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    {
        "id": 250091,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-079 - Public Offices - 1860",
        "page_number": 241,
        "title": "CO129-079 - Public Offices - 1860",
        "content_text": "239\n\nHong Kong, or Meer Turner Kong,\n\nA2\n\nof Hong\n\nMless Laprang of Hong Kong.\n\nI have the honor se.\n\n(Signed)\n\nBallybuckle\n\nI. B. O'Hanrahan.\n\nWaterford 17 Dang 1860.\n\nDear Doctor, Dear Sir.\n\nI am in receipt of your\n\nletter\n\ndirected to the late Captain D. A Brown,\n\nand in the absence of Captain Thomas Sullivan\n\nMt. Can I now\n\nand at the request of Robert\n\nundertake the painful\n\nduty of informing you\n\nthat poor Brown\n\ndrowned\n\nat his last\n\nduty\n\nnumbered with the dead.\n\nHe\n\nwas\n\npilot of\n\nthe Bremen Bark Leind in the dreadful\n\ngale of the 29th August last, in which the ship became a\n\ntotal wreck, with Captain Me Can, mate, 30 Chinese passengers\n\ndrowned\n\nout of 41 were\n\nall the crew, save\n\nand\n\none seaman;\n\nfragment of a body\n\nlost\n\nand not a body found of any\n\nthe deceased to mark the dreadful\n\nfate. I was formerly a friend & partner\n\nin pilotting with the deceased in the following business, and it is with painful\n\nfeeling I record his untimely and\n\nHe lost his life doing\n\nhis\n\nduty\n\nin\n\ntrying\n\nto save\n\nthe lives and property of\n\nothers; be found the ship going to pieces, chance to save any of the\n\nlives\n\nthe only\n\non\n\nboard,\n\nfastened\n\npri\n\nto\n\nas\n\nto\n\nget\n\nthe\n\nline fast\n\nmy dear brave\n\nand\n\nbrave friend volunteered to make\n\nthe",
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    {
        "id": 458193,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "page_number": 286,
        "title": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "content_text": "282\n\n2\n\nlocalities to which neither our party nor the numerous Chinese inspectors found their way.\n\nThe mountainous character of almost the whole of Kansu Province, and the badness of the tracks which serve as roads, render all travel off the few main trade routes extraordinarily difficult and arduous. But the amount of opium produced secretly in this manner would be quite insignificant.\n\nWhen travelling in the south of the province I heard rumours of the poppy being cultivated in the mountainous country west of Minchow and T'aochow inhabited by semi-independent Thibetan tribes. These reports applied more particularly to a lawless tribe living south of the Minshan mountains on the Szechuan border, whither it was impossible for me to penetrate without abandoning the inspection of more important poppy-growing centres in the west. It was, however, evident from our journey from Taochow to Labrang and Hochow, when we travelled by an unfrequented route through country inhabited solely by Thibetans, that the latter had not taken to growing the poppy. In spite of the elevation of most of this part of Kansu we passed through many deep sheltered valleys, warm and fertile enough to grow good crops of corn, without finding a trace of poppy cultivation.\n\nCL\n\nAn enormous crop of opium worth many millions of taels was harvested in Kansu in the summer of 1913. It was heavily taxed, so that both the cultivators and the provincial revenues benefited. The people were at the same time given to understand that they would not be permitted to grow the poppy another season. This prohibition, though hindered by the unsettled state of affairs brought about by the presence of the \"White Wolf\" rebels in the south of the province, was largely carried into effect in 1914, and practically complete suppression was arrived at this year. Any infraction of the prohibition of cultivation is now punishable by death. Successful suppression within so short a period as two years is due to the energetic and determined attitude of the present Governor, General Chang Kuang-chien, towards the opium question. He appears to have been on the whole well served by his district magistrates, with whom rests the responsibility of seeing that the prohibition is really carried out. Unfortunately, the suppression of poppy growing has not been unaccompanied by abuses and extortion on the part of small officials and Yamen underlings in outlying districts. The people complained in many districts of soldiers and Yamen runners searching the fields for solitary heads of poppy growing as weeds amongst the other crops, and in some cases even of planting poppies secretly on the land of innocent farmers for the purposes of extortion.\n\nAn acre of irrigated land in Kansu will produce a crop of opium worth ten times as much as a crop of wheat grown on the same plot; while owing to its high value and small bulk, opium is a particularly suitable commodity to handle for purposes of trade and export in a province without proper means of communication, either within its own borders or with the rest of China. The poppy is being replaced by cereals, hemp, and tobacco; but enough cereals are already grown for local consumption, while their bulk renders them unsuitable for purposes of trade; and the cultivation and manufacture of the latter are confined to certain localities. Opium suppression entails, therefore, particular hardships for the purely agricultural population of Kansu, and in view of this, and of the large number of confirmed smokers in the province, the greatest vigilance will be necessary to prevent recrudescence of cultivation during the next few years, more especially while the lax conditions at present prevailing in the adjoining Province of Shensi are permitted to continue. The people have doubtless kept stocks of seed which, in that dry climate, will remain fertile for years.\n\nConsumption of native opium in Kansu continues without any restrictions, and the number of confirmed smokers in the province is very large. I was informed by the provincial authorities at Lanchow that the matter would soon be taken in hand, and that they were at present engaged in enquiring into the number of smokers in each district with the idea of introducing some scheme of progressive reduction in the consumption of each individual smoker leading to complete cessation in a specified period according to age. Nothing, however, is likely to be done in the matter, as the people of Kansu, submissive and patient by nature, have been so bullied by the officials during the past two years over opium suppression and the collection of innumerable new and vexatious taxes, that the latter do not consider it safe to make a serious attempt to prohibit opium smoking. Further, local consumption is not likely to be effectively suppressed until the large stocks of native-grown opium at present in the province are exhausted. In the meantime, the high price of the drug—2,600 cash (about 2 dollars Mexican) per Chinese ounce in Lanchow—tends to discourage consumption except amongst the confirmed smokers. While the provincial authorities in Lanchow admit that no attempt is at present being made to interfere with consumption, the attitude of the local officials in some of the outlying districts is very vague on the subject.\n\n3\n\nThis, while at Ch'inchow, the seat of a Taoyin (Superintendent of Circuit), the streets reeked of burning opium after nightfall and smokers could be seen through half-closed doors enjoying their pipes, in the district of Li Hsien, forming part of the Ch'inchow Circuit, proclamations were posted announcing that anyone sowing, selling, or smoking opium would be shot. Such notices were, of course, meaningless and posted for our benefit.\n\nNo definite scheme exists for regulating the trade in native opium, which is still permitted to continue, in some places under taxation by licence, in others without any restrictions, according to the ideas of the local officials on the subject. Its transport through the province is taxed by means of special opium li-kin offices, which reap a rich but declining harvest. The result of such legalised trade in native opium is that large quantities of the Kansu-grown drug are smuggled into the other provinces of China. This secret export follows three main routes: through Mongolia to north China and Manchuria; viâ Sianfu and Tungkuan into Honan (in which province, owing to strict suppressive measures, the profits on smuggled opium are enormous); and via the Han Valley to Hankow. Our arrival in Kansu gave rise to much talk about suppressing all traffic in native opium, and I was informed by the provincial authorities that they were about to bring the trade to an end. But in the meantime, it furnishes a means of getting rid of the stocks in the province. These stocks are very large, and if left to be consumed locally, would last for decades.\n\nOur itinerary was as follows: from Miench'ih (the railhead in Honan) to Sian, the capital of Shensi, 205 miles; from Sian via P'ingliang to Lanchow, the capital of Kansu, 470 miles; from Lanchow viâ Titao and down the Wei River valley to Ch'inchow, 240 miles; from Ch'inchow viâ Li Hsien and Minchow to T'aochow in the Thibetan border country, 225 miles; from T'aochow via Labrang and Hochow to Lanchow, 220 miles; from Lanchow via P'ingfan to Liangchow and Chenfan on the edge of the Alashan desert in north-western Kansu, 250 miles; from Chenfan to Yungchang and thence through the Nanshan mountains and along the Kokonor border to Yungan, Tatung, and Sining, 328 miles; from Sining to Lanchow, 148 miles. From Lanchow we travelled by raft and boat on the Yellow River to Ninghsia and Paot'ou; and from Paot'ou by road again to Kueihuach'eng and Fengchen (the railhead of the Peking-Kalgan Extension line in northern Shansi). The journey was made on horseback with a small caravan of pack mules. We entered Kansu from Shensi on the 23rd May and left the province again for Mongolia on the 11th September.\n\nA sketch map showing the route followed is attached.*\n\nSir,\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nERIC TEICHMAN.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Chinese Minister for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOctober 6, 1915.\n\nWith reference to your Excellency's note of the 30th August, and my reply of the 1st September, I have the honour to inform you that I have now received a report from Mr. Eric Teichman on the tour of investigation for opium poppy cultivation recently made in Kansu Province under the terms of the 1911 Opium Agreement.\n\nMr. Teichman reports that no cultivation was found by the investigation party, and I, therefore, have the honour to inform your Excellency that I propose to prohibit the importation of Indian opium into Kansu from the 1st November.\n\nI avail myself of this opportunity to renew to your Excellency the assurance of my highest consideration.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n1",
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    {
        "id": 490021,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 512,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure 1 in No. 21\n\n## Mr. Teichman to Sir J. Jordan\n\n**British Legation, Peking, September 30, 1915**\n\nI HAVE the honour to report that I have carried out a joint inspection of opium cultivation in Kansu in conjunction with Mr. Chang Wei, of the Wai-chiao Pu, and that the result of our investigation shows that the cultivation of the poppy in that province has been successfully suppressed. During a journey extending over the whole summer, in the course of which we travelled some 1,700 miles by road within the borders of the province and visited many unfrequented districts, we did not see a single field of growing poppy.\n\nThe greater part of the province of Kansu suffers from insufficient rainfall, and the cultivation of the opium poppy on a large scale has always been confined to certain favoured regions where the rainfall is more abundant, or where the water supply is sufficient to permit of regular irrigation being practised. The chief of these regions are: the Yellow River and neighbouring valleys round Lanchow; the Yellow River valley round Ninghsia in the north; the valleys of the Sining River round Nienpo, and of the P'ingfan River south of Pingfan in the west; the T'ao River valley near Titao; the Wei River valley from Kungeh'ang to Ch'inchow; the districts of P'ingliang and Chingchow on the Shensi border; the southern slopes of the Tsinling mountains in the south-east; and the irrigated areas between the Nanshan mountains and the Alashan desert in the west of the province, notably the Liangchow plain.\n\nI visited all these districts during the season with the exception of the Ninghsia plain through which we passed on our return journey in the early autumn, and am of the opinion that very little opium was harvested in any of them this summer. The best opium in Kansu was formerly produced in the Liangchow plain and other irrigated regions in the north-west of the province, whence it was exported almost exclusively to Mukden, Tientsin, and Taiyuanfu by the desert route. Poppy was planted in the Liangchow neighbourhood this spring, but the crop was, I believe, in every case destroyed by the officials while it was yet young. We made a careful inspection of this plain, which consists of a string of oases of great fertility running north into the desert beyond Chenfan, and saw no signs of opium cultivation. Poppy was also planted on a small scale and subsequently uprooted by the officials in the districts of Ningyuan and Fuchiang (Wei Valley), Chingchow (Shensi border), and Ninghsia (in the north). In a remote valley in the mountains south of Fuchiang, where I had information of secret cultivation, there was evidence of poppy having been uprooted a few hours before our arrival. This crop, a very small one, would have been harvested had the inspecting party not visited that particular valley, and it is probable that a certain amount of poppy has been grown in similar secluded localities to which neither our party nor the numerous Chinese inspectors found their way. The mountainous character of almost the whole of Kansu province, and the badness of the tracks which serve as roads, render all travel off the few main trade routes extraordinarily difficult and arduous. But the amount of opium produced secretly in this manner would be quite insignificant.\n\nWhen travelling in the south of the province, I heard rumours of the poppy being cultivated in the mountainous country west of Minchow and T'aochow inhabited by semi-independent Tibetan tribes. These reports applied more particularly to a lawless tribe living south of the Minshan mountains on the Szechuan border, whither it was impossible for me to penetrate without abandoning the inspection of more important poppy-growing centres in the west. It was, however, evident from our journey from T'aochow to Labrang and Hochow, when we travelled by an unfrequented route through country inhabited solely by Tibetans, that the latter had not taken to growing the poppy. In spite of the elevation of most of this part of Kansu, we passed through many deep sheltered valleys, warm and fertile enough to grow good crops of corn, without finding a trace of poppy cultivation.\n\nAn enormous crop of opium, worth many millions of taels, was harvested in Kansu in the summer of 1913. It was heavily taxed, so that both the cultivators and the provincial revenues benefited. The people were at the same time given to understand that they would not be permitted to grow the poppy another season. This prohibition, though hindered by the unsettled state of affairs brought about by the presence of the White Wolf rebels in the south of the province, was largely carried into effect in 1914, and practically complete suppression was arrived at this year.\n\nAny infraction of the prohibition of cultivation is now punishable by death. Successful suppression within so short a period as two years is due to the energetic and determined attitude of the present Governor, General Chang Kuang-chien, towards the opium question. He appears to have been on the whole well served by his district magistrates, with whom rests the responsibility of seeing that the prohibition is really carried out. Unfortunately, the suppression of poppy growing has not been unaccompanied by abuses and extortion on the part of small officials and Yamen underlings in outlying districts. The people complained in many districts of soldiers and Yamen runners searching the fields for solitary heads of poppy growing as weeds amongst the other crops, and in some cases even of planting poppies secretly on the land of innocent farmers for the purposes of extortion.\n\nAn acre of irrigated land in Kansu will produce a crop of opium worth ten times as much as a crop of wheat grown on the same plot; while owing to its high value and small bulk, opium is a particularly suitable commodity to handle for purposes of trade and export in a province without proper means of communication, either within its own borders or with the rest of China.\n\nThe poppy is being replaced by cereals, hemp, and tobacco; but enough cereals are already grown for local consumption, while their bulk renders them unsuitable for purposes of trade; and the cultivation and manufacture of the latter are confined to certain localities. Opium suppression entails, therefore, particular hardships for the purely agricultural population of Kansu, and in view of this, and of the large number of confirmed smokers in the province, the greatest vigilance will be necessary to prevent recrudescence of cultivation during the next few years, more especially while the lax conditions at present prevailing in the adjoining province of Shensi are permitted to continue. The people have doubtless kept stocks of seed which, in that dry climate, will remain fertile for years.\n\nConsumption of native opium in Kansu continues without any restrictions, and the number of confirmed smokers in the province is very large. I was informed by the provincial authorities at Lanchow that the matter would soon be taken in hand, and that they were at present engaged in enquiring into the number of smokers in each district with the idea of introducing some scheme of progressive reduction in the consumption of each individual smoker leading to complete cessation in a specified period according to age. Nothing, however, is likely to be done in the matter, as the people of Kansu, submissive and patient by nature, have been so bullied by the officials during the past two years over opium suppression and the collection of innumerable new and vexatious taxes, that the latter do not consider it safe to make a serious attempt to prohibit opium smoking. Further, local consumption is not likely to be effectively suppressed until the large stocks of native-grown opium at present in the province are exhausted. In the meantime, the high price of the drug—2,600 cash (about 2 dollars Mexican) per Chinese ounce in Lanchow—tends to discourage consumption except amongst the confirmed smokers.\n\nWhile the provincial authorities in Lanchow admit that no attempt is at present being made to interfere with consumption, the attitude of the local officials in some of the outlying districts is very vague on the subject. Thus, while at Chinchow, the seat of a Taoyin (Superintendent of Circuit), the streets reeked of burning opium after nightfall and smokers could be seen through half-closed doors enjoying their pipes, in the district of Li Hsien, forming part of the Ch'inchow Circuit, proclamations were posted announcing that anyone sowing, selling, or smoking opium would be shot. Such notices were, of course, meaningless and posted for our benefit. No definite scheme exists for regulating the trade in native opium, which is still permitted to continue, in some places under taxation by licence, in others without any restrictions, according to the ideas of the local officials on the subject. Its transport through the province is taxed by means of special opium li-kin offices, which reap a rich but declining harvest. The result of such legalised trade in native opium is that large quantities of the Kansu-grown drug are smuggled into the other provinces of China. This secret export follows three main routes: through Mongolia to North China and Manchuria; via Sianfu and Tungkuan into Honan (in which province, owing to strict suppressive measures, the profits on smuggled opium are enormous); and via the Han Valley to Hankow.\n\nOur arrival in Kansu gave rise to much talk about suppressing all traffic in native opium, and I was informed by the provincial authorities that they were about to bring the trade to an end. But in the meantime, it furnishes a means of getting rid of the stocks in the province. These stocks are very large, and if left to be consumed locally would last for decades.\n\nOur itinerary was as follows: from Miench'ih (the railhead in Honan) to Sian, ... \n\n42 \n43 \n511",
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    {
        "id": 490022,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 513,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## No. 22.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Viscount Grey. (Received October 16.)\n\nPeking, September 13, 1916.\n\nTHE \"Yunnan opium case\" is a scandal that has caused considerable excitement in Chinese circles. A party of official delegates from the Yunnan provincial government to a political conference at Peking, including the Minister of Justice in the new Cabinet, arrived in Shanghai on the 5th ultimo with a large quantity of baggage, which was passed without examination by the customs in accordance with official applications for special privileges made in Yunnan by the Minister of Justice himself, and in Shanghai by the highest Chinese authority, the Taoyin. It was then discovered that sixty trunks of the party's baggage contained Yunnan opium. Twenty-four of these trunks were found and confiscated, the value of their contents being variously estimated at 375,000 dollars to 1,000,000 dollars. Thirty-six trunks are still missing. Six of the delegates were arrested and tried at the Mixed Court, of whom three were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, one was fined, and two were acquitted. The Minister of Justice was declared by the prosecution to be innocent, and his appointment to the Ministry has since been confirmed by Parliament; but a large body of public opinion considers that his innocence has not been satisfactorily established. The Taoyin of Shanghai was, of course, not charged, but his complicity was fully demonstrated in court, and he has since resigned office on the plea of ill-health. The whole incident has revived interest in the anti-opium movement and in the question of the sincerity of the new Government in connection therewith, and the effect can hardly fail to be to strengthen the hands of the reformers.\n\n## No. 23.\n\nSir,\nEnclosure 2 in No. 21.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Chinese Minister for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOctober 6, 1915.\n\n**WITH** reference to your Excellency's note of the 30th August, and my reply of the 1st September, I have the honour to inform you that I have now received a report from Mr. Eric Teichman on the tour of investigation for opium poppy cultivation recently made in Kansu province under the terms of the 1911 Opium Agreement.\n\nMr. Teichman reports that no cultivation was found by the investigation party, and I, therefore, have the honour to inform your Excellency that I propose to prohibit the importation of Indian opium into Kansu from the 1st November.\n\nI avail myself of this opportunity to renew to your Excellency the assurance of my highest consideration.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n## No. 24.\n\nMy Lord,\n\nSir J. Jordan to Viscount Grey. (Received October 16.)\n\nPeking, September 13, 1916.\n\n45 \n44 \n\nthe capital of Shensi, 205 miles; from Sian viâ P'ingliang to Lanchow, the capital of Kansu, 470 miles; from Lanchow via Titao and down the Wei River valley to Ch'inchow, 240 miles; from Chinchow viâ Li Hsien and Minchow to Taochow in the Tibetan border country, 225 miles; from T'aochow via Labrang and Hochow to Lanchow, 220 miles; from Lanchow via P'ingfan to Liangchow and Chenfan on the edge of the Alashan desert in north-western Kansu, 250 miles; from Chenfan to Yungchang and thence through the Nanshan mountains and along the Kokonor border to Yungan, Tatung and Sining, 328 miles; from Sining to Lanchow, 148 miles. From Lanchow we travelled by raft and boat on the Yellow River to Ninghsia and Paot'ou; and from Paot'ou by road again to Kueihuach'eng and Fengchen (the railhead of the Peking-Kalgan Extension line in northern Shansi). The journey was made on horseback with a small caravan of pack mules. We entered Kansu from Shensi on the 23rd May, and left the province again for Mongolia on the 11th September.\n\nA sketch map showing the route followed is attached.*\n\nI have, &c.\n\nERIC TEICHMAN,\n\nAt an interview with the Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs this afternoon, I recapitulated the course of events in connection with opium suppression, and asked what was the present attitude of the Chinese Government. Dr. Chen said that the matter had been recently discussed by the Cabinet, and that it had been decided to adopt a policy of vigorous suppression. As regards the closing of the provinces, he promised to examine the questions and communicate with me on the subject later.\n\nI confidently anticipate that application will be made in due course for the joint inspection of Kiangsu and Kiangsi next spring, and for the closing without examination of the few remaining unclosed provinces, into which Indian opium does not as a rule find its way. If this application is complied with, and if as a result of inspection the two provinces named are placed upon the list, the Shanghai trade will come to an end, and the only important province still open to Indian opium will be Kwangtung. Conditions are too unsettled in that province at present to enable any forecast to be made as to the date at which it will eventually be closed.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\nMr. Alston to Mr. Balfour.—(Received January 22.)\n\nPeking, January 22, 1917.\n\n(Telegraphic.)\n\nOPIUM. Sir J. Jordan's despatch of 13th September, 1916, last paragraph.\n\nI have received note from Chinese Government intimating intention to apply for joint inspection of Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Kuangtung, Shensi, Yunnan and Kueichow.\n\nSeason for poppy flowering in Kuangtung begins next month.\n\nI request instructions as soon as possible.\n\n## \n\nSir,\n\nMr. Alston to Mr. Balfour.—(Received January 24, 1917.)\n\nPeking, December 18, 1916.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report the following case as exemplifying the attitude of some of the southern provinces towards the question of opium suppression, and the lack of control exercised by the Central Government over these distant regions in enforcing its oft-repeated injunctions for the abolition of the trade.\n\nAs you are aware, the province of Kuangsi was closed in February 1913 to the importation of Indian opium in accordance with article 3 of the Opium Agreement of 1911, on the understanding that the province had effectually suppressed the cultivation and import of native opium. In spite of this, however, a good deal of the drug continued to be smuggled in from the neighbouring province of Yunnan, some of it for local consumption and some in transit to the province of Kwangtung, which is still open to the trade, and His Majesty's consul at Wuchow recently reported that the local authorities, whilst outwardly issuing proclamations and offering rewards for seizures of opium, were themselves secretly engaged in the traffic. An office, known as the `Chou Hsiang Chu`, or Revenue-raising Bureau, had been established at Nanning, the provincial capital, to devise means for procuring funds for military purposes, and, among other schemes to this end, was one for legalising the transport of opium throughout the province. Permits, it was said, were issued by the bureau, for which a fee was charged at the rate of a dollar an ounce, whilst an official \"ring\" was formed for the actual control and sale of the drug.\n\nParticulars of the system were supplied to His Majesty's Legation by His Majesty's consul at Wuchow, and though it will be seen that the Tuchun, or Military Governor, denies that there is any truth in the story, it appears nevertheless to be a matter of common knowledge, and it is more than probable that the Governor is himself implicated in the scheme. At all events, on the 12th September His Majesty's Minister received a telegram from His Majesty's Consul stating that 1,700 catties (about 2,270 lb) of opium had been seized at Wuchow by the local authorities at his instigation, but that the Governor had ordered it to be sent to Nanning, where there was reason to believe that it would not be ... \n\nPage 512 \nPage 45 \nPage 44",
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