the neighbouring islands, and Kowloon, consisting mainly of British and Portuguese, have placed themselves at the disposal of the Executive in order to maintain order and ensure the essential services. In spite of all these precautions the situation remains grave and not easily explicable.\n\nHong-kong, the island hilly with its dependencies, is one of the centres where British civilizing influence in the Far East has appeared at its best. It was a refuge for bewildered Chinese during the storms of the revolution, and its excellent University has been a means of imparting Western education in close and fruitful association with Chinese surroundings. The little English colony has contributed enormously to the prosperity of China, and the port that has been the centre of a trade whose value amounts to about fifty million pounds a year has stimulated the development of trade and industry throughout Southern China. Now all this great work is at a standstill. The port is idle. The trade from up the Canton river is blocked. Steamers carrying cargo from Europe are compelled to discharge at Singapore to deposit their freight in warehouses at Shanghai. A strange paralysis has overtaken Hong-kong, and the British population, who are the authors of the port's prosperity, are stranded amid a population of about half-a-million actively or passively hostile Chinese.\n\nThere are no people in the world who are more capable than the Chinese of what may be called a cohesive boycott. They learned the lessons of organization for this purpose from the reiterated experiences of boycott against Japanese trade, and it may well be that advantage has been taken of these experiments on the present occasion. It seems, however, incredible that the root of the trouble is purely national and anti-European. A large number of Chinese have closely identified their interests with those of Europeans in the upbuilding of Hong-kong, and not a few of them appreciate the benefits of British rule in the colony, more particularly when they compare it with the disturbed condition of inland China. For all that, the connexion of the majority of the Chinese population with the interior remains very close, and if it be remembered that Chinese, driven by some restless impulse far from their country to Polynesia, to America, or even to Europe, still retain some compelling veneration for national tradition, and are still subject to the dictates of some obscure organizations at home, it will be comprehensible that the population of the Hong-kong colony may easily be moved by disturbances in the interior.\n\nPage 1422\n\nThe nature of the disturbances in the interior it is not easy to fathom. There are hints that a large proportion of the workers in Hong-kong are intimidated by threats of reprisals to their relatives up the river. Canton is the centre of disturbance. Canton is the headquarters of the so-called Southern Chinese Government, under SUN-YAT-SEN, and this Government, as contrasted with the Peking Government, has throughout been distinguished by extreme democratic tendencies. In addition to the Kwang-tung province, the Canton Government has lately secured control of the province of Kwang-si. There is a further complication in the fact that while SUN-YAT-SEN has lately been suspected of surreptitious negotiations with the Northern leaders who control Peking, his Commander-in-Chief, CHEN-CHIU-MING, who is the real power in Canton, has been parleying with WU-PEI-FU, the great War-lord of Southern China, who is opposed to the reactionary Northern leaders. While all these manœuvres are being enacted, Canton, where a persistence in loud modern outcries has developed into a crude ferment of extremist ideas, has apparently become the centre of a powerful Labour organization. The strike in Hong-kong has been accompanied in Canton by a sympathetic strike, the watchword of which is Labour against Capital. What is happening in Hong-kong must, then, be regarded as the reflection of a more general and somewhat sinister movement in the interior.\n\nIt may be that the stubborn Chinese propaganda of the Russian Bolsheviks is already yielding certain results, although the experience of most of the wretched Chinese coolies who were caught towards the end of the war in Bolshevist Russia was such as to arouse in them a hatred for Bolshevism. In Southern China, however, the echoes of the doctrine, stripped of the bitterly illustrative experience, may have had an inflammatory effect, and, combined with the Chinese capacity for organization in secret societies, may have produced the results we now see in Hong-kong. Happily there have been no signs of violent disorder. The British colony will certainly hold firm, and as the days pass the more responsible Chinese elements will recover courage and the dupes of the agitation will realize how cruelly they have been misled; then normal life will gradually be restored.\n\nThere are few indications, in spite of the recent Amoy boycott, that the movement is specifically anti-European in character; and though popular Chinese opinion is disappointed by the results of the Washington Conference, it is not for the moment aggressively anti-foreign. The whole incident serves to show how profoundly European interests in the Far East are being affected by that steady impact of European ideas on China which is incalculably transforming the whole fabric of Chinese society.\n\nM22",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-531-9 Hong Kong University- proposal to found faculty of Chinese studies 17-10-1930 - 10-6-1931",
        "page_number": 87,
        "title": "CO129-531-9 Hong Kong University- proposal to found faculty of Chinese studies 17-10-1930 - 10-6-1931",
        "content_text": "## THE MASTER'S LODGINGS \n### UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OXFORD \n**TELEPHONE: OXFORD 2681** \n\n21st February 1931 \n\n88 \n388 \nNib text à \n23/2 \n\nMy dear Bottomley, \n\nAs arranged I spoke to Sir Robert Witt on Thursday evening at the meeting of the National Art-Collections Fund about the possibility of a Burlington House Exhibition of African Indigenous Art. Next year they are going to do France. I suggested for consideration African and Polynesian Indigenous Art. I wrote to him yesterday to jog his memory. What I am afraid of is that African and Polynesian Indigenous Art will not have drawing power enough for a Burlington House show. I have therefore suggested that they should take the Art of China as the main thing and the other as a side-line. \n\nI will let you know what Witt writes. \n\nI am speaking to the Registrar about classical Chinese in the Oxford examinations. \n\nI enclose for your consideration and criticism the draft of a letter to Sir Robert Ho Tung of Hong Kong. I thought he was K.C.M.G. but cannot find his name in WHITAKER. Would you kindly put me right about this? \n\nI have thought it better not to...",
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    {
        "id": 532852,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "148\n\n128\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nDepth 40; head 13, in trunk, head and trunk shorter than tail. Eye 14, in head, 2 in snout. Mouth cleft 4½ in head, reaches eye. Dorsal begins behind gill openings space more than half head, like anal very low. Pectoral 5 in head. Brownish above, lighter below. Length 545 mm, (Weber and Beaufort).\n\nHoihow (Celebes). I think Pisoodonophis rubicandus Chen evidently the specific name rubicauda intended is a synonym. It was founded on an example 797 mm.\n\nPisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson).\n\nOphisurus cancrivorus Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 1844-48, p. 97, pl. 50, figs. 6-9. Port Essington.\n\nOphichthys cancrivorus Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, 1881, p. 107 (Swatow).\n\nOphichthus cancrivorus Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 62 (compiled).\n\nPisoodonophis cancrivorus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 17, fig. 9 (dentition) (Daipo).\n\nPisodonophis cancrivora Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 35, fig. 28. (Amoy).\n\nOphisurus sinensis Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1844-48, p. 98. Canton.\n\nDepth 22 to 34: head 8 to 10, 2 to 3 or more in trunk, head and trunk more or less than 1½ in tail. Eye 9½ to 12 in head, 1¼ to 2 in snout. Mouth cleft 3 to 4 in head, reaches hind eye edge or beyond, Dorsal begins over middle of pectoral. Pectoral 2½ to 4 in head. Brown, paler below. Dorsal with more or less blackish spot anteriorly. Length to 760 mm.\n\nDaipo, Swatow, Amoy, Canton (Arabia, Madagascar, Mauritius?, East Indies, Philippines*, Japan, Australia, Polynesia).\n\nPisodonophis oligodon Bleeker.\n\nPisoodonophis oligodon Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, p. (57) 59. Amoy.\n\nDepth 45; head 10¼. Snout 5½ in head, acute. Eye 9 in head. Mouth cleft 3½. Dorsal origin 1/5 head length behind gill opening. Pectoral 3½ in head. Greenish brown above with minute dots of gray, below yellowish or silvery. Fins yellowish, dorsal and anal densely dusted gray brown. Length to 327 mm. (Bleeker).\n\nAmoy.\n\nPage 129\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nCAECULA Vahl.\n\n129\n\nCaecula Vahl, Skrivt. Naturh. Selsk. Kjöbenhavn, vol. 3, pt. 2, 1794, pp. 2, 149. Type Caecula apterygera Vahl, monotypic.\n\nBody elongate, cylindrical. Head short to moderate. Snout pointed, projects before mandible. Eye small, before or above middle of mouth cleft. Lips entire, Teeth conical, pointed, uniserial, biserial on vomer, equal in size or vomerine more robust. Front nostril in tube at border of upper lip or at lower face of protruding part of snout, or as slits in low papilla on lower face of protruding part of snout. Gill openings small, close together, ventral, longitudinal, oblique to vertical. No scales. Dorsal origin over or somewhat behind gill openings; dorsal and anal sometimes absent or very low, not confluent, end short space from end of tail. No pectorals.\n\nSmall eels of temperate and tropical seas. Some burrow in sand and others enter fresh water.\n\nCaecula quadrata (Richardson), Figure 9.\n\nK.W.F\n\nFigure 9.\n\nCaecula quadrata (Richardson). Sphagebranchus quadratus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 115, pl. 52, figs. 8-15. China, (China).\n\nApterichthys quadratus Richardson, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 315\n\nOphichthys quadratus Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 89 (type).\n\nNo fins. Pale brown. Length 162 mm. China,\n\nMay 1932.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\n149",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "page_number": 93,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "150\n\n130\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nCaecula cheni new species.\n\nSphagebranchus longipinnis (not Kner and Steindachner) Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 25, fig. 12 (anterior body), fig. 12a (dentition), fig. 12b (head below) (Ling Sui).\n\nDiagnosis. Differs from Caecula longipinna Kner and Steindachner (Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien., vol. 54, pt. 1, 1866, p. 390, pl. 5, fig. 14, Samoa) in the origin of the dorsal fin beginning over the gill opening (in C. longipinna the dorsal origin begins nearer the snout tip than the gill opening). Chen's specimen No. 2427 from Ling Sui, September 8, 1928, obtained by S. T. Woo and 538 mm. may be taken as the type.\n\nHis ample description and figures will then serve to establish the species.\n\n(For Johnson Chen, in slight appreciation of his excellent review of the Apodal Fishes of Kwangtung).\n\nFamily Ratabouridae.\n\nBody cylindrical. Snout short. Eye small or nearly concealed under skin of head. Mouth cleft reaches below or behind hind edge of eye. Tongue not free. Teeth conic, recurved, uniserial in jaws and on vomer. Front nostrils each in tube near snout end. Hind nostrils each partly tubular opening near middle of front edge of eye. Gill openings narrow, inferior or partly inferior slits. Heart short space behind gills. No scales. Dorsal and anal confined to tail, confluent with caudal, both low or reduced to rudimentary fold containing visible rays only at terminus. Pectorals short, vestigial or absent.\n\nSmall eels of the eastern Indo Pacific and West Indies. They are marine or found in brackish water, buried in the mud, sand or gravel of the bottom, near shore, on reefs or in the mouths of rivers.\n\nRATABOURA Gray.\n\nRataboura Gray, Zool. Miscellany, February 19, 1831, p. 9. Type Muraena rataboura Buchanan-Hamilton, tautotypic.\n\nBody more or less slender. Mouth small. Tail much shorter than rest of body, usually blunt and with fin at top.\n\nSmall eels of tropical seas, often worm-like and noted for their very short tails.\n\nSynopsis of Species.\n\na1. Dorsal and anal anteriorly and posteriorly with visible rays, lower in middle of fins.\n\nb1. Pectorals vestigial; distance of dorsal from anal more than half of head.\n\nlinearis.\n\nb2. Pectoral 7 in head; distance of dorsal from anal much less than half head length.\n\nraitaborna.\n\na2. Dorsal and anal reduced to a low fold, with few feeble rays at extreme tip of tail only.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nRataboura linearis (Gray). Figure 10.\n\n131\n\nMoringua linearis Gray, Zool. Miscellany, 1831, p. 9. India; Illustr. Indian Zool. Hardwicke, vol. 1, 1830-32, pl. 95, fig. 3.\n\nMoringua lumbricoidea Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., 1844, p. 113, pl. 56, figs. 7-11. No locality; Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314 (China).—Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 91 (type).—Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, 1881, p. 107 (Swatow).—Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 62 (compiled).\n\nMoringau michrochir Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 28 (copied) (error).\n\nFigure 10.\n\nH.W.F\n\nRataboura linearis (Gray),\n\nto 122, 71⁄2 in trunk; tail twice head. Mouth cleft 4 in head, reaches hind edge of eye to head length behind ventral, fin low. Pectoral very short (Günther, Weber and Beaufort).\n\nDepth 44 to 48; head 10 and trunk. Eye 12, twice snout. Anal origin space equal to of head behind ventral. broad rudiment. Colour uniform. Length to 280 mm.\n\nChina, Swatow (Sumatra, Amboyna, Polynesia). As suggested by Günther there is little doubt but that Gray's fish is the present species.\n\nRataboure raitaborna (Buchanan-Hamilton).\n\nMuraena raitaborna Buchanan-Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, 1822, pp. 25, 364. Ganges River.\n\nMoringua macrochir Chen, Bull. Biolog. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 28, fig. 14 (dentition) (Ying Khou).\n\nDepth 40; head 9 1/5, 5 2/5 in trunk; tail 2 in head and trunk. Eye 20, less than snout. Mouth cleft in head, reaches hind eye edge. Dorsal and anal low, interrupted in middle; space from dorsal origin to ventral half\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMay 1932.\n\n151",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
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        "content_text": "132\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nof head; space from anal origin to ventral 4 of head. Pectoral 7 in head. Uniform, back darker. Length 200 mm. (Chen).\n\nYing Khou (India, Batu, Java, Kei).\n\n560, mm.\n\nAccording to Day reaches\n\nRataboura macrocephala (Bleeker). Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 165. Timor.\n\nMoringua macrocephala Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, 27, fig. 13 (body and dentition) (Hoihow, Ying Khou).\n\nAphthalmichthys abbreviatus (not Bleeker) Wu, Contrib. Biolog. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 37, fig. 31 (head) (Amoy).\n\nDepth 34 to 40; head 8% to 99/10, 5 to 5 4/5 in trunk; tail 1 to 2 in head and trunk. Eye 20 in head. Mouth cleft less than 6, reaches behind eye. Space from anal origin to ventral 2 to 4 times in head; dorsal origin opposite or behind anal origin; dorsal and anal form very low ridge, join short, truncate caudal. Pectoral 10 to 15 in head. Brown above, yellowish below. Length to 700 mm.\n\nHoihow, Ying Khou, Amoy (India, East Indies, Philippines, Polynesia*).\n\nFamily Echidnidae,\n\nThe Morays.\n\nBody long to very elongate, rounded or compressed. Snout short, rounded or pointed, never much protruded before lower jaw. Mouth cleft reaches behind eye, often not completely closing. Tongue not free. Teeth in 1 or more series in jaws, on premaxillaries and vomer; granular, molar like, conic, compressed and pointed, often fang like and depressible. Front nostrils in tube near snout tip. Hind nostrils rounded, opening on top of head, before or above eye, sometimes with elevated rim or tube. Gill openings small, more or less horizontal slits or rounded openings, median in body depth or subventral, always well separated. No scales. Dorsal and anal confluent with caudal, generally covered with thick skin, may be well developed, low or even only rudiment near caudal. No pectorals. Ventral premedian, median or postmedian.\n\nA large group of usually brightly coloured eels, living chiefly in the crevices of coral reefs. Those of large size are pugnaceous and capable of inflicting dangerous wounds with their strong teeth. The morays are known by their small gill openings and the absence of pectorals.\n\nChannomuraena vittata (Richardson), originally ascribed to China,\n\nis an American form known from the coast of Cuba.\n\nGymnothorax microsiphon Bleeker (Nederl. Tijdschr. Dier., vol. 4, 1873, P. 154), based on a Chinese drawing is evidently a Muraenophis. It is briefly noticed:\n\nPage 133\n\nDepth 16. Hind nasal tubes longer than eyes. Body violaccous, with lateral blackish dots and specks.\n\nSynopsis of Genera.\n\na1. Some teeth granular or molar like. a2. None of teeth granular or molar like.\n\nECHIDNA.\n\nb1. Head and body equal to or somewhat shorter or longer than tail.\n\nc1. Dorsal begins before gill openings, anal close behind ventral.\n\nd'. Hind nostrils without tube or with tube much shorter than simple tubes of front nostrils.\n\ne'. Depth less than 30; head less than 12.\n\nLYCODONTIS.\n\ne. Depth 40 to 51; head 12 to 17.\n\nHind nostrils on\n\nPSEUDECHIDNA.\n\noval opening, nearly equal eye, surrounded by wide thin membrane; front nostrils with thickened rim prolonged behind in bilobed flap.\n\nENCHELYNASSA.\n\nDorsal and anal reduced to rudiments near caudal, with which confluent.\n\nUROPTERYGIUS.\n\nb. Head and trunk 1½ to more than twice tail; front nostrils in simple\n\nEVENCHELYS. appendage.\n\nEchidna Forster.\n\nType\n\nEchidna Forster, Icon. Ined. Bibl. Banks, 1775, p. 181. Echidna variegata Forster; Enchirid, 1778, p. 31. Type Echidna variegata Forster = Muraena echidna Gmelin, tautotypic.\n\nBody elongate, compressed. Head compressed, upper profile strongly arched. Eye small, covered with skin. Mouth cleft rather wide, extends behind eye. Teeth conic, granular or molar, variable with age; 1 or more Front nostril in tube on series in jaws; I to 3 series or group on vomer. top of snout. Hind nostril on upper surface of head before or above eye. Gill openings small, horizontal, in middle of body depth. Dorsal begins before, above or somewhat behind gill openings, confluent with caudal and anal, all covered with thick skin. Tail equals or somewhat longer or shorter than head and trunk.\n\nShores and reefs of tropical seas.\n\nEchidna nebulosa (Ahl).\n\net Ophich. Muraena nebulosa Ahl, Specimen Ichth. Muraena Thunberg, 1789, p. 7, pl. right figure. East India.—Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 130 (China Seas).\n\nEchidna nebulosa Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 31, fig. 16 (dentition) (Lingsui).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMay 1932.\n\n153",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
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        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "134\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nDepth 112 to 21; head 7 to 10, 32 to 4 1/5 in trunk; tail equal to less than head and trunk. Eye 92 to 1334 in head, 14/5 to 21/5 in snout, Mouth cleft 23 to 32 in head, extends behind eye. Dorsal inserted before gill openings. Yellowish or whitish, with numerous fine vermiculated lines or small spots. Row of large reticulated black blotches each side of back and another along each lower side of body, each comprising one or more white spots or reduced to small star-like spots. Or less regular series of black bands may connect large black blotches on each side of lower half of body. Length to 750 mm.\n\nLingsui, China (Red Sea, East Africa, Natal, Madagascar, Bourbon, Seychelles, India, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, Lord Howe Island, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nEchidna polyzona (Richardson).\n\nFigure 11.\n\nMuraena polyzona Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 112, pl. 55, figs. 11-14. No locality.-Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 129 (type).\n\nEchidna polyzona Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 30, fig. 15 (dentition) (Lingsui).\n\nH.W.F\n\nFigure 11.\n\nEchidna polyzona (Richardson).\n\nDepth 13 to 21; head 61⁄2 to 8 5/6, 2 1/5 to 2 3/5 in trunk; head and trunk longer or shorter than tail. Eye 7% to 1134 in head, 17% to 21/5 in snout. Mouth cleft 234 to 3 in head. Dorsal inserted before gill openings. Dark brown, with 24 to 29 narrow white rings, extend on fins, or whitish with brown rings; rings variable to absent except at end of tail when colour is reticulated or marbled. Usually dark blotch at mouth corner. Length to 550 mm.\n\nLingsui (Red Sea, East Africa, Natal, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nLYCODONTIS McClelland.\n\n135\n\nLycodontis McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, No. 18, 1845, pp. 174-185. Type Lycodontis literata McClelland, designated by Jordan, Stanford Publ. Zool. (Genera of Fishes, pt. 2), 1919, p. 220.\n\nBody elongate, compressed. Head compressed. Eye small, covered by skin. Mouth cleft reaches behind eye, often not closing completely. Teeth entire, conic, compressed, some often long depressible fangs; in jaws in 1 or more series; on premaxillary plate usually in 1 or 2 peripheral rows and 1 to 3 medially; on vomer generally smaller than others, in 1 or more rows. Front nostrils each in short tube on top of snout. Hind nostrils round or oval pore on top of head before eye, without tube. Gill openings small, mostly horizontal slits. Dorsal and anal confluent with caudal, covered with thick skin, former usually inserted before gill openings, Tail shorter or longer than rest of body.\n\nA large genus in all warm seas, living in shallow water, on reefs or among rocks. Some reach a large size.\n\nSynopsis of Species.\n\na'. Premaxillary with 1 or 2 medial conic teeth which not longer than outside row.\n\nb. Maxillary teeth uniserial or biserial in very young,\n\nb. Maxillary teeth biserial.\n\npicta.\n\nthyrsoidea.\n\n4. Premaxillary teeth long slender depressible fangs. 1 to 4.\n\nc'. Encircled by 15 to 22 dark cross bands, black on belly and under surfaces.\n\nreticularis.\n\nc2. Body not banded with distinct cross bands.\n\nd'. Gill opening in dark blotch.\n\nd. Gill opening not in dark blotch.\n\ne1. Uniform brown.\n\nflavomarginata.\n\nboschii.\n\ne. Not uniform brown, colouration mostly spotted or mottled.\n\nf'. Distinct dark spots over entire body, mostly in longitudinal rows.\n\ng'. Spots smaller than interspaces, smallest or absent from head.\n\nh1. Dark spots not larger than eye in several longitudinal rows, in addition exceedingly numerous minute dark dots everywhere.\n\nundulata.\n\nh. Dark spots larger than eye, in 3 or 4 longitudinal rows, body otherwise clouded or marbled.\n\nreevesii.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMay 1932,\n\n155",
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        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "136\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\ng. Spots larger than interspaces, not smaller than those on body. favaginea.\n\nf. No dark spots, body finely reticulated or marbled everywhere lighter or very fine white or yellow lines. Lycodontis picta (Ahl).\n\npseudothysoidea.\n\nMuraena picta Ahl, Specimen Ichth. Muraena et Ophich., Thunberg, 1789, p. 8, pl. right figure. East India.\n\nGymnothorax pictus Chen, Bull, Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 32, fig. 17 (dentition) (Parcel Islands [Duncan Island].\n\nDepth 134 to 201⁄2; head 4 to 8, 2 1/5 to 2 7/10 in trunk; head and trunk equal to longer than tail. Eye 10 to 12 in head, 1 to 21⁄2 in snout. Mouth cleft 2% to 3% in head. Yellow, with round blackish spots size of eye in 3 or 4 longitudinal rows; spots sometimes with yellow centers; with age increase in size as also light center while periphery becomes irregular; still later broken up so finally colour brownish gray above and whitish below, covered with exceedingly numerous very small spots, while abdomen generally whitish covered with few round or irregular spots. Length to 1,400 mm.\n\nParcel Islands (Arabia, East Africa, Natal, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Australia, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nPossibly Muraena cerinonigra Richardson (Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314, Canton) based on a drawing, the subject of which is 197 mm., may have been intended for the young of this species:\n\nGeneral colour light wax yellow with greenish tints and many blackish spots.\n\nRow of larger, round and nearly equidistant spots along middle of body and on top of back and margins of tail spots assume form of very short oblique bars. Throat and belly tinged with carmine. Upper jaw obtuse and projects slightly beyond lower. Nostrils not represented as tubular.\n\nLycodontis thyrsoidea (Richardson), Hwa chuy (Flowery chub), Ta chuy (Flowered chuy).\n\nMuraena thyrsoidea Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 111 (not pl. 49, fig. 1). China Seas, Canton; Icth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314 (Canton). Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 113 (type of Muraena thyrsoidea, not figure).\n\nGymnothorax thyrsoideus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 37 (on Weber).\n\nDepth 15 4/5 to 21; head 9 to 12, 3 in trunk; head and trunk 1 3/5 to 13⁄4 in tail. Eye 10 to 11, 13⁄4 to 1 4/5 in snout.\n\nMouth cleft 2 3/5 to 3 1/5 in head. Brown, dotted minutely or specked with darker brown and white, less on head. Length to 650 mm.\n\nPage 137\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n137\n\nChina Seas, Canton (Arabia, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Andamans, Burma, Pinang, East Indies, West Australia, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nLycodontis reticularis (Bloch). Figure 12.\n\nFigure 12. Lycodontis reticularis (Bloch).\n\nH.W.F.\n\nGymnothorax reticularis Bloch, Naturges. Ausland. Fische, vol. 9, 1795, p. 85, pl. 416. Tranquebar.\n\nGymnothorax reticularix Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 38, fig. 32 (head) (Amoy).\n\nMuraena reticularis Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 105 (China Seas).\n\nPriodonophis reticularis Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 39 (compiled).\n\nPriodonophis minor Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, P. 57 (Amoy).\n\nDepth 23; head 7 to 8 1/5, 21⁄5 to 24⁄5 in trunk; tail longer than head and trunk. Eye 104 to 11 in head, 1 to 11⁄2 in snout. Mouth cleft 3 to 31⁄2 in head. Yellowish or brownish white, with 15 to 22 dark cross bands formed of variable brown spots, mostly black on belly where very distinct. Upper parts with bands closely covered with dark brown spots, Length over 550 mm.\n\nHong Kong*, Amoy (India, Borneo, Formosa, Japan, Polynesia). Known by some of the upper teeth finely serrated,\n\nLycodontis flavomarginata (Ruppell).\n\nMuraena flavomarginata Ruppell, Atlas Reis. Nordl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, 119 pl. 30, fig. 3. Red Sea.\n\nMay 1937.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\n157",
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        "content_text": "158\n\n138\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nGymnothorax flavimarginatus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 36, f. 21 (anterior body and dentition) (Daipo).\n\nDepth 10 to 25; head 6¾ to 9½, 3 to 3½ in trunk; head and trunk equal or little shorter than tail. Eye 8 to 19, 2 to 2¼ in snout. Mouth cleft 1⅞ to 3¼ in head, closes completely. Yellowish, densely covered with brown spots, variably fuse to larger irregular patches leaving only yellowish network from ground colour. Dorsal and anal with pale edges, latter broader. Mouth corner sometimes with black blotch. Gill openings always in dark or black blotch. Length to 1,500 mm.\n\nDaipo (Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, East Indies*, Philippines, Formosa, Micronesia*, Melanesia, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nLycodontis boschii Bleeker.\n\nMuraena boschii Bleeker, Verh. Batavia. Genootsch. (Muraen.), vol. 25, 1853, p. 52. Siboga, West Sumatra.\n\nGymnothorax maculaepinnis (not Bleeker) Steindachner, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 53, pt. 1, 1866, p. 473 (Hong Kong).\n\nGymnothorax dorsalis (Steindachner) Seale, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 61, 1917, p. 92. Hong Kong.\n\nDepth 12 to 20; head 7⅘ to 8, 2⅖ to 2⅘ in trunk; tail equals or greater than head and trunk. Eye 9 to 11 in head. Mouth cleft 2⅕ to 2⅘. Uniform brown, lighter below. Length over 600 mm. (Weber and Beaufort).\n\nHong Kong (Singapore, East Indies). Gymnothorax dorsalis is based on 2 specimens 750 to 822 mm, which do not appear to differ materially, though described \"the dorsal and anal fins posterior are distinctly margined with black.\"\n\nLycodontis undulata (Lacépède).\n\nMuraenophis undulatus Lacépède, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, 1803, pp. 629, 644, pl. 64, fig. 2. No type locality. (On Commerson).\n\nGymnothorax undulatus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 34, fig. 19 (dentition) (Sama).—Wu, Cont. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 4, No. 5, 1929, p. 40, fig. 33 (head) (Amoy).\n\nGymnothorax bullatus (not Richardson) Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 115 (Chinese drawing).\n\nGymnothorax fimbriatus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 35, fig. 20 (dentition) (Daipo, Hoihow, Sama).\n\nDepth 12¾ to 22; head 6½ to 8, 2 to 2⅘ in trunk; tail equals or longer than head and trunk. Eye 7 to 11 in head, 1½ to 1¾ in snout. Mouth cleft 2 to 2½ in head. Colour variable. Reddish brown with several irregular longitudinal rows of round black oval spots usually not larger than eye, smaller or absent from head, on tail often in transverse rows to form striped appearance. Dorsal and anal often with light border.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n139\n\nSpots sometimes partly confluent when fish yellowish, densely reticulated or marbled with brown. Sometimes spots still more dominant in ground colour which blackish, lighter on belly, with wide network of whitish or yellowish lines, which more numerous on head and form mottled appearance. Length to 1,500 mm.\n\nDaipo, Hoihow, Sama, Amoy (Red Sea, East Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, India, East Indies*, Philippines, Formosa, Riu Kiu, Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nLycodontis reevesii (Richardson).\n\nLa chuy (Wax chub), La chucy (Waxen eel).\n\nMuraena reevesii Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 109, pl. 49, fig. 2 (not pl. 48 as stated in text). China Seas; Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314 (Canton).\n\nGymnothorax reevesi Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 38 (not fig. 22) (on Richardson).\n\nDepth 11; head 7¼, 3 in trunk; tail about 1⅕ in head and trunk. Eye 12 in head, 1¾ in snout. Mouth cleft 2¼ in head. Yellowish brown, with 3 or 4 longitudinal rows of dark liver brown spots, each little larger than eye; spots extend on head and at least 2 rows on fins. Belly yellowish with hyacinthine mottling. Length not given. (Richardson). China.\n\nLycodontis favaginea (Schneider). Figure 13.\n\nHW.F\n\nFigure 13. Lycodontis favaginea (Schneider).\n\nTsing teen chuy (Blue spotted chub), Ching teem chuy (Blue spotted muraena).\n\nGymnothorax favaginea Schneider, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 525, pl. 105. Tranquebar.\n\nMay 1932.\n\n159",
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        "page_number": 98,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "160\n\n140\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nGymnothorax favagineus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 37, fig. 22 (body and dentition) (Sama and Ying Khou).\n\nMuraena isingleena Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 108, pl. 48, fig. 1. Canton; Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314 (Canton).\n\nMuraena tessellata Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, p. 106 (China; types of Muraena isingleena).\n\nGymnothorax reevesii (not Richardson) Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, fig. 22.\n\nDepth 15% to 21½; head 7 to 9, 2 to 3 in trunk; tail little less than rest of body. Eye 9 1/5 to 12, 2 in snout. Mouth cleft 2 to 2½ in head. Head, body and fins with large polygonal or rounded black spots, separated by narrow white lines or distinct interspaces of ground colour, all or most spots wider than interspaces. Length over 1,100 mm.\n\nSama, Ying Khou, Canton (Arabia, East Africa, Mauritius, India, East Indies, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia*).\n\nLycodontis pseudothyrsoidea (Bleeker).\n\nMuraena pseudothyrsoidea Bleeker, Naturk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. 3, 1852, p. 778. Macassar.\n\nGymnothorax pseudothysoideus Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, 33, fig. 18 (dentition) (Daipo).\n\nMuraena thyrsoides Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, pl. 49, fig. (not description p. 111).\n\n(part).\n\nMuraena thyrsoidea Richardson, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 314\n\nMuraena macassariensis Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 8, 1870, P. 111 (China).\n\nDepth 13 to 20; head 7 to 8, 2⅔ to 29/10 in trunk; tail shorter than to nearly equal to head and trunk. Eye 8 to 12, 1½ to 2 in snout. Mouth cleft 2 to 5 in head. Brownish, with more or less conspicuous very fine white or yellow lines, forming network or sometimes body nearly entirely uniform dark brown. Length over 560 mm. (Weber and Beaufort; Chen).\n\nDaipo (Arabia, Zanzibar, Seychelles, Chagos, India, East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Queensland).\n\nPSEUDECHIDNA Bleeker.\n\nPseudechidna Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, 1863, p. 272. Type Muraena brummeri Bleeker.\n\nDepth 40 to 51. Teeth entire. Hind nostril without tube.\n\n1\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nPseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker).\n\n141\n\nMuraena brummeri Bleeker, Naturk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. 17, 1858-59, p. 137. Atapupu, Timor.\n\nPseudechidna brummeri (Herre) Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 42. (Amoy specimen).\n\nStrophidon sp. Wu, op. cit., p. 41, fig. 34 (head) (Amoy). Figure 14.\n\nFigure 14. Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker),\n\nRW.F\n\nDepth 36¼ to 51; head 11½ to 17, 4 3/5 to 7 in trunk; tail equals or little shorter than head and trunk. Eye 12½ to 20 in head. Mouth cleft 2⅖ to 4.\n\nDorsal begins at last third of head. Brownish olive or sulphur yellow, anteriorly part of head with small blackish dots, fins with white edges. Length to 1,032 mm.\n\nAmoy (Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines*, Japan, Queensland, Melanesia, Polynesia).\n\nDepth less than 30.\n\nENCHELYNASSA Kaup.\n\nEnchelynassa Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish Brit. Mus., 1856, p. 72. Type Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup, monotypic.\n\nTeeth entire. Front nostrils at short space from snout end, with low rim ending in bilobed flap behind. Hind nostrils midway between front nostrils and eye, oval, not much smaller than eye, surrounded by broad thin rim.\n\nEnchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard).\n\nMuraena canina Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, p. 247, Waigiu; Rawak.\n\nGymnothorax feyhonnieni Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 38, pl. 3 (anterior body and dentition). Daipo.\n\nMay 1932.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\n161",
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    {
        "id": 532859,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "page_number": 99,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "162\n\n142\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nDepth 11 1/5 to 14; head 7 4/5 to 7 2/5, swollen, 2 9/10 in trunk; tail slightly shorter than head and trunk. Eye 10 4/5 to 12, nearer snout tip than rictus. Mouth cleft 2 to 2 1/5 in head, not closing. Uniform dark purplish brown. Length to 1,300 mm.\n\nDaipo (East Indies, Polynesia, Hawaii*).\n\nUROPTERYGIUS Rüppell\n\nUropterygius Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1838, p. 83. Type Uropterygius concolor Rüppell, monotypic.\n\nBody long to greatly elongate, rounded or somewhat compressed. Eye small, covered with skin. Mouth cleft reaches behind eye, nearly or quite closes.\n\nMaxillary and mandibular teeth in 2 or 3 series, inner row longer and depressible. Vomer with 1 or 2 series of pointed teeth. Front nostril in conspicuous tube. Hind nostril in shorter or longer tube or with rim only. Gill openings small. Dorsal and anal rudimentary, confluent with caudal. Tail longer to shorter than head and trunk.\n\nTropical or subtropical eels of coral reefs or near shore. They represent the extremes of the morays in which the fins are vestigial or absent.\n\nUropterygius marmoratus (Lacépède).\n\nGymnomuraena marmorata Lacépède, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 5, 1803, pp. 648, 649. New Britain. Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost Asien, vol. 1, 1875, p. 406 (Shanghai).\n\nPage 143\n\nUropterygius concolor Rüppell.\n\nFigure 15.\n\n143\n\nUropterygius concolor Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, 1835, p. 83, pl. 20, fig. 4. Massaua, Red Sea.\n\nGymnomuraena concolor Chen, Bull. Biol. Dep. Sun Yat-sen Univ., vol. 1, No. 1, 1929, p. 41, fig. 24 (body and dentition) (Hoihow, Ying Khou).\n\nDepth 20 to 33; head 7 to 8 2/5, 2 2/5 to 3 in trunk; head and trunk equal or shorter than tail. Eye 10 to 12 in head. Mouth cleft 2 3/5 to 3 2/5. Rudimentary fins near point of tail often yellowish.\n\nUniform brown. Length 500 mm.\n\nHoihow, Ying Khou (Red Sea, Mauritius, East Indies, Philippines, Australia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nEVENCHELYS Jordan and Evermann.\n\nLong-tailed Eels.\n\nEvenchelys Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, September 24, 1902, p. 327. Type Muraena macrurus Bleeker, orthotypic.\n\nW.W.F\n\nHW.F\n\nFigure 15. Uropterygius concolor Rüppell.\n\nDepth 14 to 26; head 7 3/5 to 11, 3 to 4 in trunk; head and trunk 1 1/5 to 1 2/5 in tail. Eye 7 3/4 to 18 in head. Mouth cleft 2 7/10 to 3 1/10. Yellowish, brownish or brownish gray, lighter below, finely or coarsely marbled with darker. Length over 600 mm.\n\nShanghai (Zanzibar, Aldabra, India, Andamans, East Indies, Philippines, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nand mesial row of 4 depressible.\n\nsnout.\n\nFront nostrils tubular, placed on top of Hind nostrils on top of head above front eye edge, margin with rim. Gill openings small, oblique slits, edges prominent. Dorsal and anal covered by thick skin, former begins far before gill openings. Tail much longer than head and trunk,\n\nFigure 16. Evenchelys macrurus (Bleeker). symphysis biserial, uniserial on vomer, on premaxillary plate peripheral series\n\nBody greatly elongated, slender, slightly compressed. Eye small, covered by skin. Mouth nearly completely closes, reaches far behind eye. Teeth acute, compressed, biserial in maxillaries, uniserial in mandibles, near\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMay 1932.\n\n163",
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    {
        "id": 533196,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 170,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "247\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n249\n\nPlotosus anguillaris Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1865, p. 24 (Amoy; China).—Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 53, fig. 43 (Amoy).—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 (Hong Kong).\n\nPlotosus lineatus Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 15, 1840, p. 412. Red Sea, Seychelles, Malabar, Mauritius, Trinquimale, Pondicherry, Amboina, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Society Islands, Macao, Philippines.—Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 286 (seas of China; Macao).—Jouan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, 1868, p. 270 (Hong Kong).\n\nCanton.\n\nBagrus limbatus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 283.\n\nPlotosus arab Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 125 (reference).—Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 60 (Hong Kong). Plotosus canius Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdchr. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 125 (name only).\n\nDepth 53⁄4 to 7½; head 3⅜ to 5½; snout 2 to 3¼ in head; eye 5 to 7½; interorbital 3. Lower gill rakers 20 to 22 (rarely 16). First dorsal with spine and 4 or 5 rays, second dorsal 80 to 100; anal 68 to 75; pectoral with spine and 10 or 11 rays, spine shorter than dorsal spine. Brown, pale below. Young with 2 or 3 longitudinal whitish lines or narrow bands. Reaches 460 mm.\n\nChina, Hong Kong, Macao, Amoy.—(Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Siam, East Indies*, Philippines*, Tonkin, Formosa, Japan*, Australia*, Melanesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nFamily Tachysuridae.\n\nSea catfishes.\n\nBody elongate, back often little elevated. Head depressed or conic. Mouth terminal or partly so. Eyes sometimes partly cutaneous, usually with free edge.\n\nMouth narrow or wide, transverse or crescentic, on under side of snout and upper jaw mostly prominent. Teeth in jaws villiform, conic or incisors in one or more rows, in bands or patches. Palate with villiform, conic or granular teeth, sometimes absent. Maxillary, mandibulary and mental barbels present or only maxillary and mandibulary. Nostrils close together or posterior, with valve but without barbel. Top of head covered with thin skin or conspicuous rugose bony head shields variably exposed. Gill membranes united and joined with isthmus. Branchiostegal rays 5 to 9.\n\nDorsal short, with stiff or strong spine in front, premedian, between paired fins. Adipose fin shorter than dorsal. Anal below adipose fin, rays 14 to 26. Caudal forked. Pectoral lateral, rather low, with strong spine in front. Ventral median, rays 6.\n\nA large family of tropical and subtropical fishes, mostly marine or estuarine and a few in fresh water. Some of the species are known to have the curious habit of oral gestation, in which the male fish carries the eggs\n\nDecember 1932.\n\nPage 170\n\nPage 171",
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    {
        "id": 533199,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 173,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "252\n\n23\n\n254\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nBroad scaly flap between ventrals and scaly flap at outer axil of fin. Anal larger than dorsal. Vent slightly postmedian.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na1. Dorsal high as long; anal rays 15 or 16. myops.\n\na2. Dorsal considerably higher than long; anal rays 12. altipinnis.\n\nFigure 3. Trachinocephalus myops (Schneider). Trachinocephalus myops (Schneider). Figure 3.\n\nH.W.F.\n\nSalmo myops Schneider, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 421. St. Helena : on Forster.\n\nSynodus myops Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 147 (reference).\n\nSaurus myops Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 56, fig. 46 (Amoy).\n\nTrachinocephalus myops Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 59 (Hong Kong).--Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 (Hong Kong).\n\nSaurus lemniscatus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 301. Sea of China.\n\nSaurus trachinus Jouan, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, 1868, p. 271 (Hong Kong).\n\nTrachinocephalus limbatus Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1897, p. 68 (Swatow).\n\nDepth 43/5 to 63/5; head 33/4 to 4; snout 51/2 to 71/2 in head; cyc 43/4 to 74/5, adipose lids rudimentary; premaxillary 13/4 to 2; interorbital 61/4 to 111/2. Scales 55 to 61 in lateral line, 4 above, 6 or 7 below, 17 or 18 predorsal. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; anal 15 or 16; pectoral 22/5 in head; ventral 13/4. Pale or golden brown, lighter below, with 5 or 6 slightly bluish variable longitudinal stripes on back. Blackish scapular blotch.\n\nFins pale or yellowish, dorsal with dark spots. Reaches 325 mm.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n255\n\nHong Kong*, Swatow, Amoy.-(Natal, Portuguese East Africa*, India, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa*, Japan*, Australia, Melanesia,\n\nAlso in the Atlantic*). Polynesia, Hawaii*.\n\nChina.\n\nTrachinocephalus altipinnis (Günther).\n\nSaurus altipinnis Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1864, p. 397.\n\nSynodus altipinnis Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1872, p. 147 (reference).\n\nDepth 7; head 43/4; snout depressed, pointed, rather broader than long; upper jaw little longer than lower; interorbital space little concave and equals in width eye diameter; cach frontal bone with fine, inconspicuous, radiating striae. Scales 59 in lateral line, without keel on tail, 5 above, 7 below, 21 predorsal. Dorsal rays 11, higher than long; anal 12; pectoral 13, reaches eleventh scale of lateral line; ventral rays 8. Silvery band along side of body and tail, below lateral line and wide as scale. Length 255 mm. (Günther). China.\n\nSYNODUS Gronow.\n\nLizard Fishes.\n\nSynodus Gronow, Zoophylacii, 1763, p. 112. Linnacus, tautotypic. Species nonbinomial.\n\nType Esox synodus\n\nBody clongate, partly terete. Head depressed. Snout triangular, rather pointed. Eye rather large, well advanced. Mouth very wide. Pre-maxillaries not protractile, over half length of head, with 1 or 2 series of large compressed knife like teeth, inner larger and depressible. Single band of similar smaller ones on each palatine. Lower jaw with band of rather large teeth. Gill rakers very small, spine like. Pseudobranchiae well deve-loped. Branchiostegals 12 to 16. Stomach with large blind sac. Pyloric\n\ncaeça numerous.\n\nVoracious fishes of moderate or small size, living on sandy shores or at moderate depths.\n\nstick).\n\nSynodus japonicus (Houttuyn). Figure 4.\n\nHwa kow kwan (flowering dog stick), Fa kow kwan (painted dog\n\nCobitis japonicus Houttuyn, Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, vol. 20, 1782, p. 337. Japan.\n\nSynodus japonicus Seale, Phillipine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 59 (Hong Kong).-Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 (Hong Kong).\n\nSaurida japonica Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 58, fig. 47 (Amoy).\n\nDecember 1932.",
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        "id": 533200,
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        "content_text": "254\n\n255\n\n256\n\n(China).\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nSaurus varius Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1864, P. 395\n\nSynodus varius Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1872, p. 147 (reference).\n\nSynodus variegatus Richardson, Ichth, China and Japan, 1846, p. 301 (seas of China).\n\nSynodus synodus (not Linnaeus) Jouan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, 1868, p. 271 (Hong Kong).\n\nFigure 4. Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn).\n\nHWF\n\nDepth 6 to 8; head 3 to 4; eye 5 to 8 in head, 1½ to 1¾ in snout, equals interorbital. Scales 60 to 64 in lateral line, 5 or 6 above, Dorsal rays 12, anal 8 or 9, pectoral 12, ventral 8. Dusky above, below yellowish to white. Dark cross bands on back and sides, often with paler centers. Head with dark blotches and jaws barred. Fins, except anal and ventral, with rows of dark spots or cross bands. Length to 266 mm.\n\nChina, Hong Kong*, Amoy.—(Red Sea, Zanzibar, Natal*, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines*, Japan, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia* and Hawaii*).\n\nSAURIDA Valenciennes,\n\nBrush-toothed Lizards.\n\nSaurida Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 22, 1849, p. 499. Type Salmo tumbil Bloch, designated by Jordan, Snyder, Tanaka, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, art. 1, 1913, P. 53.\n\nSnout short, pointed. Eye moderate, with moderate adipose eyelids. Mouth very wide, with long slender premaxillary. Teeth in several irregular rows, unequal, pointed, depressible, more or less curved; 2 bands on each side of palate, inner much shorter and outer of 1 or 2 rows. Gill opening very large, membranes free. Branchiostegals 13 to 16. Scales cycloid, moderate. Opercles and postocular region scaly. Lateral line axial, more or less keeled along tail. Dorsal premedian. Adipose fin short. Anal far postmedian, below adipose fin. Caudal forked. Pectoral inserted above middle in body depth, rays 12 to 15. Ventral rather close behind pectoral, rays 9, inner rays longer.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist,\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na. Pectorals less than postorbital part of head.\n\nb. Scales larger, 48 to 54; adipose eyelids rather narrow.\n\nc1. Adipose eyelids broad; anal rays 10.\n\nargyrophanes.\n\nc3. Adipose lids narrow; anal rays 11 to 12., gracilis.\n\nb. Scales smaller, 63; adipose eyelids broad; anal rays 10.\n\neso.\n\n257\n\na. Pectoral longer than postorbital part of head; anal rays 11 to 12; scales 45 to 49.\n\ngrandisquamis.\n\nSaurida argyrophanes (Richardson). Figure 5.\n\nKin lin chuy (Silk scaled chuy), Kin lin cheuy (Silver scaled cheuy), Kam lun chui.\n\nSaurus argyrophanes Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 302. Most probably China seas.—Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 924 (Ningpo).\n\nSaurida argyrophanes Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 5, 1864, P. 400 (North China; China).—Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 68 (compiled).\n\nSaurida tombil (not Bloch) Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 2, 1865, p. 57 (Amoy).\n\nSynodus tumbil Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 147 (reference).\n\nSaurida tumbil Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., series 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 158 (Chefoo).—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 602 (Hong Kong).\n\nFigure 5. Saurida argyrophanes (Richardson).\n\nHWF\n\nDepth 7 to 9; head 3¾ to 4¼; snout 4 to 4⅖ in head; eye 8 to 9, adipose lids narrow; premaxillary 1½ to 1⅗. Scales 48 to 54 in lateral line, 4 above, 5 below. Dorsal rays 11; anal 10; pectoral 14 with length 1⅕ in postocular or 1⅘ in head. Dull brown, silvery to yellowish or whitish below. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral brown, tipped with dusky. Anal and ventral pale yellowish to whitish. Said to reach 610 mm.\n\nChina, Hong Kong*, Amoy, Chefu, Ningpo.—(Japan*).\n\nDecember 1932.",
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        "page_number": 177,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "260\n\n261\n\n262\n\nb. Dorsal rays 23.\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nc. Jaws short and stout; hind dorsal rays elevated.\n\ncrocodila.\n\nc. Jaws long, slender; hind dorsal rays short,\n\nindica.\n\na3. Caudal truncate; dorsal rays 14, anal 16; dark spot at middle of caudal base.\n\n446.\n\nstrongylura.\n\nFigure 8. Strongylura anastomella (Valenciennes).\n\nStrongylura anastomella (Valenciennes). Figure 8.\n\nBelone anastomella Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 18, 1846, p. China. Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 249 (Shanghai, China); Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., series 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 158 (Chefoo).\n\nMastacembelus anastomella Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (compiled).\n\nTylosurus anastomella Wu, Biol. Contr. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 63, fig. 51 (Amoy).—Sowerby, Nat. in Manchuria, vol. 4. 1939, p. 161 (Pei Tai Ho and Chin Wan Tao; Dalny and Antung).\n\nBelone ciconia Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 264 (Chinese seas; Canton).\n\nBelone esocina Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, 1855, p. 260. Mari prov. Shandun.\n\nMastacembelus esocina Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (compiled).\n\nTylosurus esocina Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 86 (compiled).\n\nDepth 14; head 31/5; snout tip to eye 12/5 in head; eye 16; interorbital 13; postocular 44. Dorsal fin 19; anal 22; pectoral 11; ventral 6. Brown above, scales edged black. Below white. Median blue black band along predorsal with parallel black line each side. Another bluish band along upper part of side of body. Dorsal and caudal tips dark. Reaches 567 mm.\n\n(Wu.)\n\nChinese Seas, Canton, Amoy, Chefoo, Shanghai.\n\nBelone esocina is very imperfectly described:\n\nBody with small deciduous scales. Head and snout like Esox belone Linnaeus. Fins short. Dorsal and anal opposite, similar, former little larger. Caudal emarginate. Back green, abdomen white. Length 475 mm.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nStrongylura indica (Le Sueur). Figure 9.\n\n263\n\nBelona indica Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, 1821, p. 130. Indian Ocean.\n\n(China).\n\nBelone annulata Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 240\n\nMastacembelus annulata Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (Hong Kong; name only).\n\nMastaccembelus annulatus Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, P. 154 (Hong Kong).\n\nTylosurus giganteus Chu, Biol. Bull, St. John's Univ., No. 1, 1913, p. 86 (reference).\n\nFigure 9. Strongylura indica (Le Sueur).\n\nKWF\n\nDepth 15 to 182/5; head 3 to 4; snout 13/5 in rest of head; eye 73/5 to 92, 2 to 21/2 in postorbital, 1 to 2 in interorbital. Scales 337 to 350 in lateral line, 255 predorsal, Dorsal rays 22 or 23; anal 20 or 21; pectoral 13 or 14; ventral 6. Dusky above, silvery white below. Lower lip with flap in young dark brown. Fins yellowish, dusky terminally, posterior half of dorsal dusky or blackish. Reaches 1216 mm.\n\nChina, Hong Kong*.-(Seychelles, India, East Indies*, Philippines, Japan, North Australia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nStrongylura crocodila (Le Sueur).\n\nBelone crocodila (Peron and Le Sueur) Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1821, p. 129. Mauritius.\n\nStrongylura crocodila Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 603 (Hong Kong).\n\nDepth 132; head 3; snout 13/5 in head; eye 9, 24 to 2% in postocular; interorbital 13/4 in head. Dorsal rays 22 or 23; anal 21 or 22; pectoral 14; ventral 6. Dark bluish above, silvery white below, back sharply contrasted. Dorsal and caudal dusky terminally, other fins pale, Said to reach over 1,000 mm.\n\nHong Kong*.-(Red Sea, East Africa, Mauritius, India, East Indies*, Tonkin, Formosa, Japan, Melanesia, Polynesia*).\n\nStrongylura strongylura (Van Hasselt). Figure 10.\n\nHo tsin (stork's bill), Hok tsam,\n\nBelone strongylura Van Hasselt, Algem, Konst Letterbode, 1823, p. 131. Batavia, Java.-Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 246 (China).\n\nDecember 1937.",
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    {
        "id": 533207,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 181,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "267\n\n268\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nHemirhamphus sajori Sowerby, Nat. in Manchuria, vol. 4, 1930, p. 162 (Pei Tai Ho, South Manchuria; Kiangsu Province in Yangtze Delta).\n\nHyporhamphus sajori Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, 1905, p. 203 (Gensan and Fusan).—Mori, Hand List Manchurian Vertebr., 1927, p. 176 (compiled).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 87 (compiled).\n\nBelone microstoma Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. 10, 1855, p. 260. Mari prov. Shandun,\n\nZenarchopterus microstoma Bleeker, Neder. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference; error).\n\nZenarchopterus microstoma Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 87 (reference).\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n269\n\nproduced. Anal not modified in males. Caudal forked. Pectoral short. Ventral small. Placed well postmedian or much nearer caudal base than gill opening.\n\nbroad.\n\nSea.\n\nSpecies rather numerous.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\nFigure 12. Hyporhamphus sajori (Schlegel).\n\nHW.F\n\nDepth 10 to 12; head 3% to 4¼; snout 2 1/5 in head from snout tip; eye 5 4/5 to 6, 2 to 2½ in postocular. Gill rakers 8+21.\n\nScales go to 106 in lateral line, 74 predorsal. Dorsal rays 16; anal 16 or 17; caudal deeply forked. Brownish, white below and silvery white lateral band, which expanded below front of dorsal. Beak black. Top of head and upper jaw dusky. Dorsal and caudal dusky, other fins pale. Length 250 mm.\n\nYangtze Delta, Nanking, Chefoo, Port Arthur, Pei Tai Ho, Korea.—(Japan).\n\nThe imperfect account of Belone microstoma is somewhat as follows: Body rounded, small. Head of Esox brasiliensis Linnaeus. Orbit triangular, narrow. Upper jaw short, lanceolate, lower longer. Jaw teeth minute. Body scaly, Fins short, Dorsal and anal opposite, equal.\n\nBack whitish, margin dusky.\n\nCaudal entire. Ventrals well posterior. low yellowish white. Length 237 mm.\n\nHEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier.\n\nHalf Beaks.\n\nBe-\n\n(China).\n\na. Hemiramphus. Triangular part of upper jaw broader than long.\n\nfar.\n\na1. Rhynchorhamphus. Triangular part of upper jaw longer than\n\ngeorgii.\n\nHemiramphus far (Forskal). Figure 13.\n\n Esox far Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. 13, 67. Lohaja, Red Sea.\n\nHemirhamphus far Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149\n\nHemiramphus far Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 86 (reference).\n\nDepth 6 4/5 to 7¾; head 2⅖ to 2⅗; snout 2⅓ to 3 in head from snout tip; eye 3¾ to 4; interorbital 3⅞; eye 1⅖ to 1⅗ in postorbital. Gill rakers 8 or 9+22 to 24. Scales 50 to 52 in lateral line, 32 to 34 predorsal. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; anal 10 to 12; pectoral 11 to 13; ventral 6; caudal forked. Yellowish, darker above. Silvery white lateral band, bordered above by bluish streak. Along each side of back 4 to 9 equidistant black vertical blotches. Fins pale, dorsal and caudal with more or less dusky terminally. Reaches 500 mm.\n\nH.W.F\n\nType\n\nHemiramphus Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 2, 1817, p. 186. Esox brasiliensis Linnaeus, designated by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 273.\n\nBody rather robust, sides compressed or somewhat flattened. Upper jaw very short, lower produced into a long slender beak, bordered with membrane. Beak short in young, longer with age. Premaxillaries form triangular plate with teeth fitting against toothed portion of mandible. Teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid. Air bladder cellular, sometimes with many partitions. Dorsal longer than anal, little advanced and last ray more or less\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nFigure 13. Hemiramphus far (Forskal).\n\nChina. (Red Sea, East Africa, Zanzibar*, India, East Indies*, Philippines*, Riu Kiu, Australia, Melanesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nEasily distinguished by the prominent contrasted back vertical blotches along the side of the body.\n\nHemiramphus georgii Valenciennes. Figure 14.\n\nHemiramphus georgii Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, 1840, p. 27, pl. 555. Mahé Bay, Coromandel.—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 603 (Hong Kong).\n\nHemiramphus cantori Wu, Contr. Biol. Lab, Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 65, fig. 53 (Amoy).\n\nDecember 1932.",
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        "id": 533209,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 183,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "270\n\n271\n\n272\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nEXOCOETUS.\n\nCYPSELURUS.\n\nb2. Pectoral longer, reaches caudal base. a2. Ventral longer, reaches beyond anal, origin.\n\nPAREXOCOETUS Bleeker,\n\nShort finned Flying Fishes.\n\nParexocoetus Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 3, 1866, p. 126. Type Exocoetus mento Valenciennes, monotypic.\n\nBody moderately long, elliptical in cross section. Snout short, lower jaw not produced. Teeth on vomer, palatines and pterygoids. Dorsal fin high. Anal long as dorsal. Pectoral short or moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal. Ventral short, not reaching anal, insertion median or postmedian.\n\nParexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson). Figure 16.\n\nExocoetus brachypterus (Solander) Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 265. Tahiti. Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 280 (China seas).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (reference). Exonautes brachypterus Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 87 (reference).\n\nParexocoetus mento Bleeker, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam (fifth article), vol. 18, 1879, p. 3 (China).\n\nDepth 4½ to 5; head 3⅘ to 4¾; eye 2% to 3, subequal with interorbital. Scales 38 to 42 in lateral line, 17 to 19 predorsal. Dorsal rays 12 or 13, longest reaching caudal; anal 13 or 14, long as dorsal; pectoral 1⅞ to 2½ in body, reaches first dorsal rays; ventral origin midway between nostrils or front eye edge and caudal base. Dark blue on back, silvery white below. Dorsal black above, other fins pale. Sometimes caudal and paired fins with pinkish tinge. Young with large dark lateral spots. Length 186 mm.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nEXOCOETUS Linnaeus.\n\nFlying Fishes.\n\n273\n\nExocoetus Linnacus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 316, Type Exocoetus evolans Linnaeus=Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, monotypic.\n\nBody moderately long, cross section partly quadrate. Snout short, blunt. Lower jaw but little projecting. Teeth present or absent on vomer or palatines, none on pterygoids. Dorsal not elevated. Anal opposite and nearly long as dorsal. Pectoral very long, reaches caudal base. Ventral premedian, nearer snout than caudal, short, not reaching anal base.\n\nExocoetus volitans Linnaeus. Figure 17.\n\nExocoetus volitans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 316. Pelagic in high seas of Europe and America.\n\nExocoetus volans Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 264. Seas of China and Polynesia.\n\n? Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 265. Sea of China.\n\nExocoetus monocirrhus Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 279 (compiled).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference).\n\n? Exocoetus apus Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, 1846, p. 107. Seas of China near Macao.-Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference).\n\nExocoetus evolans Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 282 (China Seas).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference).\n\nExocoetus obtusirostris Bleeker, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam (fifth article), vol. 18, 1879, p. 3 (Shanghai).\n\nH.W.F\n\nA.W.F\n\nFigure 16. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson),\n\nChina seas. (Red Sea, Natal, India, East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Hawaii*. Also in the Atlantic*).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nFigure 17. Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus.\n\nDepth 5 to 6; head 3⅘ to 4; snout 4% to 4¾; eye 3 to 4 in head, 1½ in interorbital. Gill rakers 7 or 8 + 24 or 25. Scales 40 to 47 in lateral line, 24 or 25 predorsal. Dorsal rays 13 to 16, anal 12 or 13 pectoral nearly\n\nDecember 1932,",
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        "id": 533210,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "page_number": 184,
        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "274\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nCaudal or quite reaches vent. Dark blue above, silvery white below, grayish. Pectoral gray or blackish, edges white. Ventral white. Length 240 mm.\n\nChina seas, Macao, Shanghai.-(Red Sea, Indies, Australia*, Melanesia, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nCYPSELURUS Swainson,\n\nLong finned Flying Fishes.\n\nCape seas, India, East. Also in the Atlantic*).\n\nCypsilurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Animals, vol. 2, 1839, p. 296. Type Exocoetus nuttallii Le Sueur, designated by Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, 1882, p. 380.\n\nEye large.\n\nBody elongate. Snout blunt.\n\nTeeth very feeble or absent. Dorsal little or usually not very high. Anal long or short. Pectoral very long, reaches caudal base. Ventral postmedian, nearer caudal than snout, large.\n\nSynopsis of the Species.\n\na1. Exonautes. Anal long, base subequal with dorsal base, origin opposite,\n\nrays 10 to 12 (branched).\n\nb1. No barbels at chin; first and second pectoral rays simple, third\n\ndivided.\n\nc1. Second pectoral ray long as first ray; ventral inserted midway\n\nbetween hind eye edge and caudal base.\n\nexsiliens.\n\nc2. Second pectoral ray about half longer than first; ventral inserted midway between middle of preopercle and caudal base.\n\nb2. One long barbel below front tip of mandible.\n\nrondeletii.\n\nmonocirrhus.\n\na2. Cypselurus. Anal shorter, base 1⁄2 to dorsal base, insertion behind\n\nfirst dorsal ray, rays 8 or 9 (branched).\n\nd1. No barbels at chin.\n\ne1. Pectoral without white transverse band; eye\n\n31⁄4 to 31⁄2 in head.\n\nf1. Fins uniformly pale.\n\nsimus.\n\nbahiensis.\n\nf2. Dorsal with large black terminal blotch.\n\ne2. Pectoral with broad oblique white band across\n\nlower half; eye 3 in head.\n\nd2. Chin with barbels.\n\narcticeps.\n\ng1. Chin with 2 very small barbels.\n\nhirundo.\n\ng2. Chin with brush of 16 to 18 long\n\nbarbels.\n\ncirriger.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\nCypselurus exsiliens (P. L. S. Müller).\n\n275\n\nExocoetus exsiliens P. L. S. Müller, Ritters C. Linne Natursystems. Suppl., Nüremberg, 1776, p. 209. Carolina.-Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference).\n\nExonautes exsiliens Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 88 (reference).\n\nExocaetus fasciatus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 265 (Sea of China).\n\nDepth 41⁄4 to 53⁄4; head 41⁄4; snout 4 in head from snout tip; eye 2 2/5; interorbital 23⁄4. Gill rakers 7+18. Dorsal rays 11; anal 12, opposite dorsal; pectoral reaches caudal base, first and second rays simple. Brownish Black above, silvery white below. Breast with 3 blackish cross bands. Spot on upper part of front dorsal rays, fin otherwise whitish. Anal and caudal whitish, lower caudal lobe with blackish spot at its distance from base. Pectoral dusky, edged paler above, with blackish basal, median and terminal areas transversely. Ventral somewhat similar, only basal whitish area larger. Length 270 mm.\n\nSea of China.--(Atlantic*).\n\nFigure 18. Cypselurus rondeletii (Valenciennes).\n\nH.W.F\n\nCypselurus rondeletii (Valenciennes). Figure 18. Exocoetus rondeletii Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, 1846, p. 115, pl. 562. Naples, Sicily, Canaries.\n\nExocoetus brachycephalus Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 297.\n\nChina. Bleeker, Nederl. Tijds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873, p. 149 (reference). Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., series 4, vol. 13, 1874, p. 157 (Chefoo).\n\nExonautes brachycephalus Chu, Biol. Bull, St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 88 (reference).\n\nDecember 1932.\n\n273",
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        "id": 533211,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
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        "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933",
        "content_text": "274\n\n275\n\n276\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nDepth 5% to 6; head 4 to 4½; snout 3 to 3⅘ in head from snout tip; eye 2½ to 3⅞; interorbital 2 to 3. Gill rakers 5 to 7 + 15 to 18. Scales 43 to 51 in lateral line, 30 to 33 predorsal. Dorsal rays 10 to 12; anal 12 or 13; pectoral with first 2 rays undivided, first ½ second, second third, fin reaching caudal base; ventral longer than head. Drab gray above, below silvery white. Dorsal dusky. Caudal and anal whitish. Paired fins blackish, pectoral edges whitish. Ventral edges pale. Length 275 mm.\n\nChina, Chefoo.—(East Indies, Polynesia. Also in the Atlantic*). Cypselurus monocirrhus (Richardson).\n\nExocaetus monocirrhus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 265. Sea of China.\n\nExocoetus monocirrhus Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 279 (copied).\n\nExonautes monocirrhus Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 87 (reference).\n\nEye rather large; black barbel wrinkled, springs from end of chin, flat or furrowed on surface of membrane between jaws, less than head in length. Dorsal rays 13, anal 13; pectoral 15, extends little beyond caudal base; ventral rays 6, inserted midway between snout tip and front portion of anal. Length 57 mm.\n\nSea of China.\n\n(Richardson).\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n277\n\nDepth 5% to 6; head 4 to 4¼; snout 3⅓ to 3⅘ in head from snout tip; eye 3¼ to 3⅖; interorbital 2 1/5 to 2½. Gill rakers 4 + 15. Scales 60 or 61 in lateral line, 33 or 34 predorsal. Dorsal rays 12 or 13; anal 8 to 10; pectoral reaches last dorsal ray base. Brown above, paler to whitish below. Fins uniformly pale. Outer portions of pectoral pale brown. Length 337 mm.\n\nHong Kong*.—(Melanesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*).\n\nHW.F\n\nFigure 19. Cypselurus simus (Valenciennes).\n\nCypselurus simus (Valenciennes). Figure 19.\n\nHW.F\n\nExocoetus simus Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 19, 1846, p. 105. Hawaiian Islands.—Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 296 (note).\n\nCypsilurus simus Seale, Philippine Journ, Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 60 (Hong Kong).\n\nCypselurus simus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 603 (Hong Kong).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 88 (reference).\n\nFigure 20. Cypselurus bahiensis (Ranzani).\n\nCypselurus bahiensis (Ranzani). Figure 20.\n\nExocoetus bahiensis Ranzani, Nov. Comm Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon., vol. 5, 1842, p. 362, pl. 38. Brazil. Bleeker, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam (fifth article), vol. 18, 1879, p. 3 (Shanghai).\n\nCypsilurus bahiensis Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univers., No. 1, January 1931, p. 88 (reference).\n\nDepth 5 to 6; head 4 to 5; snout 3¼ to 3⅖ in head from upper jaw tip; eye 3¼ to 3½, 1% in interorbital. Gill rakers 6 + 17. Scales 48 to 57 in lateral line, 33 to 40 predorsal. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; anal 9 or 10; pectoral reaches beyond end of dorsal and anal though not quite to caudal base. Dark blue above, silvery white below. Dorsal usually with black blotch. Pectoral dark terminally. Ventral pale. Length 380 mm.\n\nShanghai.—(Red Sea, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Micronesia*, Polynesia*, Hawaii*. Also in the Atlantic*).\n\nCypselurus arcticeps (Günther).\n\nExocoetus arcticeps Günther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., vol. 6, 1866, p. 289.\n\nChina.\n\nCypsilurus arcticeps Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo Austral. Archipelago, vol. 4, 1922, p. 182 (type).\n\nDecember 1932.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 70,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "140 \n\nHENRY W. Fowler \n\nSoft vertical fins scaly basally. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; Anal II, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral but slightly less than head, with long axillary scale: ventral 1 2/5. Back pale olivaceous, below whitish. No dark spot at pectoral base. Iris whitish. Reaches 470 mm. \n\nChina, Amoy, Hong Kong (Red Sea, Arabia, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines, Queensland, Micronesia*, Polynesia). \n\nMugil longimanus Günther. \n\nMugil longimanus Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 428. East Indies. Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 61 (Hong Kong). -Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference). \n\nMost soft \n\nDepth 3 2/5 to 4; head 3 2/5 to 4, width 1 3/4 to 1 4/5. Snout 4 in head; eye 3 3/5 to 4, with broad adipose lids; maxillary 3 3/4, concealed, reaches eye; upper lip width 1⁄2 of pupil; interorbital 2 1/5 to 2 3/5, broadly convex. Scales 33 to 37, transversely 11 to 12, predorsal 18 to 20. Vertical fins finely scaled. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; Anal III, 9; caudal deeply emarginate, scaly basally; pectoral 1 to 1 1/10 in head, reaches beyond spinous dorsal origin, with large axillary scale; ventral 1 2/5. Back grey brown or olive, rows of scales on back and side above with grey brown line. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral greyish, last dusky basally above. Lower fins and iris whitish. Length 223 mm. \n\nHong Kong (Portuguese East Africa*, India, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, Polynesia*). \n\nMugil carinatus Valenciennes. \n\nMugil carinatus Ehrenberg, in Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 11, 1836, p. 148. Red Sea; Seychelles; Guam.-Oshima, Annotat. Zool. Japon., vol. 11, No. 1, March 31, 1926, p. 19 (Haiho, Hainan).-Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 79, fig. 63 (Amoy).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference). \n\nDepth 4 2/5; head 4 2/5. Snout 4 1⁄2 in head; eye 4, with broad adipose lids; maxillary end exposed; interorbital 2 2/3 in head, slightly convex. Scales 41, transversely 14. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 9; pectoral 16, with axillary scale, 1 2/5 in head; ventral rays I, 5, fin 1 3/4 in head. White, dorsal surface darker. Length 183 mm. without caudal.\" \n\n(Wu.) \n\nHainan, Amoy (Red Sea, India). Although Day gives scales 34 to 36 in a lateral series his figure shows 40, of which 40 appear to be on the caudal base. \n\nMugil cephalus Linnaeus. \n\nMugil cephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, pt. 1, 1758, p. 316. European Ocean.-Jordan and Seale, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1905, p. 521 (Hong Kong; Shanghai).-Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, 1906, p. 516 (Port Arthur, Manchuria).—Seale, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, 1914, p. 61 (Hong Kong).—Evermann and Shaw, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 16, No. 4, Jan. 31, 1927, p. 114 (Hangchow).-Reeves. Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-Sep. 1927, p. 8 (Chingwangtao to Hong Kong). Sowerby, Nat. Manchuria, vol. 4, 1930, p. 157 (Pei tai Ho).—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 603 (Hong Kong). \n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist \n\nPage 70\n\nPage 71",
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    {
        "id": 549163,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 71,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "Arabia.\n\nA Synopsis of the Fishes of China\n\n141\n\nMugil crenilabis öur Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xiv, 74.\n\nMugil oeur Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 70 (Swatow).--Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 78, fig. 62 (Amoy).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nMugil cephalotus (not Valenciennes) Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 484 (Chusan).-Günther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 419, fig. (head) (Amoy, China, Chusan).—Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).-Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 923 (Ningpo).—Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., ser. 7, vol. 5, 1881, p. 106 (Swatow).\n\nMugil japonicus Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 247 (seas of China).-Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name).\n\nMugil macrolepidotus (not Rüppell) Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 249 (China Seas?).-Journ, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, 1866 (1868), p. 244 (Hong Kong).\n\nMugil dobula Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 224 (Hong Kong). -Bleeker, Nederl. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (name).-Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nDepth 32 to 43; head 3 to 4. Snout 3 3/4 to 4 8/10 in head; eye 3 1/5 to 4 4/5, adipose lids absent in young, greatly developed with age; maxillary 3 2/10 to 4 8/10 in head; interorbital 2 to 2 3/10, broadly convex. Scales 39 to 46, transversely 13 or 14, predorsal 17 to 28. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 8, young II, 9; caudal broadly emarginate; pectoral 1 3/10 to 1 2/5 in head; ventral 1 1/2 to 1 3/4. Dark olive or bluish dusky on back, sides and below silvery white. Each row of scales on side above with darker longitudinal streak. Dorsal and caudal grey, other fins whitish. Ventral yellowish. Reaches 760 mm.\n\nChina (Red Sea, Arabia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, Baluchistan, India, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, Japan, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia, Hawaii*, California, Chili, also Atlantic*).\n\nMugil ceramensis Bleeker.\n\nMugil ceramensis Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Indie, vol. 3, 1852, p. 699. Wahai, Ceram.\n\nLiza ceramensis Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-Sep. 1927, p. 8 (name).--Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, Jan. 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nLiza parva Wu, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, vol. 5, No. 4, 1929, p. 82, fig. 65. Amoy.\n\nDepth 3 1/6 to 3 3/4; head 3 8/10 to 3 3/5, width 1 4/5. Snout 3 3/4 to 4 in head; eye 3 3/4 to 4, 1 2/5 in interorbital, gelatinous lid forming narrow ring around eye; upper lip rather thick, ciliated; maxillary exposed, 3 1/2 in head.\n\nJuly 1935.\n\n72",
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    },
    {
        "id": 549166,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 74,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "75\n\n144\n\nHENRY W. FOWLER\n\nMalaya, East Indies*, Siam, Philippines*, Melanesia*, Micronesia Polynesia*). Likely Mugil melancranus Richardson may have been intended for this species, though its description is very imperfect, neglecting not only the proportions but also the fin rays. It is noted as follows:\n\nDepth 5 in total; head 5. Upper lip rather fleshy. Mouth large, teeth visible. Slender maxillary exposed. Scales 37, transversely 11. Soft dorsal and anal scaly. Caudal almost entirely scaly. Pectoral with long axillary scale. Back greenish grey, sides silvery, with yellowish grey line through middle of each row of scales. Top of head, circle around eye and borders of gill pieces dark oil green. Pectoral orpiment orange with blue mark on scaly base and other fins greenish grey. Length 195 mm.\n\nMugil macrolepis Andrew Smith.\n\nMugil macrolepis Andrew Smith, Illustr. Zool. South Africa, 1849, no pagination, pl. 28, fig. 2. Rivers and fresh water lakes of South Africa.- Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 595 (Shanghai), p. 603 (Hong Kong).\n\nMugil troschelii Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 70 (Swatow).\n\nLiza troscheli Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (reference).\n\nLiza troschelii Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 105 (reference).\n\nDepth 3 to 34/5; head 33/5 to 34/5, width 12. Snout 33/5 to 4 in head; eye 33 to 33/4, 11/2 in interorbital, gelatinous lids only as narrow cutaneous rim; lips thin, smooth; maxillary 47/8 in head; interorbital 22/5 to 24/5, broadly convex. Scales 30 to 33; transversely 11 or 12, predorsal 19 or 20. Dorsal IV-1, 8 or 9; Anal III, 9; caudal emarginate; pectoral 1% in head, without axillary scale; ventral 13/4. Back olivaceous, pale to whitish below. Dorsal and pectoral pale brown, other fins whitish. Length 125 mm.\n\nSwatow, Hong Kong, Shanghai (South Africa, East Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines*, Formosa, Pescadores Islands, Japan, Melanesia, Micronesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nMugil haematocheilus Schlegel.\n\nKeuen yu (dog's fish), Hwang we tze (yellow tail parer), Hwang ne tsae (yellow tailed), Won ne tsai, Chai ue.\n\nMugil haematocheilus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 7-9, 1845, p. 135, pl. 72, fig. 2. Nagasaki.-Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 249 (seas of China).\n\nMugil haematochilus Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).-Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880, p. 923 (Ningpo).-Reeves, Journ. Pan Pac. Res. Inst., vol. 2, No. 3, July-September 1927, p. 8 (name).—Sowerby, Nat. Manchuria, vol. 4, 1930, p. 157 (Tientsin, Peking, Pei tai Ho, Chin wang Tao).\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nM",
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    },
    {
        "id": 549168,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "page_number": 76,
        "title": "CO129-554-6 Hong Kong University- 1. Appointment of Dr. Chen Shas Yi as head of Chinese Department... 18-3-1935 - 28-10-1935",
        "content_text": "77\n\n146\n\nHENRY W. Fowler\n\nChina (Red Sea, Portuguese East Africa, Natal, India, Andamans, Malaya, East Indies, Philippines*, Queensland, New South Wales, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*).\n\nMugil crenilabis Forskal.\n\nFigure 56.\n\nH.W.F\n\nSea.\n\nFigure 56. Mugil crenilabis Forskal.\n\nMugil crenilabis Forskal, Descript. Animal., 1775, pp. xiv, 73. Red Sea.\n\nMugil lauvergnii Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., vol. 1, 1841, p. 174, pl. 4, fig. 3. China (Macao).-Günther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1861, p. 410 (name).-Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., vol. 4, 1873 (1874), p. 143 (reference).—Chu, Biol. Bull. St. John's Univ., No. 1, January 1931, p. 104 (reference).\n\nDepth 32 to 5; head 4 to 5, width 12/5. Snout 32 in head, blunt; eye 41/5, 13 in interorbital, without adipose lids; lips very thick, upper with 4 or 5 rows of papillae, lower with fleshy papillae; maxillary hidden or only end exposed; interorbital 11/5 in head, fat. Scales 38 to 44, transversely 12 or 13, predorsal 20 to 22. Dorsal IV-I, 7 or 8; Anal III, 9 or 10, origin opposite soft dorsal origin; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral 11/5 in head, without axillary scale. Olive above, white below.\n\nUpper pectoral base with small blackish spot. Length 500 mm.\n\nMacao (Red Sea, Madagascar, Andamans, Nicobars, East Indies, Melanesia*, Micronesia*, Polynesia*). Easily known by its thick papillose lips. The nominal Mugil lauvergnii Eydoux and Souleyet, apparently this species, is shown with the following:\n\nDepth 33/4; head 43/4. Snout 4 in head, very short; eye 4; no teeth. Scales 47 (of which 3 apparently on caudal base), transversely 11. Soft dorsal and anal with small scales basally. Dorsal IV-I, 8; Anal III, 10 (figure shows 9); caudal emarginate; pectoral rays 16, very short, 1/4 in head; ventral rays I, 5, fin 14 in head. Above grey olive, below silvery. Fins grey. Length 220 mm.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.",
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