[ { "id": 288834, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-159 - Sir Kennedy - 1872 [9-12]", "page_number": 207, "title": "CO129-159 - Sir Kennedy - 1872 [9-12]", "content_text": "810\n\nTHE LONDON AND CHINA TELEGRAPH.\n\nSUANGHAI SILK SHIPPERS, From 1st June to 28th Sept., 1879,\n\nAdantson, Bell, and Co. Balfour, Butler and Co. Barnet and Co. Birt and Co. \nBirley, Worthington, & Co. Bain and Co. \nBower, Hanbury and Co.... Bourjau, Hubener, and Co. \nBovet, Brothers and Co. ... Bull, Purdon and Co. Butterfeld and Swire \nChapman, King and Co. \nCoutts and Co. \nDent and Co. \nDickinson and Co. \nEssex and Co. \nFindlay, Wade and Co. \nFogg and Co. \nGamwell, F. R. \nGibb, Livingston, and Co..... Gilman and Co.\n\nBales.\n\n352 Jardine, Matheson, and Co. 276 Jarvie, John, and Co. \n57 Skeggs, C. J. and Co.\n\nTEA CARGOES AFLOAT.\n\nBales.\n\n[Nov, 18, 1872]\n\nShipping Intelligence.\n\nARRIVALS.\n\nAt YOKOHAMA.—From London, Sept. 23, Florence Nightingale.\n\nAt SHANGHAI.—From London, Sept. 25, Foutenaye; from Swansea, 23, Daylight; from Liverpool, Nov. 10, Agamemnon (str.); from Cardiff, Whinfel; from Southampton. Deccan (str.).\n\nAt HONG KONG and CANTON.—From London, Oct. 1, Golconda (str.), James Vinicombe; from Callao, Emigrante; from Boston, 4, Europa.\n\nAt SINGAPORE.—From Liverpool, Oct. 11, Agamemnon (str.); from Glasgow, 7. Saltes (str.); from Sunderland, 8, Stanley; from Hamburg, 11, Harmonia.\n\nDEPARTURES.\n\nFrom YOKOHAMA.—For London, Sept. 7, Audax; for New York, 16, Emulation; 18, Etta Loring; 23, Leander; 30, Ceylon.\n\nFrom HONG KONG.—For London, Sept. 15, Penrith; for New York, 18, Jessie Isabel.\n\nFrom SHANGHAI.—For London, Sept. 21, Priam (str.), Woodlark; From Foochow.—For London, Sept. 29, Zibu; Oct. 1, Eme.\n\nFrom HONG KONG and CANTON.—For Falmouth, Oct. 2, Hermine.\n\nFrom SINGAPORE.—For London, Oct 4, Eleanor; Nov. 12, Hector (str.).\n\nSHIPPING POSTSCRIPT.\n\nDEPARTURES.—Nov. 14, from London, for Yokohama and Hiego, Glamorganshire; 13, from Cardiff, for Singapore, Proserpine; 14, Massimo d'Azeglis, Elizabeth Child.\n\nLAID ON.—At London, for Shanghai, Carmarthenshire.\n\nSPOKEN.—Esperance, Newport to Hong Kong, Aug. 12, 33 S., 25 W. Franklin, Batavia to London, Sept. 28, 20 S., 60 E. N. C. D. H. (Amicizia, Italian three-mast schooner), Cardiff to Ceylon, Sept. 29, 16 S., 29 W.\n\nLEGAL.\n\nJUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.\n\nHART V. VON GUMPACHI.\n\nThis appeal from Her Majesty's Court for China and Japan came on for hearing, and presented some remarkable features. The appellant is a British subject, and occupies an important position in the service of the Emperor of China as inspector-general of customs.\n\nThe respondent is a naturalised British subject, and is an astronomer and mathematician. Both met in London in August, 1866, and it was alleged that Hart represented to Von Gumpach that he was entrusted with the formation of a college and observatory at Peking, which college was to be an institution for the teaching to the Chinese of Western sciences and learning, \"with a view to the regeneration of China,\" and that he was to procure a library and appoint professors.\n\nIn consequence of these alleged representations, Von Gumpach went to China, and his salary was to be £600 a year. He alleged that there was no such institution, and that he was willing to discharge the duties of his appointment.\n\nHe alleged that Hart represented to the Tsang-li Yamen, or Foreign Board, that he had absented himself, and he received an intimation from the Chinese Government that his services were no longer required; and since the 30th September, 1868, he had been unable to obtain any salary.\n\nHe brought his action against Hart in Her Majesty's Court, and claimed £3,000 as compensation besides his salary.\n\nThe cause was tried before a jury, and they gave £1,800 as damages and 176 taels for money payable to Von Gumpach.\n\nThere had been a demurrer and further litigation, and one point urged for the present appellant was that these were privileged communications from him as to the office he held under the Chinese Government.\n\nThe Court, after further litigation, decided in favour of the plaintiff (the present respondent), and the defendant (the present appellant) has obtained special leave to appeal to Her Majesty in Council.\n\nHe denied the alleged misrepresentations, and stated that the Court at Peking had found in his favour as to the representations, and gave damages to Von Gumpach for the loss of his situation, and for money due on account stated.\n\nHe appealed on several grounds—that the verdict was against evidence, on misdirection, and on the privileged communications.\n\nSir John Karslake, Q.C, with whom was Mr. F. Herschell (instructed by Messrs. Murray and Hutchins), appeared for the appellant; Mr. Benjamin, Q.C., and Mr. Myburgh (instructed by Messrs. Brooks and Co., of Doctors' Commons) were for the respondent, the plaintiff in the original action.\n\nMr. Benjamin discussed the several points. He urged that the appellant was liable to the respondent for the wrongs he had committed against him.\n\nThe Chinese Government had not adopted the acts of the appellant as their servant, and therefore it was not an Act of State.\n\nIt was idle for the appellant to say that what he did was by order of the Chinese Government, and that, therefore, he was not amenable to the laws in Her Majesty's Court for China and Japan.\n\nHe cited various authorities in support of his contentions that unless a Government adopted the acts of their servant, the servant was liable, and could not shield himself under the authority of an Act of State and justify the wrong he had committed.\n\nFurther, the learned counsel submitted that Her Majesty's Treaty with the Emperor of China gave all British subjects a right to resort to the Supreme Court for redress; and it was no answer for the appellant (the original defendant) to say what he had done was as servant of the Emperor when malice was alleged against him.\n\nThe question of privilege would not go to such an extent as to shield a man from false representations, and none of the cases cited would support the points raised by the other side.\n\nMr. Myburgh followed on the same side.\n\nSir John, in reply, cited several cases in support of the view he had submitted—namely, that the original action could not be maintained, and that the demurrer ought to have been allowed.\n\nIt was not an action between two British subjects, as was contemplated by the Treaty, but an action against a Minister of China for an act done as such Minister.\n\nBoth parties had been in the service of the Emperor, and the reports made by Mr. Hart were privileged communications, and it was not by merely alleging malice that the protection extended to such documents was to be removed.\n\nThe matter was of importance, and he asked their Lordships to allow the appeal.\n\nSir Montagu Smith, on the conclusion of the arguments, announced that their Lordships would take time to consider their judgment.\n\nCOURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH.\n\nIONIDES V. PENDER.\n\nThis was a case (tried last term) of some mercantile importance as to marine insurance, especially with reference to over-insurance.\n\nIt was an action on several policies of insurance, on goods, on profits, on charterparty, and of commission, amounting altogether to some thousands of pounds.\n\nThe defence set up was that there had been enormous over-insurance, and that the ship was not lost by perils of the seas, but had in reality been scuttled.\n\nThe policies were affected by a firm at Hamburg, who had chartered and loaded the ship for a commercial adventure to a port La Sineria.\n\nOn the voyage the vessel sprang a leak, and is making four inches water per hour in still water.\n\nCASUALTIES.—The Carolina (Spanish barque), from Manila to Cadiz, with tobacco, went a bore on Sandalwood Island. Sept. 15, but got off without damage, after remaining on the reef seven days.\n\nThe Hebe (ship, of Rotterdam. Meermans, from Batavia, to Rotterdam, put into Mauritius, Oct. 5, leaky, having encountered a very heavy N.E. to N.W., and S. W. gale Sept. 21st, in lat. 12 S., lon. 93 E., during which\n\nTHE LONDON AND CHINA TELEGRAPH.\n\n811\n\nNov. 18, 1872.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS.\n\nEXTRACTS FROM MEDHURST'S \"FOREIGNER IN FAR CATHAY.\"\n\nAfter what I wrote in my last letter of the negotiations between the commissioners of the two legislative bodies of this city having been broken off because they could not come to an agreement on the vexed question of the Bank Valuta, your readers will no doubt be greatly surprised to hear that, after all, the affair has been finally set at rest and disposed of by a compromise, both sides having given way to a certain extent.\n\nThe draft of the Bill sent by the Senate to the Burgerschaft, but rejected by them, served as a sufficient basis for a rapprochement, and as both parties were agreed in principle, and only differed on certain, though important, points, the door was again opened for discussion.\n\nAn abstract of the amended Bill as agreed to is as follows :--\n\nLaw for the Alteration of the Hamburg Bank Valuta.\n\nArt. 1. Closing of the Accounts based on Silver Bars.—The date is fixed for the 15th Feb., 1879, the Burgerschaft originally wishing it to take place within eight days, and the Senate inclined to keep them open for six months longer.\n\nAfter the above date the balances of accounts can only be repaid in silver bars.\n\nArt. 3. Denomination of Payments in the New Currency made through the Bank.—In all agreements and contracts where payment is stipulated to be made through the Bank, it is required to write after the amount the letters B.Z., which stands for Bank Zahlung, or Bank payment.\n\nI have dwelt thus much upon the characteristics of the servants employed by foreigners, not only to show how they fare in this particular, but because these servants are the only natives with whom the foreign merchant comes more immediately into contact.\n\nThe opinion prevalent at home that foreigners mingle in Chinese society generally is altogether a mistaken one.\n\nThe conventional rules of the Chinese are so constituted, and their habits of thought and customs so peculiar, that there is little or no encouragement to court acquaintance on either part, even were the entire ignorance of each other's language not to present a serious bar in the way of an interchange of ideas.\n\nThere is a class of Chinese brokers and middle men who haunt the offices of the merchants, but they are mostly shrewd, clever upstarts, whom the difficulties of interlingual communication have introduced into the trade, and, with rare exceptions, they lay no claim to respectability even with the Chinese themselves.\n\nThe language employed between these brokers and the merchants is a jargon made up of English, Portuguese, Chinese, and Malay words, tortured into unrecognizable shapes and constructions, and it is little fitted to sustain any conversation beyond what appertains to the mere technicalities of trade.\n\nI have frequently expressed to our merchants the opinion that it is a pity they do not take the trouble to learn the Chinese language.\n\nIt is an acquirement in the spoken form to an extent sufficient for all practical purposes; offers no difficulties that an average intellect and a moderate share of determination cannot surmount, and familiarity with it would have the effect of freeing the foreigner from the domination of roguish brokers and compradores, at whose mercy he now lies, whilst it would open the way to a more extended acquaintance and friendly intercourse to the mutual advantage of both parties.\n\nThere is perhaps no country in the world frequented by the English-speaking race in which merchants are so lamentably ignorant of the customs and resources of the locality in which they live as they are at this moment in China, and this is entirely to be attributed to a want of familiarity with the language.\n\nTHE SUEZ CANAL.\n\nThe Suez Canal Company will continue to insist upon its recent advance of tolls, and declares that it will appeal to the decision of the Government.\n\nThe Ottoman Porte has protested, by order of the Sultan, against the competency of the Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine to interpret the Act of Concession of the Canal—a power which belongs to itself alone.\n\nThe Turkish Government also maintains that, the company being an Egyptian association, subject to the Ottoman jurisdiction, and having its headquarters at Alexandria, cannot admit a foreign jurisdiction in respect to its differences with third parties.\n\nThere is some idea of inviting the Marine Powers to hold a conference at Constantinople, in order to agree upon a uniform system for the measurement of tonnage.\n\nForeign Intelligence.\n\nGERMANY.\n\n(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)\n\nHAMBURG, Nov. 12.\n\nArt. 4. Belehnungen (or advances on deposits).—After the close of the silver accounts the Bank is authorised to receive as deposits the foreign coin hitherto accepted, as well as gold and silver bars, and credit the depositors for the amount in the new currency, according to the regulations drawn up by the administrators of the Bank and having been approved of by the Senate.\n\nArt. 5. Deferred fulfilment of obligations to pay in Banco.—After the closing of the silver accounts, all still outstanding engagements in Hamburg banco or in species banco, whatever may be the period of their origin and the nature of the claim, must be settled by Bank payment in Imperial gold coin, or in double or single silver thalers of German mintage, at the fixed rate of 150 marks new currency for 100 marks banco, with an agio of 18 per mille for species banco.\n\nBills of exchange falling due on the 15th of February, but not presented for payment till after that date, are to be calculated at the officially quoted price of silver on the day of their maturity.\n\nArt. 6. Transitory Regulations.—During the period of transition, viz., from the date of the opening of the accounts in the new Imperial currency till the 15th of May, 1873, creditors of the Bank may have the amount of their balance in Banco transferred, partly or entirely, to their account in the new currency at the fixed rate of 145 marks Imperial currency for 100 marks Banco, as such transfers are to be considered as Belehnungen, or advances on deposits.\n\nThe sum thus transferred may, at any time during the period of transition, be re-transferred to the silver account of the owner; but all such re-transfers must be made before the expiration of the period of transition, in default of which the Bank is authorised to realise the silver for account of the proprietor.\n\nDuring the period of transition only those who have paid in gold coin or silver thalers are at liberty to withdraw their balances in the same money.\n\nDuring the period of transition no charge will be made by the Bank on Imperial gold coin or silver thalers paid in or taken out.\n\nThe publication of this new law will take place in the course of this week, and the date to be fixed for the opening of the accounts in the new Imperial German currency is expected to be the 15th inst.\n\nBut this arrangement has no effect on cash payments made in Hamburg and Lubeck currency, which retain their value as hitherto, till a sufficiency of the new money is coined, which, as the minting operations proceed but slowly, may be deferred for two or three years longer.\n\nIt will be seen by the above that the Bergerschaft have abandoned one of the principal points on which they were at issue with the Senate, and that is that the loss sustained by the conversion of Banco into new currency, the agio on silver being at present rather more than one per cent. above par, should be borne by the State.\n\nAs it now stands everyone who has Banco will only get 150 marks new currency for every 100 marks Banco, and must bear the loss himself.\n\nThe sharp and somewhat bitter remarks made by certain organs of the press in England respecting the award of the Emperor of Germany in his capacity of Arbitrator in the Anglo-American dispute about the San Juan question have found a responsive echo at Berlin; and if these counter remarks have not been translated and reprinted in the English papers, it is perhaps owing to the editors remaining reticent, not to aggravate and increase the ill-feeling between the two countries.\n\nOne of your contemporaries says that the award is remarkable for being written in the German language, instead of the customary diplomatic French\" to which the Germans reply that this is an exploded idea, quite out of date; that the despatches of the German Government—railway companies have received instructions to discontinue, from December 1, the eddies hitherto praised to emigrants, of a reduction in the fares—amounting in some instances to 50 per cent.—and double allowance of luggage (100 lb. per head).\n\nThe number of emigrants that passed through this city to the end of October, 1871, is officially stated to be 37,324 persons, whilst at the same period this year it has risen to 65,151, and before the end of the year will no doubt have reached 80,000.\n\nDr. Hilgendorf, a native of this city, and formerly director of the Hamburg Zoological Gardens, and now professor at the Royal Polytechnic at Dresden, has received a call to go to Japan to prepare young natives for their subsequent studies of medicine at German universities.\n\nA considerable number of Japanese are now studying at Berlin, Leipzig, and Heidelberg.", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-159 - Sir Kennedy - 1872 [9-12].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 324645, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-214 - Public Offices & Others - 1883", "page_number": 678, "title": "CO129-214 - Public Offices & Others - 1883", "content_text": "RECA\n\nDOMESTIC.\n\n-0. 671\n\n819\n\nREOP 16 JAN 87,\n\nOffice or Individual.\n\nDoberck\n\nDate.\n\n1883. Saw: 10.\n\nLast previous Paper.\n\nNo. 818\n\n(Subject.)\n\nHis Appointment as Director of the\n\nAccepts with thanks &c.\n\n529 Mt. header.\n\nInt.\n\n1426 PS\n\n(Minutes.)\n\nNew Observatory.\n\nI submit drafts to the Lt. Governor & Council\n\nhas regards the instructions\n\nDobeck\n\nhim\n\nTo be given to Dr. Doberck I would strongly approve stating that it is desirable that before proceeding to Hong Kong he should be attached for some\n\n18 (1100) 6 mos. 8-82\n\ntime to the Observatories at Leipzig & Kew respectively, particularly during the time that the instruments for the\n\nObservatory are being prepared.", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-214 - Public Offices & Others - 1883.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 368761, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]", "page_number": 582, "title": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]", "content_text": "## Chungking and the Yangtze trade\n\n38\n\nSsuchuan produces silk, tobacco, tea, sugar, maize, oil seeds, millet, paper fibres, hemp, indigo, various medicines, ramie, white wax, &c. An increased area is being devoted in Ssuchuan to opium cultivation, which is more lucrative than that of rice and pulse, which it is displacing. But Ssuchuan opium is inferior to the produce of Yunnan. The poppy fields of Ssuchuan, Yunnan, and Kueichou together are said to be ample enough to meet the requirements of nearly the whole of China. Opium is retailed all over Ssuchuan at 140-200 cash (about 6d. or 7d.) per ounce. In Lower Burma, the retail price of opium is about 13 rupees per tola, or nearly 60d. per ounce.\n\nThe commerce of the province is capable of very great development. The trade in silk, the culture and weaving of which are encouraged, might especially be increased. Ssuchuan is almost cottonless, and as the people wear cotton cloths all the year round, there is a great demand for cotton piece goods, and still more for Indian cotton yarn, which they weave into cloth, some of the manufactures being sent to Yunnan and Kueichou. At present, there is stated to be great ignorance of foreign goods, and only the difficulty of getting them, it is said, prevents a largely increased consumption. Good stout sheetings, cotton scarves and tape, red blankets, quinine, soap, and candles would be favourable articles of import in exchange for silk (the only important article so far sent to Europe), opium, wax, drugs, salt, tobacco, and musk.\n\nThe opening of Chengtu to foreign trade would have important results, while a steamer service to Sui-Fu would do much to develop trade. There are ample supplies of coal for steamers near the Yangtze. The mineral wealth of Ssuchuan is thought to be enormous, coal, iron, lead, salt, copper, &c. Salt is one of the chief products of the province, the output of the Tzulinching wells being valued at £2,500,000 annually. But European methods must be applied for the effectual development of mining in Ssuchuan.\n\nChungking (with a population of 300,000) is the commercial key of Western China, the sole wholesale market for foreign goods in Ssuchuan. It has been described as a \"perpetual Nishni Novgorod.\" It is remarkable for the volume of its trade, and the number and wealth of its merchants. Chungking is reached from the sea by the Yangtze, steamers bringing goods 1,000 miles up the river to Ichang, whence junks (estimated to number 7,000 annually) ascend over a part of the river that is troubled with rapids to Chungking (400 miles from Ichang). The journey down stream from Chungking to Shanghai occupies from 12 to 14 days, the up-journey about two months.\n\nSince Chungking was opened as a Treaty Port in 1891, endeavours have been made to establish steam communication with Shanghai, but not until the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan (1895) was this privilege conceded, and not until last May did a steamer (that of Mr. A. J. Little) reach the city. Chungking is not only the distributing centre for foreign goods but also an emporium for inter-provincial trade. It is connected with every important town in Ssuchuan by such busy waterways as the Tokiang, Minkiang, and Sulinho.\n\nHitherto, commerce from the sea-board has been impeded by the necessity of transhipping goods into junks at Ichang, and the time, labour, and risk attending this operation have curtailed the traffic. Freight to Chungking has cost 10s. per ton and 1s per ton per mile beyond, so that foreign goods have been heavily handicapped, especially as customs and transit dues have had to be paid in addition. If commerce is already considerable at Chungking—and according to the Customs Report, the exports in 1897 were over £1,000,000 and the imports £3,250,000—safer, speedier, and cheaper communications with the coast must largely increase the demand for foreign goods in Ssuchuan and also stimulate exports.\n\nAt present, the import of foreign manufactures is small considering the population. Mr. Bourne considers that skilled control of the navigation is necessary for permanent steam communications. Other important trading towns in Ssuchuan are Chiating, with 150,000 people, a very active agricultural and commercial city, the centre of the silk and white wax industries and of a large salt and timber trade; Hochow, with great traffic in silk, cotton, &c.; Wan Hsien, which is said to have doubled its trade and population in the last 20 years; Fuchow, Fengtu Hsien, &c. Steamer service would probably be practicable up to Sui-Fu, and thence up the Min River to Chiating.\n\nSui-Fu, situated at the junction of the Min and Chin-sha Rivers, is 17 to 30 days up from Chungking. It is the mart of Central Ssuchuan, and is in the midst of a district producing coals, salt, &c. Its dense population of 180,000 are engaged in different branches of silk culture. The shops offer a great variety of European goods, cottons, cutlery, toys, &c., in a word (says a member of the Lyons Mission), every bad bauble that Leipzig or Nuremberg can export. It enjoys a large and profitable transit trade, being the entrepôt for products between Ssuchuan, north Yunnan, and Thibet.\n\n39\n\n## Routes from the Yangtze to Yunnan-Fu\n\nThere are five routes from the Yangtze to Yunnan-Fu.\n\n### (a) Hankow to Yunnan-Fu\n\nThis is the chief official route. It goes by Hankow to the Tung-ting Lake and up the Yuankiang to Chenyuan-Fu, just within the borders of Kueichou. Here, after 40 days' journey, the boat navigation ends. Then the route lies overland through a mountainous region to Kueiyang-Fu (reached in 8 days), and traverses the rest of Kueichou through more fertile country. Yunnan-Fu is reached in 18 days from Kueiyang. Thus the total journey is 66 days. This route, known as the Mandarins' route, is but little used for commerce, as the likin duties payable on entering Hunan, Kueichou, and Yunnan, combined with freight charges, render produce too costly for sale in Yunnan. But goods (e.g., opium) required for Hunan and Kwangsi come from Yunnan by this route, while cotton goods from Hankow for Kueiyang-Fu traverse it. Better conditions in respect of transport and taxation would increase the trade in foreign goods. At present, these charges involve an addition of 20 per cent. ad valorem to the cost of cotton yarn and shirtings.\n\n### (b) Chungking to Yunnan-Fu via Kueiyang-Fu\n\nThe first town of note on this route is Chichiang Hsien, an important trade depot for north-west Ssuchuan-Kueichou, especially for salt. It is in water communication with Chungking, but navigation ceases at Chichiang. Kanshui, near the Kueichou border, is in a well-cultivated district producing coal, iron, and copper, and is famed for the manufacture of iron pans. Towards Kueichou appears a sea of bare rocky mountains. The precipitous banks of the Sungkan River must be crossed and also a pass 3,000 feet high before Tungtzubsien is reached. Passing coal mines and poppy fields, the traveller comes to Tsuni, a prosperous place with manufactures of very hard and strong silk cloth. There is much poppy cultivation before reaching the capital, Kueiyang (15 days from Chungking). Kueiyang-Fu is a large city with an active commercial population.\n\nThe road from Kueiyang-Fu to Yunnan-Fu traverses the valley of Langtai Ting, prosperous and full of houses, and famous for superior opium. The country continues difficult, and carts are not seen till the frontier of Yunnan is crossed. Ping-i-hsien (in Yunnan) lies in a large well-watered plain and has abundance of coal, which is found all the way from Kueiyang-Fu to Yunnan-Fu. Chan-i-chou is in a vast plain well cultivated with rice, and famous as the breeding ground of Yunnan ponies. Thence the route is by Yanglin to the capital.\n\n(An alternative route is from Hokiang on the Yangtze to Kueiyang-Fu. It proceeds up the Chishin-ho to Jeahuai-ting, a town with important salt traffic. There are several large and busy towns along this route, such as Tushan, trade being mainly in salt and opium. Anshun, a prosperous place S. of Kueiyang, reached by fairly good roads, is the second city in Kueichou, and has a brisk trade in local products, especially cotton cloths and whitewax insects, and in foreign goods.)\n\n### (c) Chungking via Luchow to Yunnan-Fu\n\nFrom Luchow, a town with a great business in transhipment of salt and extensive opium cultivation, the route proceeds to Nachi (nine days) and thence by boat up the Yungning River to Yungning Fu (four days), whence it goes overland through a part of Kueichou, and reaches Yunnan-Fu (21 days). This route is shorter than the Sui-Fu route (d). Moreover, the country is easier and the path better. But almost all the trade goes by Sui-Fu, because the Yungning route crosses a corner of Kueichou, which involves an additional likin, while on the Sui-Fu route Yunnan and Ssuchuan are conterminous. Goods from Chungking through Kueichou are said to pay three likins and twelve prefectural taxes before reaching Tali, while by the Sui-Fu route they pay only two likins and seven prefectural taxes. Yungning-hsien, being on the frontier of Ssuchuan...\n\n564 \n575", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 373946, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899", "page_number": 19, "title": "CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899", "content_text": "In any further communication on this subject, please quote\n\n479\n\nand address letter to--\n\nThe Secretary,\n\nAdmiralty, Whitehall,\n\nLondon, S.W.\n\n6.0.\n\n381\n\n& AAR IS JAN 19\n\nAdmiralty,\n\n11th January 1899.\n\n23608\n\n98\n\nSir,\n\nAmong the enclosures to your letter of 30th ultimo, relative to the extension of British Territory at Hong Kong, was a map, which was attached to Mr J.H.S. Lockhart's Report, and which was described as follows:-\n\n\"Sun-on district,\n\n\"Kwangtung province.\n\n\"Drawn from actual observations made by an Italian Missionary of the Propaganda, May 1866. Engraved by\n\n\"F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig\".\n\n2. An attempt has been made through the Engraver to obtain a further copy of the map, for retention in the Hydrographic Department of this Office, where it would be very useful in the amendment of Admiralty Charts, but without success; I am therefore commanded by My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to request that you will move Mr Secretary Chamberlain to cause steps to be taken to obtain a copy if possible.\n\n3. This perhaps might be effected through the Governor of Hong Kong.\n\nThe Under\n\nSecretary of State,\n\nCOLONIAL\n\nOFFICE.\n\nI am,\n\nSir,\n\nYour obedient Servant,\n\nEvan ...", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-295 - Public Offices - 1899.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 428182, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910", "page_number": 107, "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910", "content_text": "2\n\nmanufacture, benefit by a preference which, even without taking into consideration the strong parti pris evinced by the authorities against the German firm, now renders competition on the part of Kunst and Albers next to impossible. To set off these unfavourable conditions can only be mentioned the recent success of Kunst and Albers in securing the sole agency for the sale of the Novorossisk cement in this district - an agency which, though, is a most profitable one, inasmuch as the sale of foreign cement here has, on account of the duty, become very difficult, while the use of Russian cement is insisted upon for the important public works now in course of execution.\n\nThe firm of Kunst and Albers stands for the German commercial ascendancy in the Russian Far East, and the passing of its predominance, though due in part to entirely natural causes, is intimately connected with the growing antipathy to Germany in the country. This antipathy has manifested itself in various manners, but the clearest sign has been the attempted boycotting of German firms, not only in Kharbin, but also in several Russian centres, such as Iman, Posyet, and Nikolsk. The movement has not been carried on with any general cohesion, and its success has certainly only been of a very partial nature, but in Kharbin, especially, it took a considerable hold over the Russian population at large; in other cases, such as Iman, it was mainly supported by the regiments; in Vladivostock itself it has quite lately been taken up by the Jews, who complain of the wrongful dismissal of a girl clerk.\n\nThe Germanophobe attitude is not confined to commercial operations; it is also that of the local officials. In July last two German cruisers, the \"Scharnborst\" and the \"Leipzig,\" visited Vladivostock under Admiral von Ingersoll. The Admiral commanding the Russian Naval Forces in the Pacific, though fully aware of the intended visit, and though personally acquainted with the German admiral, left with his flag-ship, the \"Askold,\" a few days before the arrival of the squadron, and only returned after it had left. It is admitted in naval circles that the admiral's absence was designed. It was particularly remarked, as the governor of the province was also absent, and the commandant of the fortress only returned during the course of the German visit.\n\nThe touchy nature of the Russo-German relations is indicated by the exaggerated importance attached to incidents which would appear to have no real intrinsic value. For instance, when the Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovitch was in Vladivostock last summer, M. Dattan attended at the station on his arrival, not with the consular corps as German consul, but in the uniform of a warden of the Oriental Institute. This small matter was made much of, and interpreted as an attempt by M. Dattan to identify himself with Russia and curry favour with the local authorities. Again, when the Minister of Finance was recently in Vladivostock, M. Dattan left for Japan a few days before his arrival; his absence was read here as a protest against the attitude of Russia in the incidents of Kharbin, where the consul is known to be a protégé of M. Dattan's, and is believed to have been appointed owing to the latter's influence.\n\nWithout attaching an undue importance to the facts mentioned above, I have thought it expedient to put them before your Excellency, as they are indicative of a state of feeling which is most undoubtedly prevalent among population and officials, and which appears rather to be gaining in intensity.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nR. M. HODGSON.\n\nD\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\n[B]\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[158]\n\nNo. 1.\n\n106\n\n2765\n\nRECEIVED [January 3.]\n\nSECTION 6.\n\nSir A. Nicolson to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received January 3, 1910.)\n\n(No. 682. Confidential.) Sir,\n\nSt. Petersburgh, December 29, 1909.\n\nI called on M. Isvolsky to-day. I met in the ante-room the United States Ambassador, who had just left his Excellency. Mr. Rockhill, in a hurried conversation, told me that he had had a somewhat lively interview with M. Isvolsky, as the latter had stated that the recent attitude of the United States in Far Eastern matters had not been of a friendly character towards Russia. He had instanced the Chenchow-Aigun Railway, and what he termed the \"unbending attitude\" of the United States in respect to Harbin. M. Isvolsky had spoken in warm tones, but had said that his observations were not official and were merely of a general character. Mr. Rockhill had told him that he was glad that the remarks were not official, as it would have pained him to have had to report them as such to his Government. My American colleague added that the tone of M. Isvolsky during the last occasion or two on which he had seen him would almost make him believe that he was ready to push matters to an extremity, but that he knew that of course such was not his intention.\n\nWhen I saw M. Isvolsky a few minutes subsequently, I found him quite calm; and after discussing one or two questions, he spoke on the Aigun Railway. He said that Mr. Rockhill had left him a memorandum in which, inter alia, it was stated that an agreement had been arrived at for the construction of the railway from Chenchow to Aigun, in which Russian participation with that of others would be welcomed, and that this project would receive the diplomatic support of the British and American Governments. He was desirous of knowing whether this was a fact, and whether the agreement meant that a concession had been definitely granted. I replied that, so far as I knew, only a preliminary agreement had been reached, and that I was not aware whether the diplomatic support of His Majesty's Government had been definitely promised. I would make enquiry on these two points. M. Isvolsky said that he was anxious to have them cleared up, as he would then be able to know what position to adopt. There were not only the engagements between Great Britain and Russia of 1899, but also China had given the Russian Government assurances, I enquired of what nature. He replied that China had engaged to give to Russia the first offer of any concessions in those regions. It was true that Russia had declared in the Portsmouth Treaty that she was in possession of no special privileges, but he did not regard the promise of one Government to another as a special privilege. It seemed to me that here M. Isvolsky was getting on to rather thin ice - but I did not interrupt. If China, he continued, did not observe her engagements, and, without a word to Russia, granted to third parties concession of a line of the highest strategical importance, Russia would have to take steps to remind her. Russia's position should be weakened in such a manner. In respect to the southern section of the Bagdad Railway, Great Britain had taken up a firm attitude with respect to her interests in the Persian Gulf. The interests of Russia, as affected by the proposed line, were of equal importance. He then took up a map. It was clear, he said, that the projected line would run parallel for some distance with the eastern Chinese line, which it crossed, and then run straight up to the Russian frontier on the Amoor. He could not understand why Russia had been kept in the dark on this most important question, and was only informed of it when it was apparently a fait accompli. He could not fathom as yet the policy of the United States Government. They appeared to wish to run counter to all Russian interests. There was this railway, and again their attitude in respect to Harbin. Then they communicated to him a memorandum on the general question of the Manchurian railways, and omitted the most essential particular, which they had nevertheless communicated to all the other interested Governments. I interposed with a remark that Mr. Rockhill had rectified and explained the omission. M. Isvolsky replied that the rectification had been a curious one, as all that Mr. Rockhill had said was that he took the responsibility for the omission upon himself. I observed that I was quite sure that the United\n\n[2605 c-6]", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 451662, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-418 - Public Offices & Others - 1914", "page_number": 20, "title": "CO129-418 - Public Offices & Others - 1914", "content_text": "## Telegraphic Address \n\"Dresdner, London\" \n\nPresörer Bauk. \n\nAccrsflirsaden, donutzen wir ausschlie. far, Zahlphągałträge dod Bar- \nnich die \nDiganta vereinbarter Foruula \n\n**REC** \n\nCapital fully paid. ℳ 200,000,000 Reserve fund, ℳ 61,000,000 (£2,000,000) \n\nBerlin, Dresden, London, \nBremen, Hamburg, \nBreslau, Frankfort, Leipzig, Cassel, Hanover, Mannheim, Munich, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, \nChemnitz, Freiburg/B., Furth, Lubeck, Stettin, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden, etc. \n\n65, Old Broad Street. \n1st December, 1914. London E.C. \n\nHis Majesty's Secretary of State \nfor the Colonies, \nColonial Office, \nWhitehall. S.W. \n\nSir, \n\nWe understand that at the beginning of this month the Hongkong Government took steps according to which all German and Austrian firms in the Colony are being liquidated by British merchants appointed by the Hongkong Government, the Liquidators appointed being authorised to deal with the goods in possession of those firms at their discretion, by either delivering the same against payment, if sold on contract to the local merchants, or to dispose of unsold goods. \n\nAs we further understand that an inquiry was addressed by the Hongkong Government, through your Department, to certain British accepting houses interested in such shipments to express their agreement with the course taken by the Hongkong Government, we have the honour to submit that this Bank is interested in the financing of shipments of merchandise to a number of German firms in Hongkong, the names of these firms being...", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-418 - Public Offices & Others - 1914.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 453672, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-421 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [3-4]", "page_number": 458, "title": "CO129-421 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [3-4]", "content_text": "452 \n\nFrancisco, and a German Naval Officer was sent to Manzanillo. This officer at once bought Australian coal at $23 gold a ton to complete the loading of the \"Marie\", and he despatched her to join the \"Leipzig\" in the Pacific.\n\n4. \n\nThe Eng Hok Fong Company have undoubtedly laid themselves open to grave censure in relinquishing their charter party and selling their coal to a German Firm when war was imminent, but it would seem that their action was not one in respect of which legal proceedings can be taken. No evidence can be obtained locally as to the statement in the \"West Coast Leader\" that the Company telegraphed to Mr. Mowry that the German Government had purchased the \"Marie's\" cargo.\n\n5. \n\nWith regard to the S.S. \"City of Mexico\" belonging to the same Company, the only matter which I have to mention is that in September last, while in the waters of the United States of America, she installed a wireless apparatus. I am addressing you separately on this matter.\n\nI have the honour to be, \n\nSir, \n\nYour most obedient, humble servant, \n\nA. May \n\nGovernor, &c.", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-421 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [3-4].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 456694, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915", "page_number": 10, "title": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915", "content_text": "REC \n\n6609 7 \n\nREG O EB15 \n\n'Australia' \n\nNo X.190 \n\nH.M.A.S. \n\nat \n\n5 \n\nSea (Lat:43.59.S \n\n(Long:75.10.W. \n\n29th December 1914. \n\n \n\nSir, \n\nI have the honour to state that the following \n\nappeared in \"The West Coast Leader\" dated 31st October \n\n1914, published in Lima, Peru :- \n\n\"Mr Lyman J. Mowry, representative in Mexico of the \n\nEng Hok Fong Steamship Company, of Hong Kong, was a visitor in Lima during the past week, having arrived at Callao on board the \"Mexico City\", from Portland, Ore. Mr Mowry visited the West Coast to look over the business situation and left by the \"Mexico City\" to-day. The German Steamer \"Marie\" now in Callao, and which served as a coaling ship of the \"Leipzig\" was originally chartered by the Eng Hok Fong Company to take a cargo of coal from China to Mexico, and was on her way with this cargo when war broke out. A few days before she was due to arrive at port, Mr Mowry received a cable from the Company's main office in Hong Kong stating that the German Government had purchased, and paid for the entire cargo. Later it developed that this cargo was transhipped to the \"Leipzig\" on the high seas.\n\n \n\nWith reference to the above, I have the honour \n\nto point out that the Eng Hok Fong Steamship Company is \n\ngiven as \"of Hong Kong\" and that the Managing Owner's \n\naddress is given in Lloyd's Register as Hong Kong. The \n\nGerman Steamer \"Marie\" was in company with the \"Leipzig\" \n\nfor some time, and was one of the two colliers at \n\nGallapagos Islands on 23rd September with that cruiser. \n\nIn addition to the cargo of coal referred to above, the \n\n\"Marie\" also received a cargo of coal ex S.S. \"Mazatlan\" \n\nat Guaymas and this coal was also delivered to \"Leipzig\". \n\nThe \"Mazatlan\" was originally a German Steamer (name not \n\nknown) and transferred since the war to Mexican owners. \n\nThe \"Marie\" was subsequently interned by the Peruvian \n\nAuthorities on arriving at Callao with the crew of the", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 456695, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915", "page_number": 11, "title": "CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915", "content_text": "the \"Bankfields\" captured and sunk by \"Leipzig\".\n\nI have not yet been able to trace the \"Mexico City\".\n\n3. If not already done, it is desirable that the dealings of the Eng Hok Fong Company should be enquired into.\n\n4. A duplicate of this communication has been sent to Commander in Chief, China.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour obedient Servant,\n\n(Sgd)\n\nGeorge E. Patey\n\nVice Admiral\n\n3\n\n1", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-426 - Public Offices - 1915.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 460920, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5]", "page_number": 401, "title": "CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5]", "content_text": "# Detention Camp.\n\n## Hongkong, March 9th, 1916.\n\nTo the General Officer, Commanding Hongkong.\n\nMost honored Sir,\n\nPraying your forgiveness for intruding on your time, I beg permission to put the situation in which I am again before you, asking, most honoured Sir, your kind consideration.\n\nI am born 1870, 30 of June, in Strassburg, Elsass, by French parents. Four days after my birth the Franco Prussian war started. My father was fighting on the French side through the whole war, and got four French medals for brave deeds. Shortly before Christmas 1870 my mother and I were relieved from the Prussian siege of Strassburg by a Suisse deputation, and were brought to Switzerland. After conclusion of peace, when Alsace became Prussian, our whole family moved to Beaumont in France. To save a bit of property, my father had to become German. In Autumn 1871 however he was imprisoned again because he was accused by the Prussians that he was agitating in favour of France, and only released on condition that he moved a thousand kilometer away from our homeland into Prussian territory. He did so, moved to a place called Budingen, Oberjessen. A small farm was given there to him by the Government. After scarcely 3 months however he returned this farm, and moved with us all to Chicago. Since that time we considered Chicago our home. I was living there with my parents until I was 15 years, when my father died. Shortly after his death my mother, I and two younger brothers returned to Strassburg, where my mother re-married. As the treatment accorded to us three boys by our German stepfather was unbearable, my two younger brothers went over to Deaumont in France, and I went to Gymnasium in Strassbourg. I finished that with 19 years, and went then to University in Leipzig. Then I was called up to register as soldier in my 20 year, I applied to the American Consul...", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 460921, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5]", "page_number": 402, "title": "CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5]", "content_text": "# Petition to Proceed to Zion City, America\n\n398\n\nMy dear Sir,\n\nDoederlein in Leipzig, who saw things through. Being considered American, I did not come into any military service. After passing the final examination in Leipzig, I went in my 22nd year again to the States, where I worked with the founder of Zion City, Dr. Dowie, for two years. I then returned to Germany for 1 year, preparing and passing the examination in Leipzig Theol. College as D.D. \n\nAfter this, I followed an invitation from the founder of the China Inland Mission, Rev. Hudson Taylor, to act as his interpreter in Germany, Switzerland, and France, and I came out with him to China in 1896. Since that time, I have not been to Germany, had no connection whatever with Germany, and was told by the Consul General of Germany that he had no connection with me whatever.\n\nMy son Hans has been born here in China, is not registered in any German consulate, and has never been to Germany. We considered ourselves always at heart as Alsacians, politically as Americans, but never as Germans.\n\nWhen I wanted to explain things to the officer who boarded the China, I was told to wait till I was in Hongkong.\n\nTherefore, most honored Sir, it is my humble petition to let my son and myself go on to Zion City, America, to prepare a home there for my relatives from Feaumont, and my wife, who are now, since 20 months, again oppressed by the Prussians. If I had not had cancer for two years in my left arm, my place was not in China, but on the side of my brothers, who are giving blood and life to regain our homeland; and because the British nation is helping us in that heroic fight, we ask God to give us victory and our homeland. I have been 17 years in China without any rest and need rest very much.\n\nBut if it should be decided that I had to go to Australia, I would beg you, most honored Sir, to put my son and myself away from any German camp, as I do not want him to grow up among our enemies.\n\nI cannot write down all I feel about the situation, but I assure you that each word I wrote is spoken as before God. I can assure each statement with a holy oath.", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-432 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [3-5].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 465788, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-439 - Others - 1916", "page_number": 16, "title": "CO129-439 - Others - 1916", "content_text": "Napier Address\n\nDresdner, LondonTM\n\nPresower Batt#439\n\n15\n\nOrders for Cash Payments and adviong valid I issued on our special fumbared Force.\n\nre opening of personal credits will only be\n\nCapital fully paid. In 200,000,000. Reserve fund. M. 60,000,000 (£3,000,000)\n\nBerlin, Dresden, London,\n\nBremen, Hamburg,\n\nFrankforto, Leipzig, Cassel, Hanover,\n\nheim, Munich Nuremberg, Stuttgart,\n\nrg. Chemnitz, Freiburg/Br. Furth Lubeck,\n\nattin, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden, etc.\n\nREC 17 JAN 16\n\n65, Old Broad Street:\n\nLondon 15 Jan 1916\n\nThe Under Secretary of State\n\n#766/1916 D\n\nSi\n\n766\n\nColonial Office\n\nLaudo\n\nSw.\n\nWe are in receipt of your communication of 14th inst., and in compliance with your request\n\nwe have much pleasure in hereby amending the guarantee of the 6th instant by inserting\n\nthe additional word \"reasonably\" in the context thereof; the said undertaking\n\nreads as follows: \"We hereby undertake to His Majesty's Government for any balance that may remain\n\nof the proceeds of the goods after satisfaction of our claims, including sums reasonably expended\n\nin establishing, forwarding and selling,\n\nby adding the words,\n\n2\n\nthis being in accordance with your instructions to ourselves for the release\n\ngiven as requested in your letter of the 5th inst., intimating\n\nthat we are to hear from you to this effect so as to enable us to give instructions regarding this\n\nWe remain, Sir\n\nYours faithfully,\n\nTHE DRESDNER BANK\n\n[...Moraws...]\n\n \nPage 1\n\n(To be continued on next page)\n\n...\n\nPage 2\n\n(Continued from previous page)\n\n...", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-439 - Others - 1916.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 466575, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-440 - Others & Individuals - 1916", "page_number": 157, "title": "CO129-440 - Others & Individuals - 1916", "content_text": "Telegraphic Address \n\n\"Dresdner. London:\" \n\nPresöwer Bank, \n\n156 \n\nC. O. \n\n766 \n\nCapital fully paid. In £200,000,000 Reserve fund, M. 61,000,000 (£350,000) \n\nBerlin, Dresden, London, \n\nBremen, Hamburg, \n\nBreslau, Frankfort, Leipzig, Cassel, Hanover, Mannheim. Munich. Nuremberg, Stuttgart, \n\nburg, Chemnitz, Freiburg Br. Furth Lubeck, \n\nStettin, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden, etc. \n\nARE & JAN 16 \n\n65, Old Broad Street: \n\nLondon \n\nThe Under Secretary of State \n\n6th. January 1916 \n\nB. \n\nT. \n\nColonial Office \n\nLondon, S.W. \n\nRef.No.55331/1915 \n\nSir, \n\nWe beg to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of your communication dated 4th. January 1916, and in accordance with your request and in consideration of your sanctioning the sale of \n\nW B 3063 \n\n301 \n\n3034 \n\n160 \n\nthree (3) Cases Watches \n\nex.S/S Bulow \n\nat Hongkong \n\nC.Lopez & Lopez\" \n\n160 3084 \n\nwe hereby undertake to account to His Majesty's Government for any balance that may remain of the proceeds of the sale of the goods after satisfaction of our lien thereon including sums expended by us \n\nin transhipping, forwarding & selling. \n\nWe would, however, respectfully point out that before we \n\ncan proceed with the sale of the goods in question it will be necessary \n\nfor you to first instruct His Majesty's Hongkong Government who, we \n\nunderstand, have seized the above watches, to release them to our \n\nnominees Messrs. Alex. Ross & Co., Liquidators appointed by the Hong- \n\nkong Government to Messrs. Wm.Meyerink & Co. Hongkong. We shall there- \n\nfore thank you if, in view of our guarantee as set out above, \n\np.t.o.", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-440 - Others & Individuals - 1916.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 469746, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917", "page_number": 620, "title": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917", "content_text": "36\n\ndistributed throughout the country, and by the Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ltd., for the distribution of kerosene and liquid fuel. Messrs. Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co., Ltd., have a departmental store in Bangkok.\n\nThe total number of British subjects in Siam has been estimated at not less than 10,000, of which the great majority are Straits Chinese. The number of British-born subjects is approximately 1,000, including the official and business communities and the missionaries.\n\nGerman Activity and Influence.-German activity and influence in Siam is of comparatively recent growth, but has become increasingly felt of late years, and before the war was second only to the British, German enterprise and initiative is manifested in three distinct spheres, in each of which the efforts of her agents have been directed towards the national aim of extending Germany's political and economic interest in the country. The three main German spheres of activity are:-\n\n(a) The Official Sphere, where, in the capacity of advisers and administrators of the Government railways and the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, German officials have been able to wield considerable influence.\n\n(b) The Mercantile Sphere. The German firms in Bangkok entered the field 10 many years after their British rivals, but during the past years their competition has been increasingly felt, particularly in the import trade.\n\n(c) The Shipping Sphere. German activity under this head has already been referred to. Their shipping policy has been a deliberately selfish one, with the sole aim of securing for their nationals the greater portion of the import business, even at the expense of shipping dividends.\n\nThe German control of the Siamese State Railways dates from the award of the contract for the Bangkok-Korat line to an English engineer in 1892, and the appointment of an unsuccessful German tenderer as Director of Siamese State Railways to supervise the carrying out of the contract, The natural result of this anomalous position was constant friction, until, in 1896, the Government cancelled the contract, stopped the work, and took over the construction in addition to the direction of the line. The financial management of the railways was for some years a cause of friction between the Financial and the Public Works Departments of the Government, the German railway director advancing the theory that money allotted to railways in the annual financial budget of the kingdom must be under his absolute control, to be accounted for only to H.M. the King, and not to H.M. Ministry of Finance whence the budget issued. Furthermore, after the cancellation of the British contract, the director insisted that the purchase of all material must be left to himself alone, to be conducted by private tender, or without tender at all, as seemed to him best. The efforts of the Finance Ministry and its British adviser to ascertain how the large sums of money annually voted for railways was being spent were met by violent protests from the director, and indignant objection from the German Minister in Bangkok. It was not until the failure of a Leipzig bank, involving the loss of a sum of Siamese money which should have been in the Bangkok Treasury, effectively demonstrated the unsoundness of the system, that a better system of control was introduced. The management of the railways has suffered considerably from an excess of officialism. During the early period of construction almost all the material was bought in Germany, but since the insistence of the Finance Department upon an open and equitable system of tendering, most of the rails and bridge girders have been imported from the United Kingdom, the locomotives from Germany, and the carriages and waggons from the United Kingdom and Belgium.\n\nIt should be noted here that in the spring of 1909 the Siamese Railway Department signed an agreement with the Government of the British Federated Malay States, by which it secured a loan of 1,000,000l. for the purpose of extending the Siamese lines southwards from Petchaburi through Southern Siam, to link up with the Federated Malay States railway system. By this agreement, the British Government secures considerable influence throughout the length of the Siamo-Malay Peninsula to the exclusion of other foreign Powers. This railway will bring Bangkok appreciably nearer to Penang and Singapore and the great mail and traffic route through the Straits of Malacca, and will at the same time develop the fertile regions of Southern Siam which are at present unexploited.\n\nThe construction of this line is now well in hand, and the junction of the Malay States railways with the Siamese lines is expected to be effected towards the end of 1917. The port of Prai, opposite to Penang, is being developed, and it is expected\n\n37\n\nthat the development of Northern Malaya and Southern Siam will bring greatly increased trade to Penang, which will then become the nearest port of call to Bangkok for the through mail steamers. In addition, the construction of a line to the eastwards through the States of Pahang and Kelantan, which will develop the eastern states of the peninsula, is being accelerated. The inauguration of through rail connections will do more than anything else to cement the bonds of mutual interest between the colony and its great economic dependency, and to stimulate the growing trade between Singapore and Bangkok.\n\nThe German control of the Siamese Posts and Telegraphs is vested in a Director-General and two deputies. These officials are employees of the German Postal Administration, and their services are lent to Siam by the German Government.\n\nIn the mercantile sphere, German activity is centred in the hands of her merchants in Bangkok. The German houses are few in number and, with two exceptions, are of recent establishment. The principal German merchants are:-\n\nA. Markwald & Co., Ltd.-Established in 1850 as rice millers, importers and exporters, this house has the distinction of being the second oldest European firm of its kind in Siam. The company's head office is that of the well-known shipping firm of Rickmers, of Bremen, and Messrs. Markwald & Co. provide the Rickmers steamers with the bulk of their cargoes of rice. They operate one of the most modern rice mills in Bangkok, and were the pioneers of the bulk petroleum business in Siam, for which they constructed large tanks on behalf of the Shell Transport Co., Ltd. The firm are agents for the Austrian Lloyd and the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, and have a large fire and marine insurance business, holding, before the war, inter alia, the agencies of the London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co. and the North British and Mercantile Insurance Co.\n\nWindsor & Co., Ltd., of Bangkok and Hamburg, were founded, in 1873, under the style of Windsor, Redlich & Co. This house is the principal German shipping and import firm in the trade, and holds the agency for the Norddeutscher Lloyd lines both to Singapore and to Hong Kong. The great bulk of the transhipment cargo from Europe via Singapore has therefore passed through its hands, and it should be noted that most unscrupulous use has been made of the trade information thereby acquired. Messrs. Windsor & Co. conducted the largest shipping and insurance business in Bangkok, and held, before the war, the agencies of many important British companies, including\n\nThe Canadian Pacific Railway Royal Mail S.S. Line.\n\nArchibald Currie & Co.'s Australian and Indian S.S. Line.\n\nThe Shan Line.\n\nBritish and Foreign Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nChina Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nChina Traders Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nLaw, Union and Rock Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nLondon and Provincial Marine and General Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nManufacturers' Life Insurance Co.\n\nNew Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nScottish Union and National Insurance Co.\n\nSouth British Insurance Co., Ltd.\n\nState Assurance Co., Ltd.\n\nSun Life Assurance Company of Canada.\n\nUnion Assurance Society, Ltd.\n\nUnion Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd.\n\nThe Mercantile Bank of India, Ltd.\n\nIt cannot be too strongly urged that after the war these companies should be urged to place their agencies in British hands.\n\nBehn, Meyer & Co., Ltd. This well-known German house, with headquarters at Singapore and Hamburg, and branches throughout the Straits, Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, opened its Bangkok office in 1907, and the following year took over the business of Schmidt, Fertsch & Co. The firm has conducted a general shipping and agency business, and its competition has been most keenly felt in piece goods and general imports. The British agencies held by it include--\n\nThe North Western Insurance Co., Manchester.\n\nThe Western Assurance Co.\n\n£3\n\n615", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 480499, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-455 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [7-9]", "page_number": 229, "title": "CO129-455 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [7-9]", "content_text": "# \n224 \n\nreturned to Strassburg, where my mother remarried. As the treatment, accorded to us three boys by our German stepfather was unbearable, my two younger brothers went over to Beaumont in France, and I went to Gymnasium in Strassbourg. I finished that with 19 years, and went then to University in Leipzig. When I was called up to register as soldier in my 20th year, I applied to the American Consul Doederlein in Leipzig, who saw things through. Being considered American, I did not come into any military service. After passing final examination in Leipzig, I went in my 22nd year again to the States, where I worked with the founder of Zion City, Dr. Dowie, for two years. I then returned to Germany for 1 year, preparing and passing examination in Leipzig Theol. College as D.D. After this I followed an invitation of the founder of the China Inland Mission, Reverend Hudson Taylor, to act as his interpreter in Germany, Switzerland and France, and I came out with him to China in 1898. Since that time I have not been to Germany, had no connections whatever with Germany, and was told by the Consul-General of Germany, that he had no connection with me whatever.\n\nMy son Hans has been born here in China, is not registered in any German Consulate, and has never been to Germany. We considered ourselves always as Alsacians, politically as Americans, but never as Germans.\n\nWhen I wanted to explain things to the officer, who boarded the China, I was told to wait till I was in Hongkong.\n\nTherefore, most honoured Sir, it is my humble petition, to let my son and myself go on to Zion City, America, to prepare a home there for my relatives from Beaumont, and my wife, who are now since 20 months again oppressed by the Prussians. If I had not cancer since two years in my left arm, my...", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-455 - Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1919 [7-9].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 487706, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-468 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [6-8]", "page_number": 59, "title": "CO129-468 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [6-8]", "content_text": "# clear the way as it were, for a consideration of the concrete cases the main points \nof which are given in the detailed table appended to these papers,\n\n58 \n\nAs is well known the bacillus may persist for a long time in dust, in dried sputum, \nin urine, and so forth. When one sees how large a number of patients exhibit signs \nof tuberculosis after death, several of whom showed no marked signs during life, and \nwhen we know the bacilli are shed broadcast not only in the sputum but in the \nfine spray of coughing and moaning consumptives, the opportunities for the organism \nto gain entrance and to propagate are many. Thus, the bacillus has been found in \nthe sweepings of rooms (Manfredi at Naples, Karpmann at Leipzig), on fruit exposed for \nsale (Schairer), in the wards of hospitals (Strauss, Le Noir), in books, in the bodies \nof flies (Nuttall, André), on stethoscopes (Josyphsen, Nétel, Chaussé), as quoted by Étienne \nBurnet. *On trouve dans certaines poussières atmosphèriques dans ces \npoussières fixes que l'on pompe par le vide (vaseline); avec elle s'est déposée \nce qu'il y a de plus léger dans ce que soulèvent nos semelles que l'intense circula- \ntion de nos rues, et ce que crache une population malheureuse et très inguérissante.\n\nAs stated by Delépine the difficulties of elucidating the causes of an infectious \ndisease depend on the fact that we must take account of the various ways in which \nthe predisposing and determining factors have combined in their action, and the dif- \nficulties are increased when we attempt to assign to each its appropriate share. He \ngroups these factors under the following heads: 1. Distribution and habits of the \npathogenic organism. 2. Conditions influencing its number. 3. The pathogenicity and \ntoxicity of it, or, in other words, the conditions influencing its virulence. 4. The \nopportunities which the organism may have of gaining access to one or more channels \nof infection. 5. The conditions influencing the resistance which any possible host \nmay be capable of opposing to the attacks of the organism. 6. The frequency and de- \ngree of completeness of recovery from occult or manifest infection.\n\nThis comes into play more with regard to the question of adult tuberculosis, whereas the present in- \nvestigation is concerned with the disease as found in children.\n\nOf these factors those of special importance are the number and virulence of the organism on the one side and the degree of resistance which the subject attacked \nmay be able to oppose on the other.\n\nThere appears to be no doubt that the resistance set up, if not adequate for the destruction of the organism, even contributes indirectly to an increase in the viru- \nlence of the latter. Thus, an organism, e.g., the bacillus tuberculosis of reduced vir- \nulence in milk, after inoculation was found to gain in virulence according as the", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-468 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1921 [6-8].txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 528162, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931", "page_number": 119, "title": "CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931", "content_text": "## REPORT FOR 1930\n\n### MEDICAL DEPARTMENT\n\nThe majority of the out-patients during the morning clinics are children for whom Dr. T. Y. Li had previously arranged a special clinic.\n\nClinical work in the unit has been greatly facilitated by the extension of the laboratory attached to the medical wards. This has only been possible through the kind help of the Hon. Dr. A. R. Wellington, D.M.S. & S., Dr. W. B. A. Moore, D.D.M.S. & S., and Dr. Newton, M.O. i/c G.C.H., to all of whom we are grateful for their co-operation under difficult circumstances.\n\n**WILLIAM I. GERRARD,**\nProf. of Medicine.\n\n### OBSTETRICAL & GYNÆCOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT\n\n**Professor:** \nR. E. Tottenham, B.A., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C.P.I., F.C.O.G.\n\n**Chief Assistant:** \nD. K. Pillai, M.D.\n\n**Clinical Assistant:** \nS. K. Lam, M.B., B.S.\n\n**House Officers:** \nGuterres A. P., M.B., B.S. - January-June, 1930 \nCheung Shiu Fan, M.B., B.S. - July-December, 1930\n\nThe Department is responsible for the care of patients in certain wards at the Government Civil Hospital, and also in the Tsan Yuk Hospital, the latter by kind invitation of the Chairman and Committee of the Chinese Public Dispensaries. The cases treated include both maternity cases and diseases of women, and over 3,000 patients were attended in the Out-patient Department of the Government Civil Hospital.\n\nIn the year 1930, there was a total of 1,882 cases treated in the maternity wards, 1,807 of these patients were delivered. There were 90 obstetrical operations, and in all, only 8 maternal deaths, which gives a percentage mortality rate of about 0.4%.\n\n| Hospital | Total Number of Beds | Admissions | Deliveries | Still births | Maternal deaths | Operations |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| GOVERNMENT CIVIL HOSPITAL, DETAILS BUNGALOW (University wards) | | 556 | | | | 19 |\n| Tsan Yuk Hospital | | 1,326 | 1,251 | 69 | 2 | |\n| **MATERNITY DEPARTMENT** | | 1,882 | 1,807 | | 8 | 90 |\n| **DISEASES OF WOMEN** | | 215 | | | | 83 |\n\nIn the Gynecological wards, there was a total of 324 admissions, and 177 operations.\n\nThe University Council, in granting leave to the Professor after 4½ years of service, was good enough to supplement it with three months extra for the purpose of visiting some of the continental hospitals. Interest was taken in radium, theatre technique, the management of lying-in wards, and hospital organisation in general. Hospitals were visited in the following cities - Vienna, Paris, London, Dublin, Copenhagen, Lund (Sweden), Amsterdam, The Hague, Frankfurt, Leipzig, Berlin.\n\nDr. Pillai has been in entire charge of the Department for the year 1930; he has satisfactorily conducted the responsible duties entailed in the care of patients in both hospitals, and his work has shown that the Department could not have been left in more competent hands.\n\nPage 130", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-531-10 Hong Kong University- encouragement of Chinese students to counteract American influence 30-5-1931 - 1-9-1931.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 533115, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933", "page_number": 89, "title": "CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933", "content_text": "The Parasitic Slime-Moulds.\n\n37\n\nS. subterranea (Wallroth) Lagerheim. (Pl. 16, fig. 1). Wallroth, F. W. Linnæa, Vol. 16. P. 332. 1842. Wallroth, F. W. Beitrage zur Botanik, Vol. 1. Pp. 118-123. 1842. Lagerheim, G. de Journ. Mycol. Vol. 7. Pp. 103-104. 1892. Syn. Erysibe subterranea Wallroth, F. W. Linnæa, Vol. 16. P. 332, 1842.\n\nProtomyces Tuberum-solani Martius, K.P.F. von. Die Kartoffel-Epidemie der letzten Jahre oder die Stockfäule und Räude der Kartoffeln 1842.\n\nKhidosporium solani Rabenhorst. Leipzig. Pp. 614. 1844.\n\nMünchen. Pp. 70.\n\nDeutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora, Vol. Pilze.\n\n1.\n\nTubercinia scabies Berkeley, M. J. Journ. Hørt. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5. Pp. 9-34. 1846, Sorosporium scabies Waldheim, A. A. F. von. Apercu Systématique des Ustilaginées.\n\nParis. Pp. 51. 1877.\n\nSpongospora solani Brunchorst, J. Bergens Museum Aarsberetnung. 1886. Pp. 219-226, 1887.\n\nSpongospora scabies Massee, G. Journ. Bd. of Agric., England. Vol. 15. Pp. 592-599. 1908.\n\nSpores 414 in Onion germination they produce swarm spores which fuse in pairs and give rise to a plasmodium. Plasmodia when mature give rise to one or occasionally more spore-balls. The organism causes the host tissue to become active, and either produces abnormal development of cork, with a final production of a scab, or, if the root is attacked, a gall about a centimetre in diameter. Various species of the genus Solanum are infected, but it is most common on the cultivated potato. The organism has a world-wide distribution.\n\nThis organism is responsible for the disease of potatoes known in this country as \"Corky Scab,\" in France as gale ordinaire, in Italy as \"crosta,\" in Germany as \"Pulverschorf,\" in Holland as \"poederschurft\" and in Denmark as \"pulverskurv.\" The disease is first apparent as slightly raised pimples and slight discolouration, and when the tubers are cut the infected area is generally purple in colour. When the organism is mature the scabs burst and the spores become scattered. The fungus does not attack those parts of the plant which are above the soil. The distribution of the disease is interesting. After being recorded in England in 1842, it was found in the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, France, Sweden and Germany. Later it occurred in the United States and Canada, probably as the result of shipments of potatoes from Europe, but it was also found in 1891 by Lagerheim at Quito in Ecuador. He discovered that the disease was well known to the natives, and, since South America is probably the native home of the potato, it suggests that the disease first reached Europe from South America, spread through Europe, and from thence into North America. It occurs most commonly in countries with a heavy rainfall.\n\n44\n\nSpore masses irregular in shape, 45μ×70μ in size. diameter, with smooth, thin walls, generally yellow in colour.\n\n2. S. Campanula (Ferdinandsen & Winge), Cook nov. comb. (Pl. 16, fig. 2). Ann. Bot. Vol. 34. Pp. 467-469. 1920.\n\nSyn. Clathrosorus campanulæ Ferdinandsen, C. & Winge Ø.\n\n25# 10\n\nSpore masses developed singly in the cortical cells of the host, 50 in diameter. Spores spherical with smooth walls, 4-5μ—5μ\n\nSupplement No. 1, 1932.\n\n122", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-538-2 Hong Kong University 23-6-1932 - 15-3-1933.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 }, { "id": 537560, "series_id": 27, "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine", "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案", "series_use_hku_proxy": false, "document_key": "CO129-544-13 British Empire Fair- reports- etc. 10-8-1933 - 8-11-1933", "page_number": 44, "title": "CO129-544-13 British Empire Fair- reports- etc. 10-8-1933 - 8-11-1933", "content_text": "44 \n\n18 \n\nthat a sub-committee would be appointed, if required, to look \nafter the exhibits of manufacturers not represented in Hong Kong, \nbut, as a matter of fact, no such exhibits were presented, \n(manufactures were staged by their local representatives). \n\nU.S. \n\nThere was a regular succession of Leipzig Fairs held in long \nKong, possibly exhibits from U.S. could be increased in number \nconsiderably, and the cost be brought out on a tramp ship calling \nat ports en route and perhaps being the incentive towards the \nholding of regular trade fairs at the British ports en route. \n\nThe Fair Committee might usefully set up a permanent \norganisation in Hong Kong, similar to the Kansas Terminal in New \nYork, and undertake the marketing of goods until such time as \nbusiness develops to a degree that would warrant the appointment \nof an agent or the opening of a branch office. \n\n## FOURTH FARE \n\nThe following 13 subjects, as a convenient and suitable \nlist of sections in future Fairs: \n\n1. Communications \n7. Manuf'd products, \n13. Organisation of the \nFair. \n3. Shipping. \n6. Raw Products. \n2. Machinery. \n3. Agriculture, etc. \n8. Provisions \n4. Scientific, \n5. Aeronautics. \n9. Cultural exhibits. \n13. Care of absentee \n10. Entertainment, \nexhibitors, \n14. Finance. \n\n## ORGANISATION \n\nThe question whether future Fairs, if held, are to be \nlimited to British Empire goods or thrown open to the products of \nall nationalities, may cause some heartburnings. \n\nAlready, leading \narticles have appeared in the local Press suggesting that the next \nFair be called \"the Hong Kong Fair\", exhibits to be accepted from \nfirms in the Colony of all nationalities, also from local Chinese \nmanufacturers, and that a section covering Chinese exports be \nincluded. In the last Fair two German firms took space to show \ngoods which they import from British manufacturers. \nThroughout the \nbusiness", "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-544-13 British Empire Fair- reports- etc. 10-8-1933 - 8-11-1933.txt", "external_url": "", "rank": 0 } ]