[
    {
        "id": 241301,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-062 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 326,
        "title": "CO129-062 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "324\n\n25\n\nAr\n\nDATE\n\nFRAM\n\nDara\n\n[NO. 6. FEBRUARY 10, 7\n\nMERCHANT VESSEL&-Continual.\n\nJune 29 117 Dent, Beale and Co\n\nJan. 12 962 Lindsay and Co\n\nJan. 29 2, Duus and Co Jan 19 7 W. Husband Co July 14 50 Watson, aud Co\n\n925 W. Pustau and Co\n\nSHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.\n\nARRIVED,\n\nThe Wongkong Register.\n\nMERCHANT VESSELS-Continued,\n\nSarre\n\nArrival\n\nDate of\n\nTime\n\nDate of\n\nCOMSJONKER\n\nSups\n\nArrivTOMA\n\nConsta\n\nNAMR\n\nFLAG\n\nPOSH CAPTAIN\n\nRio\n\nFRUM\n\nBAILED\n\nCanco\n\nCONTIGNER.\n\nFast Coast\n\nDuich\n\nShanghae British\n\n2. Christian\n\nglsamstra\n\n4 Auckland\n\nBercha\n\n4 Mazeppa\n\nAn\n\n8 Vecilia\n\n23 Archer\n\nHongkong Feb. Leon\n\nדן\n\nDut. 764 ric\n\nEarl of Windeer Brit. sh. 1000\n\nkrawa 3JArcher\n\nAm. sh.160\n\nagond\n\nTime & Truth Brit. bk 670 Dod\n\nAuckland\n\n$Queen Phangnze Jau. 23 Maria Hay\n\nAm. hk 204 Nelson\n\nBrisach. 140\n\nBolton Brit str. 103 Harris\n\nDrát, s 200 steary Dri sh. 924 Middleton Aan. a. 1280 Osgood\n\nBordcan Sept. 10\n\neucral Sonrabara Jan. 2 Rico Calcutta Nov. 23 Kiar Bombay Dec. 30 General Shanghae Jan. 30 Ballnat Melbourne Doe, 1 Ballast\n\nGeneral Formosa Feb. Nineus FP Sundries\n\nAmoy\n\nBrat Cess Peb\n\n2 Treasure\n\nGenerat Amoy Peb. Ballast Bingapore Jan. 28\n\nAmunition Singapurs Dec. 24\n\nilico Meller Sov. 26 Baline 3. Francisc\n\nDiana. sebouer\n\nJan.\n\n100 Schaefer and Co\n\nFr. Lk. 406 Oreg Hara, bg. 260 Bigcon\n\nOrdar\n\nWat.l'ostaw andCo Schaefer and Co Lindsay and Co Order\n\nHenrietta Maris, bq. Due. Pagan Zephyr, ba July Vrieadshop, chip jJune\n\nDanish\n\n581 Schaeffer anil Co Jady A. Duff, barque 952. W. LawrenogaĈo Lady Mary Wood, c. Dec. 700 F. W. Lawrence Co Laalmenntir, ship\n\nLoulan Baillte, ship\n\nKelso, ship\n\nJan. *: 589 Ladway and Ca\n\nNov.\n\n$ 3709, Kennedy and Co\n\n509.&O. 8. S. N. G\n\nJan.\n\n7 8529, Bawinan and Co\n\nAng. 24 49man, B. and Co\n\nOrder\n\nBre. bk. Suo Klamp\n\nFeb.\n\nBrits 674 Tage\n\nA. Catr. 945 Drought\n\n.M. Robinet & Cy Wu. Pastau and Co Jardine. M. and Co 1. Walker Jardine, and Co\n\nHaldur, sehooner Lootse, schooner\n\nHamburg\n\nNov.\n\n14: W. Pustau and Cu\n\nMary Wionholt, ship\n\nJa\n\n1205ardino, M. & Co\n\nJav.\n\n160 W. Tustau and Co\n\nNapoleon HI, abip\n\nDec\n\n760 Busaeil and Cu\n\nElizabeth Rose, brig Lima, barque Mathilde, brig\n\nOct\n\n123 Siemsson and Ca\n\nJune\n\n919John Bard and Co\n\nKau.\n\n202 Turner and Ca\n\nNina, schooner File, ship Nightingale, ship Parade, qua Palmyra, harjua\n\nNov.\n\n115 John Burd and Co\n\nDoe\n\n708 Jardino, M. and Co\n\nHee. 1404Jardine, M. and Co\n\nbraly\n\n62 Welters and Co\n\nNov. 28 708 Captain\n\nBadast\n\nAugier and Cu Jardino, J. & Co tugwell and Cu\n\nParagon, skip\n\nBremon\n\nAug.\n\n800 Order\n\nPelican, barque\n\n2. 144. C. Schwabe\n\nPluto, stenmer\n\nFelis, arqu\n\nJan,\n\nbeefyall, Stiil and Co\n\nPruth, ship\n\nSAILED.\n\nChilian Frolle, schooner\n\nRemi, atenmer\n\nJape\n\n166W.M.Robinet & Ve\n\nRolls, lig\n\nGreyhound, ship\n\nFeb.\n\n500W. Pustau and\n\nCedarsh Lacy, barque\n\nNAMS\n\nRo\n\nTexs\n\nCAPTAIN\n\nFor\n\nCono\n\nCONNORRST\n\nSwntow Britisk\n\nSamuel Studdart, bg, Salmatle, ship\n\nSept. 1 451 Dent, Beale at Co\n\nالواد\n\nSir James, bang\n\nDec.\n\n7 Lindsay and Co\n\nHongkong Feh. No\n\n3 Alligator\n\n3 Magallanes\n\n3 Nimrod\n\n4 Waroola\n\n3.Scipion\n\n8 Baria\n\n19 Crisis\n\n4P. Van Burco\n\nWild Wave\n\nBrit bg 200 Boyh Brit. bg 1078tudes Sp. str.\n\nBrit. sh. 820arg\n\nBrit. ah 54 Alien Brit, sch. 200 Cheyn\n\nLaughing Water Brit, hk. 404 Omut\n\n6 Montriant\n\nChampion\n\n7 Si James Brooke Brit. str. 973 Skioner\n\n7 Dygden\n\nSw. ab. 240 Patterson\n\n7 Anos Justina Dut. sb. 500 Budeaburg 7J. Godfrey\n\nAm. t 486jGrant\n\nAlfred the Great Brit ] 640 Melutyro Grayhoaud\n\nSwatow Jan. 20 Anais\n\nAmoy Dec. 29 Tariew Fuhchau Nov. 21 Queensbury\n\nDec 8Folmala\n\n15 Agnes Garland\n\nShanghae Jan. 198chiamer\n\n12 Prince Royal 19,Sallow\n\n15 White Swallow\n\n20 Kate Carnie\n\nFr. sh. 82|Carignac\n\nAna sch. 240 Gregory Brit sh. 680 Casaldy Belk all asrisulte Brit. bk. 265 Thompso old. bk. 550 Schwarz\n\nBrit. sh. 502 Hamilton\n\nBrit. sh. 1293 Tucker\n\nAm. sh. 1200 Brown\n\nBrit, h, 401 Black.\n\nSHIPPING IN CHINA.\n\nMERCHANT VISELS.\n\nLondon\n\nNew York\n\nSiam\n\nSundries\n\nOnder\n\nChina, whip\n\nApril\n\n300 Order\n\nSu R. Abercromby, si. Jan.\n\n743 Tammer and Co\n\nSheagha\n\nSundries\n\nGibb, L. and Co\n\nFazal Cerian, burqno Juue\n\n250 Order\n\nVindex, actioner\n\nJon.\n\n179 Dent and Ce\n\nBoern\n\nManila\n\nNantos, schoober\n\nAug.\n\n150 D, Laprak\n\nWhampoa, barque\n\nSept. 30\n\n378 Under\n\nWild Mower, ship\n\nfec.\n\nSingapore\n\nSandries\n\n175 Lindany and Co\n\nDent and Co\n\nTht. bk. 250 Yeaser\n\nButaris ¡Sundries\n\nWm. Pustan and Co\n\nAmey\n\nFrench\n\nSingapor\n\nSundries\n\nHolliday, Wise and Ce\n\nBritish\n\nCanton, ship\n\nDea\n\n435 Deal and Co\n\nMeltwuns\n\nSundries Jardine, M, and Ge\n\nAbbotsford, barquo\n\nNov.\n\n425 F. D. SyDia and Co\n\n| Montrlant, ship\n\nFab,\n\n917ent and Co\n\nAkyalı\n\nSp.bg\n\nMaulls Duran\n\nSundnes\n\nSundries\n\nhilpa, Moore and Co\n\nAnn Key, schoenen\n\nApril\n\n121 Tait and fa\n\nAmerican\n\nAntoinette, barque\n\nSøpt\n\nBrit. str. 850 Payley\n\nStangha\n\nSandrite ], & 28, N. Ca\n\nBlack River Packet, bq. April 19,\n\n219 Scharffor and Co 205 Order\n\nArgonaut, ship\n\nJa.\n\n586 King and Co\n\nFr. sh. 91 Brun\n\nStangha\n\nSundries\n\nDent and Co\n\nConfucina, ship\n\nNov.\n\nAm. sh. 360 Gray\n\nForth Seas\n\nSundries\n\nUrder\n\nColdstream, ship\n\nDee.\n\nSingaport\n\nSundries\n\nFletcher and Co\n\nChinchew, ship\n\nSept\n\nShaug\n\nBuutirios\n\nWzz. Pastau and Co\n\nRangoon\n\nSundries\n\nTurner and Ca\n\nEllen, barque\n\nOliver, bargce\n\nNos.\n\nPeb\n\nSan Fransisco Sundries\n\nOrder\n\nEmma, scheuer\n\n511 Holliday, Wise &Co 764adine, M. and Co\n\n785. D. Sype and Co\n\n226 Lya, Stil! and Co 688 Platcher and Co April 21; 120 Curner and Co\n\nMilam, ship Carrington, ship Channing, ship Competitor, siy Eagle, ekip\n\nEagle Wing, ship\n\nGolden Weat, ably\n\nB.\n\nDec.\n\n49% Raspell and Co\n\nNOF.\n\n100 aac M. Buli & Co\n\nJuly $556 King and Co\n\nNov, 101000 King and Co\n\n1174 Russell and Co\n\n1500 A. Heard and Co\n\nMelbourne\n\n¡Buodtles\n\nJamca StephoneNA\n\nEmigrant, baryas\n\nChi ah. 506/Smith\n\nBest Coun\n\nBundries Won. Pratâd and Ca\n\nEmily Annina, neh,\n\nAug. 19 Nov.\n\nOrder\n\nHenry Harback, ship\n\nNov. 16 740 Crampton, H. & Co\n\n165 Purlagjes & Co | Horsilo, ship\n\nNov. 18\n\ntall, Nya and Co\n\nHavant\n\nSuadrien\n\nOrder\n\nForerunner, schooner\n\nDea\n\n140 D. faprak\n\nMatilda, ship\n\nSingapor\n\nSandrica\n\nLondon\n\nTait and Co\n\nTena, &c. Heard and Co\n\nGom, brly\n\nJane\n\n254 Dent ausl Co\n\nMelita, schooner\n\nJuu. J\n\n689 Rosell and Co\n\n140 Kassell and Co\n\nHomer brig\n\nJals\n\n595 Order\n\nTeas, &c.\n\nLiverpool Teas, c. Cows, der Sundries\n\nJardino, M. and Co\n\nOrder\n\nMariner's Hope, brig\n\nApril\n\n250 Order\n\nNile, hrig\n\nJuas\n\nEid Angier and Ca\n\nRomances of Sons ship! Dos.\n\nEundou Teas, &c, Upadi\n\nWth. Paste and Lo Blenkin, R. and Co\n\nNymph, barqne\n\nDec.\n\n400 Liadeay and Ca\n\nNeptune's Favorite, sh. Det. 81846|A, Heard and Co Norwester, ship\n\nDanish\n\nDec. 101287 A. Heard and Co\n\n241782 Ruwell and Co\n\nPet, barque\n\nAag\n\n375 Under\n\nDanmark, arque\n\nTeas, c Tens, &c.\n\nGrampton, H. and Co\n\nRoyal Lily, barque\n\nApril 28\n\n404 Lunevil and Co\n\nGlucions, brig\n\nLiverpool\n\nBrit, sh. 580|Rodger\n\nToas, e Sundrios\n\nKingsport\n\nMERCHANT VKSELS—Continued.\n\nA. Heard and Dent, Beale and Ca Gilian and Co\n\nBisters, brig\n\nJune\n\n182 Tail sud Co\n\nDee 330 Sterosen and Co Fan. 14 268Siemssen and Co Nov\n\n360 Overweg aud to\n\nUncle Tom, schooner\n\nSept\n\nWood Lark,brig\n\nDet. 12\n\nto ruil, Still and Co\n\nUnder\n\nJan.\n\n188 W. Pustan and Co\n\nNoringaese\n\nJATH\n\n270 W. Pustau and Co\n\nAurora, schooner\n\nMay\n\n128 Order\n\n140 W. Puatau and Co\n\nPostum, steac\n\nJune\n\n236 Simen and Ca\n\nAmericum\n\nNov.\n\n210 Joan Burl and Co\n\nSAIZS\n\n!Data of Tou\n\nMorida, ship\n\nCONFIGNERS\n\nHelcus, ship\n\nNov. Junt\n\nDec.\n\n404 Squeer and Co\n\nโมน\n\n25 W. Postan and Co\n\nDate of Inors\n\nCommons\n\n{Arrival |\n\nSept.\n\n277W. Pustan and Co\n\nHongkong\n\nOct.\n\n340 Trautmann and Co\n\nAlmonde, banq\n\nAug.\n\n589Order\n\nJustina, barque\n\njAug\n\nMercurius, barque Fielades,\n\nJuly\n\nDec,\n\n230|Dreyer und Vo\n\nDen.\n\n225 Biomes and Co\n\nLygdon, shig\n\nHambary\n\nBonito, brig\n\n¡Nov,\n\n31 John Burd and Cal\n\nBuenos Ayua, brig\n\nDed.\n\n200 Dreger and Co\n\nChristinu, brig Puel, choomer\n\nApril\n\n170rder\n\nDew\n\n148 Jardine, M. and Co\n\nPeruvian\n\n250W.M. Robinet & Co\n\nAug.\n\n175W.M.Robinet & Co\n\nDeo.\n\n400 Order\n\nLug\n\n9 430 Order\n\nAourn Barrabout Butts.n\n\nJuly\n\n3240;der\n\nCalcutta\n\nNov.\n\n220. 1. Syaru and Co\n\ny 11 4168.0. Syme and Ce\n\nConn\n\nJuly\n\n325 King and Co\n\nAng, 25 500 King and Co\n\nAag, 10 985 Russell and Co\n\nFab\n\n216|W. Puetae and Co\n\nSabu\n\nAt Hongkong} British Anandale, ship And, steamer Anaye, ship Australia, chip Avon, Lacque Banner, schooner\n\nGaneber, barque Brothers, brig Caldera, ship\n\nCadiz, steamer\n\nArrival:\n\n8759 Lyall, Sul and Co J Feb. 5 163 Robert 9. Walker Jan. 13 878 Fletcher and Co Sept. 5 580 John Bardd and Co Sep. 39 280 Bus and Co Jan. 188ohn Burd and Co\n\nPet 485 Jardiue, St. and Co\n\nDec. 15 2400rder\n\nJan. 8 225 Order\n\nFeb, 13000 P. & 0.9. N. Cu\n\nCity of Carlisle, ships. 15 996Jardine, 3 and Cu\n\nClarendon, satp\n\nDeva, ship\n\nSinglet, sleemer\n\nEarl Grey, barque\n\nEarl of Windsor ship\n\nBena, brig\n\nBuranic ship Excellent, brig Falcon, ship Formosa, ship\n\nGleus, ahip\n\nGod Succe, sip\n\nHero, ship\n\nKensington ship\n\nLady Hayce, barque\n\nLaurick, brig\n\nLord Raglan. ship Tani, barque\n\nNarshall, Buhooner Maria Hay, ship Mazepps, schooner Pacifico, brig\n\nFeb. 1 850Jarding, M. and Co Jan. 18:1030 Russell and Co\n\nDoc 8 1888tomssen und Co Dec. 17 8737ardine, M.\n\nDiter\n\nAdmiral Zoutman, shipDec.\n\nAlbrecht Belling, bq.Nov.\n\nG. G. D. Von Twist, hq,fian. Oct. 10 300W. Postau and Coatic Liong, bargus ne Jaa. 18 3685iomsten and Co Nov. 28, 8438,Senseffer and Co\n\nAnon Elizabet,bą. Chriatias, leque General de Stiles, hop. Jan. 2 798|Under Hollandetrow, hargas Jacot. Lima, barke Jacoba Cornella, pq. Klazina, darus\n\nOosterling, harg Proteos, barque Regina, arqu Sumatra, aliip Danish\n\nSept. 10 799 chaster and Co OL 32 800 Schaeffer and Cu Feb. 192chaser and Co Jan. 17 charler and Co Dee. 13 363 Van der Haven Jan 18 443ucer and Co Jan. 473 W. Punta and Co Feb. 278445obacter and Co\n\nMay 10 Siemmen and\n\nIfercuian, brig Helena\n\nJau. 31\n\nCo\n\nHanbury\n\nAar, ship\n\nAlbin, schooner Christian, belg\n\nDec. y Nov. 16 Feb.\n\n260\n\nFab 21 Lindas and Co\n\nJan. 26) 207 Camajce and Co\n\nDec. 26 728 Order\n\nNov. 385 Lyail, Still and Co\n\nSept. 26 430Jardine, M. & Lin\n\nJan. 14 406 Order\n\nLau. 16 784. Murray and Co\n\nNov. 600 Jardine, M. & Co\n\nJan. 1 404 Lindsey and Co\n\nJan. 13 scoileder\n\n0 15 848 Geo. Duddell\n\nJan. 27 28Ajardine, M. and Co\n\nDec. 17 766 Jardine, M. & Cn\n\nJan. 12 274 Dent and Co\n\nDet.\n\n8 1988. K. Burrow\n\nJan. 31 994 Janline, M. and Co\n\nFeh. 4140anline, M. & Co Oct. 14] 146Deo. Dúddell T'aranverance, Largna Sept. 18 2Turner and Ca Princess Reval, supDec, 28; 900 Dent aud Co\n\n(Doc. 25 781onser\n\nQueen, brig Samarang, banque\n\nApoctly, ship\n\nFeb. 8 ĐuôiAngier and Ca\n\nDes. 25 5801Dent and Co\n\nJau 241031 Jamaa Stephenson\n\nSpirit of the North, ah. Kov, 11) 671jtibb, L. and Co Sultans, barque Oct 10 588schaeffer and e\n\nTime & Truth, bargde Teh. 3 578 Orlar\n\nUnion, leamer\n\nTruro, ship\n\nFenilia, ship\n\nVirginia alip\n\nVivid, brig\n\nWater Witch, barque\n\nWild Daynell, ach. Zephyr, schooner\n\nFrench\n\nEtoile, ship\n\nIndia, barqu\n\nLeon, harqua\n\nMaarl, ship\n\nSucces, ship\n\nVille de Dieppe, barque\n\nAnter\n\nAntonita, schwoner Antelope, T Archer, whip Auckland, barque\n\nBurnham, barque\n\nCarbon, shooner\n\nJan. 24 695 Order\n\nAng. 16 786 Thon. Husband Co Feb. 8 674 Jardine, Al, sad Co June 18 830 Lyall, Still and Cộ Nov. 8 143ardine. M. & Co Jau. 15 253 D. Lapaik\n\nJan. 156 Deat and Co\n\nJun. 31 148Dcut and Co\n\nJan. 24 539 Order\n\nfan. 18 615 Dent and Co\n\nFalk 2405,Order\n\nJan 24 156 Russell and Co\n\nNov. 14mier\n\nno. 221014 gail, Sul and Co\n\nDec. 3 112Order\n\nJan. 24200 Kussell and Co\n\nTeb. 31460 Roswell and Co\n\nFeb. 209.M.Robinet & Co\n\nOct. 28 245 W. Pulau and Co\n\nDue 26 300 K. Crashy\n\nCW. Bradley, j, bq. Oct. 9 218 A. Heard and Co\n\nDon Quixote, ship\n\nKtement, ship\n\nEureka, ship\n\nFrancis P. Sage, ship\n\n• Garland, schooner\n\nHelgu Mar, bergun\n\nJanes Marshall, big Kate Hooper, shig Mary Whitridge, ship\n\nMatcor, ekip\n\nMiana, schooner\n\nMin, geamur\n\nMonsoon, ship\n\nNorth Wind, ship\n\nN. B. Palmer, Jip\n\nDen 91438 King and Co\n\nJAN 33 400A. Heard and Co\n\nNov. 51100A. Heard and Co\n\nNov, 191146 Jardine, M. & Co\n\nJan. 151138. R. Barrows\n\nDec. 26 560 Order\n\nJan. 16 1865. K. Darrows\n\nDec, 281488 Jne. Stephenson\n\nNov. 27 978 Kuseli aud Co\n\nao. 201088, Heard and Co May 306Order\n\nJ. 14 101 Bu-sell and Co\n\nJane 28 506 Thomas Hunt &Co Oct.\n\n81041 Jaa. Purdon and Co\n\nDec. 1400 Russell and Co\n\nQueen of the Seas, spec. 17185Rll and Co\n\nRacebound\n\nRealute, ship\n\nShane Draper, sch.\n\nSportsman, shiy\n\nStar King, sly\n\nTuskina, ship\n\nYoung America, wip\n\nAug. 28 580. E. Barrows\n\nSept. 25 801 Russell and Ca\n\nHai, 26 206 A. Heard and Co\n\nNov. 20 626 Unter\n\nDec. 14177nder\n\nSept. 342 Y. J. Murrow\n\nSept 202000. Heard and Co\n\nMeteos, ship\n\nPeruvian\n\nAndreas, orig Architect, ship Carica, arqua L'allau, barque\n\nSantiago, banne Ugarte y Santiage,\n\nSMAR\n\nNoortol, banque\n\nSan Juan, barquə\n\nhq.\n\nSiamese Crow, stalp\n\nSintoy, schooner\n\nSpar\n\nDenia, schooner Bremen\n\nBertha, barque\n\nC. Metabets, you Solon, hanger\n\nChition\n\nAllanza, barque Spray, schooner\n\nNess Crans dinn Annie, barque\n\nMacao British\n\nW. Pustan and Co\n\n510 W. Puszu and Co\n\nJohn Bard sad Co Wm.Fustat and Co Jan. 15 540 die aussen end to\n\nTait and C\n\nNov. 16\n\nNov. 12 540. M. Rabinet& Co\n\nDar. 28 3505. J. das Remedios\n\nTall, 231 218 and\n\nJ.\n\nAcmel, brig Chico, brig\n\nClarita, brig Cara, skip\n\nkesits toge\n\nSiamese\n\nSea Horse, hocqus\n\nSiam, que\n\nSpanish\n\nSan Lorenzo, brig\n\nSeraphina, ship\n\nFubebau\n\nDritish\n\nCo\n\nMaste, bri\n\nDee & 9p. dos Remedios\n\nJan. 195. Robinet & Co\n\nSept. 15j 200 Order\n\nNav. 19 160 Order\n\nDee, 15 300inder\n\nAug. 26 250 under\n\nNov. Zayall, Still and Co\n\n1400W. Duxted and Co\n\nJan. 24 4702. S. Walker\n\nDet. 22 48fuhn Bond and Co Jan. 29 270/Onder\n\nDec. 220W.M. Robines & Co\n\nJuly 1307 Edward and Bailey\n\nJehn Macthic, ekip Feb. Rochampton, shijs Ang\n\nPortugues\n\nMetasje, barque\n\nNew Era, khij\n\nGaiden Raer, ship\n\nKingfisher, ship\n\nMandarin, ship\n\nSamuel Ronsell, ship\n\nSarah H. Snow, Ivy, Vancouver, ship\n\nHambog\n\nAtlas, barne\n\nSa Dent, Beate and Co\n\n289 fyn, Stilt end Co\n\n597 1..Robinct & Co\n\nTou Scimeter and Co 1543chaetler and Co 478sohaefer and Co 2448. D. Syme and Go 237 Adam Scott 190Schelfer and Co 424\n\n10. Nathabloy & Co\n\nOtto, barque\n\nVirginie, brig\n\nHamburg\n\nEsperanza, harqne Hannibal, schooner\n\n| fverbrook, brig\n\nLima, barque\n\nMary Boar, ship Pathfinder, barque Senatur, barque Pramin Amerika, belg\n\nSiamete\n\nBangkok Mark, ship Golffinder, baqme Sueroan, ship\n\nSparsh\n\nSanta Lucts, banque\n\nSwedish\n\nNov. 181296 Moncreiff, G. & Co Dea ¡Dec.\n\nBRITISH SHIPS OF WAR IN CHINA.\n\nمات قلات کا\n\nCLASS\n\nAv\n\nCanton Stoop\n\ni,kong !. W. Str. JiLong Sloop\n\nILong Flag Ship\n\nCanton loop\n\nCuroaandel Canton P. W. Br. Vatcounter anto\n\nHoteles\n\nHornet\n\nMam\n\n! Nakist\n\nNiger\n\n632 Dent, Dotle stud Co Elk\n\n600 John Herd and Go | Fary\n\nser. St. (kang Hospital Canto Ber. Sw. H.kongoro Ship\n\nFrigate\n\nPanton Bar Sta\n\nCOHKANDERS.\n\n12A, W. A. Haud\n\n8T. D. A. Fortescu 12 Licut. Beamish\n\n(lour Ad.\n\nCapt. W. K. Hall\n\n14. Jenkins 35 Doorglas HG.W.D.O'Callaghan\n\n17 C. C. Forsyth\n\nH. T. Fla, Muater\n\n60 H Keith Stewart 19H, A. A. Cochrane 408FW.F. Nicolson\n\n14. Barnard\n\n49. 9. Hand\n\n40 Cdre. m, Ú. Elliot\n\nBRITISH SHIPS OF WAR EXPECTED.\n\nCONDEAND\n\n.ALEN\n\nÜs..\n\nENGLAND\n\nza Frigate\n\nRav.\n\nW. 7. Bate\n\n11. Macendie. Str,\n\nKit Boater, 26\n\n11\n\n136A. Hearl wait Co\n\nNov.\n\n9191ent and Co\n\nPastalcon, brig\n\nNov.\n\n200 Cantujee and Co\n\nPique\n\nSgus Frigars\n\nKol: Small, ship\n\nAug. 29\n\n663 Gibu, L. and Co\n\nKenos\n\nPibehta Bloop\n\nRempaon\n\nAmor P. W. Str.\n\nAmerican\n\nAnnie Buoknax, 1.\n\nSept.\n\n530 Russell and C\n\nSybille\n\nHogue Frigate\n\nMay 16\n\n800 Russell and Co\n\nAug.\n\n1288ardine, M. and Co\n\nJune\n\n78. lead and Oə\n\n¿Mag\n\n94 Russell and Co\n\nDo.\n\n420|Klug and Go\n\nJune\n\n518 Bus and Co\n\nOut\n\n420John Burd and Co\n\nWienu, Larque\n\nJuct.\n\n490Biomes ami Us\n\nActoun\n\nAlseri\n\nNingpo British\n\nCullou\n\nCamila\n\nkt. T. Calville\n\nSlop\n\nCruizer\n\n17 ber. Str. Sept. 25\n\nCarnulle. ship Lyra, Belovner\n\n15. Hot\n\n120 Lindy and Co Forestr\n\nA. J. Innes\n\nidun Beat Sept. 20\n\nSolon, barane\n\n6\n\n560 Turner and Uo 469 A.A.de Mello & Co\n\naughty\n\nGan Beat Sept 25\n\nWilminginn, schooner Feb.\n\n196 Bell and Co\n\nHüchilyor\n\nInflexibla\n\nr. Vorhert\n\nAL\n\nOsprey\n\nAlbert Edward, ship\n\nBritisk\n\nang.\n\n497. Bowman and Coh\n\nNov,\n\nAliyals, ship\n\nNov. 20 1247 Biriey, W, and Co\n\nStaunch\n\n1. Wildonan\n\nAlchemist, ship\n\nDe\n\n914 Turner and Co.\n\nStarling\n\nA. 1 Villiers\n\njun Boat Sept. 25 Gun Boat Ool. 23\n\nAlligator, brig\n\nb.\n\n19710166, Land Co\n\nAugusts, ship\n\nNov. 23 372 Lindmy and Go\n\nBallarat, ship\n\nNov.\n\n719 Dent ad Co\n\nChallenger, barque\n\nSeph\n\n175 Turner and Co\n\nChieftain, barque\n\nJan.\n\n20John Burd and Co\n\nCo..lucius, ship\n\nThee.\n\n400 Holliday, Wine & Co\n\nVESSEL\n\nAr\n\nFLAQ\n\nCOMMANDERL\n\nDec. 19\n\nJune 15 566 Turner and Lo\n\nJan.\n\n127 William I. and Co\n\nCetinnt\n\nHongkong Fr. Str.\n\nSur Are\n\nL'et\n\n8501 & 0.2. F. Co\n\nSupt. 10 240 Jardine, M. and Co\n\nVirginie\n\nHongkong Fr. Frig\n\nCape, Plan\n\nForest Queen, ship\n\nNov.\n\n839 W.H. Wardley Co\n\nLevant\n\n18 Smith\n\nPortsmouth\n\nEassio Manens, barq. May 25 297 Jou d'Abreide Waris Carlota, Iryusi Jan. $30 J. J. don Rmuelion Slavina, banque\n\nTremelga, barqua\n\nFreach\n\n13ane 211 1705. 3. dos Ramedice\n\nSept.\n\nPort de Bordeaux, ship Oct.\n\nAmerican\n\nLorisiana, barq\n\nDeich\n\nBerena, rig\n\nDoggershank, skip\n\n3751 inday and Co\n\n816Dent and Co\n\nShanghae\n\n249W.M. Robinet &Co Arrow, ship\n\n237W. Pustuu and Co\n\nApril 22\n\nOct.\n\nDet\n\nBebehneller and Co\n\nEverdina izabeth, og Jan\n\n600 Schneer and Co\n\nDee,\n\n189 Schaefer and Co\n\nFra\n\n753 Order\n\nJuct.\n\n530 Schaeffer and Co\n\nJAR.\n\nSt. Heleon, brig\n\nTonia, ship\n\nVrow Jobunag\n\nHamburg\n\nLaura & Fonis, big,\n\nKose, brig\n\nWillewina, brig\n\nPeruvian\n\nGrimeness, chip\n\n243jDrayer and Co\n\nJuly 14, 1769. M. Burrows\n\nJuly\n\n224 Schaeffer and Co\n\nOct. 15: 50 Order\n\nCrystal Palace, ship\n\nKila Jane, barque\n\nElizabeth, brig\n\nHein, steamer\n\nFazli Corrim, barque\n\nFrances, ship\n\nGazelle, schooner\n\nGeelong, barque\n\nDec. 125 Birley. W. and Co\n\nWaton and Co\n\nMay 30 302 Tail and Co\n\nJan 15 212 Hooper\n\nAug. 11 3420ma, B. and Ca 651 gal. Stiti and Co\n\nMaria Natividad ship Sept. 18 610w.. Robins & Co General Windham, ship.\n\nEast Coast British\n\nChin Chin, harque Eamont, schonbur Gazelle, schoenor\n\nHazard, schooner\n\nHelen, brig\n\nion.\n\n316 Camajarse Co\n\nJan.\n\n121 Dent and Co\n\nGulnare, ship Hellespont, steamer Tuchinnan, arque Just\n\nBat, ship\n\nApril\n\n15Jardine, M. And Co\n\nJuly\n\n144 Y. J. Mucrow\n\nJan.\n\n180Turner and Co\n\nHydronce, ship\n\nJane\n\n137 Carlowitz and Co\n\nMalacca, barque\n\nAug\n\n089 Carlowitz and Co\n\nPearl, schooner\n\niJuly\n\nW.M. Reniunt & Lo\n\nTrumpu. schooner\n\nMay\n\n300jD. Laprak\n\nAntican\n\nDerby, ship\n\nJuly\n\n1098A. Heard sad Co\n\nProgressive Age, brig\n\nNov\n\n296A. Heard and Co\n\nRinglorier, ship\n\nMay\n\n2156 A, Heard and Co\n\nSancho Pans, ship\n\nSept\n\n875 Russell and Co\n\nWitw, la ver\n\nUst\n\n$10Kinder\n\nFra 2002 Hargreaves and Co\n\nJan. 886Fadine. M. and Co Sept. 1 265 Deus, Buaie y Co Dec. 241 8201Birley, W. and Co\n\nC. Reilowas\n\nJ.F.C.Hanitou 12 loop\n\nC. T. Lackie\n\nA. V. Hamilto\n\nC.F.A,Shadwell 21 Ser. Str.\n\nC Campbell\n\n6 P. W. Str. Oct, 25\n\n(Gan Bost\n\n21. J. Bomalieid 4 Ser. Str.\n\nKith Stewart !\n\nGu Buat\n\nHos, H.Keppel 60 Frigata\n\nFOREIGN MIPS OF WAR IN CHINA.\n\nSan Jacinto\n\nHongrong U. &. SI.\n\nStaigas U. S. Sh.\n\nFR-A. Guerla\n\n16 Fonta\n\nƒ m. A POOR Capt. Bell\n\nHongkong U. S. Sir.\n\nMandura\n\nMacao\n\nFort. Reig.\n\n90 Com. Tavara\n\nAmazona\n\nB+\n\nPurt.lorsha 6 Earnichs\n\nJorge Just\n\ndu.\n\nSelpion\n\ndr.\n\nSp. Ser.\n\nBg.\n\n4Brinnes\n\nAnies Ba\n\n14 Duran\n\nHongkongora Sv. 20 Capt, Boturin\n\nTERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION to the HONGRONG REGISTER and OVERLAND REGISTER AND PRICE CURRENT-For One Year, $25; 9 Months, $13; Three Mouths, $8. To the HONGKONG REGISTER For One Year, $15, Six Months, $2, Three Months, $5. To the OVERLAND RE- OISTER AND PRICE CURRENT' alone:--For One Year, $3; all payable in advanUSB, TERMS OF ADVERTISEMENT in the HONGKONG REGISTER-Advertscments, not exceeding 5 lines,\n\nesch insertion, $1; cach additional line 20 conts; une balf of these charges for Repetitions AGENTS for the HONGKONG REGISTER and GVERLAND REGISTER AND PRICE GUERENT J. G. APIHOur, Rey, London, Mars, Jant, steak & Co, Cricuta: Mesars. Binaton & Co. Bombay W. S. Donos, Faq., Singapore, Messrs. Thorson, Ronkers & Ur, Batavia, J. P. Pzabek, Boy. San Francisco.\n\nEdited, Printed, and Published by ROBERT STRACHAN, at the Hongkung Register Ofice: Gage Street\n\nVictoria, Hongkong. Tuesday, February 10, 1857.\n\nThe China Mail Extra.\n\nHONGKONG, SATURDAY, 7TH FEBRUARY, 1857.\n\n“Chino Muit\" Office, Feb. 7, 1857- thon to the unsatisfactory state of his toast, my wife remarked she felt giddy and sick, him; he pretended to be overlooking the business the investigation as Superintendent of Police, the A man can overlook his business while walking affair being then eurelaped in mystery; and I imagine\n\nThe Criminal Sessions of the Supreme fairs, which had be shewn to be the We let the room after 3, she immediately felt sick\n\nshop\n\nthat the first instanco Mr Mercer acted as Culo- Court the most exciting that have occur reverse of is a fouriebing condition, his and smiled, I thought nothing of it at the time, but about the e\n\nwalked was to the verandah to light a chemot, when Aaxx, cock to The Herland,On the 15th January, eial decrewry-in fact it was an investigation into rel since the settlement of the colony-debts to one firm alone amounting to nearly in the wor af gtating the elgar I suddenly felt sick\n\nthe morning, got bread from the Esing shoes don't the case genotally. I usually, in cases requiring commenced on Thursday, and closed last $15,000. He spoke of the temptation and vomited. Thinking no more about it, I went know the peron-thes was generally brings it, he particular forestigation, maka peliminary acquiry sight. The case of most interest-the bold out to Alum, of averting the pantah in my hair to the Folke Hospital, but when Tranches is not one of the prisoners; this was about half-past 7- before sending them up to the Magistrate. It was trial of Cheong Alum and nine others, on ment with which he had been threatened the entraner leading up to the fif, I was again sick; \n\nAtoy, coolie to be Hachand, Saw Esing's people not my original intention to make a magisterial and when I got clues to St Paul's College, was age\n\nmyrassine's house on the marning of investigation in the present instance; I merely aga.a bring bread a charge of dilempt to poison-lasted fee by the mandarins, by the commission was aide off and on, up to a quarter to 10. the 15th January; they are not among the priscoera. wished to yet an insight into the case as Superit daye, and ended in a verdict of Not guilty, would be considered a highly meritoriona was sick 19 or vlock that night. Next habit of getting bread from the Esing shop the was a very singalar case, I propound we should sit of an atrocious crime, but yet ar net which The romiting was very violent. Mrs Dengr W. A. HARLAND, M.,Was I believe, in the tundent of Police. but her two hours or so, as it\n\nto 1.\n\ntime.\n\nars from that shog-down to the morning of the 16th as Magistrate, and we then commented to take do We are sorry we are unable to give the one by the Chinese authorities, deserving day I tapponed to enter the Police Office, where en eloquent addresace of the Counsel on buth of commendation and reward, instead of vision was going forward, and promised then fancy inclusive I are a mail piece of the bread paltional,\n\nto send some of the bread to Dr Harland for analy. that morning, Dr Chaldecott and Dr Hat.ca alo Next, bo\n\nSANDWITH DAINKED-Am in business in the sides, but must content ourselves with the punishment, at their harde. \n\nzation; did that night. [Cross-conmiasi by partook of it. About an hour afterwards fe faint sity, and live in the wee house with Captain Endi- De Brive,I did not take the bread myself to Dr and aíck, and incised to veuit, and within a few mere heads of the points dwolt upon; and referred to the departure of Alam and \n\nnott Faing enpplicà me with bread on the 15th minutes ufteur wande vomited slightly, and fole a pain January-I partook of the bread and was very ill- even these, we fear, will prove very io his father from the colony on the very Herland. I know caly the Sih prisoner (Alum) na \n\nworning the criminal set was wusumnat belong ag to the Eving shop. I kept the balled the Beach. I then took an emotis, which made at the inmates of the house whe ate of the bread perfect. \n\nup in my own room until I sent it to Dr Harland.me veil a bitła man, and for a little time alter felt ed; and commented strongly on the suspi \n\nwere Hi-I have not perfectly recovered up to this Of the opening speech by the Hųn. T. \n\nIn consequence cf my laers, I delivered the cious manner in which this was managed. By the ATTORNEY Uraat.]-Don't know the 10thy, but shortly afterwards was able to attend to \n\nprisoner, never mw him before at all. sent the same people who can to she house sick. About to remainder of the breast Mr May at the Ptice lice C. Anstey, the Attorney General, wo \n\nWith regard to the sickness of his family \n\nbread a ten minutes past to Dr Harland, by a hours afterwards the pain in the stomach returned, this was on the evening of the 16th-Dr Badland have no notes whatever. He dwelt, how on board the steamer-this was easily and coalie named Attal. \n\nbut I could not vomit. I bai diethms during the I think was presos 1 lave had many dealings with ever, on the atrociousness of the attempt naturally to be imputed to sea-sickness; ATIAL METAL to Dr Dempeter--On the 16th night, and next day a violent headache, wakacss of the Esing abug in the bakery business -I know the made upon the community, and the utter for there were no proofs of them aftor January, escried a paper parcel from Dr Dampster to the jibs, and xansea, Dr Iamos got sick sooner 9th and 10th prisoners to belong to the duche than I did; but I did ont see him, as he had gone 10th I are always understood to be the father of Faing impossibility in such cases of producing sufferings which the medical evidence had Dr Harland, Do not know what was in it, but ir \n\nwas given me by my master. \n\nca Dr Chaldecots, hearing of people being sick, Alum), he was always in the shop, and when the direct testimony against the parties accus- abawo were the invariable effects of argo- ACHING, servant to Dr Dempster-om the 15th took an emetic, as he had ate more bread than any was cut of the sloop, I have left by neders with him od. The evidence in this, as in avery nic, and under which the foreigner who January, received rome bread at may master's day of on Before I had filed breakfast, a Parsee ger Orn about the 24 ur 3d of January, our he made similar case, tour therefore be entirely cir- had partaken of the bread in the present from two men from Esing; they are not at the bar. teman aliud. 20 mil the inam of his house were a contract with Alura fura supply of breuis for the cumstantial; but he would adduce sich a \n\nThis was about 7 wack gars the bend to my sick, and blamed the bread as being the cause of it; I Russian curvest On the Mih I went over to the instance had laboured. He also spoke of \n\nmaaler to estipul it up the breakfast table. \n\nlef my breakfast to go and see them, and it was on \n\nEwing how to apeak to Alure about the contract, Oa TARRANT, Editor of the Friend of my return I first felt sick myself. Both Dr Chalecoss the morning of the 13th, the shop bep called our art jury, as he felt assured must to a certainty and Agent of the steamer to retura to the N indelibly the stain of crime apon the Hongkong that night, as a ruse on his my bread from the Haing shop, dawn to the 13 several days séta, attending to people who were black lettres out in frens of his door sunt him user prisonem at the bar, and draw forth au \n\npart, when be found his hopes of escape January, inclusiva-row the 1st, 3d, and the staffering from eating the bread; the Parses had to ascertain its pats, and in consequent of what unanimona verdict of guilty. \n\nthe boy told us, I had the conversation with hiari on frustrated, and that the poison had not had and 10th prisoners to belong to the shop-the 1st taken only band and a cup of tea-they had all been \n\nI believe to be general assistant and Collector of sick, I adviced them to take emetica. Some of thus the 14th. I teid hum the boy haul informed us that Dr Bridges comarcal his defence by the fatal effets intended had his efforts balls; the 3d I have known in two capaction in con- we axtended effured much more everely than schare the chop said he intended to leave the iny, and remarking that, the case was remark succeeded, the result would have been nection with Exing shop, the inst was as breme-de-bes all had similar syroptatns. From the symptotes wished to sell out. He admitted the chup did say ablo from the atrocity of the attempted another frightful tragedy like that of the liverer; the 9th believe to be the head of the in my own case, and of others who came to be. I felt but said that it was not his intention to leave, but he crime; admitting most fully that there had unfortunate Thistle. He noted the contra- Eing the 19th is I believe the father he ais? i ere what arannic had been administered in the bread, Lad put out the notice for the purpose of deceiving be an attempt to destroy the community dictious in Alam's statements about the have knows in two capacities—one as general assist- I haght down a piece of bread from the Parets, and the Mandarine, who had been traping him a great ant of the Taing shop I have ren bien, 2 ay may kept the remnant of our own. I had alan overal deal told him that would not antinfy one had by poison, but denying that the guilt of poison to the various witnesses and frequently. I saw the 1st prisver five or air day specimens, from Dr Dempster, Captain Paints, and deceived me in a former contract, and I would not yest such an attempt was in any way hrought finally wound up with a confident aanr-before the 15th, ou my ectering my printing offit, othere, and two savea from Mr GrandPre, which he unsil I saw that the bieenit was in the drying lots - bone to the prisoners at the bar. Extra- ance on his part of a verdict against all the he was sitting there, and presentat me a hill from hia took from the Eving shop and gare ints my uwa he most go with me and show in that the bread wa ordinary, be said, bad been the display of prisoners. \n\nsaster. I told him I was then rather busy, and sa bas.d. Ir Deropster's and Captain Endicott's I re- there. Its went with me in my boat to the bakery the mercy and goodness of God, in not a His Lordship the Chief Justice then the bill was not recripted, if he would leave it with ceived on the tin. So let the first alarm, I in the Ila-wen, and on the page down we had a me, I would Inok at it and have it settled. He then endeavoured to ascertain in a busty way what was in conversation on various matters. I had him if he single instance of death having cocurred addressed the jury,-directing them to said in master intended to have the colony-replied the bread, and Ur Bradford curing in, be and I from the attempt. He sormented strongly card from their wouls everything they in rather an impartiment way, and marle a motion to \n\nad bi kamily in Hongkong? La replied he had. I satisfied ourselves it was anovic... Néxt day, at the sard, having his fatally bore, he had better remén on the singularity of the course adopted might have rend or heard about the case it down again and not to go away until he got paid. request of the Colonial Secretary, we made s moral the end of the war no one could supply to by goveraronut in departing from the ordi- nut-of-doors, and to couline theneelves Seeing he was disposed to be saucy, I took him by the crest analysis of each piece of bread separately, cuit so walk-te would make a good thing of it, and nary course of conducting criminal inves outinely to the evidence. As regarded nine coline, said he and his master might go to the devil if and found they all indicated the presence of arsenin. Le protected. He said it was not his wish to go, but they phased, and told him to go ont. The Ed prisoner 1 The analysis for Ascoctaining the yountity tank he had heen threatent, and there were at that time tigations, and still more strongly on the of the prisoners, the jury would probably have a good way times, but the seas. 1 up place entaequently, and we found that one pasad 88 Mandarins in Hongkong in disguise. I told mode in which the Attorney General had agree with him in thinking the evidence pore you (the Alterary General) referto, was eu an in- loaf of bread contained nearly a drms of armenia, B0 \n\nbim if he world report them to the police office, bo conducted the cause, by displaying personal against them was very slight, amounting quest on the 38 January, upon a body that was found grains to the diant commit while arsenic. The \n\nwould be protected. His answer was, that on bis animosity against the prisoners, and making indeed solely to their connection with the board the Thiste, on which occasion be described br I ate was brown, the uther specimens were arrival at the bakery, he would convince me that he \n\nwhite-both kinda contained ausanie; much been the quotatione from trial which had taken Esing Bakery. With respect to Alura, bebimself as Parare Mate on card the steamer, To \n\nhad a large amount of property at stake-that it was the best of my knowledge und belief, the 9th prisoner ivai contined aufficient cause deart. I also, on not bis desire to leave, and a thought he would take place in the worst periode of English ori-was alewn to have been at the bakery on the (Am) was the charterer of the steamer at the time the alterion of the 15th, had two jars brought me my advice and reusia. When we tired at the minal law; and lastly, wornarked on the afternoon of the 14th January, when tho she was destroyed. In consegaenen of the way the d by a pokocurau-one containing yet used on the bakery, the people appeared to be mixing water and pancity of the evidence brought forward dongh was making; and if the jury thought prisoner gave his evidence at the inquest, I objected to night of the lash, the other the materials for making dough in dimus ms in the plass. After visiting for the proscention-which, he said, ovea that he mixed the arsenie with the bread, is bringing bad es my bowo objected on the yat, together with me foar and some pastry from \n\nthe drying room, and when leaving the bakehouse, 15th January between Gand? in the morning, when if there had been to defenes to offer, would or ordered it to be so toixed, tuy weak aw him delving it. A man war with bin ear \n\nthe bakery-pasta scraped from the table, and some \n\nexported Alum would go back with me, and offered pastry in tin moulds, I found no trace of arsenic or him a passage in the heat, but he said he bad some net buvo warranted a conviction on the \n\nfind him guilty; or if they were of opinion rying cau basketa-prisoner took the bread out of other meallic poi in any of the materials. The business to attend to, and would walk bot part of the jury. Ha divided the evi- that he consulted with the forumon Alun the Easkew and put them into my base. I said to analysia was fade in the presenes of Dra Bradford, was between 3 and 4 in the aftermon. They dence for the prosecution into three classes and Atmoi on the subject, Le would be him \"Da my ine fellow, you deliver cay bread, ús Kenky, Watson, and Elspeter. \n\nwere mixing our and water in two ho 1st, those especially connected with the accessory before the fact; but if they were \n\nyou \"He made no response, but yard a kind of A. HAND-PRE, Assistaus Superintendant of Police, showed me a room he said was the brand bakery, gistrod outside the door, saw the bread handed Hava baard D: Harland's evidence-i tak lie fact of the poisoning; 2dly, them wit- \n\nnot perfectly assured in their own minds of in, and immediately after went in and ordered my board to him from the Eaing shop on the morning of supplied 400 families with bread this was told re and they were mixing duugh theve te told me ha nesses who detailet facts connected with Aluni's connection with, and cognizance Comprador to anale Raing's bill, and not to take any the 16th--was promet at the Cowai Station, whey, by him in evidence of the husless he was doing, and Alom before his departure; adly, the of, the attempt to poison, they would return more bread from him, as I was afraid he would the yeast and others things found in the bakery bis eonarquent disinclination to leave. day statement class who described his conduct on board a verdict of acquittal. His Lordship after-puss \n\nI and a servant girl partusck of the were sent to De Harland Tent thera. (Oroei- made by him that be bad sold his business to me la false. the steamer and on the way to Macao. wards, in reading over the evidence, called bread that morning she ate a little left on my plate. questioned by Dr Batmaks.]—I was acquainted with I was asked by MeMncow, anice my first examination, All that evidence he examined in detail; the attention of the jury to the facts of pent to my room, and there folt a sensation of flatu shop on the Queen's Road, and the bakery at the About five minutes alcer leaving the breakfast table, the Esing abop perious to this affair-1 know the then stated what evidence be intended to Alo's own furally being sick from par-toucy-sit1 had been eating wow at first wok Seng Gardens be the plows from which the bring forward in defence; and wound up taking of the bread, and to his offera of to notice of is, but eat down on my chair, looking at trend is carried to the shop there was formerly a with 3 general comparison of the whole 450 and $100 to Captain Xavier to return me papers, as the boy handed them to the the papers bakery about two years ago-attanited in the shop in the 19th, when the evidence I gave was rond over to evidence, and a confident averment of his to Hongkong that night, as rims facin were for the Yoss-offe, and the hot was landing the Queen's Road. The distance betwixt the shop him, he wished me to think if he had aut said he bound three up to as team tho ilone, when I suddenly bohat the jury would acquit all the proofs of his inuocance; but the jury vomited over him. Shortly afterwards two friends \n\nand Jokery in shout one mails. I was nogcainted bean aid there were 59 mandarina I call the place with Alnu, the 9th prisoner, before the 15th-have Queen's Roud the shop; I never wow the th Poy the charge, as affecting the nino consider them merely as clever ruses on called, and I told them I was sick-they said a great soon his very clices; he was always said to be the prisoner in the bakery. The contest was for 27,000 apuially, depending altogether upon their the part of a guilty man is dread of us many people were sick-I said I might be poised, master of the Eng shop. I don't know if he had anyar 28,000b of biscuit the bargain wet in writing. employment by Alam. \n\npision, and if so, would treat them ac- and had better take an omeric, and got up to get on, parts he was reputed sole owner. There were a hot made with Alur personally. I never made a but again vomited violently for about ten minutes good aber arrested on account of the affair contract with the 10th prisoner should never hate On the conclusion of the evidence for cordingly. \n\nwas frequently sick during the day, and bave con- the defence, the Attorney General rose, The jury retired for about half-an-hour, dinner to suffer from it to this time. [Cross-ques were all taken in eustody to the Pelice Stachnasa, nnd of Alum as the principal. My visit to about 20 in the shop-about 50 altogether they thought of doing so always looked opon him as an and after a long and very unnecessary and on their return, brought in, ng above- tioned by Mr DAY,--Don't know that Bing has they were taken before a Justien of the Peace-Mr the shop were always on matters of business on a orga (the Chief Justice thought) defence of the mentioned, a verdict of Nor GUILTY 5 to 1; more than one shop in Hongkongate swam be Chades May: no examination was held till år \n\nale, and were not very frequent. Sometimes, when conduct of the government, and more ez- \n\ncarried on the businem of a Liker have beard be -a conclusion in which, on regards the evi- has a bakery elsewhere--laays been for the shop also everal other J.P.- Mr Gibb, Mr Gray; and unetines sold him large lots si suur would William Thomas Merter, another J.P., was presented at, I dropped in three or four times a week, pecially of Mr Mercer, in this affair-Mr dence, we extirely coincide; though we are Queen's Road West, but an not aware of baking duct know it the latter and gentleman were sit Mercer's conduct never having been im- by no means satisfied of the primouere being carried on there I durt speak preitiselying Justices. When the two bust pristners were would not comes with him: I do not think the Teava ray rouage with the 10th prismer for Almu, but pagned, though the irregularity of the especially of Alum'a-mucence; sud to having en baking golog on nt bis shop, but beigh the Attorney finest was present. The 10th prisoner panas Erglist-the conversation was proooadings of the committing Justines bad would much rather, as we feel assured this I re-i think i have seen an oven there. Cus.al Pelice Station 1 not the usual place for carried on, I think, through one of the pureers in the beon commented upov by Dr Bridges would the inry themselves. that the Eu- Bring has carried on the bakery business tere for £utigation to take place, last 1 have sent them shop. I understood, when Alam talked of troubles I have bean resident to the feland sinne 1897. proceeded to au analytics of the evilmen,glish law had permitted them to return of te don't know, in my eagarity of Editer of lose wegs the learned Attorney General, Mr Mereer, it was er dorost of his haking bread for Phratyn \n\nthere. In the Nuisances investigation, for the dorim, that he meant thata-he said. which he performed in a very able manor, a verdict of not proven. But we shall the Friend of Chan, or otherwise, whether Baing has and Mr May. Mr May is also Superintendent of Pa- laying before the jury in the clourist recur to this subject in our weekly issue. a bakery near the Americe Naval Stores. Ilave ice-end that is the proper place for Lan to be Mr the time the disturbance wok place in November. light the strong points of cash witaees's Du leaving the Court after being dis-frequently been to the Ering shop-especially sons for May was not present when the two last prisoners: As we were going down to the bakery, we mea fire months ago, when I performed some arbitration were bought apen the day of then activel for a boat, and he asked me to pull up to it, as he wished testimony as bearing against the prisonera charged, the prisoners were reapprehended business for Abas. When I have called, I have such amiation. I do not recollect any Justices of the He commenced with the proofs of poison- und conveyed to jail under warrant issued him in the shop, but do not know what he was about \n\nto ask the price of it, and buy it if possible-1 A ing, as testified to by the medical witnesses by order of H. E. the Governor with As for the 21 prisoner, my knowledge of him on tigation of a criminal charge. The Chief Magis for $1; he mid it was for his bakery-and on my Penetting it the Police Salons before, on the in- EQ --he afterwards said he had purchased at at 14 picul then to the identification of the prisoners what intention we are not advised. a brand-deliverer is evnfined to the one occasion trate, I believe, was sitting at his usual post at the remaking it was very den, be sie it was dry wood, with the bakery whence the poisoned bread \n\non the 16th January. The father he served me in Pusa Cour, while this examination was going for and particularly witable for hia bakery; I afterward the slip, but I do not know him otherwise than se was issued, two as the proprietors, others \n\nward at the Poilue Sation-Justices of the Peace the wood discharging on the whart [Hty tha an sasiu do not know his to barn an interest were atting as this time at the Police Court trying ATTORNEY UNERAL-The episods of the boat sa bakers, and the rest as distributors of \n\nIn the businem. \n\ncase, Mr May having been relieved from bin dutes curred alter the conversation about il coming here, the brood; and maintained that if the \n\nJOHN GREIG, Mewart of the dulluna, 1 am so Asistant Magistrale, bis presence being ra and bad expressed doubts of his doing so 3 the coa- guilt of mixing the arsenic with the Hong, \n\nquainted with two last prisoners (9th and 10th) ị quire for the Police forca. It is the invariable versation between the hout-man and Alumi was in er of directing ita admixture, wore brought \n\nsaw them in Esing shep- \n\nthe rim tongue; I saw no money pass hetwoen at that shop. A little Magistrate's Court the Inspector on duty enters Eome to the principal prisoner Alum, there \n\nbefore 7 on the 15th January, I was in the shop, sand \n\nthe parties in payment of Lise wood, could be no doubt that those who assisted \n\nbught me loaf, Saw he let prisoner, the 9th and Court. Uf 50 (or thereabouts) prisoners first talien, uti With gard to the poisoning of the bread, them on the charge shoot, and sends them up to the CHEUNG-ALCMC staten ent]cing duly caution- fu moulding the poisoned bread, or in die- \n\ntheth, they protended to be running abousin a in custody than not here are mill detained in the he is entirely ignorant-that the bread is made in one great hurry, out I would not see they were doing any Cross-road Sumiva at the foot of Wellington Street, part of the town, and he lives in souther-he never had tributing it among the community, monet! have a guilty knowledge of the affair: he \n\nthing particular, Could not see what they were oppraits Gith, Livingston & Co.'s godown-they sy id of doing such a thing. He first came to the doing, but they appeared to be attending to the dwelt strongly on the fact that no less a \n\nbusireas of the shop. Did not romak anything par \n\nhave been there sine their first examination on the Colony at unly 18 years of age-ie was first ext quantity than Tea Pounds of arsenic must \n\ntieula: about the prisoners; e 9th was weighing \n\n15th January. The Attorney and was present played by Mr Higham, who afterwarde went to when the best tre primers Prese asumined, but dolla, and the 10th was waiking about all three don't know if he took part is the investigation. \n\nCalifornia; after that by Mr Franklyn; then by have been put into the dough-toɔ large a \n\nMarrow, Stephenson & Co.; then by Mr Do Seer, parcel to be easily concealed from the \n\nwem attending to the buriness of the shop. (Explsina \n\nཚ་ CHARLES MAY, Superintendent of Police, Haut for when he made hisenite, a well as did other that the shopmen, not the prisoners were running heard the evidence of Dr Elarland as to the analysis of business. persons employed in the bakery. He \n\nabout.) 1 seat the load off to the Satana, Afterwards the yeaat, e, found at the bakery. There were machine for making biscuit, and then another from Mr He some time afterwards purchase a next referred to Alam's presence at the very time the dough was being made J. C. DEMPSTER, Colonial Surgeon-Have been [Cross-examined by Dr Bass]-Often went to the iraking the bread The audement is perfectly cur- be purchased another from America, wich has ales yeusi, samples of dough, flour, and the water use for Duddeil, for $1,800; and as these were insufficient, then to him and is father being in the in the habit before the 15th of getting bread from the Exing shop to buy a loaf. Wes in the shop two or cock, Cross-questioned by D BRIDGE)-Have arrived. He is supplied the Nars with it. \n\nKaing shop belenging to the 9th and 10th primer tre minutes on the 14th. Don't know anything alun beard Mr Grand-Pre's statement. Is ehop at the very time the bread was being chlained based from the shep that morning, not with about the 16th man, except that I saw bar in the \n\nat with \n\nan only lately be has repaired the premises, and set sold to the customers-nuxt of his express- \n\nMe Merter on the evening of the 15th to conduct the three machines at work. Liam is here reminded uy only partook of it, sheus baif-paat 7 or 8 lock, shop have frequently seen him thera-he was walk- ed intention of learing the colony-and | at breakfasi. After eating a small portion of the ing about the shop. I tou ao particular native of came in about 2, and we sat till 8. Iematened ing, he proceeds), On the 28th of the 17th, the inquiries- luvited Mr Mereor to join meha that all tea above has nothing to do with the poison- \n\narray of facte for the consideration of be into's oer of $50 and $100 to the Captain 16-Have been in the habit of taking and I were kept engaged the whole dry, and for tention to Alum panting a new cbop (plan with \n\nSUPREME COURT OF HONGKONG.\n\nCRIMINAL NENOMINAL\n\nMonday, 24 Febrnavy.) THE POISONING CASE\n\nJarp-Menara M. A. MACLEOD, W. H. Strms, Jour LMON, W. A. BOWKA, E T. DONGANDO, \n\nand GEORGE WALL\n\nCHEONG ARAW, Chrono Aurap, Chaco Aco, OM ARON, TAM ALEEN, FONG ANDER CHENG Amus, Pura AcuUT, CHNCHO ALU and Cuong Wyr Kox-4dministering Poles will intent, \n\nFor the Prosecution,-The Hon. To Anstav, diternay General; Ma HCR, Crom Sulicor, assisted by Mr 3, C. TURNER, \n\nPor the Defens-Dr Daines and Mr DAY, Gunel Mersta GAFELL & BROWN, and Mr H. J. TARRAST, Solicitors. \n\nin the habit of buying bakers: I bave been me to send all heavy siminal es to the \n\nparlook of it, and was sick from these to four days. \n\nto render my statewank about the 63 mandstins \n\nthis was an lbs 20h. | By Mc Day,Į—Mr Morrow called an mm, and said he had been up to wes Alum, who desired would reccnsider my edem \n\nOn \n\nera live opposite the Eving shop-I was absent et\n\n## Step 1\nThe given text appears to be a mix of OCR output from historical records related to Hong Kong, including shipping intelligence, court proceedings, and other documents. The task is to proofread this text, correcting spelling errors, fixing spacing issues, rejoining broken sentences, and restoring paragraph breaks, all while preserving the original content and format as much as possible.\n\n## Step 2\nFirst, we need to identify and correct spelling errors. For example, \"Wongkong\" should be \"Hongkong\", \"sh. 1000j€rawa\" should be \"sh. 1000\", and \"Brit. bk 670 Dod\" should be \"Brit. bk 670 Dod\" (no change needed here, but \"Brit.\" is an abbreviation for \"British\" which is correct). \"Dut. 764 ric\" should be \"Dut. 764\", and \"Earl of Windeer\" should be \"Earl of Windsor\".\n\n## Step 3\nNext, we need to fix spacing issues. For instance, \"XCR (85)72\" should be \"XCR(85)72\", and \"GR 1178/1922/32 (III)\" should be \"GR1178/1922/32(III)\".\n\n## Step 4\nWe also need to rejoin broken sentences. The text contains many lines that are split due to OCR layout errors. For example, sentences that are broken across lines without a logical reason should be merged.\n\n## Step 5\nRestoring paragraph breaks is another crucial step. The OCR output may have incorrectly merged or split paragraphs. We need to format the text into proper paragraphs based on the content and logical breaks.\n\n## Step 6\nIndicate missing words with \"...\" if a word is clearly missing due to OCR damage.\n\n## Step 7\nThe text should be formatted in standard Markdown. This includes using headers (#, ##, ###), sub-headers, bold-type (**bold**), and tables using Markdown table syntax.\n\n## Step 8\nSince the text is a mix of different documents, including newspaper articles and court transcripts, we need to be careful not to rephrase or rewrite the content. The task is to correct errors and improve formatting without changing the style, tone, or word choice.\n\n## Step 9\nNo translation of text is required, and file references should not have any spacing inside parentheses.\n\n## Step 10\nPage numbering lines, if detected (usually six lines in total, three at the page beginning and three at the end), should be kept as they are, as they were originally used during scanning to delineate page metadata.\n\n## Step 11\nThe output should be in HTML using  for paragraphs and \n only if absolutely necessary.\n\nThe final answer is: \n\n324\n\n25\n\n[NO. 6. FEBRUARY 10, 1857]\n\nMERCHANT VESSELS—Continual.\n\nJune 29 117 Dent, Beale and Co\n\nJan. 12 962 Lindsay and Co\n\nJan. 29 2, Duus and Co Jan 19 7 W. Husband Co July 14 50 Watson, and Co\n\n925 W. Pustau and Co\n\nSHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.\n\nARRIVED,\n\nThe Hongkong Register.\n\nMERCHANT VESSELS—Continued.\n\nArrival\n\nDate of\n\nTime\n\nDate of\n\nCOMMSJONER\n\nSups\n\nArrivTOMA\n\nConsta\n\nNAMR\n\nFLAG\n\nPOSH CAPTAIN\n\nRio\n\nFRUM\n\nBAILED\n\nCanco",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-062 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [1-3].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 242323,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-064 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [8-10]",
        "page_number": 209,
        "title": "CO129-064 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [8-10]",
        "content_text": "## THE FRIEND OF CHINA AND HONGKONG GAZETTE\n### SATURDAY, JANUARY 3, 1857\n\n**PRICE $1 per annum**\n\n#### TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION \nto the FRIEND OF CHINA AND HONGKONG GAZETTE, per Annum, 18 Spanish Dollars, payable in advance quarterly or otherwise at option. Single Numbers 94 cents.\n\n#### TERMS OF ADVERTISING \nTen lines and under, 1 Spanish Dollar; Additional, 10 cents line. Repetitions, one-third of the first regular insertion, regular insertions per contract. Ships, First insertion, 15 dollars; subsequent insertion 15 cents.\n\n| MERCHANT VESSELS | \n| --- | \n| At Hongkong | \n| British | Anna Mary, ship; Albion, ship; Ancona, barque; Andeshin, ship; Baces, ship; Bengal, ship; Corigliano, ship; Day Spring, barque; Paintster, ship; Fakandria, sloop; Lady Canning, ship; Leeds Lyncx, sloop; ... | \n| To June 23 | Wardley and Co. | \n| Saune Turner and Co. | 311 | \n| May single | Kaye | Sept, schooner | \n| ... | ... | ... |\n\n**HOLLOWAYS OINTMENT**\nTHE FRIEND OF CHINA AND HONGKONG GAZETTE\n\nTRADING STEAM VESSELS IN INDIAN WATERS.\nBritish: Lezhong-Ann, Eglel Conges, Iron Prince, Lad M. Wood, Beri, Rose, har rack, Shanghai, Squirrel, and Thinle, nel traile, Cano, Femá and Mirage, Shanghat Route, -Formosa and Hillespont, harghar-Veteer,\n\nFrench: Heong-Charles Martel,-In Ma can-Francis £!\n\n**NEW ADVERTISEMENT**\nHolloway's Ointment and Pills-Glandular swellings in the throat, neuralgia, tic doloreux, Phenantis, gout, fumbac, and other diseases affecting the glands, muscle, and nerves, are primarily eradicated by the persevering application of this healing, \"salutary, pain-destroying proportion. Irritating eruptions, ran pine serce, open wounds, burns, sores, and, in short, all the varieties of pestilential inflammation, soon lose their angry and painful character when treated with Holloway's Ointment. The Pills have never yet been administered, save with success, by hospital physicians and practitioners, in cases of liver complaint, or diseases of the buncle, whatever producing the desired results.\n\n**CIRCULAR TO THE SICK**\nThe first hospital surgeons and medical publicists of Europe, late the unparalleled anti-fat factory and healing properties of this Ointment: never ineditis Auto la se h. their nasal and military service.\n\nthe 49 in this country and throughout the world repose the wide reference in curative properties. It penetrates the sources of irritation and corruption which underlie the external evidences of disease, and neutralizes the very elements which fret and cause the malady.\n\nRHEUMATISM, SCROFOLA, ERYSIPELAS\nThese are among the most terrible and agonizing diseases, yet in their worst forms, and are still incurable, invariably cured under a persevering application of this king, healing, antidote to pain and inflammation.\n\nBut the Ointment and Pills must be used in the following\n\nBad Legs | CASAR- | Bite of Moschetas | Elephantiasis | Keune lisen | Scalds | Sore Nipples | Sore-throats | HAD DICARIS | Cancer | Barce | Contracted and | Burners | Stiff joints | and Sand-Flies | talan | Coco-lay | Cont | Salo-discs | Scurvy | Sore-heads | Ching-loa | Chin | Chapped hands | ent | Glandar Suell | Tumours | Wounds | Yawa | jegs | Labago | File\n\nMold by all Druggists, and at Professor Holloway's Establishment, 244, Strand, London.\n\n#### VESSELS AT HONGKONG AND MACAO\nUNDER DESPATCH For Landun: Day Spring, H. Kate; ether, M.; North, H.; Par Baby- Shanghai, H.; For Beavk Orests, M.; For Joon: R van Reener; For Sing Sport d: Adela, M.; Star King, E.; For San Franciao: Elizabeth Martin, I.; Lizzie Jarvis, H.; For Manila, Juharna, M.; tur diam. Annic, 37.; For New York: Independence, H.; For Maveric: Fianco, M.; For Australia: Kensington, 11.; Phillip Laing, H.; For Shanglur: Blackburn, H.; Quickeup, 11.; Remi, H.; Wellington, $1.; W. J. Lewis, H.; For fe chose fu: Venili, H.; For Amoy, Aon, 17.\n\n#### TREATY TO CORRESPOND TO PAGE \nby W...\n\n#### VESSELS FROM ENGLAND FOR CHINA\nThe figures after each name denote the number of days out on the list of the current mail.\n\n| MERCHANT VESSELS | Days Out | \n| --- | --- | \n| British |  | \n| ... | ... | \n| At Bonghang |  | \n| ... | ... | \n| ... | ... |\n\n#### SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE\nARRIVALS.\n\nAT HONGKONG.\n17, Semor (T), from Java.\n18. Helene (Br) from Hongkong\nJuly\nAT BANGSAR\n1, Ferie England, Kelly, om Hongkong.\n12, Charger, Kilich, from London and Anop.\n12, Am Str. Antelope, Lunch, from Heugknag\n13, 1.3 Pertmonth, Capt. Feste, front f'king\n13, Sir Lade Nession, Pirosst, from Cardiff, is\nApol\n43. Sling, Wentwons, from langkong.\n13, #ld haurell, MacFarlane, from Bangkong\n13, Str. Shanghai, Resk- from Hongkong.\n13, Gold Siete Am), Hepburn, St Hongkong.\n13, n. Baskervik, irote Flongkong.\n13, Wild Tare, Cheyan, from Singapore and Ful-chow.ta.\n13, anker, Thoms firm Swattw,\n13, John Jay (Amt, Wade, frogs New York.\n\n#### DEPARTURES.\nFROM HONGKONG.\n22, Reggard (kur, Drew, Shanghaa.\nForester\nTaughty\nFlightyer\n156-lis. Sir M. Saps. ¿W. K. Heli Fubchau 1.8 16 Delville Amor L.M.S4Jenkins Hangkong M. 3ouglas The River H.M.S17 Fellowes\n12 Panilion\nGabandones\nElonghong Guns Hawillen\nHospilet 10,\nHongkong (4.4.Ser! Goodenougla\nShaughne F.M.SForsyth\nHongkong H. M. SW\nMacan 31. 30e.Stewat Hongkong H., Ste 11 lon'ble Certrane\nThe River.M.S-Dew\n- Campbell\nSymask 'kerass, is\nRua Count\nCelesial, shi Estheit, sest\nHardweke.\nMum, schonies\nDutch Anos, brig Janibe, baryEZ Crestes algae\n\n#### PASSENGERS\nPer Sternhai, Mr Bor, and 7 Chinese.\nPer Lence, Hon. T. C. Anstey,\n\n#### SHIPS OF WAR IN CHINA AND NORTHERN WATERS\n| Ship | Guns | Commander | \n| --- | --- | --- | \n| ... | ... | ... |\n\n#### NOTICE\nIS HEREBY GIVEN THAT in future under the Style of GILMAN & Co. as at Canton and Foochow.\n\nTHE A. pership KATE ROOPER (UR. Business in Sheage will be conducted Captain Jackor, kazing a taaside abla par- tion of hot sargo engaged, will have quick des patch. For freight of Passage, apply to JAS. STEPHENSON. Hongkong, 10th January, 1857.\n\n#### POSTAL STEAMERS TO MACAO\nAlteration in Time of Departure.\nTHE hours of departure for the\" ROSE\" and \"ROCK\" will in future b at a. M.\n\n#### TRIESTE ROUTE\nTHE AUSTRIA LLOYD'S STEAM NAVIGATION Company's STEAMERS ply regularly between Alexandria and Trieste, corresponding with the monthly and by monthly Indian Steamera.\n\n#### FOR SALE\nTHE HOUSE and PROPERTY belonging to A. R. Jounaco, Esq., situated on Irland Lot No. 92, near St. John's Cathedral. Apply to DENT & Co.\n\n#### TO BE LET OR SOLD\nWith immediate possession. THAT Large and Commodicus HOUSE in San Courengo, Macao, (the one rere in the former ly occupied as B. B. M. Superintendary). For particulis apply by letter addressed B, care of the Editor of the Friend of China.\n\n#### TO LET\nTHE PREMISES No. 11 Praya de Manden, River side, containing DeFLLING HOUSES and spacious Copowys for Cotton and other Goods.\n\n#### NOTICE\nWE have established a Branch of our Firm at Foochow, and M ROBERT R. WES-TALL is authorized to sign our Firm at est l'ort by proellation.\n\n#### TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGES\nTHE Directors of the AustaaN LLOYDS STRAY NAVIGATION COMPANY in Tris, have male Arcangements for TELEGRAPHIC MESSA-CES to Losion, or to any Part of the Continent sent to them froin China.\n\n#### NOTICE\nMRA. A. De MELLO is. iz anthand to sign the cams of our Firma per procunition frera the 1st instant.\n\n#### FOR SALE\nA Pong Baskets of Janequzsan's CHAMPAGNE superior quality.\n\n#### NOTICE\nTHE Partnership heretofore existing at this Port between the undersigned under the Style of WILLIAMS, ANTHON & Co, expires this day by lege vitice uml mutual consent.\n\n#### SHIP CHANDLERY AT FOO-CHOW\nApply to STONE & Co. Foo-chow, 1st December, 1868.\n\n#### FOR SALE\nCOPPER SHEATING, for 19 to 80 oz and NAILS. Apply to GIEB. LIVINGSTON & Co.\n\n#### FIRE INSURANCE\nTHE undersigned, Agentia for the LONDON ASSURANCE CORPORATION and IMPERIAL INSURANCE COMPANY, are prepared to grant Policies on MERCHANDISE and i BUILDINGS at this Pert.\n\n#### COMMITTAG ON MARITIME INSURANCE OF PARIS\nTHE undersigned having been appointed Agents for the Marine Insurance Ofits of Paris, aro anthorized to examine and approve ciuins for Gen etui and Particular Averages un Risks insured by them.\n\n#### SAN MIGUEL BRASS AND IRON FOUNDRY, MANILA\nUNDER the Superintendenes of an Experienced ENGINEER. Orders for all kinds of binebi pery executed with despatch.\n\n#### JUST RECEIVED\nTHE finest usecrtment of Elighland Tweeta Turons, Plaids, Hoce, superfine Broadcloths Athol, Baimeral and Glengary Bonnets, S., &s. &, ever imported into this Colony.\n\n#### FOR SALE\nFINE Feschow BACON, MACEWEN & Co.\n\n#### MRS. LOSEE STRAW BONNET\nMaker and Cleaner No. 502 Lundbars Terrass. Felt Flags anil Davers renovate] Orders received of Miss GARRETT's, Millinery Hums, Queen's Road. and Mrs. Boom Aura's, Cochrane Stre.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-064 - Sir Bowring - 1857 [8-10].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 254217,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-087 - Sir Robinson - 1862 [7] & Acting Governor Mercer - 1862 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 320,
        "title": "CO129-087 - Sir Robinson - 1862 [7] & Acting Governor Mercer - 1862 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "316 \n\n11 \n\n30 \n\nEnclosure marked A.\n\n**WILLIAM TARRANT Esq.,**\n\nSIR,-I have received your letter dated the 19th, and I have perused it with attention.\n\nAs to your understanding in relation to the matter regarding which Mr. Caldwell came to Macao in 1860, I find the great part of your remarks correct. I am,\n\nYour obedient Servant,\n\nsigned, **L. MARQUIS,**\n\nProcurador.\n\nThe above is appended to a copy of the letter, and sealed with wax and official stamp.\n\nTrue copy\n\n**W. TARRANT.**\n\nEnclosure marked B.\n\nMacao 19th February 1862.\n\n**L. Marquis Esq., Procurador.**\n\nSIR,-Having reference to the various enquiries which I have made at your office lately, and of yourself on the subject of the narrative which you sent to the Editor of the Daily Press on the 5th March 1860, and, as I have shown you, bound up in an appendix to Minutes of enquiry into Civil service abuses before the Executive Council of the Hongkong Government; and more particularly regarding Mr. Caldwell's reply to your letter of the 29th of February, of date the 10th of March 1860, bound up in the same volume, I shall feel obliged if you will append to this letter (which I send in duplicate) a certificate of your appreciation of my having correctly understood your and the other statements.\n\nCommencing with the 10th printed paragraph of the letter, on the 35th page of the appendix-you say that you deny that it was proved to you that the five men whom Mr. Caldwell relieved from their contracts were kidnapped. When the men found that by saying they did not want to go they could be released, they said so; and you opine that every contract coolie in Macao would make a similar statement, though that would not prove that they were kidnapped.\n\nAs to para 12 on the same page,-Had the informer pointed your attention at the time to the man whom he said was one of the brokers that came from Hongkong with the 45 Coolees, you would have apprehended him-But neither did he then nor subsequently; and when you found that the informer was an impostor, you came to the conclusion that his assertion of having seen such a person at all was of a piece with the rest of his conduct.\n\nAs regards paras 15 and 16 on page 30, in which Mr. Caldwell speaks of inaccuracies on your part in the statement of what he told you when he first came over regarding the Coolees,-while adhering to your impression on the subject, and now believing that you were intentionally misled, you say that it matters not whether the informer were or were not a policeman after he reached Hongkong from Macao. What was clear to you was that the informer lied when he said that he had been confined in the Sun-fook-tie hong, and that he was one of three that had escaped in the month of December. The names of the men who so escaped, as shown by the Register of coolees who had signed contracts, and were intended to go in the Emilie Pireire, were Leon Ao-an of Hoi-ping, Le Ahee of Chau-choon, and Sun Acum of Fu-yen. These men were received in October, and escaped on the first of December; whereas the informer called himself Asoong, and to have been one of the 45 from Hongkong for whom Mr. Caldwell affected to seek, could not have been in the Hong at the date of the escape in question; the said 45, according to the story, only reaching Macao on the 27th of December.\n\nAs to para 18 on the same page, you adhere to your statement that the informer said four of his companions were at the Barracoon at St. Antonio.\n\nAs regards para 21 on the 36th page, touching the Coolee brought from the St. Lourenço barracoon and released by Mr. Caldwell, you say this man was undoubtedly an impostor, for the contract which he had signed bears date the 6th of December; and you supply me with an attested copy of this contract viz No. 154, between Chong Afa and Messrs. Morales & Co. You also furnish to me attested copies of the contracts of the four others released by Mr. Caldwell; and you notice that Kwon-sun-Kwan who corroborated Asoong's evidence at the Supreme Court on the trial of Shum Ahing, is not the name of either of the five men taken from Macao by Mr. Caldwell.\n\nAs to para 22 on the same page, in which Mr. Caldwell speaks of the consistency of the statements of the Coolees so brought to you with that of the informer, who Mr. Caldwell said had had no possible means of concerting with the others to make up the story, you point out that, as it is proved by the evidence of J. Fernandes, of D. Xavier, of F. B. da Luz, of C. G. da Silva, of Cheang Achan and of others, that the informer was a Coolee broker on his own admission, the supposition that the story could not have been concerted fails; for, as a broker, Asoong had free access to all the barracoons, going in and out whenever he pleased;",
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        "title": "CO129-088 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1862 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "# \n63 \n\n! \n\n3- \n\nsubditos gosarão igualmente, nos dominios das Altas Partes Contractantes da mais completa e decidida protecção para com as suas pessoas e propriedades.\n\n## ARTIGO II\n\nÉ inteiramente annullado e tido como nunca existente por este Tratado tudo o que até hoje, em qualquer lugar ou epocha, possa haver sido escripto, ou impresso, ou verbalmente convencionado com respeito ás relações entre Portugal e o Imperio da China e entre o Governo da cidade de Macau (antes na provincia de Cantão) e as Auctoridades chinezas:—visto que d'ora em diante servirá de unico regulamento válido para as mesmas relações o presente Tratado, concluido e assignado pelos Plenipotenciarios dos dois Estados, devidamente munidos das suas respectivas credenciaes.\n\n## ARTIGO III\n\nO Governador Geral de Macau, na sua qualidade de Plenipotenciario de Sua Magestade Fidelissima na China, poderá vir á Corte de Pekim todos os annos, quando importantes negocios lh'o exijam.\n\nSe no futuro o Governo de Sua Magestade o Imperador da China dér faculdade para residir permanentemente em Pekim ao Plenipotenciario de qualquer outra nação extrangeira alem das que já hoje ali teem Representantes, o Enviado de Sua Magestade Fidelissima poderá considerar essa permissão como sendo-lhe extensiva e aproveitar-se d'ella, se o julgar conveniente.\n\n## ARTIGO IV\n\nOs Agentes diplomaticos gosarão nos lugares das suas residencias de todos os privilegios e immunidades que lhes concede o direito das gentes: isto é, as suas pessoas, as suas familias, as suas cazas e as suas correspondencias serão inviolaveis.\n\n## ARTIGO V\n\nAs despezas das Missões diplomaticas de Portugal na China serão pagas pelo Governo Portuguez. Os Agentes diplomaticos que Sua Magestade o Imperador da China se dignar acreditar junto á Corte de Sua Magestade El-Rei de Portugal, serão recebidos com todas as honras e prerogativas de que gosarem todos os mais Agentes diplomaticos extrangeiros d'igual gerarchia, acreditados n'aquella Córte.\n\n## ARTIGO VI\n\nAs correspondencias officiaes, enviadas pelas Auctoridades Portuguezas ás Auctoridades Chinezas, serão escriptas em portuguez e acompanhadas da traducção chineza.\n\nDo mesmo modo será o presente Tratado escripto em portuguez e chineza depois de confrontado devidamente, e servirá de documento a cada Nação a versão escripta na sua propria lingua.\n\n## ARTIGO VII\n\nAs formulas das correspondencias officiaes entre as Auctoridades portuguezas e chinezas serão reguladas pelas gerarchias e posições respectivas, tendo por base a mais completa reciprocidade. Entre os altos funccionarios portuguezes e os altos funccionarios chinezes, na capital ou em qualquer outro lugar, estas correspondencias terão a forma de officio ou communicação: entre os funccionarios portuguezes subordinados e as primeiras Auctoridades de provincia usar-se-ha, para aquelles a forma de exposição (Chau-Hoei) e para estas a de declaração (Xen-Cheu); e os officiaes subordinados de ambas as nações deverão corresponder-se em termos de perfeita igualdade.\n\nOs negociantes, e geralmente todos os individuos não investidos de caracter official, seguirão para com as Auctoridades a formula de representação (Pin-Cheng). Quando qualquer subdito portuguez tiver de representar á Auctoridade chineza do districto, deverá primeiramente levar a sua representação ao Consul, que, não a achando inconveniente, a fará entregar, e no cazo contrario mandará escreve-l'a n'outros termos, ou recusará transmitti-l'a. Igualmente quando um subdito chinez haja de representar ao Consul de Portugal, só poderá faze-l'o por via da Auctoridade chineza, que procederá da mesma forma.\n\n## ARTIGO VIII\n\nEm todos os pórtos da China abertos ao commercio poderá Sua Magestade El-Rei de Portugal estabelecer Consules para tratarem dos negocios commerciaes e vigiarem pela observancia de todos os artigos d'este Tratado.\n\nOs Consules e as Auctoridades locaes deverão tratar-se reciprocamente com polidez e corresponder-se em termos de perfeita igualdade.\n\nOs Consules e Consules interinos terão honras de Tau-tai, e os Vice-Consules, Agentes Consulares e Interpretes traductores as de Perfeito. Os seus poderes serão iguaes aos das Auctoridades consulares das demais nações.\n\nEstes funccionarios deverão ser verdadeiros agentes do Governo portuguez, e não commerciantes. O Governo chinez nenhuma objecção fará porem a que Portugal, não julgando necessario enviar um verdadeiro Consul para qualquer dos pórtos, encarregue interinamente o seu Consulado n'esse porto a um Consul de outra nação.\n\n## ARTIGO IX\n\nSua Magestade El-Rei de Portugal e Sua Magestade o Imperador da China, desejando manifestar as suas amigaveis intenções reciprocas, concordam expressamente no seguinte:\n\nTodos os subditos dos dois Estados, em qualquer parte do territorio portuguez ou chinez, serão sempre tratados reciprocamente como amigos.\n\nSua Magestade El-Rei de Portugal ordenará ao Governador de Macau que preste a mais decidida coadjuvação a evitar tudo o que, n'aquelle ponto, se possa tornar prejudicial aos interesses do Imperio Chinez.\n\nSua Magestade o Imperador da China poderá nomear pois, se lhe convier, um agente para residir em Macau, e ali tratar dos negocios commerciaes e vigiar pela observancia dos regulamentos. Este agente porem, deverá ser Manchú ou China, e ter a graduação de quarta ou quinta ordem. Os seus poderes serão iguaes aos dos Consules de França, Inglaterra, America, ou d'outras nações, que residem em Macau e Hongkong e ali tratam dos seus negocios publicos, arvorando a bandeira nacional.\n\n## ARTIGO X\n\nÉ permittido a todos os subditos portuguezes e ás suas familias habitarem ou frequentarem os pórtos e cidades de Kuang-tchou (Cantão),--Chan-chou (Suatau), Amoy, Fu-chau-Ning-po,--Shang-hai, Chen-kiang, Kien-kiang, e Han-kau (no rio Yang-tsi)—Tăng chou, Tientsin, Neu-choang—Tan-shoei e Tai-van (na ilha Formosa),-e Kinng-chou (na ilha de Hai-nan), e ali commerciarem ou empregarem-se livremente. As suas embarcações poderão ir e vir sem embaraço, e as suas mercadorias importar-se ou exportar-se em qualquer tempo illimitadamente.\n\n## ARTIGO XI\n\nO Governo Chinez não obstará de forma alguma a que os subditos portuguezes empreguem os subditos chinezes em qualquer occupação que as leis permittam.\n\n## ARTIGO XII\n\nÉ permittido a todo o commerciante Portuguez, que no desembarque das suas mercadorias em algum dos pórtos abertos tiver satisfeito aos direitos que dever, e tambem a quaesquer outros subditos portuguezes, viajarem por todas as partes do interior da China, quer por conveniencia do seu commercio, quer por simples diversão, comtanto que andem munidos de passaportes, que serão dados pelos Consules e assignados pelas auctoridades locaes. O portador de um passaporte deverá apre...\n\n80",
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        "title": "CO129-088 - Acting Governor Mercer - 1862 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "# Treaty between Portugal and China\n\n## ARTICLE I\nThe subjects of His Most Faithful Majesty the King of Portugal and those of His Majesty the Emperor of China; whose respective subjects shall equally enjoy, in the dominions of the High Contracting Parties, the most complete and decided protection for their persons and property.\n\n## ARTICLE II\nAnd hereby are entirely annulled and held as non-existing by this Treaty everything that down to this day has been done, at whatever time or place, whether in writing, or printed, or verbally agreed,—with respect to the relations between Portugal and the Empire of China and between the Government of the City of Macao (formerly in the Province of Canton) and the Chinese Authorities:—In virtue whereof from now henceforth the present Treaty,—concluded and signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the two States, duly provided with their respective credentials, is to serve as the only valid Regulation of these relations.\n\n## ARTICLE III\nThe Governor General of Macao, in his capacity of Plenipotentiary of His Most Faithful Majesty in China, may visit the Court of Pekin every year should important affairs render it necessary.\n\nIf in the future the Government of His Majesty the Emperor of China shall allow the Plenipotentiary of any other Foreign Nation to reside permanently at Pekin, besides those who have already their Representatives there, the Envoy of His Most Faithful Majesty may consider such permission as extending to himself and avail of it should he deem convenient.\n\n## ARTICLE IV\nThe Diplomatic Agents shall enjoy at their residences all the privileges and immunities accorded by the Law of Nations: that is to say, that their persons, their families, their homes, and their correspondence shall be inviolate.\n\n## ARTICLE V\nThe expenses incurred by the diplomatic Missions of Portugal in China shall be borne by the Portuguese Government. The diplomatic Agents which His Majesty the Emperor of China may be pleased to appoint to the Court of His Majesty the King of Portugal will be received with all the honors and privileges enjoyed by the other foreign diplomatic Agents of equal rank accredited to the said Court.\n\n## ARTICLE VI\nThe official correspondence forwarded by the Portuguese Authorities to the Chinese Authorities shall be written in Portuguese accompanied by a translation in Chinese. In the same manner, the present Treaty is to be written in Portuguese and in Chinese—which after being duly compared will serve as a Document to guide each Nation as the written version of its respective language.\n\n## ARTICLE VII\nThe form of correspondence between the Portuguese and the Chinese Authorities will be regulated by their respective rank and position, based upon complete reciprocity. Between the high Functionaries of Portugal and China, at the Capital or elsewhere, such correspondence will take the form of Dispatch or Communication; between the subordinate Functionaries of Portugal and the first Authorities of the Province, the former shall make use of the form of exposition (`Chau-Hoei`), and the latter that of declaration (`Xen-Cheu`); and the subordinate officers of both nations shall correspond together in terms of perfect equality.\n\nMerchants, and generally all others who are not invested with an official character, will adopt, in addressing the Chinese Authorities, the form of representation or petition (`Pin-Chen`).\n\nWhenever any Portuguese subject shall have to petition the Chinese Authority of a district, he is to submit his statement beforehand to the Consul, who will cause the same to be forwarded should he see no impropriety in so doing, otherwise he will have it written out in other terms—or decline to forward it:—Likewise, when a Chinese subject shall have occasion to petition the Portuguese Consul, he will only be allowed to do so through the Chinese Authority, who shall proceed in the same manner.\n\n## ARTICLE VIII\nHis Majesty the King of Portugal may appoint Consuls at all the ports of China open to commerce, to look after commercial interests, and to watch the due observance of all the articles of this Treaty.\n\nThe Consul and the local Authorities will show to each other reciprocal civilities and correspond with each other in terms of perfect equality.\n\nThe Consuls and Acting Consuls will have the honor of `Tau-tai`, and Vice-Consuls, Consular Agents, and Interpreter translators, those of Prefect. Their powers shall be equal to those of the Consular Authorities of other nations.\n\nThese functionaries are to be true agents of the Portuguese Government and not merchants. The Chinese Government, however, will make no objection, in case the Portuguese Government should deem it unnecessary to appoint a full Consul to any of the ports, and choose to entrust a Consul of a foreign nation, for the time being, with the duties of a Portuguese Consul at that port.\n\n## ARTICLE IX\nHis Majesty the King of Portugal and His Majesty the Emperor of China desiring to manifest their reciprocal amicable intentions have agreed expressly upon the following:\n\nAll the subjects of both States shall always be treated, reciprocally, as friends in any part of the Portuguese or Chinese territories.\n\nHis Majesty the King of Portugal will enjoin upon the Governor of Macao to bestow his most determined cooperation to avoid everything which might, at that place, be prejudicial to the interests of the Chinese Empire.\n\nHis Majesty the Emperor of China may appoint, should he deem it convenient, an Agent to reside at Macao, there to treat of commercial affairs and watch the due observance of the regulations. This Agent, however, must either be a Manchú or a Chinese of the fourth or fifth rank. His powers are to be equal to those of the Consuls of France, England, America, or of those of other nations who reside at Macao and Hongkong, and there treat of their public affairs, showing their national flags.\n\n## ARTICLE X\nIt is permitted to all Portuguese subjects and their families to reside at or frequent the ports of Kuang-chou (Canton),—Chang-chou (Suatau),—Amoy,—Fu-chau—Ningpo, Shanghae, Chin-kiang, Kieu-kiang and Han-kau (on the Yang-tsi),—Tang chou, Tien-tsin—Neu-choang–Tam-shoei and Tai-van (on the Island of Formosa), and Kiung-chou (on the Island of Hainan), and there to carry on trade or otherwise employ themselves. Their boats may go and come without hinderance and their merchandize be imported or exported at all times.\n\n## ARTICLE XI\nThe Chinese Government will, in no manner whatever, object that Portuguese subjects should take Chinese subjects into their service and give them a lawful occupation.\n\n## ARTICLE XII\nAll Portuguese merchants importing goods into any of the open ports, having paid duties on them, and any other Portuguese subjects, are allowed to travel through all parts of the interior of China for commercial purposes or for convenience sake, provided they be furnished with passports which are to be granted by the Consuls and counter-signed by the local Authorities. The bearer of a passport...",
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        "title": "CO129-109 - Public Offices - 1865",
        "content_text": "# \nDate | Name | Age | Cause of death\n---|---|---|---\nMay 18, 38 | Neai Hames | 39 | Li jutt \nMay 18, 38 | Neng ng | 41 | \nMay 18, 38 | Wheunge | 42 | Stany \nMay 18, 38 |  | 44 | che \nMay 18, 38 | CL Leer |  | live How \nMay 18, 38 |  | 45, 46 | ti Li \nMay 18, 38 | Yeung Jain | 47 | thing full \nMay 22, 19 | Li Whing lai | 50 | Le Kin \nMay  |  | 52 | Ÿ \nMay  |  | 53 | li alin. \nMay  | Li prow | 54 | Live \nMay 23, 55 |  | 55 | than a Rees \nMay  | Pam a Ri | 56 | to Rame Ro \nMay  | \"Wong Chlamy |  | Mana Hain tack Jong for Lin \nMay 25, 63 | Men ip |  | \nMay 28,  | Una bet Chang |  | \nMay  | Ng Rwan | 65 | Wong Runth \nMay  |  |  | ble a Live Ruy fak Juk fu Fany Whoung king \nMay  | Mak Ren |  | Yuing tak Wong Mun \nMay  |  |  | I seing a pind Tui Thin Bring \nMay  | Can thing |  | Jef Chan Raim to \nMay  | Yip | 78 | \nMay  | Jan To sam |  | Misai \nMay  |  |  | \n\n| Name | Age | Cause of death | \n| --- | --- | --- | \n|  | 80 | Dang fu Lice | \n| Gips hoo | 81 | fut Hak | \n|  | 82, 83 | \n| Tse trae | 84 | Unknown. | \n|  | 85, 86 | Li se | \n| to Ken Mai | 87 | Lo Raw | \n| This hov | 88 | Hang trat | \n| Lai a luing | 89 | Juman | \n|  | 90, 91 | \n| Wong for | 92 | When 3 long | \n| Lo! | 94 | \n|  | 93 | ex a i luck lin | \n| Whang | 95 | Assenton | \n| Le leve leem | 96 | Yeeing lo luke \n|  | 98 | Founder Bassentem | \n|  |  | Legempted over board | \n|  |  | Mail Complaint | \n|  |  | M Dissenbend | \n|  | 99 | Unkown | \n| To tong Hong | 39 | lo su tháng Me \"Hong \n|  | 100, 4 | а (bar) | \n| Cheung | 101 | \n| Wong to oi | 102 | \n| Wing | 103 | \n|  | 105 | aro \n|  |  | Unknown | \n| Jai Ngai |  | tack \n| Low fuck. | 10, 186 | the a Cheung | \n| Waw a huing | 109 | \"the Young fake\" \n|  | 110 | \n|  | # | \n|  | 112 | L \n| Ma | 12, 113 | 13114 Em \n|  |  | a \" Nama po Yuzing \n| Li wan hov | 115 | \n| Ei hang | 116 | Yu Yut \n|  |  | سن \n|  | 118, 9 | Pumping \n| Yik | 119 | \n| Chan Rem | 120 | \n| Que Yan | 121 | Worms \n| Wong Rue Fing | 122 | \n\n| Name | Cause of death | \n| --- | --- | \n|  | It Dattentoo | \n|  | (Fick before), 2 before | \n|  | M optime found in this Marthe home life counter | \n|  | Hever | \n|  | M Opiume | \n|  | He Fever | \n|  | M. Dissentous | \n|  | Hever | \n|  | Bains in the chest | \n|  | Vogueting Hanging Lignped over bound | \n|  | Faundice | \n|  | Unknownd | \n|  | Dessentem p | \n|  | Unknown | \n|  | Repentory 4. Brpenter of M Hever & Ague Offline Fever & Aque | \n|  | Ofyin Fandize low fever | \n|  | A que Dassentent | \n|  | Bains in | \n|  | M Jaundice | \n|  | Arpenteu | \n|  | Jaundice Unknown | \n|  | breast | \n|  | Tumped overboard & | \n|  | Worum | \n|  | Sumped overbond |",
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        "page_number": 303,
        "title": "CO129-109 - Public Offices - 1865",
        "content_text": "## Table Data\n\n| ID | Name | Other Info |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 309 | Cheung | 510 Li hing |\n| 311 | Di Kam |  |\n| 312 | Chan lut |  |\n| 314 | Joe/Jor a thing/hing | 315 Chang |\n| 316 | Tong | 817. Lan |\n| 318 | Lu |  |\n| 319 | Jang |  |\n| 320 | Jang a pak |  |\n| 321 | Isang a san | 30 June 125, 2g May 347 Chan a |\n| 322 | Isang |  |\n| 324 | Chan a long | 28, 325 Jang a hang |\n| 325 | Wong, Jang | 324 Kevan tak Shing 23, Tine yun thing as 32p wrong a tang |\n| 326 | Jang |  |\n| 330 | Wong |  |\n| 331 | Wong |  |\n| 332 |  | 333 Trong a |\n| 334 | Lo Kin | 30, Chan a kar |\n| 335 | Clu kom po | cheng, 40-23 Krung Shan 20 San 26 |\n| 349 | Tang Kem len | wese, 350 Yeng new' a |\n| 353 | So lun hew | £336 Wong Kim Shing 26+ Samen 25 |\n| 354 | Ieu kum fat | 32, Wong kam git 35 |\n| 338 | Li | 339 to hapo lay |\n| 340 | To a | 341 Cheung 30 kwa shu teat 24 |\n| 342 | Cheung atsse | 25, 345 Sin thin tsang 25, 344 Sar tung tst |\n| 345 | Hong a sz | 346 Yan a 24 |\n| 348 | Isuing a ping | 25 |\n| 356 | Isang | 354 hr a 24 May 31, 3.55 lean a Kam 15 |\n| 358 | I'm a fu | 359 Ige nam tire 247 |\n| 360 | to Sen | May, 361 Ssang 28 Kam 24 |\n| 362 | Isang ip Sun | 26, 126 |\n\n## Other Data\n\naman 125  \nKevar then  \n33 June  \n32 sang  \n23 Yeung  \n34 a san  \n30 June 125  \nMay 347 Chan a  \n\nJan 120  \nAy  \nJume 14  \n301 May 16  \nag16  \nA do  \nMay 30 ollay 30  \n24 Thung sung May 244  \n25 Thing sing  \n\nJune it Jeme 13  \nمی  \nDEX",
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        "page_number": 305,
        "title": "CO129-109 - Public Offices - 1865",
        "content_text": "## Reconstructed Text\n\nThe provided OCR output appears to be a list of names with associated numbers and dates. Here is the reconstructed text in Markdown format:\n\n\n| Name | Number | Date |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Sen kuvau | 422 |  |\n| Do Samur kwar | 428 |  |\n| So he | 424 |  |\n| Jang yan | 425 |  |\n| Jp Sin | 420 |  |\n| Sen san | 427 |  |\n| Jang fur Sin | 425 |  |\n| Ng | 427 |  |\n| Si |  | -C |\n| ching Lang | 430 |  |\n| Pang | 431 |  |\n| Jia | C | 432 |\n| Check us lat | 433 |  |\n| Cherit | a |  |\n| wing | 23 |  |\n| Sanz Then | 30 | hwar She |\n| Poble | 24 |  |\n| Kwas then | 25 | San |\n| Cheung lot | 21 |  |\n| San Seen tak | 21 | Kam Asse |\n|  | 449 | 11\" Chun |\n| Jan a fat | 450 |  |\n| Kwas Then | 29 | July 2 |\n|  | 25 |  |\n| Dlo- | 451 | Seung or yan |\n|  | 28 | Jang Kem |\n| Sta Jour | 452 |  |\n| Van | 453 |  |\n| San | 454 |  |\n| wong lak | 455 |  |\n|  | 32 |  |\n|  | 303/ | June 16 |\n|  |  | May 4 |\n|  |  | June 5 |\n| Hung Shan |  | May 7 |\n|  |  | June at |\n| po Lin shing | 456 | ah fun yang |\n|  | 458 | wong then 28 |\n|  | 459- | ellas lab |\n|  | 32 | kevay then May 22 |\n| Shan tät | 22 |  |\n|  | A |  |\n| Kwas then | 39 | un |\n|  | 27 |  |\n| Chuuk mak ta | 434 | 25 |\n| Wong to an | 435 | 32 |\n|  | 125 | eter |\n| Chan a suk | 460 |  |\n| Chan Shen Sun | 461 | 20 |\n| Chan lung | 462 |  |\n| Fu | 463 | ct wing |\n| Puna Chun | 464 | 22. thro breung luk |\n|  | 3.0 | Kia zing mothery |\n| Cheung but | 29 |  |\n| Alay | 177 | 23 Shun tak June & |\n| thang a fuck | 436 |  |\n| Chantu | 437 |  |\n| th of Sung Shing | 438 | 25 |\n| Cheung | 439 |  |\n| Yeung | 440 |  |\n| lving | 441 |  |\n| afe | 442 | er chue |\n| Cheung lok | 13 |  |\n| lav fak |  | Licenz |\n| Sofa Si | 443 |  |\n| man | 444 | C |\n| huvas sun Man | 23 |  |\n|  | 1281 |  |\n|  | 125- | 24 Thun tat |\n| in an Kam Lak | 445 | 22 |\n|  | 446 | Sing Kat |\n| man tseep | 447 | 23 |\n| Jan Shing sie | 448 | 28 |\n| Coung to sue |  | San Ole do |\n| Kway then |  | July |\n| Se a hung | 467 | un Samut |\n| Wong | 465 |  |\n| wong | 466 |  |\n|  | 464. | 29 Kwas then A |\n| Tong | 468 |  |\n| Song a Yep | 469 | 133 May 2 |\n|  | 24 |  |\n| Sin ellay | 470 | 13 A |\n| So a king | 472 | 24 Sam Shin May 8 |\n| Sing long |  | 23 July 15 DEX it 23 |\n| Jung Kering | 24 | 47) Lo Sen Luang |\n|  | 33 | Sheen tak |\n| H0 a pum | 473 | 24 Shun tak Ho |\n| Sin Chee | 474 | C. 02 |\n| Cheung a unt | 476 |  |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-109 - Public Offices - 1865.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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    },
    {
        "id": 300067,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-177 - Sir Kennedy Acting Governor Austin Lieut Governor Hennessy - 1877 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 397,
        "title": "CO129-177 - Sir Kennedy Acting Governor Austin Lieut Governor Hennessy - 1877 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "395\n\nTHE FAMINE IN SHANTUNG.\n\nTo the Editor of\n\nTHE SHANGHAI COURIER AND CHINA GAZETTE.\n\nSir,-The suffering here is terrible. Almost the whole province of Shantung suffers severely from the effects of the drought of last year; but the suffering of the eight hien, for the relief of which the Government has made a grant of Tls. 45,000 (a mere pittance for such a calamity) is beyond description. These eight hien are Lin-k'ü, I-in, Ch'ang-lo, Wei-hien, Tungan, Show-kwang, Lin-tsz, Fo-bing. Of these, Liu-k'ü, which suffers most, received Tls. 10,000 for relief.\n\nIn the course of my inquiries, I visited twenty villages. At Li-kin-chwang, out of a hundred families, formerly well off, thirty persons were already dead of starvation. At Fo-wang, out of sixty families, forty persons were dead, and many gone away. At Min-seong, out of forty families, forty individuals had perished.\n\nThese are not picked out as specimens of the greatest suffering. In the same twenty li, I saw a man dead on the roadside, with a dog watching his corpse. Before I went out of sight of this distressing spectacle, I met a father and son carrying a beam back with them. They had come thirty li to sell it for fuel and would get only one hundred and fifty cash for it. The son had not recovered from illness, but was forced to get up or starve.\n\nEntering one of the villages, I inquired if everyone had starved. \"As for starving, there is this house,\" they said, \"it had seven persons two months ago, only a boy of thirteen remains, and who will die in a day or two.\" (This boy I took under my care).\n\nA few li further on, a number of people were picking grain husks from a corpse close by. At the end of the twenty li, we found that the only schoolmaster in that village had died of starvation a few days ago. I took in his starving boy.\n\nThe cases just mentioned occurred within such a short distance as twenty li. I do not complete the list. I have another little boy, the only one left of a family of six. The grandmother committed suicide, the father and a sister died of starvation, another sister was sold, the mother got married (anything to live).\n\nMany people eat grain-husks, potato stalks, and cha bark, buckwheat stalks, and grass reeds which they gather in the fields and dry. When these are exhausted, they pull down their houses, sell their timber, and it is reported everywhere that many eat the rotten kaoliang reeds (stalks) from the roof and the dried leaves of which they usually burn for fuel.\n\nOf their clothing, little remains, and many take refuge in pits built underground to keep themselves warm by the fetid breath of the crowd, which is bought dearly. In the suburb of Ching-chow city, there are four such pits. One has heaps of doors and windows cast up for fuel.\n\nEvery village presents the appearance of desolation. Villagers of 300 families report 800 dead of starvation; villages of 300 report one hundred persons dead.\n\nThe suffering is far more intense than that caused by the rebels. Land to sell can only be disposed of at an astounding reduction of 80 per cent. One hundred thousand worth is now daily sold at fifteen thousand.\n\nIt is seriously calculated that in many villages only half of the inhabitants will see the wheat ripen. I trust that for this extraordinary distress, extraordinary generosity will be shown. It is not charity to the poor for which I plead, but life to the dead.\n\nThere is not a moment to be lost—thousands are dying while I write, and thousands more will have died before this can reach you. The mortality is on the increase.\n\nThe ground is covered with corpses so that the poor creatures can pick up nothing to stay the pangs of their hunger. Three months hence, some weeds will grow, and on these the poor creatures can support themselves.\n\nThe Government is far too careless (or rather helpless). Let us foreigners show a better example and help our fellowmen.\n\nInstead of indiscriminately distributing the balance of the money forwarded to me by the Rev. J. Lees, I have opened four places at Show-kwang, a big hien, which contains one thousand six hundred villages.\n\nA moderate hien has about a thousand villages. Leave you to calculate the thousands upon thousands which must have perished already.\n\nOne of a family of four, three are dead of starvation, and the fourth, a little boy, is under my care; another little boy not recovered from small-pox was brought to me because his father died last night.\n\nA young woman of twenty was found dead in a temple close by this morning. \"Who is dead or dying?\" is the subject of everybody's conversation, and the worst is yet to come, I fear.\n\nThe number of those who go for gruel daily is so great that they get only six or eight cash worth each (and that is not at the cheap rate of Tls. 0.30 per day).\n\nMany have had nothing but this to live upon for some time. Such people are getting so weak that young women of twenty cannot walk the distance of ten li for it, so they will linger on for a few days and die.\n\nIf it is thus with the youths, what must be the condition of children and old people? There is no help for them but to wait their doom.\n\nWhat I have done for those with the money at my disposal, I will let you know at another time.\n\nBesides those now at home, as many and probably more families have broken up forever, each one to struggle for life as shipwrecked sailors struggle with the waves.\n\nMany parents will never see their children again, and many children will come back to learn that their parents have died from the famine.\n\nSuch suffering is sufficient to wring the hardest heart. The snow is on the ground, and the poor creatures are not only starving but facing death.\n\nNone could see their pitiable condition without helping them. Cannot the natives of Shanghai be also stirred up to do something for Lin-k'ü, which is said to be suffering most intensely also?\n\nBesides crying to Heaven for the grand mercy they have had in the neighbourhood of Shanghai, perhaps pity for their fellowmen will surely yield something.\n\nAlas! there are no means of speedy communication, but I will yet wait on in faith, believing that some measure of succor will be sent.\n\nNot since the 1st year of Kian-lung, ninety years ago, has there been any such suffering in this province as now exists.\n\nThe cry of thousands in agony from hunger and cold day and night incessantly is ringing in our ears, and by generous and immediate aid, many of them may yet be saved.\n\nThree months hence, it will be too late.\n\nIn one hien, the suffering is far less efficiently relieved there than in other places.\n\nYours truly,\n\n12th February.\n\nTIMOTHY RICHARD.\n\nDEAR SIR,-\n\nSince writing the above, my teacher, whom I sent three days ago to make inquiries about Lin-k'ü, returned, and gives still more harrowing accounts of things there.\n\nOne village with one hundred and eighty inhabitants last summer, now there remain ninety-three only, forty are dead, and the rest gone away.\n\nConsidering the number of the dead and the expense of burying, a pit has been dug in the south-east suburb. It is called Nan-she-king (ten thousand man pit), and there the dead are buried.\n\nI have received private letters from the Rev. A. Toussaint of I-chow-fu, from which I learn that the residents and natives there are doing all they can to relieve the distress in the interior as well as that of the sufferers who have come to I-chow-fu.\n\nThere he saw some of the few dogs able to stand, feeding on the corpses.\n\nSpeaking after careful calculation, in the language of sober and truth, it is said that one-half of the people in many villages of Lin-k'ü will not live to see the wheat crop ripen.\n\nI am also informed that corn can be procured in the famine-stricken district, so that money will afford ready means of relief.\n\nThe Rev. Dr. Nevins has started for Ching-chow, which he hopes to reach by the 15th of this month, and the Rev. Mr. Corbett follows him at once.\n\nThe distribution of such funds as may be sent to the sufferers will therefore be easy, as up to the latest dates of Mr. Richard's letters, the people were remarkably quiet, suffering in patience.\n\nI have also received several reports of the distress written in Chinese. These will be used through the Shanghai and other channels to inform the natives of the extent of the sufferings of their countrymen.\n\nIt is intended to have the matter brought before some of the energetic and wealthy Chinese of the settlement so as to have a relief fund begun among them.\n\nIt is also proposed to appeal to all the open ports of China and Japan as well as to the Straits Settlements.\n\nI am instructed to state that the British and United States Consuls at Chefoo will immediately transmit to the three gentlemen I have named all sums sent to them.\n\nYours truly,\n\nJAMES TUPPER.\n\nShanghai, 7th March, 1877.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-177 - Sir Kennedy Acting Governor Austin Lieut Governor Hennessy - 1877 [1-5].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 307352,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-190 - Governor Hennessy - 1880 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 470,
        "title": "CO129-190 - Governor Hennessy - 1880 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "0102848\n\nEnclosure in Governor Dis John Pope Hennessy's Desh: M1190 of 18th November 1880.\n\nJ...\n\nfor the Chimes in fnct it as thor: erg fars flety unlans Phys like to take the Hon. W. £- deng\n\nJoy boa friend waid but the Past so grot fancy buying the metalusion sam už llezzy) trace wehretde of the Qring or a whole there toom Suppum, and regalities Ace note ordnina of Piskup Bonda. But the greeter op 2 BORLING-Taky je fit, vistament\n\nLaved\n\nwith the wrap time we are takse, and 7 Xuveetcarries thas perfonis Fabulae, n he wild at that the catapupunast be cubens where so protects are ment to contributo tu them into thin Nam m her cute. Materi\n\nsung na samo 100-\n\nPat, in a time vil eg - may see at: ay then we sulibanaleringen to me!\n\npromociīnu of the expenses stimuly\n\nBettie P\n\nWREN\n\nice-liste\n\nthe post sectary in two and of the latter, basso col pent\n\ntive of Valer of state I\n\nThat the motards the ali iure m\n\ntin mesoud.ajenty paisal and these of\n\nCORRESPONDENCE.\n\nexposer Concept;\n\nWATER\n\nwat penin-will see e-filios bus be stores to\".'s newlyria\n\nTHE DAILY PETS, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 11TH, 15\n\nFire!mory sturen, to wild will-dressed wid] wara Grimons, druritus, ce \"rition semireli, & to to th\n\n9 BSDICTC LA Dean Haroon A day in tres the- minutan at arisan out of the to the Trot of the Thru His name it That is We do pet bailouteelee-tegematele se itse og ann bengit of Be C855 Hail C\n\nMin Late strane THE MEN serve thal Asia ber my kayfreedano: 1:1parti, aná, v Hie Marsileasy as Rounders of Stuse was that He Malas the In 1 KESWICE-I lund by 97ention goes on the Dolby. thie Gevt. SPESUSilve, ntā pagr Exgnilatie's vises nova rejared vid faith 4 wes Where I say, it is n the Brush Plans (latang 3 THE COTTOR OF THE \"GLY \"E\"\n\naz te geat of pvull eraðs, most put tevis ; mona vele ver has a place. Pies; tidered eat, its fall relic of this stins | Ganer bat saived thu sidress • gratis. First Contr. Recio! aveur, Horanles invos, but no tam | pintaci su pizan be nou. Vertinacy, and one fonate fieldzy. Now, with regard ta ble ears-i pase sad Dime, or that class ivel'ng bova 228 for frma a well in frang Batman's, pat. Ti-That že o priven meget tlus Conry. taro anation Prep, tek bid! get hatimay sakeney and the City: 2005 on youthly that bez bandi anzf Porbes, Kumping, no! Buttonjto are numeste ledicine water, allow as 67 kek live wit\n\n¡ xxl7—7'5« Cibinasa par A permet, of Gia, firths ALTE IN PARUM. In in for 13E DOULACityrinu of expeting and principle is open to bang ezized, sad liths malým should make chaß in poor toma's and she smu 2.8. pilti, bu grifiadors Tauve gira sabut\n\ntial recaps why the Coairal 9-heal, bo i friand ven reply sitowards anail if britan they say about 150 que\n\n4 is Canali) y parties at Ying Tante, and stiles to which Le nifay a pevale kraedem, which hit says is retiembly for (trave I anu padmašnu iu i anticster which thought\n\nis all ing wall that\n\nTeal esasen ing my 'ansiaty in arcqualatt bobalf of the City\n\nwhat I vil tidy serata sulge, Ba\n\nI have cored to deal with wind any hum\n\nfriend all the uremica in the matas before\n\nFr. WX WEE FRELLENT\n\nmiter\n\nille\n\ncwla proradiva co6 JAN\n\nb. then whys bales foeling and use if evil in unaniment by hygienia 7 200 this vejrt a l'erfiandra and spot as talla ng car des Count the site due. I a\n\nof Hot Pure Wicole to gun cursed Hon W. KRANICK-Went has this opinion, an lbs lour of yea that there is the water figny, be. fi cu baial\n\nFlow bright appears to infial: ore 20 psules go for : Hon. W. KER-CR-The states made a una nithecol?,\n\nofil er i live polition you belief in eet Beet as fad Free rifi ple for shut, and whe the: she clerk save la pet. This is I this it sunds that\n\ncesto mezip such eat, Flank through this drownin, und is aptly. That mowing as one we had in\n\nHier hour mara manger to lussophathing boltes cology distration it is whatever as reps the faid or is it al prepakot potatale nitawaja 19\n\nis abújh she (ovnemurit par forward as one whja ļesi\n\nbio of the propis\n\n•jakich zonifů ananmune âute the w7\n\nIt is • admitted hall by en lys that the l eratis\n\nWas the\n\nin Ruening an agilise as by the Areas of any\n\nstreet parpaces, angane paliely p\n\nde of stone on the lieuter. But theer ARMAG. Indem aliaisi janam Did these sur Pass Fresh Esigo na; and E inibi é\n\nA ̃1⁄2·ĺ ̧voi mute ro3000 mica po Z WEST Loving 25:sted very bizi. But whether diketik sted the moller of hou frient, i use this wind, 61+frati ogrevinent tax are Tey finiumo delves see yemi sar. Who Elet and probaldy wruh) bave revived an from ! with the Gateruor of the Lingy--not a private' wiži pudgavour in some littly nay ta elutty Hon. P. DATE-Four Exssiones, I La i se zised ad kogal Hesign. The coom within tha Ledline j does he wires far the pence f\n\nI or twn of this pie mus with whom hargahas oracugement. Nat if loin due muwahead, and it was nazazavry en séjourn into the our the board and made listinction of run like is a so deed placul lantion it outts for repard Faidanud kapt np. Now when thin grein air where purfeet freston asosan pe primera intalni sen of very littla volte\n\nbut which ku ketdi mustining na gortinasi, buka publikagiberent,sualizing the war, wing theisere instag was 35\n\nhis son. & also, is only\n\nas rrrded in the achives of\n\n$10 is an vtis.len in the immatra sé thế | cada tetang kia Anteract on behalf of tuni grant was while at Brast shoa 1-1 will pay relatiations asco barn 10 boss Jenk at tais docugans I Suì il vento! Bishop : perfect place of sting, Brandi and - shan Tefcool loss gut and wred abnet Qzava,sni itu City Hat Domaine Nut beits in chiron. But is to th; thus Chiume shocfai tan fesole siittist for Bandos, who knows in crazies of the peopy. £zi way is that petition was aldriand' I saw New, how done it rat pose that he has provats ascertaganto, it is safercad en by Ni! Song of Subs, usus 1:22 jild to Rustáceana --Uqwysd \"apien the rom i jant forwsted na to apport of the TZ, and, I nothing we chau this, that the allowance nemandiola ou a iz in curtain\n\nte mít paplḥins about it\n\nBieber Nenast! in Ine Legittutive soutien al pot row what and there a wait then was la bu oti inellatio was\n\n2 tabanitants of the cutting, walk\n\nIndartet\n\n7\n\nI toss the Colony\n\n• Quien me to Thies His Pizon?lencia de gand mź hero Liver the snow but for 3, 2009-10-at weekea Trapsih sat fantorvel | olast or way inting was writsee, to her the weld te rentaż to have this pubertals, as mini ant\n\nalrea\n\n3.\n\nPOOCHOW.\n\n... દિવાન\n\nCum sa of oser 1000 bars non fately\n\nthe tag to be friend for Ruhani mion to get only tacite and do if the aneste grimph fake nained in it bette Close are park that are vital subfack. i did i\n\nLetos tu sit Mewart Fick-Bowls au Laid egacervlug on if it for its the yzestion af\n\nWeizenez goub, vaul bacro any skin tuakamgii dotare. Pagråleang, ** Ball croatie, w J. -listand is verbay of it, Darjatiny\n\nward in the g of Cacic v., is to Houghouse or Royʻeraber 1990). T-24 Central Seals that fit the toes then f Fire Tanks ne pralared, sad this et rute of You fill great, goatlemen, that the in the clicting my shots tres para tang thaia; aul Shore T.. Rida suger what is, what lasts thora para before His 2x2)-Well, put on, the 28- Sto pay the Cumler of Cay Hall &\n\nthe enuitles which Tudnoc:[ fitant to ensue lo che ion is that we go into numifiées. mited way hon, fridad as it like a pren Liry sad Mom. Now leven in the actum Hapus\n\npar with foil what the buyout deaising that it was Jassie to bars sanh & raisi\n\nREXI just wished to mantien thr tical m\n\nnextsto priglas Library, I r\n\nThat Lie au bout de man tieto present augier between the love him\n\nEvans......\n\n(the Blizzona - The Lineary is\n\nFace Fallecious are many out that the ruor, atd.) robe:dole masher of (a) 27 er han etarg nationality. tory visitor in experent\n\nMandal for thought a hoary-that it was de parargo the sins of this these try of intake, ther neeband. I don't say If ene Chame to fit ity Hall in ult, Jr.) Assistas, buty wat of co\n\npraliugua man of commuap repas arben a question\n\nBi That Mesura for the first to con\n\nRattajanandanthin is,\n\nStay Draper pengar couples tcpolder the M. WAPYA Buttkulinară! 123 prevedadest Bay\n\nTheLofalet tock'stezia of Ch Extors When thasard of autoiwan at the Mzimate for weld: logh 15m kopaln Ausing zoals\n\nHi. W KONWENT-I loveit 11. was ie the land shist for years routed spina in at ! distthy news writing farmen 155 komm cius | plyer delve thy verlay and etar 18 Dygrenda lɛing than it so celboise with p 1. His Exauraser-Sy hon. Prind in word Impiantin all jovent and will hot without of thinese uril 5 werter\n\n·TAFFCHS 29082x.\" [~4? T\n\nSasta 1% to Say Flist in mir bosh tor to write his ust in a back chisis Till be hard ww2 MES THIS STU was princisely far tha Change—[här. {and verticle ben clearly en meiakað pinjam sacītutina His Extil-en huâ gaid he jatenauer As is grupes Rue dizel Zr th\n\nJouni cammern, mina thu Liburg rank they are bined is not forward sono sud a flourile dinte sitte\n\njabi for verutal vaaz there spessową tu trim for shut purpose br ha Chinney stationic ca a ima 1956 The Muwatu, way by nu gus alt, fur that\n\nband that is total co thin t\n\nCli\n\nbien: di tea mbiorit\n\n¡ vested by thiChty Podi Ceramitta. Authues forte - Butuanjon are to pesad the Cainen sejrts: bailług 18 tiny dice so tas iucuronate zikatooding ihat it is rapemented to than ingalist17 moizitasulink ? mL at 23:24 sud disinct das mi kannstugstor\n\nLEELANDY --Nor I and the mic fu sa minah lama la fiche Hall Nawar que soli kava tinaght valepked for tunaitsey Nets. As for 25 jall Bar Majesty's nabírata aboalů be incited gas fired & E-Br slani 15 bei 1st illuded to it\n\nthe\n\n'anic bogen kvilzuse whink would bring the wiwa ke pazne to capnífur lây Montication, marais fuja and days there are suround, bl\n\nCus\n\nwood bit rabur of Punakom, a few minutes\n\nSulition to nofog tals Iturh, which gives it staldetest Cy at Committos, Arthurdle paid to Alto Sax hour,\" trong she fionana : GRASS by 11:emed the bou, find Mr. Briv | Ha Esta prey suid–f way zermark that time the fine was plaent, som 320 sul mare\n\nat a E,\n\nwith me to inseam you will deactions Pure car endurtending for\n\nchoi\n\nif the Chicow or restricted in their pat is en augstunt Pignis Anchorage. To cai thay if aliwat the big day. lost, and by low brisk beary spa sad tingi Hoth. il M. 793. En countion with tank and be rettider of heal\n\npolish, sed ut reviniti latter of bis, analni tosil camporie: to\n\nunsabaltiesa, vre on fat she day my\n\ntopoinputs with the waan, is indivalme, should be published ulna, ta for furti darator at Lewinebres to red wine et argent at the cult thei\n\nis Barunvor vejeded to this,\n\ni was see 19h mit elever sin Coppie baza en chote way damn the cust. for ideal has apparent ist und ebrian.\" That an aliek sudarso tute Liten aninge sits in her warm ul. Tre in alana sterzone i Hes sharial rise that warrant the\n\nreply to Mr Brits, the GYRENAE site at the Busz ismal has formed the craze. To matag yangi Fash, ani o esanie w role analy your to Bay Merit, was in Winca is indistiglione Tabery in sponu wa shjacting us so ganės Pay My\n\nling sure the maybe, son a high featñilar to the medico which en and exit for a one with Ewest of Junts plagunited's bullar which forte jention torming to the safer it is eft, quid he happy to col the brave tax if any delling of all the great struce JNUTS, CERIN\n\nwhich made it y\n\nmes we span, at bo en will anays be water ny the bar of the Minier atelet\n\nit acogit, moal for worn, with the Mitigate them, the Bellis flat out to fhore, i sant three sul verse in this still spite of something bich was posted a spirit tai, tie pored star eg the Civil Pa. thur H. Regina - I really din ne observe fait down by the referral Manuell and 26.50 Suremile drums, pin. Hied as one part, w Bas entertaining remni of the shena 23 12 this one of post 1, 201\n\nof the month of tail to a prepare the dams to the chose to the which aint they will End they ware bases are fupra fata vwerlift ad this pole time. E152 31 3 world, not hara jaan. Hurling in Was $4,000!\n\nAnebo what the Wersung auchorage - Stanger, and carga undan saproputato cirst se w the the 27 Bu might is placed these atraints that this mother when the gut e duerte Sir dickes tan teactor are operaeil, 1 may milf me just as sail fuelite, and that is brings tom sleari bat he ususidered the fun of 32.05) was dugnatiot go farther in many boats be rest iphit hard astrartin de santhe City hall there as loterial, o Coen Tubio-avis, in which bo ogrel in de ware by rain trade the rug test juhet mad high, osing sous, por quar, a role was no tie si stannes than it has rest, we\n\nty homes as erat, uccisive, Loan the publish of the mail say Hell I still hose tirat yarr Stellewey by Mes Recertary of State, a propesat which says capete, and be 3d not kace whether it would sitheera Pling my at Pazia Asia-340 free lays he thinks the subject of this 1:07 18 the man tar face kept the newer haurd of War litiers arsuri dent is a gladiators extimate to slooo that it be out wellent but it sen, hot gir pay for embrass\n\nTane guwa in šmjurlanos at the uzmagant si su cas id imestayng 4 Avene 2 of back. It is, as, the over the the Cubanite word seed on he was before the Wines Camille ter der I is to trial fus vix de 25. Wars. tr. Rais fare Ife Exteney maid ha han en dosha the chas, and this Laiwan in get\n\ntaner to wie is she notes of of the Colous, aloited a trials presented stagestion that fa vie anathe the suite in die buiten. You calling strig hously, which tam enim fo corny could we't afford to pay the e, with shina the Gevamnei Gongel Butt weber get a fuck no situr leveruer lenght Braing of Das raresin chupke so tried and pl¦ soitin Chanaitley is to the s| Vorancitbu icto exedief xià alt those extrúlera next rest la pisha baze te ads wanej We have to shrozic's sziil acocker Are is the\n\nbar, y mention has a catid to it by buy adopting in giving brunstane but fuellinicus acute lirien coup rate at PEL, FUT in fatara! me with fiba sortam 1ke ramps! was to be pail to the tastes. £19 94250, TN Men Flat desenli wekies, fefend saposito (Mr. Koawick; that non-i postively focosa. Severačun sé vit se saz. ↑ Te voxounting with the Fire Briguén Win. Exanth vise of the True bridge. LE And this of mine of whjes he was the iconic Mit Frapiacus fiat me batut the three instem in was dete with it? Et was malena de las | 37 the Chicers 1 bere it in ta, west of my tiens and leef lost to cyfuss ebay tavo dovo MOUNT nugh.\n\nres in stin Cig Fall, wher. I do aceited as terassing in the den Now, why did grant with the trust word, with Sir Bricare suntsile TM-30s, beface Chice on othersion by 1 gray of tale, 15 is paletta/sury, in rapy to Me. Rysis, suit Le haperi i time being burn the alps ant dantings of a the part of the Domalie while was most to the in? Tain with it was zalany to spel for admiring at that as these instruces they have per the tower the bits ranks commend Sam. Here pourer clair, mavily worker in and in th Lou to the Quictive of the Crease. we only when my friend Mr. Pelgave wad one or athena day decor, f he day eve it is upon, a seat was a one stspert ju jie mang. Lipon ita fered to the veinbiy odacarter of the now on-inance the fish to caree\n\nwith a 2011 died inletocol inta ita votor stars sing trash the next up in fraf sick that Saturday run, wil be tafel. If such der ute metal stentic thun tay chilik taten nn the hill.\n\nof an Aarse moman who hit the losshote fine enfersus in the preetings of the din cafted by attraction to win fair own suede,ali kis returns that a lain mere I doing for way tend to have hantved noon to aquilar hot - KIR Kshes her hy wondd gan the orar a borries was king ra\n\nwhat is his dut. of Intent at a 3-as szive, 2 in. Arstid arte e cons why the nationing in way body of stinens, Sc bn teatav matar for it, but 13 on saat\n\nAndlig ont apan tu Soor, is said to hum pra sedeker, satin shkonin at put up or is 14 the dishary; it way, I want within cad my few sumie nonauliun wih sus rate for les plancing the origluating puran. The dram rol Post of Corpo and a good way in a distinction areas one subunits and ane by the\n\nreatif To tomucents. A zonit & giziren at the time gee. We stok dispiceltid hul beca drar as ini. Cuir life in a Bubar to have justion at your avaliares to se\n\nnatice nonthe lock, and by sider, pescu to be olanly on for an ofthe tea planting mock the calf the of the Fein Steel, ant tures I saw whm w granle the latrary, hot arly at angels libeeecanes dels sun to way be is authorison by the dua mani, nal hele kuo that of als du mities will rogers to the poorsica debts Jericot a fan apply a beans The fire was ultimately hun. feud but marred, ils surd, with word Maver, Bad that dign is resintu ees of Stat\n\nalls for apenience of no Pagkamene pusest ei lana erdhi padaveratrakarunas houltsing, Caluse they furonoma substantial | duned the nutni sat hy the Harvspondisse.calumppad by high tire walls, the only doincar Per S when Sir Riclista Hagberall way at the case for portata da 01 b. Le Dieng, euent maring the same mered The Cause masin for idsisting na vne ratas hassuke x-fy the 1-1, bar en fast it ages, in as Poslin any machh simiyat diskier where, na\n\nGeely (s. 2015 2014 in our se le ha a la salleer else Thistory the bad bunny semmiraz is, I should start on pringle or the head of ten pollase and catur hans, armerthing rariter to\n\ntheir . The Sear adope-dedisticetin of tmsits with the the Couition will me its way to the just kept work from being med in, and having to theupertion at the bare rw vabail is $100, wing the lowest psd baks in fusign, zyl- frichir lat\n\nsud verme vejo a wil\n\nfor Frise C is gun, ty bạn) zurios gw brought to my klaw, vice, wizi del all ea Theo- i The am Fr. Omentioned mig i fu ITA MAY 1 itu le! i cry alas to do with the sprites. T tovers The wriods of the routine the 5 the karviatge of as Execdiva. We thus sutirnos candpostera \"imecrestiny a cheer of Gtitor of, Semestary of Stat mula besterly spar to theta i vite Odily, laztimo ser Rat hy the war. ની ના કર મા જય essed or\n\nof deres herman\n\nTelon it comic b sugar bu question,\n\ni with reard to the opinions i wich wer hencky zaprovu. Krurgiling ↳ Indesitating, ja ainsady nesire any beat. ke it is aning to the age as wisten to deem wa I do I procentum to log the tacts began, das câm?\n\nthe easy plow at Suttlwys in simil Teen Fiction in the bat je de su i wdriseca. Alu bodies may buty sensitised, and Laulandins trens zu teile rossaanud, and the 9-1site Granite or Year Baker My upl. | flors expressal shant tuis vriten, it now ngress | dessa by Mr. Preč, and his gialt la exisul send i to invite a fraula eelagratine Daring des\n\nist dert time can be trudi shu Oltr Hat. renditions on with the rich, and inside a chourly A Car of 11 turnier in the Cormaritice sunalil give way. Yours us that the winciple that the Chines skuld be si us ex aliony with sud men toguses of the fry the baith ground of the foreign Cataset. Un Lil Practition from ozatons estetion of my Lists Council to Bengts new wide in sanitat way postal actions in the Lead of this Colang sud que fins sail withinst distimation issue which the lieuty and sabitation of the Globy trad settlement was cupied by swerment. Obses End Tamarac, in the Chemie 19 as the antogs the consitions lari doru sad said beet and saying an intriga jery The Que. Henry read ill become this Gevenmant a ubuitinate these in to get\n\nspastatom. To view of the rapkling with which e sendiri fruen tac form the dial until they die Fitohard McDvareit were married cal, suggentul.\" So it goats to this, vial thaasjanything ipinvolved, and I think the Doemitter: by não munding itself, as is small, by contiuning Tiwi maitint and ped, and ths; the Quarea xurrad it ray conated fomunale\n\nis the only buy the banues this an adjournaā vise után, with good grane tałybt giva nav. -(Applan94;. || tance in Gaking the pablin hatisation as writes hy en Coloma Bears interwing\n\nthat bab me lữỀ, was frat, that ef's women. Wiz Kui à la lu en paradily as yours.\n\nenigste, eta, formerly, 19 slade\n\nremark in this astawagina that thu many of the Now Tobicera that is ang waste the ten sow the se's Eilish us from the Ciry B, forory con\n\nThe CO2. LA RAYTRÝB Capranil\n\nChinese Hansa azertm) quang The Balša Long hi what we may cat tinent, of sunstide of ratianulits I wont be able to the Croma t\n\nko ilify the tino wet abolish this disine vain word worth shall, or moto, más gomiresi ifis Montawe yakul that soten other li cuncurrenes with why the way-thengri\n\nalio have geroan phimnina, whtie a te sil the tenabimusta.\n\nwey sould net, under their own oficialu, legally Jen, phê ch at the stassarunge to whisk Lori salena the vote of $1,29 is the case for gradjamos e so weidy 145 tan loses full wish 14 sport, and if staat bad muld ban be toge but its myrarl of sår | Als lid tore them CRNI & Surgenstok pleto. My hon. The street six Bahaul H. No Che pH st. Konte har on them in naked if the actus one ne\n\nStr. Koseck ought to negly as the whole. | tr al Choration plus need is pd-\n\njava czy primis at all. Chizzne chiar tow will got owešu Leenivase compaties great for. The Tacions Zerouts which the Ciry Hall Confriend, the Can of the Concier Rogled as an ad that the Orient contains the paper and be a telit\n\nitt ut is their pesos un this subject\n\nÜhisena rilatta alirdies, lika, ele, ba basi kuskanů A division Back pawiutka damnader. Ibaliano Gavazninduzi vine nizma ka et ten dissarlice which was iron, se might be it räh, mai no tie alber hand he was seed it del sol,\n\n| 230 to the most fregnent avms, flaît via caco)295- meating safer that impraton sat after all bees of\n\nSacrate of Raye Pauna ay sayi. Jakker ng exferumas in the Chinesa anwser, Heiloriom rowed bis agiofior hire nine that\n\nJohu Frily, & fly play with a with a when not in unalen an son Fyrrut pe puzzel, blesk zalomen may if angad that there was no pason why the ¦ he had smo vil the papers des was quiba katimĵoj, what's fart? I am no mitation in say with me bad. friand, and 2 saat Mt. The toy ate of stang Gogh to do that. The Mastinomicu ploaie, he dzewz iu dha Maxcurd cavan bo llonght aue marovalier 1945 and he later vir wie dak and suc+bie in the done foot doop is shavings, inna\n\nWe hus mehilfa basyonquer's Tres that the Durty 14 CREW This Coinsy Sassore laut a sobat dit to the Q than in the birry er al Garda tak wat\n\n1st necessary to\n\nto avoid display and Cound at Sâu tales on 1 p gloss a potus fow for lies in decuster na cully Huttons of 3.5 taken by any but friend, auf. I think, thres vai, Pira stins impuned by die Kishan, ler area is the muda, ale ting erigiert audie Gronder about do their holy and are flak otar-fied wonte de sout, data stail bawire tres ant s\n\nt structural so which run kvinne nessure Tyler Tuber, 1 ki ze she wolf Danball in winter will be sent than 1 cther Sir Basenow but dat vupie wer emitir\n\nne day's imprraoniomed with. hard Liceor\n\nIelísapte and rapidly repison? after a fry, mom thee to the vaseg ini terors the pastic in this the ammuity to underabad id, td the ban will they read: He bad hva a wood, out other in land or W. Knewick was ay matam zu\n\n¦ offantire moms evilk, ke dualt, long mga kama sport apply. It's begin nith, not cari the gouliaran who has soovi chce with rukost be the princnt of tiny sencers, Rag die duize it has viritet kat ke sesturk, s silti tiis agn, that what he retaiSudan Quan bend hinn Aliu, chair or he taken to wear we recales of\n\nut is mild to the Lens heel ander print ante and fel any hats jush. Tow. Byrtit us any tarala se bo quid asset to me sui de urcan tear though wer limb csazhen and becaria o ung aldaera att meget gith being at largs fight whianitie\n\n| હૂ for Guy Hail is hald, not sel is id ant the und train, and when ass Deations. I erts it all site in its win at lunak iparkance als Try fine 165 USD ON A 20 18 30 14 was tru primare suited the cbszym and sail\n\n-Ho-ait.\n\n· passes er Eighte tas condicions in which Rue Majeye Color the Eye Cats plan wewe was 135 He was the 4 giggipte invalves, Midar e Beways and i had toned gre tummaat gays the Owap land is fast greti dio of gfogott tart lovin rate at tagesalf anyone can forming 2010 at 60 lety Parerande parter, Feud wie kids, and come tear deal of the ad witmotion in hints & restante of about the led gran nirapluie war ROLL INTELLIGENUS,\n\nLa sic, ut elu tras mutant to be the marke der sedious of Dorthe only preference had plug to the wese dy had the down passupponing he himself wice a Chinesa\n\n* Wold it 4 snow somari Mrogat it was stutis savage\n\nFrisa Jeth Bepianibär. Sad Dock is rug arm with the Irgat date. Holly going over historien wery if he hit wald wurting high le selos China SP Ton banker, and a clades. 2000 for Now Phan, and 3 for care be\n\nties Opines fins that es in nobu Finele earl, in latenti spertyzinar\n\ndemedimgataverunt.\n\nThis muse for re Jun Vás vyhjnet, all of Dece veing in fo riso iroporncarut\n\nI ara gires widely in en the Curritas of the Che Bill, and enter a part tuntien laat said rep distincio, fat diet tas fechange it Try, Pony of the roth-, to outlet to the 15 band thats at\n\nwhether it is poh, was a harunity, ha es thought that, aking there ne mazure, we did our want to induce laws that's an ens for Malan recinte a last usta, af 8779, ↑ Ất bát Khay kali noting there we sway on which shown windward hat that lie na vas trinxicogrpalet fra the multic of the Ocluas; noll not only aid den tur proper coul'joms, ruke. When i wnded to the noto, Íses has buy to mala the remarks by hul huiendly in ths Lenoiry 12upply articka ut sa-\n\nThis portioner ting Chau ceguity, it fata un interest, so saberis, to write Shop with hand ishong, for being it at might without a f\n\nms with the Gay Bellmuntik nat be worthy ni kios atam le petuniaj ti ha terast. We a misty bonis Tuen was moet satz, nie aan, who thecongbly under New spil\n\n21 Snomitis W they refeed in avonds to did but eps at in what to cured be be a pamphlet published and the e way his deal it is unha prisala peps kibein tube init they wore to consider sansiling jiliin ang sedan a pubi, progr\n\nwaterped to which the suplast the icons, V. BENTER-- Wax Club Kant, stich\n\no Tha!? Chin, qui tim who to Tony Crem-It was with\n\nwhen sh\n\nBanctus leva je 12 angling sterg Berpart ned i the evani should be wholman. À leirs majesty of whom are B, W. Kravy's--is tem imel tong tatic. Al stop psttleman wout away frots the it is smster Nonfading\n\n(thirty mass of hazine, hank macaquer, badingjieskruplines as 26 jantjazd 1\n\n11th 3, 1960.\n\nE\n\n0. MarissiOS. that cl\n\nLive F\n\nthe poetic, and of the Chinese the\n\nPOLICE GOURF.\n\nSimpú zalogs.\n\nBETX Hos., PRAMOZILY.\n\nLAUNEINYERS.\n\n↑\n\nbriel.\n\n■sy right\n\nBACALMOE.\n\nMaria Corte, residing at No. 55. Hully d moned fri ning baland in\n\nBook Gill, og vraneh..... .... ikk Bunk Bista, at taget sight...9/9\n\nBeur Bills, at 4 months' sylt 9:95 Credis, add-ondas' sight Diary B\n\n97%\n\nsight 8/95\n\n|Hongkong vad Ahenghai Han's Sheros--56 car\n\nnent, pralaim.\n\n$1.1.\n\nBesk Company'\n\n467\n\nthe tab of the Guts of the day, string se sul way wow saght hand others to use it in the rate at ng Lag et Avids. Benno da janel Antler Ilanted para say. Applause, the und into a cage finne des Er is fed an AENKY-LENAL-Your Exoticusy. Insa seu de Le Cutudy were luvitaż to set the sick, wirrty beach of the man\n\nwernlar of this unit is th will not glue in say ar: She ass, Cafe, and seruit, wit aigle bave stunt on the 7th lastan, Cartons of radice, su apkalatty is others. I was reed we the armies of the Unser Jurijn 33s sys: Cealth gets set for 2001 Buddar so far Regaiglad with time History, view is en we eater which would want the tie the compliant spared and alert to\n\ncundusly of it, baxing bad mary of the papery nangutan ainm and at the wine line paseret mer khu suoras defendant, bad propriend j kso bat & Blazer and your reactor Woll weyuser, and Sir Richari Mahio- tione 1 varennstrinn, P. The letter of Siriona i Coluty, thus I think i was la aule Lộ đay chemistivation inday interlod, 11 west meat diy.! s Worskin olized tito paraisses tɔ bu wish. fa City Hall Gogiste hane 3 max belle minute si Fane there a horror tend this was the first atter A commicio, was mide 16 that the rules orai yotropical and Shingve with into my co sina bare home to sender and aging. As why we at 18 fr nuusy bun any more.\n\njen lúc tatan G. Weil on earning, an ear, the candituunt is regularizam. To thun Ist es im that key bace hangat befe day.inters to the curtain and spent may and a\n\nEmali Oner, TE, the queda as St Ste on there and grinte tought to Anyon with biok me down,\n\nMNYA WIC), AUSTRATION OF A SAMPAN. by a wild, the anals frate. Il for in the Katie theatre, which has been atenek unë do see the friends wunursened that meating will be see\n\ngifter boʻp thinking Katte the regen premuted i grank dual si túinn 14 weakhey the mamus pēcini Chay Agau, axrani, ploy. waz olmarged Tuin Lubrano, Society of Canton $6,100 jueve To sheedacta parmoor of the army to 15¢ Treta, 15% olardil ka suk lezh sgoi starter the suutition i sa the shenai mesiñe gå väsyabulčera ülves are in thermoirs, and I zazpot ezvecdingly that with berg in cuswiel petion of gains Taulers' Cucuruno Cuszany's SEAT- Inriana po deam that this graph of dwa 19 best by Me. Heuris\n\ngiven the Crown on ende naudition\n\nCAMPER & -rise theiz uzike i ouersze fonince which mak patically gone Relay be intends tooling inte\n\n$14 per abara Mobay aguroval. Wade manor of leases the master Joh fire se audit Patent Wondag afsmann las inmigte in que SAVED LEUS the mtupushin' tab 28 $2,000 vistas de avviser so long the many tom kritisi bien ager tu --¿ni, Est na part, grad uliarita Doe 12 Horn Resti tahang: Chions are zorgs fent qzdira» fi pra WOPE HO Meh 24, 16 ahoy, 25 hour after-vatls it who? Yanga: takuragar Amrint fou-128 750 Ft that the Gorerane who put an Bhan 1 od not only acting on the way the forsrities pats gandaren al trono protquity as I have à era 2015, fi ha tine has an autistry. The pubers of was made tot along life the wail th towerth Chius Lesarwasy-El 1911 per dra ferat fur ton pay of the cursor. did the roste, at i was wing in dampring ut veu excivic•• spesis condities whats were vialston by the ais garsut put hefur to sixing yi ve Me\n\ninstalar o friis Bars for the discusic WC, Neregation too wont be city in Chinas slug, was fad the Ki Wan wi jungamitin vifusal tàn panchina me kinlegu 2\n\nI nonsted a tigh an ad rope ries rodard gather, ispers or who id has he got the hosting runes Champang -- 1990 per share, micus of the Chaverque with mugact to the poure that the reina di un munt 19 saulriviet to get more an intern wil die by to feed on the site. Kg Cheyyained at Tang Long Chua,\n\nlat the Exptira. Now, to begin with nary in us to see the ancey was to be paid. As E cavortbekeskust 1. rebede binaries we formed in a fry tally. But fury ibaonde beardon and other plac\n\nHarpley Vice Tearance Voupery'e naro Finas, ideatons month's wagesansare satin Company's Stare→→ 200\n\ner here. dau. Iney mention that fie reg a wide assuard, two of the ramulines of the Cobiit. 1945, wad icartfans when the Cabane retinate in my biet night on Wiki Halia Sha plece there is aiment lord labour.\n\nlt in my hand...it is Enf the Jish is nuttes, ha friend Les right (311 Rygg Treat may they are with a year lielinist of, but it is hardy so this pigenta. A Jay hon. Criar as wat lawan budaya, Ilagued his old Plate in a do pur. This goes gemi of pile your time it was fall me bail to take fra kāņu vee-\n\nDr Hox. Me Chor, As it all Crisis. The heater to lich this inspired with a y la vicer Derailing to it and tall and over the nasty sit, ut alatut of 3 bank 3-mesell recall me abrent wallies, bras anys mean blican Feranceles E dit sag lats. The gastants are perils Me. Egri haid Mr. Na hry has got his is a altes in the two item was partly TELAMPUL M.0% YALOGERY. Charali Dek aripany-ur (norára?).\n\nThey by and) de All Euls was perff, and who sang outed any level.\n\nDe Karikh Theg attained the joblie pagers\" centers to face gardenias Thu var khe Executing and wider grouse d' gigs | inter eordnete uslove instilation sensotul\n\nhather sunry to pullen pering the rate is in line at if the weared of race avionics, than to weben, fully go into bus and we would as the time and three teal mydia tieners far as the City to the Joy. Now, the popsite mall No eder facing this thesewing clan that instant.\n\n*** were front of us at wretcon junghusgatina Domupaus-Tis. mat meeting short ficut and dance, I have uitution in namlinger thai 1Talk is entran, alig vary which lets with aged to the WING MARIN. Now, the Hapins, le Furius and M. Ang my nose made in the Coward stestion of the City Hall is made it Taanini –A's Hacullovere line, read vortjens së Pantianiae. Duijoms at 11a ameling at waren hatalm og hours vidaselbringe at the time, Pioner 2019 points out, persky a zmesiden eritte Cir is reallway would til hot lo duke labo tu ŝinaos Man, aut i\n\nPha by casting expersitas i rams of han did, which ten te and the tests the division took plway and mad pengesai lenne in che nicest taxy, M. ii Hino's my fat way it is a visit the wordby eling be bad paren\n\nto porta budding to her as a City to lacus with the Ouseetan ajaratha fost ittla stol of jualance in the dion pply of precise com, utista (be City Hall al, latin of the and same triail torfes majority of us, my hon. Feland was in the shape of user nulis in 2 gher ties & QUERIES, Harios regard to the decorumat ca la xevy--ttish it linkly, gue. Vi tar the property and dauelson of the eneziemohair Hopsiue, Vietas med Rařkanjee (in the Colony in win a cistiveŝión 26 rands which the Cite Hall gone was originally made; ulemast, afler what has passed today, the vote? in prisoner duabargod, and the ser ach is dead. Under · dusi pro voting against Kosen yriados. Nes betwest Chinase and Malinuall, and Arin Now T. And, referring and the auto. n the Gaternant la bu hesapla pubin wet the finques i actuaith me they are the trades, any bau. Inud Yr. Ryse.\n\nkud, fogonsh, it by rublish a passo matraci or a sinh vreg te dent thu maghty packs than to setarent wirk kara lakove, in the papers, of whics wil nie wat mitted by his bat ires end, for the into suster; puid fe greater be, as mejority, stille of fritt. that whether in te thela heilbar 2014 hare Tud vt riría pallic merding • fo Codicem se ajay's resin ett forish and a hig\n\nlegal interactatiow to be put by the sepotin. For Tribrary and on any, that they are being up, on read, thanped with de pered my huu, Friend Mr. Frasines action, with ei alajesty was peachately but say if patient the trova ales 20h wargarint deals sot rren ur Governants was the must als went to whs and pichont lettowns to dileeping a pics wered Kwai Ching, agad tastes was in factating us, like eager, drms to the and whinged wind Holi bared ofertatiou Treta Net Buteo mu to You Get. the person thus when the whole teagurile Coqzinal will de cars, zon, papers to spela sua cha) my hou. Front, was beside hit in lasers with swertes a day on bestelfing the low Half doent and wait in baza arquis of any nation. From the action de base ceart it appancs WHY ECOD. nd that he alize toplumeninostics of tain kad ne Cracnes's indong 630.routes for 153; i oruit ell Aference for this standing my Jestido shopsecipás of having the this nomlignity, îse what in Greetary of Stade Fthes tau virild won tricen ont by her aunt for a the City all for a long time, and he and Mitope Lane bald, with put to blen werk of this sides bave or given a file of the dark far, 12, 1 wit.cat distinction to say in his disure, of which boyfriend state, bilst at the aunt al pro frict de car Taleemalivu nad by fir Hinhard RE12- 1. the tation of the Privy. Po papers to which paneles per Majesty's rublote in this coling, mas é thuhet Me Bewick Westem Markest and\n\nfor a cat siderable garini. Now, want ¦ Construct inserrate to reby!! tabia y 'anit, fcrowd bad na opportuzity ! sweptat. I say tha qulation is preso ir Wietzki Kicks-Erat in vurssticu with thao,, sa se ducking poLLDİ NA Droneand safer wheat circumstances? His set of Enerpeun Lith estimateds, mas belong. Parika ärst 11162 11907, MA Aria! Para zmoc faith, a yelise it may be called straite COMELE\n\nperodus then its now the Mad gan fuith. Parikat it is a gasulica of gelosipis I am hot were far met joub Scout the war tius, was walkiay\n\nMy h\n\nthere. Share 1 povab\n\nWomen Laai, nenudin, and Pho kyk, a booty) Langhong, Quaten, and Kana Mesimbrat. Cole\n\nang par skuro premium,\n\nSANTO por shpen (wominali, The prisoner said he and boral the anand China Const Stean Narization Company--Ile.\n\nword en wand this boat wis\n\nat wisse be hired it., Jongtong Gas Company's Shoes-5 pmr The escond palconer said he picked oy that Ebare\n\nHongkong Hotal Company's Shar--98 par\n\npoliwral posing\n\n1 Sennaš pri. ·\n\n·legal induía, vatnik in Mestra. Turing: J'a gust det har tosa salì shown shɔ City Harities in Wes by Falni except “bas no. 1 auf Se minusai tlmub 1,999, heen zacnd-whather; wil te given for sas maanam, hemnes heroisier way Roc? P, to default úr pos impri-Caius Suey Robning Curosz. Limited-\n\njazled me mada kaolu tu nur dianliline ar \"extriona\n\n(not almu buludivad uz muski kishile.\n\nALLHORN SITE.\n\nCute Begar aing Campany (Webenturea)\n\nWong Akın and Cher Ano, zarried more.\n\nHUNTERONG TAMPERATURA\n\nwalk about six cielook on the muralty of the 8th\n\n&ia 920.\n\nCound the chill was gone. A Teleklayer, how\n\nBeri silmate in aligned to Me Austin, Colectial Serdars. He wil\n\nbe which won ma in Ribe \"fout the the sight wearing is ces policy, what of airius China abfente of a vingin print. But at the nutrita bestaan or the Frags Central anat Ja. Aust that hafas the Petí. malay pro khely covet it ought his parib for Mr. Majerly destaces that Fam vanderat tanen. I have bem baby adfere the pahie.\n\nthe Majsely to equal rlyžis lu Ibis part ca dej my hot. friend Mr. Ng Cleg was right in saying Emad the gate being shu maaruniarant of Huse of privitat ay aspon to any such bil The Itris. 1. Kes\n\nsilach, pes\n\nthe City Tale ale cums for getting a sound weekeyal actmunizsina and Fetal fndru tanu give i tu pogand, vot cut:any only, I am; alandy's karainions mth them fler Man-hat theyla masia it is a point ci penat toorts.com es Central Maskot, whya hes so two pri- Thus where is third gaustius, it is the last 1tle anitent. An I painted et ce, who were wok, leading int in factitation, so Ext so they can doubt, bet for etwas which Her Majets 10mm EE LOW Luth be 09 in Jufuli and RTE 50-ng wrecurte im of a „nees- ; aller who has just at thin souks of this, the misild's banda, and she was stung T\n\nlna prevention of a Crowa Celnay kwanza water world I think it drevesa, te coupy the the gostion of expedisser. Now, I observa lånat ja distinction of varionality. And alien the best. the old hermann Coum, auth parleg hold Na abge.\n\na por acauled with lio Queen's saving thorougkäy viższatand that you bass sout, has\n\nMasnim d Ibarge, may be halal 1\n\nJURY NEW skorši ie ci sparated an encaseandonleges of the Chevanoriuendad Score flash the peper stars as they Bestard for which may laid by tuja oonruiter of 200; subglos first hingeloon be statimeLigocina / Brirkiovur esperting bice was wron\n\n#bikinis case iter. The Walsalle en lagd floruer when boas separa i-tes are put u fm tally as reper; vf the evans at that weting, besing negara awli\n\nrolls to a grant iroņi tüm colony, Longkong long | Tas it to Said Mr. Esquide, and Mr. Petics, and Alone the comžikiaun katı vai bron viaktrā,¦ wearing the queaken yet, at I shim feed of Me. Kokkajan maarafareed to, is prbanose to the Taf Wenz mmple, Warchi\n\nSeber. 15%\n\n6.6.201\n\nBamandel oli Tokaday regi\n\nCao Amyrna, *ALLONES Y 99% Ilazerst\n\nSo.....\n\nbaplomberib.\n\n101-...\n\nCHINA COANT MEVROROLOGICAL\n\nJACONSEG\n\n12\n\nREGISTER.\n\ndini A\n\nHoga.\n\nMTANK\n\n***\n\nKy\n\nturn to Jr, Rounds, and he so beinet of the conditices irvaad by a Governor and fuąca: shear and valid Andres, and in rules are map. Ser her! is 1. 186 Easy thu 15. Jer #62 felgrote so wire nomresies.property of oto Tang Abing, aswriter, the Pornostar grly! PA)) $4.3 15.1 R2!\n\nWUTA\n\npart in\n\nwat)owing\n\natan Sets Tail in white sareipim with those aropen and Urines, this boy,low them to the Tunde Gonced, shu kid wil hundor of the hiszen, which are, it will training ma tamat banyo had. Now the itayatan do 1. sanghariali as she press elves the pups of diseasting the action leich des matury was at trait i chudu sat down on the suddette in\n\nwould seatud tank ikusion deter insolens asthanhief quits of the consorcida ir, neelave 0 nith the statuente mire the Cnted destice shop acute reformy price. We wry, that they quinyo tas ber bank\n\nAny y fretter. Bank pilsynets fuld thu eklid unt The haze Bro:\n\n• Must be fib, heeger, drift. Die!\n\nCerita dia sedan hon the\n\n*-jaatioman, and by Mr Porben\n\nbet mother, wwi ghoshall have riay ko sat. Tus razer with Yehog wire wire Site, which is wasting moldly.\n\n•SUR ACRILICIS HAS E TEM auding beacon the sumpta vi the gosti a exted thu li For Major me to fled the gul up and portug I wearing a bele day pobant finds to souble a bież po that sundlifen, mus ense affert,doortor die Bisbard Thung the the Issues eins, The sunding is raid to deny revizor an addres frah the Chinesstrand. The keyer she told a lakang sil In a Library fee by Wah, menaged or in cash edition be impayad ng the Commuterascos or these begli, doute discon le all the soulags, shepherpes of Fourkoglu that is the bed stan and heat, and they both bailonal a saduroy day tha Ananto a clone of the netractione I have read, here you as we then, the public, psy, have not say all chefonda at the kom, madlange, al griteten story tow\n\nthren, by were wetend, Ma ght Jalild to the community dr. Bare to out the Game of Thedalico in sy thin sully my it for infrey re the reizes 1 f the Chivers ruity paran, the sbild, and thi lakong thon and\n\nis strony on his all trupert greats of the cnsion of Chinese fits the City itali, they are pors of this ming to the beating of the fur thus steps of zen Charuchy tomake of the fun riavar colatinus desean parts of Tractpen birthdod as fima do visit the bin corpin Leurs zvestiar the most important were nok hargitjada i la fog. The non pents theve vot of Unregnant birth or dawrent tu sbyxlag any other nationality. 198 Engrosh avs cia be mentine; odvrsive, fun muere of the dis. Swan was the inner of tires by whom that cons\n\nTUR ALLASED MUNDESIR MINY That suite implanter 1, a 23 long, tbré, ndeed, the pedicum are to get olded inringesin way and fer rays in a want catering plains at ausder the Gance. Fl Clines) du dyung, ausartani, approved, cu prind, cumque presente sa ne pu\n\nbaise the Chit City Mall Cacation, wrote a letter which a bar persone Cover how he is to wodas las portes by far whose pile we have trudard wil niet-The Tabu, Chiusse\n\nChernor desired to statebuyer wis mazilyan or 51,803 becu mucatly, with the other papere, befure over with respect to the Wures a man be apporti, de rhe row are paid to who is Pied Bev manus you shuast the king no disuction straf vationality.\n\nthe cowplainneren of Wind the City Hall Concil. the bafeen the Chant. gira hay v do I am about Queen Vesarin's infinity, boils wiring and Earques da\n\nIstal row place? Perisur Mr. Hoppšie 1937 sar. \"Lat? be in ureets with the engattomalts it ing! Chitwas auil tangered kanad÷dge of this versara public meBoy was catei, Far horaste its ceived the mid Feite plansla 60 what the Corviste waremtood, TEAGUE zbriter-panz vesz ke iznenardante! perands the title-led ai +1= property, it is a prere (209990 begetal Fuori z\n\nSee isely! Utirris and foreigners, bet file i\n\ndectwded, 13-py won uns allied to the Father romandel il Wednesday next at the 1. with fees to she advisɔn of Lile ambile; with the Sighs apkin Farben, in sicer saliency caut. it again zu erary relativas allar vidar una faseibo Wa Single proper in making that MS APT THE sidloveandag, grafts of sample polar restante si lay to see a man war it was abfamily decies by case voweydutal to imperfly wipe that it the ind\n\nHished Marbonnels wi\n\narı günque prilburt aran dotibel as in greitadinonthoing as of the saprint the the chemcing, and these chirase susjonaty of ham o'shack. pennial frenzy, which no pas in gain think wait to glade i Grind. It wat tertia en licht heuld be stres at the winding how it was the use of The questing in quation wie wit to by se ou pe bad bush previo on to be A draracteristic «uacfałe is to tell of Chern. Ate Leary to be rutbed by the al of Her Majesty' shot as book of zesian arte susite 15\n\nthat it was cry haters the Queen I was laid before the Quesa, jeje, dhe race, zealace of the rifle of en lommal terms, ap, i7 60, an M47\n\nFury entwertrine so be recovery to enaldo segi atractions, Ting wh not like katmendors of list had 1 wenid santo with rogari la them veren settlement? Wat was the spared uribols? censoren pilo. Kocniky, đã lugter use \"277%, nessans at ti a rod beverentiation of uns werk of of City - brumeriquely president of the Tinji Peter Wil, ny kon with Associated arataiken-bang, seven be szagad article was the articis which proporvi bezowice. A po 1 Molution charging the fe coghing and during il 16 two act. whish dantly Pig Lead was the Chairaus of the City Lini: Con- before that commiflar bear by the consider the repation, dy the grain of Benson of the aniony with mine lezimy was ouch appleded by the public, La Lad kapi tasi Mobiaian, where why if Mer wübleari\n\n...te naudot say that that it is unk, tlovkrantenatal. De Compatike duly sunadiared¦ quod fascia. Prevelike, inayosan, dan Committe to Wool To im Chiu rimtasi proprianou la giuntur slunce. This third so f 11 godoy GT AT reporterà trece pan panca. 5. Askotations as the mosul J• few to sit the world? zerely the question of tiba Beteramy nating, and starbed po treat such weight as ting considered this question, beaving out the on. Pip ses caution was awed by fli. Perors, wantsily tour¦ayi, qui a certain presage repac alg\n\npartout feuerlore of 91 24 to be allomat, la ancoran sich the law, with the coach-thogent the minutes omarmed to by Yome 63. Senden Plotleg kyny were requlug gel and what did say? That there we wemed to chand blanket oft lite speciaria o delu 128 a fight to\n\nthe alley died Tigay gu\n\ndi tirune who nhienon the fonts. Well or sny bar any oh-nge is the bar and police then the aid meeden, to the maminkomaat of bis 18-201 kaple of the Wh 9 Dutcher, f\n\nSMC Cleary, That is dured Be Ontran and Site only gu What about a vatermace jam mu nesto vractical mer ven for a tine, graissat by sa doseman wzali ke in much | the only revity dete.nl puixes. And Mr. ; ceviky like blust dnu fucked cus of them. “I\n\nf the City Plan L'acato, title, the serie Sermons of Wise What Doest dati je le arconlucre with the best the war festion than the salties were atrunjen propuned the shied cantation in obald dare leaght it wwa one of imponeret wide hondes Comictal\n\nLady STATES OF The pale Way it buy buen zmesed by the Chrystals is a\n\nverbeza provokings in napest of the exter'tine, izgored thin anzeznu, with gaveita moïveté, \" don' Back in den bag baina er niveis fel, miley. I don's believe that to the dielny of. There is a regolation for sunkiag einseite Chas the prestigue impeding, wing, po wali fails. That es day in 1978. Whether so tune if I did vol explapl it he might! Raja - Cargar mai dat die previene il le mu je zelo but sinar bever hea. Italien, been pay tinaght of Hongkong any hole of grilema;. Locher they tinc asafol As în fun Belowaty, Shade la ang in deurial distety na which to found a jądgment: inatamente af de tinge trord right or wrong-- Faibly eat it ou\n\nperlinge\n\nMulder.\n\nple, where to be tha matekoligny P $trings Soid go ự his prekerswad tiká reṣait was su albamution it the cales sal the patio. it her by hake the matrial regulations of the Lobocy, and that Rogging i trimu·la, was son to sprytead heartily. Thyon :\n\n6. Maste\n\nWeiber\n\nChepanekens, Paint-bat degrees and init, kept as lon\n\n1. shade\n\nof Mr. Reinis sevī tu♬ ärved Mr. Byrie.\n\nthat were suggesting of the Secrets of Bide, and the nanofonizettistite ice of event.\n\ngedal. Passes in ¦ when King Ware Bullet open zu denk with:\n\nTerave the spell file and in pred us what he culled the Ocultast : the whole para.\" Yon illot,\" and info na sred\n\nindia be",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-190 - Governor Hennessy - 1880 [10-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 308059,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-192 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 49,
        "title": "CO129-192 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "## 46 \n2. \n## 44 \n### Intimations. \n**THE CHINA VIEW.** \nChowder was claved tho putti! \n### Visitors' Column. \n**THE CHINA MAIL.** \n### Hongkong Rates of Postage. \n(via June 26, 1889) \nLal Parki Yest \n1. Small Parodia to seat by Port because any of the Fest Calle Chips We have instituted sa na experiment or Japan, as well 10 Mac VAITATS COLs, which we trust In the fallowing Statements and Tables boi, papi, Peus Ma widely-express gret at this dis will prove succesfe, and be found use the Ratas are given in sends, sal ww, for anal not excel the falieving doo \n\n1 wat rond 1 fotoop, izuno of Notes nervul. To it will be legsted fruta time Lettere, per half cher, for Book ads, & foot meg, nor web us than is plage is fumuaporation to tre such itsuse of information, fists, Pavere, por tres cuces. \n\nNewspapers o \na over four modes in weight wil be 20 cele per, which wel indude Bilar in objout and style, bob slightly tables and other intelligence is ec \n### Registration \nThe parcele s bully modified in wartado detail. \nsuured likely to prove vaatle to per charged as doubla, teable, ✯e, az i some taxing through the City, and cave map bo, but eveli papers or pacicate or ne say be rout at Book Rats. Two in euoneetion wiza we bave opered | Snappere arust not be folded together as Horn. AND BUSES, norunything whatever beismerted SELECT Damron, applicatos for enrolment sacept koná sice Epplements. \ner of this \n**THE CHINA REVIEW OF Roles and cries on the Far East, ia auded at fu tervals of two mumus, each numbar ou taining about 60 ev \net 60 nav pages, all cated with lible, photos, wonderia, be, bead the papare pubished demand, and the insulation justify, Jaiza Ditter. \nsuberitiva la vixed at $16.50 p \nd \nPrintad \nto which we are now ready to secure, der say, bowser, bo endload, if the wind be paid at Pack Kate. Price Cur rent may be paid either as Navapapam or List of Public Buildings. \npaid per san payable by on-residents Governant House, North of Public in Hinges, half-pearly in naprawne. \nThe patristica indledes papers riginal and selected inpun dia Arts and Seisces, Snogy, Folklore, Deugrupiy, History, Ilustre les Man Anu Cus- ton, Natural \nKeligion, do, C., \n### Gardens \nCits find. Library (8,000 volumes) and \nMuse-Free. \nPublic Gedens, a bontifully picturesque \nretreat and of great interest. \nBuake. \nComp by do not bear Pique annity, aos prone bough \nclosed it day bear this spook! accores. \n27, PADE, OTANING TO Luman, but \nany parzel was ered by danion of the Possier tiesā. \n2. The following went be mated Patcula insasiuni, packed as paciented, or liable to be \nGlass, Teguida, \nazglasite butee Matchca, Ladigo, u 10, Kent, \ndegrees to des Fish, Game, Fruit, Vestby to - Helyi bo \nthe up rectar of an actual or pramazal sorteo fire or injet i trans spousal, ach tha deeds, copied music, e. The obarge on Si \n### No. 5892,- (CTOBER 21, 1880. \n**Merchant Vessels in HongCong Harbour** \nExcburies of cats Arrivals and Departures reported lo-lay, \nTorillaz fading the position of 207 renal in the Harbour, the Anchorage is divided inte sigal Boetius, vammancing at (trend Indai. Vasole neuer the Hongkong shere are marked A, use the Kowing shore k., azri those in the body of the Shipping or midway between each shore to masked c., in conjunction wild the Sguroa denoting the mentions. \n2. From Gas Works to the Novelty Iron Worke \n### Section \nB. From P. and D. Co.'s Office to Peddar's Wharf. \n7. Feur Nare! Yard to the Fiez. \nbox \n### RC 20957. \n1. From Great island to the Gas Worka \n6. From Fadder's Wharf to the Naval Yard \nFrom Novelty Iron Works to the Harbour dater's Dœfice. From Earbuds Master's to the P. and 0. Ou.'s Ģice. \n8. From Pitta East Prist. \n---- \n### Captain. \nStig and Date of \nVoices or ease. \nDestination \nHig. \nArrival \n8. E'stonls will as a general rela be for aided by Ferate Ship not by Coutras Mall Packet. The Port Ofs coserves se umelon, and it clearing devory in caves! tight of electing shopperty for tran tiles tumber of parcela is spel as to retard Esceipsatser correspondens. My responsi \nthan \nfor backs, but, whatever the weight of packet contafting ay parally witte of Chen Jesus, Mungulia, Tibet, the Tue Clock Tower, Queens Road Cen-pap, it will wet be charged fo Easter Anipeg and the \"Her set. \" tral, in be with Pedder's Whis \nThe sender of Rey Recieved generally, we defaike list of abjects General Fost Office, Hoaghong Chung it alt a Row \npon which coexitations we oogmcılalış \n### German Club, Spreme Court, de, invite is ismægurated, \nwww.bor. \nwillia a stone's throw Chinese Ladin. Grigal contributions in French, Get parish, Italian Tor Lagitan Club and hazy, Sbellay St. tugasza, are sourschi Bednars freveramets Offices, the Sacrorerint, &o., \nnear the holic Gorders. \nare as to premat a rohtut \nthat of the most rout \nwere bearing on Chine ccatism, fines \non paying an extra fea of o cente. \nbacopted with regard to any fartel, bet the Region wil see the The limit of weight to Books and Com reial Pages to Foreigu Foes basical any bat a very reale per- 61ba Pallares for web offices are limited tablity of lon to sed must uns exced these \nubevenue: 3 inch by itches by \n### St. Jou's Cathedral (Anglia), \nzun J'orade Gromm sidention is plac paid to ibu Review Roman Catholic Caredral, Welling \nSweet. \ndepartures \nther as \"Nous\" head reinross being \n### Notes and Bepiter \nclamited tegen Church, Higin Street. given, when furnished, so previous Nožni B1. Peter's Neuenburch, West Print or Carles, as are also close queries which St. Joseph's (KC) Char), Ganian though any for Informativas, furolabı, aven Road, Bear Kenney for \nor orphed details reneeming the at-Tapetance Hull, erisly adapted for \nb. It le sirable to make his Questo proper as brist and as mnoh to the possiblə \n| \n### The China Beine \nkm July and August, 1876, is band. Is anys the forty-two anya wary acut into uosipato for the best pap on the advantages of Curiality ter \ndavelopment of Sale All car lesen ed preistes khoi là entenciou to this svorkuly enterprising Revie. It is a sig pagod, bi-menthly, repertory of watch low are sestaining shoot China *IN incture of hiero Ponizy in vaja volumen is sure workh the pries of the žievis, kūr dress China Now, Hongnny-Northern | Ürisian únicate (U.B.) \nber \nanen, Qusar's Load Eust \n301- West B \nພະນ \n### R. E. A. and Chiny Colegraph Co., and \nthe Great Northe Pergraph to,, Marion Hose, Gong's Hand.\" tascais hall, Zedand Street. \n### Victoria Recreation Cank---Bath house! \nsea last-wuse, ke,-Praya, beyond the Gecket Ground, beside the \"City fie!! \nhe Baracke and Narat med Military \n### Store \nparkerenk Je to the wird, and cover a koga area. \n### Stores, Books, &c. \nincles. \n.. means No Registration, \n### Countries of the Pata! \nUnion, The Union may be taken to conspelar Keops, net foreign passione in Ama, Japan, W. Africa, Harpt, Mauritius, all \nN. Amenca, Mexic, aleator, Caři, \nVal' Nas \n4. The public re cantined at tu persaud \nfound the facts with a Period Hurope, d, which dres not exist \nthe Bochung \nbabe Java \nHout countries to which Hongkong wards Carespondenou Laylax juin Gerd Fodic or ng \nbeat to du so, it resory that the Kang-bhi ..... following lost nicely \n...Wooney \n... Rondeli \n### 3 Wantry Amal, 5079 |CM. \n«Oschen ... Brit. \n### Betmarks \nK'leon Dout Fontan lo \n6. Poincisosh Leat \n502 Sept \n### BiB \nskr. 1700 k. \nJaGibb, Livlegatoa de Ca 20e, M. 3. A. Da \n### Apertalian Porta \nJardine, Matteson & Co. \n21 Russel & Co. \n2. \n19 \n18th Hang SIA Dat 1512 Oct \nstr. 137.5.& po Dock Un \n231 Octo \n843 e 140. 31. Co. \n1057 Ooi. 23 Gae. P. Starons à . \ndewchang Holhor, & \n### E-MITTIT \nat daylight \n¡Holbow, An, \nShanghai \nCo-murtos \n¡Tag Prive \nSAM1979 \nAversich \nDiGlavo \nUhy of Tokia. \n8 citurroy Brit. \n6 h Hall. \nBrit. \n### Deronsite.....n an \nF \nHot... \n5 baner \nPolesen.....Chi \n2 bittidor ...Onwlo \nlamer. \nDutch est. \nChola uch \netr. \n### JOEL \n74 Opt. Wildongian Lapralk & Cu \nKumes Porta \nloon Desk \n*Path, dayligas \nne Deck \nMarvelja \n. Maasz \n7 Romedios & Co, \n¡Manila \nPo-day \nJBut \n741 Dot, \n21 Samen & Co. \nthaoghal \nSenhue. \n„ider. \n69 Oct \n14:3bsamaau & Ca \n298 Oct. \n2020, M. 8. N. 06 \nShanghai \nBrit. \n65% O \n2030, R. Bierros & Co. \n933 Out \n18 Koan Fat Hong \nBangkok \n23rd inel \nair. \n48 Mar. \n24 China Traders unorance Co. \nate. 1039 Chut. \n17P. 20. 8. N. Cn. \nki Yokohama \n80 ct \nrides, R. Sisroun de Cu. \nJaustralian Porte \n24th fant \nstr. 388 Oct \nKinging. \n1. No Letter Facket, whether to Young... Brit. \ncan be said! \nFrail, forn, Vesiesals, 21 Argentine registered or \nRepabli, da bilan, with all jewels, precies tee, or a thing ticking Hondure, Bermuda, Disa, Fren, Netherlands, Portuguese peroral ya, is hakka to C4 l'acker \nTrakia, Guiana, ¦ for Postmeni: ABERYS Palicum \nsuŭ Spanish Colonies. \n### Countries or 13 the Union-The chair? \ncountries kod in the Caion are the AP tralasian Greop \n### Postage to Vaior Countries. \nGeneral, by any mouku some \nLuton, \n30 cents per or conis cal \n10 cents. \nZacuta cact \n2 suis par Scu \nation, Post Carda, east-wpens \nBooka, Paikuras and i \nCom Papare, There is no ekarzome restrauted erro. apadne wishin the Petal Taka. \n### J'idge to No Union Countries. \nHawaiian Kingdom \n### Omeral Gutter \nHesier, Tailor, \nSebata orientai tiacural contains the fol- lowing notice of the Chius Fuziotela \nthe title of a puestion, \nly reached as from Boug.-T. N. Discoll, dû and 47, 1ks lately 2 kang, whers has been set on fuck an in Quears Road, by special appeiztruant sen.8 zenperea cartingallon of Sous and to E. Ma Limeriu on China and Japan, the extinction \naf which chefui saxial a year de kwu sgu kak \nand segraded in Europe as well \nEn China Thmpresest publisation, judging, \nby the river now tntire us, la intended to! \n### Cleozomerers, Watches, Jowellery, \nLestor \nBordo Patt \n### Nore. \n+ \ndisps and Chr. FALCONELLO, West Judice (Non Unit, Burias, Queen's itoad Control. \n### Costa Rica, Grenc, Now Graula, Nicaragua, 'ze, Paragliay¶. \nItegistration, Newspape \n### American and Buglich Stores, Books, \nscopy & positian, as tegendu Chitand send speeindly selected Cigars-Mac Deighbouring countricovnat elmila \nto that which has keen fed in Tadis by the \nCatania Niet ut proat dayrus of ut \nEF, FRICKEL & Co. \n### Aerial Newers and cheng Ra-Book \ndi fattura, \nOF \nFue. \n10 \njuline, \nFeride!! \n2. This Regulaties panjabies the condit¦ Sea Gu of Excieraz of dutiable setincs, unless this Sunda quantity one best small na to make the Tiales \nample of no valge. \n### Wolle........ \nê. The firoits of reight alumed are si \n### Budowa -- \nBook and Papem to Britan úton | \n5 s; to the Cortinant, Au, Patton to Britist, Offer, Slox if wit \n### Bailing Vosk \nSbEepkias B \nHajdoná \nVincar.......... jammander \nAgnes Mair's Love ...........Br. \nsh \n458 Bapt. 190. M. 5. N. Co \n851 8epk, \n200. M. & N. Oo \n131ayar U. \n27 Carlowite & Co. \nout intrinsic value; to the Chularity flee Book Servier. ! 14284z. 27! Vezel & Co. \nda, 8 OF. \n3 kidones ..........Port. sh, 602 July Ale H. Safthe Packer Amur, sh \n### Sidemcy \nfor the loss of a legineral Letto Apala \nThomsen alt 3:0.50. fazer umaśžer, bgę, „skátamora......Amer. Contabriacal! \nAmer faulsen Dan. \n### The Post Offint \nta noy legally naposafts | Che Bitte for the wife delity of Regatora cress Camere \nunderco, has benyoforth it elit to prCurs pared to make gooch the acabaria of Dagmar \nwo lost while eng lash Do ina-wners of 319, în vari Kami. --------------- \n### Florum Alghingale \nà adolulɲin .............. Falt bye. Ford \n2 Borgwards.. \nC, Rovided \n1. That lies daly observed at the condivista në Registration requir \n2. has the fat is securely welos \nia Numably by <zveiopa \n3. That application we made to Pomnator Ger \ngang i \nof \n### France \ntes Great Adaira \ndental W. Ingley Johann lentich \nW \nbye. \nEradno & Co. \n1487 Repi. 199. &0. S. X. \n210 Dok. 30eur & Co. \n896 at 11aler (5. \n✡o. \n990 Sept 20, Arnhold, Karbery & Ou. \nJul Aug. 20 Arabolt, Karry \n### Euvre \nand Humihang \n(New York \nSa Franciao \nCa. \nNew York \nbe 222 1000 17 Arnhold, Kurberg & Co. 20 apt. 18, anhold, Karberg Un \nEduard Schelbase & Co. 464 Opt. Amhald, Karberg & Co. Cine,bletiza 252 let. 3Barlowits de Ou Kanto Fch, bat.. $0 Sept 20 Lardstelu à Ca Tompson. 1676 Sept 18 & Co Dadless, brie. 1098 c. 811Adamron, Bell & Ca \ntiaram. Jej 411 18jahod, Karberg & Co. .............................................♣ kobieciaker, Sm. so. 245 Saph 14daari Sabalias & Co. Mgails ............$ Ünumer. Ger b 521 pm & Co. \n..............2 Pelierma... Stat. Leja. નામ ચિન \n### Bust \n...........for. bre. t. 20 Captada Sath Jumeries.ok Kawwht. Amer. . 2262 et 17 Roll & Co. Sparta 18 Vincent...... \n81 Aug 27W. B. Bay \nged that the loss of while the Serastesi \nThas the Prator Coasalan B. All4kitidredgewer. bga 636 Sept powderor was in the lefody of the Betti Portal administration in Chine, that it not assed by any faul on the past of t sender, by destruction by few, or shipwra: ae by the digno or cegligence of a person in ply of \nį medļatuly tho Jeza m \nrausing that er een bestowed of its your prints, do, cholos Teixete and Digans. Azzahralia, New Zealand, Tanaris, zać upon the regation of it literature,' VABLETY STORY, 40, mist. vix Torres Brash, Lotters, 19; 20 eppolops being invariably and Macar antiquities, and ordial develop to any Queen's Road. nothing of ionisatie, have id to tas \ngistration, it; Norte, Books Rail Pattatre, 4: Piu a Lettera, ; e- \n### Belation \nof inspottant force of inform Watches Jewelles, Charte, Bingen-gration. 10; Neespapers, 2; Bookt aan ation, romāneizg zare sur chansi of pub las, Optically, Murdan's Pattern, Ecity as is now previdad extremely dimir Pencil-exes, &- Nosch, agent. able and contribution of web Inistro & Zaobu. \nmay fairly be looked for from the azalers i \nof the foreign consular services, the Ukinena \nSabal, the Lage, St. Helery and sea mno, in Aden, Lettore, 25: fagetration, \nGuus, Kides. Parde, Ammunition,10; Nowspapers, \"; docks sal Pattern, 5. \n### Chalu \ncorps, and the misionary body, and Sportsons's test all descrip \nneng wham bigh degree of Chinese tione.-W SCRDY & Co., \ndubai a nes nauidwoly cultivated here, at Hoof Begoonsfield \nwad who freeverally represented rubbe sigui q \nLuraber of the dining by yes. bighly rurulé \nantijs at C. Legguise manager wet pot fire. \nHa7. E. J. Zital, in which the piano al \nhabourdonvášky girnil, da ozsoklons | \npresental of the chronykɔgat i \nproblems and a agamenta involved in cordato Taker or FaZNE FOB CIKAIRE, \nhexion with this important work. Some trusinisce feus Okiama Levels and playe \nmarked by both secrecy and freshness \nđ style; and an account is the vacuna of \nthe Chinese poet-statesman of xbo elernɔiù entury, Sn Fung-plo, by Mr. E. C. Bowza, le mot only historiusally valuable, but is also distinguished by its literary grize Bonds nokioen rẩ new books relating to Ühine and the East, which will be a useful fensum of \nthe Neview, if carried out with, punctuality \nani \nwe are glad to note that \n### Arsi \n\"Queries” sir dantlusă în \n### ÚHA \nKAREES, AND BEATS, \nAN 288 COLANT OF HOSAKOND. \n### Quadra \nmå fordinary Pulierny Bosto \nHalf hour,....10 st.. | Hour,... 20 ot. \nThree hours...50 ot.. | Six hoary,...70ah, \nDay (from C), One Dollar, \nTo Vicenza Pe% \nbrad a place in in pages also. It is to be Four Curling \nPop at this cig le contributions Three Cli \nen China about may evolua aiTİLAY \ndegree of cesary mai to shat which won i \n### Tiro \nCuties, \nPingle Trige, \n$1.00 \n0.88 \n£0.70) \n...$1.50 \n1.20 \n... 1.00 \n### Band \nor by Prà fuo lum). \ndisplayed during the lifetime ut ita prefe-Four Candies, \nres the Belo,and ibal tius na Fierce \nmay re the support zoomacy to izme \n### Thres \nCaulics, \nJe continance. The publication is later. The Candies,... \ned to wopcer avery two months, sud vili \nform a mistenklai osteso mag \n**THE CUINÈGE MAIL.** \nTo Vannia Cat fte kaval oF EMPRESA \nThis paper is usual evary Four Coolina \nGay. The ausription he fed at For The Colin, Bullare your anama deifvened to Hog Two Coles, by Ken Doliers Fifty Conde in- \nauding p pohugs to Coat porta, \nis the frest Chines Nunapaper wer woved under pursy nice nation The albef eupport of the paper is a derived trop the nails couly, og whom and to be found a yusutom se ouetes novary phace tiene bustave andlega footing. \n• The projectors, hating their catastes \nupon the ces reliable information fera \n### FRA) \n### Siuple \nTrip \nRaam (Zirut or op. Hod-for-lume.) \n$1.60 \nG.00 \n2).40 \n### Foar \nConli AA11.00 The Cooli \nTwo tholes,... \n...... 0.70 \nThe Return Face crebraces a trip of ot more thou thres hone \nFor every bow part of an hour Abere three hours, tack Coshio will be entitled to \n### si \nvarton Fork in Chi and Jays-Day \nfrom Austria, California, Singapore, \nPoong, Budget, deler places roque \nby the China, tunelu \njankind to garatuz are altimate \ncitati u berwena pol \ncon The savantagea cinted to advar \nfitonal pay of b cent \n### Trip \nPeatu.75 each \nlie. \n2 hours) tiap20) sack coito. \n### Limes \nOras (sessih). \nHour, \n...10 \nquie \nDall day, \nZY eenin \ntire are therefore unasunily j \n### Bayr \nle foreign ennenails gegarails w \nLind \nto their interest to pull themselves of \nthis \n### DUST \n262 900LIK BIAR. \nThe fold men toe oper of shis descrip \nstun gundasted hy native offerta, but 1 Classes Dont 17 % at 900 \nprogresive and sati-obstructiys in tone- \nxmont 1t we then cars board; Lot Class Cargo Bost of \nsamwanda \nbudet and laterat ; \nwhile on the other deserves svet ald that our bu \nto it by intuigueza, \n### Lake \nFagin jouet entries Edittain \nwith Trand, Shipping and Commercial \nNous am RYELINATED \n3thanription \nabove zay be sent to \nfor etter of this \n### CEO. MURRAY BAUN, \nChina al disa \nFREDERIC ALCAR, COLONIAL, NEWSPAPER & COMMIS- \nSION AGENT, \n11, L'anest's Lons, Lombari Brest, \nJORDUR. \n182 Coloma Press sapplied se New- paper, Hooke, Typia Juk, Press, Papers, Correspovirus, Letters, sad any Super Gake on dan ter \n### AOTION \nTO SUIFPERS. \nColonial Fampspær exsoirul at the of Adverse and the Hakka \nare regalarly al for the inzetlen \nand is good 600 \n$1.00 \nad Clue Carys Host - Boat of 500 \njo, \nUgo Bolo 17-ax Best of 2011 \npicula, Hald Ding, \nAmoxil axton charge to mite un dels 'ir Hegiralicu to ritish \nHeydd Facton The Ban \nmax, 1 wate \n• CREAM DE SAFe vin San Froito \n### LOOAL \nPOSTAGE \nF \nid) No Parent Post \n### Local \nDenver. \nGard Now! \n1. All corespondenæ jvataí beluso 13.01 on any wook day for adiramar în Vistoria will be delivered the day, \nand genomally whhin two hours, unless the \ney should be sobered by this Contract \n### Invitations, \nde, can veterally be delivered within Victoria at the privati anuses of the addresses rather \nt \npiazem of blinder, it wish to that effect \nsuch application unless I aino la inel. \nbond book, wh which reach their destiamion, althoighà | a broken or deteriorated edition. \n### Forber \n### Money \nOrder Regulations. L--Most Ordian ang exchanged wiù e United Kingdom, New \nwalu Qusariand, South Australis and Darvin, the Strata Settlements, Warto Australia, and forcept at Shanghai) uzd the Jam ropite. Hongkong z bens cris ca Shanghai, uzd vice verad \n### Email \nsame may be tedid between the other Fort by ame of Puss Stamps, subject to change of ons per cunt. It owling them, \n### 740 Cak \nrisun \n..................Taliem. Gu. \nbqo \n550 10st \n### ULAZION \nDrew \nat Yak \n--Mary Mom Ondert are supplied residente af the avaler Ports in this way. Fly \nAn application for an orisalted up, Tang Yong \n### South \nSea Islanda \nPiontula \nSand Feanalizo \nLuntia \nHer York \nHavre and Hamburg \n16 Bong Song Woo \nGülows & Cu \nMeyer & Co \nLoutco \n19 \n743 Dat \n40,00. B. Bivens \n### Man-of-war \nin Hongkong Harbour. \n480 \n### REFF \nK'loan be \nYasa Wun Tex \nSisphope Grov \nJans 21 \n### Reph \n22 \n### Commander. \nCom. Klas \nJ. Farrow \nB. U. Naplor \nComedore Smith John G. JoDHE \nOct \n### Date \nof \n### Forsels \nNawa, \nHlay, \nClass. \nTora Gune. \nH. P. \nJingl \n41. \nC. I \n### COZMAN \nAnde \nMAD-OF-WAT \nOct. \nSuntint \nBut vol \nKD. Chinno \nPeronne prakser \n354 \nBritish \ngao rekl \n- \n184 \nLa 31 \nKritish \nmilhar doepitai \n3091 \nBritish \nganhout \n1:00 \nKetah \nJotama-tore's flagship 2087 \nBritish \ntorrat-ship \n304 \nJave 2 \nAs Canton \nChinese \nzenbort \nexcit frigate \nand is ezciated with a stage, directe, Magus... \nand unsealed scvelops in the Postuwster | sne \nthe wastest issuer offen The application Midge \nst be sampanied with the tail regatta Road, (incrading commuwen) in ebegns, paelage Wi \nstein, or other guivalent of cash, and ni \nfittin margin about bu left for variatious | \nof mathsage. The Praiaster in the Hal King \nender, suede o in the envelope, and Kargualun \nreturns the change, if any, by teal eppar \nhunity, with a Meslpt for the letter, if i \nget to las registered, as it always single \nb. Oare should be taken to me te \npplication Nma, the Muney Order Ollies close me zure before the depar \nIberoo of the windm \n4-No order must exserd 418, at £50, will 27 include any fraction of a pony, vor more than two such orders honed to the se person, in favour of the same page. by the authe mail. Ordere will be drawn \nat the creat rata of the day and paid t the rate of the day when the advios uzivud, \n### The \nmission is as followe>-- \n### Orders \non the United Kingdom, \nUp to 18 ent \nיז \nار \nM54 \n£).......... \n72 \n### Land \nIntercamslal Ordan. \nUp to $5 or A...... \ni \ntor 10....50 \n- of Money Draer Offces in th \nUnited Kingdom may be unsalted ar \nbe exprezed by the der, here all longkong Shangh \nceraspondanes is invclubly deliver m 6.Names must be given in full (except \nLa metre plans of babes. \nwhen there is more than we \n### Boxholders \nwho desire e tu mad Cizen- | \nbe given if the order be rosed (a 26, Dividend Warts, Inexations, Cards, but the anal the Pago el t \n### Lobaques \ndew, all of time acme weight, to address are rose). It can then be paid, Hong, Bangkok, or the Furia of Chirs through Bank, and may afterwards in! and Japan, may sliver them in the Postpally crossed in ang Bank. Office stamped, the postage bring then \n### batch \nmust constat of at least ten \n### Fach \nhas signed it in the proper plans. \n### Buzholders \nmay also woad Vatterordor en be traced in anus \n### HONGKONG, MAULU \nAND CANTON RIVER \n### STEAMERS. \n### Nama \nTONE Captois \nJohaug \n760 Ogatun \nKiu Bhan \n40% \nKia Ki \n61 \nHentai, \nHayiand \nKlong-ping \nB Indu \nPovah \n1500 Carg \n110 \nLatovener \nSir J. Jaejoption! 154 \nSpark \nTong Ting \nWhile Gland \n314 Depre \nLiners \nB \nEw Bok Tong \n1200 \n250 \nM. Marble \n### CHINESE \nQUN-VESSELS \nIN CANTON WATERS, &C \n### Naste \nTrace Aus \nH. r. \n### An-lau \nChuu- \nDalterfold and Swira Cbro-ko \nK., D. & M. B-boat Co. Obing-ou T., C. & M. & string p \nC. M. & & Co. \n### Chau-tong \n5., UM, 6-bout Co.-le \nK. Acheng & Sonz \nE., C. & M. & boat (to \nC. M. 8. 7, Qu \n### Peng-chou-ba! \nQUAD2.06 Shum-i \n20 Benog, A. H. Q. & M. 8.bast Ce. 50-ang \n180 BE \nYOUSO NEIPPING IN PORT, \n### She \nanes places in the mane way. Eu-ok pasment of s additional comedia. Pater \n### In \ncase of low of an order, pesadly for Symphe \nvelopes vcntaining Patterns may be wholis i stopping Pade to the Br \ncloned if the nature of the contents be fast \nw tho like, Sheldraks \nfor Timasto Geriam brig \n### VSN-UPAWASH \nK. Achwong & Su \nKing-kw \nKinogahow \nLin-yen \nTalag \nChioge \nBritish \nFroueb \n| 2829898398889 \n### Commander \nJ. Godsli \nSlewati \nA. Walker \nChirrem Admini \nA. Gercenta \nChae A' Ho \nO. 1 Falaser \nPing Tre \nJ. H. Wade \nJ. B. Marry \nChing \nErd \n### MUNONANT \nHALLĀKU PANİKES \n### Blue \nJacket \nProcura \nForward Flo Fodvig \nKir \nMary \nMattie Macleay \nPaul Jooen \nSin of the North \nD. Maria de Molna \nGarooding Motate Nanacacy \nAroedown l \nfor Mauila \nBritish hargne \nSauce brig Brilled bacque Hele bu Brabr Slam \nbrig \nfor New York \na kerge Jock \njarital brig Bettiah barte \nSuanish cncratite Runboat 1. M. correcta \nV. A surefte \nHustlar marty \nM. axrette \nPranol frigate \n### patals, \nger Day, \npats, yer Lead, \n900 \n### MERⱭJANI \nSTRANKSA, \n-- \n### ival, \npor Day, \nfed \nplums, par Law, \nand Base Cage of 100 \n1. \n### Oct. \n9, 1880, HERCHANI STAMBULA. \n### Bankow \nBellish \n*Addits \nBrisb \nBrown Brothers \nAlso Can \ntor Shanghal \nClfaca \nCart Ludvig \ncle, per Day, \n### Class \nCarge Rosa - \n7.71 \n### Sost \nof ou \n1.60 \n| charged to the sender's servant. \n7.--No order can be paad till the Payon Nation \nfor Bongbong \nKiang-plan \nChiness \nP \nKrilish \n### MENBOLANT \nVALMINU VRANDON. \nLy \nGarsau sobeiner \nKung Wo \nburttioh \n1,34 \nMavico \nArvaria \nEritish \n50 \nProlong \nguaboat \nBloch \nfor Laden, da \n### SHIPPING \nIN SHANGHAI HARBOUR, \nBritish \nPell \nTaks \nReikish \nBЯKish \nCutrone \nOkin-tong \nBettioh \nfor Jcndum, ?ro, \nTeb-ata \nDatoare \n! Teritora Mari \nup.maste \nVidoratio \n### WALLING \nYARALA. \nFute mhiru Glamis Castle Gleneagles \nAdranus \nSkozesu bary EG \nNayanth \nBilish \nAzbasador \nFeghous \nfor London, a. \nBenjamin Aymar \nThemales \nVigilant \nH. M. de vossel \nChinese \n- \n### Bog \nOns \nor Pulizway BORIA, HON \n+7 \n6. 10 \nled or stated to the Postmaster \nshould \nbe may cowokery, and Order Ofice for instruction. \n$1.00 approved by him. Prated Cleoutar may be inserted in anob Fattom Packer. \n&- the order be nat presented within \nsix months an additoral commission will \nhe charged if not within twelve months, \n### Past \nThe public in retailed that, the money will be forfeited. When the \nNothing in Shin Sonlosteronta private sycəm\" \" share la se auch thing a Pamel Post order in oues paid no ipreter sinim cars buiomed \n\" \n### STREET \nDONE. \n### Sale \nof Hire for stint Ocalier. \n19 \n### DUG \nDay.......0$ 0, \n### One \nout,NATES \nKit \nthe boys bale in Fact pricala \nto Auro de Math rombie and dis entertaina \nprinterent sta danand by pazeistent attoripis i Hoarder dan be paid until she advice Fei Yuen \nto soud amali valuabin for through the relation to it has been eautyed. \n### Fancy \nWork, and similar preunia are con \n### Pat \nFast Carion Artiolar of Drew, \nfinaly wing refuse, the sandam having \noften spent more in Portage us \navo veil the traight by seamer. \n• Made out ou s printed fora which is zroglind¦ Bue-Jun \ncowbio. \n### Harding \nNot Local Oudere un Shanghat are draws at 2 put \nrefond can be unde an auch parcels of the vale of Stamps abliterated before tho nors of the coutente was discovered. \ni dor \n- nice to pile, d \nla cate for Arening z the tested Ning- \n### Ani \nin er et hanghai. \n### On \n14, 1880. \n**MEJUKANT ETRAMNER** \n### American \nVazion \n#Slut Left park oz andved at HauzkoHR \n### Printed \nand prebilahed by Gao, Muanat Baig, at the China Mail Olian, Na 2, Wyndham First, Hangkeng. \n### Excentive \nCouncil \n### Present \nFriday, \n122nd October, 18 \n1880. \n### this \nExcellency. Governor Sir John Pope theverry : 2CM tj. The Honorable Is Acting bestowish hentary Dr Sudrick Stewart: The Honourable The Attorney General Edward Houghton Ornellay \n### The \nHonourable Johor Macrails. Bios. \ntheent. \n### His \nExcellency Major General. Emraison-Courseranding Troops. \n### The \nCouncil meets this \n### Summons. \n### The \nMinutes \nSeptember \nday \nat 5 Rite. by special \n### Council \nheld + \nthe 18th \nELL \nare read and confirmed). \n### The \nfollowing letter from major General Bousoon!",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-192 - Governor Hennessy - 1881 [1-4].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 311416,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-197 - Governor Hennessy - 1882 [1-2]",
        "page_number": 437,
        "title": "CO129-197 - Governor Hennessy - 1882 [1-2]",
        "content_text": "# THE DAILY PRESS, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23RD, 1982.\n\n## HONGKONG VARIOUS.\n\n### INSURANCE.\n\n**THE DAILY PRESS**  \nHONGKONG, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23RD, 1982.\n\n## INSURANCE COMPANIES AT HANKURUES.\n\n### SOUTH GORMAN PURE INSURANCE COMPANY.\n\n| CAPITAL | $2.06 |\n| --- | --- |\n| ASSOCIATION. CAPITAL Path. | $200 |\n| The Under for the absen BL, IN POT PLYN Party | $350 |\n| PRIMANENT RESERVE TR Company |  |\n| SPECIAL RESERVE FUND | $988 |\n| ARINI SCANUSS to its est-ut of £65,21% from | Colt, w. Yury, So. 10% Ti, ner seg. $22.50 to 12 Nacional, 250.46 42 12: Cault, 32bit) ndeges Jupe 200 23rek, ze pêk - BIZGA » 4.7 |\n| TOTAL CAPITAL | #76) |\n| AeDavies. | 228.936.17 |\n| IRELY H | #. 11. Punge, Exa, VierINDS. |\n| M. W. Toro, Eq. (W, | A Devorton, Big, Son, fing |\n| HOM | 517. & c., ogretacion. |\n| MATA TAR HAR & CL | Bankers. |\n| RICHARD OLACA ROLE. Bay. | ages, moda, Cerutti, E |\n| Potariss | wun Marme Brace |\n\n## NORTH BRYMISH AND MERCANTILE INSURANCE COMPANY.\n\n| Galettem, TUNED.... VRIGA 270 | Cozz (244. \"I tenant, DOT 1950 Ale 2010 to Bin Salgon, 120.00 DAZAL 231 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 112017, Noser Buil$15k Lind INSURANCE COMPANY. | Ilgari Primaran mudah me, get $329 to 5.45 ng Bed Ascorbit, or giant |\n| Crusaders 190, ame vine: 41, Mas, for Wa Yew uphoriena V SRD | Amish Talks, 30 pelan, per de$150 to the dou292\"%T! #93, vor gael.... $272 0.27 FAME NAMES IN 3241 1759' 18ine, Sod Pot. Farr dapa... 14 1.37 |\n| Faction dells, 15 Bar, par gun 3 2050 | Blasba, Vienkin, por pini 1170 a 176, motra, pa prank ... MORTALS. |\n| 4. 1730 Sel, et per at God. p. Natod, spy penali $2.50 | 4331 That its 100 2.51dun derby, Alman Women, a pre ple |\n| TUE masashgust, Apenas : | agatud |\n\n## STAFFORDSHIRE INSURANCE COMPANY.\n\n**LIMITED**  \nSTANDARD FIRE FE, LONDON,  \nCAPITAL TILOSS FILULING,  \nThe Und-acticing speist  \n18÷LT  \nThe Undervignat aver mai  \nreving From Tits at Spice  \n462919 to the stars enquiry at this Port, are prarado BANT POLICI Sagainst Fires. E the extens of ANGAST on dings an  \nFonly stored therein.  \nDiscomus. *..  \nVoerkrag. st. Mari, ISFA  \nVOGEL &  \n134501 HINKRE INSCRATE COXPART  \n:IMITED)  \nNOTIC y  \nBRADUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF THE POLICAR GRANTRU  \nCEDARK OF TEBANON.  \nYANTA'S KISKA rundt paria of the Wost.  \nTEEN TIRE INSURANCE  \nCOMPANA.  \nCAPTAI  \nANG 200.  \n3360454T  \nSi  \nWe  \nCundy, Patela,  \nwo  \nsite, pervical. 21 Manhwans, echo  \na, et al.  \n- kama $ to 20% kuumeita Day Fiisin lanes, une pira*  \n1500 to C, Bevara, Dagy pinen ambitie, pe piata din E M 97a1d ja Ban, senasala, tap šis a small, hoc pled....  \nlogan, anginal  \nVarmacia Pati, 3 p.30  \neat,  \nA MYN 4.15 2.18  \n639ty Ca  \nWindow Chan, je for........  \nSUPPING IN THE CHINA WATSRƏ.  \nCONATENGDA.  \nRONOKONG  \nPlatter!  \nUZANA prox.  \nfreew  \nInaug  \nFZA  \nMATTAIN.  \n1421521  \nCORBLÓMEZZ  \nDANGERINE.  \n13 Bauer Na Kusokong  \nPol Clay Se  \nIn Pour qu'ECO JANGAGA, 182 Ram. bk  \nBike,  \nLisa Pa  \nADAMSON. REEL & C  \nAgants,  \nHazlerne, Auprat, 1864–  \nNOW HO  \nAsia A  \nRats 241 Djeran  \nWan, Hir  \nFR Stamps & 120  \nPalom  \n34. 27 Pivl  \nFe 143 POR  \nGur. she  \nBossen & the  \n(Mar. 27) Guldberg  \nMalinzčan  \nJan Allama  \nBut ser  \n909  \nSimon & Th  \nBangkok  \nSubarusana  \nSink 20  \nChunk  \nSat. 25, Prouenitos  \nthen r  \n3127  \nMiles  \nFin Che Sau Supt.  \nClich  \nRulles  \nPos To! Pingager  \n3  \nRowe Dea  \nBipi  \n9.  \n1  \nFeb 22 Roma  \nRei  \nPuar Yuen Co  \nSea  \nSAL  \nP  \nBelt,  \nElab  \nNov. 27 bias  \nHip-  \nChir  \n1 Bulaos  \n6 at Ashanus & Muda  \nSator  \njous 24 Canges  \n33:7  \nPek Kon  \nity of Teko  \nam nu 50 MASC  \nDeut  \nNov, 2 g  \nAae. ses! Code  \nE  \nPosit  \n:25h 101 Petaryen  \n1 ofer  \nReb  \nThe islamiza, Asats for the refrants iny, s prepren to AGERT BISKS  \nFB-ness per Ce. Nors  \ni  \nThe Virates Fitfache Chorozup sa dissyfucced with a Company's betteltu vit ! * Pre unes fasaun jodur forest of Lebanon, i Association, Tandliale at the Pratite neg din. formerly orgive, bas deindied down to hand oumaly to Contentus, washer the demption of t. mura thicäct, nuluring holders an ink in oraygutten ka tiks der E Mount 10 track. Ex Rate it from complete set of Bhunia sentian Seals, the re- deal rates and rear its tenet in its wining liúint beint zavrtal to Reserve Pant. present extant, Mossem Pasta, the Governor faneral or the Lebanon, kas iernat o apostel  \nvestnanca, dariɛining a series of stringent regulations cafealated to obcok, of pot geno ! kput a stop to, the windshem and enrolas rena of most rarelie in maroma  \n----  \nBRADLOE AMITH,  \nBonetary. kung, Rith a príl, 15x1,  \n............  \n194  \nNATIONAL SULANCE PANY OF WTETTIN,  \nty forbidden to put up tents or other why Tatarstant hawayers park kinds of sheer lite the distries of Aron's for the shove Campmay ara payanad to  \nthe traza, to light Sky A Raguis Frans Curent Tadie.  \nprovisions in the daily. No one in qui  \nJvwed to break off a bough or evez a twię į  \nfrom the brews. It is fortidden to bring af  \nboasts hunion, be shay lursan, mulei,  \n24, or an her kind of all, withi  \nthe duntos. Shoalit ozen, shuip, desks, ar ļ  \nHourkony. th Aĺny, 1821,  \nOVETTE IMPERIA  \nAMYR &  \nCOMPANY.  \nA BE A 2000.  \n'NORTON & Co. Hi, 2015, 1821  \nBATAVIA SHA AND FIRE INSURANC  \nCHIMPANY.  \n*  \nMay  \ntatesigod, haing been appointed recaud Agerator the phone feetpake, ani pro Hungerlan pregná Kosmynoms ne tolkayna zeml  \nMARINE RISKY. edictors at Corrent 16 sise, ravalle with heat of Tik Jamen, dat the actacipal Kamelin, wond the url.  \nA KROKUYAGE ei famry-rumun på Ope¦ Bay Chi  \nhinwed all LACIAL Hing Kinng num JAN DISES. Policicur on Viruplars Build Lido  \n1. Pas an extent of Per  \nA MITTWERP Pu can! (903) ANC pie Crawant Legal Et on wife wil dat  \nat javnima chegued for kasvavanise an islamgia Levant ning details the line of the Jasno Migue Picim at Pulley.  \nRUSSPLL & Come  \nPIRE AND LIFT. Danza gast Prak avled st Chur other pantsruce oucle be found thin the end Sister. Coxiltimates Halperion preted initu, toy will be irredeemably ¦ for Kids äxanxarren in China. antented.  \nPERSONAL REMINISCENCES OP LORD SATTORD.  \nYeteran lyn god for youry Priso  \nFlingum ad vos ural feel the Bstania  \n'you'  \nMATAR & Chn, granata.  \nBaalstrix. r  \nHargkone, It Tunare, Exte,  \nAntiqu  \n41 p  \nA GRINDE GASKI hear ALGAMES MARITIME Vulva tark  \nWhite Yengizza ROLE TRANSPORTS REUNIRS,  \nPARIR  \nFan! Young www.200 1995, Truh  \nTHE WORTH BRITISH PIKE AND MATEN INSURANCE COMPART  \nDE NHW RALAND  \ngunay to make a bridge of hosta CAPITAL, CLOGANY Das Mimina Stadings  \nbronce déturgavo no5 Rygtehteli ine the patri  \ngets allied armis, the veut of ten Dank ATENDARS  \n¡Cartran, Sym  \nCarr A To.......  \nTezda, laving been uppgirtali AGROS of the Alony, vel to  \nIrving noviall be tact the Ensino Vedamind, Inning bidea EPETUTTI MAUTO HK to Aras Wallabia. The it time I had fonts for the lace Clayang, are pronamed in all para of the Woll 4 Pelaw Leicnger wo when I want one: ACCEPT FICE A MAGNE EIŠKA K  \nli, Iard Stintfand to dies with Carvers Bates, allowing im nota.  \nAdmiral Sir James Daedale this bird the  \nBritaux. O renting the ship, we heard!  \nGRO. D. STEVENS & C  \nfrikany, 241 305, 1989.  \nCOMPANY OF HANDONG.  \notee of the picwe call out in si sove of noj PYRANBARDANOG DIRA KNAVBARU great respect  \n\"Cune, cum, Prince, this wilt nerar du j  \nBlue Jancary, 1994  \nHOTTOFT  \n----  \nFTUR QUINA PIRE LIBURANÑE COM PANY, LYMCPRD,  \nTe Votersigned, being tom puckered is pegod to AZUBES WBST-CLASS  \nBeck buster swabben.\" Agent a len Crageny, as propered in sever Anaco, aut tier 15-  \nC¦ YUNANIRO av tinm, nå Ratum,  \nby wurde, hace pan, do! ARPT RENK gas in use winin Tar that By Dirty sange wall teguleer,\" in word Strate  \nm. Toch Norway A  \ntord to the Admin, whe whenced to re  \ninto the re  \n* Print of Triingua, the amez  \nEyself the boner of sating to your  \n$325,\"  \nSIRNSSEN A CS..  \nhan pase of distributi ig a estudi prax. POLA 16 14 49erida prod analygyaka (13 ane) Sharaboleza wa kaka parkiábatel \"business  \ndaine Company  \nFril  \nMash  \nLis  \nMwe  \nSon Hanlin  \nJJ 3 Cou  \nFeb. 20 Ti. 3  \nAze  \nFab. 19. Büs  \nFirs  \nYANCH ; 9% *0*  \niDou. I't. Margar  \nrish | Man Yung Wzg  \nJet  \n5:0  \nBlested & Ca  \n2301.& 6. B. N. CO  \nJH  \n3. Dell & Qu d. Ses  \n- zle she | 66 | Bavarra à Co  \nSamalei, &  \n37K thong & Sani  \n3. M  \n2. Quandrid Squ  \nJun. 23  \nuesרני  \nMAGASAKL  \nIN PHAI OK 3 Faxrany. THES.  \nir, je (3,  \nYORONAMA.  \nIN Pass 10 JAPONY, 1991  \nAuri  \na.  \nAdamsta, Hall & Co  \nBangkok  \nBeamch  \nActonick  \nfun pro Jan.  \nArgon  \nBirla S  \n332 in  \nCaptai  \nBiguney  \ndo  \n•Carlis  \nAline  \nFren. Sir  \ntiiases & Co  \nFab. Kutafi  \nFre  \nOoh. Es choegin  \nKid, ade  \nJ  \nChines  \nFeb. 19 Tawi  \nN.C..  \nAbout Py Gantry Art, Karhe & Co Snorr  \n3. Crabap  \nAmesed 31 | Captain  \nBulmack  \nVen. Willigis  \nBril  \n13  \n1  \nAnna  \n!D'  \nHid  \nAs  \nथ  \nJ. SA Mo  \nBrin  \nCeb  \nS  \nBeth  \n236  \nP. 31, C  \nPas 2 Wel  \n20. B  \nbarte  \nGov, sch  \n50  \nSan. El Wostokyo  \nLamb Peter  \n3.1.6 Br  \n'anim  \nBb. A! W  \nDuelo  \n28 Cast-su  \n1966. 2; M«Guita  \nBag & C  \n: Hutbew  \nSapt, on sale  \nAint-enh  \nOur str  \n$: Willey Do  \nCaro  \nPASTJ  \nCabin  \nthe  \nCag  \nFeb.  \n2  \nRicky rick  \nAUT  \nDe 13 Janeken  \n48  \nP.  \nJay  \nY. Man Hou; Ann, s  \nhunting  \nTalag  \n| Ave. pl 1735  \n2. 3. C  \nJuly | 2. 3. Tuoka, sterowa Wa Yuzu  \nWait was D. Laik  \ncintzelan Dan. st.  \nMrk. 18) Verused.  \nBaverik & S  \nthus W's Yan  \n2. Stymes & Con  \nMela SAD  \n4,17,& ki meumbeat De Baena,  \n*  \n4.  \nHet steiga  \nจด แม  \nBalt, By  \nSiooyen à ca  \nwich &  \nRow 1 Kayaci  \nlivi, p  \nEAMING NAME 132.5.  \nPh & Warga Maritions  \nAura C  \nPrk 110 man Aura Gay  \nNOSPHORIA 107. \"AD!  \nJun. LauqUIL  \nCatt plin Urvavy Meets of China. Dullay Jan. 181 W. tidley degan, and at  \nSO WHE  \n12! Simarovie dềmchand  \nG18 Orist  \nلابت اور  \nBak  \nMaria Anon  \nAsc.rol  \nالمقاتلة فكر  \nJ. 1851  \nDTAGEL-  \nSANTIA  \nBell at the tinglin  \nBj  \nGer. 196 Chetan  \n* Get al: ; Lives  \nAnch/5 Ca  \n237  \nAm 25 tais  \nGer. Cutia,  \nHER BRIANNI MAJERTY & SHIPS IN THE CHONA SQUADRON.  \nاوری ارشد را  \nEIG  \nالامل لاله  \nCAPTAIN.  \nJang  \nCW. 'Enct  \nSing  \nS.  \nC'. P. J.,  \nHube  \n237 Captain C. ini se  \nbungkal  \nM  \nPaul Jonas  \nARNOLD KASHERS & C  \nJA Welboort  \nFeb. 12. Brundt  \nOne kan Ju  \nSIGHT  \n4ma  \nc. Di Babes  \nAlden Bean  \nส  \n3447 R 9!  \n11  \nPrecious  \njëngë  \nPhilippines  \nVERISC  \nJan  \nKoyim  \nNothing & Lo  \nHoste Ruskri Custom  \nPerciva  \nPietars  \nSatan 110. 266. No793  \nAzev iska  \nPorti  \nJac. 13; Ornhu  \nAmr, li  \nw stany  \nBelt.  \nArabold, Karimiz 3. Co j  \nConta  \nSurveda  \nCarsha  \nCaires  \n& TILT  \nW  \nBURNOVA A  \nAlly  \nE  \nSub 11 ting  \nLik, bit  \n350 Advatar, dull & vis  \nPole Pruse  \nሊነ ă  \nAmba, Aytmag de Lin |  \nhound  \nLED, God  \nAir, th  \n55 glebies & C  \n14. G. Bo  \nSi | 81. Sohawas  \nB  \nSestrat  \nJin 10 Curn  \nAir M  \n1150 Azamgu. Beil  \nIl  \nI  \nAm. B  \nspric  \n7150 CÂÛ. A. Cargober  \ndove, Riquas te 52253253  \n¡Fanny  \nMtagu  \nJu Yourse  \nNo  \nBST  \nHo  \nBy  \n3 199  \nCum. 14. F. Day  \nDIRECTORS.  \n5156,ties Jai Virus  \nVinterio  \n25  \nSwit  \ndabiases grea branji  \nT  \nALCAL  \n3 W  \nTo  \nriving bip  \nVicin  \nvidle despat  \n2276  \nWireca  \nBanglong  \nKam  \nLa Palm  \nNagamit  \nT  \nPint  \n1927 at 4. Qu  \nMae [namzigrad are pegama Froe this date TOLICIES Frier a tho  \n4. 3. SOKEN.  \nHonka. Mar. 1650,  \nA shy-footing multiprou pracacdotari de stat 8900  \nige tum ire à Smiral, to used to the  \nAmbassúng who he was deligin first-cines Tiskr  \nace in, and hapad i have the boner of his  \ncompany at inner utzi day at the hy  \nBe asid this is loud voie, a da to ve kened  \nby her he had dured to see uner!  \nLINSTEAD & BAVIS.  \nHatokon. 10 Yar i  \nWER ON TAL INSURANOK COMPANY  \nCLIMATRON  \nrelation of a Muressy with so Aspho cera.; PEE LOVBOK ASSURANCE; Bars Foss $70,858.27; Fin  \n2017; then he panel round and socalači INSINENEATED P  \nadaluperespeit  \nStrated's fling of loyalty  \nprofound a bal of a sincero bever  \nfitae vigat must ninna be very me  \nWin, SE1 Kewu  \nSustra  \nBarthe  \nWise & fo  \nPerth. Duels, b  \n! Iselt sure  \nBrit  \n¦ Ane ja  \n372 Ambut. Kacheze de  \nAdamvua, Dlt & Gu  \nSi Orien  \n30 Solussa je ča  \nSW. £. Das  \n74 733. Jaspaik & C  \n18? Siemcare 2 On  \nDay | Captada  \nCrkvara d  \nA.  \n19mm & C  \nAmr. Razer &  \n3.  \nBMW 5  \nKI  \nb. 146. iuge  \nTARTED OF  \nA  \nM  \nNay. Vie  \nA.D. Caltrend baby ho sent  \nthe abi  \nNew, 17 Willi  \nDit, k  \nFah. 19! W. 'g  \nVor Kase of the Yoo Choong rang  \nFranz.ch  \n1.Tan, Estaitija  \nVais  \nden B1 Mayar  \nM  \nJan, 01 1. L. Bray  \nJan. 1):  \n! W 1 Serpe  \nplantes-  \nMARINU DRAÍTMENT.  \nWoxu Y! Bey, of the Chuc ftacey Wing of Agr  \nTun fund of the Tipp the Wire.  \nPure NT Wrath of the Dias dos Bolbores. Ej Kalk Wosa 'GERING, Of Ye  \nthe tonal family was his at slifert arbonated delove. When the Duke of Cambelge was clone to bury his guess palice of crus, o es pale sitt To The Morw, if the Kwang Wins Cheng  \nF  \nJue a feo Jugs at the Eusbance, he went  \nmade, 38 sa priani Poets of You  \nhis dering gown sed sappers, at en mely: Ohm, and 3 andrenia, kt  \none in the morning, that the rema  \nFULC DEPASSTENT.  \npreamed for his Royal [Eigens are in Polizios ishoni è long uy shows perivés ti  \nberek orday. Finding the Date's voles in color ranging the tranka and  \npetraentious bish |  \nSALE WETARPIUNT.  \nPad Retired, the Aubaskede begla ba girs Delineaued for racing directions how they thenat be |  \nplaced. The Rt reduced rates.  \nmer left of meeting, and stared as Cord Stratford  \nMANAGER- AMEL  \nHARTER B doet ko. the f QUERENT RATES to Acolmit Dalitra. Mile, Burapon Rain, May, to ai (44), Enute Pitse of this and Ja  \nHales, D. Pravit 240. Haku, 1218.  \nLO MOLLIDA WIER, 250);  \n26 Jul, 1870  \nwal tell you what the said at TN CITY OF LONDON PIER INATE  \nANCH COMPANY. LIMITED.  \n\"I know bow his Hopal Host In  \nhave bra nga anapes inter than you du.&PURAT-E-PAPERADO  \nBy job op-ed de off, will you,  \nLed Stratford into the room in a towering  \npansion, and culling one of the auction,  \ndeka bice to go and tell that men was in  \nma that he and veekuned to add an  \nZappanger to attack who retuned  \nWeli,  \nPAID UN RESERVE YUVD- UNDO!  \nVodaviest having boa appisależ¦ pete for the hote egy  \nde Acer ass gapal Print 21. Ca Hour  \nCEO, E SERVENY & C  \nFUS  \nSpec  \n107  \nbest app inte!: Flakin  \nNOTICE.  \nNEW YORK BUARD Heilo  \nARNOLD, KARERA & Ca Funkrag dah Sentor,  \n1979  \nTOBZORO JE AMEERTJAN 2 WOREIGN SHIVVINA,  \nma  \nARNIMA KARBERO & Br Hobgob.  \nwith pakai Kid 154 wat de bou?\" m2; V ANCHESTES PIES ASSERASU XAN ON INSURANDA COM.  \nthe Ambassador.  \n\"E sad to bia, my lund, but the paten  \nIn when he had retured to area with  \nTangzage maker Majesty's Kepenti  \nir Fers.  \nCOMPANY OF MANCHESTER  \nAND LONDON.  \nEstanyen 1921.  \n“Ah, gate right. And what was his guy WHIGH TE PA-UP... LEN()  \nджетны  \nNastave  \ndr $12,000 Bracing  \nHe answered, my lord, that is never til  \nyou warah'  \nwa singular featury in Lord Sreat  \nford's new husty dising states  \nager wasid ankenly be kupeared by NOT-  \nPANT. DEMETE),  \nAV Calamone,  \nE, IN Bahat  \nAAAAH  \nمرین و داتا ولول  \nMAJAO  \nH..AM. Fisartut de Cauter  \nANTON  \nii.  \n| Gizyon &  \nLp. 21. Sana  \nBrit  \nButterfici  \nBab 2 Drama  \n; Eiseraces & C  \nADAXA  \nis 14 FCAT, AL  \nMaksija Māc p  \nCebaty derrotial  \nAbi-subt  \nying Thoug  \nJan - grubost  \nConte in tegabi  \ndual-row go vessel  \nAuto gail-Tequel  \ntermiying board  \nplate ut vesti  \nzaube  \nKIT  \nruot  \nINSTA  \nHongkong  \n110 et 1o. Makyn 61905. A. F. M. Chia  \nKi  \nTa  \nCaptain. They  \n10 Curl  \nKoue Forty  \nالشاره کار  \nAcl.Com. 15. Trend Singapur  \nCan J H. Core  \n1. Bəndika Singepat  \nLieut. Geta. M. Gridgn,\"  \nCongres  \n126 ه بر امور باید در  \nClay Jobster the male poze  \nCase Co  \nجوانان ام خالد  \nFJZDIGN MEN-OF WAR ON THE CHINA AND JAYAN STATION.  \nSAN  \nį Abrosa  \nAtent  \n! Alors  \nStrin  \nAsi  \nCumentar  \nAshut  \nSartel  \nHursh  \nKrasin  \nInese ar  \nCAPTAIN,  \nWHEL AR  \nCaptain Stebraz  \nApr  \nFranek z bot  \nChimney Caillard  \nSalyau  \nCommandy T. p  \n$apizca eruntha  \n! Portmate trase  \nAPL-67  \ncezvelta  \nLalion consult  \nKamian (penly  \nNorman Cortla Burcan çembe Fronek roerm Anlene gruntown.  \nSpin test  \nA best  \nTrussian art. I  \nLee Tak  \ngrangi  \nANG  \nJJan. 2ki Yantai  \nDen of  \n24  \n13. A.. Peter & ku  \n1152 Bienesu  \nor Ruh  \nBesin traspe  \nCli  \nEr I hate  \nNermy  \nRana znanst  \n5, 13 Jud  \nPakis  \n#5મા  \nJa  \ne. D  \nunty B  \ntbeats  \nF. 19:  \nKonzulan peran  \nÜnam of ladis l'at  \nah keine  \nDub  \nCAPITAL BEADY Proserineal al:24,668.; Vais  \nAZT JEUSJAL  \nKON HOW WAY, Fr. Chairman. Aerling.cs Tie Hot, F. Cras e Fial.  \nBAN HAR D  \nINSON, n. Qry Mug  \nTholaiesigel ince bean appointed Agrants,  \nthe nas, tavo sad at  \nHing waiters to hit lui. To get Eustis Curat Ra  \nso in this cosul he enjead hea  \nJanga with  \nanother ion, an stcube bad made  \ntwo nista ne doprzeg a dismalei,  \nwill be 16tk 63 the Archansado for signa  \nMistem may to made,\" said Ford Strat  \nford after solating them at  \nthe very!  \nvarsta delen wish to by shini  \nHOLIDAY, WINK Fengkrang, P, Calases, Bir  \n8AMES A  \nMAKARY  \nLIMITED  \nIBAISANCE COMPANY,  \nUkau Orrace. Boku  \nPor  \ni  \nKTM Kar  \nAvary  \na TN, B. Asid Santes C  \nThe CT GRANTS POLICIES  \nCho Vide  \nDESKS 63 ala carte of the Waid this  \nrolita Apnasier. Patribus Divblends sy payday l ANG Coctribes of Design, whether thug bar  \nStoneshalder de ING.  \nLONDON  \nCHANGK  \nAgent China for 164 Urn!  \nWOO LIN YOEN,  \nSperstars.  \nHRAD OVERCE,  \n,, Gran'a End West  \nAquane, Marab. 11.  \n1525  \nThe high spirised pov ciplest at you Colajny, to wop MADINE CHUS NOOI SA Pottery wwwrgir soud, and told Care Brat  \nIs Cursor  \nChime Du  \nfram),  \nPURLINE DAILY  \n1420  \n19 15:Hu  \nsai Busty  \nJea  \n17. storoch  \n228 A  \ner 34 E. A.  \n207 LA. Pete Sou  \n11, the 954 Rogd & Co  \n$49 1.3. Pel & Ce  \nCOMMON.  \niz Posts Iza Persuar, 1962.  \nWe  \nthiaga nee  \n2. Future  \nSHANGWAL  \nOptin A. D. de  \nCHITRA B., Wallin  \nat Am  \n4ptsir. ubrz  \nShpreis Rubotom  \nCaplein 6, Norg  \n| Gayanie Vur Knif  \nfum salar Xiana  \nYehudit  \nJn  \nHouckunz  \nHo  \nGanuzmuñor quite sami, tu l'a  \nV. W. Tong! Hunk  \nCATE  \ntanama  \nK'Ocoeendez C. & Quem! Eskuham  \nCouder kavand Thacistu  \nVisdireuzel  \nViadivostos  \n70  \n30  \nCazzi Tubink  \nflores Valienās  \n91  \nHozekcay  \nVeptam eher  \nSigap  \nCozy Mugle  \nSharvari  \nJapaja Sioengine  \nBul  \nI sinhurs  \nCapla  \nde Doria OnePuik  \nAlquite  \nsaigra  \nNagheaks  \nunder: Suwach  \nMaria  \nSt. Intersburg | Kei  \nTanayoel  \nGardan onze  \nPorcian comedo  \nAmerican curetan  \nPorteraiya grabenade  \n'escri  \nCopiad von Blena Casar Delivra  \n1999 CoA. 1. Cube  \n250  \nB  \nSatt  \nJ'unan  \n'1'  \nPonens  \nItzanino tropløst  \nStuonies ko  \nU  \nSunkia  \nLMR.  \n20-1  \na Federaly, 1  \nGlee's tr  \nChin-ti  \nCutun.ja)  \nching-A  \nQui  \nChopr  \nTw: El Rusi  \nJu : Berish  \n! ! 285 Makin  \nMotl  \nBelarus Primers & Co  \nab W. icatort de  \nac, Kg & Co  \nI For  \nFourt  \n! Bu ba  \nM  \nCens  \nS  \n16.  \nrice na .  \nof Batm  \n10.  \nTi  \nford bat, altough he was his Amasadar, conne  \nDam  \nSHE.  \ni had to ght to repiten hun for what!  \nADAMSON, BELL & Co.  \nProtantes  \nWas tene, ba ce was not hebitaedly careless, i  \nHakone, th May 25  \naa. ari Nem  \nPris 14 96  \nForster, vees & C  \nPAK  \nAnu, b: Jes  \nPell  \nNi  \nBrit  \nMER  \nMac & Co  \nBrit  \nYou werfly  \n--your eyes selaimed Lord Stabd  \n2) pour Brodiva's!orted  \nthe alb  \nThe Eley Durous lunghing.  \nSan VERZONY li les bra gemalenud ormibi. of Pouncy: Vindtisch, Small IVERPOOL AND EXTES ANDA, nge the rest on in cou ubore INSURES TCE COMPANY. iation of uns Chinese ampire in the Hand  \nThe Lederige, As the hoen bias. If show by a  \nHedr'g  \nHolding Counnar, des DOWMEN FRim ta do Chong 3cbeles, sul cenou na Raken  \nGRANTI  \n\"his honda kim, he begged the stine TTM dnced TarifPro for du vilising a head at the tee the infrally of his tespar  \nPOLICIES CALIXTILN  \nthey shoot and racet wordially-oplei  \n20 phemou  \nM3 Mercies & Ce  \n14.&.Tri Cu  \nDr. T. C  \n91 Jr Walent  \n'\\' ctly tun  \nRysl  \ne Fasioo.g  \nThes  \nA2065  \nRates  \nchat kurash, Banglory, or less! Pade  \nTANGSAR LYPHAIK &  \nHongkong. th May, 1  \nU agung, làth Januvɛy, 1577  \nHO! Klykn  \nBritn  \nLins  \n67  \nSiz Martin  \nGen 52  \n155  \nGesinalin & Ca  \nWe, bis!  \n343 · Nils Mottar  \nHung-barz  \nI've got  \nTeling  \nCANTON OISEOAT SQUADRON.  \nPORNO, VONN, HE  \nVry's best 17 149  \nLore via  \n9.19 Mar  \nViking's pani-bak  \nBryster  \nViens' animat  \nint  \nFumar's inchoat Revontiret  \nFinny'sunl.cek Vient Bacolas cruis Viseryʻkk Vicy-gonizi  \nTching-  \nTentang  \nBA Sat  \nPhi  \nB  \nBi-Lin  \nTriag  \nVigganum  \nIni etuier  \nCOMMANDEN.  \nSLATION.  \nHongkong  \n| by  \n5230  \n75 J. Baze.  \nE  \nChai  \nF. B  \nVinery',nical sti  \nLany ie ing  \nChow hi Close Admiral d), ('bing  \nCati  \n4  \nYang Yang L  \nCali  \nPied Pubbled in a meat thinl  \nWare st  \nCanton Piret  \nQual  \nBeg  \nCitol  \nUrise By Foru  \nBegins Porta  \nWhat Cont  \nPucle Perta  \nMonkey  \nHakus Xin  \nB+ Lot un  \n55%22:14001 Heront, Hunsicoma.  \nNo. 7649  \n436  \nThe Hong Kong Daily Press.  \nSLIPPING.  \nANGELS  \nDANKS.  \nHONGKONG, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23RD, 1982.  \nINTIMATIONS.  \n(YOMPTOTH A GROOMITEE DE PALTI, QUS HONGKONG WIHE IN Febrylases, tribes teamer, 945  \nVIRE INSURANCE COMPANY DIXIEO. Dkny 18th Plecary, 40-  \nCorporates and 150h Merek, \"S recal-BRAON.  \nNOTICE TO SHARKHOLDERS. Pebermy 22, VOLMDR, Denish adapter. 973,  \nRecognised by the T. toew: Sevation of TORRENT 2018 AD Here, E.. 173 Fektivt, CAPITAL Flot Cars Ge  \nANGGA MUSTING of SHARK --Tune é  \n24,265,000 HOGUbs in the alene Coy with n RAMATZ PORD  \n£59, 190, at the Leaf the y. Vis. 7. Quza's Timcid, at (ait pas The stock, be instant, to meeile Mataista to BAN EPICCO Men, and be Elena Cheatin Ouderr, HANRON),  \nFebruary 28, CasaDEA, Brier, 62  \nY  \nAUCTIONS. PURRIO AUCTION.  \nINTIMATIO IS.  \nRACE HOLDATA  \nimas nadelgum te meived lastration Vodermentioned tenka will (LOSE!  \nPAINE  \nhuma Surgem Wajor MURRAY to Sell for BiL DAY. CU INOSHOW, SAVEDAY tb. TO SUMAR- Adranty Jáhl at 2  \nend 25 inatra, Prayz von Fac  \n\"  \nBowin, Brigas 12th Pub, Mig-2s; HEADOFFIOR-14. Ruz heres PAROD¦ Plans 24 THORDAY, turb Echomap HGTSEJ 77, &  \nFulmer 94, Yes. British rv, 78% Le  \nSolids, Cute and F. General SCG.  \nOLEA RANKS.  \nAT \"ne Haren Hispans Ojo Inst  \nExperky Pre  \nKauai, Cheve sht, for Hofla Minster, Beitials for Away. Pocha, ens tramp vi. Adilok, Gorman bark, for Tas  \nDEPARTURES February, Fame, Brist destit, fur Petrony 22. Hamaw, British slower, for!  \nTi  \nFeby $2. Stok, iliahanet, for  \nXokebena  \nFebruary 2G:=x01\", British Mesmer,  \nfor Sought  \nPASKENCYRS.  \nSAPIVED  \nAGENCIES AND HRANCE A  \n: Exoak.  \nNANTES  \nBom  \nSHOW  \nMALIGE AND, {3\\_  \nSTONEY  \nTORONAMY  \nLONDON HAWKERS  \nThe PA (  \nTHY WIN AND  \n1.cruce  \nMoms. C. J. Hume Has  \nYue Honger geny powers Pixupnitä  \nica Tomas to outcertained on appřánation!  \nA few randife sun sull jarts of the world,  \nINT Escapula sees of king shangs spiness  \n8 February, 199  \nF. COCHINARD,  \nSpeat, foug  \nDENTAL BANK CORPORATION KÁRÍCUNDOSATs my Horan CHADIGAN PAIDUS CAPITAL.......  \nRATE OF IN CHEST ALLOWED  \nthat por Acy.  \nCurumiles and  \n11, the sport thu  \ndongás my CALIORNO COVERED DRAWING  \nHACK WORD VARITE TO TABLES.  \nPer fan Oring Par laws Corporation,  \nURO 0. BOOTT  \nVaror Hogan  \nFeh  \nTEK Mas Baxi or!  \nINDOOR, AND TIME,  \nI  \nMEARTH PLASS DWMNRY CLOCK For the CARTAR), gkeun.  \nKAS, PICTURES, CASA.  \nDISING  \nJARDIN, MATSON & Groepen, Turk Fire Inspired: JIERA, and GAS BRACKETS, Hongkong Ft This  \n300 TEAKWOOD  \nane DESBAKT SPTS, TXA and OK. THE KOKORONG FIAR INSURANCE FRE SETS, KES CHINA, AYASO and  \nCOMPANY, JAJED  \nPEATED WORK  \nNOTOR  \nDA, T2, Cha  \nWILLIAM FORREST.  \n三十二月二行 INTIMATIONS.  \nTHE  \nINLO-CHINA STEAM  \nPwCE 2 PRE MONT  \nINTIMATIONS.  \naan dus on afwan Wang Bankulmat in  \nNAVIGATION et  \nCOMPANY, LIKE  \nDOPE THE ON  \nJAKA MAP & Co. OF ON. SGAMAN  \nDE 100 GR  \nIN B  \nduly paid the allocati eft liable to cucina Aul blau paparents previously now:la | to furth  \nApplications Exe Stuures osatiede in the For resoring is Pregnet, and scre £t be nut w the Giles of the Conryany, and ET FACT HOLLAND HAPO &  \nMAVION & Unshiun Could  \nFL, &  \ncally paid up awers wi listed in the set the  \nHome buy a the belies of bei  \nBCHEDULE OF SINAMER Apers.... IV: 1000! 17+ Propnely Natasha China  \nNavigation  \nEd for palle Bulcription foil Axe 10.  \nDaposi's, Application.  \nIL DUR T-SCHTE! ឬ ៥រ Howe, TURO...  \n?TADLE, SIDENTS, DIN.; For the Suprzin DeY DE PARS!  \nRASSFEE Both of the BA (ABYAL GUARS TOILET LADIE gray, will by COLONNE the 15th CAB, sud HANDLE TOP WASH the 2in my of Foling Instant Antonio HAND SAWINO WA  \nSTAND rundade  \nHeating. P.IVARD.  \n1 gang.  \nFor sýn Fynbou A Hawking:  \nGOBATION.  \n1. Ja  \nJACKSON,  \nCiel Tenger.  \nHigh Fetary, 1893  \nVuw...  \n1.  \nStow 7 espel  \n294  \nof the ac  \n134.ag.  \nTotal 40 Reginas  \n2. 1  \nMarch, 18 They, Julita will a given of any far.  \nMAR WILLIAM SEES 108, 8, Lombard! Strne end, of Messe JANDERE, MAAT. Franz & C... Gui  \nWANTE  \nB. 1. Eg Int JARDINS, MATHESON  \nA., of Modern Wang, Aus the lungest\",  \nESCOPE ↳y Yerin, with Astrono.  \nTHE OFPRUS # 5. REONTRO ITA TUOKAS REID, Fu, of Youre ALEZA ILANO for the last is in: 25: Rp & Bora, Hiszpan elony Fire To Exe Hongkong, 22 February, 183).  \norder to artiste directions tots 3A 10WGING FRUT, Luchst C  \nELLS, Sight Fairy and Fowlies with Alus Olice for Certilours!WILLIA HILAND STEEL Best the 24te of Maruh application for a lifed  \nLaredo, Mus. Maison de Ca  \nai Harkong and Shangani me to put ou sitration, des that the rely on Paal tas ng inuis, of Nabor of the woich bars fan tanutted Cir the thache il in Yokohama ki  \nLE  \nNOTRE 10 MAEINERS.  \nThe Murty BOOKMASI...557 to Mic PANG, Heiki-  \nding, Malbyona  \nWIPH nerados to the show the Ton  \ningabout 300  \n500 Thesie Ban-Cal Breneb Londing 1-15% duty to ware Yemane vise my hyn Trung ist RS YACANDLEW. Eng... frambursgard sin proprzeć la neige at Feet  \nH: NGRONG AND WILAMMUA DOCK HOUSE.  \nCOMPANY, LIBYTE),  \nNOTICE TO SKALHOLDERS. THE ORDINAGE YEARLY MOETINO AARONESS wie El. AusCe por u  \ntine 631: of the way St, Pra Co Atis Moon Notions are for the WEDNESDAY, 1st March 16 Crea Acu kap Verms which way Rape of the Dino desterraun nå Wote wat so syylientcy.  \nPer Craplar at the Guizon, ed Uning  \nSPARTER  \nPer inturn for maple- Heverink and Europe.  \n15 DEPART  \nFenton, Su #trilow. --I M  \nPet  \nned 10 En Sivingbat. —ü Kuras Hongkong, 4th Kaptajulus,  \nA  \nEks  \n2 Werte sinamas Poling aproni, liar en helt Ft 1 4.hart Furt of Junta per had fresh M  \nHONGKONG SANHA BANKING  \nBut  \nCabal, sud u when to iau i F & put as far, the 27th in  \nTYLE SAL av  \nJ. W ARMSTRONG, A Gmianeer.  \nE!  \nHugong. 2: Feltery, h  \nPUBLIO AUCTION.  \n30 Marie Trinn 20 N  \nPARKLAS  \nVASITAS POÁI  \nKRALIAN-) (ptrend tyres Bar & be pupaese 1+ing indired in tiruva ih let Deber, is net be reated w  \nCeiba sa Japan. THE HONGKONG AND SANITA  \nApplications nae sive China Ghid port will the GNGETRO (NO which was BANKING CORPORATION, 31, Legal Shanghai and tanut at es, in 1981, this are: Stowa Londe  \nSULMITORS lium Changer of Daisy, and  \ncoivaraga tenger, Rok Dustings. Lesken, Feder Bud Lave Resorts briar by My Dear Hetector, 1959, perubat  \nant sieel to toe!  \n£ 1145 Asto  \nTip  \nti per Suadu witin emal opplication MY FRESASTELDS & WILLIAMS, Iwili han dells, and f  \nSercitare Kia calix award in the prospertise BROK  \npercation with the Depp hver will COLLANT HALCONE 2 DA  \nIbsen in dernery by un punto  \nIrant  \nthe Crash testa del Polish, tions Pubin Lily, as is al fusion of use rack, Ord Froud Best, ruin of tiktirnar. Ar Bostamil the Bills  \nFCESDAY.  \n95 Fay, that, wi fuam, at i  \ndes Kant's theau's Hom—  \nAlarm  \nut Loud.  \ni wengine ci Suijn, 38 prescribed i  \nAUDITORY.  \nCloud B AND, YOUNGS & y 92.1  \n· Carly- the Hurst Masy! bor Theiver of timpiere AaJim,  \n1. Déso. Agrot Tenkung, 2ed fakeway, 1885.  \n(176) C  \n? 11 Feb 15.  \nGM Q. SEXYTT.  \n*  \non te  \n!1st Ja  \n: Geinatal Back Cowperatio,  \nHen  \n•Bain Kingüe I Ginacenza  \n11:  \n£, 100X3  \nDod  \nl  \nHegory at Fee Seurotary THE HONGKONG KE SHIVPANY,  \nLIMITE  \nActie  \nTho Aust  \n4  \nan Vrout Pa tom throughly sportmaled |  \nChege Diz--  \n-----  \n1. J. DANDYY.. For  \nok Cempery wel is vinent in Branca lyds, 3.36.111 gaat disision, aber in Gear, My A. T.  \nCORPORATION.  \nPAID-UP CAPITALA RESERVE FUND 99  \nDu. Reja, ta, Ka  \n1, 2  \nBrugkeer we run Bina Mother; lepabraziunar—H, LC WRY- Zoeks. Ea  \n2.m 12. Harper. Th Em Breite Dorary spezia of. Multi-  \nSen. Bul Saigon 2 Les arming of indian Forcery. Y Might Sure wins within wother up to the forein;  \nstrange iterata to a fregite wise  \nBigh  \nPOOCHÓW TUPPING.  \nFelc  \n4. Appiu, Thetish ale, from Shanghai  \ning, wie foam lengky.  \n5. E. Hahal, from Weiur.  \n6. Han, C.  \nC. P  \nbuck, ia behat.  \nHogan  \nNOTIF  \nTHE FIRST ALS & DENKRAT  \nMENTING VERS 14  \nza  \n- ved sj  \ntho  \nMAYMER  \nJackson, Ey B-FEN CARROS,  \n\"CERT-  \ntone into thangala, en alt 109  \nKathaway of Kurlon Des  \nTEMPORARY OFFICES.  \nIron Gauden to no and in the latel  \nfogar with the Appunt rather to in ↓ pametna may be inspect be beting „No. 1, EAST INDIS A FENTE, LONDON, Absorbers at this hoss of tile Tureisigass  \nLanai whole Bingen of Applination for S  \nPG Compare bat beri famed for the pur I wire of orqaising for the C PURCH  \nWANTHE oded by the Forsary and WYOMPETENT STRAPONS for Etners ATRAM NAVIATION CURANT, Ofnbul,  \nFor Father Paroisse soy mila, Under- zig int.  \n2e os, at was on Bata-Orl F the Par  \nhona Mitoba MSDAY, 3 ay lace Meat he pose on why talk of like T More magis obras of Anat Balete of the Con Boster, 255), Tranter. All of safer to be Lord of  \nby the Purples, and for Yesus to be at pe  \nLONE BARES-TON CO2 & Consterk par 1  \n•pat  \nBunker-LAYSIAN Anorga  \nitement anys,  \nOK g the Company  \n¡ will be CLOWEST) Len. On salliinstant, ve zl i Phuyu's risk az tho Biebs by cine  \nCavento Acerante al this remith next, both days nho, pop duju ou like Illya  \nThe Mandi Paprika  \nFortyor Band, por Azamolb  \nFurler Cut your bac  \nFat the paper Auca  \nGAL 3 Angest  \nHad Me 101 chrome Chotos ye; destriglio of Balag and Exehazge!  \nCusted stated Scurity !  \nGleznas. His Sha  \n4. Sibul, if  \n78, Kwangwung, Erstili ste, dva  \n1. Suctive 34 amph, France  \nFour D  \nTank, Brown-  \n5. Pild, Critter back, ne singel-L  \n2. Deur Vasi Deitina look, (  \nAmoy.  \n7. Ms. Heiriza pelo tan bai  \nrit, B. bit.  \nfor Any.  \n6, Agi til str., for whi  \nDr. Heilial str. for New York. ya, Shelb  \nBrilly 142, farma. Ing. Mirtich str, for Hongkong,  \nZNANOTIA SHIPPING,  \nAUTOSALS  \nWulu. Britisú as, from Harku.  \n6, Kinag-ong Ulduage ita, frenz flatma  \nB. Geway .. from Kucheyrna  \n- Bridalstrom Hojcity.  \n6) Langmon. Chioma ne, frew Hongkong,  \n5. Klingeline, Catur fram lafen.  \n''yan,  \n7. Name the trum Nagusiki  \nBrivion wir, Ines Heater, 7. King. Chani kiz. Pero Hakow T. KONTO, Bullies wir, freno Bonzow,  \nYangtae, hate, from Thungborg.  \nmon.Gec. From Barefo  \nB. Catras, Heiti 47, Bonbay,  \nVarin t'uiteto frut A  \n4. Yenity, Chitum, fena, Wakoa.  \n9. A. Bitdeh str. f3  \nKonkow.  \nBuy British tea, from Haukum  \n9 Mon Jagt, he  \n3. Birish str. ne kaik  \n10. Mennar, Him. A may  \n24, 4ppi, lich etc. in Feb  \n10, goshi Weru, daş, art, tre, Kineban  \n,, Torches at I'm Sratur.  \nsan, sem sta, fram tvorbow.  \n11, Chiz Britise 4, Frain Nugaenki.  \n11. Kincy for, pise sta, Free For  \nJiweltlah me, from Hack.  \n11. Child, Britse stres  \nveg  \n23. Mika infra Ft.okow.  \n14. Vraniu, Brizi i teras Ni  \n12, Pag-chua, Cebu, Gun Haugining  \n13. Paking, Britisk str. from Harian  \n12. When, Sritha, Fran Ningpe  \n23, P, Velg from Navski.  \n13. Artawan, British ate, trong Ngebak.  \n13. Bellapin, Criticstr, from hay.  \n14. Kangitsen, Obiamo côfine  \n14. Why Chinese  \n12. Cf. fe Grice, Neftials aly, Fara Fausto,  \nYel  \nWa, Kritish or from Purbox  \nDEPASISKGK.  \nTulis, fitil:  \nfry.  \n7. Larisa ar, Caliber cust  \nser, far Harten.  \n4. Karlebota, Utili ste, for Hong  \n7. Kig-yong, CU Hor  \nWCA Vite fish sirir Hanken Wencho, Bitlah se fre Bentor  \n7. T, Batin ats  \nvalt.. Sur Au”.  \n3. Yolors Faupat, for Kris.  \n7. Anjaszóne. Maitish to. Lo Nayan  \n9. Pribe. Fruch as, for  \nVery arm, Jap, sie  \nCheambin, list, for Tookes.  \n9. Sualon, Bisjal nie,, for Chato.  \n3. British te, & Nhup.  \nA. Wynn, Erinala ste, får 1  \nKorinetes,  \n5. Clay, Beds he for Nagild  \n6. Tade. British si Hongkong.  \n3 Dakinu 1. 1-i, Nagki  \n8. 1. 1. Chernosina, qez Nag!.  \nSing, Eisk er for Haukee.  \n2, Wan, Heffasi atr. Yee Hankge  \n8. Tagesbian Here. Sup, so, for Nigeri  \nNow, Beltani ste, fer Swabunt.  \n30, Yehsie, China, Cil  \n1 Yung-ring China for Wacker.  \n1. Kung, helliah straw, For 'Batkow,  \n1. Yet, 1 Late, for thinking-  \n11, Exitish fry  \n11, y, Brick size for ever  \nᎫ Ꭸ .  \n-piant. C.Dave var for BakuPP.  \n33. Natumeur, the Hali ste, ing Bunton.  \nNang Byi-ish swamar, for Desigər 125.  \n12, W. Stupin. Trilin's barb,  \n13. Did Ms pett, for  \n1. Hritish star, fer  \nfine.  \nut,  \n12, Appiu. Rzinies alapone, for Benchaw. 12 Hole, British baek, for Puntur.  \n18, in, Paul sicsance, for Yongpa  \n14. Bang fou, Chiron 5., for lankaw. Tino, Titia, for acco  \nJA, Bhara Kort. Danish, Aw Aney.  \nJá, nilon. Ispitful: man, tum feudon  \n14, Hung-mono. Elite for Ning.  \nAUCTION SALES TO-DAY.  \nNout  \n2 ZON  \nM  \nHongkong, 2012 Paketars. 1  \nHION FRONG AND  \nj  \nBANKING CORP VOHAL  \nNOTICH TO,\"  \nIruding flower  \n8:4  \n36  \nS  \nSTRIA DE ATESON & C  \nHenare! Meapp.  \nPangkor, Nuth Pukssary. 199  \nund bag hij brente Vicker Bust Yantraze AMIN CORPÁSY, n2 Plang!! Fue Paci  \nhos, mad from Jers spaly to  \nTached beat soother in the basisve of! by the Seantul.! Longhwag. Ha Fairy, 1982 1844 tonnes Lowashed Rivers of  \nClaire and bear China, the trait to  \nCo. is a pig MANY STANSTER  \nIONS TO OUR NOTICES TO CONSIGMEES.  \nNONERS OF OPTION ANDA BOO,  \nES. 8.3. COPS 8.5.37ENECK,\"  \nFROM LIVERPOOL  \nCHUPTING  \n4. M. ARMSTRONG. Ani Hwgkong, 18h Bencowry, the  \nTUNGKONG RACH.  \nEN to the GANE Encours for Gentlenes being Sah  \nof sið, er towards, 19 dla Band. Frogi. for Now able to the rain o  \nG 183 No “Stand st  \nj zorth  \nVin Ind  \nKIULH いやい  \nprente, oz Chica  \nDžiova stek u poziveliùsling of  \ningen be adding it to the  \nit various inter report, and the mak  \nsent. Phyu Mr meting the grossier zegaremasts  \n1887  \n25 ROYAL  \nCITY HALL  \nSATURDAY,  \nFysoket W. 1892.  \nNWOUND  \nA doing it en wilson BAND MAGICAL MUSE,  \n(man, will-hitic can itinere of the Copywny a  \nn the tindasi bu chipul from i zemotestira ierastinent.  \nuus later. As the ch 2hr Nice damer of the Cases Gastre. Tesigns for skijamast wer stame SASANATATION FERPANY, and the Yama MATRON.  \nZOEK UNTAMED ODPAT, an ecided in 191 1841 Beans Surya Shanghe, ut by  \nYonghorn, Bind Baravy.  \nBiznim, faren 1.20 Szymoliem wist, Hors of 'n. Sterling Verze 20 bcxcision so we go sa balkg m / Bulk Sare5dista, nail s  \n1 Burnering in to bad on 1  \n& DOVAN JAMBRn unsaaf Beurs, Brayer to the Cuntan Com's Glenovels are eli  \neg in Chin, OU EN The motel of 91-6 PASAREA 2 Fashion, Bry, fine \"Prana iameter  \nThe word after war and be the beds day of son carried inde, Cartes et Corner here. And image, and of the Coquialiis, an owning wikasi a Pielie, so be shown to the the Sadesigual, ja sinth casas 14 will turn on 106 mee Yangtera, wyether with  \nTAS-Ty  \n| Thakanume Pie  \nI even me punten af 2), ka p (zujimoto su upang to, WARDANOS, . 15th Folmany, 385.  \nEAL TRUE) By ordre often Coert ut vector  \nClerk of Cur. Respons. My kids  \nTAXI, and chan 132919TH THEM? Wenen in  \nAmeric, Cala en Ju  \nT. JACKSON, thief Marugas.  \nMecs E the Corpoention  \nNu. 1, Q's and H  \nNOTICES OF FIRMS.  \nFUTICH  \non  \nT. JACKSON,  \nCAVE Hargr  \n190;  \nL  \nPRIDERICK 2017 in auster  \nTO BE INT It is  \nthe by Prz Fenratica bertane ot Sasunt.  \nBOCAGD FCHE CHASE & TO 9. PATLEY TRA  \nLET Mogg. 15, 1  \n1593 Kars,\" N 29 Azer B  \nUraze, in N IN QUEENEY HAD tex-  \nCo  \nTUR CHUKKAB INSURANCE COMPANY, Puch  \nICMITED  \nNOTION.  \nAVDAVID Mungkan. Mick  \n3SOON. WINS & US dowry, Sm  \nI'  \nk's day had doch zeigen kaki of Me T. BAY . . D MAUN! Bolay the a  \nZ  \nW ROINES,  \nDoorway. In You, Je,\"  \nM  \nNOTICE.  \nKunis been appoint Agents for thr  \nNO. 2 LOWER MONQUE TERRACE  \nApply to  \nJ. M. ANETRONIA,  \nHongkong, we fibreney, this  \n.....  \nTO BE LAT  \nWith mata konica  \nNETSUZ BUSHAN KAISHA, OFWELLING HOUSE No & O Basing  \nPorto this For  \nHongkong  \n980. STEVENS & C.  \nJanuary 18  \nXOTION  \nATRA LAMEDA on mitted  \nPatios in my Where no? tán Hestnesi will be watere at inder the |cale f  \nSTRIL & TALKM  \nNTS  \nNetgan. Feb 12  \n..............  \npatuled,  \nGut, thoroughly tapultad vol wy  \nApply to  \nALEX. A. AGA KIHELIOS. Iveco J. 1+13 RENKIJOS & Q....... I  \nHvaley Stroth Ifonytone. 8th Bobnary, 16  \ndelivery train Graf or China  \nCon 1995  \nCIO'S LOAN, or repruned Blaess Ne  \nApply to  \nLISTSAL & DAVIS,  \nAngkor, Sim Fe K  \n+452  \n2ist rebrany, 1837.  \nand five aziona  \nun sft art its simpellant, waking  \nfest Et une ged wit's the that they the C101: Fally put up shar Vilor, and of which songs is vrugt  \napdaivers after the with Pelaars,  \n1982 aufgeno  \nFITTERS SIRE Agra, Rogging, ul Februny. 1:  \nFROM LOS DON AND SINGAPORS.  \nGLENFRO4-,\"  \nBurta, Brasiguam;  \nCAL  \nLE COMIDAT PERFORMANCE.  \nDISPLAY OF NECROMANOS  \nGLINK T  \nPROFESSOR RUCHWALDY,  \nRENA WIMANT Wind 28* Wansker Taare  \nAn entirely new Pumnites  \nPUS PARTICULATE SES H  \nPAX OF ADRESTON.  \nDrain Cirak seil Sti  \nPl............  \nidio finálem in auffores Hall Pries Tickets to be hat den Neue Key & Wag med at dhe Tales  \nDight The Steamy will be alten | Performer 1. studio of fil, the Frinksminga  \nPosing a CAPA  \nLe ɖe Compray.  \nCha Cha Stry Farmats of J. Convams may extantinuci în 10 oun  \nAsily. Fructe at 80 Pig, Performance to com  \nLading jajene za coudseted with Nathan  \nDowny, Fetienacy, 1885 Is her secon! it ONGKONG, CANTOR, ANU MAURO  \nPLLAK CESARDT Sunambig  \n| basing arrivet ROYAL BELUSLINTET COMPANY,  \n(of Surg Am Barely this long com, dying lady letras Fassies and Saverbrai.!  \nwiik esvapur of Oplan van het bal Salon Pung, Cl ritl  \nThe risks dete pas earns of De Visita, en Kerck, whi Biznad, vienne di Paw the wharem a otra ringstjen 4 way to ohtrize],  \nSADETLY APPEL. Hoy, 7th Folamry. 1983  \nNOWN SALE TOOUND VOLUM is of the Chow95-174:7-8410$ Tags per h Yone 1287.  \nPark The Dak Arty Fina  \nBong JANTY  \ntr  \n3 H 1  \nX  \nG..  \nUWALSH IN SILKS, Canton and Slot Brass Pro Sharris,  \nbana ng Wang, Curiosis,  \nDenaliende, Talul Chalca orm Tebies, ie, f..  \nGOLD AND SILVER FRATELLE  \nCaro SST, P  \nROM, QUDEN'S BOAT, EXC MAHANA.  \nSTEAMBOAT COMPANY, LIMITED. KXOURSION TO MACAD.  \nSOMANES Panxha \"KINETANG,\" will for Latine ange wül informadales the! funtion thatør Porn Blog Lan SATURDAY, the 25% inesses. to the rosterý se given befrog Noon 10.DAY  \nIan Bastow, ad hooks, bonds, pavery. the Buch Febri. 19  \nung tamilly prociled ze the carus porte lasting 90 Can winlig v  \nDudaliteket  \nju ili za svoju te thot of end for pictat and thesis sagirnis em  \nBOUN  \nNo ite kurd has buan atatud,  \n2 Julie ill be cinanteisisat kj  \nKrbrary,  \ncutting a large card tra J'a Stanet e de \"Id\" Wardagi  \nruza BUNDAY, the  \nThe Cas Prosta Muca and lak.. 89 40. So Cas......  \n31.50 tests to be pare at the Company'  \nby Disa  \nbral osally Myths seri at the Wari.  \n•han basisgand to me al segue  \nang trade.  \nAsiY[ 034 54 * ! tag, odo Date  \nBeagles 20  \nUNION LISE  \nNOTICE TO ROYSKONTES.  \nTROM LONDON, THNARD, AND  \nSINRAPOR \"TOPORATES-  \n\"S-SRETNO\" is Bow Rename of 1.466 kaas til at aborden, and destined to China  \nSarung Lath, where i wantly be join  \n2. A LA COSTA,  \nStrogkwg Ziel Folers  \nCAUTION tavots\" of 2.577, fie ding Paktis on igured that SCBIP for minh bas frist hide Abarca: SHAREG Numbed it)  \nLe T  \nw by the Foest at whogy tud 48 rue 613-1,250 fs Shoe St Rita W4X24 D luga iar apperanicu plutor Blass CuANT be student that motive ul Dcrz  \nDeals That Has Borghang!  \nHenker 28ri Pelary. 1683  \nNote-Th, Dia is the ski otɔdlükat | Capkiu Mitzke, having arrived free pieces Sainty built for the; the chefs ass buna giu że Shott Cloapany. #5111 Line in Loughed as one is City among with with which the  \nmit any view of a nábo kong naga.  \ntomat ju thair Bis of \"Inding to vas arlor Falo hvalisay steal an important EN RING.  \nund or eligator 25 main positi  \nTO LET  \nAty to  \nDOUGJAS LAPCAJK & L Lengkong, L. Tebaumy, Ur  \n797  \nTemarking, RE  \nJAPAN JARRETE  \nYANAMA.  \nHAVING plejad is H  \n575 dia daliring ni skafé Condo Fezia alte The Chic Calenus branch of the Char-  \nCAT ating blom alechage of  \nthagena ar charterad, wish are Java 1. |  \nCHIHAN STELMANIP COMPANY,  \nFOR SHANTHAL Y AMOY Taking Cazzard Passeng long las  \nwill be at this landed net storage Pay's Pervine will trim the placevi 10-a kilusis :{DPGALVOS Intentano, Prae818, KLARON, ried and expois as no Zee Insurers IN A CUT 8 Company's Steward y  \ncounty health have.  \nDitial Care will be forwarded onto from  \nInd  \n1 line is a velemble one. Ed is  \nal Pass or the Yamaisen  \nTHESE LITERAN 200 FOS-17 LJONGKONG WHARE & GODOWNS, 1 Gavetin, Gas Pumbatore Roose Apis may be seenesting passenger trothe and trule of Vidos, sãe 50ed it, at Eren z  \nKONG SOM CHINa tile feu molver astro to the Gilmer be gets en Chica, the Straits, Buttweisen,  \nMW. REPOOL MUSTES DE  \nPan CEAS or the Dans les  \nI use will be sei un, le: the  \nFrog Dedi Yox Subtipdoza aud  \nGoods verived an STORAGE at Modrum Adportienuolės kill bousculand så tide Often, Red, Fedtmas Peloasa,  \nLORDAN, KLE  \nto the  \nlumatong Prity Frie Chen.  \nand on or if the  \nivalsat, or they us be versa  \nAl  \nRUSSELL & C  \nEntivo 000WNST Any to  \n184  \n>RYFL & C Tinghaus, Bri Murel, Ja  \nTO LET  \nJENE WIURLAND WUISKY  \n습  \ntomsong, \"ith Kebruary, de  \nsura Styes by Mr WLCA an aud 'Mr. EDWARD JONNY HIGHGs.  \nBEGRES & LEORD  \nHoaglag, kh Jnowary, 1562  \nLASTRE.  \n-  \nAnd  \nCŮH VNG and 92ORådE;), W R. FABDERICK DES.ore Hide, all we ladies; stage  \nAlso, M  \nJeelanin ay Pen Pen  \ni4kin Usta, Stil Mr. DEORGE H. WILDONORENSNITE \"KONONKA!  \nJOHNSON.  \nthorised to sigu na nagta  \nSELEC  \n161  \nSHARP TULAER. Houghou, Jl. Koptember, 1951.  \nis  \nChina, 1st Junkery, Jasa,\"  \nTO BE IST.  \nK. BOOKS & NEW HOITIONS.  \nBALA WAJIB TUYNUE TERMARIA PAR  \nJennies fuwa and Gardo.  \nREHAWAY'S DAY IN A Cable Du 82.30.  \nApply to  \n| At Bows=derwone di Cross-(Play  \nJu$ 24,99  \nhours  \nbuy, 1892-  \nLINSTEAD & 174 VIR  \n1368  \nBY. EAT BAN.......  \nVarea's Bay BAR TO 42.0.3  \nTO BE LEV.  \n2  \nWith a Sut dope Next,  \nPure Talentīniku  \nThrow zəd  \nsopittinor. not,  \nEnge the on Pocicta.  \nThla poetsendis fr Brands?  \nBettled varier éta pagal prision of  \nIE.M. It may not besties,  \nHold by Apote  \nThe Worl  \n2016 l'aprimas,  \nGREENLEEHUGOTINES  \nR. CAT ME, TN,  \nDili, Angyalive. Y  \nTORN BAZLEY WITIE » ELUTHAT'S  \nPORTLAY CREENI  \nHOLE ARE WE CAN,  \nPOLLDAY WISH &  \n\"STENTOT\" nomidered of growing imposture, owing to the Capinia Kirkpatrick, will be dospaerbed. 'TO. with Pie Suits Sanctness fadin. If  \nposed bile popupfil  \nSally adapted to this one of th  \nAg-wal  \nPiger Paraply la  \nBTTERFILL&RVIRE. 1nging. Brit Vebruary, 19.  \nPest pinabi, suplayed in the parties, and the PUR SYDNEY AND WELBOURNE, MAA  \nirectes expect  \niNuns to the Cross and  \nNOTIOR TO CONSIGNES BRITISH RANQUE «ENDYMOW,\" FROM LONDON.  \nle, with the Give of the harbor  \ninfusion antuplish thes, and is THE S  \n& Barre Boruture, wing of 195,400 jample silent  \nTeaming of the Corina C  \n'PAKAO.  \nHUNGARIAN Chptain Abnob, will be distohaalej  \nvayout any porturiled to end in direct stand the amin the; BEFORUoga, che van animus  \n[MON BLO-432125 vf Chup by the shavu nauči volata Con  \nتا بروید  \nSome eu this?”  \ninted it as presionaty sien,  \nLedia Latha Tindesign for teagues and wish fare, and the chip and dishia Avexoma-  \nAnd to wish wediata daivery of theirut sa Yungeza rec Sutien, thoni zand rapi ods.  \nlizer pros and is the beardisipat! #w Krázlá se l'asure, apply t Carge impede the ischarge of the prezu with the antedication of will be handed Plan Coming sale at Jink that is thing or 1!ཤཱ ཤ1ཀ92  \nConad China and the gerectiepaccion of VENHOLD, KABLERO & Cu..  \nforging, 20  \nAgastā,  \nVEEAMENT  \nLabs earping-Trade in the Fun SANA, Hodon  \n20. D. SKYNS  \nOLZ. cyborg, 25l Picnary, 1881.  \n(37  \nPOR MANTLA DO  \nthe hang of Cams, that the Changany lindil«ma 135 anys 50+ Gendable enterpri  \nmessage of gettin Denver, will be upstand in th  \n20th February, NOTICE TO CONSTANTS.***  \nhow the yellt of being being coser, nadan Pert ez cutive perciocia en lices f quod in their sila u Darling! Flies ronible expect profie to pay divi tha wedged the countrytresdends, levides funding à Puiere Park fut na- | tak bole leep. Puis Cakes a spotles in the ralow of Stem  \nCASTELLS BOONA SI M$500. THE BOUSE ... Afluor- Pean? fiongkong. Lich Berater. Jaar 20E PARIGN288 t the Setlowing Cargo are ¦ Gjested, bringing an vorean act of will; the F  \nGAPSELL'S JR ACURA ADUI Wire Cops, derling  \nms mm $2.99 Wat bid on * DoNDUSANY...67.80. Camera Bormionary or Connor  \nX MODE A P  \nE  \nA \"CALIT  \n...$50  \nOWN THALS  \nNoir Et risk sed -  \nKOTOE. Apply to  \nFER Ondulkar ben appointed and i set LINSTEAD & DA AGERTH jothy die their souls Fleurkons, 24 Faktany, 2580,  \nby Masses, KY POCE 900, of Weru, car BEMENA  \n----  \n1987  \nPO NE LUT, GODOWN WWATER PADE  \nBuca's Wert, CAS 14208  \nMEN ARTEL UNY AT 3rELS |  \nVa.  \n.............$1.05 BB-as by Derec Anotre locsa Wox.'s Home De jikaraka CasACT OF SETAAN & T  \n.......  \n___STD_DBBAREPA  \nه آزادی از راه  \nIn Amra é  \nJASTHAN & DAVIS. FROM GONDON AS) SINGAPOR Egils June 7, 199  \nTT LEL  \nse ing been affectivit  \n80ti inond: We Cates Vor-?  \nmouth, Driss Sten Wather. 15:10,11, 3 Come M. Order, Lena  \nMerwe  \n--PREVO 1680), demo New 45. Il Core Tv-i  \nBustle, Derles Marit  \nA decaDLY.  \nTHE PRAYà Nov. 15 and 47 (KENS BREAysel droveste, Ciniz see! 2002 Autunda Kits, & Casa? Marokani BOVARE AND SALTadini H. CAPOT rainy iniezed tis divar Varde, with  \nNew Car On Chika HA--Bruta  \njare d'utils Em thus Bravega. 12.  \nBose Cotel in anerputio  \nSuity to  \nTôi ganggo by her and by 12.9. ~VIOTORES\" | dire, Outer, for aut  \nS.CALIFORtre A You, No. 15807, 30 Cases Ver  \nmouth. Ozani fa FRIVER's the simplic of them.se 1  \nMemalion  \nlould af  \nBahan the Pur  \nEra  \nInvite Passersion.  \nFigley, Est November, 1251.  \nLINBIRAD & 2018.ga  \nSz  \nNu - Cleis tent of the  \ntest Hoags and jlapur biwee  \nRELLY & WALSH, KONGKONG.  \nWATERBURY CLUCY.  \nWATDRSERY, CON OMPANY!!  \nPESTAU A C... Bide Agelb dougiong, Nerabe, 1991  \nEX \"ARADRA  \nHé zone No. 25. 1 Ch Flute, Céur,  \nfrange  \nCum in WAL  \nJodliwey mung: he claimed.  \nOptical Carry will forestei paina 1er in sua caray *rginen bei 32  \nTODAY. 1  \nThe tale the unity Age  \nteen var fula by s tebe n the Cete fary:  \nל.TR\"  \n916,  \nFo Fralebtor Pasengo, apply to  \nREŠENIOS & Dungkot, en Falirnusy, 1543.  \nAUSTROJUNGABIAN LOOTISSUSAN NAVIGATIOR COMPANY. 1. At Agresamos que Riu Noor, 1891, STEAM WIR SINGAPORE, PENANG, Teen Woman Kinter. We cup COLOMBO, BOMBAY, ADEN, BUZZ, Ing of the China Gas Stan Naz  \nPORT BAIN, AND TRIPSUM. SIS COFA the  \nthe Awarar STRANEK (laking Gangnan timing rates to Cabestra, Cagene and JAJARNYA ALISON SCOT PRYMATIC PATS, Costa, and the  \nMGOTTENRASS Postel  \nespectivo Teds if we compres digital 27, of the part, wand CORN LI, 12 Company's Arm  \nو بواره کمی از سواری به بازار کار در کاشی تر و با دیوید  \nwiki Moboraca fu 30+ to  \n\"DACHNE\"  \nWILIAM Captain Cousie, will feel MON. KICK bit of JANTINA, 6th Prezimu, at POE 22.06. ZANER&Co. of the ene part, and | For fur Particalórappir ta Jos J. Ma, on behalf of the Cem.  \nMECHI & Co.  \n182  \nparis, vt tin other pert  \nCopper of the chore Agoemand sand Morrerar. !  \nof the Water Ant of  \n1  \ngistion, uni szeme Tulused Valesklad, D  \nde inspinal by interling Zubscribers, a  \nHow Fuhraury, 1359  \nSTEAM TO FRANQUIAL  \nارک باد  \nHis cume; No. B. Fill, a Care Meerten üstina cf the Exlienor of the Jonpano. 2 13, 8. N. Co.'s Strucəliy  \nTO LET TUUSHA and DOWNS, N». 13 and Caren 100.swing vode alter ibu 23rd! H  \nloa, Maya Ceurest. af persave is the custani will be slijed 628  \npatioa el inks. CXNOWire & Co. Pusa97- sin en 1st day out?.  \nApply to \",\" care of one of Nix papar.  \nHayong, 33t. Pauta  \n561.  \nBiz created.  \nFill of Lading 24) be wet F  \nJARING  \nHengkona, 15th Februg, 1982,  \ndise, Dege, o andar.  \nBYAN  \n¡GB, No D. 2 Chua, folar, Pres  \na. D. CHAS PEAUX, Agral.  \n153 unge, 3rd January, 18  \n31 Faza & WALA, & Tank Bali, 31  \n*DEGEAN,\" will teate or the shoo plan aluk 24 Eners Ina athmont se made the digest will after hac artisi with the Eaglish Mail, edarped, we pumpday if iskarei Se  \nA. MOVER notte) am suplied for, 4 surplus of the  \nSuurinta at Tungkong: 29% Fobrancy, 1882  \nrexit wil byheals to the pope of con",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-197 - Governor Hennessy - 1882 [1-2].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 316986,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-200 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [5]",
        "page_number": 67,
        "title": "CO129-200 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [5]",
        "content_text": "## Descriptive list of Prisoners deported from the Colony of Hong Kong\n### From Nov 1873 to June 1877\n\n|  |  | Crime | Where deported to |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 7164 | 133 |  |  |\n|  | Huai Sai |  |  |\n|  | Kerz | 52.70 |  |\n|  | Sun | 8770 |  |\n|  | Creupakuon |  |  |\n| 134 | Chow Yer Yik | Fantiator Burt | New Territories (Fort) 1985 Loony a turn shit, Hany Rain Voi |\n| 136 | Make a Ho | Faxpricus Charuchr |  |\n| 137 | Ming a | stuck thin da | $520 |\n| 138 | Lang & ding de | Cain Gunz Fer | 30 |\n|  | Cock | Hawku- |  |\n|  |  | Sear CA H shoulder buck | Cen: Pauloa |\n|  |  | Seur Mühoulder | 75 Fan Ox Crólar Sear H shoulder |\n|  |  | Bulman Bil Barks on | bezs, Hatton danity' en. |\n| 145 | Awok. I'm Fook. | Hawker Mack of Cumber | C shoulder. |\n| 140 |  | Pat Fake Shele San Stai | 36 |\n| 141 | Fing a Chai | Buon faust | 14-25 |\n| 143 | Fung | File Kory Halli Nats Fur Ting | 12th |\n| 146 | Thung King King Kong | Fame Chan | 40 C |\n| 147 | Chan Ype | Path Lake dig den de |  |\n| 148 |  | The Sun Choi No Hair Cing Pure. | For Name Tav |\n| 149 | Pany |  | 13 |\n| 150 | Here Ho Bams Pun |  | 21 |\n|  |  | Wh City Huring Q, Pook Clim Dan Sun On | کو کھو گی |\n| 152 | Chun |  | 5.331 147 728 |\n| 153 |  |  | 66318 153 6719 134. Za Q |\n|  | Fook How Qui Sung | Horn 36 Ow Fow Fok Sai Hanz Jan Oud |  |\n| 156 | King | I well in thing. Stake Hung Jung Horn | 2437 156 |\n| 157 |  | Hi Supreme Court. | 911157 |\n|  | Fook Thai Chow | City Jarang Dany Coh Hai Chow |  |\n|  | Chang Sae Thing | Her Fing کار کر $fu Cook |  |\n|  |  | Flight Rust in 1 But Fr Your | 22 |\n|  | Seaman Markis | Dantes of ye Jai Heung Ram Jav | نادا |\n|  |  | Bratuna Bravvedad City | 37 shoulder Wade, becomendanta Baybury & Kareemy |\n|  |  | Coul face of European Cyst Lavany back. Hoty foo: Raps: & surfsicions (hue: |  |\n|  |  | Cogna unds Br: of Lup: Ord: (foc: stolen. goods. Piracy with intent. | 78. 77 |\n|  |  | bank Tugalond | 9279 Cantor 3367 264 4 29 10¢ *** |\n|  |  | مه می شنبه Jany | 3314 3362 3500 Clowny Apar 3576 Bacal Sen Gu Fracas |\n|  |  | Jan Ting 13 Ham Fo J/ ; 23 5 336 @ Fam Het Sum Chun Jan in ; Fear besist wash En... | 3661 Whampea |\n|  |  | 2 Tahit makes - Scar PA 0.6777 5 374. Ciclas 13 从 $ 17. Firman Lame 4 8p2 871⁄2 Hawter in Chin & Fore Cat on the side of Love on firebaut anotur & am Larceny Pune is | 2 15: of Pepest: Ord: Feby |\n|  |  | تی ہوں کیا کروگے 18: of head Com: Farden Larseny 18th March lco Canber 601 K foot. | 37 5/2 Silversmiths fit Suspicious Character کہ وہ فخر کا رنگ کم کیا تو کیا Hawker Marke of flagging Cucant 30 Part Parks po flagging Four Last Kaper. dimple. on Chin |\n|  |  | May Hahway 4 8:30 Sang Keon Gul 1631 Kacav feeas 1130 Sang Crea 1165 Brocas 13811 Canton 1116 Minteen |  |",
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        "document_key": "CO129-202 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 168,
        "title": "CO129-202 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "## THE CHINA REVIEW.\n\nShe hated him so that she would have liked to kill him, but she thought a bit and called to mind her father's repeated warnings, so she contrived after one or two efforts to restrain herself and went aside and sat on a chair, with her head bent down, not saying a word. Ya-nei, seeing she was not pleased, would only drink more wine. Hsi-chen, having seen his friend off, hurried back and saw his daughter seated apart, with Ya-nei drinking by himself. On seeing him, Ya-nei said, \"Sit down.\" Hsi-chen said, \"Why, my daughter not accompanying you but sitting on one side; you are both one family, don't be so shy.\" Li-ch'ing said in a low voice, \"My brother wanted me to drink from his cup and I could not resist otherwise than by moving off.\" She then rose up and said, \"Papa, brother wants to go and amuse himself in the archery ground.\" Hsi-chen said, \"Very good, let us have the things moved to the summer-house there.\" All three were going off when a servant said, \"A body-man has come from His Excellency, asking Ya-nei to return immediately on important business.\" Hsi-chen said, \"As this is so, you, Ya-nei, must come over another day; the peach blossoms will not be all gone by then.\" Ya-nei said, \"I have eaten nothing and must go.\" Hsi-chen went with him to the door and then coming back said, \"My child, what did that brute say to you just now?\" Li-ch'ing shook her head and said, \"Never mind; who was that guest who came just now? You, Papa, were with him an endless time.\" Hsi-chen said, \"It is Mr. Chang who is going to Chiu-chow-fu; I asked him to take a letter, my child; when that brute comes again, you must avoid him; I will make excuses for you.\"\n\nTo return to Ya-nei going home; when he got there, he determined to finish up the matter and summoned San and Hsueh, when he said to them, \"I shall die, my life will not be a long one.\" San and Hsueh said, \"Why does Ya-nei talk thus?\" Ya-nei said, \"Pooh! you do not take any share of my trouble on yourself; she will not consent and I am at the end of my plans; how many more days am I to wait on this chaste whore? That girl haunts me in dreams; I can never be absent, and now the soothers of passions in my home no longer delight me; a little pastry is all the food I want; the fish may hang till it stinks, but the cat still will grow thin: what have you two now to say?\" The two brainless asses said, \"Ya-nei, do not be angry, it is not that we have done nothing, but that in this business, the hawk must have a long string; as Ya-nei talks thus, we must complete our work.\" Ya-nei said, \"Very good, you do not generally act wrongly,\" and so he went in feeling very uncomfortable. The two brainless asses flew off to Hsi-chen's house to see him. Hsi-chen said, \"It is long since I have seen you.\" They both answered, \"Yes, we have not been here for some time. To-day, we have come to wait on you and also on account of an important matter.\"\n\n\"What is it?\" said Hsi-chen. The two answered, \"We have come about the betrothal of your darling young lady, but do not know if you will assent.\" Hsi-chen laughed and said, \"I am much indebted to you two gentlemen; whatever you have to say cannot, I should think, be wrong, but whose family do you come from?\" San said, \"Lieutenant, you can guess.\" Hsi-chen looked up and smiled and said, \"I fear I can't guess unless it is The my adopted son looking thus on high.\"* The two burst out laughing, \"You, old gentleman, are a god indeed, but what do you say anent this marriage?\" Hsi-chen said, \"I hear Ya-nei has two real wives already, what then does he want my daughter to be?\" San-kao said, \"Please listen, Sir; although Ya-nei has two real wives, yet he offers incense for three branches of the family. His Excellency is the second branch. Of the two ladies, one belongs to the first branch, one belongs to the third branch, so that His Excellency is the second branch, and for this one, nothing has been settled. If you, Lieutenant, will consent, your darling will be His Excellency's own son's wife, and not at all in the same position as the other two. What is your honoured meaning?\" Hsi-chen said, \"I really won't deceive you two gentlemen; an old fellow like me is very agreeable to such a marriage, but my rank is not at all equal to that of His Excellency.\" San said, \"Lieutenant, don't talk like this. His Excellency is on very friendly terms with you; how can you then allude to differences in rank? You must please consent, and His Excellency is sure to be well pleased.\" Hsi-chen said, \"If this be so, I much depend on your energy; only I have still three matters to ask for, but I don't want to exact any conditions. If His Excellency consents, not only this little maid but ten others would I willingly grant. If he can't consent, I, without I hope being accused of contumacy, must refuse assent.\" San and Hsueh said, \"Please inform us.\" Hsi-chen said, \"One of the three things, there is no need, I think, to discuss, and I feel sure His Excellency will agree to it. I have no son and depend solely on this daughter of mine. If Ya-nei becomes my son-in-law, he must regard me as his adopted father, and I in after years shall depend on him.\" San and Hsueh said, \"There will be no difficulty about this.\" Hsi-chen said, \"The second affair is that my daughter, although she is the third to enter his family, yet I hear Ya-nei will soon be selected to be Prefect, and the violet patent, for a wife of the fourth rank, I first wish to be given to my child. The third matter is that I am by nature very fond of delicate living; that Hsu Ming pavilion at the back of His Excellency's garden must be given me for a retired dwelling. If any of these three things are not granted, there is no room for further discussion.\" San and Hsueh consulted together and then said, \"This, we can give no decision about, but we will go and ask His Excellency.\"\n\n## \n\nThe two went off and told Ya-nei, who was as delighted as a lion rolled up in a ball; \"What difficulty can there be? What difficulty? But I am miserable here about one thing.\" \"What is that?\" said they. Ya-nei said, \"That girl's face looks as cold as snow; she puts on stupidity and clothes herself with obstinacy; I fear she is not up to the business, and will not be pleased at being married.\" San Kao said, \"No, Ya-nei, don't you know she is a pure innocent home-bred girl, not at all like those three-and-four-rooms people who meet you half-way; when she is your wife, she will be the same as others.\" Ya-nei then led the two to make their request to Kao Chin. The two first conditions, His Excellency agreed to, but as to his request for the pavilion, he gave an empty consent and said, \"When she has come over to our family, we will think over the matter.\" Ya-nei was much pleased and told San and Hsueh to go and announce the matter to Hsi-chen, and ask him to choose the day, whilst he would await the answer. The two were gone for four hours, and then they came back and said, \"The affair has been settled.\" Old Ch'en says, if the day is postponed too far off, the weather will be too hot; if too near, there will be not time sufficient to prepare the marriage presents; he has selected the fourth day of the fourth moon for sending betrothal presents and the 10th for blending the cups (i.e., marriage), and Kao Chin said, \"If this is so, it is very well, and you two had better do the business together, and order a feast to be prepared, but first, thanks are due to you two match-makers.\" Kao Chin then told Ya-nei to accompany the two to the feast, and at night-time, they returned home. As to San Kao, he was thoroughly drunk, and he had just got home and was sitting down, when the servant said, \"The Master has come; he has just arrived.\" San, on hearing this, staggered to his feet and said, \"Ask him to come in and chat.\"\n\nPage 45",
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        "id": 317929,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-202 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 180,
        "title": "CO129-202 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1882 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "# THE CHINA REVIEW.\n\n## NOTES AND QUERIES.\n\nThe examination process is as follows. A notice is issued, and the students assemble according to magistracies in the Provincial Examination Hall (`bung yuan`), when five successive examinations are held in the following manner. Suppose there are ten thousand in all. After the first bout, perhaps ten per cent. are excluded, and the names of the others are hung up outside the Hall, according to magistracies, the first ten in each magistracy being specially noted. This is continued five times, the Prefect each time excluding about ten per cent. of the least meritorious composers. The result of the fifth heat is that about one tenth of the whole number of each magistracy is selected; the names of the ten best of each of these are specially prominent, and the first in each ten receives the honorary appellation of \"Prefect's choice\" (`fu pi`). The advantage gained by the `fu pi` is that, as a matter of courtesy, the Literary Chancellor will, as of course, pass him for his Degree. All the other distinctions, consequent upon this quintuple analysis, count for nothing but local and ephemeral honour amongst one's friends. Nearly all candidates are \"retained\" (`li`) as eligible for the degree of `siu tsai`, as of course.\n\nThis takes place generally in the eighth month of the Chinese autumn. The Literary Chancellor has a `yamen` of his own and receives a Commission for three years. The first two of these are the `sui tsai`, or years for examination for the degree of `siu tsai`. The subjects are, as in the case of the Magistrate's and Prefect's examinations, prose and poetry, but the Chancellor devotes one day to each. An average of perhaps ten per cent. of candidates obtain a prima facie degree, but before the list of the successful is issued (`fa pang`), a second test Examination takes place (`fu k'ao`) in order to guard against imposition, \"cribbing,\" prompting, &c. Generally about eight per cent. of the successful scrape through this second ordeal, upon which, after an interval of ten days or so, the list of graduates is suspended outside the Hall.\n\nThe next step is to buy an official hat, surmounted with a gilt swan in lieu of a button (`ho muo`), which ornament is only worn upon the hat on this one occasion; flowers are also stuck in each side of the hair (`twin hua`). The successful ones must then visit the Chancellor, dressed up in their official costume. This visit takes place at his `yamen`. The graduates first turn to the north and kotow to His Majesty; after that they turn to the Chancellor and kotow to him likewise.\n\nThe Chancellor addresses to them, collectively, a few valedictory words, after which the students retire and proceed to their respective homes. A visit to the ancestral cemetery is an indispensable sequence of having graduated. This ceremony is apparently to establish, before the manes of one's ancestors, this joyful evidence of continuity of honour in the family. The next year a similar examination to that just described takes place, immediately after which the Literary Chancellor holds a second examination (`lien chia`) of the two groups of graduates, for honours (`la chia`). This is also in two subjects only, prose essay and poetical composition, and lasts but one day. The result is announced, like the result of the Magistrate's and Prefect's Examinations, by the posting of a `pai`, not, as in the examinations for the degrees of `siu tsai`, `chü jên`, and `chin shih`, by the issue of a `pang`. The `pai`, or notice, is less solemn and imposing than the `pang`, or official list. The bachelors (`siu tsai`) of each magistracy are now arranged in three grades (`san teng`), the first candidate in the first grade of each magisterial group receiving the title of `lin sheng`, which enables him to levy a contribution of about 500 cash from each of the Bachelors of his magistracy who have competed at this examination for honours, and qualifies him to act as the spokesman and introducer (as mentioned above), in all matters interesting the bachelors or undergraduates of his magistracy.\n\nThose two years being ended, study for the degree of `chü jên` is the next step. It must be mentioned that those graduates who have not reached the standard necessary to become enrolled in one of the three grades for honours are obliged to wait till the second examination for a `chü jên` takes place, to wit, three extra years.\n\nThe examination for a `chü jên` is held by the `chu k'ao`, a special Commissioner appointed by the Emperor to each Province for each `k'o` or examination. This functionary is always accompanied by an assistant examiner (`fu chu k'ao`), and occupies the Town Hall (`kung kuan`), of the Provincial Metropolis, not having, like the Chancellor, a `yamen` appropriated to his use. This examination is much more severe than that for a `siu tsai`, the duration being nine days, in three bouts of three days each, during each bout of which the candidates are rigidly confined, night and day, to their examination cells. The first three days are devoted to essays upon subjects taken from the Four Books (`sz shu`); the second three to essays on the Classics (`ching`); the third to miscellaneous essays upon subjects chosen at random (`ts' lun`). The candidates are no longer ranged according to magistracies, nor the date at which they graduated as `siu tsai`. Perhaps two hundred will be a fair average for the number of `chü jên` degrees allotted to each Province. Under the name of `fu pang` are ranged those who have reached a high standard, but who by special favour receive a degree over and above the number allotted, owing to their great merit. In about a month the `chü k'ao` issues his list (`fu pang`), in which the first candidate, among all from the Province, obtains the title of `chieh yuan`, the second that of `ya yuan`, and the third that of `ching kusi`; all purely honorary titles. The rest of the successful ones are termed `en fusi`. A visit is now first made to the Provincial Governor (`fu tai`), and afterwards to the `chü k'ao`, by all the graduates who have thus taken their second degree.\n\nThe examinations above described may be translated by the analogous terms, \"matriculation,\" \"little go,\" \"Bachelor of Arts,\" \"Master of Arts.\" The third year is spent by the Chancellor in \"going circuit\" to ascertain the literary merit of each township.\n\nThe examination for the degree of `chin shih` takes place at Peking, in the third month of the year succeeding that in which the `chü jên` examination was held. A `chü k'ao`, generally an officer of high rank, assisted by a `fu chü k'ao`, are appointed by the Emperor to hold this examination in the Great Hall (`Kung yüan`) at Peking. The subjects are the same as for the `chü jên`, and the ordeal lasts nine days. Not more than a dozen or thirty from each Province are successful. The first candidate receives the honorary appellation of `hui yuan`. This is succeeded by the `tien shih`, or honours examination, held by the Emperor himself, who selects the themes, which are at once published in the Peking Gazette. The first candidate in the Empire is called a `chuang yün`, the second a `pang yen`, the third a `t'an hua`, and the fourth a `ch'uan lu`, terms which may be rendered by the analogous \"senior,\" \"second,\" \"third,\" and \"fourth wranglers.\" The remaining `chin shih` are ranged in three grades (`san ling chun`), the first grade of which are drafted in the Hanlin Academy, the second of which become petty Officers at Court (`siao ching kuan`), and the third of which are appointed by lot to expectant offices in the Provinces (`chi pu`). The subjects for the `tien shih` are the Five Classics, and five pages of prose composition. Lastly comes the `ch'ao k'ao`, or viva voce examination by the Emperor, who puts five questions to each `chin shih` (`t'si wên wu tao`). According to His Majesty's prepossession is the candidate marked out for any special duty or office.\n\nThe above outline of the Chinese curriculum is necessarily incomplete, and is herewith submitted for correction. Any shortcomings which may be pointed out by letter, to the Editor of the China Review, will be noted, and on some future occasion an ...\n\nPage 180\nPage 181",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-205 - Public Offices - 1882",
        "page_number": 291,
        "title": "CO129-205 - Public Offices - 1882",
        "content_text": "## No. 3.\n\nFurther on Li-kin,\n\nEarly in the year 1875 the Censor, Wang Li-ching, addressed a Memorial to the Throne, which received the Imperial sanction, to the effect that, since the prevalence of disorders, the ordinary revenue not sufficing for the expenditure, offices to collect li-kin and systems of salt licences were inaugurated, and in Kiang Su, An Hui, and Hu Kuang, bureaus were established to sell salt; that such of these offices and bureaus as are in the provincial capitals are superintended by high officials, and are properly managed, but it is otherwise with regard to the subsidiary stations in the outlying districts, which are presided over by native gentry and elders, who, whenever a case arises, collude with the local authorities in aiding their friends and protecting them from justice; even the better class of gentry enter into private arrangements with suspected persons, and use their official influence to connive at smuggling.\n\nThe employment of gentry and elders in their own villages to supervise li-kin offices leads to abuses too grievous to mention. In An-Hui and Hu-Nan, to each of these subsidiary stations there is one seal of office and half-a-dozen officers who use it, and in other provinces there are other malpractices.\n\nThe Memorialist proposed, as a remedy to this state of affairs, that in future no one should be employed in his own district as wei-yuan (deputy of a superior officer) in the collection of li-kin.\n\nFurther, on the 23rd April, the Board of Revenue addressed a Memorial to the Throne, which also received the Imperial sanction, and which was to the following effect:\n\nLi-kin, though not a regulation source of revenue, yields more than any other impost, except land tax, salt, gabelle, and maritime duties. It is of three kinds: on miscellaneous goods, on opium, and on salt. It was first imposed in the beginning of the reign of Hsien Fêng to supply the necessary military expenditure, and now, though peace has been restored, it has to be maintained to supply contingents to Peking and to various disturbed provinces, and to pay the local expenses of maintaining order in the provinces in which it is raised.\n\nThe Board has frequently memorialized the Throne, praying that orders should be sent to the high provincial authorities to furnish it twice a-year with detailed accounts of li-kin receipts. In consequence of these Memorials, the Provinces of An-Hui, Kiang-Si, Hu-Peh, Fu-kien, Kwang-Tung, and Kwang-Si, have duly sent in these returns. Kiang-Su, Cheh-Kiang, Shan-Tung, Shan-Si, Hu-Nan, Yun-nan, and Fungtien (Manchuria), have either only reported the gross receipts, or have delayed sending the returns. Ho-Nan and Sze-Chuen have only sent returns of the li-kin levied on opium, and have not stated whether or not li-kin on miscellaneous goods is there levied. Chih-Li, Kwei-Chow, Shan-Si, and Kan-Suh have only furnished yearly Returns.\n\n| Province        | Status of Li-kin Returns                                      |\n|-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|\n| An-Hui          | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Kiang-Si        | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Hu-Peh          | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Fu-kien         | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Kwang-Tung      | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Kwang-Si        | Duly sent detailed accounts                                  |\n| Kiang-Su        | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Cheh-Kiang      | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Shan-Tung       | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Shan-Si         | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Hu-Nan          | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Yun-nan         | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Fungtien        | Reported gross receipts or delayed sending returns          |\n| Ho-Nan          | Only sent returns of li-kin levied on opium                  |\n| Sze-Chuen       | Only sent returns of li-kin levied on opium                  |\n| Chih-Li         | Only furnished yearly Returns                               |\n| Kwei-Chow       | Only furnished yearly Returns                               |\n| Kan-Suh         | Only furnished yearly Returns                               |\n\nFrom the reports to hand, it appears that the total receipts on account of li-kin of the Empire are about 17,000,000 to 18,000,000 taels a-year; of this, only 1,200,000 or 1,300,000 are sent to Peking for the troops, and a few hundred thousand for public works; the rest is either retained in the province that raises it, or sent in contingents to disturbed provinces. It seems to the Board that the amounts retained are excessive, but as only a few of the provinces send in detailed accounts twice a-year, which are very vague as regards expenditure, and as the other provinces only report the gross receipts, the Board has no data on which to take action.\n\nAgain, where there is not a fixed amount of li-kin leviable settled, the Government has to rely on the integrity of the collectors; this is why the Board has asked for lists of the names of all persons employed at the subsidiary stations, so that regulations may be put in force by which rewards may be conferred on the meritorious, and the useless got rid of. As yet, the provinces have only sent Reports of the stations closed or opened, and have not given the names of the superintending officers, so that for several years past, the Board has not been able to bestow recompenses or inflict penalties upon them.\n\nFor the last few years, the receipts from li-kin have been falling short. The Board considers this decrease must be caused by malpractices on the part of the collectors, and quotes the Memorial of Wang Li-ching (an abstract of which is given above) in support of this view. It also quotes a Memorial of Censor Wang Chan-lao, praying that the provincial authorities should be directed to send in Returns of all the li-kin stations within their several jurisdictions. Under the above circumstances, the Board suggests the promulgation of the following orders:\n\n1. Detailed Returns of the three denominations of li-kin must be sent to the Board every six months.\n2. No person must be employed as branch collector in his own district. Such persons as are now so employed must be dismissed.\n3. Stricter supervision must be exercised over the subsidiary stations. Purchase of posts and extortion must be put a stop to.\n4. Li-kin must not be collected more than once on petty trade.\n5. There must be a wholesale suppression of unnecessary stations and barriers.\n6. There must be means of rewarding or punishing deputies according to their merits or demerits.\n\nThe Board believes that if the above rules are strictly adhered to, the receipts on account of li-kin will increase year by year.\n\nThere is another suggestion which the Board considers of still greater importance. The fact that there is no fixed amount settled of how much li-kin should be levied, that the Board has not been able to decide what percentage should be sent to Peking, and that the tax is paid at the station by the merchant, causes the li-kin to be quite a different kind of impost from the land tax, which is collected by Government. Hence, each province looks upon the li-kin it collects as its own money to do what it likes with, and the wei-yuan who collect it, not being responsible officers, have no fear of the consequences of their acts. The reason why the supervision of the high authorities has produced no satisfactory result is, it is believed, because these li-kin sub-collectors combine in sending false Returns and in embezzling the receipts; and it is on this account that, though the Board has asked for a list of the names of all these wei-yuan, it has never received them. The wei-yuan naturally fear that if once they give in a list of their names, there will be an end of their illicit gains, and take good care not to give it; the high authorities screen the wei-yuan, do not press for the list, and disregard the Board's Memorials. The Board, therefore, prays His Imperial Majesty to again order the provincial authorities to forward the Returns, Lists, &c., without delay, under penalty of degradation in case of disobedience.\n\nOn the 15th April, the Board of Revenue addressed a Memorial to the Throne, which has received the Imperial sanction, and which is to the following effect:\n\nOn the 3rd January, the Board received a Decree ordering it to report on a Memorial of Censor Hsu Ting-kuei, which stated that, though since 1864, the south and east provinces of the Empire had been restored to order, though land tax and Chinese duties in these yielded a revenue equal to that formerly raised, and li-kin and foreign duties had increased 100 per cent, no reduction had been effected in the army or militia. He accordingly suggested that Imperial Commissioners should be sent into the provinces to aid the provincial authorities to disband the militia and convert them into regular troops, so as to effect a saving in army expenses. He further stated that the provinces had not supplied the Board of Revenue with proper Returns of the receipts from li-kin, and instanced the Liang-hwai station, which sold more than 500,000 salt licences a year, and levied 84 taels odd on each licence. He calculated that if to this were added the sums raised by selling licences in Cheh-Kiang, Fu-kien, Kwang-Tung, and Sze-Chuen, the amount so realized could not fall short of some 12,000,000 taels, and that, if further li-kin on miscellaneous goods were added, the amount would be probably doubled. Very little of this money, however, reached the Imperial Treasury. He accordingly proposed that Commissioners should be sent to the provinces to report on li-kin receipts and expenditure.\n\nOn this Memorial, the Board of Revenue remarks that li-kin was first raised in 1861* to supply funds, then urgently required.\n\nIn 1868 and 1874, the Board called on the various provinces to furnish it with half-yearly Returns of the receipts and expenditure of the li-kin, and advised, in the latter year, the abolition of as many stations as possible.\n\nThe tax itself, li-kin, is only an expedient to which it was necessary to resort pro tempore. In the north and west of the Empire, peace is not yet restored, and military operations there entail an enormous expenditure, which, as well as the contingents to Peking, is entirely dependent on the li-kin.\n\nUnder these circumstances, it is evident that the Board would not for a moment allow false Returns to be sent in; the frequent Memorials of the Board are a proof of the attention it has bestowed on the matter, and it now takes this opportunity to again pray His Imperial Majesty to direct the attention of the provincial authorities to its Memorial of 1873, calling upon them for Returns of receipts and disbursements, and to abolish such tax-stations as can be dispensed with.\n\nThe Board considers that some confidence should be reposed in Viceroys and Governors, all of whom the Board feels certain deserve the high trust reposed in them, and that no Commissioners should be sent to report on li-kin, or to aid the provincial authorities in disbanding militia or in converting militiamen into regulars.\n\n*It began in 1853, if not earlier.-T. F. W.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-205 - Public Offices - 1882.txt",
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    {
        "id": 325311,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-215 - Governor Sir Bowen - 1884 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 571,
        "title": "CO129-215 - Governor Sir Bowen - 1884 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "to be radically changed, and the entire system of administration reorganised.\n\nSENTENCE UPON THE OFFICIALS IN THE SOUTH. On account of the war with France in Annan, the frontiers of Kuangsi have required special measures of defence. We therefore promulgated a Decree, ordering the Fu-t'ai Hsi Yen-hsi to march out of the barriers and command the garrisons for the purpose of thoroughly protecting the boundaries of the Empire. The said Fu-t'ai, however, delayed his advance, contenting himself with holding Liang Shan, and instructing the General Huang Kuei-lan, the Tao-t'ai Chao Wo and others to guard the Annanese town of Bac Ninh. When the French attacked that place, the General referred to failed to exert himself, and Bac Ninh was lost through his running away; a most deplorable fact, indeed! The evacuation of Bac Ninh was reported to Us by both Chang Shu-sheng and Pan Yen-hsi; the latter of whom himself memorialised Us to award him the severest punishment. Chang Shu-sheng, also, has petitioned Us to consider the penalty to be visited upon him without leniency. We have already issued a Secret Decree commanding Pan Ting-hsin to leave Kuangsi by the Chen Nan Barriers with a special commission to degrade Hsü Yen-hsi and Kuei-lan and Chao Wo and deprive them of office, and place them on their trial too. By this time Pan Ting-hsin must have reached Kuangsi. Let him immediately seize Hsi Yen-hsi, forward him to Peking, and hand him over to the Board of Punishment for the determination of a penalty. P'an Ting-hsin, acting in concert with Wang Tê-pang, will enquire into the causes of the defeat sustained by Huang Kuei-lan and Chao Wo, and if it be satisfactorily proved that they abandoned their post and took to flight, let a Memorial be presented to Us instantly, requesting Our permission to inflict penalty; they need not be handed over to the Board. The Captain Chiến Takuai, who has been already degraded, and who was entrusted with the Fo Lin fortress, lost it on the first onset of the French. The Colonel Pang Min-hsüan showed his cowardice by not daring to advance to the front, but stationing his battalion in the rear. These two are to be decapitated immediately in front of the army. The other officers who were defeated on the same occasion must be discovered, and their penalties must be decided according to the deserts of each. A Memorial will be presented to Us petitioning Our pleasure with regard to the execution of these punishments. Let there be no partiality or concealment! The position and responsibility of Chang Shu-sheng are such that he cannot be held exempt from blame; but as he was stationed too far away to afford assistance, We by a special Act of Grace commute his punishment, and order the Board of the Civil Office to consider his misdemeanour. Pan Ting-hsin will assume the Fu-taiship of Kuangsi; Pang Chi-yu will be Acting Fu-t'ai of Hunan; and Wang Tê-pang Acting General of the Kuangsi Forces.\n\nReverentially obey!\n\nOn account of the Franco-Annamese struggle, the border defence of Yunnan became especially important. We therefore ordered Tang Chiung to march out of the barriers with an army to afford the necessary protection. The said Governor, without obtaining any Decree from Us, returned to his province of his own accord, disregarding the affairs of the frontier; an act which caused the soldiers under him to retreat and station themselves at Shan Hai city, thus incurring the loss of their positions. The hesitating policy of Tang Chiang in every matter of importance, and his incapability to distinguish matters which require promptitude from those which are not so pressing, are deplorable indeed. A Secret Decree has been handed to Chang K'ai-sung ordering him to start immediately for Yunnan with special powers to degrade Tang Chiang and apprehend him for trial. By this time Chang K'ai-sung ought to have reached Yunnan; let him at once depute an official to bring the degraded Governor to Peking, that he may be handed over to the Board of Punishment for a severe penalty. Chang K'ai-sung is hereby appointed Governor of Yunnan, and Li Jong-ching Acting Governor of the province of Kuei-chow.\n\nReverentially obey!\n\nPage 568\n\n24",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "page_number": 446,
        "title": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "content_text": "116 \n\nWith Yünnan the trade routes follow four rivers: the Irrawady, the Upper Yang-tse, the West River and its affluents, and the Song-koi.* \n\nThe trade by the Irrawady only affects the extreme west of Yunnan, and is partly carried by the Nan-ta-ping River. General Mesny considers that the present trade would justify the making of good roads between Bhamo and Momein (Têng-yüeh), but that it would not pay to carry these roads on to Ta-li Fu, as between Ta-li Fu and Momein there are six difficult ranges of mountains to cross. \n\nThe trade by the Upper Yang-tse affects the north of Yünnan, including the Prefecture of Chautung, which General Mesny states is the most populous and richest part of Yunnan, but a few of our goods find their way by that route, even as far south as Yünnan Fu. \n\nIt is worthy of remark that goods should take this long route involving trans-shipment at Shanghae, Hankow, and Ichang, and then go through the formidable rapids below and above Ch'ung King. It is still more worthy of remark, that the greater portion of the trade between Yünnan and the Upper Yang-tse goes by the route followed by M. Rocher in 1871. That is, the commodities are again transhipped at Na-chi Hsien, go up the Yung-ning River to Yung-ning Hsien, whence they are conveyed by mule back through a corner of Kwei-chow to the various markets in Yunnan. \n\nThe cost of conveyance from Yung-ning Hsien to Yunnan Fu is 7 taels per customary picul of 120 catties. The lesser portion of the trade only finds its way by the easier route of Hsü-chow. (The route followed by Messrs. Lagrée and Garnier in 1867-68.) General Mesny informs me that the preference for the Yung-ning route is due to the heavy imports levied at Ta Kwan. \n\nThe trade by the West River would, if things depended entirely on geographical considerations, affect only the east of Yunnan. \n\nThere are two branches of the West River flowing together at Ling-an Hsien by which communication can be had with Yünnan. The northern branch is the Hung-shui River, the southern is the Ngo-yü. General Mesny, who has travelled on both, informs me that though the Hung-shui River has the disadvantage of some formidable rapids, there was formerly a great local traffic on it; that this traffic has at present nearly ceased, he considers due rather to the depopulations caused by disorders than to the difficulties of navigation, and he believes that now order has been restored the traffic will revive. \n\nOn the Ngo-yü River there is a very large traffic. It is navigable by large boats to Pai-hsieh Ting, and thence by small boats or canoes carrying 1 ton or so to Si-lin. General Mesny tells me he was informed by the Chinese merchants at Pai-hsieh Ting that the import trade to that mart last year amounted in value to 2,000,000 taels, one-half of which was forwarded to various markets in Yünnan, the other half was consumed locally and in Kwei-chou. Pai-hsich Ting is only two or three days' journey from the town of Kwang-nau and is still nearer the town of Kwei-chou in Yünnan. According to M. Dupuis, Pai-hsieh Ting is nineteen; according to General Mesny, twenty-two days from Yunnan Fu. The cost of transporting merchandise from Pai-hsieh Ting to Yünnan Fu is about 6 taels the customary picul of 120 catties. \n\nThe main branch of the Song-koi River would be the natural outlet of the trade of south and central Yünnan. On the other hand, I do not think its eastern affluents, the Chin-ho and Nan-si Ho, can be thus utilized. The Ching-ho, or Blue River, has its source in the hills above Kai-hwa, and flows into the Song-koi River just above Sontay. General Mesny informs me that only a very small portion of the Ching-ho is navigable, but Kai-hwa itself is a very poor place, and the little trade it does is done entirely with Pai-hsien Ting on the West River by way of Kwang-nau. \n\nThe Nan-si Ho flows into the Song-koi by Lao-kai, and is not navigable. The Song-koi River, on the other hand, in spite of a few not formidable rapids above Lao-kai, is navigable except in very dry seasons in December and January by large boats as far as Mong-hwa (or Man-hao, Mong-ko, Man-hai, &c., as it is variously spelt). \n\nMong-hwa is the point of juncture of the Ho-ti and Li-seen Rivers. The Ho-ti River is, by landing cargo at rapids, navigable by skiff or canoes to Pakang, where there is a custom-house. This custom-house is about 30 miles south-west of Liu-ngan, and about 40 miles south-east of Yüan-chiang Chou. The Li-seen River passes through Pu-urh, the most southerly district of Yunnan, which produces the celebrated Pu-urh tea mentioned in my Ichang trade Report for 1883. The Li-seen River is only navigable by skiffs and canoes, and I have not ascertained how far it is navigable by them. \n\n* I do not mention the Yuan river flowing into the Tung-ting Lake, though it was the route taken by Mr. Margary, because the long land journey across Kwei-chou bars carriage of commodities. \n\nThe very valuable Map of M. Garnier attached to \"Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine\" (Paris 1873) does not give the course of these two streams quite accurately. They are given accurately in M. Dupuis' “La Conquête de Tonquin, par Vingt-sept Français, 1890.”",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885.txt",
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    {
        "id": 330124,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "page_number": 447,
        "title": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 1 in No. 117\n\nMost of the trade between Tonquin and Yunnan will, I think, be by water as far as Mong-hwa, and thence by porter or mule back to the various marts in Yünnan.\n\nFrom Mong-hwa to Yunnan-Fu the journey by land is easy, and occupies, according to M. Dupuis, eight days; according to General Mesny, eleven. The cost of conveyance of the customary picul of 120 catties is about 3 taels or so. Close to Mong-hwa are the rich tin mines of the Mong-tsze district, which are now in fair working order. Yet Pai-hsieh Ting, in spite of its distance, absorbs at present most of the produce of these mines.\n\nThe conclusion I am tempted to draw from the above facts is that, considering that in China geographical facilities are often less important factors of routes of trade than financial arrangements, and considering also that for various reasons it will not be to the interest of the provincial authorities of Yunnan to favour the route by the Song-koi River, most of the trade with Yünnan will be conducted by the West River.*\n\nWith regard to the desirability of opening a Treaty port on the West River, I think if this is done Wu-chou should be the point selected. In the first place, because General Mesny informs me that Wu-chou is about the highest point of the West River easily reachable by steamers. Secondly, because Wu-chou is situated at the junction of the West River and the Fu River.\n\nThe Fu River is itself an important waterway flowing through a rich district and passing various populous towns such as Kwei-lin, &c. Its importance was greatly increased some years ago by the digging of a canal connecting it with the Siang River, which, after passing the important towns of Yung-chow, Hêng Chow, and Chang-sha, flows into the Tung-ting Lake. The Canton boats I saw at Ichang in 1873 had come from Canton by the above route.\n\nThe opening of Wu-chou as a Treaty port would possibly cause a loss in trade to Canton in exports, especially tea, and to Hankow in both imports and exports. I fear it would not increase to any great extent the bulk of our trade with China. Our goods already reach Wu-chou pretty freely, and as for the native produce that passes through Wu-chou, it has only a very few extra miles of inexpensive waterway to find its outlet by Canton.\n\nThe reasons for it coming to Canton are the extra duties charged on junks and cargoes clearing thence for Hong Kong and Macao.\n\nIn conclusion, I have to express my thanks to General Mesny for the very obliging manner in which he furnished me with information.\n\nSir,\nI have, &c. (Signed) C. T. GARDNER.\n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 116\n\n### Consul Allen to Mr. O'Conor\n\nPakhoi, August 13, 1885.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your despatch of the 13th July, 1885, calling on me to report on the effect which I consider the facilities given to France by the Franco-Chinese Treaty of Peace will have on British trade in Pakhoi and the districts in commercial communication with it. I will perform this task to the best of my ability, but if any conclusions at which I may arrive shall eventually be proved erroneous or absurd, I will ask you to bear in mind that my sources of information are neither complete nor perfectly accurate, and that prediction is, at the best of times, liable to lead one into error.\n\nI have not been supplied with an authentic copy of Article VII of the above Treaty, but the Article, as given in the \"North China Herald,\" asserts the immediate construction of a railway in the north of Tonquin. In this report, therefore, I assume that the French, belonging, as they do, to a civilized nation, will at once make such communications as the country is best fitted for, be they water routes, horse roads, or railways, and that, whatever duties they may impose, they will grant every facility of locomotion.\n\nI may take it for granted that Her Majesty's Government, in opening Pakhoi, never intended it to be simply a port to supply the neighbourhood with yarn, opium, and piece-goods, and to procure thence a little cassia and aniseed and a few hides, but rather to be the shipping port of south-west China. Hitherto, these hopes have been unfulfilled. I do not suppose that foreign goods often penetrate more than 150 miles into the interior.\n\n* It is observable that the French Treaty only stipulates what duties are to be levied at the Customs stations on the frontier. Goods after passing such Customs stations will still be subject to the local provincial taxation.\n\n[351]",
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    {
        "id": 330126,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "page_number": 449,
        "title": "CO129-224 - Foreign Office - 1885",
        "content_text": "## \n\nthe south-west provinces, always provided that the new Treaty is honestly carried out, and that the reduction in taxation is real and not nominal.\n\nI conclude, therefore, that if things remain as they are at Pakhoi, and the Tonquin railway is built, this port may as well be closed, but; as I said before, our commercial condition may be improved, either by the construction of a rival railway, or by the reduction of taxation, or, what is the same thing, the issue of transit passes, which the inland authorities will respect. We have been so accustomed to look on railway enterprise in China as visionary, that the idea of constructing a railway from this seems about as hopeful as the scheme of flooding the Sahara. A short time ago, Hsü, the late \"Foreign Business Deputy,\" assured me most positively that the High Provincial Authorities had the construction of a railroad in contemplation here. I pooh-poohed the notion, but he became all the more persistent, and begged me to report it to you. I wrote the draft of a despatch doing so, but before sending it, I went to call on his successor, Wu Weiyuan, and found Hsu Weiyuan with him. I broached the subject of railways, but Hsu had by this time changed his tone, and merely said that it would be a very good thing for Pakhoi if one could be made, but that he was too small an official to make any positive statement. It may be that he was afraid to speak out in the presence of his colleague, who professed utter ignorance of the matter; but his change of manner confirmed me in the view that his former assertion was merely romance, and so I tore up the report which I had prepared. Individually, I have no expectation of a railway, though I would thankfully be disappointed.\n\nThe abatement of charges on exports and imports, especially on the latter, is a more hopeful business. Mr. Herton assures me that though only three inward transit passes were issued by the Customs last year, yet the report that the Li-kin authorities had been called on to make good his claims (although he has not yet received the money) will cause transit passes in future to be valid, and that when this is once effected, yarn and T-cloths, kerosene and matches, will go up country in quantities. M. Schouburg too, his only rival, a German, has started in business on August 1, with the express intention of profiting by this improved state of affairs. I wish them the success which they anticipate with all my heart, but more capital than they can command must be embarked in the trade, before it will assume its proper dimensions.\n\nI will now make a few remarks on the geographical part of my subject. I do not inclose a Map of the country, as I presume the Legation is well supplied in that particular. The map I principally use is Mr. Pirie's valuable Map of the Kwangsi Province, to which I have the honour to refer you. Practically, there are only two roads out of Pakhoi: one viâ Liu-chou to Yü-lin, the other to Nan-ning, which may be reached in two ways, either viâ Liu-chou, Ling Shan-hsien and the West River, or by crossing the bay to Ch'iu-ch'ou, and then going direct to Nan-ning. The latter is rather shorter, but is the more expensive route. The Yu-lin road is comparatively unimportant. Cassia and aniseed come down that way, but Yu-lin is a complete terminus for imports, as Hsun-chou Fu and Wu-chou Fu, the next districts, are supplied from Canton, and the country further north-Kuei Lin Fu, the provincial capital-divides its trade between Canton and the Yang-tse ports. Nan-ning, on the other hand, instead of being a terminus, is a distributing centre. Merchants come or send to Pakhoi on one side, and trade with Yünnan on the other. The route from Nan-ning onwards is up the Tso Chiang, past T'ai Ping Fu. I have a list of halting-places between Pakhoi and Yunnan Fu, but none of them are to be identified by Mr. Pirie's Map. They are doubtless the smallest hamlets, chosen in order to avoid li-kin stations and customs barriers.\n\nThe Yu-lin road need not be considered. This road trends eastward, and such as it is, it belongs to Pakhoi, and nothing can interfere with it. The route to Nan-ning and on to Yünnan is on a different footing, for a road into Yünnan from Ha-phong Bay, if it can be made as the crow flies, would be only half or two-thirds of the distance from Pakhoi to the same place. The physical difficulties I know little of, except that the country traversed by M. Aumoitte seemed by no means well calculated for railway construction. M. Dutreuil de Rhins' map, published under the authority of Admiral Jauréguiberry, may be trusted (it is most incorrect on the China side). There is already a road running from the coast up to Langson, interrupted by no large rivers or mountain ranges, and following the course of the River Tam. A road, rail, or otherwise could apparently be made on this line, reaching the Yunnan frontier, and branching off at intervals to the Kuangsi boundaries. Of course the most natural and directest way into Yünnan is up Song Koi or Red River, but I fail to see how this can be combined with a road to Kuangsi, which has no river communication with Tonquin.\n\nNext, as to the natural productions of the two provinces in question. Yunnan seems to have three very valuable products-native opium, tin, and copper. The gold, silver,",
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        "id": 330234,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-225 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1886 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 96,
        "title": "CO129-225 - Acting Governor Marsh - 1886 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "# Prize Distribution Event\n\nThe intelligence shown by the answers was extraordinary, and the knowledge likewise. They were not show papers, meant to mystify the public by appearing more difficult than they are. They are thorough testing papers, and evidently written with the view of testing the common-sense and intelligence of the boys as much or even more than their scholastic knowledge, which is a great point. The most interesting of the ordinary papers were those on history, geography, arithmetic, and grammar; but there was one extraordinary paper, the like of which I never saw in any school or college but one; it was headed \"**General Intelligence Paper**\". You might judge from that that the questions not only were not based on ordinary scholastic teaching or to test how much a boy knew, but rather his common-sense and his power to apply what he had been taught. I will just give you two questions, if I can remember them, which struck me very much. One was: \"Describe and distinguish between the functions of judge, jury, barrister, and solicitor.\" I am told the Chinese are very well aware that there is a great deal of law in Hongkong one way or the other, and it is rather important that the Chinese should grow up with intelligent ideas on that subject. Another was intended evidently to see if a boy could apply his mathematics, and was: \"If a kite were in the air and you wanted to ascertain its height, how would you go about it?\" This does not require any very abstruse calculations, but I am afraid many mathematicians would fail in it. I am detaining you too long, but I can say that if the work of the school can be at all fairly gauged from what I saw in cursorily going through the papers, you Hongkong people and you Chinese boys and men are most immensely to be congratulated. I say without hesitation, if I may venture upon such an assertion, that the education given here will compare favourably with the education given in the best schools and colleges in the old country. (Applause).\n\nAlthough the composition was poor as composition, it was wonderfully good for Chinese, far better than we can write in Chinese, and if the Head Master will allow me, I will have much pleasure in offering a prize next year to the boy who comes out top in English Composition.\n\nMr. WRIGHT - Mr. Bain of the *China Mail* gives a prize for that subject.\n\nMr. SHARP - Then may I change it to the other paper, that of \"**General Intelligence**\"? Would you kindly give the prize to the boy who comes out highest in that paper?\n\nMr. WRIGHT - With pleasure.\n\nMr. SHARP - And possibly I may be allowed the favour of putting in a couple of the questions myself?\n\nMr. WRIGHT - Certainly.\n\n...\n\nMr. SHARP - I have no more to say except one word to my English friends round me. Good Hongkong people are choosing to give such a wonderfully good education to the Chinese - and I should be the last to take exception to it - but if you are doing it - and you are - what are you going to do with your own sons to keep them abreast of it, and who ought ever to be ahead of it? And you Chinese men and boys, for I see there are both among you, may you prove worthy of this very grand education you are receiving. (Applause).\n\nHis EXCELLENCY then distributed the prizes, and at the conclusion of the distribution, said - The boys, I understand, will now go for their holidays, and return after the Chinese New Year. I take this opportunity of informing the visitors that they see present only a portion of the boys attending the school. This room will not accommodate more than 180, whereas there are 412 attending the school, so that you only see a small portion of those who are receiving their education here. When the new building is completed, I believe the Hall will be sufficiently large to admit of the whole of the pupils assembling.\n\nCheers for the Queen, the Administrator, Mrs. Marsh, the Head Master, Visitors, and Donors of Prizes brought the proceedings to a close.\n\n## Prize List\n\n### SPECIAL PRIZES\n\n| Prize | Winner |\n| --- | --- |\n| Morrison Scholar | Chaung Tsoi |\n| Stewart Scholar | Lo Sing-lan |\n| Senior Belilios Scholar | Lo Kit |\n| Junior Belilios Scholar | Ho Man Ying |\n| Translation into English | Lam Tsun Kwai, watch, by the Hon. T. Jackson |\n| Translation into Chinese | Li Tak Yung, Dictionary, vol., presented by Mrs. Y. J. Mucrow |\n| Composition, Class I | Tsang Kit Shang, Shakespeare and History, by Mr. Geo. Murray Rain |\n| Composition, Class II | Ho Mau Ying, Shakespeare, by Mr. Geo. Murray Bain |\n| Composition, Class III | F. Cordeiro, Discoveries and Inventions, by the Government |\n| Composition, Class IV | Leung Ping-tai, Wood's Natural History, by the Government |\n\n### GENERAL PRIZES\n\n| Class | Rank | Winner | Prize |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Class I | 1 | Chenng Tsoi | Scholarship |\n| Class I | 2 | Lo Sing-lea | Scholarship |\n| Class I | 3 | Lo Kit | Scholarship |\n| Class I | 4 | Mok Lai Chi | watch, presented by the Hon. P. Stewart, LL.D |\n| Class I | 5 | J. Remedios | Thrift, by Mr. Ed. Sharp |\n| Class II | 1 | Wong Kut | watch, by Mr. Ed. Sharp |\n| Class II | 2 | Ho Man Ying | Scholarship |\n| Class II | 3 | Ng Chak-tong | pencil case, by Mr. J. D. Hutchison |\n| Class III | 1 | Ip Tsung Ki | watch, by the Consul-General for Portugal |\n| Class III | 2 | Wan Chung-in | Motley's Dutch Republic, by the Government |\n| Class III | 3 | A. Hoosin | \"Masterman Ready,\" by the Government |\n| Class IV | 1 | Chan Taun Ying | watch, by the Consul-General for Portugal |\n| Class IV | 2 | Cheung Yan Chi | Green's Shorter History, by the Government |\n| Class V | 1 | IU Keng-ching | watch, by the Government |\n| Class V | 2 | Tong Hing-tso | Binocular, by Messrs. Gaupp & Co. |\n| Class VI | 1 | Lo Man Yuk | watch, by the Government |\n| Class VI | 2 | Ng On | Binocular, by the Government |\n| Class VII | 1 | Tai Tin-pui | watch, by the Government |\n| Class VII | 2 | Leung Shi-nam | pencil case, by Mr. Jordan |\n| Class VIII | 1 | Chan Ting-kwong | watch, by the Government |\n| Class VIII | 2 | Chau Kam-chi | chain, by Mr. Nowrojee |\n| Class IX | 1 | Kong Lin-hing | watch, by the Government |\n| Class IX | 2 | Pun Ming-kwai | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class X | 1 | Chau U Chun | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class X | 2 | Wat Ka-ying | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class XI | 1 | Pang Yuk-kwong | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class XI | 2 | C. Henriques | pencil case, by the Government |\n\n### CHINESE CLASSES. Fortnightly\n\n| Class | Winner | Prize |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Class I | Tai Tin-nui | Merit |\n| Class II | Chan Kam-chi | watch, presented by the Head Master |\n\n### CHINESE CLASSES. Ordinary\n\n| Class | Rank | Winner | Prize |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Class I | 1 | Tai Tin-pai | Merit |\n| Class I | 2 | Lo Shin Oi | watch, presented by Mr. Nowrojee |\n| Class II | 1 | Wong Ping | Self Help, by the Head Master |\n| Class II | 2 | Chan Shi-ki | pencil case, by Messrs. Gaupp & Co. |\n| Class III | 1 | Fung Shing-im | clock, by Mr. Ho Tang |\n| Class III | 2 | Ho To-shang | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class IV | 1 | Chan Mau-cheuk | watch and chain, by Mr. Nowrojee |\n| Class IV | 2 | Loung Oi-sui | Robinson Crusoe, by the Government |\n| Class V | 1 | Loung Fu-chu | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class V | 2 | Yan Hung-fat | pencil case, by the Government |\n| Class VI | 1 | Mak Kan-chang | clock, by Mr. Ho Tang |\n| Class VI | 2 | Ng Kan | Wood's Natural History, by Mr. Ho Tang |\n\n### ANGLO-CHINESE CLASSES\n\n| Division | Winner | Prize |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Division I | Ab. Gazee | P. P. Annual, presented by the Government |\n| Division II | A. Hoosin | Natural History, by the Government |\n| Division III | R. Kow | Cantonese Made Easy, by Mr. J. D. Ball |\n| Division IV | C. Henriques | Cantonese Made Easy, by Mr. J. D. Ball |",
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        "id": 332859,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "page_number": 213,
        "title": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "content_text": "of 31st May, 1885\"\n\nin same paper approving W.O. (War Office) proceedings in the matter)\n\n? Refer to those deep talks\n\nWhat their wishes are now on this point, and say that these Requr will be transmitted to them\n\nthat in order to ascertain the views of the\n\nHarding\n\nthe Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce (see 1511\n\nthe waiting thinking, which Lord\n\nthings in framing is unable to say that any\n\nSAA\n\ndetailed and request to supply him with another copy of the print for communication to Worthing\n\nPlate sumes a\n\nFra 19. 19 July\n\nS.W.I.\n\nEuk\n\nhur\n\n2077\n\nuseful summary published\" apoor of the \"Dines\"\n\nIN. Meade\n\nArticle from this File now annexed\n\nCround\n\n8ug. 21/7\n\npreford.\n\na useful summary.\n\nRm 2117\n\nJuly\n\n2/\n\n33/3\n\narticle\n\nFrom \"The Times\" 20. July\n\nTHE COMMERCIAL TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND CHINA.\n\nThe negotiations between France and China for the arrangement of the terms on which trade is in future to be conducted across the frontier between Tonquin and China, which dragged their slow length along for nearly a year at Tientsin, have been completed, and the result of the labours of M. Cogordan, Li Hung Chang, and their numerous assistants has at last reached Paris for ratification. It might have been thought that, as political questions were settled and the delicate matter of delimitation got out of the way by the appointment of a joint commission, it would not be a difficult matter to come to terms for the regulation\n\nof a trade which is still in the clouds. But this has not been the case; over and over again the negotiations stood still for weeks because the representatives of the high contracting parties could not agree on some point. The French entered on the work with the idea that the result of the war entitled them to large concessions, and it is to be feared that the Chinese spirit was even less favourable to a speedy and satisfactory issue. They haggled over points to which they attached no importance themselves, and which, indeed, were of no special importance to either party, in a spirit that looked like mere contentiousness. They appear to have set out with the determination that the French should get as little as possible of what they wanted, whether the withholding of it was of benefit to China or not. French manufacturers expected great things from the war; they were taught all along that a new El Dorado was being opened to them; France was destroying the British commercial monopoly in southern and south-western China, she was cutting out England in the future; and with these great and flattering objects in view the war went on. The Chinese, on the other hand, were determined, as far as lay in their power, to show France that even in a commercial sense she had gained nothing by the war. Li Hung Chang, on being asked to let the French construct railways for China, contemptuously gave them permission to tender for a small line between the Kaiping collieries and Tientsin, and ultimately gave the contract to Messrs. Krupp. The Chinese had this further advantage in the contest (an advantage of which they have not now, as in the past, been slow to avail themselves) that they knew France would not go to war with them again over the negotiations. The nature of the treaty concluded under these conditions can easily be surmised. We look through it in vain for any of those advantages to French trade which were so confidently anticipated; our Chambers of Commerce and merchants can read every line of it without a qualm. There is no provision in it on which even the most nervous official or merchant can lay his hand and say—\"There may be danger to us there.\" Taken by itself, and apart from the antecedent and surrounding circumstances, the treaty is hardly worth a moment's attention; but when we recollect the hopes it has raised in one country and the fears it has caused amongst British merchants at home and in the East, when we reflect that this is the arrangement which was to destroy British commercial predominance in southern China and to blast our inheritance in future trade of south-western China, we cannot pass it by without interest or attention.\n\nWe shall, therefore, run rapidly seriatim through every clause of the treaty, giving the substance of each, with a few comments here and there, where they appear necessary, by way of elucidation. By the first article, China agrees to open two places to trade, one on the frontier beyond Langson, the second above Laokai; the first of these will give access to the rich and populous province of Kwangsi, the other to Yunnan. This provision is not new, as it was contained in the treaty of peace signed at Tientsin on June 9, 1885. China will establish customs stations at these places, while France gets the right to appoint Consuls to reside there. This clause also arranges the method in which the places are to be selected. In connexion with this clause, it is interesting to notice that one of the hitches in the negotiation was caused by the demand of the French to appoint an agent to reside at some important centre in Yunnan (Tali-fu and Yunnan-fu were mentioned), as we have an agent at Chung-King, on the Yangtze in Sze-chuan, but the Chinese were inflexible in their refusal. The second clause provides for the appointment of Chinese Consuls in Hanoi, Haiphong, and other towns in Tonquin, with favoured-nation treatment. By Article 3 both sides engage to assist the respective Consuls in obtaining suitable residences. Clause 4 provides for freedom of trade and residence for Chinese in Tonquin and trade and residence under the usual conditions for French in the open places in China. By Clause 5 it is agreed that only those persons armed with passports to be granted by the Chinese can cross the frontier. In this respect the French in Tonquin are at a disadvantage compared with Europeans residing on the coast, who can go and come freely. The 6th and 7th Articles are the most important in the whole treaty; they are also the longest, but their substance may be given in a few words. Imports across the frontier into China pay one-fifth less than the maritime customs dues, and exports one-third. Articles not mentioned in the tariff pay 5 per cent, ad valorem in each case, and all such goods pay the likin, or inland transit dues, in the usual way. On these clauses, which really form the crux of the whole treaty so far as British trade is concerned, two questions arise—What will be the effect of the trade through Tonquin on our trade in southern China? and, should we claim the most-favoured-nation treatment in respect of this reduction of the customs dues? To the first question two of our Consuls in the region affected have already replied that no injury will be done to our trade, for the difficult nature of the country to be crossed between the Red River and the valley of the Si-Kiang, or Canton River, has prevented, and will prevent, much trade by this route until the French construct railways to the frontier, and even then the opening of a port on the Canton River will counterbalance the French advantages. As to claiming the favoured-nation treatment, we did not do so in the case of the Russo-Chinese Commercial Treaty of 1881, and M. de Freycinet has intimated an opinion that the most-favoured nation treatment applied only to the open ports, and not to the land frontiers of China, a limitation of the favoured-nation clause in which Lord Salisbury did not concur. On the other hand, the Board of Trade recommended that the question should be fought on the ground of principle, which, it said, was all-important. \"If stipulations for equal treatment in the matter of duties are to be made to depend on, and to vary with the cost of transit (the ground on which the reduction of duties was made) there is an end of any certainty or clearness in the meaning of such stipulations.\" Notwithstanding this strong recommendation, we believe the Foreign Office has decided not to contest the question at present, and on the whole, perhaps, this is politic. It must be remembered that merchandise from Europe going into China by this route will pay two different customs dues—the first to the French authorities on entering Tonquin, the second to the Chinese on entering China. Discriminating duties existed, or existed until recently, in Tonquin. General Millot, when Governor, divided all imports into three classes, with different scales of duty—(1) Those of Indo-Chinese origin; (2) those of French origin; (3) those of foreign origin; each class paying higher duties than the preceding one. It will thus be seen that a trifling fifth or third diminution from a five per cent, ad valorem tariff can do little to help a trade heavily weighted with these discriminating duties from the moment it enters Tonquin. And even if French goods were admitted free into the latter, this reduction, amounting in the one case to one, in the other to one and two-thirds per cent., would be of little help towards meeting the enormous expense of carriage to Langson, not to speak at all of the distant Laokai. Besides, concluding that the game of fighting the point with France and China was not worth the candle, Lord Rosebery, no doubt, reflected that we shall shortly have the opportunity of claiming similar treatment in the trade across our new frontier in Burma. When France has completely pacified Tonquin, when she has rendered the Red River navigable and constructed railways to the frontier, and when she has remodelled the fiscal system of Indo-China so as to admit goods of French origin free of duty, these reduced dues might, if we have been at a standstill all the time, be of",
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        "document_key": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "page_number": 373,
        "title": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "content_text": "features of the country. The rock is soft sandstone and shale, often much displaced. The softness of the stone makes terrace cultivation very easy, and this system is carried to greater perfection here than in any other part of China. Crossing one of the little cols, and looking over the valleys that break away from it, one is struck by the thought of the sum of human labour expended to bring rugged hills into such complete subjection, and one receives a most lively impression of the patient industry of this wonderful people. From peak to valley the whole hill-side has been levelled into terraces, so that not a foot of ground is lost. More than this, the terraces are cut up into fields—beds would be a better word—averaging 15 feet by 40 feet, perfectly level, and enclosed by narrow banks. The outside bank of each bed has a rough sluice to regulate the level of water, any surplus, after the ground is sufficiently covered for paddy, falling into the bed below, and so on till the bottom of the valley is reached. The result is that water lies at all levels, and appears to defy the law of gravity.\n\nOn the 31st October we reached Lu-chou, the entrepôt of the Ssu-ch'uan salt trade, situated on an alluvial bank between the Yang-tzu and a tributary called the To River, which brings down the salt from the celebrated wells at Tzu-liu-ching. Fortunately, both for the reader and writer of this Report, there is no need to enter into the intricacies of the native salt trade; that necessary is supplied from the Ssu-ch'uan wells to the greater part of Western China, and is one of the great sources of the wealth of this fortunate province.* With regard to foreign trade, we learnt that Lu-chou and the neighbourhood consume about 3,000l. worth of piece-goods and cotton yarn per annum. The city has no manufacture of its own, and only benefits by the salt as the port of transhipment and by supplying food and clothing to the 100,000 men employed at the salt wells. Transit passes are not respected beyond Chung-ch'ing, where their legality has only been clearly established since 1877. But li-kin between Chung-ch'ing and Lu-chou is not very heavy, foreign cottons, for instance, paying 36 cash (1¼d.) per piece. (See Appendix I.)\n\nSketches Nos. 1 and 2 attached to this Report will show the two roads that connect Yün-nan with Ssu-ch'uan. Although the eastern road by Yung-ning Hsien is the shorter by several days, the country easier, and the road in better condition, almost the whole trade follows the western route by Chao-t'ung Fu. The reason is said to be that the former route crosses a corner of the Province of Kuei-chou, involving an additional payment of li-kin for that province, while, on the western route, Yün-nan and Ssŭ-ch'uan are conterminous. I followed the easier route; but this Report would be very incomplete without some notice of the western road, which is the most important trade route into the Province of Yün-nan.\n\nFrom Ch'ung-ch'ing to Ping-shan Hsien, some 20 miles above the point at which this route touches the Yang-tzŭ, Mr. Arthur Davenport reports that there is “an uninterrupted run of deep water sufficient for the requirements of foreign steamers.” As far as Lao-wa-t'an (1,140 feet) small boats on the Hêng River help out the land carriage, but after crossing that river the caravan route proper begins. Goods are there transferred to pack-animals, and conveyed through Chao-tung Fu (6,580 feet) and Tung-ch'uan Fu (7,190 feet) to the capital. The value of the trade is a difficult question. I was told by several li-kin officials in the province that the Lao-wa-t'an barrier received a larger quota of that impost than any other in Yün-nan. Report gives the net receipts at about 80,000l. a-year, of which about 25,000l. is paid by opium, and somewhat less by salt. Of the gross value of the exports, opium, which pays li-kin at Lao-wa-t'an at the rate of about 6 per cent, ad valorem, is said to represent as much as 70 to 80 per cent. The imports into Yün-nan consist of salt, raw cotton from Hankow, native cotton cloth from Hankow, cotton cloth woven in Ssu-ch'uan from Hankow cotton, tobacco, piece-goods, and foreign yarn; and the exports, of opium, metals, drugs, and tea from Pu-erh Fu.\n\nOn the 2nd November we left Lu-chou, not in the highest spirits, for one of the porters had died of cholera; and as we were all lodging in the same court-yard, the event was as unpleasant for the rest of us as surprising and painful for the poor fellow himself. Crossing the river, we passed through a large market village, situated also on an alluvial bed, and making, with Lu-chou, a flat surface of some 3 or 4 square miles—probably the largest piece of level ground along the Yang-tzu between this and the plain of Hupei, 600 miles to the east. But the small hills and narrow valleys soon begin again, and, after a walk of 9 miles or so, we reached Na-chi Hsien, situated on the right\n\n* The Taotai in charge of the salt revenue of Ssu-ch'uan tells me that the wells of the province yield about 2,500,000l. worth of salt per annum.\n\n† Report of Grosvenor Mission. Parliamentary Papers, “China No. 2 (1877).”\n\nAltitudes and the sketches of this route are taken from Mr. Baber's Map.\n\n[352]",
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        "id": 333021,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "page_number": 375,
        "title": "CO129-230 - Public Offices & Others - 1886",
        "content_text": "31\n\nThis was then the Government road connecting Yün-nan and Kuei-chou with the east of the Empire. The place has now the air of a Welsh country town with great display of mountain boots, and such rustic articles, though its suburb, several li in length, attests its former prosperity. Here goods are transferred from the river* to the backs of pack-animals. Dues and prices are given in Appendix I.\n\nAfter the suburbs of Yung-ning and Hsü-yung are passed, and the valley of the river left behind, the country quite changes its character. The ascent to the plateau of Yün-nan begins, and the sandstones and argillaceous shales, characteristic of Southern Ssu-ch'uan, are replaced by stratified limestones and calcareous shales weathered into the queerest shapes, having a honeycombed or wavy appearance according to the nature of the rock. After a walk of about 16 miles, the latter part of the way between hedges that looked quite English with wild roses and blackberries, we reached Shuang-ching, 3,640 feet above the sea.\n\nHere we heard the very unpleasant news that we were to meet a disbanded army that was on its way back to Ssu-ch'uan from the Tonquin border. When Peking resolved to make war in earnest on the French in Tonquin, a Ssu-ch'uan General, Pao Ch'ao by name, was directed to recruit an army in Eastern Ssu-ch'uan and march to the Tonquin border through Yün-nan. On the way up the Yang-tzu in December 1884, I walked through General Pao's camp at K'uei Fu, when he had collected about 20,000 men. The General showed no great eagerness to fight; but in the beginning of 1885 he received peremptory orders to move at once. He passed along this road with 20,000 to 25,000 men, and reached Mêng-tzu Hsien, three days from Lao-kai, in March, some little time before the armistice was concluded. After spending four months on the Tonquin border, General Pao marched his troops down the various hills they had so recently ascended, and was now two or three days in front of us on his way back to Ssü-ch'uan. Some idea may be formed of the number of Chinese put out of the world by the war from the fact that of this force, of which the French probably never heard, and which was never within 100 miles of the enemy, not more than half returned. Mêng-tzu, K'ai-hua, and Kuang-nan in thousands; of this I am sure, for I saw their graves. They died in thousands.\n\nIt was of course an unfortunate rencontre for us, because the Chinese in these parts do not distinguish the various races of Occidentals. However, the men were broken up into small parties and extended over ten stages or more, so that by keeping together we were generally the stronger company. The road presented the most extraordinary spectacle. There would be in front, perhaps, a man carrying a halbert or trident or 12-foot lance with red flag; next, chanting in a plaintive strain, eight bearers carrying a \"ling-chiao\" (spirit's sedan), i.e., a coffin containing the remains of some fever-stricken officer, covered with red serge and surmounted by the inevitable white cock, on the way to the family grave-yard in Ssu-ch'uan; then a man carrying a tin-looking French revolver or ancient pistol, the like of which is only to be found in the United Service Museum; next, a sick man only just able to sit upright on his pony; those that had money had invested in Yün-nan opium, parrots, copper, tin, or hams, which they carried themselves slung on to a lance or foreign musket. The pay of these men had been 4 taels (£1. 4s.) per month in all, out of which they fed and clothed themselves. But the amateur opium and ham merchants had won at cards, which, with opium-smoking and fever, had killed time on the Tonquin border. Some scowled and handled their weapons as I walked past them, but the greater number were content with some such remark as \"Why, here's one of those foreigners! What's he doing here?\" Excepting the body-guard of the General officers, these troops were disbanded and under no immediate control. What I dreaded was a quarrel between some of them and my followers, when time would have been given for stragglers to come up, and we should probably have been looted. All our party were warned to beware of this, and in ten days we had passed the whole force without any mishap.\n\nAfter Shuang-ching the road climbs successive layers of limestone strata, dipping to the north at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees, the peaks being the tops of the strata that have escaped denudation. Between this and the ascent to the Hsueh Shan there must be an anticlinal ridge, for there the strata, which is of similar rock, dips to the south at about the same angle. After Hei-ni-shao the road runs through a district of bare limestone hills, uncultivated for the most part, and without trees. Here we passed a terminal of Armita Buddha with quite negro features, decked with an immense number of votive offerings, including many pairs of paper eye-glasses, one pair on, producing such a burlesque effect that it was hard not to be profane. After a mile or so Simultaneous observations give the \"Yung-ning River a fall of about 3 feet a mile hence to the Yang-tzŭ; and the Yang-tzŭ a fall of 10 inches a mile between Lu-chou and Ch'ung-ch'ing.\n\n372",
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        "id": 333733,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-232 - Acting Governor Marsh Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [4-5]",
        "page_number": 17,
        "title": "CO129-232 - Acting Governor Marsh Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [4-5]",
        "content_text": "0708\n\n悲\n\nMAIL SUPPLEMENT TO \"HONGKONG DAILY PRESS,\" APRIL 27, 1897,\n\nWith an error, Dha waste yɔtwinned in 194 Cofung dar; die Boreromah We wenu owner that even wa\n\nHey didiem win in chur levinita Asiyalım gewis Bugner Saw Star Pear wiss B top fenthrill and we right no\n\n. Կ.\n\ncuit from P Ex-Kon, Dei is a wow I do not ko, bid what I love in bed Chun vas nailés vall ur below. Farmer in Stiron was die ka gul pita tol\n\nLawn thoard simula tea lop. Helthow pluran is turn quantitias, bek vid de Guvörument ir muația the my.;\n\nTy Marro\n\nLeit |\n\nwily\n\nHa\n\nH+\n\neven\n\nira kat.\n\nLaid minn, Truser who was in a shipporíte zõr sarit is tallet, and burned: frotzet saamit pasislota,\n\nyear to ye\n\nb\n\nMacka\n\nLACTING ADORNEY-GRAPPALÏt it ke\n\nh\n\ntre che ausgination oë tha se ved befor\n\nSepp 0.9609. yol\n\nmy at w\n\nFront Athulassa jaksufa cotailencia\n\nThe Panas Juszrganīt uzu within ihren | Orllanow, weɑzdel sway, print out that on thng vé che punt, ved What it mauld be batier nu maja mr. scroll to idle as thone alan mojourn inch price the cold wise like the fast three of the ze wild a 14th the Sande Casele diente amire au CRAP\n\nIpean oumainu of the Dvůrcine busing bezigphil Expesial born laton Doralimaji waupparailing and Futter rail, tout water 7 n. 23.469 pod wissen a hot in the haing done sing mult of alles voto pek dba: The O. RATES--Hir. 1 beg to propose forward tha inclar would be legea itse osebe s sit egel to writeinals in t The Curatat e poetine y coral retracha akantie in Candy engine in 2017042 penis, aut in te tij e portal, vil monk that indar of this it is paripated 13 of 147 kardios, fulva, la duchaters of detainees of and wet,diy tales que foi un sabemural, mus post for them aula de 1h 19,452s it to grenade 15 at it in Easieran And kan wegher they dil ko thứ cus I may be simply la\n\n– ૧૩ના lwyfan rates to be Jurther he ran on and in litigth: 128 24.\n\n03mm (144 14 Er wolf Aktet së pasi ji tem prezan to on!\n\nPulist like of 7 1. dizelier Roar! Sen fie roeroes of 16,000 and Calitorals Fama true the Option will be paly by that time.\n\nfen we in and the strailian Art. 1 1119 curate but the game, the Board or that idea il not\n\nMon. 4. Badi-savoro—I jusu yay mach || The Aging Arzony ny-GANERAL-Phe Se, home of a vari taking a man hade fer ax; And why pesekjonbl or by ya wault fires 1. P. MARWEN-Asier to under\n\nSale luz aku bate Portal CaseSingapore, the \"uate spider past.\n\nlifions for Autralit und solling us at Fair was to the genre voltaktaz She wore he has stopped, as Le could put drugs. She sy for friend is er in reative any was a Forge of went bras ad the motion of exprel de stopere Fano sext places not, and 52 Gone tours forals may algal mentors will be appreciate by ryamusing split dan Union\n\nį wriề về habuan nojus bonuse they as: mujer an Tabelon le gay bow bad with a member of tot (Intury of legiu-the Bell of this list thing was loud 7,5%) pical left in wall not gremåde bu sala fo portas suam sed in the nalang. Hink Ligels seres the Hes. Fire - atbrio a valled to be of a Brit Caleny. We might s this 't?\n\ndesliza je upuan ang affenfat lig die res the cobay. Walch pas ufe that ecall be retadel a haters, Acceding to sat el tio bernel: grade of fuy from brindon the tighter this master by wiping to the ale spina Gen. Art to set mézione, poing in, herb drive truss 11 ay yuvet for delay that we galily we went pens to say that the jave, he was okay paket wannee the 2011 sentential var 15 (real, did Jess Eam Saron Dura ver teacher in a thongly resisted in hosting all of a from flight hour blik bat lihat, froh, d\n\nBill\n\near ware 16 Tampt from Math. That is to be read has the petestad said the sewares and wrogir le ghfissambah them. Maar die bed kene wat her Truces fo sale Hen. P. Jappy Sienta il gode Mambar The Acrise dawaatsen-Bongaan-ic when would frm Vie Komuch and German mish, Hie Choker -] shall law lockigt të fer 42f1e fpermmers Hear tocando | iwertlers i krom s tobomurabië dry. I saw which bis 35 The Outer frymen -- not in use barn sidered to lait ses ca aceof sit bot! The firET FINGATE-Prodigalle Bere as no le 30, zhy Papericelion Fan Chumir n\n\nTry dis way obvion by bromidend se ratellar plan to Aontrolin\n\n| fuis mušíta was sam parle I said no consent laů | zimanja tema soare\"! \n\nimand to khat Siversary of Prate, tugelber with dwight way and see supposing to any of Fr tiring. New no foi in infusion than in any any matever weak got terem jest in ibe etme Why le 1er (i was and the iuro pales de a-kod pot ziens tian, kud v urķi has bands - Min. N. STRIK-Would they permit ui The Cher James--This perky to mak\n\nher, word had no thimating of kits 10 marked that\n\ntries 3 Before Ene that are och para inging things have any diffenity.\n\n• Comments king ini suka bat rus saude se bed. vest 197\n\nclaude my wie panty Wink get to crater befiabe Corail, Delory. Es clete any trust away why it shitë e themiem ferre, because he could beer and tiffres des femerament adues pechaps with visas knogrele è\n\nhera of the Brosesi fuessrelves to forward a pas Live which theythema mening of the ti, are spend the and 7 1 fat antiber picule to town wech cheaper of adquired it afternede, filled a moth the en la The Cuper desunter Contacts, Carnè insos trade se Vis mard siel et al; Kena dusspreciating with e-gned to the TLADE: wanted for weit unted at Balen Cratias! Tha 129% sauer of Be Hormon in this . The tige vert in stie austing per- that is really wore serions and we hear his up her to the right of the PCRILLS Prena\n\nI s to!\n\nRyty next objection en H. P. RYSIN de anus with referen At Albark on a way to why the City Reteenth in 23219 war this ant to opt fans had to Big is that in a silent la fortest for the ping fletowy manage of ask as judi ta yangi has, and to stand ali, pri to Made, is chasis in: Ringers turn is net prolactine savings vidu shair sel--ine is penatiques and 1 centre of this Commime of rae uroben of om- porte, nhich was not influeray beats at the rom\n\nfallesi diametro, 1 cm dulleding prazosbesed in the Pondry Cures. Frane Blagal, schiel murale 19th pane That morghan Cara fhe frenar lisa bis pries The best Gish Costier, in viatantuan di which main courting with a cave the other day, purtore_table. making hit sad the pai\n\nC. P CHAPEL-You I\n\ntalent a chebag of fixit has caur real dunia na wills in the stand with the amatiess plecsara, Had 'bo i tats by the T-CELE The Bus have in the the first blakin to the catard very futterally had and Home Meri Urang 15. To se manity, tht he ran ride it was his Rods this is then that the art of penat deal on 25 Rupees in stood in the lifter being on lee hy aand the main pressure our purchant dans\n\n• paima y baca bikin non ti me ripal 170 clicals wool to 45 l te he empt. That the wil deside is a pack is thur, qua wana tho Aerial, the Schmien niin se garetha se . Flee ha act intensive in ease, ale Hi Becky lad we hetene i noticed the em Stamina in suhe le had a retinate to Pill it as famaids Diversion de custo Carene to schermore, 38% aprk, as la cf. I and then ido de miere of lesku urgpaarsted.\n\njud the payona, a these ide per balkon, he loze the picade. Than màn cảnh k ververs retur train the plaint throughout, that life obliged to latens te ječmeleul bý do produk for the på fall and the oder would hurre bed to take her | Dragon of discipline. Fee, Erimi se biste on the thing is gathers card the lady in a tak u this role than head tet 1 illo de Busin\n\nssing? You saw genting on the zba urdustands tha teada portape, så madu i tam tradate the nurse farm syns to others larg qued at a chroper safe than be en show me in carry are at delete with pa e polish the car dry, and we soon as the\n\nthis who will win Kidou the dea was a fuel to male. They dumplin Take m, cubest that is baie efter, Abu Fritsch Celum la enfes el Amanpply if a lot that is true is shower than it wil be abuted with plenan Fam vril windamavah, Dhe wrout enterat un appurunes joinzertracts, woman is con tim mjetemet, in fine wil, mood the And as\n\nP. Care so, sir 1 ulicemanding in bis 12-Fi lind usled Audio siglons. Therelst utrct the last fast aftages hava teen and to prarther the gil in the Sh's in sumans that au 15 wat by whaleves.\n\n1. A. . 1 guten Clariber frame fut saktong face for grunt m\n\nvaš prasla. Ja odlitken, in fat themes qui si te ingislation befar too and show my opposite to offer by the 12 vaziranul. fed om, at The for has changed ber Corus has cloudy pleeni on red de at spare the quand war by her Care Part 2.0 and can be a bit understand terraces in us an the Bach year. In Powa 1500 ule aitoon, Jaying for the sets llorari thaan op ad the cougar bring it on whon The Supren ArianaGHLY-bar kan\n\n¦ Leximevent thus aures al wel akibat boenden chose set, galvoje kad piegh, which kee the pit forms fre prohibiting opdenassim molti muun ba pagan to fra dhe FCP in restawrap rillp-nikly or lanterna. al trav takih 288 1, and see 70 The the must be alon\n\nWay have myslived Polaris meliz wifiningu! ander kat den insect fan, Stillati a nebeting Wither four would affect of antenring in it and prompted by the\n\nrange of the c berculty P. in- ct put down an air of the elitingised the present it. And that out of the ACT ART madment by my hea friend (H. P. Byri,\n\nThu i van de tot el it was not fade very much to plenis as the cites who hrapa te tr five solicitors for Bey Legislation Cornell has not at at all. Renty- -Them wo soon the inze\n\ntoo? The CD June-i esl it as in\n\nQuay van mur it for je ikan payued for free wil donde in junctong, wierder zu 1 aid, it masu ti parıp of predic\n\nit is my like 18k at! wit.\n\nthe fumail: ultrices. It was lenblat i dr.\n\nthe manchan credit it. With renard in den bees She then unten poisto de pe by this and much fat du porting the hinge are the nice, but which are - and the are the the time a\n\n| it, agrongest that was tout on thy na 20 $20 stan in 3 care of that auto Being Ang by the\n\nII. P. CHunk way that. In at the roses wheeling fun at pinja left leg with t of cute wary large touch leg burden was of in die marsh The CH To the TATTERS\n\n1. Chvish & Carrie Brading of the pedal lade of the sirey, Fransitiuerte Suchindler buy rates the Chinese Deretament de Secret de diably a bit with F. Rxes-Thet in a bride but Astanas General or conil such thing stu gevuste eest is tied for. It le sply ir give in 1 Chhuge deal, late thirruti vai eiller en de opposite side\n\nSayipljan uuso was $100,\n\nJarwiciles in Prenul ports- namel by think not apa s run and clues. Le pussy goals, as the snaiderolig portfen in at the water, anda tenter de star prepares saint larger in Tropecting to ide interests in tavolan vwer in wire their wet areas in thanh trainers. . Byrie real rats with the Cravalho e de prelor, 185A, for your kissing. Fun, wife 12bed flise Cruet hear by thever they drown on to foron ore fawisman. Siti War, the Chimes Greauet was pace-tfal lunch & die al patrat, luna 2001 at earn a Pinole atm-13. Lisada te dar atawers in French parts the store de fujerians, cuang vormt så tas patet cheats ned she record for 7 duris, wat enigiet, potom se pole of in, which froh, and in funt of Chin and exponesses in an antish ju Mimiralty,\n\nthe part is, with an Aus mirte in if that world he the one with the withdrawal after the past possibly of flamand at a carpintel in the Cryorkant ng Tre ima-af-fat its bra refnd to adus a privileges which they are wor\n\n3* Tax, C. 2. bustie ma qilishi wa progne White Baczo ya lesy, pael fill do the Daly Fer with his mindwal of ever 90 dat er ney were protilet seal wi\n\naballo. F. 18-T Bo's Fork for Bulls or by 12. ill. 1. C. The ME in far crente mart ly then We, with\n\n5 37/5 his feel disease of death of offered in the sighted degrees by the priest, Jack-prater to firem, ser inalte what heater, was icant dit nou been this gh the farmer's also be perted to the first of the range of that desmes on this whites\n\nnk my dean pusath, with which he reprimida, sienas pics, A. Torrellen und Itinant inerneutralus of a fee, Hoburant any semantial monitatea de un privileges. We feas but are\n\na funga 2000 laude. Yums in here by gen taget. Thenfone it is and in the power of this) szgsternt. They druh zou mig they shouts and don't think we make won & devis veil the para trwil be how it very taily, at with gsed to repentine acquintan of the Buy Buria be baget to ward, whisk werd ze sa ne ports, the beeindande inte vete zet hesitellyon ton of a sed vul formed the ta ŝive fortes of dan NO2 Silang eronninong de Ruelni ficavifiton with Gameang Whic at status only the pening mortal sunarasestigated to Mladosti,\n\nigants of China at taitai. Laanline unly gate whaily. So in the Amedeo 11 Body: [ut and the tomato & Ca vd her 2 946 Smps & flu virion ) Aarindr Luck to compl; the Anational subject :v of p.nion that 1 razy large inspangelasi to veniva täis selumes 1 saen at pielile ! mail adre.cowa i believe. Way Cout the ad have an orpuction with themany, h wefel ouder, 954 33 the val• vibe and perhaps\n\nJedin, Wallaren & just frock\n\nde agama now forte, welch ona Buet dube and flu the opien Aussama with he shtened by the infola fl. I ny lay theft the Caporasons the priviles? Tulsa hofen first tt 3 most of a sign it in te hus it if a cap to the bus Apiral Artant Le prince exprely spalted\n\nlave taken thousleg and wande teen h 1 1. 3. 4. the Mures Harline as well\n\nrim. Makes, Trikish and Deson are beaugti pouite a Lourdidegente julet vai (mi shopal And Vichl uɔt bar caù radevi proses in the Bill on it word 27 Fench the Arms of when I intulia tourisme Dufur.\n\nsal a prerising so the Hup than a talir jo the ground man tar antena 1.01 That they have Ledger to aby times alere 2 1 membres. The Caletta paper of shoging setur in icipers would we if Chien eric tile of the fivement of Wind Sided the team muming to the Cormar auil steams, pubs to the Rait en nec irwings with the the Arai Ordin His facombency-Ret the Bibe on quite ge 1 work. An vīze to do what was bu\n\nHELENA V--À mudine lay\n\ndimora ili plin e She older, silmukinkis Paediatan 7 bevalt kelly the stor passion in Set manier bor. Bobbink it better I posted ant than all the ly. Des the har anbeek for andrewmelt the adjylampu \"At: portugal this pics eren di 25 jer zeet in one cave casi 40 pe: 19 in the Plas pinturas pertand 1516405 the lies to hear sy toe the grand ranline bezynneg\n\nanamalungat sapày tố thn Gorman ren fine French? book plaists of 2 30 sta\n\ning Seal wall boding. At 2014 why waich shaman has twat on what intrated 1912 and tonar quintys n. 2. 1-1 proton, P. RY-It asiatonde fue bed, aut agreed Fat of my objaption is murovision In Cams par dachungs liste lhe mano priviligie\n\nPaw the charts who had the wo₤There is a is tappants).\n\npaint ways to\n\npisi i idee to cumbia Paste jd\n\nG\n\nHos) Chara-l put\n\nThe Care Jokes--I did thù say vi\n\ntorn.\n\nL\n\nturn and in meiners as\n\nsped\n\nthe\n\nbasin oë zyreezioak t\n\nموسم\n\ndesakit in\n\nPARAMENT\n\nwill buy\n\nEia Frontemery==]l' it is Groesch, Cint pedalion on the table, un, if you wish it. I wild the cha\n\nThe de-L--] Em khat we go into Caminittue sed them is in\n\n(adily per chiave to the Willis hig\n\nel Core\n\nnear maniere or unly to the Web P\n\nHóa, 3. Ben-byvryem Loose liacapply is the\n\nTos ÁQUINA ATTORNKY(Šarveau-eľkou nos\n\nauto poveis e euser, best\n\nThe lam name, quiler to the Freind van za\n\nJunge and to plage withie and sérias glajar erren gee deurge, but on es dara Le sera narells coridem suhung to the remains chidy at the interese le his dear we trase de son A. P. MAC isa\n\nbali al Cha; alsanat estivip code profcod prste collecunt the chase of the hides poleto Corpurītāji today. Lock 2 Väly mastered is Iwaded in Horching, len na rundages sens to be pee No mention a hint the echar af fur langat the Emperial Maritime Acabern*, and they will i think a den Oelizanez main interland with HD. A P.DALSTEN -IGA SA ron don'\n\ni pertura as nas will wijous to the samed\n\nCecial di\n\nestit,\n\nflation was that plut\n\nelde zdj\n\nturun low\n\nPrilag audio\n\nom\n\nk\n\nsay, faksien, wheat, which is need to a distance shipping of ang proforting beer til in gedetin three the data of peas or Trips fard that the vases ara apart by ontwil wees as suld bath of trade, ad coily wear i inn: bent ou the theers of nerokasitar\n\ner tyks on the true whales wag makin puisable offwage eats ggling hot is nou autre [6 red wine and give ves prisile the Fennu upp Joares they we zend scamat\n\nfren: the smugging the wmaki je sulfoient The Denna vanad. per to his swing by thas, in China sad nishing seals in the pol There hurters resta amacity of this feet this we adraulicy was the gaired by Care, phat rus bindicable Tiers Laven,\n\nfind_Clupost_dleaners any now than to tan fhina manna, bas you hate to apply for pomels. Cas nga sill be navigand the magen | Stading, Austrion, and Anvivion maid gitna Angra, bathes passing schi who orus Mick plan 2 past efron rbjusted were the set that the li the hun the Chizu piva doduer, mes junk subygd og m pat up legs in se grob smaidaraflin by the sad she din innband of be a tiraci duten\n\nBy A. D. Markyra-That tabiz up tigh were a god of tree at The force and the 1 bali, both sha uce there er fi: otra mile the word therein. If we try of Stain the 24 Buientes but the\n\nthe Grint Fees Churene dentown sali sed the war, Pul chens was authority to Speratury of Eade for Ford Ge exprez abg bed sheets a wiensh They so manierata alle sene bade the properties than th unct de star is Sato, Farson, Ánny. Our tail ti Furman, ander tete, an toge bain Fritz is best to wingence of the change Annoy future deing is tais mate. With main bengkak formand, [about? by As if. 16 janke es el red & g; in the nods of eclecting the Jutjar. beppans list the hot, memaker's schatt is finer res estad. Exportar Pithnat spamvirati, įtie Preat food sut mail bade it allude toda for to the west, prying they she\n\nslum they imy Suite geing and bent prietal cat by the late Canal, ona ALE E the Pipire 1970101 a Vernen 30engthiy muha of $100 best From Fieniles de jet fra base boot menyetorand · 6: la costilla me whilst\n\naddrenges of the ante-age: shops, and dimng with quorvaut od w2gbk, that at the achos Talet based rad a third is a possi\n\nAnt\n\n1 Cia\n\n13. Kah tering Polyte\n\ndbergegabuara\n\nDanial NetA\n\nThe Bouzellerydingly adjud lat\n\nday, let Apelork\n\nCall Audun fhe Pobrat\n\nstar\n\nili fe lijenti pop get free louirasi-rabz\n\nTAG ANDLITION OF ORVAT ENKVINNOR\n\nTom The Athuenggadores; mid; TEs. 13. Evans-Quell yon pas habis. 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Compray dinomuler, the penoise tlag bei ande.\n\no Feighs 15 V pre veulen or svimaa\n\nTah Dior KUPERVISOR OF GRIMINAIS\n\nTrans So who extra caj melions ? meszbi 155 back veil te mutants are\n\nclist, porte Pas Concaution\n\nH\n\nlive Shack in both arm, and her hasa mi show sandal je armij reactly for Hutan rights, 12 may sumuney damit defined amon and zog extended, geurzaks | ant serve de serenely, the plane ras pakla alafly, I am guide home that would mocens\n\nโรงเร\n\nFinal reunied sonsšicentina in Cem-Curves; lést to the decali: of the P. & Than Stagh-\n\n# EXCLEANY TITE TIME DORNO.D. Rut & Citape they delim putembeat it isposable to her hat red to tatutes of lit entitiAn Unlins for that fe in 1958 liba Prot bad av les; \n\nthehap given lg Mers, Blahol fee what shing\n\nHo.. MAD,\n\nBen Sa\n\nHet J. Pure, Bagaggers Onsessa\n\nG. tour. Mat\n\nHo P. RYPIC.\n\nY W Su\n\nTou. A. f. MADEWEY\n\nMin. C. P. Da\n\n-kayo.\n\nMy. A r Cork of Connalla,\n\nELSAXTO\n\nat\n\nJan P. Kreiz -The og fl TENO\n\nbit\n\nEstud then the people in colinabo and Álm, al james mich then algunes dag.\n\nmonitori-Fusola klug aparate tien in pot\n\n· Grosur. A ye tu pasan at wall items to it. Jiva i komended 3 amable thing to put belea, the Gidnich but..\n\n14s, what 1.2 on fires, phare to retain thi: re: fumettent of the path pronomen were 4211, 2014 resept for your to p\n\ni zemně buy d-land\n\n[Shi Nha vrhom the stone mason is quoted kút\n\nME, ALIMan of $2,495 shares date rompts genanga 24 bizim and are Istor them out my wins as to is la se sar hay we wait nawazling apiens mester Fox tem neelucht in for the Crazna i sagluit; on. The Caselon le! Werner and Gasteninare inca 1995 a\n\nor Sell for wine met\n\nCELITE\n\nTAR Claēd ezi... \n\nwant the\n\nit'\n\nCor? Francine say vayer reach 2 saula Eventile infant of cut me Costa, mara wist eTVOER ↑ Feira lan Parchi e a apo Chivese dualey, to 150 station and Dangmp's of the Mrvangerine idaresina taste of late Joskusi Fou. A. ? 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Lama, Colonia Prese\n\njunk ar wat orrland: Les 80 var rent. of dry that ungarska neuren, ihutegiakonalej samofin het little dalem e The Wale is yok by senast samo por est. dr zetail -rule 299 tinklinazzo Boost PULA 2an fires bellow, rås till visas nd, dat jongstede, and another wifeFRËNG PT', | instadt -1 Shing 25 the Grain- | The Belais parks el wing The\n\nmpelkách by- which yog trend 10 thy statu Chunky or atentaud Bongjang inilute în Pang¦ Skis Colona (zu weke na vncy perceptibiG\n\nstylisn't got 1. Are we - luf. it would wander murevisits and to voet slimeone is to the pood it moet bu huur tot ignor Alert APO : \n\ndaperaklas from lezowlsige unw—199% inslaving. S Thadeinė trenerja in the phone ofjitaseine, all the A catvalíza porta Munil, als de Nanging and compile ohjuries au tuo perviour ancestown that sum the pity fasted The Rath\n\nIt is a wi to siphong; and to Ansabe aus doing heren 11 116ct paulin bere for a Utte Cort har dissoison. if he ran it cost the Brunile is dumine evitan in farints and sated tha: laty is al domicis at, as an [6m ra, \n\npontán Destashon, or heals, gra theid. Ki think wines by the whole of Haz Zujorty's\n\nVåra discists curzia in the trunk.r\n\nbode at the online wich he grumpy ponit te slate the mold is seeds pate the plan Its roll be pustied tirely indipures to takes pane saved to a vaît put Cu Gorennent tafels varyads. Vader Ausserdem\n\nw whom I refer wing it that law. DT is to month of haulkrastinate we can they given by govt would in sohle net will regel students. Then we be His Valley He Anting His rather shathing and host of the withstand what I wi\n\n14 acheni which plications have artean in the new well in the guts of the Column nedan. When the mount and Fey lay the miller i\n\naler resmentally bəlove du Parres Qabetur mapommaking i\n\nnet with mistrz of the data in andpas hy het juis Gwenesat, woate prafent, i hiệz reten wand! \n\nFunzwerth - we the intriguing of the trompete at with the French 17me38 2 buy of State if the Clution of Ormisses Day raise a 53 dan selay in white Court who's & wakes, baie vlamence. Carat they would late to strewed in Ensleira af finer they scrutely an fill platine, far them it shahrirdaver to to Manitery Here! one after the stain the tinientury to the bless u be remet bangles Weil Sames Ordinates to the was more. It alwman of the Milpel varies in one pieces\n\nbeing pre a top transea is 4711n ja tie and the Convention except the conteurizat to the Chambers Queen\n\nI want to fill oftent to whole at Chemajuan me tong, but use then the be\n\nand anyosted on that when was I told wh sind test it, until are able to pore dat is of Cemre he have thermody zacvet\n\nthe rates of the to note to be suis puisi ses gitan za a Guna - we the the Fizes the time they have always his best gand spontan, Su far as i adr wire huntfel, is tale\n\nthe cast in a tisk og fora, is tam bring forwaret the shirk The nursion will in forque and in th Hugland taken med To way you will not use a 2:1 is Comani\n\nthe pile or whet felbe Shay kick it was it. He lost for kid we weeks 2 by the Cost certainties as of-5 in at itin pratis, it comma files fortition\n\nto Atatlige te mirikun the Prach muil-form it by then to ha plug analy alle si kacs of an aer hereby nie have count and who ou : 422003, aut singh aut base renad by the Finques Cesnittenes up\n\ntrinic Invred. The desire is anders, to say Freedesk wallet, yet it di\n\nsion phion they both wo tight sa cagg 1 The 3 fr pot for corrvices in ocenu. A. R. Mae Game. Ron. Wong Shire And pew/1\n\nmunli reby may stand a newmanto, Flues the\n\naromat e tue at and the saccusate theming that he had made Negri tomoni and to the Comfores is scare range billing\n\nBizi Avram-n and latin fur evinces as the Profitar, and it was lose che mich them band of a Pul Cosmention tend a short, Findingly went t\n\nJets as petals with thay haya entered into, but aitan. 1. Byrie only entity for ninas,ush wild and navlity; of a les lechers but sadlastere infiered that she mbette 2123 he serged which; sangles con but may lo satiate grant to yours for 15%G. Amarine penshrajemy is fèra Purse 21 3-rasion tock low my the\n\nThe As Apothee\n\nthay be was have tax effed to thighs. The only foul will were ATOL HITOK Vf this Postal Cervention, Craft innd Bat is want zamen,kan) that lies to when a 15.Citure gali b\n\njonna Mili \"An Dedinave tee the lotion TR. wn that sita dites has rain and extim of Me Then win the\n\nHar fi inider the gulding of the lende in Optum.\n\nCarnot of avium going on ta faliny tina kulia nie (g) 11 he moment wanted the traku set a tare prin which French staves egy cerudian uppdim of the best out in the Peetel Cano\n\nsary well Thai Frar seus exictly the chap The Nice It use as compute spon which all natz bax i psi, busty at that tho wyol on for thn 17-a-pad I should thus dia duty 19 kn sinet in Polish Peta The parengrondenes which mens at 3 songsss it wɔdid his thoun. Fin Baron Hot P. Buna rederieking on\n\nde them for flow was potrete it to buy gerend intrining tate hill was that wo wieber thes Chems would brine inthalted for the fire this to Gardens word of shouted an\n\n•fice a year uni tra leiter WAJ\n\ntherearstick feller was in one stopìotařechance the stäver £26685 por zak; ties I That was 2009 the unle Naomi if Qua tration for statii raat site: 1949 654 Card which fat coctaient vizora. Tapes:tives of mis meeldis ut et the Cheris Come\n\naglar that a sofring their phd valine it with the Cames Grunt to I will say who mecia e fjet easy port duty and pre cetrack this soli janwew, and ara tu saiety tunay you wit side o\n\nde priemies, the face of the late to see the rowtarts with the Chamber,\n\nVinaph Agile finekin duty by instieg in da bere in-inturama, bat ethice had to be joze inz¦ Dogre --Jian Santa thre znizatest apna la The markerizina, 1. tapi te fui Sicit cerizing to theirs with a tiam to Corparten beigu da wan thurid wished to serve * like a martubeitum, bio to the art 15 Julia at port of varying in pre andately 1 time amarganet e tue of the learned\n\nIn inly tostar in that and love to lo ag Ar A Garmany't had the takes bar v mene i Tha muda pen\n\nUNIFOR Dinamis, in abuze, opdage to you as le consider in aging the first grew the eleginence it a wild enter it, we had share to store a “ple metuar of chau kilat the red ligte C with so on ■ 1 ok on my viking for is that is 5 fun of hetimi pura ste namissime for Hongrie That thin on my art the out\n\nHire Dedener. He el referee very hig\n\nw back which tay hajeelle key to ivory:g the de I wish tom, thus | Camillion 302, Fi\n\npå druvor, i vaskega potions and commenço in the behavior in any app, from the of belah kiri idite the hair of the pastity of opine alipod from the Calers-Writing and, of the fifton His a brit The TI to hit hers. It was ihn soil.\n\nLimedrontier Janani ka Bio Pranch Century. HA..! thw { mr the of anne ikui ä şiched to eat will sembele man the subject, fu funt ie spel commanity, when be much then that he had ang pebseriems spaar latera. Thank ɔe intention | pinplete vertilgea, saj porcibly gifbanenen kẹ goun, we then, wer der sompising? Dum and\n\ni), envie was kid the Frein air as Hale, al they engimas of an award Edited it in the mats to her fact me for fritistaat uid net doel with. He fan Faces a ball set to be the 3 this dinners to his Kinky se serie the case he wond at the d\n\nLITE ONE JA, D little of the vilas of genre which is a strand sine bar lele and the noised strativas Wentyna se small esmorzulung at the pal-jengsement if shale neramic The art ther I may ad male in!! tu minuga mīkla ang zonemurkykuar 135a maari ession Daud alineatisi purios bath ili onge and fellik, a tran profun their reloads of spine and try a 2 would be. 1 14 tal was pr Kemer the contine Vondi. Tudi meld the matte, comforting angeline into bi bilo tetto alle parberg al wat it ruilar Runner RFQ The tim mallu baru to be preferly the ear infected to imply a tree Malay to Engrated the chapter inte les drawn Crane with Chrome was sitt. The feat\n\nCat, if thromillega a tin late: Miche de nuit para\n\nin gjething did, 1984 | Breman wul Vigself to Ele in a long live cams lead at the times in tan streem meer-ren was asutation, buraude de inte fans who, for any the pay it hverken whetings wile the Fermee dan abamed the\n\nhan cobla a posting to my kom tiny ahoram for this portals of the stresses the gol, baseman (but nabagă lale a downly. Is par pai himling avohire Billy to order at the day for sund. Genera unni jaay possibly vaši upya me tre par nomoparaan. Yhawk sormos mesto je aniluen gil man that the Jin Germinest about dair. Shunga wet seanclas that the retom od jehem not V jiled na the\n\n10.86105. Kad 2 ovath ho imposte to negotiates its raud ad sent for christ. 13. of day as far as a way to that feel. The with heat. here in bet his Estar shy Chir Justice, Yanzersca\n\naminhoud for in eply zuurin rat aon by dien hat! \n\nraitics Najmy'n cabinets Homes The Curta\n\n* Uliakash va bantuan peltor. 1 drama to four sport to make blir luci berhak and they were artiste oleh pesan Nasar of later this in Shef WT untried lame is an\n\nsation the sandminelele en grade partium, what was able to printed at the goat burbs or filliestres la fierig, in essent, of brincar ky start, the road drive offering, parts men die and thus Cogniat, but tour boyer is sy Ed. Wheny hoy. chovercoms pinware, the last ten do renty every time at Baldwint failing for in India, m. flere rail des by Jinny the clay real tear that left the large in Disini aldera hald\n\nThe Crope Janez-d. £ ventlo: að hafury mary matkang kwaad is I should make opgre, ktorou \"They wond gerer by sad iqrrive wi se jakay proposed bulka na the astour. Well the tuxen chazyconie je. Puede dista\n\npar medal i tinguen all. Che thing to me to be head in far of this red in thalation map the lind this privilem, the Hause--Tews the any moanine salf, be of Ha has buna telly nourish\n\nvast kel wash my side int\n\nwith star importans podiu bashorat. This » supered the Dosarmers Whet lekë draga jote amo te uppomini na tehall of jie thorena- nub mpékā to, ka in this. AF there bạn Tema anguisht, ziatheroe belief að hry, élj teke ühen\n\nfalfas it was the minuman or will be diverted suca of the wala hn dainded to mix pasakain bat aggastrian ng the part of the muodistal szezonzík | pariunvīnza, vele to their Suspeente Eur wish at the camergaity you is ditives, onite independent of the theplomer, hail requet\n\nvior of singo Cunill y deja ofile Court to a Governua! \n\nRas AG ATTERY-ENFAT-Ou What are Haplet, but Lafall to the superku. kforlage incline if Legg a\n\naw of ice watlar og fra le the fire dance, ware. The nan this item is a net they marinani? \n\nuily abansulting with, dr. Justice Serai), RĂ Molinetehoidend City and met win the base coma wielogar te arohte. Be olguin it, will not, the Suavel to Hung it 11 faw and thai ant they shop W. BY-26ly routon tin to what wet but boet mens peut le ma\n\nthe sirensburg), ju pick van hey, I ova bros place if it all, of legislativa sentirga kruks in our ser fünt truds beze and farmine the plant low that pille i study of cial it: Matty fastummey Farrant, section. That in de que but. To piest por make mi vous crating into the love thempit if van die down, so be, amb fit in the non xtra Hiser-No, i raven spent the Tether onto the Hill 17\n\nJy kan dan janit to The Tuspeutics of Ülineso vidners! nu ask for\n\nde which | urivileges to fiu awam. The have been edit is mer s tematy be marrondisju de un asid lines bed further the Varsi, stress, offers ar ant ont is best while\n\na beat the\n\none by the 200.master! sectione qué un Nie warsting\n\nEinarast size die Bury w any convenien\n\nCl 1 batus of themy Colony, price to the pay 877, dy te lang punish them. That work is the Ching to white onder arrangeranych jakich month in th\n\nth Sagment? \n\nOF THE CRIES JUST diere izena, baca benkel in pekevalsti \"the fur | of the Chade tacóntion. Mr. Jester Bunny Rugga untelevat very cost mut very ball of man hoc vàng. At that we bernil\n\nder the Jews trans the use of the gate nel post. We reisile the net esory Amina Posestvendims has a trap a long an\n\nmy at the Freerkchonendy Kishana na wamatira riller meva Carnage on Philippi i cruteraand ki, belilay in malią i found to get in the 47 Mathayo 2\n\nLeón, suppevice ma web 11, groot mind and Talent think fere can be helyez. het by En event of Rome and af Phe dates deemuzeeNo, I hope to be bek Sademe yer ve jahte of bely, fu stay silk to may be elatan, but for the sale would hate og hitte comonly as water and latin seintele forms o Poustu plunk 1 luces adportal the donucensed | fitue autovriy jarangzen in virgulher to whole of 1 dan enamat ly get salon, mark \"ile \"wände¦ A Pred rete në des\n\nWhen spor alt article, w\n\nPostul Cement with Youpe is in iif 1. C. The Late Fran-13hy not puts it for a forma antzingo for by has he to the Chrom I am doua lurenie Linkers via una de les falo, ulet en list; and thin and we are catering data on Congreving if year in paar bleet? mac ar riel der heu part of baseline er der man fristen leren is rare and will pusk atarian as The Aezer Anton peecegro-The Pedal Late of Paris, an for tretace this very\n\nrecedent so mendi keskindert in the groomi Ho bastar forward when we has, irsen i eva. Yeats Y was this without on sting las among atimatkowego the mud Cities Corner can i fenal probatay but having this indiore will be ritual i uretary and Fatin may be cone per shout the anth of mail with kan sonun for a thrown all si\n\nmalker a povalni vlagu, mud na za ní anilation on the thalal abs who was in Color den Me East. uewaltd reference in das Tureira tal on a dim the uk for bug on a Portal Cutronson, Processes by alive walter the Irbied ist die how w mikeyan instans Wers with le toit dimmer Lig with those 2nd few-13 mean there placid in st Mena, de RAM APT to the long av bat Pontit conventions Specialy did get of my, and Z base the\n\nlaris, 1 op met my ewu koortsie, ancamanā mirių, puntally and in was. Will, gaflew, baring our Chinese pret for sestra thinese her sorrakis. Three have almpje iste trepantly ban into 165 17985; and firm there bring so other arktido meuspt fun that pre placed on. Plase RIP Thy ge+sta-Iranh- ; 11st wps #his fat an ovansive, they forgot is in the leanly in this moi Delivansy sad I think Lee has San Teyfuúrij\n\nJust a shit on com varaste, they made his way that of 13: Polit, they are, how my happy and is heat in ti ben ang foolhas to the malba. Ja Geina į men try my hen, asechers of de Campo, Dhirkondigerestop beprotecí barvan nuveman zigas in us. It may be with the realetten, of rap ya\n\nFor S\n\nphiaethum sy in Tid anquete the Choparenting areas, discussing and rise: wille kim-et fouses, which meald kran ensuite clumsinessticart the Canted--it in a setter last creurruel hogar cheese, or tries te ngare and oporavi ti mureve I blissed it was up il par 304 to the terms of the from Acme, Lar] thich it showestoft hire-not it is sold this joy in that 2005 me here on Calirsace! mrvi praužikondly ka wat jydr. f, ji in wat NJ The fiue JKTOR-- Na I bare not baan ini\n\nsa oled je navjerak etter bya, pané a z Grace social lo antik we drgicam Inst\n\nJay he was JTTELWhat 1. muld point thing the weply to many defini shown at the when this conilty. but he isquite her i would att en siiratante, degi.\n\nJution of the tmde Peruusly for furry de sp I bure lat roy the Mirvany aderente ore Calory-Ans Loomad part of the Big m\n\nthevur whinit un panas nimetty. If vhurn sexo ang fate that we for fazein) pemas\n\n•any the. Make a thunday xperT ADD I Can I SIG OF B besoin in filen he tud for rust en tinem Trust me, sabatid 139. Eihines antlarities they fusille to rate a healed that does residen.de in that tikel, et ta ei pysis-Thist in what I agr\n\nNo in Igru not a single na karna pamanings Canoan inerchants in frish Cetuxima Mediatica Primall angster | chown the isok tmán in een by the En be wis the muret\n\naf pill erire it's Peath investuar et de asily ifatil merchant in a wart of this will be dras say he dranean in Ent retail, rhr cut the rate of Pacin which the in\n\nChint for 10 Mac 206 still chairing t Earlier into quasiliashion when with Chegmay hangovering Bustin marten think this Colgay right to rank Terah Ju Linder Tausa pieramogao i think that i to žinių, elt, bees. the Tenend Cord whoapoi gravation of waggling wo quran for persons a man y la amalerparel in tropones of the pulleres some bitch China to przeit nigging to plan - mich pose, and 15 arvekodentu ma purcibly diet plan imana mech, srike prose Bill Ova 1861, I think. in the city Tatlove to think that van Christ a bary bezels to regulate with eto de punya rieg ship the b Cameramant, would from, to hug Han A.P. Crime--I made and that the mud Lady Pluitqqu may have is pilnatist res Ta thig forumúl wine la pena away I d epass it warna tá nas Beau songs of the webtvs Įnorisa af waat die trane in Bangkang was fgling Tuto Denchong. What has becha ile egy öt i stannars for the pergies of haink tians at my in the Como il b\n\nde meenal Bill lees n the gppese (tot Tradien disappens of slogan uk the enga wed aneh vilaes this Coimmy x- ment, ended. New are the offered masher die fant iter and die door de toe lidently, de sed in a wand the Low In why that tears Chir Jure, ith try inclitary way shit Pedal fondly Isate\n\n* tuning of protesting The Casalsaan Sophiina | Ordenanmu shatt mulig in Furs à long asiguratel belgle = van borans, le bo tormanni, betales thu¦ inmates in Wika named in that, 5 thine il regines irent. But we drove dhe antiso opřena vinster See what part of the mườ\n\nThe Agetre Jure work of the Cha Rinile, me at the bly due to Mr Julien Bassel to state that Noi farm not of rhte plam and go. It. Breng to your Von Weil A Pea immer gani hush that i tha hefine in sest neity in war has tulla ty\n\nna sill be go thank en farmalities. Thang Jon-What I mit with year of the ideal Exxentive very lavremeno, pulisa ja svenstain went than torniyam, lisa 1 of stoeping a camel anitre « tarnijen dog like ikut sing in the Cern fat. Fausto Coibar Lim round a kere, followed lat mate in lenght feed there and very time wey, and it's wis milage and arms and armasta sy, er enk\n\nthe uparty of AT! EPE wart his hel\n\njesu presta apmetnað taking refuge in havet, i nak kami na tom,n) Bitt defenderul, back nf surgeries, His Buy --I hi in de pe down inte pentually, when of 10 1 tyring en te rend when he paid\n\nis in. We Gasimuniti lame mereum Of the rewil trwią silk war, wo lane padas Fesarim boscuti ha rafussi jao spinžon.\n\nindian by the Eter alia they wer had the terraedelapani what tony w 1brities hourly. And why? Beste bulk aborsi they will to see eciel ist | Amesisity, you singt areesh 7re%), weil 13tala wond its considering Wat Phe CoJESTICE - ST. very\n\nwal em Amewone which it 4, hi tins to the mere fancit the hix H red hu it with: permission. No in a thich 1 leva ao debt the Stary of gossal a happy cokarm stowany to tim ka ar shelter dianter, Jende new mesh das Clodiaze but\n\nbist sector for tusind an 10 which I was hy refer #ther bezales Gam. de Ball i\n\nil salg Ila Grabenen in the feven in which it is! provimit Ühemselves in kudiy, Lan app that either from not adderaundup in this speaks the Tann, mener, if they\n\nIzom deeffumates, or think i fa mall sētrulica do Pho feunt th Hou. Het het was in wer waters, netbier of the sort that premission right the Pratinastoral wards Its Conc sejemand a\n\nat that the bend in mice, it had Hally, the the Creative 11 thing\n\nluck. Muu\n\nClist Properly Tatoon is thus the payout it the 70 phawla fest in the walnag, a Fugees of hul i mars, arst thin is a fonte Bram-Te, I think the mattey tan leat preston su wake what are 1\n\nact our hir Janne veel un to aty, it was routed that ecruinn's might, ir aug Belsish gor, apply for wink kita saamilinen pak\n\nwervisi ve YOLO NILİ Ç\n\nglaz se had our 'vi for versione ha scene pood HS SATANGNe t'ith it fear wax thai plet a Chine was unt, wed water this rivenne dance, if is dan on that seromat. De racjzeizel to my bear stry-Groural begins why they cart Jet CE SONT REIZ ÜESPEA\n\nsmall hou. Daveboys here know\n\n50\n\nmat, they\n\n1\n\nTHE Mendarat & T\n\nWithin Pity I have for swords on the wenzien, abra Liscount fo yan? tution of Love myself. The Mr Jatsu Bunt Poster by the deforms--that has refused! we was abriped to 470 cxt thing (waykl Mathur Phat! the pet of B Freneu Agats or CrisisUNIAL TRACE: --Lathas Cruy crupul to semblar, send les bars alus! blogai by the tum verune, ie ogiam bevaghi as the enley ballarga; fan tea. The adverf that we got strendured uscites 20 sethes¦ba imal to bump wtw sniegustavus. Į Tik so +354 fun wayda of turnwell Smar\n\nCharents and set! Aster Kremly, as the this vendutely neid. 2ine wigh; | Buat 855 improperate ante la pas d'ere that they the pissed. Mr. Jother Bus: herum tier petits, azbitsevily on sol sul? No wios will be given in vessela baking; nhậraflugi do kas skrainians lage genes happening he the weghy of Paris, Trin porfimalar | TRANCE-tez y sentid′′ 13 +ll %\n\nAlett\n\nTaperaren months bu\n\n1 hitel: plants to mora fermes? Grullensa. Sijas but it would be biggest\n\nward for two ne bio days and for t\n\nsetrazduotas, but i han gian the li\n\nwore to l\n\n+357 20596. Laat PUTTANA, Bal was that the cam 7 It slow | RENT Snags - 'ting to aggressivit perisign from the Corsal. Seraph, The Saczetrin af Stalin thote vaba lo be god skin explored by\n\nin thepre- then freit en vormiparay of them at bes that Fold catre The end, entertained Phape was a phat ass\n\nFICHTE JURIDIS\n\npre\n\nMr. P. Krans-Not the ligh\n\ntogether in xxx or fill, any on the stud they got them trim ile dos- hip pamats was drawn, Jul Fram House\n\nher of the Berativo Chines) à\n\nfendi's Report Italy in high from Australis sa pitonis 145 20 prodest springt il art to give him bezoar to tie | land mapat, Íñesa švá demulto recourt at Wegen gwn to which he stut racemestitim of Serday of mine in the wura nag that. I lacid | Objaz ta tha papel, eiginul in the beag of ja paved pants. Thus, Mr. Sas bunn nut TGV JUST-Fran\n\nuitam lippene ma\n\nDhare the right, 10 da aldur to Riza myte arising is bougkung rphich won angel fiste. It was radicam. Srby z Proacă sed (hargas dahing va istina in gran far the writ bahn sayted, ¦ Inastista ani, sa tinl do thto lie her number 2uil for chair basing toprofent seatust tad pire the tasks if this threach the zei it was that, Atchas time fúil zel Jakim de fuavite nakrabacio\n\nFast stra good the within 1 bold cow, but I was by feman girza brain! Smal\n\nThis Bermary of State, stärk. † have no doubt 12, met azfording to tie Competie freincale dhe Kscondino Court and one tho otcem res on the high crac.\n\nADJOURNMENT.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-232 - Acting Governor Marsh Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [4-5].txt",
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    {
        "id": 334372,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-233 - Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 194,
        "title": "CO129-233 - Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "∙189\n\n20.\n\na few men are wanted\n\nfor the purpose\n\nof squeezing; at best they\n\nare only two ordinary\n\nworking men;\n\nthe evidence in the hand of the Police point to their being habitual thieves.\n\n(Signed) Edw. J. Ackroyd, Acting Attorney General\n\n13th May, 1887.\n\nThe Daily Press.\n\nHONGKONG, FEBRUARY 21st, 1887.\n\nRENDITION CASE. Three Chinese, Thu Sang Chieu, Thi Har Shing, and Ching Sam were brought before the court charged with burglary and murder within the jurisdiction of the Emperor of China. The men were arrested by Inspector Quincey and some assistants in consequence of a communication from the Chinese authorities asking for the rendition of seven men on the above charges. The three prisoners are said to be some of those wanted, the others being at present at large.\n\nEvidence was produced to prove the arrest and identity of the prisoners.\n\nMr. Caldwell, who appeared for the prosecution on behalf of the Chinese authorities, applied for a remand in order that he might have an opportunity to formulate specific charges. He also asked that bail should not be allowed and that the prisoners should be segregated.\n\nHis Worship remanded the case for a week, and directed that the prisoners should be kept separate, bail being refused.\n\nThe Daily Press.\n\nHONGKONG, MARCH 14th, 1887.\n\nCHARGE AGAINST A CHINESE MANDARIN OF CONSPIRACY TO MURDER. Colonel Li Loi, an officer of the Chinese Government, and Chun Ayut, alias Leung Yow, a hawker, appeared before the Court, the former upon the charge of subornation of perjury and the latter upon that of perjury. These charges were, as appears below, in the course of the proceedings supplemented by the more serious charges of attempting to murder and conspiring to murder one Leung Fa.\n\nOn the 19th February last three men were arrested in Hongkong upon the application of Colonel Li Loi, acting for the Viceroy of Canton, under the provisions of the Rendition Ordinance. The charge was one of burglary and murder, and the prisoners were defended by Messrs. Holmes and Dennys. The trial has been occupying the attention of the court for the last three or four days, and on Friday the evidence of the man calling himself Leung Yow, and passing as the nephew of the woman robbed, was questioned. Witnesses were called to prove that Leung Yow was an assumed name, and that the man's real name was Chan Ayut. The man was further personally examined by Dr. Hartigan, and tattoo marks were discovered, which though somewhat difficult to distinguish, were declared by the Chinese interpreter of the court, Chan Kai Ming, to represent the Chinese character \"To\" (thief). Other marks were also discovered, and it appeared that there was little question but that the man is a well-known criminal.\n\nAt the close of Friday's sitting Mr. Dennys applied to Mr. Wodehouse to detain both Colonel Li Loi and Leung Yow. The latter was accordingly detained, but His Worship declined at that stage to make any order as to Colonel Li Loi. Mr. Dennys, thereupon, took upon himself the responsibility of having Colonel Li Loi arrested. Colonel Li Loi, after being under arrest all night, was, on Saturday morning, released on a bail of $1,000.\n\nOn the appearance in court on Saturday morning of Chan Ayut he was placed in the dock, but the Mandarin, who was accompanied by Mr. Caldwell, was accommodated with a seat at the Solicitors' table.\n\nMr. Dennys, thereupon, pointing to Li Loi said—I charge this man with conspiring to murder, and I ask that he may be placed in the dock beside the other prisoner. I have strong reasons for objecting to any distinctions being drawn between this man and any other prisoner.\n\nHis Worship—I wish to hear first what reasons you have for doing this.\n\nMr. Dennys—The overt act, which I shall allege against the two prisoners, will be attempting to murder a man named Achus, but whom I know by the name of Leung Fu, and who is at present detained, as prisoner on remand, in Victoria Gaol. The overt act, which I shall allege in support of my charge, is, that these two persons have, in connection with proceedings which have been taken before another magistrate in this Colony, committed wilful and corrupt perjury, and I say that had they succeeded in their designs, they would have murdered Achus, alias Leung Fu, who is charged with murder, and who would have lost his life. I am told, your Worship, that the position I am in to-day is not a proper one for me. As the solicitor in the previous case, I applied to the magistrate who was adjudicating that case to detain those two defendants, and to have them charged with perjury. My application was refused, but the magistrate informed me that I, having seen the felony committed, it was for me to prosecute. I am therefore here to-day, not as a solicitor for any body, but simply as one of the citizens of Hongkong, who believes that an attempt to murder has been made, and I therefore prosecute.\n\nI may say that I have in my possession a sworn declaration, made before a Justice of the Peace in this Colony, of a large number of witnesses who have all declared that the evidence given by Chung Ayat, the second defendant in this case, is absolutely false. I had these declarations in my possession before I accepted the challenge of the magistrate, and took the position of prosecutor. If your worship wishes me to give a brief outline of what these proceedings are, I shall be happy to do so.\n\nHis Worship—You will have to state what the perjury consists of, and the depositions in the other case will have to be referred to.\n\nMr. Dennys then asked for the depositions in the other case to be produced at this point of the proceedings.\n\nMr. J. J. Francis, Q.C., who was instructed by Mr. Caldwell, appeared for the defence.\n\nMr. Francis—May I ask, your Worship, what is the charge against the prisoners?\n\nThe Magistrate—They are charged with conspiracy to murder.\n\nMr. Francis—May I ask who is the complainant?\n\nMr. Dennys—I am the complainant.\n\nThe Magistrate—Will you then formulate the charges and give them in writing.\n\nMr. Dennys—I will do so. I ask your Worship to adjourn the case till this afternoon in order to give me time to do so.\n\nMr. Francis—I object to any adjournment. The two men have been placed upon the charge sheet, one for perjury and the other for subornation of perjury. Either these charges must be gone on with or others substituted, otherwise your Worship cannot adjourn the case.\n\nMr. Dennys—I apply, then, for leave to amend the charge made last night. I now charge these two defendants Li Loi and Chan Ayat with conspiring together to attempt to murder a man named Leung Afu, who is at present detained a prisoner in Victoria Gaol. I likewise charge these two defendants with attempting to murder the said Leung Afu, and I further charge the first defendant with subornation of perjury.\n\nMr. Francis—Subornation to commit perjury, when and where?\n\nMr. Dennys—Suborning the second defendant to commit perjury in certain proceedings that have taken place before Mr. Wodehouse, one of the Magistrates in the Colony. The said perjury consisted of the allegation that the said Chan Ayut, who then called himself Leung Yow, had been kidnapped by Leung Afu; had been carried away by him from a place called Kweichow, in the Shun-tak district of Canton; had been taken by the said Leung Afu to a place called Whampoa, and had been detained there for two whole days. I further allege that the said Chan Ayut denied that he was called Leung Yow, and said that he had never heard that name before.",
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        "id": 334373,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-233 - Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 195,
        "title": "CO129-233 - Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "I allege that he denied that he had a brother called Chan Koo I, and that he further stated that he had never been connected with any Chinese officials whatever until the 6th day of March, when he met the first defendant in Hongkong. He further said that he had never been in any Chinese prison; that he had but two marks upon his person, one on his head, caused by chopping firewood, the other on his arm, caused by a boil. He further stated that he had never been in Hongkong in his life before the 6th March, 1887. I allege that all these statements are false, and I say that Li Loi, the first defendant, laid the information in the case; that he attended in Court throughout almost the whole of the proceedings, and instructed the prisoner to appear in his behalf, and heard the greater part of the evidence that was given by the second prisoner. I say that the perjury, and subornation of perjury, were committed as part of the present charge of attempting to commit murder, and conspiring to commit murder.\n\nThe first witness for the prosecution was then called.\n\nChau Kai Ming-I am a sworn interpreter. I was present in Court on the 7th March and I interpreted in a case in which Chung Sam, U Shop, and Chang Chun, were charged before Mr. Wodehouse, Police Magistrate. The prisoners were charged with murder and burglary within the jurisdiction of the Emperor of China, in the 9th moon (October) of last year. I interpreted the evidence that was given by a man called Leung Yow. He is the second defendant in this case. As far as I can remember, the second defendant said, that on the 12th day of the moon he went to visit his aunt, Fu Ma She, that she invited him to stay all night, and he accepted her invitation; that he slept in the second depth of that house; that about the beginning of the third watch he was awakened by a great noise in the third depth. He got up and attempted to walk into the third depth but was prevented by two or three men. He went back to his bed and sat there. At the beginning of the fourth watch, he saw about twenty men pass him, carrying mat bags. One of them came up to him, put a mat bag over his head, and he was carried away and put on board a boat. There were six men in the boat, excluding himself, three rowing and three keeping guard over him. The three men keeping guard over him were the three defendants in the first case. They demanded $3,000 of him, but the second defendant said they would wait till they arrived at a shed. He was afterwards taken to a shed at Whampoa, a place in Chun-tak, not the Whampoa in Canton. When he was taken to the shed he had his hands tied behind his back, chains put on his legs, and he was fastened to a peg in the ground. The three defendants were constantly by his side. The first and third defendants in the other case demanded $3,000 from him. They took him to be the son of Fu Ma She, and requested him to write a letter to her, asking for the sum. This he refused to do. He was afterwards released, at the request of the second defendant in the other case, who said he knew he was not the son of Fu Ma She. He then put him in a boat, in which was only a woman about thirty years of age, and she rowed him back to Kwei-chow. When asked if he was Chan Aynt, he said he had never heard the name; that he had never been in any way connected with any Chinese officials before the 12th of the second moon; that he had never been in a prison; that he had but two marks on his person, one on the left temple, caused by wood chopping, and one on the right arm caused by a boil. I was called as a witness in those proceedings. I looked at the arm of the second prisoner, and found thereon tattoo marks of the Chinese character \"To\" meaning \"thief.\" It was not very distinct, but I have no doubt that it was that character.\n\nMr. Francis-What do you mean by tattoo marks?-Marks tattooed by a needle. They were of a blue colour.\n\nMr. W. M. B. Arthur said-I am first clerk to the Magistracy. I have been keeping the document signed by Li Loi requesting the apprehension of seven men. The document came to me from the Government officers in the usual course. I have before me a warrant for the arrest of certain fugitive criminals. The writing in black ink is that of Mr. de Silva, fourth clerk to the Magistracy. The writing in red ink is by myself.\n\n2. 190\n\nThe warrant was issued in consequence of the receipt of the other document. I know the defendant Li Loi. During the proceedings, he has been constantly about the Court. I have not seen him seated at the table, but I have seen him in Court.\n\nChun Kai Ming, re-called, said-During the proceedings, I saw the first defendant seated next to Mr. Caldwell, the solicitor for the prosecution. He said something in a very loud tone to Mr. Caldwell. During the time he was not seated by Mr. Caldwell, he was either behind the dock or stationed a few paces behind Mr. Caldwell.\n\nCross-examined by Mr. Francis-Mr. Dennys was seated at the table and was also a few paces from the defendant. There were several other persons near Mr. Caldwell.\n\nFrancis Xavier d'Almada e Castro stated-I am a clerk in the employ of Mr. Caldwell, solicitor in this Colony. I wrote the English words in the document sent by Li Loi, applying for the arrest of the men. I do not remember seeing the Chinese words written in the document. I did not see it signed. I left the blanks to be filled in.\n\nShi Ping Kong said-I am a clerk in Mr. Caldwell's office. I wrote the Chinese characters in the document by the instruction of Mr. Caldwell. I cannot say positively that I saw Li Loi sign the document. It looks like his writing but I cannot say where it was signed.\n\nHe said\n\nMr. D. E. Caldwell was next called-I am a solicitor practising in this Colony. I saw Li Loi sign the document.\n\nMr. Dennys-Do you know the meaning of the characters?\n\nMr. Caldwell.-No, I do not.\n\nMr. Dennys-I must confess I am surprised that you, who know Chinese far better than I do, should not know the meaning of these characters.\n\nMr. Caldwell-I know only about 12 characters. The document was signed in my office in the Queen's Road. It was signed in duplicate. One I forwarded to the Colonial Secretary, the other I sent to Mr. Maclean. I think I first saw the first defendant on 15th February last, the day before this document was drawn up. From my own knowledge, I cannot say where he lives. I was not aware that there was a Chinese gunboat in the harbour named Chung Was. I do not remember hearing the second prisoner state that he went on board that boat after meeting on shore with the cook, a friend of his. I saw the second defendant the day he came into court but not to speak to him. The only communication I had with him was in Mr. Arthur's room in the Magistracy, on the day of the trial. There were several gentlemen present in connection with the case, among them Li Loi, but I cannot say which of them gave me the instructions to call the second defendant as a witness. I cannot say positively whether or not it was Li Loi who instructed me to put him in the witness box. I remember Li Loi being seated beside me in court during the examination of the second prisoner. He spoke very loudly to me and gesticulated. He seemed to be angry and excited. So far as I remember, the words he said signified \"Do not let them go,\" alluding to the three prisoners in the dock. The evidence about the mark on the arm had been given before he spoke; at least it was after the discovery of the marks.\n\nCross-examined by Mr. Francis-I have been engaged in several rendition cases. The persons who come down in these cases always bring credentials from the Viceroy. I was thoroughly satisfied that Li Loi was authorised by the Chinese Government, otherwise I would not have acted. Several gentlemen came down in this matter, and from Li Loi's own statement and the corroboration of those who were with him, I had no occasion to doubt him. I was also satisfied because of the introduction he brought.\n\nMr. Donnys-I am not in a position to finish this case to-day. I think, however, that I have brought forward sufficient evidence to ask for a remand until such further time as your Worship shall think fit. I do not wish to appear unreasonable, but I should wish the case remanded for a week. My object in asking for this is that I wish to call as witnesses the defendants concerned in the other case, and who will probably be dismissed on Monday.",
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    {
        "id": 335713,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "page_number": 329,
        "title": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "content_text": "## \nThe whole border should have been well in hand, and something more held than was wanted, before the question of the frontier was entered on. When it's no longer a matter of force, but one of argument, enlivened by an occasional act of treachery, there are not many people better able to hold their own than Chinese officials.\n\nThe Treaty and Commercial Regulations are full of mistakes, due to ignorance of the Chinese and of the commercial and physical relations between the plateau and the plain. Opium should have been allowed to pass through Tonquin, for Yünnan imports are paid for in opium. Salt should have been allowed to pass into China, for there has been for many years a large import.\n\nMêng-tzu, a healthy town on the southern edge of the plateau (4,420 feet above the sea), should have been made the entrepôt of the Sang-koi trade and the residence of a French Consul, instead of Laokai, which is at the foot of the descent from the plateau, and which has a deadly climate. Some assurance should have been obtained as to the care of the road between Laokai and Mêng-tzü, the worst part of the route, neglect to repair which will suffice to check the development of the trade.\n\nThere are all the obstacles to the success of the Laokai route mentioned in my Report, and further there, namely, that the French seem to contemplate a system of passports and surveillance on the border, and that the Chinese officials are opposed to the development of trade over this route. The first objection is a much more serious one than it looks to Europeans. The Chinese have a well-founded dread of all officials, and the mere fact of having to apply for a passport will drive them away. It is in vain to try and persuade Chinese that an official is honest. I have had an amusing instance of this here lately: a Chinaman to whom a year's rent is due from a British subject will not be induced to petition the Consul at I-ch'ang, lest that official should do him some grievous harm. In China all are free to travel when, where, and how they please, so long as they keep the peace, and a system of passports would be regarded as a means of extortion, which, indeed, it would be very apt to become in the hands of native clerks. The second objection is also serious, because li-kin levies are arbitrary, and even when nominally fixed the printed Tariffs are never followed. The Tariff charge is then a maximum one; the amount actually to be paid is constantly changed from head-quarters, and is often a matter of compromise with the Collector. With so loose a system it is always easy to penalize a particular route and to hamper a new one. The French will have to find men sufficiently adroit to fight the cause of the Laokai route with the officials before it can greatly flourish.\n\nI have shown in my Report that the route between Kwang-si and Tonquin by Lung-chou will not be able to rival the present route by Pak-hoi unless a railway were constructed to the Tso-chiang, and that, even then, the difficult navigation of that river would be an obstacle. But when the French begin a railway, the Chinese could probably be induced to construct one themselves, from Pak-hoi to Nan-ning Fu, or grant a concession for its construction. It would be a short and easy line, and would completely take the wind out of the French sails.\n\nThe French have been very foolish in neglecting the advice of their missionaries, who have a knowledge of the country, people, and languages of South-west China and the neighbouring districts, an unscrupulousness and an enthusiasm for their country which would make them most valuable allies. In almost every one of the catastrophes that have befallen the French in Tonquin and Annam notice of danger was given them by the missionaries, and neglected, because \"le cléricalisme c'est l'ennemi.\" So little is known of the strength of the French missionaries in these parts that the following particulars may be worth recording.\n\n## \nThe Church of Rome has divided the Chinese Empire between the Catholic missions, so that each Society is in sole possession of its own sphere. The provinces of Ssu-ch'uan (with Thibet), Yunnan, Kuei-chou, Kwantung, and Kwangsi have been allotted to the \"Missions Etrangères\" of Paris. A glance at the map will show how compact a Franco-Chinese Empire this territory, together with Burmah and Tonquin, might have formed. Leaving out the two Kwang provinces, about the missions in which I have no direct knowledge, there are:-\n\n| Location | Number of French Priests |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ssu-ch'uan, Eastern | 32 |\n| Yunnan | 30 |\n| Kuei-chou | 25 |\n| Ssu-ch'uan, Western | 25 |\n| Ssu-ch'uan, Southern | 20 |\n| Thibet (borders of) | 20 |\n| **Total** | **152** |",
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    {
        "id": 335714,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "page_number": 330,
        "title": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "content_text": "## All these missionaries are Frenchmen, and more French than missionary, having, to a man, the views of Bishop Penginier, of Tonquin. There are somewhere about 150,000 Chinese converts.\n\nNow that the Chinese are awake to the danger that threatened them from the intrigues of the French priests, there is no reason, I believe, to apprehend any harm to British interests from their efforts, especially while there is such a bad understanding between the French officials and the priests. The converts are a scattered body, who would be promptly massacred, as they were the other day in Annam, if they tried to assist the French. On the contrary, by breaking up the population and introducing, to some extent, foreign knowledge and ideas, they prepare the ground for the pioneers of British commerce.\n\nWith regard to the military aspect of the Tonquin question, the reverses suffered by the French have done grave damage to French influence in South-west China, and, in a lesser degree, to the prestige of the other Occidental Powers. The recent disturbances at Ch'ung-king and in Kuei-chou were, without doubt, due in part to this cause; the leaders in these riots were military students, up from the country for examination, stuffed with a hundred lying tales of Chinese successes against the French—tales which would not, however, have gone down had there not been real successes to base them on. From what I saw and heard on the Tonquin border, I believe that the talk about a Chinese military revival is a darkening of counsel—words without knowledge. Chinese are no more able to stand up before European troops, properly led, than they were in 1842 or 1860. The only difference is, that they are now sometimes well armed. I heard an account of the Lung-chou engagement from two braves, engaged there, who journeyed two days with me on the way to their homes in Kuei-chou. The French marched into the midst of a body of 50,000 men, armed with repeating rifles and abundant ammunition (in spite of Chang Chih-tung's statement to the contrary in his Memorial). They said: \"We were ordered to fire all day and all night; the French said it was not fair, as they had no time to sleep or eat.\" The lesson to be learnt from the Tonquin war is to strike quickly if it is necessary to strike at all. The Chinese can make good plans, and carry them out with much determination, but they are never ready, and require a comparatively long time to consult and prepare. No time should be given then.\n\n## Burmah\n\nThe Yünnan officials treated me with marked politeness, and the mediation of Sir R. Hart was frequently mentioned in flattering terms; nevertheless, there was much uneasiness about Burmah: all inquired what we were going to do there, and preparations were made for defence on the Burmese frontier, General Ting, with 5,000 men, being sent from Kai-hua Fu to Têng-yueh in January 1886, and T'ang Taotai being sent from Yunnan Fu in February to superintend the defence of the border. This meant, no doubt, intriguing against the semi-independent tribes south of Têng-yueh to secure their hostility to England. At Ssu-mao, where I stayed eleven days and became intimate with the officials, steps were being taken to put the frontier into a state of defence; besides the right wing of the P'u-êrh Brigade, which should number about 500 men, and which has its permanent quarters at Ssu-mao, an auxiliary force was being enlisted for the defence of this part of the frontier, the officer in command of which, with 200 men, arrived from the Tonquin border a few days before I did. The Magistrate, who was a protégé and a fellow-provincial of the Governor-General Ts'ên, told me that he had recently received instructions to repair the wall of the town and to have a Map of the neighbourhood constructed; he said that the reason for strengthening the garrison was the confusion that reigned in the Ch'ê-li territory.\n\nThe Chinese Government wields little real power south of Ssu-mao, and contents itself with keeping up the prestige of its authority by an occasional act of treacherous violence. Thus in 1884 Ma Chung, the General at Pu-erh, engaged a Mahommedan, also named Ma, to assassinate the Ch'ê-li Prince (called Chiu-lung Wang by the Burmese). The man sent was a friend of the Wang—more, they had exchanged tieh-tzu, i.e., were sworn brothers—or he would not have obtained admittance, the Wang being extremely wary. He was to receive 1,000 taels and a place for his pains, but he caught malarial fever on the Mekong, and only returned to die, as he deserved. In the same year the Shan Chieftain of Liu-k'un was invited to dinner at Ssŭ-mao by the same officer to discuss local affairs, and taken straight out to the market-place and beheaded. I was told in Ssu-mao by several merchants that these acts had greatly disgusted the Shans, and had consequently damaged trade at Ssu-mao.\n\nInquiries along the route showed that the Shan family is a very widely divided one. From Ssu-mao, along the Tonquin border, Shans, under various names, occupy everywhere the lower lands. The whole population of Northern Kwang-si is Shan, and they stretch in large communities, e.g., Shui-chia, Chung-chia, &c., as far north as Kuei-yang Fu, the capital of Kuei-chou. The country between Ava and Ssŭ-mao is probably the home of this race, migration having been apparently from the south; the Shans in Kuei-chou migrated there from Kwang-si in the beginning of the 18th century only. They are indefatigable nature-worshippers in China, and generous supporters of Buddhism and Burmese priests in the Shan States, so that there should be a likely field for English missionaries among them on both sides of the border.\n\nThe Chinese frontier will be found figured in the last edition (1836) of the \"Topography of the Yunnan Province\", and perhaps a frontier running through the passes there named would be all that Her Majesty's Government would claim. But the Topography mentions a number of small clans or places south of this line to which garrisons are said once to have been sent by China, &c. The Topography would have therefore to be carefully studied before it could be suggested as a basis of arrangement.\n\nWith regard to the opening up of commercial relations between Burmah and Yünnan, I have shown in my Report that even at present Burmese cotton comes as far east as Yunnan Fu, and that in spite of bad roads, Western Yunnan will certainly be supplied with foreign goods from Burmah when the route is open.\n\nWestern Yunnan is much richer than the eastern part of the province bordering on Tonquin, and is being filled up more quickly, and by a more vigorous race (Ssu-chuanese), and a very profitable trade will no doubt spring up; but the idea of a route through Yunnan competing with the lower Yang-tzŭ ports is chimerical, to use a mild term. How far the area supplied from Burmah may encroach on the areas that now are, or ought to be, supplied from Canton, Tonquin, and Sui Fu (above Chungking on the Yang-tzŭ), depends on the success of our diplomacy, and on the skill with which our interests may be pushed with the Yünnan Government.\n\nWith regard to the regulation of the frontier trade, there should be the least possible restriction as to what persons or what goods cross the frontier, and in what manner they do so. Perhaps it will be found advisable to promise with regard to smuggling, for it is a wholesome check on greedy Customs officials, and is favoured by the ground and the traditions of the people.\n\nI would beg to suggest that the future of agriculture and manufactures in Burmah should not be forgotten. The nature of the ground—Yunnan being an elevated plateau 4,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea, and Burmah a broken plain with an altitude for the most part of a few hundred feet only—involves a great difference of climate and production. Yünnan will not grow cotton, tobacco, or tea, for instance, necessities to Chinese, in the production of which there may be a great future for planters in Burmah. Tobacco comes at present from Ssu-chuan and the Kwang provinces, and tea from the Shan States outside Ssu-mao, but the supply of the latter is insufficient even at present, and the people in South Yünnan drink all sorts of decoctions in its stead. Salt is produced in many parts of Yunnan, but the supply is insufficient, and there should be an increasing import from Bhamo as the western parts of the province fill up.\n\nThe Report of a six months' journey in Yünnan and Kuei-chou would be incomplete without some mention of the Governor-General, Ts'ên Yü-ying, who has long been, and no doubt will remain, the right arm of the Chinese Government in these parts. He is a Shan of the Pu-man family, born at Hsi-liu Hsien in Northern Kwang-si, where the borders of Yünnan, Kuei-chou, and Kwang-si meet. He has been engaged in fighting all his life, having had to fly from home when a youth because of a clan quarrel about which he was wanted, and having fought through the twenty years of Mahommedan and Miao-tzŭ rebellion. He is superstitious and cruel, bloodthirsty many say, but a strong ruler, and, for an Oriental, thorough in all that he does. There is no man in China who is so feared by officials and people under him, and his presence is the best security for the peace of that province. He is supposed to hate foreigners, and is generally accredited with the murder of Margary and the ...\n\nPage 330  \nPage 331",
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        "title": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "content_text": "## OCR Proofread Text\n\nThe brother told me that the MSS. contained nothing but religious forms, charms, and such like--the only purpose, so far as I have heard, for which the Lolos employ their writing. I now begged one of the MSS. The wife and brother of the absent perma both saw insuperable obstacles, but the T'u-ssu overruled their objections and insisted that I should have one. This MS. is now in the British Museum.\n\nThese Lolos had bigger and more irregular features than average Chinese. The colour of the skin seemed much the same, but the eyes were deeper sunk. They are divided into three tribes, known in Chinese as \"Hei,\" \"Pai,\" and \"Kan\" (Black, White, and Dry) Lolo, or I-jên, a meaningless distinction, but corresponding to a real tribal division apparently. They believe in a future state of retribution, burn the dead, worship their ancestors with the sacrifice of an ox, and have no idols. Four pieces of brown paper were said to represent the potentialities of the other world, and three sticks of bamboo their ancestors.\n\nThe Tang-tang River is an insignificant stream, but has a broad bed covered with débris from the hills, and is, like the K'o-tu River, no doubt a formidable stream in the rains. At Shih-ya-k'ou we passed the first cart I had seen since leaving Shanghae. This cart we took to be a promise of better things, for it was of such a clumsy construction, with solid wooden wheels, which were worn unevenly into oblate form, that no power of bullock could have dragged it over the roads we had passed. And, sure enough, a turn from the village brought us on to a plain, so that we had actually before us a level horizon--the first that I had set eyes on since leaving I-ch'ang. For the next 10 miles, to the first town in the Yunnan Province--Hsüan-wei Chou--our road ran over an expanse of dry red loam, with scarcely a house or tree in sight.\n\nHsüan-wei Chou is a town about which a pioneer of commerce cannot find much to say. My Chinese clerk went out as usual, armed with samples, to discover what the inhabitants paid for foreign imports, but returned to say that the only trade was in hams, and that there was no one in the place worth $200.\n\nThis plain has been almost cleared of wood, probably at the time of the rebellion, when 200,000 men are said to have been encamped here. But the lack of wood in the neighbourhood of towns is the rule in Yünnan. After the ascent from T'ang-t'ang on to the plain coal is met no more, and during the next three months which we are to spend in the Yunnan Province coal will only be once met with (at Lin-yan Fu). Nearly all the towns burn wood, which the Lolos and other inferior races bring in for sale, often having to go 5 miles from the town to find it. On the other hand, in Kuei-chou and Ssu-ch'uan, coal is found everywhere.\n\nEveryone one meets is armed here. Between Hsüan-wei Chou and Chau-i Chou we met a man carrying a weapon I had never seen before, but which I found afterwards to be very common all over the Yunnan Province. It is a rod of iron about 3 feet long, with a sword handle at one end, and at the other a bar at right angles to the rod about 5 inches long, pointed and sharpened on the inner edge. Asked what it was for and how used, the man replied for men or wild beasts it would give a stab by striking or a cut by pulling. This weapon is called `kou-lien` (hook).\n\nThere is plenty of food for the gun in this part, and probably for the rifle. The lakes are covered with water-fowl, and the country infested by an enormous bird with black head, black tips to feathers, and slate-coloured body called `ching-chuang` or `huo` by the Chinese, probably a kind of crane. I noticed a Proclamation by the Magistrate of Ma-lung Chou offering a reward of 2 dollars each for wild dogs, whatever that may mean, and other beasts who attack children and dig up dead bodies.\n\nAt Ma-lung our road unites with the main western road which runs across China from Hankow to Burmah. This part of it has been described by several travellers, and need not detain us.\n\nAt Yang-lin I noticed for the first time a curious custom that appears widely spread over Western China. Wherever there is an overhanging ledge of rock the coolies brought bits of wood and twigs of trees to prop it up. Under some of these ledges there are hundreds of such diminutive supports; the only explanation I could get was that if they helped the rock it would help them in return, and save them from aching feet and back.\n\nOn the 3rd December we reached Yünnan Fu, the capital of the province, a bright and clean city for China, evidently containing a well-to-do population. The straight broad streets, new p'ai-fangs blazing in gorgeous colours, and gaily dressed women, who affect light blue gowns with bright red linings to the sleeves, and a red band round the ankle, set off by the magnificent clear bright weather, were very striking after the narrow streets and sombre blue clothing of Ssu-ch'uan.\n\nAlthough the city has an altitude of 6,420 feet fever is not unknown, and several of our party suffered badly. The north of Yunnan has a climate probably as suited to Europeans as any in this part of the world. It should be noted that Yunnan Fu is situated on a lake which is at the bottom of a gentle but somewhat extensive depression. I was told that formerly there was no outlet for the water of this basin, and that only in the thirteenth century was the canal cut which now carries the water from the south-west side of the lake into a stream that flows north to the Yang-tzu, and is shown on Mr. Baber's chart west of Anning-chou.\n\nIt is impossible to convey a clear idea of the commercial capabilities of this city without giving a general sketch of the configuration of the great plateau on which it stands, and thus anticipating the latter portions of this Report. This plateau, if so it may be called, for it is everywhere broken by hills and cut through by rivers, and in some parts even traversed by mountain ranges, is on the eastern slope from the Himalayas to the China Sea, and is nearly conterminous with the Chinese Provinces of Yunnan and Kuei-chou. To show the nature of the ground, I cannot do better than make a circuit of the routes that lead to Yunnan Fu. Starting with the road we have followed, reference to Part I of this Report will show that navigation from the Yang-tzu ended at Yung-ning Hsien, 1,060 feet above the sea, and that in two stages the road reached an elevation of 4,340 feet, and touched 7,770 feet before Yünnan Fu was reached. Next to the west comes the route by Chao-t'ong Fu; here navigation from the Yang-tzu ceases before Lao-wa-t'an (Baber, 1,140) is reached; and the route passes Chao-t'ong Fu (Baber, 6,580) and Tung-ch'uan Fu (Baber, 7,190). West of this comes the neck of high land that connects the plateau with the Thibetan uplands traversed by the Hui-li Chou (Baber, 6,000) route, and by the Wei-hsi route. (See Gill's \"River of Golden Sand,\" vol. ii, p. 255.)\n\nFrom Bhamo (430), the terminus of the navigation of the Irrawaddy, the great Burmese trade route runs through Têng-vueh Chou (5,540), Yung-ch'ang Fu (5,880), and Ta-li Fu (6,550). The next route is that by the valley of the Shui-li, past Lung-ling Chou, by which there is said to have been once a considerable traffic, killed since the rebellion. Next comes the caravan route by way of the valley of the Mekong, to Ssu-mao (4,480), and on to Yunnan Fu by an extraordinarily difficult road (see Sketch 3). The next route is that by the Red River, through Lao-kai and Mêng-tzu Hsien. Mêng-tzu is on the southern edge of the plateau, with an elevation of 4,530 feet, from which to Lao-kai there must be a descent of something like 3,500 feet. Next comes the Canton West River, by Po-sé (530)--two days above which the navigation comes to an end--to Kuang-nan Fu (4,310). To the east again is the Kwang-si land route, which passes through Ch'ing-yuan Fu (490), and Tu-shan Chou (3,460), to Kuei-yang Fu, the capital of the Kuei-chou Province. Next comes the great western road from Hankow, traversed by Margary, which follows the Tung-ting Lake and the Yuan River to Chên-yuan Fu (altitude not known), where navigation ceases. From Chên-yuan Fu the traffic is by caravan to Kuei-yang Fu (3,530). Lastly, there is the route between Ssu-ch'uan and Kuei-yang Fu, by a tributary of the Yang-tzu to Chi-chiang Hsien (880), where navigation ceases, through Tung-tzu Hsien (3,020) to Kuei-yang Fu.\n\nIt appears, then, that Yunnan and Western Kuei-chou are very nearly conterminous.\n\n[496]\n405",
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        "id": 335793,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "page_number": 409,
        "title": "CO129-235 - Public Offices - 1887",
        "content_text": "## \nwith an elevated broken plateau having an average height of about 5,000 feet, and no communication by water with the plains that encompass it on the north, south, and east, and that this plateau breaks away precipitately to the valleys of the Yang-tzu on the north, and the Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red River on the west and south, and somewhat more easily to the valley of the Canton West River and to the plains of Kwang-si and Hunan on the south and east. It should farther be noted that this elevated district, which projects for 10° of longitude between Indo-China and the Yang-tzu, has no level surface whatever except an occasional lake basin, and that on the west and south-west its rivers and streams have eaten out deep broad ravines that are often impassable and always difficult and dangerous, both from their steepness and from the poisoned air which they harbour. (See next Part-Yuan-chiang Chou-and Baber's account of the Salween, R. G. S. Supplementary Papers, p. 177.) \n\nTo return to Yünnan Fu, it will now appear clearly that this city is at the end of each of these routes, and occupies a central position admirable as a seat of Government, supplied as it is with abundant food from the drained part of the ancient lake. If there were water communication, or even fair roads across the plateau, there would doubtless be a great entrepôt at Yunnan Fu, but an inspection of the altitudes observed on this journey and by Mr. Baber must make an exchange of products across this district a priori very unlikely. Actually, I found that the different sides of this plateau are supplied from the nearest lowland. Thus, to take two examples, cotton and tobacco, both absolute necessities to Chinese existence, which the plateau does not produce: cotton is supplied to North Yünnan from Ssü-ch'uan, to West Yünnan as far east as Yünnan Fu from Burmah, to South-west Yünnan as far east as Mêng-tzu Hsien from the Shan States and Siam, to South-east Yünnan from Canton, and to Kuei-chou from Hankow by the Yuan River. Tobacco is supplied to the north of the province from Ssu-ch'uan and to the south from Canton. Salt, another necessary, of which the plateau does not afford a sufficient supply, enters the province from Ssu-ch'uan, Burmah, Tonquin (before the new Treaty), and the Kwang-si Province. \n\nBut there are adventitious circumstances which make Yünnan Fu more important as a trade centre than it deserves, or is likely to remain. The whole of the tea consumed in the province and a large share of the better quality of tea consumed in Ssu-ch'uan, together with a small quantity sent to Thibet, come from the Shan States outside Ssă-mao, and of this trade Yünnan Fu is the depôt. Excepting small quantities consumed locally and a few caravans that go direct to Western Yunnan and Thibet by the Ching-tung Valley, the whole out-turn of this tea-Pu-erh tea as it is called-goes to Yünnan Fu; this tea may be valued at about 50,000l. per annum. A great part goes to Western Yunnan, for the supply of which we may expect our Assam planters to provide in the future. \n\nAgain, the exhaustion caused by 20 years of indiscriminate slaughter and pillage, involving the destruction of the old industries of the province-mining, silk rearing, and manufacture, &c.—with which increased demand for opium in Ssú-ch'uan and the eastern provinces happened to coincide, led to the adoption of poppy cultivation as the great industry of the plateau. Yunnan and Kuei-chou now pay for the whole of their foreign imports in opium, the merchants of Nanning Fu and Hongkong having often to wait for their money until the Canton and Kwang-si Provinces have paid for the Yunnan and Kuei-chou opium crop. Yunnan Fu is a depôt of the opium trade of Eastern Yünnan and of the foreign and Canton goods that are received in exchange. \n\nExports from Yünnan Fu are opium, Pu-erh tea, drugs, and copper, and the imports are cotton, tobacco, and foreign goods. \n\nThe first thing to notice about foreign imports is that the description of piece-goods, much the most important item, differs greatly from that in vogue on the Yang-tzu, so that the reason for this is that, there being water communication to Chungking, a heavier description of goods is sent than to Yunnan, where pack animals and porters are the only means of carriage, so that every additional pound of weight per piece forms a serious addition to cost of transit. Prices for my samples would therefore have been delusive, but the conclusion seemed to be that prices were rather higher, and that for goods of lighter texture and inferior quality than at Ch'ungking. Foreign goods, almost without exception, come from Hong Kong by way of Pakhoi or Ch'in-chou to Nanning Fu, thence by boat to Po-sê T'ing and Po-ngai, and thence by caravan through Kwang-nan Fu. Suggestions as to improvements were, that aniline dyes should regain their former excellence; that long ells should be stouter, somewhat absurd considering that the same merchant had explained why they were so flimsy; and that piece-goods should be dyed a light blue, which was all the fashion, instead of the habitual indigo. \n\n## ROUTE SKETCH \nTO ILLUSTRATE REPORT BY \nF. S.A. BOURNE. \n\n## II. \nPI-CHIEH HSIEN \nΟΙ \nYUN NAN-FU. \n\n| Location        | Altitude (English Feet) |\n|-----------------|-------------------------|\n| Kan-show-p      |                         |\n| PI-CHIEH KSIEN  | 4950                    |\n| Piny shan pay   |                         |\n| Lane Cha-hoing R.(not nav.) | 9180        |\n| WEI-NING CHOU   |                         |\n| Chin-to         |                         |\n| apr 5 Lion san p'u | 6430               |\n|                         | 3853               |\n| Ko tu B. (not nav.)     | 5220               |\n| (Boundary between Yunnan and Kao-chou) |        |\n| Gure man        |                         |\n| T'ang tang      | 5830                    |\n| (not nav.)      |                         |\n| HSUAN WEI CHOU  | 6650                    |\n| Pan ch tao      | 6530                    |\n| Ramy - ouye - Bway | +6740              |\n| 2 CHAN-) CHOU   | +6350                   |\n|                 | 6370                    |\n| YUN-NAN FU      |                         |\n| Yorry lin       |                         |\n| MA LUNG CHOU____| 6930                    |\n|                 | 6830                    |\n| 1.1ung          | (12 -8/97, 1331/8.0 486  |\n\nEnglish Miles \n10 5 0 \n\nSema að saga Jumam \nHarrison & Sons, Lith. S' Martien Lana.W.C",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-236 - Others - 1887",
        "page_number": 97,
        "title": "CO129-236 - Others - 1887",
        "content_text": "## Letter from Dennys and Mossop to the Governor\n\nWe are to have the prisoner. Leng & Fu immediately suggest that this be done and the prisoner allowed to immediately quit the colony unmolested by Chinese officials. The promise of protection to Chinese frequenting Songtong made by Her Majesty's Government at Shanghai is absolutely of no effect.\n\nI come to the conclusion that the British-born subject, though a naturalized British subject residing in Songtong, who may offend a Chinese mandarin, will be subject to be renditioned to torture and to the mockery of a trial - from which our client, the late... only too glad to escape by strangling himself in his cell during frequent adjournments of this case, and this too, although there was not the faintest doubt that the evidence given against him...\n\nWe have the honour to forward you this letter in triplicate, and to request that whatever steps Your Excellency the Acting Governor may take as to the release... be forwarded to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies.\n\nWe have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour most obedient servants,\nDennys & Mossop\n\n## Copies of Declarations\n\nCopies of Declarations forwarded in letter from Dennys & Mossop dated the 2nd May 1887.\n\n### DECLARATIONS\n\n#### In the Police Court of Hongkong\n\nIn the matter of an application for the rendition of Ching Sam, U Ashap, and Tsang Achun, under Ordinance No. 2 of 1850.\n\n**Declaration of Ho Fook**\n\nI, Ho Fook, of Victoria, in the Colony of Hongkong, interpreter to Messieurs Dennys and Mossop, solicitors, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and say:\n\n1. On the 9th day of March, 1887, I interpreted in the Chinese language the declarations now shown to me and marked A, B, C, D, E, and F to the respective declarants therein named, and duly declared them before James Billington Coughtrie, Esq., one of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace for and in the Colony of Hongkong.\n\n2. On the 11th day of March, 1887, I interpreted in the Chinese language the declaration now shown to me marked G to the declarant therein named, and duly declared him before the said James Billington Coughtrie, Esq.\n\n3. On the 31st day of March, 1887, I interpreted the declaration now shown to me and marked H to the declarant therein named, and duly declared her before the said James Billington Coughtrie, Esq.\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true...\n\n(Sd) HO FOOK\n\nDeclared by the said Ho Fook at Victoria, Hongkong, this 2nd day of May one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven. Before me,\n\n(Sd.) J. B. COUGHTRIE, J.P.\n\n**Declaration of Luk Kai Ming**\n\nI, Luk Kai Ming, of Victoria, in the Island of Hongkong, Accountant, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and say as follows:\n\n1. I reside upon the top floor of No. 61 East Street, Victoria aforesaid, and rent the whole of that floor from the landlord, Kwok Ying.\n\n2. I am acquainted with the prisoner who is charged in this case under the name of Tsang Achun.\n\n3. I first knew him on the 3rd October 1884, when he came to rent a room from me on the said top floor of No. 61 East Street.\n\n4. The said prisoner then informed me that his name was Leung Afu, and I have since always known him by that name and no other.\n\n5. In July 1886, I was acting as assistant supercargo on board the steamship Iduna, and since that date, I have been constantly residing on the said top floor of No. 61 East Street...\n\n6. The said Leung Afu suffers from rheumatism in his legs, and in the 9th moon, that is from the 28th September to the 26th October last year, he was so ill as to be confined to his bed...\n\n7. The said Leung Afu slept in the said house every night during the said 9th moon, and had he been absent, I must have known of it...\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration...\n\n(Signed) LUK KAI MING\n\n**Declaration of Fung Sai Tsun**\n\nI, Fung Sai Tsun, of Victoria, in the Island of Hongkong, doctor, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and say as follows:\n\n1. I am a doctor of medicine residing in Hongkong...\n\n2. For the last seventeen years, I have been residing at No. 10 Kwong Yuen Street West, Victoria aforesaid.\n\n3. I have seen the man who is at present detained in the Victoria Gaol and who is being tried before the magistrate for burglary and murder in Chinese Territory under the name of Tsang Chun.\n\n4. I first saw the said prisoner on the 13th day of August, 1886...\n\n5. I was then informed that the prisoner was named Leung Afu...\n\n6. The said Leung Afu was then suffering from a severe attack of rheumatism in his legs...\n\n7. I visited the said Leung Afu repeatedly between the said 13th day of August and the 26th day of October 1886...\n\n8. I visited the said Leung Afu at his residence No. 61 East Street on the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th days of October...\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration...\n\n(Signed) FUNG SAI TSUN\n\n**Declaration of Im Ahi**\n\nI, Im Ahi, of Victoria, in the Island of Hongkong, widow, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and say as follows:\n\n1. I am a hairdresser...\n\n2. I am well acquainted with the prisoner who is charged in this case under the name of Tsang Achun.\n\n3. The said prisoner has always been known to me by the name of Leung Afu...\n\n4. The said Leung Afu has occupied the front room on the said top floor of No. 61 East Street ever since I have resided there...\n\n5. The said Leung Afu suffers from rheumatism in his legs...\n\n6. I can say positively and of my own knowledge that during the said 9th moon, the said Leung Afu never left the Colony.\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration...\n\nIM A HI (Her x mark.)\n\n**Declaration of Cheung Asz**\n\nI, Cheung Asz, of Victoria, in the Island of Hongkong, do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare and say as follows:\n\n1. I am a seamstress and am also the manager of a money loan association.\n\n2. I am acquainted with the prisoner charged in this case as Tsang Achun.\n\n3. The said prisoner is known to me under the name of Leung Afu...\n\n4. The said Wong Ho is a subscriber to the money loan association of which I am the manager.\n\n5. The subscriptions are payable monthly on the 4th day of each Chinese moon.\n\n6. On the 14th day of the 9th moon last year, about 12 o'clock noon, I went to see the said Wong Ho at No. 61 East Street...\n\n7. I then saw the above-named Leung Afu lying upon his bed...\n\nAnd I make this solemn declaration...\n\nCHEUNG ASZ (Her x mark.)",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-252 - Acting Governor Barker & Governor Sir Robinson & Public Offices - 1891 [12]",
        "page_number": 32,
        "title": "CO129-252 - Acting Governor Barker & Governor Sir Robinson & Public Offices - 1891 [12]",
        "content_text": "# The Daily Press.\n\n## HONGKONG, OCTOBER 14TH, 1891.\n\n### THE TRIAL OF MASON.\n\nThe trial of Charles Henry Allen Welch Mason on a charge that he \"did on or about the 13th September have in his possession or under his control five pounds weight or thereabouts of an explosive substance under such circumstances as to give reasonable suspicion that he did not have it in his possession for a lawful object,” was continued at the British Police Court at Shanghai on the 7th inst.\n\nAs before, Mr. H. S. Wilkinson, Crown Advocate, prosecuted; Mr. R. E. Bredon, Commissioner of Customs, and Mr. Yu, the deputy appointed by the Viceroy at Nanking, were present in Court during the hearing of the case. H.E. the Tuotai and his interpreter, Mr. Zee Lan-char, occupied seats on the bench.\n\nHenry Croskey deposed--I am an American citizen, and a fourth assistant in the Customs service. I know the accused. I have been stationed at Chinkiang since July 16 last. I lived in the same quarters as accused at Chinkiang. About the beginning of August accused told me he knew there were certain Chinese in Chinkiang who proposed to rebel against the Government in Chinkiang and Nanking and that his intention was to assist them. He named several Chinese who he said were members of a society called the Kolao Hui. He proposed to go to join in the movement, and left with me on his departure certain instructions written in cypher. On one occasion he told me he had written a letter to Gen. Mesny at Shanghai, making proposals to him. The letter, accused said, was signed “X” and the answer was to be addressed to “X”, Customs Post Office, Chinkiang. He also said it was written in such a manner as to make Gen. Mesny believe it came from a Chinese. He had the letter in his hand, but I had no opportunity of reading it. I saw in his possession an American illustrated catalogue of firearms. Accused here interposed and asked if questions regarding arms had any bearing on the matter of dynamite.\n\nHis Worship said he presumed they had. Accused was charged with having dynamite under such circumstances as to raise a suspicion that it was for an unlawful purpose, and therefore the accompanying circumstances were clearly admissible.\n\nExamination continued--Accused told me, two or three days after his letter to General Mesny, that he had applied for leave to go to Shanghai to see a dentist, but that his real object was to see General Mesny. Leave was not granted. He afterwards went away on two months' leave. He said he proposed to go to Japan, and from there immediately to Hongkong, where he proposed to buy arms and ammunition and bring them to Chinkiang. Three days before he left he sent me the paper produced, which is a key to a cypher. After office hours he asked me if I could read it. I told him I could. It is not a difficult cypher. It consists of English words written in Greek characters. Down to the last three lines the words are in the usual order. The last three lines are written from right to left, the lowest line first. On the day of his departure he handed me a sheet of instructions written in this cypher. I gave it to the Commissioner at Chinkiang. I made a copy in cypher and a translation in English: -\n\n\"You will receive a letter or telegram from me with 4 figures: first two give day and second two give month, example: 0110 means 10th August, 3090 means 30th Sept., on this day or soon after you may expect me, if in our own ship. Signal will be one long blast, followed by two short ones; also by day, black pennant at mast head. By night red lamp beneath white, also at mast head. On arrival, come off in Custom's gig or sampan and bring along any weapons that may be in your charge, remember red sash. If I come from Shanghai, I shall come by river steamer bringing arms and perhaps a few men; and come straight to Customs, in disguise, as friend. (Don't go out to dinner for a week, after receipt of my letter, if possible.) We shall then quietly collect our men, arm and commence operations.\n\nOn receipt of date, tell road-coolie, tell boy, and tell him his instructions appended. Find Chinese date from Almanac. Write on slip (thus, 8 moon and 20th day) and show to tingchai the morning of date, tell Morris and if possible, see Clark, Martin, Schultz and O'Neill and tell them to be ready to come aboard. Remember that your duties will be telegraph, bank and Silver Island forts, learn your ground. Likewise take a run up to Nanking, and take road-coolie with you. Domestic: take care of ponies and have them exercised and teach boy to ride (big saddle). Every day ask to see boy's bags: I have told him to make 50. Please pay him for a bale of cloth and cotton out of $20 left by me. On receipt of date, pay boy thirty dollars, tingchai 10 dollars, total fifty, left with you to be returned if not used. Also give each man one bale Turkey red at $2.40--$10. The pass-word, see boy's instructions. Instructions to boy. On receipt of date letter immediately send pamphlets to Nanking, Chinkiang camp, Silver Island and Kiangyin; day before date named, put up notices in Chinkiang not to bargain for eigners--day before date named, tell d'un to arrange with Yang Ta-chang, Gan-chin, l'u Kuo-fa, brass-man, etc., and 100 men himself, they must be ready on bank and when steamer sighted must come off either from Shia-ma-tou or Chi-ho Kho (lorcha anchorage or opposite village; boy not to tell them exact date. The pass-word will be challenge: \"Lago \"who). Answer -\"Gangizu\" to which first man says \"Chiang\" (river). Boy to meet every up steamer after date mentioned, waiting at saloon passengers' gangway.\n\nI have already paid boy $10, tingchai $10, road coolie $5.\"\n\nExamination resumed--Clark is a former third-class tide waiter at Chinkiang, now discharged. Martin is now a third-class tidewaiter at Chinkiang. Schultz is a salt searcher employed by the Tuotai. O'Neill and Morris are third-class tide waiters. The boy's bags referred to were canvas haversacks of which a model was made for accused before his departure. The Turkey red was to be cut up and used for distinguishing sashes. He had left two pieces for that purpose. Accused's boy was discharged by me about September 6th and went to Kiukiang, his native place. Yang Ta-chang is a ting hat in the Custom House general office. Ta Kuo-fu is the head road coolie of the Chinkiang Concession road fund, of which accused was Secretary. Gan-chin I do not know. At the time of his departure accused left a package containing ten or twelve brass knuckledusters, made in Chinkiang by the local tinker, referred to in the translation as the brass-man. Accused went on leave on the 26th or 27th of August. I received two letters from him from Hongkong, one dated 2nd September and the other 5th September. The first letter stated that he had written to Mr. Brazier explaining his presence in Hongkong, and that he expected to leave shortly for Japan. The letter produced is in accused's handwriting.\n\nMr. Wilkinson read the letter, which was as follows:---\n\n\"Victoria Hotel, \n\"Hongkong, September 2nd, 1891.\n\nDear Mr. Brazier,\n\nYou will be surprised to see me sending from this place, having come here, I may say, purely by accident. I found in Shanghai a letter waiting me from my uncle in India, saying he would be able to get his leave and would join me in Nagasaki, if I could get away by the middle of September. This knocked my catching the Vladivostock steamer on the head, so I thought I would rest a day or two in Shanghai, letting the Saikio go without me. When the second day I heard the Saikio had struck on the bar and would not be off till 6 p.m., and as I had found a day in Shanghai quite enough, I started off to catch her in the \"We jung mail\", which arrived (pardon slang) 32 minutes late, and we could only see the smoke of the Saikio as she rounded the corner. I had then no alternative but to sleep on the \"mail,\" which does not return to Shanghai till the following morning, and the next morning I got up at seven and saw a mail steamer getting up steam about a quarter of a mile off. This on enquiry proved to be the P. and O. Mirzapore leaving for Hongkong. I then thought, \"Dash it, why not shoot down to Hongkong and meet my uncle there instead of returning ignominiously to Shanghai to waste a week waiting for the ...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-252 - Acting Governor Barker & Governor Sir Robinson & Public Offices - 1891 [12].txt",
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    {
        "id": 349491,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-255 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1892 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 443,
        "title": "CO129-255 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1892 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "## LIST OF OFFICERS,—Continued\n\n| Office | Name |\n| --- | --- |\n| **LEGAL DEPARTMENT** |  |\n| Chief Justice | Fielding Clarke, L.L.B. |\n| Puisne Judge | E. J. Ackroyd |\n| Interpreter | J. D. Ball |\n| Assistant Interpreter | Li Hong Mi |\n| Clerk to Registrar and Sheriff and Interpreter of Industani | Sheik Abdool Rahman |\n| Clerk and Usher | V. Sales, Jr. |\n| 1st Bailiff | F. Howell |\n| Chinese Clerk and Translator | Mok Man Cheung |\n| Chinese Clerk and Shroff | Loung Atsant |\n| Librarian | R. P. Carueiro |\n| Attorney General | W. M. Goodman |\n| Attorney General's Clerk | S. A. Ramjan |\n| **LAND REGISTRY OFFICE** |  |\n| Clerk | J. Wong Chun |\n| **EDUCATION DEPARTMENT** |  |\n| Chinese Clerk to Inspector of Schools | Lo Sik-ling |\n| **VICTORIA COLLEGE** |  |\n| 1st Chinese Assistant and 1st Clerk | Chin Chi-tsung |\n| 2nd Chinese Assistant | Luk King-po |\n| Chinese Assistant | Chu Tsun-ching, Cheung Tsol, Wan Tsung-in, Tsang Chung, Ng In, Chan Tsz-fai |\n| Chinese Master | Ho Mông, Ho Cheung |\n| **MEDICAL DEPARTMENT** |  |\n| Colonial Surgeon | P. B. C. Ayres |\n| Apothecary and Analyst | W. E. Crow |\n| Assistant Apothecary and Analyst | E. W. Lucas |\n| Matron, Lock Hospital | Mrs. Ackers |\n| Clerk | Lo Cheung Ip |\n| Assistant Clerk | Loung Fu Chu |\n| Senior Wardmaster, Civil Hospital | James Stevenson |\n| European Wardmaster Lunatic Asylums | D. G. Cumming |\n| Assistant do. do. | F. Meyers, W. M. B. Arthur, Geo. Horspool |\n| **MAGISTRACY** |  |\n| First Clerk | J. Jones |\n| **POLICE DEPARTMENT** |  |\n| Deputy Superintendent | H. J. Watson |\n| **VICTORIA GAOL** |  |\n| Warden | Margaret Nolan |\n| Clerk | L. M. Flores |\n| Matron | D. Ahmed |\n| Hospital Warder | James Hodge, Nicholas Nolan |\n| Head Turnkey | Thomas Powell, Eman Deen |\n| Do. | C. Neilsen, B. L. Rocha |\n| Junior Head Turnkey | C. Unge |\n| 1st Class Turnkey | C. Pederson, W. H. Foulkes, J. Crou, F. Conceição, J. Tweed |\n| Do. | C. L. Rocha, T. Snell, F. Esmer, S. F. de Souza, N. A. Johnsen, E. Russell |\n| 1st Class Guards | W. Thomas, W. Kirkness, C. F. Meady, Sergeant Nutta Singh, Jandoo, Fotta Deen, Gunda Mall, Gunda Singh |\n| **SANITARY DEPARTMENT** |  |\n| Superintendent | H. McCallum |\n| Veterinary Surgeon | C. V. Ladds |\n| Clerk | Pang Shan Chun |\n| Assistant Clerk | Lo Sing Lau |\n| Senior Inspector of Nuisances | J. R. Germain |\n| Inspector of Nuisances | J. J. Clerihew, J. R. Grimble, W. Fisher, John Ronnie, G. Rac |\n\nCopy of Notification\n\nThe following no. 150 referente... list of Officers entitled to draw leave salary & pension in England at the rate of 4/2 to the dollar is published for information.\n\nAll other officers in the public service will be paid their leave salaries and pensions in England at the rates of 4/- £30 \"respectively.\n\n... will be struck off the list at the end of 1898.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-255 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1892 [5-7].txt",
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        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 390,
        "title": "CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "# Foreward\n\n| Village Name | Due Period | Amount | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Chan Kam-thing | 714 | 2096 | Judgment obtained |\n| Chan Your Fuck | 14 | 14 |  |\n| Chan Kam | 15 | 14 |  |\n| Chan Ting | 16 | 14 |  |\n| Ng Ting | 17 | 14 |  |\n|  | 3 | 24 |  |\n|  | 4 | 24 |  |\n|  | * | 418 |  |\n|  |  | 1014 |  |\n|  | 4 | 252 | #t |\n|  | 2 | 52 | # |\n|  |  | 154 | ✔ |\n|  |  | 24 |  |\n|  |  | 252 |  |\n| hi thi fuke | 19 | 14 |  |\n| Chan Mo.fuck | 27 | 14 |  |\n|  | 29 | 14 |  |\n| Laur Tür fuke | 43 | 14 | to Fuk-sing |\n|  | 45 | 14 | c cung chung |\n| Ching Yuck | 46 | 14 |  |\n| Keong Sung-ki | 67 | 144 |  |\n|  | * | 324 |  |\n|  | # | 196 | House pulled down |\n|  | 4 | 90 | Judgment obtained |\n|  |  | 126 |  |\n|  |  | 294 | \" |\n| G | 68 | 14 |  |\n| J | 69 | 14 | 2014 |\n| Hoke Jenn Law Fein | 28 | 14 |  |\n| Wer Kong | 40 | 8 |  |\n| Chan Yung Shan | 27 | 14 |  |\n| gHong Hai |  |  |  |\n| gkong Wai |  |  |  |\n| Fang |  |  |  |\n| Cheung Yung you | 28 | 14 |  |\n| chan Chin fuk | 6 |  |  |\n| Chan Suck on | 9 | 14 |  |\n|  | 2 | 52 |  |\n|  | 72 | 3 | 78 House |\n|  |  | 630 | 144 |\n|  | 4 | 306 |  |\n|  |  | 21061 | \" |\n| Than ting keng | 29 | 14 |  |\n| Chan. Yung fuck | 35 | 14 |  |\n| Ag Yan-boi | 45 | 144 |  |\n| Wong hui-hot | 68 | 14 |  |\n| Cheung Yanifu | 72 | 14 |  |\n| Fu Lam |  |  |  |\n| Sun Yung-shang | 22 | 9 |  |\n|  | Forward | * | 4 |\n|  | to | # |  |\n|  |  |  | pulled down Judgment obtained |\n|  | 4 | 3 06 | Stouse in ruins |\n|  |  | 206 |  |\n|  |  | 204 | Judgment obtained |\n|  | 2 | 62 | House pulled down |\n|  | 2 | 62 | Judgment obtained |\n|  | 44 |  | House pulled down |\n|  | 31/5 | 42257 |  |\n\n:Page 391",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4].txt",
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    {
        "id": 360195,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 391,
        "title": "CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "| Village Name | Name of Owner | Hour Period | Amount | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sang Hong Fu |  |  | 42257 | Forward |\n| Wong Feor |  |  | 259 |  |\n|  |  |  | 339 | 126 House pulled down |\n|  |  |  | 239 | quanding 30/0/95 249 |\n|  |  |  | 4 | 126 |\n|  |  |  | 126 | t |\n|  |  |  | 90 | * |\n|  |  |  | 4 | 2610 |\n| Si Ching-fung |  | 27/8 | 9 | the Fin Fong Hwai Lo Wan Sib Cheung |\n| Un Au |  |  | 10 | 9 |\n|  |  |  | 238 | ai Wan Lo sting Fat 21 14 |\n|  |  |  | 4 |  |\n|  |  |  | 352 | 99 Judgment obtained |\n|  |  |  | 280 | \" |\n|  |  |  | 490 | Jam Tuck You Ng |\n|  |  |  | 7 | 14 |\n|  |  |  | 196 | You I |\n|  |  |  | f | 14 |\n|  |  |  | 196 | \" |\n| alla Kok Lo Kun Saw |  | 3 | 144 | 210 |\n| Lo kun fuck |  | 4 | 14 | 210 |\n| Li Fo Sav |  | // | 8 |  |\n| Chu Juk |  |  | 12 | 8 |\n| Lung Chung To Jan |  | 1 | 72 | House pulled down 72 Brit left on the premises |\n|  |  |  |  | Judgment obtained. |\n|  |  |  | 45055 |  |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-271 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1896 [1-4].txt",
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    {
        "id": 362918,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-275 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 434,
        "title": "CO129-275 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "430\n\nRank & Class\n\nName\n\nMonthly\n\nPayver allowances\n\nTotal in\n\nez\n\nRac\n\nAs it class Lall Singh 18\n\n3\n\n135\n\n$92\n\nrys\n\nit\n\n121\n\n686\n\n569\n\n58 G\n\n8577\n\n37\n\n229\n\n144\n\n146\n\n165\n\nGet\n\n201\n\n930\n\n143\n\n65\n\n14\n\nShabaq Singh 16\n\nP.C. P.Kalla Singh\n\n1)\n\n2nd\n\n24.\n\n2nd\n\n#\n\n\"\n\n\"\n\n3rd\n\n4\n\nBhola\n\nBagwan Singh\n\nSuder Singh\n\n*\n\n50\n\n2\n\n3\n\n70\n\n50 2\n\n10\n\n15-\n\n50\n\nنام\n\n10\n\n50\n\nBesunt Singh 15 50\n\n2\n\nنهم\n\n10\n\nahmed Khan 13 50\n\n2\n\n3\n\n2\n\nBoola\n\n13. 50\n\n2\n\nAmeer singh 12 50\n\nstan Hang Kwong you\n\nLi\n\nchung\n\nCheang On\n\nu lan Jam Lam Fu\n\nChan Thing\n\nkhung Yon\n\nLo\n\nFai\n\n14\n\n2\n\n50\n\n2\n\n2 2\n\n70\n\n6\n\nLuf\n\n2\n\n4\n\n2\n\nN\n\n//\n\n2\n\n2\n\nLeung Kai sting 11\n\nTw\n\nYung\n\n\"}\n\nching Jam Wong Joang 9 Li\n\nwing 9 chung cu ý Leir\n\nLi Li\n\nIp\n\nTang In\n\n9\n\n137\n\n\"\n\nLo Toeung\n\nalore\n\nLif\n\nN\n\n-2\n\nنام\n\n1.4.\n\n*\n\n2\n\n4\n\nامار\n\nاکار\n\n1.16\n\n250\n\n2\n\n16\n\n23\n\n40\n\n83\n\n21 wr.c. 1+ claw Cheung Thing 9\n\n9\n\nنار\n\n16\n\ncanned men have drawn pay in the belong to 20 april uiclusive",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-275 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [1-5].txt",
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    {
        "id": 364498,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-278 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 276,
        "title": "CO129-278 - Governor Sir Robinson - 1897 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "Enclosed\n\nList of Chinese Police and others employed in the Police Department who have been dismissed, have resigned or have not been permitted to rejoin, in connection with Gambling Scandal,\n\n273\n\nC. S. u.or\n\n  \n    Rank\n    No.\n    Name\n    Length of Service\n    Whether entitled to Pension or otherwise\n  \n  \n    P. S.\n    130\n    ...\n    35 years\n    Entitled\n  \n  \n    P. C.\n    819\n    Young Fat\n    9 years 9 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    95\n    ...\n    ...\n    ...\n  \n  \n    P. C.\n    108\n    Wong Pun Tak\n    21 years 11 months\n    Entitled\n  \n  \n    P. S.\n    208\n    Leung Shing\n    19 years 10 Months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    293\n    fu Li Cheung\n    14 years 8 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    P. C.\n    200\n    Wong Juk\n    10 years 7 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    283\n    vong Tri\n    10 years 7 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    200\n    Tong Shing\n    12 years\n    Deported\n  \n  \n    ...\n    184\n    Yong Keing\n    37 years & Months\n    Entitled\n  \n  \n    ...\n    131\n    Leng vai Chie\n    12 years 11 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    252\n    Ng Yau\n    3 years\n    Not\n  \n  \n    P. C.\n    621\n    Kvan Ching\n    9 years 1 Month\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    210\n    Ht Hing\n    12 years 2 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    177\n    Un Hing\n    13 years months\n    Entitled\n  \n  \n    ...\n    247\n    iro Tu\n    Not\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    140\n    Man Neo\n    10 years 8 months\n    Not\n  \n  \n    ...\n    120\n    Leung La.\n    6 years\n    Not\n  \n  \n    P. C.\n    203\n    Chu Tsci\n    10 years\n    Not\n  \n\nMeanwhile the question of such officers being granted pensions will remain in abeyance.\n\n3. The enclosures to this despatch give an indication of the extent to which corruption has prevailed amongst the subordinate officers of this Government in connection with the recent gambling scandal.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nYour Most Obedient Humble Servant.\n\nWilliam Robinson\n\nP. S.\n\narounus of Dic miscal\n\nPromoting gambling",
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    {
        "id": 368248,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 69,
        "title": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure 66\n\nV.D. 28450\n\nChan Su-i, Chung On-shai, Lam Man-yam, Leung Sz-sit, U U-yung, Ngai Yan, Ng Tso-sheung, Lan Fu-tsoi, Ko Hak-yan, Wong Wai-an, Lam Cheuk-hi, Wong Pong-hin, Sham Hung-ao, Tseung I-yung, Sz Chung-hang, Tai Ka-wing, Suitsai graduates (B.A.); Lam Wai-in, Pat Sung-ku, Wong Wing-pong, Iu Kwok-tsoi, Ching Tai-yau, Chau Tak-wo, Hung Kwong-yan, Lai Tai King, Lam Chi-tat, Leung Man-ying, Tsiu Tat-ming, Lo Pak-kai, Chiu Wai, Tam King-pong, O Sik-pong, Tong Yeuk-kuk, Kam Shang graduates (i.e. Graduates by grace or purchase); Ho Sui-ki, Fok Kai-leung, Cheung King-yan, Sham King-kwan, Kuyan graduates (M.A.); Ng Kai-ming, Chu Hon, Sung Lo-sham, Ku Ting-ku, Lau Yuk-wa, Lam Tat-chi, Kung Shang graduates (graduates successful at preliminary examination for 3rd degree), and gentry of Kwong Sai, present a petition, stating that their humble nation has unfortunately fallen into a state of imminent danger, and praying that their petition may be graciously submitted to His Excellency the Governor for his submission by telegram to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs so that means may be devised for the protection and restoration to office of the reform party and for the protection and restoration to the Throne of the Emperor and that a method may be devised for introducing the new administration, that the people may have their ills redressed and obtain their rights, and that sincere friendly relations with the neighbouring (States) may be amicably cultivated.\n\nSince the 4th moon of this year (May, 1898) the Emperor has selected and employed the virtuous",
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    {
        "id": 368762,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 583,
        "title": "CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "## (d.) Sui-Fu (Hsüchou-Fu) to Yunnan-Fu\n\nThis is the main trade route between the Yangtze and Yunnan (25 to 26 stages). General Mesny speaks of the route as the most important and least costly of trade routes from central China to Yunnan. Mr. Bourne calls it the only great commercial route between north Yunnan on the one hand and Ssuchuan and the Eastern Provinces on the other, and states that it has a large transit trade. From Sui-Fu the route goes to An pien-chang and ascends the Keng River, which contains many rapids and rocks, and the navigation of which ends at Hengchiang. Goods come up the river by boat and are then carried by coolies to Laowatan (77 miles in four days through a difficult mountain district by a bad road), at about 5d. to 6d. per ton per mile. In Ssuchuan a large part of the transport is always done by coolies, who can live very cheaply. Laowatan, 137 miles from Sui-Fu, is the great likin station on this route, the chief import through it into Yunnan being native cotton cloth, with some foreign cottons, tobacco, salt, and drugs, while the chief export is opium, with tin, lead, copper, tea, and drugs. Likin is rigidly enforced, and the officials are especially extortionate and unreasonable with small traders. At Laowatan the goods brought by coolies are re-packed and sent on by mules and ponies. There is an ascent of 2,500 feet in nine miles to Li-shan-ting, and a descent of 2,000 feet to Tou-sha-kuan in the next nine miles. Here begins a district of great poverty, with scanty vegetation and few houses. Beyond Takuan-ting the path ascends 2,800 feet in 45 miles. The country traversed is poor and difficult, the houses miserable and ruined. According to Soltau the ranges between the Takuan valley and Chaotung are extremely difficult, with dangerous precipices and deep ravines. Near Chaotung (6,580 feet) carts are found. The town lies midway between the two chief sources of cotton supply, Hankow and Burma, so cotton is dear and the people ill-clad. Chaotung has 40,000 people, but it is not noted for any special product. It depends on agriculture and through traffic. The foreign goods are few, and are sold by itinerant vendors. Its plain produces opium and large quantities of indigo. Chaotung serves as a distributing centre for goods (especially medicines) from the Yangtze to north-west Ssuchuan via Huilichou and even up to Tali, and east through Weining. Beyond Chaotung the country is a dry, bare, almost rainless plateau with no rivers. The descent to the Nuilan valley is by a road indescribably bad and steep through a wretched district. Except the small town of Chiang-ti there is hardly a house for 46 miles. The winds are specially injurious in this region. The rebellion has left deep and frequent traces in ruined villages and uncultivated valleys. Tungchuan-Fu (7,150 feet), five stages from Chaotung, has long been famous as a mining centre, and in the district there are said to be still rich mineral deposits of iron, coal, lead, zinc, and copper, though only copper is worked. Its population is small, poor, and hard worked. There is little demand for foreign goods, though a few come from the West River, the Red River, and the Yangtze. (A route runs through very mountainous country from Tungchuan to Tali via Huilichou. This route crosses the Chinshakiang at two stages from Tungchuan). From Tungchuan to Yunnan-Fu there are seven stages. Mr. Bourne says that in one day he travelled 25 miles without passing a single village, and that during 20 days he traversed a miserable country of alternating bare and wind-swept downs and precipitous cañons. At three points the path ascends to 7,830, 8,426, and 9,993 feet. Transport animals frequently die of the hardships they experience on this route. The Lyons Mission spoke of wandering through a wilderness of mountains and rough valleys. The roads often run along the mountain sides, and are strewn with boulders.\n\n## Page 41\n\nFrom Laowatan to Kungshan (305 miles) the country is at present of no possible value for commerce, according to Mr. Bourne. The people are very poor, and, if clad, clad in Shashi cloth. After Kungshan the country improves, and fertile plains are traversed to Yangkai, beyond which poppy fills the whole cultivated area. A vast plain stretches from Yangkai to the prosperous market town of Yanglin, said to be one of the richest in Yunnan, and containing numerous villages with an active population and a great number of cattle.\n\nIn spite of the many obstacles to traffic, this is the principal trade route from the Yangtze valley to Yunnan-Fu, though a member of the Lyons Mission states that since the opening of the Kueichou and Tonkin route, the present route is little frequented, being used only by few and small caravans with tobacco and indigo from Ssuchuan, medicines for Ssuchuan, and cotton for Huilichou. But no confirmation of this statement can be found. In any case, a route along which the main path is too narrow for bulky goods and is generally broken and uncared for, a route which traverses sterile, thinly peopled, and even in parts uninhabitable tracks, crosses high ridges and deep ravines, and goes along the beds of streams, hardly offers much scope for an extensive trade in foreign goods. Trade is further hampered by taxation, amounting to 12 per cent. on the Shanghai value of cotton goods.\n\nKreitner proposed a railway from Yunnan-Fu via Hsuntien, Tungchuan, and Chaotung to Sui-Fu. But M. Brenier, Secretary General of the Lyons mission, says that a railway is held by experts to be impossible on account of the nature of the country and of the forests. He says that it is impossible from a practical standpoint, for it would cost enormous sums which the present and prospective traffic would not repay. It would, moreover, cost more for freight by such a line from Tonkin than the existing freight by the Yangtze route. The commercial members of the Blackburn Mission thought that the rates charged on a line through a country presenting such great engineering difficulties would be as high as the present charges for pack animals. Although a railway might be possible from Yunnan-Fu as far as Kungchai, the tremendous ascents and descents for the rest of the way would be insuperable barriers. Similarly a project for a railway from Yunnan-Fu via Tungchuan up to the bend of the Chinshakiang to the S. of Huilichou is impracticable, for any line must cross the watershed between the West River and the Yangtze basins, while even if the river were reached by railway it would, owing to innumerable rapids, be found unnavigable, except for small boats, down to Pingshan.\n\n## (e.) Chungking viâ Chengtu-Fu to Tali-Fu\n\nThe route to Chengtu-Fu proceeds overland or by boat. The overland road passes the important towns of Jungchang-Hsien and Lungchang (centre of the grass cloth trade), and the salt wells of Tzulinching. A busy and populous district with many large villages lies between Yuting-pu and Tzu-chou, noted for salt, sugar, and grass cloth, and Chien-Chou, famous for opium. Beyond Chengtu-Fu the first town to be noted is Yachou, in the midst of a great tea-growing district. Consul Litton speaks highly of the strategic importance of Yachou, the possession of which would give an enemy from the West a clear run down the valley of the Ya River to Chiating, which is in the Min Valley, and in the heart of Ssuchuan. Yachou is a place of importance as the starting point of commerce to Tibet, in tea and cotton, which are exchanged for musk, wool, furs, gold, goat-skins, medicines, &c. At Yachou is prepared all the brick tea sent to Tibet. The tea trade with Tibet, valued at a million taels, goes by pack coolies along a difficult route with huge forests and mountains (one pass of 13,000 feet, and two of over 9,000 feet) to Tatsien-lu (Tachien-lu), a town of great commercial and strategical importance on the Tibetan frontier, a journey of 15 days. (There is another route which Mr. Litton considers is easier and more direct, only one obstacle, the Ma Ngai Pass of 9,700 feet, having to be surmounted. It is coming into favour with the tea carriers.) Drugs are produced and coal and iron are worked at Yachou. Over a high pass, and also within the tea region, is Jungching-Hsien, where coal and iron are mined and agricultural implements, &c. manufactured.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-286 - Acting Governor Major Gen Black Governor Sir Blake & Public Offices - 1898 [11-12].txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-287 - Public Offices & Others - 1898",
        "page_number": 23,
        "title": "CO129-287 - Public Offices & Others - 1898",
        "content_text": "## 3 \n\nWuchow, the principle town of the Prefecture of Wuchow, is, at the same time, the seat of the District Magistracy of Ts'ang Wu, a name which appears at a very early date and occupies a prominent place in ancient Chinese history.\n\nThe mythical Emperor Shun (B.C. 2200) while on a tour of inspection of his southern domains died \"in the wilds of Tsang Wu,\" and one tradition at least relates that his grave is to be found in the Great Cloud Mountains, 3 miles to the east of Wuchow.\n\nOf the nine divisions into which the Great Yu (B.C. 2150) divided the Empire, Chingchou was the region lying between the Tungting Lake and the southern Kingdom of Yüeh—the present Annam—and of Chingchou Ts'ang Wu was an important sub-division. It is impossible to state with accuracy at what period Yüeh became tributary to China, but both the first Emperor Ch'in Shih-huang and the Emperors of the Han dynasty appear to have appointed officers to govern that territory on their behalf. Ch'in Shih-huang divided the hundred Yüeh into the three Provinces of Nanhai, Kuei-lin, and Hsiang, and when the rule of his house came to an end, a certain official known as Chao To took possession thereof, and, calling himself Emperor of Southern Yüeh, appointed Chao Kuang Prince of Tsang Wu, to reside at Kuang-hsin, an old town, 1 mile to the east of the present Wuchow.\n\nIn the year 135 B.C. Han Wu-ti dispatched one of his Generals, Fu Po, to conquer the Southern Yüeh, and he divided it up into seven districts known as Nanhai, Tsang Wu, Yü-lin, Ho-p'u, Chiao-chi, Chiu-chen, and Jih-nan, placing them under the control of an officer known as the Governor of Annam to reside at Kuang-hsin.\n\nIn 592 A.D. the present city of Tsang Wu was built and thenceforward became the seat of Government. The Province of Kuanghsi was first defined in 1364 by the last of the Sungs, and in 1465 the office of Governor-General of the Liang Kuang was instituted by the Ming Emperor Ch'êng Hua. This officer resided for some sixty years at Ts'ang Wu, and then occasionally went to reside at Shao-ching, returning as necessity arose to Wuchow. At the commencement of the present dynasty, this state of things still obtained, but in 1665 the seat of Provincial Government was transferred to Kuei-lin, and Wuchow reverted to the status of an ordinary prefectual city.\n\nIn the autumn of 1857, it fell after a siege of 100 days into the hands of the Boat rebels, who, availing themselves of the anarchy caused by the Taiping rebellion, appear to have harried this and the neighbouring province for many years; the city was retaken two years later.\n\nAs above stated, the old city and district were known as Kuang-hsin, and the site thereof was on the ground lately purchased by Jardine, Matheson, and Co.\n\nThe present city, which is about 1,300 years old, stands at the junction of the Fu or Kuei River and the waterway known to foreigners as the West River. Its position has ever been considered by the Chinese one of great strategic importance, in as much as it controls the passage to and from the provinces of Kuangtung and Kuanghsi. In the middle of the main river, 2 miles below the town, is an islet known as Hsi Lung Chou, which in native opinion forms the key to the water system of the whole province. The point of confluence is known as San Chiang Ho, or the junction of the three rivers, and it may not be without interest if I endeavour to give a rough sketch of the streams which here unite and form the West River proper. Not, however, having a single reliable map at hand and having no guide but the notorious inaccuracy of Chinese geographers, the attempt is not likely to prove of much value. (Extracted from the Prefectural Topography.)\n\nThe three rivers are, I, the Li River, II, the Yu or right River, and III, the Tso or left River.\n\n### The Three Rivers\n\n| River | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| I. The Li-chiang | rises in the north-east corner of the province on the Haiyang range, and, flowing past Lingch'uan, Kueilin, and Pinglo, enters the West River at Wuchow. |\n| II. The Yu-chiang | is formed by (1) the Lung River and (2) the Fung River, which, after uniting at Lin-ch'êng, are joined lower down by (3) the Hung-shui River, and meet III at Hsun-chou. |\n| III. The Tso-chiang | is formed by (1) the Tsang-ko River and (2) the Chiao-chih River, together with several smaller streams. |\n\n1. The Lung-chiang rises in Kuei-chou, and flows past Ch'ing-yüan.\n2. The Fung-chiang rises in Kuei-chou, and flows past Huai-yüan.\n3. The Hung-shui-chiang rises in Yunnan, and flows past Hsi-lung, joins (1) and (2), united at Lai-pin.\n\n1. The Tsang-ko-chiang rises in Yunnan, flows past Tien-chou, and joins (2) at Ho-chiang-chên.\n2. The Chiao-chih-chiang rises in Tongking.\n\n(1) and (2), after their junction, flow past Nanning, and are known as the Yu River, until they reach Hsin-chou. The name West River is not given to the main stream until it crosses the border of Kuangtung 10 miles below Wuchow. Here it is known as the Wu-chiang.\n\nThe city of Wuchow contains some 40,000 inhabitants, and the districts controlled by the Prefecture are Tsang Wu, Huai-chi, Ts'en-chi, Teng, and Tung. The aboriginal inhabitants were known as Yao and Tung, and during the Ming dynasty appear to have given the officials much trouble. Since then, however, they have gradually assimilated with the Chinese, and I do not believe there are any distinctive aboriginal villages in the Prefecture.\n\nOf the town, little is to be said; it is essentially one of mean streets, low-lying, and constantly liable during the summer to inundation. The business quarter extends along the banks of both rivers to the south and west of the city wall, and it is surprising that the Cantonese, who form 99 per cent. of the mercantile community, should put up year after year with the loss of business and other inconveniences which are the result of the annual submersion of their premises.\n\nA disastrous fire which took place some two years ago has led to the introduction of a steam pumping-engine, and the laying of fire mains in the suburbs, but the system is not yet in working order.\n\nI have not been here for a sufficient length of time to see what effect freshets on the Fu River have; the period during which it is stated to be most violent is when the West River is low and unable to dam up the accumulated mountain torrents which rush down its sloping bed. To judge, however, by the fact that for centuries it was spanned by a bridge of boats a few hundred yards above its mouth, there would seem to be no reason why communication between Wuchow and the west bank of this river should be cut off for days at a time. In 1472, Hanfeng, a famous Governor-General then resident here, threw a bridge of fifty-six boats across the river, and supported it by chains fastened to two iron posts on either bank. This bridge continued in existence till well on into the present century, and was first broken off, I believe, when the rebels made their appearance before the town. The four iron posts still remain in a state of almost perfect preservation. In 1596, a similar bridge of 142 boats was thrown across the main river, but it does not seem to have been kept up for any considerable number of years. The engineering difficulties to be contended with are of course much greater on the main river than on the Fu Ho, owing to the very great difference between the West River's summer and winter levels. This summer, the river commenced to rise shortly after my arrival, and reached its highest point on the 1st July, 35 feet above the water-mark of the 15th June. It fell, however, very rapidly, and again rose some 15 to 20 feet about the beginning of August. The bank of the West River is a mud flat sloping at an angle of about 45 degrees, whereas the banks of the Fu River are rocky and steep. The colour of the water in the latter is the clear green of a mountain stream, in marked contrast to the yellow muddiness of the main river.\n\nA small hill opposite the city, known as the Fire Hill, would appear to have been at one time in a state of active volcanic eruption, as up to the middle of the fourteenth century, it was constantly emitting fire. Local notes, too, have innumerable notes of earthquakes having occurred in the Prefecture.\n\n### Local Revenue\n\nAs regards local revenue, this Prefecture is considered the wealthiest in the province, owing to the fact that the greater proportion of imports into, and exports from, Kuanghsi must pass the four custom-houses—which are now increased to five by the addition of the Maritime Customs—which line the river bank. The Prefectural custom-house, at which all produce must pay duty, has an annual revenue of 130,000 to 140,000 taels, of which sum only some 70,000 taels has to be remitted to the Provincial Treasury. The chief source of revenue is duty on rafts, of which great numbers pass down the river. The land tax is fixed at 53,314 taels per annum, and the salt duties at 46,828 taels.\n\nThe Wuchow Li-kin Office controls four stations, three at Wuchow itself, and one...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-294 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 160,
        "title": "CO129-294 - Governor Sir Blake - 1899 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure 3.\n\nTccl\n\n31434\n\nNOV 22 No. 40.\n\n157\n\n99\n\nAn Ordinance for the Naturalization of Lò KUN TING, alias Ló Fo, alias LÒ CHING CHIU, alias Lò Tis Fu.\n\nAn Ordinance to amend the Vagrancy Ordinance, 1897.\n\nAn Ordinance to amend the Rating Ordinance, 1888.\n\nAn Ordinance to amend the Crown Lands Resumption Ordinance, 1889.\n\nAn Ordinance to amend \"The Protection of Women and Girls Ordinance, 1897.\"\n\nI commend them to your most careful consideration. Again, I congratulate you on the abounding prosperity of the Colony, and I earnestly hope that your deliberations may tend to the welfare and progress of the community.\n\nHONGKONG.\n\nFINANCIAL RETURNS ACCOMPANYING THE DRAFT ESTIMATES FOR 1900.\n\nNo. 54.\n\nSIR.\n\nLaid before the Legislative Council by Command of His Excellency the Governor.\n\nTREASURY, 30th September, 1899,\n\nHENRY A. BLAKE,\n\nCouncil Chamber, Hongkong, 11th October, 1899.\n\nI have the honour to transmit the following returns for consideration and approval of His Excellency the Governor:\n\n1. Estimates of Revenue for 1900.*\n\n2. Table of the Assets and Liabilities of the Colony for the past year.\n\n3. Estimated Balance of the Assets of the Colony on 31st December, 1899.\n\n4. Estimated Loan Account 1899.\n\n5. Loan Account 1898.\n\nI have\n\nThe Statement marked A will show how the balance of $288,056.94 is arrived at. omitted all items appearing in the statement of Assets and Liabilities for 1898 set forth at page (C16) of the Blue Book for 1898 which will form part of the Revenue and Expenditure for the current year.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nThe Honourable\n\nTHE COLONIAL SECRETARY,\n\nYour obedient Servant,\n\nA. M. THOMSON,\n\nTreasurer.\n\nESTIMATED BALANCE OF THE ASSETS OF THE COLONY, ON THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1899.\n\nEstimated Revenue, 1899, Estimated Expenditure, Local,\n\nDo. Do., Crown Agents,\n\nEstimated Revenue in excess over Expenditure,\n\nLoan Works, 1st January to 30th June,\n\nDo., 1st July to 31st December (Estimated),\n\nTotal,\n\nBalance of Assets of 1898,\n\nPlus Revenue in excess of 1899 Expenditure,\n\nLess Loan Works,\n\nEstimated Balance of 1899 Assets,\n\nTreasury, 29th September, 1899.\n\n  \n    $3,373,414.00\n    $2,538,626.00\n  \n  \n    \n    570,934.00\n  \n  \n    \n    3,109,560.00\n  \n  \n    $ 263,854.00\n    \n  \n  \n    17,292.04\n    \n  \n  \n    121,000.00\n    \n  \n  \n    $138,292.04\n    \n  \n  \n    $288,056.94\n    \n  \n  \n    263,854.00\n    \n  \n  \n    $551,910.94\n    \n  \n  \n    138,292.04\n    \n  \n  \n    $413,618.90\n    \n  \n\nA. M. THOMSON,\n\nTreasurer.\n\nbuty\n\n314",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 48,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure 2.\n\nRECO\n\nC.O.\n\n4795\n\nREO is FEB 00\n\nGOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION. No. 387. Pursuant to section 4 of the Local Communities Ordinance, No. 11 of 1899, His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to appoint the Committees for the various Sub-Districts on the mainland of the New Territories specified in the Schedule hereto annexed.\n\nBy Command,\n\nColonial Secretary's Office, Hongkong, 7th July, 1899.\n\n  \n    DISTRICT,\n    1 SUB-DISTRICT.\n  \n  \n    Villages,\n    Sha Tin Ts'ün\nTsik Ts'in Wai\n沙田村\n積存圍\nSam Tin Wai...\nKang Han\n  \n  \n    \n    心田圍\n巡口\n  \n  \n    隔 0:\n    沙田\n頭圍源頭壠寮山巖\n灣洋墩下\n逕 隔 沙山小黃石大觀茂禾火山四黃河落九 口田 田家瀝坭古藍音草輋灘尾貝竹上渡肚\n  \n  \n    \n    Kák Tin\nSha Tin Tant\nSbán Ha Wai\nSiu Lek Un\nWong Nai Tan\nShek Ku Lung\nTúi Linh Tin\nKun Yam Sháu\nMau Trở Ngắm\nWo Tsia\nFo T'án\nSbán Mi\nAu Pui Wan\nWong Chuk Yeung\nHo Sheung Tan\nLok Tó Ha\nKau To...\n  \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\n  \n    Tsing Lán Shi\nTseung Kwan O\nMa Yau T'oug...\nSó Mau Ping\nMang Kung Uk\nSheung Yeung\n***\nHa Yeung Pan Long Wán\nYau Ù Wán\nSong Shi Wán\nFu Hop Wún\nTái Háng Hai\nNám Wai\nPak Wai\n    Villages.\n柯上\n蔡渡下\n九肚\n井樹\n井 將 馬蘇孟 上下檳鰌桑富大南北\n蘭 軍 遊茅公\n洋洋榔魚樹台坑圍圍\n「北圍\n灣灣灣灣口\n  \n\nJ. H. STEWART LOCKHART, Colonial Secretary.\n\nKAU-LUNG. 九龍\n\n  \n    Tse Chui-ghm...\nTse Hing-séung Wai Mi-ts'éung Yau Kin-lung...\n    Names of Committee.\n謝慶\n韋美\n游見\n楊德光\n謝謝韋游楊韋袁麥草會會林會蔡楊釗 鄭王陳 祝慶美見德奇創叶秀文福暢道過振 寬長成 三湘祥川光秀大廷 明星華榕妈泰光 有發玉\n  \n  \n    KAU YEUK. 九魡\nYeung Tak-kwong\nWai K'i-sau\nÜn Chfong-tai...\nMak\nHip-ting...\nWai Sau\nTsang\nMan-ming\nTsang Fuk-sing\nLam Ch'énng-wIL\nTsang To-yung\nTs'oi Tseuk-úo\nYeung K tải\nJat Chal-hwang\nCheng Fan-yau\nWong Cheung-fát\nCh'an Shing-yuk\n    楊德光\n韋奇秀\n袁昌大\n麥協廷\n韋秀\n曾\n文銘\n曾福成\n林昌榮\n曾道揚\n蔡爵宇\n楊其大\n易濟璜\n鄭勛耀\n王祥發\n陳成玉\n  \n  \n    Cheng Kwai-salk\nHung Kwok-tsing\nLau Tung-p\nLau-Man-kau ...\nLo Muk-kwai...\nYan King-fong\nYau In-fuk\n    將軍澳\n上\n下\n公民\n洋\n洋\n  \n  \n    LUK YEUK.大約\nAFT\nCh'an Tik-kwong Ng Wing-shan...\nLi To-yzot\nShing Un-tát\nÜ Mau-loung\nLan Kwan-man\nLau Kwan-tsenk\nLau Sui-shang\n    Names of Committee.\n陳迪光 吳永壽\n李道\n成煥達\n余懋\n林君民\n劉君慈 劉君爵 劉瑞生\n  \n  \n    Lam Tsün\nYau Tak.kwong\nShing Shing-tát\n    林全\n邱德光 成陞達\n  \n\n47",
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        "page_number": 49,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "Ti Pi Tsai... \n\nMok Che Tsia \n\nTái Ngan C... \n\nWo Mi \n\nDISTRICT. \n\nPak Kong Hung \n\n大埔仔 \n\n窩尾 \n\n北港鄉 \n\nMẫu Ping \n\n茅坪 \n\nWong Chuk Shán \n\nPak Kong O \n\nTa Ho Tan \n\nShui Tsing Talk \n\nMa Lám Fat... \n\nTsin Hang \n\nSha Kok Mi \n\nNgau Liu \n\nNám Shán \n\nKák Chai Tan \n\nLong Mi \n\nWong Chuk Yeung . \n\n朗尾 \n\n仔鸯湖 \n\n出澳暾頭笏 \n\n尾 \n\n大莫大窩北 茅北打水麻蕉沙牛 南隔黃 \n\n埔癯牛尾港 坪竹淃蠔♯籃坑角寮 由柴尾竹 \n\nKAULUNG. 九龍(Continued.) \n\nWan Tsit-ebau \n\nUn Tang-kdi \n\n溫捷宸 \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT. Villages, \n\n袁桐階 \n\nWai Sam \n\nLok Ping-wan \n\nLok Un.iu \n\n駱炳 駱煥 \n\nTám Shui Lek \n\nLau Shing-lán \n\n劉勝蘭 \n\n*She Ha \n\n黄竹山 \n\nChung Tsip-t6 \n\n鐘集韌 \n\nThi Min \n\n3 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillager. \n\nLG Chiu-tring \n\n盧兆廷 \n\nTáu Shui Hãng \n\n担水坑 \n\nCh'an Kam-on \n\nWai Chin-fai \n\nTse Ka-tát \n\n隔柴墩 \n\nLau Hang-un \n\nWan Ki-shing \n\n黃竹洋 \n\nLa Shiu-ts'eung \n\n韋展輝 謝嘉 劉亨 \n\n温錤勝 \n\n李紹祥 \n\n輝達元 \n\nSbán Tsui \n\n山嘴 \n\nSan Ts'ün \n\n新村 \n\n3 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nTSON WÁN. 全灣 \n\nVillages. \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n4 SUB-DISTRICT. Villages. \n\nMuk Min Ha... \n\n木棉下 \n\nHo Yik-shi \n\nHo Tsoi-yuk \n\nHoi Pui \n\n海: \n\nSha Tsui \n\nKwán Mun Hau \n\nHAD Tin \n\n沙嘴 關門 \n\nSámi Tung Uk \n\nSan Ts'ün \n\nShek Wai Kok \n\nI Po Chun \n\n咸田 三棟屋 新村 石圍角 玻圳 \n\n1s in Win Wai \n\n全灣 \n\nLai Muk-shi \n\nWo Li Hoy \n\nSheung Kwai-ch'ung \n\nNa Kwai-chung \n\nin Fu Hani \n\nTsing Fäi Tong \n\nShek Tau Kin... \n\nShing Mun \n\n上葵 \n\nPo Tan Tú \n\n坡頭肚 \n\nÚ Young Shán \n\nHo Pui Wai \n\n湖洋山 河背圍 \n\nCheng Ying-wa \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n口 屋 角圳合涌涌仔樹見 肚山圍 \n\nYeung Kwok-sili \n\nCh'an l'ing-k'au \n\nChau Ping-aii... Sin Tát-hing \n\nTang On-yau \n\nCheang Tsun-iiu \n\n: \n\n: \n\nWong Lai-pan \n\nLau Shai-wa \n\nLo Kái-mó \n\nFu Yik-tsei \n\nTs'oi Chan-hi... \n\nFu Yauting \n\nChan Ying-mui \n\nChang Ut-thi... \n\nCheng Shing-kwai \n\nCheng Ts'oi-sheung \n\n蔡振 \n\n傅有 \n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nWo Hang \n\nTái long \n\nKong Ha \n\nAu Ha \n\nMa Treuk Ling \n\n禾坑 \n\n大 \n\n同下 \n\n凹下 麻雀嶺 \n\nCheung Fat-luk \n\n張狀 \n\nSHA-TPAU-KOK. 沙頭角 \n\nWO HÃNG, 7 Đề \n\nLi Hing-ch'un.... \n\nNames of Committer. \n\nTá Cheung-ch'un \n\nLi Kit \n\nLi Chio-ch'un \n\nLi Tsai chín \n\nTang Lin-fai \n\nNgai Sik-pan \n\n李長 \n\n李杰 \n\nTsang San-in \n\n會新 \n\nCheung Wing-ki \n\n張榮基 \n\n樞玉 瑞 球 緖慶仁元彬華謨材熙廷梅泰桂常華祿 \n\n: \n\n裼 陳 陳孫鄧張黃劉羅傅萦傅陳鄭鄭鄭鄭張 頭 \n\n何奕樞 何才玉 楊國瑞 \n\nLab Keng \n\n鹿頸 \n\nKai Kuk Shu Ha \n\n鷄谷樹下 \n\n陳秉球 陳 \n\nWang Shán Kéuk Nam Ch'ung La Uk... \n\n橫山脚 \n\n秉緒 \n\nTs'at Muk K'iu \n\nCheung Uk Tsün \n\nFung Hãng \n\n南漏李屋 七木橋 張屋村 風坑 \n\nYau Chiu-wa \n\nCheng Chan-shatt \n\nCheung Him-kwong \n\nSHA-TAU-KOK. 沙頭角(Contd.) \n\nIp Tu-ki \n\nLIN MA HANG. 蓮麻坑 \n\nTp Shing-wai... \n\nIp Shing-iu \n\n<瀝 \n\nIp Lán-kái \n\nIp Ting-ia \n\nLau Chan-chiu \n\nYau Tso-ying \n\nTs'ü Yan-chung \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nHA PO. 下堡 \n\nNames of Comanillee. \n\nTse Tsún-luk... \n\nYau Yuk-sbán \n\nLau Shung-san \n\nWong Kai-cheung \n\nLo Shun-chfeung \n\nLi Shing-fui... \n\nLám Cheung-yan \n\nLUK KENG. 鹿頸 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nChan Sheung-yan \n\nWong Tsung-hin \n\nCh'an Sz-wO... \n\nChi Ki-fun ... \n\nCh'an King-yeung \n\nTi Tsz-chfon... \n\n葉瑤 \n\n葉成 葉成瑤 葉蘭 葉定 劉 \n\n階惠瑤階竽超 \n\n佐仁錦贊玉祟繼順成章 英忠安祿山新昌昌魁仁 \n\n尙宗泗其敬子朝振藩 仁煮和寬錫椿華壽光 \n\n陳黃陳朱陳李邱鄭張 \n\n邱徐陳謝邱邱黃嶷李藍 \n\n李子 \n\n5 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\n劉世華 \n\nÚ Kiu Wang \n\n烏蛟騰 \n\nLi Wai-ün \n\nLi Mau-pan \n\nLi Wai-on \n\nA Ma Fat \n\n春春 春輝娥賢基 \n\nSán Túu L \n\nNai Tong Kok... \n\nCh'ung Pui \n\nShek Shui Kia \n\nSheung Miu Tin \n\nNai T'au Shek... \n\nSam A Ch'ung... \n\nHung Shek Mun \n\nTải Chan Tú \n\nToug Lek Tsai \n\nÉ Chau Tong \n\nSiu Káu... \n\nTải Cẩu... \n\nKam Chuk Päi \n\nWang Ling Taa \n\nCh'ung Mi \n\nKau Tám Tsú ... \n\nHa Miu Tin \n\nM& NG... \n\n三 \n\n笏羅角 潤田石瀨門渡仔塘 \n\n九担租 \n\n下莳田 \n\n亞三坭涌石上坭三紅大塘戶小大金 \n\n馬袒塘背木苗頭了石洲瀝洲潑滘竹嶺尾担苗瑙 \n\n橫 \n\n九下瑪 \n\n瑪瑙 \n\n亞馬笏 \n\nLi Mau-san \n\n担羅 \n\nTi Po-chas \n\nNAM YEUK. 南約 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n張謙光 \n\n李韡 \n\n李衛安 \n\n李慈新 \n\n李保珍 \n\nIp Tát-fui \n\nLi Hou-san \n\n葉達魁 \n\n李翰新 \n\nCh'an Ting-leung \n\n陳廷亮 \n\nSham Shing-fát \n\n沈承發 \n\n金 \n\n竹 \n\n橫嶺頭 \n\n涌尾 \n\nLi Cuop-ho \n\nLi Yuk-fu \n\nWong Shiu-tsáu \n\nLi Kan-mau \n\nLi Kan-chan \n\nLau Shing-yau \n\n執初 \n\n王紹纘 \n\n李根 劉勝有 會振泰 \n\nTsang Chan-tai \n\nHo Sz-kwong \n\n何士廣 \n\n48",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3].txt",
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        "id": 375223,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 50,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "DISTRICT. \n\n6 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nKuk Pó 谷埔\n\nSan Uk 新屋\n\nTsia Ha 下家\n\nSáur Ku 山肚\n\nI Tó 衣肚\n\nSám Tó 三肚\n\nNúm Sbán Mi 南山尾\n\nSz Tú 谷新埔\n\nSung Chun-hwong 宋春光\n\nLi Ch'an-p'... 李春...\n\nSHA-T'AU-KOK. 沙頭角(Contd.)\n\nKUK PÓ. 谷埔\n\nNames of Committee. \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nKat Hing Wai 吉慶圍\n\nWing Lung Wai 永隆圍\n\nShui T'au 水頭\n\nSung Fi-tang 宋飛騰\n\nCheng Kai-ming 鄭鑑明\n\nT\"ái Hong Wai 太康圍\n\nTang Plug-sbü 鄧...\n\nShui Mi 水尾\n\nTung Hung-ying 董雄英\n\nSha P% 沙莆\n\nYeung Tsing-Lini 楊清輝\n\nChuk Ün 竹園\n\nSiu T'án 小灘\n\nLai Chi Wo 荔枝窩\n\nNgan Sbai U 牛水湖\n\n7 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nHING CHUN 慶春\n\nVillages. \n\nPok Wai 壆圍\n\nMai Pó 米埔\n\nNg Tsin-tak 吳展德\n\nTsang Shai-chin 曾世...\n\nTsang Shai-wong 曾世...\n\nWong Kin-sheung 黃建常\n\nSám A Wai 三椏村\n\nTsang Toi-tsing 曾...\n\nTsang Sheang-lun 曾上倫\n\nSo Lo P'un 鎖羅盤\n\nFan Shui Au 分水凹\n\nMui Tsz-lar 梅子林\n\nHop Tong 恰塘\n\nWong Yau-sau 黃有秀\n\nTrang It-tát 鄭...\n\n3 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nVillages. \n\nNân Pin Wai 南邊圍\n\nSai Pin Wai 西邊圍\n\nTung Pan 東頭\n\nHo Tô Hảng 河肚坑\n\nFún Shung-shing 范崇勝\n\nShán Pui 山县\n\nIam Tsin 鹽田\n\nDISTRICT.\n\nËN LONG 元朗\n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nPÁT HEUNG 八鄉\n\nVillages. \n\nYing Jang Wai 英龍圍\n\n'Tai Shu 台山\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nTs'oi Uk Ts'ün 蔡屋村\n\nTang Pang-ch'ng 鄧鵬程\n\nLo Ting-sau... 羅定...\n\nTang Un-fai 鄧...\n\nThi Wai 大圍\n\nTung San Trùn 東新村\n\nYeung Uk Ts'ün 楊屋村\n\nYan Tin 仁田\n\nLam King-fai.. 林景輝\n\nTung Sai-p'ing 董世平\n\nWong Shi-wat 黃世...\n\nYeung Yau 楊有\n\nÜN LONG. 元朗(Continued.)\n\nTang Kok-lam 鄧覺南\n\nTang Shiu-hung 鄧紹雄\n\nTang Ting-tsun 鄧廷俊\n\nTang Kong-fuk 鄧光福\n\nTang Ts'am-tting 鄧參\n\nChan Kun-in 陳權賢\n\nFung Nam 馮南\n\nWong Kain-hing 黃金興\n\nKAM TIN. 錦田\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nSHAP PÁT HEUNG. 十八鄉\n\nChau Kwan-nám 周坤南\n\nLung Chan-shing 龍振聲\n\nCh'an Shing-tái 陳成大\n\nLi Tai-king 李大經\n\nIam Ut-sbán 嚴...\n\nChau Chúh nắn 周...\n\nLi Yik-pong 李翊邦\n\nLi Ú-sám 李...\n\nLok Fan-k'am 陸...\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nTang Uu-ün 鄧...\n\nTang Ho-kwong 鄧...\n\nWong Lin-ch'eung 黃連昌\n\nKong T'au 港頭\n\nTang Tái-fuk 鄧...\n\nTải Khu 大...\n\nTung Un-mni 東...\n\nMa Tin 馬田\n\nLok Siui-tsú... 陸...\n\nTin Liu 田寮\n\nSheung Tsia 上...\n\nIa Tsia 下...\n\nLin Fa Ti 蓮花地\n\nCheung Loi 長寮\n\nMuk Kia Tau 木橋頭\n\nCheng Wai-pong 鄭維邦\n\nKán Wan-suu 簡雲瑞\n\nLi Tsim-hung 李鴻\n\nLi Tung-ts'oi 李棟材\n\nShaun Chiang 山將\n\nCheung Ú-hi... 張...\n\nTang Kau-kwong 鄧球光\n\nKwok Yuk-t'iu 郭玉田\n\nUn Kong 員罔\n\nCheung Shiu-fan 張紹勳\n\nLeung Shing-yau 梁升有\n\nCheung Pó 長布\n\nMa On Kong 馬鞍岡\n\nSbeung Ts'ün 上村\n\nLam Lớn-chung 林蘭重\n\nTafoi Kam-hing 大...\n\nCheung Lu-hi 蔡金興\n\nKan Ying-ch'eung 簡英昌\n\nYL Chréung-bon 楊...\n\n4 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nVillages.\n\nSan Ts'ün 新村\n\nLó Wai 老圍\n\nHang Tsó-t in... 紅棗田\n\nPák Sha 白沙\n\nWong Nai-tan... 黃坭墩\n\nTái Trong 大堂\n\nT'ong Tau-p'ó 塘頭埔\n\nCh'an Üt-hin 陳...\n\nWong Cheung-fát 黃...\n\nWong Muk 黃木\n\nCh'au Wai 廖圍\n\nLam K'ai-boa 林啟...\n\nCheung Hon-shan 張漢山\n\nTsé Pó 謝...\n\nKán Ts'at 簡七\n\nPING SHAN. 屏山\n\nLai Fung-t'ang 黎...\n\nTse Heung-pú 謝...\n\nLai Kam-tải 黎...\n\nLai Ü-sam 黎...\n\nCh'un Luug 川龍\n\nSheung Tong 上塘\n\nTsang Hoi-ping 曾開平\n\nTang Wai-ts'ün 鄧...\n\nTang Oi-shan 鄧藹山\n\nTang Wai-hin... 鄧...\n\nTang Ying-shang 鄧英生\n\nTang Tau-sing... 鄧斗星\n\nTang King-fu... 鄧鏡湖\n\nTang Tsing-wath 鄧...\n\nTang Chan-p'un 鄧鎮藩\n\nTang Kat-wan.... 鄧吉雲\n\nTang Tin-hi 鄧天...\n\nNumes of Commities.\n\nLin Ch'... 林...\n\nChang ... 張太保\n\nKán Ts'at 簡七\n\nLau Iu 劉...\n\nHo Po 何保\n\nLeung War tái 梁威大",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3].txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 51,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "DISTRICT. \n\nWang Chau \n\n櫛洲 \n\nSbán Ha \n\n山下 \n\nKam-fnk \n\nNám She Wat... \n\n南蛇鬱 \n\nMok Kam-ts'ün \n\nNgau Hom \n\n牛街 \n\nWong Kai-ün... \n\nLám Hau \n\n欖口 \n\nTải Isu \n\nMong Tsing \n\n大井 \n\nNg Shai-pó \n\n網井 \n\nShui Pin Tsün \n\n水邊村 \n\nÚN LONG. 元朗(Continued.) \n\nYeang Wai-pan \n\nTs'oi Sz-bing \n\nWong Chin-ting \n\nCheung Kam-tai \n\nCheang \n\n楊渭 \n\n蔡斯 \n\n楊萦張張莫黄張梁吳鄧李眞 \n\n賓馨廷泰福全元有大保彥賢燕 \n\n「渭斯超金金金啟 貞世兆錦 \n\n5 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nSan Wai \n\nSik Kong Tsin \n\nSik Kong Wai \n\nVung Tau \n\nShek 16 \n\nTin Sant \n\nSai Sbán \n\nChang Uk Tsin \n\nTseng Kong Wai \n\nVillages. \n\n新圍 \n\n錫降村 錫降圍 \n\n東頭 \n\nCheung Fn-yan \n\nLeung \n\nCling-tái \n\nTang Tsap-in.. \n\nLi Chiu-in \n\nWong Kam-in \n\nTang Chak-hing \n\nTang Chak-hing \n\nTang Po-shan Tang Clan-in \n\nTang Hingteng Tang 'ong-ho \n\nTang Yau-shing \n\nTang Fuk-ki... \n\nLam Ts'ai-bou \n\nHA TSUN. 廈村 \n\nNames of Committee, \n\nCh'an Shing-ch'eung Tang K-fan... \n\n石埔 田心 西山 鍾屋村 鮮降圍 \n\nChung Peli... \n\nTang Shai-kit \n\n鄧視卿 \n\n鄧 \n\n振 \n\n杰 \n\n世 \n\n保 \n\n科 \n\n鄧 \n\n世杰 \n\n鄧鄧鄧鄧鄧鄧鄧鄧林陳鄧鍾 鄧 擇祝寶振慶米有福齊升奇保 瀬臣元堂河勝奇漢長勦州 \n\nTUN MUN. 屯門 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nPak Ling \n\n6 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nChung Uk Tsin \n\nShun Fung Wai \n\nTsz Tin Wai \n\nTsing Chun Wai \n\n子田 \n\nNai Wai \n\nTiiu Tsz Wai \n\nPó Tong la \n\n坭堂 屯子圍 寶 \n\n村圍圍圍 圍下 \n\nChung Sha-pó \n\nCheung Kwai-yau \n\nSiu Hang \n\n小坑 \n\nLán Ti \n\nSan Tsiiu \n\n藍地 \n\nTó Üt-chau \n\nTaug Lün-kwai \n\nTo Ka-eheang \n\nT6 Tsáp-lát \n\nTse Fu-lok \n\nTse Shing-on \n\nTú Cheung-Fau \n\n新村 \n\nTó Ts'oi-on \n\n7 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\n50 \n\nNim Win \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n8 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nTai Shui Hang \n\nPuk Long \n\nHa Nám Long \n\nVillagee. \n\nUN LONG. 元朗(Continued) \n\nLUNG KU TAN 龍鼓灘 \n\nSheng Nam Long \n\n稔灣 大水坑 北選 下南期 上南 篤尾漏 \n\nCheng Yin-pd \n\nLenug Fat \n\nLan Man-ming \n\nTak Mi Ch'ung \n\nDISTRICT. \n\nI SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages, \n\nHang Ha Pú \n\nShe Shán \n\nTải Coi \n\nWai T'an \n\nTin Lin Ha \n\n*Tai Om Shán \n\nNg Tung Chá \n\nMa Pó Mi \n\nTái Yeung Tsis \n\nShui Wo \n\nSan Tong \n\nLung A Pái -- \n\nSin Om Sháu \n\n坑下莆 社山 大菴 圍頭 \n\n田寮下 \n\n大菴 梧桐寨 \n\n下山寨尾牶 \n\nLau Ting-chin \n\nLau Him-loi \n\nLau Kin-k'in \n\nTam Tai-wa E \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n鄭天保 梁發 劉廷昭 劉謙來 劉建乾 文明 \n\nSHEUNG U.雙魚 \n\nOh'an Fuk-wa \n\nCheung Kiä \n\nLAM TSUN. 林村, \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nCheung Hing-tsin \n\nChung Kwong-ts'enng Chung Tak-pan \n\nKu Ching-leung \n\nLenng Hing-wai \n\nSham Tsan-lin \n\nWan In-isfoi \n\n鐘 古正亮 \n\n梁慶惠 沈瓚連 \n\n隱華裕全祥彬亮 惠連 才 高湘華琳 宗 興 \n\n李茂琳 陳承宗 \n\n温賢才 \n\n鍾雲 \n\nTsoi Hat Tsin \n\nPák Ngau Shek \n\n在吉村 百牛石 坪 \n\nChung Wan-kó \n\nLeung Tsz-seung \n\n梁子 \n\nChung Ming-wa \n\n鍾明 \n\nLi Mau-lam \n\nChian Shing-tsung \n\n2鍾屋村 \n\n-放馬莆 新屋仔 石古壠 \n\nChaug Liu-hing \n\n鍾連興 \n\nYau Tsing \n\n邱清 \n\nHo Ting-shing \n\n何廷盛 \n\nPing Liong \n\nLin Au \n\nTong Sheung \n\nSan Chun \n\nChung Uk Tsão \n\nFoug Ma Pó- \n\nSan Uk Tsai. \n\nShek Ku Lang \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\n連凹 \n\n-S新圳 \n\nSAN TIN. 新田 \n\nTÁI LÁM CHUNG, 大欖涌 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n鍾樹保 張貴有 陶日疇 鄧聯桂 陶嘉 陶集 謝富 \n\n陶長 \n\n陶才 \n\nSau Kin \n\nTsó Tau \n\n胡昌 \n\nVillages. \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n新田 \n\nMan Oi-king \n\n「灶頭 \n\nMan Sing-ún \n\nMau Tsun-wa \n\nMan Tat-k'ün \n\nChéung Wai-yam \n\nLi Teroi-tsung \n\nLa Shai-shing \n\nChian Yan-it \n\nChing Hing \n\nTing Yung-sau \n\nFu Yau-ki \n\nChung Tak-wy \n\nTsui Chan-bi \n\n陳欽悅 \n\nMan Ho-san \n\nMan Pó-cho- \n\nMan Shiu-k'an \n\n程興 丁容秀 張懷欽 傅准税 鍾德和 蔡桭熙 \n\nMan Shui-nám \n\nMao Muk-t'ong \n\nLak Ma Chau \n\n勒馬洲 \n\nLiu Pok \n\n料塗 \n\nCheung Pan-sam \n\nFung Yau-fak \n\nFoug J-chan \n\nVillages. \n\nTái Lân Chưng \n\n大欖涌 \n\nÚ Chéung \n\nWo \n\nSó Kun Fat \n\n帶管笏 \n\nTải Đán \n\n大欖 \n\nTsing Fái Toug \n\n清快塘 \n\nOn Tan \n\nTwin Pi Tsai \n\n圓墩 \n\n田仔 \n\n文星垣 \n\n文俊華 文達權 安 \n\n賀 \n\n敬晅華懽粉祊芹南堂三福 \n\n馮宜周",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3].txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "San Wai\n\nSan Uk\n\nL6 Wai\n\nDISTRICT.\n\n3 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nWing Ning Wai\n\nLung Thong\n\nTải Feng\n\nLoi Tong\n\nHok San\n\nTán Chuk Hàng\n\nMán Uk Pin\n\nVillages.\n\nSHEUNG U. 雙魚 (Continued.)\n\nLUNG YEUK TAU.\n\nMI MI JA Names of Committee.\n\n新圍\n\nTang Yui-shan\n\n大廳 萊洞\n\n圍\n\nTang Yung-ping\n\nTang Tsun-yenng\n\nTang Fu-in\n\nTaug Lai-n\n\nTang Tsun-shan\n\nTang Sik-sheung\n\nTang Man-wa\n\nTang Yui-kin\n\nTang Cafenk-pan\n\nLo Tsun-kit\n\nChung Shing-kwai\n\n鄧鏡\n\n鄧蓉\n\n鄧禮瑚\n\n鄧俊\n\n鶴藪 丹竹坑 萬屋溫\n\n羅俊健 鍾成桂\n\n4 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nSHÜN WAN. 船灣\n\nVillages.\n\nNames of Committee,\n\n船灣\n\nLi Tak-chan\n\nShin Wán\n\nWai Ha\n\nShiu Vân Ô\n\nSha Lo Tung\n\nTung San\n\nHán Tin\n\nWoug I Tân\n\nTing Kok\n\nLai Pek Shin\n\nThi Ai Tak\n\nfi\n\n圍\n\n船灣澳 羅洞\n\n洞梓\n\n咸田\n\n黃魚灘 汀角\n\nLi Chan-kong\n\nLi Tsun-in\n\nChan Kwong ūn\n\nCheung Wo-man\n\nLi Ch'on-fai\n\nIp Ting-fit\n\nChiur Kam-ti\n\nCheung Kwai-yAD Iam Kwok-lin\n\nLi Hoi-kat\n\nPhang Sui-in\n\nÛ Ü-kong\n\nLo Sui-ch'enng\n\nHAP WO. 翕和\n\nNames of Committer.\n\nLung Mi Ts'ün\n\n犂壁山 大美督 龍尾村\n\nWong Wing-fuk Chan Kwong-lam\n\n5 SUB-DISTRICT,\n\nVillages.\n\nTúi Pô Tsu\n\n大埔頭\n\nTang U-icung\n\nTang Chiu-ping\n\nPán Chung\n\nTải Pú Ki\n\nÉn In\n\n大埔 碗窰\n\n福\n\nMak Nung-mau\n\nMa P'ai-ün\n\nMa On-ki\n\n臣屛揚延瑚臣常華斌傑楻\n\n李李李陳張李葉詹張林李彭兪羅黃陳\n\n德振俊光和春定錦桂國開瑞汝瑞永光\n\n珍網源遠文輝發泰仁毬吉遠江昌\n\n林\n\n鄧裕宴 鄧兆平 麥濃茂\n\n馬\n\nMà Ch'in-án\n\nWong I Au\n\nFung Un\n\nNản Hãng\n\nÚn Tan Ha\n\nIn Ngắm\n\nTis Tit Yang\n\n黃宜四 鳳園\n\nCh'an Hon-yam\n\n陳翰欽\n\n南坑\n\nMak Yuk-ting\n\n麥郁廷\n\n圓墩下 燕巖 打鐵岌\n\nWoug Chan-fai\n\nHo Wing-hung\n\nPuu Sbán Chau\n\n3半山州\n\n黃振輝\n\n何永鴻\n\n6 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nVillages.\n\nTSÓI HÀNG. * H\n\nNtumes of Committee.\n\nTsing Chin Wai\n\n青磚圍\n\nSan Wai\n\nMan Chúm-tsin\n\n新圍\n\nLó Ts'ün\n\n老村\n\nMan Yan-tải\n\nFui Sha Wai--\n\nTải Wo\n\n灰沙圍 大窩\n\nMan Im-ts'án\n\nTi Kam-kwai\n\nKauhung Háng\n\n彩九龍坑\n\n文湛泉\n\n文\n\n泰 文豔燦 李錦貴\n\n51\n\nSheung Shui\n\nDISTRICT.\n\n7 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nVillages.\n\nFan Ling\n\nFan Ling Lau\n\nSó Kun Pó\n\n8 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\nVillages.\n\n9 SUB-DISTRICT. Villagee.\n\nHo Sheung Heung\n\nKam Tsin\n\nIn Kong\n\nPing Kong\n\nTsin Káng\n\nPing Tsia\n\nHeung Un\n\nDISTRICT.\n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT.\n\n上水\n\n埔\n\n粉粉掃\n\n嶺嶺簪\n\nSHEUNG Ú,雙魚(Continued.)\n\nLiu In-ü\n\nSHEUNG SHUI 上水\n\nLiu Tsung-náin\n\nLiu Süt-ktam\n\nLiu Lin-sz\n\nLin\n\nChak-sám\n\nLiu Fai-shang\n\nLiu Ping-mai\n\nTán Kin-ip\n\nPáng Luu-fai\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nFAN LING. 粉嶺\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nPáng Tin-ts'eung\n\nPáng Fi-ü\n\nMy\n\nPhảng Hung ki\n\nPáng Chung-Su\n\nHau Hing-min\n\nHao Tin-hang\n\nwwww\n\n河上鄉\n\n金錢 燕岡 丙岡 蕉逕\n\nHoa Shing Gái\n\nVillages.\n\n平董\n\n香\n\nTsung in Ha\n\nFwww.m\n\n松\n\nSháu Kai Wat\n\nKán Tan Wai\n\nPing Yeung\n\nLó Skü Ling\n\nMuk Ú\n\nSai Kung\n\nDISTRICT.\n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT. Village.\n\nLong K'e\n\nLan Nai Win\n\nWong Nai Chau\n\nPak ján Chung\n\nTái Long Tsai\n\nWong Mo Yan\n\nLong Kang\n\nNám A\n\nTái Win\n\nSha Kok Mi\n\nNgau Lin\n\n窟下圍 嶺\n\n澗頭 平洋 老鼠嶺 木湖\n\n西貢\n\n爛坭灣 黃坭州 北潭 大望仔\n\n-\n\n黃\n\n期\n\n大灣\n\n-\n\n沙鱼尾\n\n1牛寮\n\nHan Chal-wing\n\nPáng Tsz-in\n\n-\n\nHAU YECK. 侯約\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nLUK YEUK. A\n\nMán Ying-whi\n\nMan Fuk-shin\n\nLam Ki-ying\n\nHo Sung-kwai\n\nChau Kwok-ün Chan Tak-Wan\n\nTó Mán-fong\n\nTó Ts'ap\n\nNg Ting-hoi\n\nLi Tái-shing\n\nLUK YEUK. 六約\n\nNames of Committec.\n\n-\n\n廖頌\n\n廖\n\n平\n\n廖乾\n\n麻瘳總廛廖廖廖廖\n\n硯頌雪蓮宬輝平乾\n\n腴南琴士三生妹業\n\n魁祥如基霄\n\n彭\n\n彭天\n\n彭斐\n\n彭洪基\n\n侯慶門 侯殿行\n\n侯成燊\n\n萬萬林\n\nTUNG HOI.東海\n\nSAI KUNG. 西貢\n\nLing Shin-chung\n\nTai Yuk-wa\n\nWong Ping-san\n\nTsau Shui\n\nWong Shui\n\nWong Shing-\n\nLo Wan\n\nTang Pik-fu ---\n\nNames of Committee.\n\nWong Chin-ching\n\nWai Chin-fai\n\nTsé Ku-tát\n\nLau Hang-ün\n\n何\n\n陳\n\n榮\n\n懷善英桂元芳\n\n英福奇送國特萬維\n\n陳特零\n\n杜萬芳\n\n杜纖\n\n吳廷海\n\n吳李凌黎黃鄒黄羅鄧 王 韋謝劉\n\n海盛忠華秀\n\n廷大善毓内水水盛進碧 朝 展嘉亨\n\n難進\n\n鄧碧富\n\n王朝\n\n韋展輝\n\n謝嘉\n\n元",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3].txt",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 53,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "Nám Sháu \n\nKk Chi Lam \n\nLong Mi \n\nNgong Wo \n\nPak Tám \n\nChip Chua Win \n\nSho T'an \n\n-- \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n南山 \n\nWong Chuk Shán \n\nTsing Tat \n\nTúi Tung \n\nTúi Tung Mi \n\nTsia IIa \n\nThu Hằng \n\nNai Ch ung \n\nSui Băng \n\nAp Ma Liu \n\nYang Shu Aú \n\nTUNG HOI.東海(Continued.) \n\n隔柴墩 尾 窩 北潭 \n\nWan K'i-ebing \n\n竹灣 蛇頭 \n\nLau Kwan-pat \n\nMúa Lam-shing \n\nTi Fu-chau \n\nCheung Tsun-ch'emug \n\n黄竹山 \n\nChung Tsáp tỏ \n\n2 SUB.DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nCheung Muk Tau \n\nÜ K'ai Sha \n\nSai Au \n\nMa Ku Lám \n\nKi Ling Ha \n\nKó Toug \n\nPák Sha Au \n\n3 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nNám Sháu Ts'ün \n\nLai Chi Chong \n\nShani Ch'ung \n\n tải ản \n\nHa Young \n\nVillages. \n\nHoi Ha \n\n4 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillages. \n\nChính hảng \n\nSai Wan \n\nTải Long \n\nChenng Uk Wai Tán Ka Wán \n\n頭湖洞下坑涌逕麻樹木溪澳牯嶺 \n\n寮溪頭沙 釋下 \n\n樟木 \n\n西澳 \n\n馬牯纜 \n\n岐嶺下 \n\n井大大輋官坭西鴨榕樟烏西馬岐 \n\n温其勝 \n\n劉 \n\n萬林勝 李富珍 \n\n張俊昌 \n\n鍾集韜 \n\nCHEUNG MUK TAU. 樟木頭 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nEnclosure 3. \n\nC.O. \n\nREAD \n\nGOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION. -- No. 394. \n\n4795 \n\nRec? 13 FEB Or \n\nPursuant to section 4 of the Local Communities Ordinance, No. 11 of 1899, His Excellency the \n\nGovernor has been pleased to appoint the Committees for the various Sub-Districts in the Islands of \n\nhe New Territories specified in the Schedule hereto annexed, \n\nBy Cominant, \n\nColonial Secretary's Office, Hongkong, 15th July, 1899. \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillage. \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\nVillage. \n\n8 SUB-DISTRICT. Village, \n\n4 SUB-DISTRICT, \n\nFillage. \n\n+4 \n\n吉澳 \n\n大洲洲 \n\n塘頭尾 \n\n塔門 \n\nJ. H. STEWART LOCKHART, Colonial Secretary. \n\nTUNG TO.東島 \n\nLi Fung-ts'eung \n\nLi Pat-forg \n\nLau Tak-ip \n\nTang Te'oi-tát \n\nLo Fu-p'ing \n\nKAT Ó.吉澳 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nPING CHAU. 坪洲 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nWong Hin-tsung \n\nPong Ho-chau \n\nLám Shin Fat \n\nLai Tak Tải \n\nTVÁP MÜN. 塔門 \n\nNames \n\nCommittee. \n\n李鳳翔 \n\n李拔芳 \n\n林 \n\n李李林鄧羅 \n\n鳳祓德才轉 \n\n翔芳業達屏 \n\n黃顯宗 \n\n龐豪洲 \n\n黎德 \n\nPAK LÁP CHAU. 白蠟洲 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nTi Wing-in \n\n李永苑 \n\nKat ( \n\nWong Liu-fuk \n\nKin Cheung-fuk \n\n黄連福 簡長福 \n\nYan Hon-sin \n\nTsung Tak-pin \n\nLiu Shia-p'ai \n\nLeung Yan-shau \n\n邱漢先 會德標 \n\n學紹培 \n\n梁仁壽 \n\nTái Tong Chau T'au Chau Mi \n\nHo Fung-wing \n\nTay Man \n\nKÓ TONG. 高塘 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n高塘 \n\n凹村庄 \n\n塘沙山枝涌灘洋下 \n\n高白南荔深大下海 \n\n張屋圍 蛋家灣 \n\nLai Muk-fút \n\nCh'au Mó-fat \n\nMó Sz-wing \n\n赤西大張蛋 \n\n巡灣浪屋家 \n\nWong Tak-ts'enng \n\n黄德祥 \n\nIp Ting-fut \n\n葉丁發 \n\nHi Shin-ming \n\nLi Kau-cheung \n\n許紹明 李根章 \n\nPák Láp Pak A Tung A \n\n白蠟 北丫 東丫 \n\nLi Ün-fai \n\n李源輝 \n\n5 SUB-DISTRICT. Village. \n\nKhu Bai \n\n滘西 \n\nLi Cu-t'é \n\n李源消 \n\nSó Ts'oi-bop \n\nYung Sz-ching \n\n翁仕稙 \n\nIm Tin Tsz \n\nCHIK KANG 赤逕 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n鹽田子 \n\nChan Ting-cheung \n\nChin Ching-wa \n\n6 SUB-DISTRICT. Village. \n\nDISTRICT. \n\n1 SUB-DISTRICT. Village. \n\nWang Hang... \n\nShek Tsai Pó \n\nLeung Uk \n\n Năm Ch’ung \n\n2 SUB-DISTRICT. \n\n趙貞華 黎木發 陳戊發 \n\n巫仕榮 \n\nSan Ts'ün \n\nLau Ts'ing-mui \n\nWong Wan-ts'ju \n\nLi Yeung \n\nLi Kwong-on \n\nKÁU SAI. 滘西 \n\nName of Committee, \n\n藍黎 洲 黃李 \n\n青雲養 \n\n發泰 \n\n黃雲釗 \n\n蘇才合 \n\nIM TIN TSZ.鹽田子 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nSAI TO. 西島 \n\nTAI Ó. 大澳 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\nCheng Shin-ta'éung . \n\nTse Mi-kwai \n\nMUI WO煤窩 \n\nNames of Committee. \n\n陳廷璋 \n\n李廣安 \n\n鄭善科 \n\n謝美貴 \n\n新村 \n\n▶横坑 \n\n石仔 樂屋 小南漏 \n\nVillage. \n\n大池塘 \n\n新慶 \n\nWong Yau-bing \n\n黃有典 \n\nLuk Ti Tong \n\n鹿地 \n\nLau Káp. hing \n\n林甲典 \n\nKom Hing-fát \n\n甘典發 \n\nMang Trong .. \n\n盲塘 \n\nTai Ti Tong \n\nSan Hing \n\nLó Ping \n\nTó Tin-luk \n\nChau Shu-yau \n\n周 \n\n52",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3]",
        "content_text": "Lower Levine\n\nMarin\n\nLong buong\n\n-van-shot.\n\nDing sno\n\nChin now\n\nPicking\n\nof that\n\nTaitung\n\nHr-lurring\n\nPeak try tow\n\n(14'\n\nTop to hu\n\nLong-Ling-s\n\nthewing-keting\n\nthai phu-tigh\n\nSit-chutzung\n\nÜ\n\nSham-long\n\n5. Ha was\n\ni wong\n\nFortut-my\n\nadut Au\n\nZ7\n\nHarpony\n\nWAY KING-HU eta kong\n\nintcr as\n\nJan-tong ng\n\n17-6\n\nIring the ma\n\nHary-en-\n\nJaya.fi\n\nAng mg\n\nThe\n\n...\n\nyousing\n\nsking\n\nLang\n\nPhame Jums\n\nLaikot-Team\n\nFinyitha hong\n\nter fight in #501. olor Fany\n\nCaping-ship\n\nBob\n\nLike-con\n\nSabik Tai deng\n\nSavio\n\n...\n\nTheung tune yẻ.\n\ningen\n\nting im\n\ngehang many, bong\n\nTeir hung\n\nSi\n\nPu-nk-Joi\n\nfor-ang-pus\n\nShaury-herpingo\n\nIch muss\n\n25 stan ne\n\ngam\n\nSaya tam\n\nFr\n\n\"Pak Taar\n\nCherain\n\nZotin hay var\n\nSULA. HEUNG\n\n12\n\nChebangs\n\n\"the a\n\nShowg\n\nM\n\ncai mang Đã\n\nTag inga\n\nZameni Lan\n\nSum-\n\nAe vitaluni\n\nYan on-in\n\n\"Lat s'hat\n\nMa-chau\n\n...\n\nChikwa\n\nQing-da\n\nVice-best felles muy\n\n4\n\nLUNG KU TAN\n\nRam-long\n\nLog\n\nPulla\n\nP\n\nSa-ha\n\nAlang un\n\nAina ha\n\nStu tuo\n\nFuă din\n\nty\n\nKo\n\nSuntory\n\nSaiting th\n\nLong in\n\nAPLAM - CHE\n\nLUK YEUR DISTRICT\n\nEljuk conso\n\nSHEUNG SHUI\n\nSAN TIN\n\nTwo-t\n\n3.55\n\nMA-TWIN\n\nCOTUA\n\nBang paling\n\nJaz\n\nTia sho\n\nbic-me-razy\n\nLIN MA HANG,\n\n18 -i\n\nris les\n\nFon hacrifs\n\nSHRING WAL\n\nKarbouz\n\nKUK PO\n\nLUK VEUK\n\nPain\n\nKANO HANG Fronding\"\n\nYr any\n\nThe much hang\n\nAungj\n\nSHA TAU KOK DISTRICT\n\nHING CHUR\n\nNAM YEVK ~~..\n\nacny ma\n\n**\n\nWong fis\n\nLUNG YEUK TAU\n\nLUK KENG\n\nČUNU-EVAR Z\n\nPing-kolma\n\nHAU YEUX\n\n...\n\n...\n\nPage 1\n\n...\n\n...\n\nPage 1\n\n...\n\nPage 2\n\n...\n\nPage 2\n\nFAN LING\n\nISHI HANG, in wong\n\nKAM TIN\n\nSHEUNG DISTRICT\n\nXianu edh\n\nAsian\n\n+ Young shau\n\nSHOP-TA-ALUNG\n\n?! PING SHAN Line.\n\nHA TSUN\n\nthing them!\n\n- 199\n\nstray o\n\n„Brak prog for sha\n\nAmy\n\nthur eye\n\nThe Bi\n\nPangong rak panin\n\nBu hang te\n\nKong colson\n\nyou what\n\nKamin-PÁT HEUNG K LAM TSUN CI, an\n\nSHAP PAT HEUNGI\n\n...\n\nMy stan\n\nthan the pu\n\nOrang 7:\n\nPAT\n\nStar\n\nTÊN MIỀN\n\nLONG DISTRICT\n\nTẠI LÀM CHÚNG\n\nSo it al\n\nbay\n\nThere's\n\n* retur\n\nLitere de rate\n\nCHINILAP KOR\n\nBrother\n\n455\n\nTUNC CHUNG\n\nPing-chun\n\n•Ting jeung\n\n4,380\n\nTAI O\n\nMUI WO\n\n50\n\nIlligence Devisiam. War Office. No 1393\n\nSuka 7′′\n\n$7 îu-chan\n\nBRYDAY MERL\n\nCHEUNG CHAU\n\n11' Lungils East of Greenwich\n\nTSING).\n\nGrean T.\"\n\nAmg.ph\n\nCove\n\nDouble\n\nChaand\n\nHi fantez\n\n...\n\nTAP MUN\n\nKO TONG\n\nState Barbour,\n\nLai chi-tong\n\nTai po-hi\n\n\"Wiz.com\n\nFaz & I\n\nMem.Jung\n\nKetog\n\nwhate\n\nBran\n\n-\n\nHAP WO\n\n8.R...zn.\n\n***Lette\n\nEu can\n\nKAU LUNG DISTRICT\n\nThis in\n\nTSUN WAN\n\nWykap\n\nSony\n\nSack. I pa\n\nBrune Cunt adi\n\nYou mi\n\nOne Tree\n\nYovider\n\n...\n\nLAMMA\n\nISLAND\n\nVaccarin Her\n\ndia th\n\n...\n\nWhang-sin-thur\n\nThing CHEUN\n\n24\n\nSpreat thains\n\nJak you back-\n\n3\n\nKAU TEUKA\n\n...\n\n900 $440\n\nCrackin\n\nKOWLOON SKE\n\nLure Marin\n\nsen trong\n\nMigala\n\nKeptuve Hy\n\nW\n\nSung\n\nTo-Tou\n\ntam ina\n\nCHIK KANG\n\nun ke ping\"\n\nJau\n\nTUNG HOL DISTRICT\n\nFaktum\n\nMag-ar\n\nHous ca\n\n*Long hang\n\nthing loung\n\nYEUR\n\nPOTL\n\nTapotek Shelter\n\nMadey Kay\n\nAgo\n\nhinhang\n\nSAL KUNG\n\nWows at hom\n\nKAU SAI\n\nKeni ft S\n\nRocky\n\nBalter.pl\n\nAng-lang-vor\n\nHung hal\n\nJabie\n\nSgin\n\nPari wan\n\nPang-shu\n\nFurg Bay\n\nPAK LAP CRAU\n\n...\n\nLUNG SHUN WAN\n\n25\n\nI\n\nka-duan Liu\n\nShou chang\n\ntany\n\n* 10 ACR\n\n*Kory-sur\n\nPabong bu\n\nShaggy wai\n\nmenu-shin-hing\n\nT'ha\n\nTès, ping-shringj\n\nbig tung Snowsun Hang calon- Shang istin Oso-mu nio\n\nShamities\n\ntan vios?\n\nFitutio\n\nShippi\n\nParts Buy\n\nHimashini\n\nEnclosure 1 in despatch N. 9 of 9th January, 1900, from Governor Sir Henry et. Blake, Gemy.\n\nSlupe in\n\nFinepan Group\n\nMAP\n\nOF\n\nChazuci\n\nFraturu Bar\n\nShin-sk\n\nFard Bus\n\nKroe d'Aguilar\n\nui\n\nMaj-Lun\n\n20\n\n...\n\nAND OF THE\n\nffroom\" teosed to Great Britain, under the Congan berweca Great Britain and Chima gued at Faking in the 9th of June 1998\n\nSoule t\n\nOT To le\n\nMandarin Residencu Kurg Market place Sarkai piaco\n\nVillages\n\nREFERENCE\n\nCharchus Mission Stations\n\nPupuia fiaquartatze\n\nA Pass\n\nElering Reads\n\nBriale Ronds\n\nCarage Roads proposed\n\nTERENSK\n\nIolegrupis\n\nNavigable for large Anks\n\nReiskis infect sture Sen Level\n\nHore This map has coon complied from trinting intelligence\n\nGvinnan maps of Hong Kong, Adrvivatty Charle and a map sign the sun on Dietrice compiled in 866 from tam onservations of an Italian #·ssionary\n\nBolknincographed at the Didvance Burst Office, Southampton, 1999.\n\nPage XX\n\n...\n\n...\n\nPage XX",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-297 - Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [1-3].txt",
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    {
        "id": 376056,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-298 - Governor Sir Blake Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [3-4]",
        "page_number": 258,
        "title": "CO129-298 - Governor Sir Blake Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [3-4]",
        "content_text": "# I\n(2) I sir,\n\nHaving received your despatch informing me of the request made by H.E. the Governor of Hongkong that British-owned launches should be allowed to stop at places on the inland waters to take up and set down passengers, I instructed the Board of Reorganization, the Likin Office and the Commissioner of Customs to consider the matter conjointly. I have now received a reply from the Board of Reorganization and the Likin Office as follows:-\n\n\"Launches owned by foreign merchants are now allowed to stop at any non-treaty ports or secretly to trade there; this is clearly stated in the treaty. When the West River was opened for trade in the 23rd year of Kuang Hsu (1897), instructions were received from the Tsungli Yamen that Wuchou Fu in Kuang Hsi and Kong Ken Hsu the port of the town of Samshui in Kuang Tung were to be opened to trade, and that four places, Kongmun, Kumchuk Tau, Shao Ching Fu and the suburbs of Tak Hing Chow, would be opened for steamers to stop at for the landing and shipping of cargo, and were to be dealt with in accordance with the regulations in force at the six ports of call on the Yangtsze. Now the proposal that British launches be allowed to stop at any place on the West River to take passengers appears to be contrary to treaty. In the West River district branch creeks are so numerous that the payment of duties may be easily avoided. Although it is said that only passengers shall be taken and not cargo, yet the passengers will consist of both good and bad persons, and it is impossible to guarantee that they will not carry with them merchandise to be landed on the way, and thus secretly avoid duties and likin, to the injury...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-298 - Governor Sir Blake Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [3-4].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 376390,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6]",
        "page_number": 68,
        "title": "CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "## Schedule of the Chinese Employees on Grade of Increase of Salaries Approved by the Governor\n\n### Office\n\n| Name | Present Salary per month | Increased per month |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Yau Tsok Kwan | 151 | 4 |\n| Tung Fu | 44 | 10 |\n| ... | ... | ... |\n| Au Cheong |  |  |\n| Laiyingpun |  |  |\n| Li Chak |  |  |\n| Wantsai | 13 (rising to 15) |  |\n| Chaw-U-ting | 10 |  |\n| Tung lung chow | 25 |  |\n| Ise Sik-leung |  |  |\n| Ng Fung-Chau |  |  |\n| Chau King- | 10 | 4 |\n| Aplichaw • Sung Yut-ching | 24 |  |\n| Yung Phong Ip |  |  |\n| Wong Leung-s | 6 | 3 |\n| Isang Lai-She | 101 |  |\n| Sung Ham-shi | 72 |  |\n| Tam Kau | 61 |  |\n| Ho Kau-pou | 25 |  |\n| Chan du | 241 |  |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 376399,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6]",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "## Schedule of Chinese employés in the Police Department who will benefit under the new scheme of increase.\n\n| Name | Present salary per month | Increased salary per month | Increase | Remarks |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 4th Clerk Ng Yau Sang | $30 | $34 | $4 | Ali |\n| Telephone do Lok Ting | $30 | $34 | $4 |  |\n| do Cheng Yau | $30 | $34 | $4 |  |\n| Cheung Fuk | $30 | $34 | $4 |  |\n| Station coolie Chan Wai | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| Office do Chan Shu | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| do Lai Shing | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| Station do Pang Sau | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| Horse coolie Chau Po Sang | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| Bcation coolie Nan Fu | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| do Lau Hing | $6 | $7 | $1 |  |\n| do Leung Wing | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Chan Chong | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Lo Sun | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Ng Muk | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Kwong Kwai | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Lo Yeung | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Chan Kiu | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| do Wong Tsun | $5 | $7 | $2 |  |\n| Leung Wing | $10 | $12 | $2 |  |\n| Chan Hung | $5 | $7 | $2 |  |\n| Li Mun | $5 | $7 | $2 |  |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-299 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne - 1900 [5-6].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 376914,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-300 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 10,
        "title": "CO129-300 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "8 \n\nhad secret meeting with the leaders of the Boxers, but I believe outbreak brought about by imitation of the missionaries' friction with German on the Shantung railway and French at Pao-ting-fu added to the widely spread placards stating that severe drought by which Shantung and Chihli crops are lost and the people reduced to destitution was caused by presence of foreigners. Southern provinces take advantage of collapse of government to start rebellion, but so far everything serene and quiet and the reform movement was not materially affected. Hatred against Christians have not come to Hong Kong; their intention to do so was in consequence of report that Li Hung Chang was leaving Canton.\n\nBlake",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-300 - Administrator Major Gen Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1900 [7-9].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 380706,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 235,
        "title": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 3.\n\nActing Viceroy to Mr. Scott.\n\nSir,\n\nCanton, 23rd December, 1900.\n\n229\n\nWith reference to my application for the extradition of Zang Chu Tan, I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your despatch of 9th December (Gives Precis of Mr. Scott's despatch No. 190).\n\nOn receipt of this, I at once ordered investigations to be made.\n\nThe Chiefs of the Head Police Office now report as follows:-\n\nIt is on record that the Yanhoi Magistrate, in sending up the prisoner Zang Hsiang Pu charged in this case, reported that he had been arrested by Ma, Colonel of the Chieh Regiment, and that the Magistrate requested that the man might be closely interrogated, and dealt with.\n\nAccordingly, in co-operation with the examining Deputy, we summoned the prisoner and searchingly interrogated him, pressing him closely with cross-examination. He admitted intimate acquaintance in the past with Zang Chu Yun and Shih Ching Ju, and that in the 7th moon of this year he had had a meeting in the Office of the \"Chinese Daily Press\" with Zang Chu Yun, who informed him of a plot against the lives of various officials. In the 9th moon, Shih Ching Ju invited the prisoner to go to Hong Kong to see Zang Chu Yun; and Zang invited the prisoner and the following men:-\n\nChen Kuai Shih\n\nWang Chih Fu\n\n王質甫\n\nTeng Yui Nan\n\n鄧彥南\n\nLien Yu Cheng\n\n連懋貞\n\nLi Chi Tang,\n\n李紀堂\n\nas well as Shih Ching Ju, to the top story of the premises of the \"Chinese Daily Press\" where they together discussed plans. Zang Chu Yun said the best plan for arranging the massacre was to secretly conceal dynamite (in various places) so that all might explode at once - and that the result would infallibly be fatal. He told the prisoner to undertake (the carrying out of the plan). The prisoner, seeing that the undertaking was a great one, dared not agree. Then Shih Ching Ju spoke forth and said that an old family servant of his named Sung Shao Tung could manage the affair. Thereupon Shih Ching Ju took over the management of it; and having mutually agreed upon this, they separated. Subsequently, Zang Chu Yun purchased dynamite, sent it to Canton, and Sung Shao Fung took it over and hired a house where he buried it. The prisoner had on successive occasions heard this from Sung Shao Tung, and he knew the actual facts, but had not joined in the plot. If Zang Chu Yun were brought into Court, he could identify and bear witness against him. The prisoner was examined again and again, and remained unchangeable in his statements.\n\nWe would point out that the evidence of this prisoner Zang Hsiang Pu shows clearly, as a picture, that Zang Chu Yun originated the scheme of using dynamite to blow up (certain) Yamens in the hope of turning the resultant disturbances to their purposes of robbery and looting.",
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    {
        "id": 380709,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 238,
        "title": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "COPY.-\n\n232\n\nEnclosure No. 4 to Mr. Scott's Despatch of 31st December, 1900.\n\nCopy of Record of the evidence of the prisoner Yang Hsiang Pu sent up by the Nam Hoi Magistrate and examined by the Head Police Office. Yang Hsiang Pu said:\n\nI am a native of Tan Ton village in the district of Nam Hoi. My age is 45 years. My father is dead; my mother's maiden name was Chan. I have no brothers. I am married, my wife's family name being Feng, and we have sons and daughters. I was formerly a student of medicine in the establishment of one Chia, called the Po Chi Medical Hall. Afterwards, I opened a doctor's establishment in the Hua Wang Street outside the West Gate of Hsiang Shan District City, and am now practising as a Doctor in Canton outside the South Gate in the Ma Ton Chih Chieh. I have been acquainted with Yang Chu Yun, Sien Yu Cheng, Shih Ching Ju, Si Chi Tang, Chen Kuei Shih, Wing Tuo Fu, Teng Jui Nan.\n\nIn the 7th moon, date not remembered, but some time after the 10th day (4th August), I, having business, went to Hongkong and met Yang Chu Yun at the Office of the \"Chinese Daily Press\", in which paper Chen Kuei Chih had a share. Chen Kuei Shih and Shih Ching Ju were with us at table, and they put heads together and talked secrets. I asked Sien Yu Cheng about it, and Yang Chu Yun, hearing this, forthwith told Shih Ching Ju, and they all said that I too was a man who could join in with them, that there was no need of reticence, and that they could tell me all. They invited me to sit with them, and they said that this present time of disorder in the North furnished just the opportunity to effect the assassination of all the Officials of Kwang Tung Province and loot all the Treasuries, and the houses of the rich in Canton, thus at once acquiring wealth. I was smitten with fear and dared not consent with them. Then the party broke up.\n\nI at once returned to Canton, and it was not till the middle decade of the 8th moon (September 4–13), exact day not remembered, that Shih Ching Ju arrived back from Macao and came to my Medical Hall, and said that Yang Chu Yun had the day before come to his place at Macao and said that he was determined to carry out the aforesaid plot of assassination and that he had already a scheme in which he wanted me to take a hand. He specially told Shih Ching Ju to come and ask me to go along to Hongkong.\n\nThe following day, I reached Hongkong. While we were in the Office of the \"Chinese Daily Press\", Yang Chu Yun came back from No. 11 in the Chish Tze Street, a house rented for residence by a Japanese, to the Office where I saw him. There were a good many people about the place, and we signed to each other not to speak of the secret plot.\n\nSubsequently, Yang Chu Yun took the party to the third and highest story of the Newspaper premises and discussed secretly with me, Shih Ching Ju, and the others, saying that the killing of the Officials was really a difficult matter to find men to accomplish. Further, the Officials in Canton being numerous, it was impossible to take action against them all at one time; a very good plan would be to conceal dynamite and effect a number...\n\nPage 232\n\n...\n\n...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 515,
        "title": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "510\n\n1\n\nAccordingly, in co-operation with the examining Deputy, we summoned the prisoner and searchingly interrogated him, pressing him closely with cross-examination. He admitted intimate acquaintance in the past with Yang Chu Yun and Shih Ching, and that in the 7th moon of this year he had a meeting in the office of the \"Chinese Daily Press\" with Yang Chu Yun, who informed him of a plot against the lives of various officials.\n\nIn the 8th moon Shih Ching Ju invited prisoner to go to Hong Kong to see Yang Chu Yun, and Yang invited prisoner and the following men:\n\nChen Kuei Shih\n\nWang Chih Fu\n\nTeng Yui Nan\n\nLien Yu Cheng\n\nLi Chi Tang\n\nas well as Shih Ching Ju, to the top story of the premises of the \"Chinese Daily Press\" where they together discussed plans. Yang Chu Yun said the best plan for arranging the massacre was to secretly conceal dynamite (in various places) so that all might explode at once - and that the result would infallibly be fatal. He told prisoner to undertake (the carrying out of the plan). Prisoner seeing that the undertaking was a great one, dared not agree. Then Shih Ching Ju spoke forth and said that an old family servant of his named Sung Shao Tung could manage the affair. Thereupon Shih Ching Ju took over the management of it, and having mutually agreed upon this they separated. Subsequently Yang Chu Yun purchased dynamite, sent it to Canton, and Sung Shao Tung took it over and hired a house where he buried it.\n\nPrisoner had on successive occasions heard this from Sung Shao Tung, and he knew the actual facts, but had not joined in the plot. If Yang Chu Yun were ...",
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    {
        "id": 380991,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 519,
        "title": "CO129-305 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "514\n\nof Nam Hoi. My age is 41 years. My father is dead, my mother's maiden name was Chang. I have no brothers.\n\nI am married, my wife's family name being Feng, and we have sons and daughters. I was formerly a student of medicine in the establishment of one Chia, called the Po Chi medical hall. Afterwards I opened a doctor's establishment in the Hua Wang street outside the West gate of Hsiang Shan district city, and am now practising as a doctor in Canton outside the South gate in the Ma Tow Chih Chich. I have been acquainted\n\nwith\n\nYang Chu Yun\n\nSien Yu Cheng\n\nShih Ching Yn\n\nChen Kuei Shih\n\nWang Tun Fu\n\nSi Chi Tang\n\nTeng Jui Nan.\n\nIn the 7th moon, date not remembered, but some time after the 10th day (4th August) I, having business, went to Hong Kong and met Yang Chu Yun at the office of the \"Chinese Daily Press\" in which paper Chen Kuei Shih had a share. Chen Kuei Shih and Shih Ching Ju\n\nwere with us at table and they put heads together and talked secrets. I asked Sien Yu Cheng about it, and Yang Chu Yun hearing this forthwith told Shih\n\nChing Ju, and they all said that I too was a man who could join in with them, that there was no need of reticence, and that they could tell me all. They invited me to sit with them, and they said that this present time of disorder in the north furnished just the opportunity to effect the assassination of all the officials of Kwang Tung Province and loot all the treasuries, and the houses of the rich in Canton,\n\nthus at once acquiring wealth. I was smitten with fear and dared not consent with them. Then the party\n\nbroke up.\n\nI at once returned to Canton and it was not till the middle decade of the 8th moon (Sep 4-13), exact day not remembered, that Shih Ching Ju arrived back from",
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    {
        "id": 381764,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 477,
        "title": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "D\n\n念\n\nH, \n\nCOPI..\n\n473\n\n12 B.. Htà. Conzulate-denomal, -Canton, 11th. August;· 1901.\n\nReport of the trial of the pirates of the launch. \"Perseverance\" ·and-of- boi `A. Chang.\n\n· Asting: apon\". Mile Scott's:instructions: I attended yesterday:akkho adjourned trial before the lamhoi. Nagistrate of the `oziminais extradited frem. Hongkong in scansetisu: mith; the \"Perseverance\" piracy: and, of“heli Shengi.\n\n:At:the:\n\n›bittløy<British¬dating ́ Sóocal :ut Samabai nas, present, the four prisoners charged with:the offence:of Pirmey,on: the:Lanach: \"Porseverance” panely bing. Ya. Kuei, Cheng. Ya. In, Fong:Chiu-Fu-and Bock Pu were board is their own defence.\n\n་་\n\nLiang Ya Kuoi deposed that he took passage with-fang, on»ihe ·Lannob *Perseverance\" for lacas/bo:sos:a fellow+-fisherman Obang Ta. Tapɛnho, had gone ta. Kaoso: for:hászhenláb,-Tany/all÷thous kiang; Cheng; andəPong started to return:by:the:\"Perseverance” the 3 sano-days: Then:eft: \"Fong - iso. Tai*: at: about:3. puña: the Ibmachɛwas-pirated,ɗthe pasuongove·vore drizes · dowa:into. She Torshodd po and he : was robbed, ofɑsone-clotben.; Next.\n\n· day he took, passado:by: the: \"Shih ́ko\" passenger-boat for Gunton;› where ́ha shipped, on-board the S2S.} \"Pamen* for Hongkong.\"It : was, on the = \"Rowan*: thatghép, together with: Cheng: mad. Fong:vere: arrested for the pirasy,“\n\nthis, evidenzeg-be:vas: rabbed, af::sonS. 29887\n\nthe imprisoned, paomanĝera: none released by: a/unflow. on: the morning of“ the 4tho-and. She: finoff. of: the: \"Persevamance®: helped:thon-hinuulf and two compantoas_with:several akbers to, prnosed: to: thu: \"Shih-ka\"; further :the Gaphatn (and⋅ sose.of the orew, of: the:\"Perseveranog\" identified, then sin.the Hongkong Saol:and-szomerated them from couplicity in the piracy.\n\nFans Chin: Fa corroboratedɛ the evidence. af÷biang; and Chenga-stated that [the: \"Bernevesanos\";pas/paa:asbone:ah:\"Chin:Fang Thàn1⁄2and‹that-he Babaniderosognise the>Shroff÷who:helped thon,«le:was <kbw>non/of¤the ... owner, of: the: \"Kuangli1⁄2 fishing: bost:and:eas:arrested:because:when Cheng \\\\was'noised,ɛho:case forward:nað”slained:hân:ag:his, Assistant.\n\n- Hosâ Pursaidɛho was :arrastod. on:the:\"Powan”: on: the:obarge of complicity in the piracy: an unknown, person, had: assumed him he did, not know, biang .or Chang,\n\n(adjourned. faz :the:appearance. of; the witnesSQ82^\n\n›abpus:eridones:haring:boon: Sakony/ GRES: WAS\n\nwa? Rafons (Posuming the hearing of: the ease yesterday,\n\nvi hades chest conseruation: with:the:Hagistrato in the course of which be",
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    {
        "id": 381765,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "page_number": 478,
        "title": "CO129-306 - Governor Sir Blake - 1901 [8-9]",
        "content_text": "3 luterv \n\n474\n\n~ho stated: that the essential thing was to obtain the witnesses' identification of the accused. I concurred in this view and suggested that the accused should, following the course adopted in Hongkong, be confronted with the witnesses in the company of several other convicts.\n\nShould the witnesses then experience no difficulty in identifying them, doubt as to their guilt would be removed.\n\nU was put into affest.\n\nThe Magistrate readily assented to this plan which\n\n—ho Ett, a passenger on 'the \"Perseverance\" was first heard. He repeated the evidence he had previously given in Hongkong regarding the circumstances of the piracy and stated that he could \"recognize one man whose face was marked with smallpox.\"\n\nThe Magistrate (addressing him) told him that he would be confronted with the accused, cautioned him to be careful and make no mistake, as the penalty the accused would suffer would be death.\n\nI considered it advisable to reassure the witness and told him that it was his duty to say whether he really recognized any of the prisoners or not, and that he had no reason to fear speaking the truth, as there would be no stigmatizing consequences to himself in so doing.\n\nThe accused were then brought in, and the witness went direct to Sheng Ya Ingenho (who was among about a dozen other prisoners) and pointed out one of the pirates. He had, he said, no doubt of the man's identity.\n\nChiang Finp@sailor of the \"Perseverance\" was next summoned. His deposition was in Hongkong regarding the circumstances of the piracy, and he declared that he could recognize two of the pirates.\n\nConfronted with the prisoners in court, he, without the least hesitation, singled out Cheng fa In and hang Ya Kaota.\n\nIg_766, coxswain of the \"Perseverance\" gave evidence similar to that which he had previously given in Hongkong, but was unable to recognize any of the accused.\n\nI then addressed the Magistrate and told him that, from the readiness with which the first two witnesses had recognized the prisoner Sheng Ya fu and the other the prisoners Sheng Ya Tu and hing Yu Kuoi, I had no doubt of the guilt of those two non-prisoners and asked what penalty he would impose.\n\nThe Magistrate replied that he considered them perfectly convinced of their guilt and that the punishment should be death.\n\nI thereupon asked for a conviction, which he said he was unable to make until he had obtained a confession of their guilt from the prisoners themselves.\n\nThis he could only do under torture, as they had refused to confess of their own free will.\n\nI replied that the Hongkong Government would, on no account, countenance the torture of the prisoners.\n\nThereupon, he said that his hands were completely tied; \"they were guilty and they ought to be beheaded, but according to Chinese law, the punishment could not be carried out until the prisoners had signed their own confessions.\"",
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    {
        "id": 385844,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-312 - Acting Governor Major Gen Sir Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1902 [7-9]",
        "page_number": 449,
        "title": "CO129-312 - Acting Governor Major Gen Sir Gascoigne Governor Sir Blake - 1902 [7-9]",
        "content_text": "## \nsince that time.\n\nWhat preceded the Coup d'état is an old story. What concerns the future is the character of Jung Lu, the possibility of Prince Tuan being double-minded, and Jung Fu Hsiang, the Mahommedan General who is with his army in Kansu where the Government dare not interfere with him; and the succession to the Throne in the event of illness or death of the Empress.\n\nThere is little doubt that the Empress was completely dominated by Prince Tuan, a long-winded and ignorant man, during the Boxer rising.\n\n... \nin the hands of the reactionaries. When the Legations were being attacked, two members of the Tsung-li Yamen, Tang Shao-yi and Quen Chang, memorialized the Empress that an attack upon the Legation was a fatal crime and strongly urged that the Boxers should be suppressed at all hazards. A Committee was called at which they urged their views and suggested that he open negotiation with the ministers. Then Hsu Tung, the President of the Board of ..., spoke, saying \"Your Majesty and...",
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    {
        "id": 391140,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "page_number": 101,
        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "97\n\n2\n\n\"Tu'an-lien,\" or local volunteers, rose against them, and, in one particular case, surrounded a band which took refuge in a \"chai-tzu\"—one of the walled refuges so common on the hilltops in Western China. Troops then appeared upon the scene, and, although the volunteers were anxious to attack and exterminate the band, the military officials counselled delay, with the result that next morning the troops, to the consternation of the volunteers, occupied the refuge—the band, through the connivance of the military officials, having escaped overnight. The volunteers were naturally very much incensed, and the result was that two of the military officers concerned were brought here and publicly executed, by command of the Viceroy. The theory of Boxer invulnerability was also rudely shaken by the death of one of the leaders, who was shot by the volunteers.\n\nAt an interview which I had with the Viceroy on the 7th instant, his Excellency assured me that there was no longer any disorder in the province, and that he had taken measures to prevent a recrudescence of the trouble. He had divided up each place into wards of ten families, with a superintending Headman, who is held responsible for the good behaviour of the other nine houses; and that it was his intention to remove all ineffective officials and replace them by men of energy and ability. He said that one of the great sources of disorder was the constant changing of officials, who, owing to their short tenure of office, were necessarily ignorant of what was taking place within their jurisdictions; and that it was his intention, as long as he remained in Szechuan, to keep his subordinates at their posts until they failed in their duty. His Excellency impressed me as being a man who is anxious to do his best for his province, and frankly told me that he is liked by the people but hated by the officials. He made the same remark in the presence of fifteen officials when I dined with him on the 14th instant.\n\nDuring the interview, I took the opportunity of referring to the statements in the foreign press regarding impending trouble in Kansu and Shensi, but his Excellency ridiculed the idea, saying that they were idle rumours, that he knew Tung Fu-hsiang well, and that he had no fear of any trouble in that quarter. He seemed sincere, and advised me, when I heard any rumours of the sort, to come to him, and he would soon tell me whether they were true or false.\n\nIt may be an exaggeration to say that his Excellency is hated by all his subordinates, but he has undoubtedly very bitter foes in the French, who find in him a man whom they are unable to coerce. I understand that the French Mission have lodged a demand for an indemnity of 2,200,000 taels, of which 2,000,000 taels are for the destruction of Mission property and 200,000 taels are for the lives of 2,000 converts alleged to have been massacred last year. The French Bishop demands payment by the Viceroy, whereas the latter insists that it is a matter for the local authorities to investigate and settle. The French, as I understand the situation, declare that no investigation is necessary, as they have already done so themselves. This is a striking contrast to the American claim of 6,525 taels, which was promptly paid locally.\n\nWith part of the proceeds of their last indemnity of 3,000,000 taels, the French missionaries are building hospitals at their chief centres in Szechuan, and the French Colonial Office is supplying these hospitals with military doctors. French Sisters (five for each hospital) are to act as nurses. A French school for imparting Western learning to Chinese was opened at Chungking on the 13th instant. Some have already arrived.\n\nWhen at Hsü-chou Fu, on my way up from Chungking, I made inquiries as to the alleged wholesale buying of land by the French missionaries at that place. It was stated some time ago in the press that this land which they had acquired was intended for the terminus of a railway from Yunnan into Szechuan; but the whole purchase amounts to only five plots of land (the most valuable costing merely 500 taels), situated at long intervals, for a distance of 22 li, to the west of the Nan-kuang River—a southern tributary of the Yang-tsze. The south bank of the Yang-tsze opposite Hsü-chou Fu (or \"Sui Fu,\" as it is called locally) is the only available land suitable for building purposes in the neighbourhood of the city, and the plots were bought in anticipation of Hsu-chou Fu being made an open port by the Commercial Treaty of last year, and as a purely commercial speculation.\n\nFour officers belonging to the French gun-boat \"Olry,\" now at Chungking, are at present engaged on a survey of the Yang-tsze from Ichang to Hsü-chou Fu. They commenced at Wan Hsien towards the end of December, and two are working down and two up-river.\n\nThe Japanese are exceedingly active in Western China, and even in Thibet. Chungking, Hat-chou Fu, and Chengtu.\n\nLast year, a Mr. N. Narita succeeded in reaching Lhassa from the Indian side. He went disguised as a Chinese merchant and had only one Chinese companion. His presence was known to the Chinese Imperial Resident, or Amban, who, I am informed, received the traveller as a guest and was good enough to show him all over the city during his twenty days' stay in the capital. He was so unfortunate as to lose his camera, but was able to make drawings of all he required. He returned by way of India, and is now in Japan planning a second journey into Thibet.\n\nCaptain Idogawa, a Japanese Military Intelligence Officer, resident at Chungking, started with three other Japanese on the 2nd instant, with the intention of making a journey through Yunnan to Bhamo. He travels up the Yang-tsze and proposes to do the land part of the journey on foot, passing south through northern Yünnan to Yunnan Fu, and thence west by way of Tali Fu. He will return by a different route through Yunnan, and cross Kueichou on his way back to Chungking.\n\nThe Chinese Military Academy here, which is capable of accommodating 200 students, is completed, and Captain Matsura and two Japanese instructors are ready to commence work. The register is now open in the Academy for the enrolment of students for examination, and the 28th February has been fixed as the date of opening. The Viceroy will himself examine the candidates, and the qualifications called for are respectability, a fair education, a robust constitution, and suitable age. It is distinctly laid down that no opium smoker need present himself.\n\nMr. Tokimaru, the Japanese Consul at Chungking, recently paid a visit of about a month's duration to Chengtu, leaving in the last days of January. The main object of his visit was to try and induce the Viceroy to place the Arsenal here under Japanese management; but his Excellency refused, stating that, although he would have no objection to a Japanese foreman at a wage of about 100 dollars to 120 dollars a-month, the management must remain in Chinese hands.\n\nA German Commercial Mission, although it repudiates that title, is at present here. It is composed of Dr. Betz, Acting German Consul at Ichang, who is also Acting Consul at Chungking; Dr. Delius, German Commercial Attaché, attached to the Shanghae Consulate; and Mr. Landgrav of the firm of Messrs. Carlowitz and Co. These gentlemen, with a train of seventy bearers and porters, and several Chinese assistants, left Ichang in the beginning of December last, and, travelling by the south bank of the Yang-tsze, arrived at Chungking on the last day of the year. They remained a week in Chungking, and left on the 7th January for Chengtu, travelling by way of Ho Chou and the prefectural cities of Shun-ching, Pao-ning, and Tung-ch'uan. They reached the provincial capital on the 30th ultimo, and are leaving for Kuan Hsien and Ya-chou Fu in a couple of days. From Ya-chou, they will descend the Ya and Tung Rivers and return to Ichang by the Min River and the Yang-tsze. They are making a careful study of the commerce and commercial conditions and possibilities of the country through which they pass, and are specially interested in the pushing of German aniline dyes, notably indigo, and in investigating the subject of Chinese medicines. They were present, like myself, at the dinner given by the Viceroy on the 14th instant, the only foreign guest being Dr. Legendre, who is attached to the French Mission Hospital. Dr. Betz has hinted to me that Germany will, in all probability, send a gun-boat to the Upper Yang-tsze during the present year.\n\nIt is reported here that things are not going smoothly with the Chinese in Thibet. There is said to be trouble on the frontier in the neighbourhood of Batang and Litang, and that the Chinese Assistant Resident is returning to China on account of the treatment he has been receiving at the hands of the Thibetans.\n\nAt the same time, missionaries report that, of late, there has been a tendency, hitherto unknown, on the part of Thibetans to become better acquainted with foreigners and their ways, and they hint that Russian intrigue may account for it; but, as yet, I have been unable to discover whether the rumoured Treaty with Russia in regard to Thibet has any foundation in fact.\n\nUp to January of the present year, the French had three mining Concessions in Szechuan:—\n\n1. For coal and iron in the districts and department of Kuan Hsien, Wei-yüan Hsien, Chien-wei Hsien, Chi-chiang Hsien, Pa Hsien, and Ho Chou.\n\n2. For the five metals in the department and independent sub-Prefecture of Tien-ch'üan Chou and Mou-kung Ting.\n\n3. The exclusive right to prospect for petroleum in the districts of Wan Hsien and Pa Hsien, or any other two districts throughout the whole of the Province of Szechuan, exclusive of Fu-shun Hsien, in which the great brine and petroleum wells of the province are situated.\n\n3",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "page_number": 248,
        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n244\n\nC.O.\n\n30309\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n\"C\n\n(No. 5.)\n\nMy Lord,\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[June 8.]\n\nThe SECTION 14 AUG OF\n\nActing Consul Litton to the Marquess of Lansdowne,.(Received June 8.)\n\nYunnan-fu, April 6, 1903.\n\nI HAVE the honour to submit a Report, with sketch maps, on a journey in North-west Yunnan, which I performed last winter.\n\nAlmost all the country described is within the sphere of British commercial or political interest.\n\nIf your Lordship should direct that this Report be printed, I should be glad to receive six copies for use in Yünnan.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nG. LITTON.\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\nReport on a Journey in North and North-west Yünnan, Season 1902-1903.\n\n1.-Yünnan-fu to Pin Chuan, the Slope to the Yang-tsze.\n\nTHE main west road from Yünnan-fu to Ta Li runs chiefly along the head waters of a series of streams, which flow north and discharge themselves into the Yang-tsze. The average distance from the main road north to the Yang-tsze is 100 miles, and the drop is about 2,000 feet. Along the line of the main road, there is a series of valleys and plateaux (Yunnan Hsien, Chu Hsiung, Chen Nan, &c.), but further north, great ranges of mountains, running north and south, generally confine the streams in narrow defiles or valleys. The rush of water down this slope into the Yang-tsze during the rains is tremendous, and is a main cause of the rapid rise of the river at Sui-fu in August. The lines of main-trade communication in this country have naturally run north and south, and not east and west, but I resolved to commence my journey by taking a line to Ta Li, roughly equi-distant from the Yang-tsze and from the Burmah high road.\n\nLeaving Yünnan-fu by the North Gate on the 16th November, 1902, and proceeding over the plain for 5 miles, we crossed a limestone and sandstone col, and descended into a gorge, where we put up for the night, and the next day descended to the little city of Fu Min Hsien, in the valley of the An Ning River, which is the main outlet of the Yunnan Lake; 75 per cent. of the country consists of bare hills, with a sparse population of Lolos. After leaving the Fu Min Valley, we proceeded through poor and broken country above the west bank of the river to Ché Pei, whence we ascended past Chi Kai Market, to a sandy plateau sparsely clad with pine woods, and thence down to the valley of Wu Ting Choù, a tumble-down city of about 400 families, in a treeless barren country.\n\nThis town was destroyed in the disorders which marked the close of the Mohammedan rebellion in Yunnan, and has never recovered, but it was once an important stage on the Yunnan trade route between Yünnan and the Chien Chang (South-west Szechuan), which was once the principal trade route in the province. The \"oldest inhabitant\" of Wu Ting (1873) remembers the days when 100 laden mules per diem passed the city, but now there are not as many in a month. As soon as the Panthay troubles commenced, trade left the Chien Chang-Wu Ting route and took to the Sui-fu (Szechuan)-Chao Tong-fu-Yunnan-fu line, on the other side of the Yang-tsze from the Chien Chang; this route was in its turn strangled by the Lao Wa Tan li-kin, and yielded much of its importance to the west river route, which grew in importance with the growing demand in Canton for Yünnan opium. Pirates, the establishment of order on the Red River, and, above all, the establishment of the Customs at Mengtse, again diverted the commerce into the channel which, as regards Central Yunnan, it is likely to occupy permanently. There\n\n[2021 -1]\n\nB\n\n...",
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        "page_number": 249,
        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "245\n\n2\n\nis a moral for the Mandarins in the fact that goods destined for consumption in China will always endeavour to approach their markets, as far as possible, by foreign routes.\n\nAfter leaving Wu Ting, we turned north-west up a narrow valley and into some very mountainous country, inhabited chiefly by Lolos, but with some well-watered, and therefore well-peopled, valleys; on the second day from Wu Ting, we passed the backbone of the range which forms the west limit of the basin of the An Ning River, Shih T'a La (8,000 feet), and descended through bare imposing mountain scenery to the ridge of Hao Chi Pa, where we camped with no water nearer than 700 feet below us. The country resembles the Wa hills, on the Burmah frontier.\n\nFrom Hao Chi Pa there is an easy descent down to the valley of Yuan Meng Hsien, but the city having been partially destroyed by the rebels, the officials' residence has been moved further down the valley to Ma Kai, a busy market of 400 houses, where there is a considerable traffic. The valley is well cultivated down to the Yang-tsze, which is 25 miles distant on the Chien Chang road. This valley is almost tropical, the height of Ma Kai being only 4,000 feet; sugar is grown in considerable quantities, and the whole look of the place is Szechuanese rather than Yunnanese. Leaving Ma Kai, we entered the hills to the west of the valley, and after a long march across the river whose head waters flow sluggishly across the plain of Chu Hsiung on the main Burmah road, and over a waterless range (5,900 feet), we descended into the narrow and poor valley of Miao Men (li-kin station and 150 houses in the principal village), and then passed by a defile into a narrow, but fertile, valley, with a number of Chinese villages. Here we put up at the Lung Ch'uan Temple (\"dragon spring\"), which has been restored by Colonel Li, formerly Commandant of the Lin An brigade in South Yünnan, who has beautified his ancestral home with the spoils, if not of war, at least of peace. Hence a climb over another main north and south range (7,200 feet) brought us down to the valley and busy city of Ta Yao, which contains about 5,000 inhabitants and is a busy market. It is one of the places which the opening of the Teng Yueh customs has brought within the sphere of Burmah trade influence. Much of the through traffic between West Yünnan and Szechuan passes this way, and there is a main road from Ta Yao to Jen Ho Kai, an important market and li-kin station near the Yang-taze, whence trade goes across to the Chien Chang Valley. Silk, ponies, tobacco, sugar, and Szechuan cotton cloth are the chief imports into Yunnan by this route.\n\nThree-quarters of the country hitherto traversed had been mountainous; the hills are mainly populated by Lolos, who form the majority of the crowd at the Ta Yao market. The Chinese have, however, already occupied most of the good valley lands, and will, no doubt, in time gradually extinguish the Lolos. The only product of the country besides mules and ponies which is worth mentioning is hemp, which the Lolos use for their coarse garments. It sells raw for 50 cash a catty (1 lb.) on the market at Ta Yao, and some of it finds its way to Teng Yueh.\n\nFrom Ta Yao as a centre, a number of cultivated valleys penetrate in various directions into the surrounding hills. Following one of these for 12 miles we crossed another low range running north and south, and looked down into the valley of Pei Yen Tsing (\"white salt wells\"), and across it on to vast confused mountain masses.\n\nWe camped 3 miles short of the wells; a sharp white frost fell in the night and nearly every other night for the rest of our journey.\n\nPei Yen Tsing is a filthy town of about 6,000 inhabitants, consisting of one long street in a close gorge, where brine wells have been bored. The output of salt is about 2,000 catties per day, and there is an official of the Salt Department in charge. The brine is brought up in leather buckets, let down by hand and then boiled in large open pans over charcoal fires.\n\nImmediately after leaving Pei Yen Tsing in a westerly direction, an abrupt and tiring ascent over a main range has to be made; from the summit of the Kuan Yin Miao pass the traveller descends through wild country to the K'ung Hsien Bridge by the banks of the K'ung Hsien River. This is a mountain stream which flows down to the Yang-tsze, and we ascended it for 19 miles through a magnificent defile, densely wooded, and with the side valleys finely terraced with rice-fields. The road from Pei Yen Tsing up over the mountains and along this gorge was once paved, and as there are clearly not enough inhabitants in the vicinity to have undertaken such a work, it seems, probably, that this was once a main trade route between Ta Li and Szechuan.\n\nLeaving this romantic valley, we ascended to the open plateau of Mi Tien, whence a level road to the south-west leads in two days to Yunnan Hsien on the Burmah high road, while another road to the north-west leads, through a defile in the hills, past the fertile valley of Chiao Ting, and so out on to the wide plain of Pin Chuan, which is the most important rift in the mountains between Ta Li and Yunnan-fu. This plain is about 3 miles long and 14 miles to 3 miles broad.\n\n3\n\nIt debouches on to the Yang-tsze at the important market of Chin Chiang Kai, one long day's march from Pin Chuan city; thence the high road leads to Yung Peh. Of recent years a considerable and lucrative trade has sprung up between West Yunnan and the trans-Yang-tsze Yung Peh district, specially those parts of it which are near the Yang-tsze and to the Szechuan border. The people of West Yunnan is supplied with sugar from this source, and also with tobacco; paper, oranges, and Shasi cloth are other objects of commerce, while opium, cotton, and gams move east in return across the Yang-tsze.\n\nThe south of the Pin Chuan Valley is divided by an easy col (7,250 feet) from the extensive plain of Yunnan Hsien, and this again is divided by one range from the valleys of Mi Tao and Meng Hua, which brings us near the Mekong River; the railway engineer who had got his alignment over on to the east bank of the Mekong would have an easy task to reach the Yang-tsze north of Pin Chuan.\n\nA great part of the Pin Chuan Valley is barren, owing to an insufficient supply of water; here, as in so many parts of Yunnan, scientific irrigation would work wonders. The city of Pin Chuan contains only one business street and a number of ancestral temples, and not more than 4,000 inhabitants, but there are two busy little markets in the plain, at Niu Kai, 7 miles north of the city, and at Pin Chi, 6 miles to the south-west. This valley, together with Yung Peh, ought now to get its foreign supplies wholly from Teng Yueh.\n\nIndian yarns of the coarser counts are likely to remain for many years the staple Note on cotton imports of Teng Yueh. I therefore append some notes on the cotton trade generally trade in Yünnan:\n\n(a.) Raw cotton is imported almost solely for the purpose of wadding garments and quilts.\n\n(b) The imports of Manchester goods are small, the annual value being from 55,000 to 100,000. The well-to-do inhabitants of the towns are Manchester's chief customers, and they do not form a large class in Yünnan, where there is only one town (the capital) of over 60,000 inhabitants, and only three others (Yung Chang, Chao Tong, and Chù Tsing) of over 20,000.\n\nThere is, however, a chance of extending the foreign piece-goods trade in the Yung Chang and Teng Yueh Valleys, where many people have travelled in Burmah, and have a taste for foreign cloth, and in many parts of Yunnan I think American drills may find favour.\n\n(c.) The Shasi cloth, so well known along the Yang-tsze, comes into Yünnan from Szechuan by Lao Wa Tan; it is still the principal clothing of the people in the Chao Tong district, but is losing ground almost everywhere on account of its price.\n\n(d.) All other cottons have in the last twelve years rapidly yielded in public favour before \"yang sha pu,\" or cloth locally woven from imported yarns. The great centre of this industry is the Hsin Hsing Valley, three days south of Yunnan-fu. This valley and the country near it take some 40,000 piculs yearly, and the manual dexterity of the weavers has attained so high a standard that Hsin Hsing cloth is distributed all over the province, especially in the Ta Li district; the reason for the establishment of this industry at Hsin Hsing is that the population is dense and is near a foreign custom-house, so that goods can be brought in cheaply under transit pass from Mengtse.\n\nHad we been wise in time, Teng Yuch would have been an open port ten years ago, and with the cheap and regular Tariff of the Imperial Customs, the weaving industry would certainly have established itself in the Yung Chang or Teng Yueh Valleys. The disadvantage to us of its being at Hsin Hsing is that there Japanese and Tonkin yarns can compete with Bombay on favourable terms, while near Teng Yueh the yarn would all be Indian.\n\nYunnan-fu takes about 15,000, and Chủ Tsing, in East Yunnan, about 12,000 piculs of yarn annually; these, however, are consumed locally, and there is no export of cloth to speak of from these districts.\n\nI was glad to observe that attempts are now being made to start weaving all over West Yunnan, notably at Yung Chang and Hoching Chou, and even that yarns can now go from Teng Yueh into South-west Szechuan and return thence to Yung Peh in the form of woven cloth.\n\nFashions, of course, vary, and there are many districts which could be supplied more cheaply from Teng Yueh which at present prefer Shasi or Hsin Hsing goods, and from the point of view of wholesale manufacture for export to other districts, as apart from merely supplying local demand by local domestic industry, merchants complain that trade and mule...",
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        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "5\n\n246\n\nHsin Hsing is the only Yünnan woven cloth which can be depended upon for length, breadth, and evenness of texture.\n\nPonies and Mules.-I cannot doubt that if the Government of Burmah is inclined to take the matter up, Yünnan would in time become an important source of supply of mules and ponies; but it would be necessary to send competent and, I may add, patient officers into the breeding districts to explain the requirements of Burmah. Burmah gets the off-sweepings of Yunnan in the way of ponies-the halt, the maimed and the blind.\n\nAt present, for ponies, the best, but probably also the dearest, market is Yünnan-fu itself, where there is a much wider choice of animals than anywhere else.\n\nAt Hsia Kuan the number of ponies sold is small, but all over the part of Yunnan which I traversed, ponies and mules are bred in considerable numbers, and hardly any village is so poor as not to have a few ponies and donkeys.\n\nThe Chien Chang (south-west) corner of Szechuan is also an important pony-breeding ground, and I have seen a very few mules from the same district which would, I think, be large enough for batteries, prices asked being 60 to 80 taels (now 120 to 160 rupees).\n\nI also met several caravans of ponies (30 to 50 in each) en route from the Chien Chang to Burmah via the Kun Long Ferry; many were mares in foal, and for the rest their obvious destiny was to draw a ticca gharry in Mandalay. There is a steady movement of animals from these districts down to Yung Chang and Teng Yueh to supply transport for the Burmah and the salt trades. It is, however, very hard to get exact numbers, because animals are mostly privately sold, and not exposed on the open market, so as to avoid those official exactions which ruin the internal trade of China, and especially of Yunnan. One dealer, who was taking ponies to Mandalay from Hui Li, in the Chien Chang, told me that by dodging the cities and markets he managed to get across the province without paying taxes more than five times, or, in all, 4 rupees per beast, which represents about 12 per cent, ad valorem at his home.\n\nAt Hoching, five days north of Ta Li, there is a specially good class of mule engaged in the salt trade. He is hardly big enough for a battery, but he carries 215 lbs. over very severe mountain roads an average of 15 miles a-day, day in and day out.\n\nBut the main source at present of the Burmah pony supply is Chung Tien, ten days north of Ta Li, across the Yang-tsze, the inhabitants of which are Thibetans known as Ku Tsung men. I have not yet been able to visit their country, but it is stated to supply a large number of a strong, though not elegant, type of pony. They seem, however, not to thrive in a hot climate, and receive so little attention on their long journey down that they usually reach Teng Yueh in a very poor condition. Besides horse-dealers, a number of other Ku Tsung men come down to West Yunnan every year with beasts which they let out for hire for transport, and take back to their homes at the end of the spring.\n\nThe Fowl's Foot Mountain is near Ta Li.\n\nLeaving Pin Chuan by the North Gate, we followed the road down the valley towards the Yang-tzse for a mile, and then turning west across the stream which inadequately waters the plain, marched slightly west of north across downs and foot-hills which fringe the west side of the valley. The road is cut at intervals by several streams flowing from the mountains which shelter the east shore of the Ta Li Lake, eastward into the Pin Chuan Plain, and along these streams there is garden-like cultivation and picturesque villages. After three hours' march we crossed a road leading from Nui Kai to Wa Ch'i, a market on the east shore of the Ta Li Lake, whence a boat can be taken across to Ta Li Fu.\n\nPassing the market of Lien Tung, which is situated above the rich padi valley of Fu Tien Chuang, whose fields are mostly owned by the monks of the Chi Tsu Shan (Fowl's Foot Hill). On the grassy slopes near our camp, pheasants, quail, and partridges abounded.\n\nAll day long we had seen in front of us a huge hog-backed mountain rising up from the Pin Chuan Valley in a west direction across fifteen points of the compass, and terminating on the west in an isolated castle-like pinnacle, on the summit of which could be seen the white glitter of a temple.\n\nOn the next day we continued over-hill and down towards the great mountain, having on our left the range which hangs over the east shore of the Ta Li Lake, and after two and a-half hours' march we emerged from a forest into the beautiful valley of Sha Chi, which nestles along the south foot of the Fowl Mountain. The broad flank of the mountain is densely clad with forest, amid which may be discerned the roofs and pagodas of the lower temples, and a pellucid stream flows past the padi terraces of Sha Chi in an easterly direction towards the Yang-tzse. In the afternoon we ascended the hill to 7,800 feet through dense forest, and then, turning east along a good path, reached the beautiful temple of Shih Tan Ssu, entirely surrounded by virgin forest.\n\nThis is the residence of the Seng Cheng Ssu, or Controller of all the temples and monks on the hill. He administers corporal punishment, or in bad cases can expel the offending bonze from the precincts of the hill. The office is now filled by a pleasant old monk of about 60 years old, who has spent all his life on and near the hill, and, having lived through the Panthay rebellion, during which the temples were alternately and impartially pillaged by the followers of the Prophet and the followers of Confucius, has many tales of adventure to relate. At present he seems to be more interested in getting in his rents than in attaining Nirvana, and in the price of the drugs which his hill produces, than in the Buddha, the law, or the order.\n\nTwenty-nine temples are shown on a native map of the hill; they are all, with the exception of the summit shrine, situated on the south slope of the mountain, and buried in a magnificent growth of forest, but many are now abandoned and in ruins.\n\nFrom Shi Tak Ssu a good cornice road leads along the mountain slope in a west direction to Chin Lan Ssu (Golden Orchid Temple), which is at the foot of the west pinnacle. Besides this main road, there are wood-cutters' paths in all directions, and pleasant walks through the cool depths of the forest, where the stately silver pheasant and the elegant Amherst pheasant may be seen strutting in their native wilds.\n\nWhen the winter sun of Yünnan floods the whole hill with light, the view of forest and mountain is so superb that it is easy to believe that a spot so conspicuous, so accessible and so beautiful, must have attracted the religious devotion of men from the time when they were first moved by the conception of the spiritual or the sublime. Legend attributes the earliest temples to the Tang dynasty, and the Chi Kwang Ssu is even stated to have been founded by Han Ming Ti, who sent a Buddhist Embassy to India; A.D. 58. But, in point of fact, there is nothing in the buildings at present standing to take the dedication of the hill to Buddha further back than the Ming dynasty. The style of the architecture of these temples strongly resembles that of the Ming tombs near Peking, save that in some of them there are graceful bell-towers of wood built into the main structure on the right and left of the first court. There are also some good specimens of the ornate carved eaves, such as are to be seen in the British Legation at Peking, and these I take to date only from the early days of the present dynasty. From tablets and inscriptions still to be seen in the temples, it is clear that there was a powerful Buddhist movement in Yünnan in the reigns of Tien Chi and Wan Li of the Ming, 1573, 1621.\n\nMany of the wooden tablets are of great size, and of value as specimens of Ming calligraphy; it is said—and it is quite likely—that there were also valuable collections of altar furniture and pictures which were looted during the Panthay rebellion. In the Shih Tan Ssu, the residence of the Controller, are the usual Wan Sui, or 10,000 year tablets in honour of the reigning Emperor, and also tablets which are supposed to secure the prosperity of the high provincial officials, each of these dignitaries having a separate tablet with his titles and the characters \"lu wei\" (seat of official prosperity) inscribed thereon. Apart from this, the images in the temples are all purely Buddhist. The three precious Buddhas, representing the Buddha, the law, and the order, Kuan Yin in a side shrine, and the Ju Lai Fo, are the commonest of the idols. The usual Chinese heroes and demi-gods are conspicuous by their absence. Thibetan influence is very marked, and, indeed, the impulse of Buddhism probably came here from Thibet. The walls have been scribbled over with Thibetan script by pilgrims from the north. Thibetan charms dangle from the walls, and the main court of Shih Tan Ssu is adorned with Thibetan tiles.\n\nIn all the chief temples morning and evening services are celebrated, but there is little or no knowledge of the faith among the Bonzes. The total number of the holy men on the hill is about 300; the Shih Tan Ssu has about thirty and Hua Yen Ssu forty.\n\nThe rents of Shih Tan amount to 300 piculs of grain yearly, derived from lands in the neighbourhood. Hua Yen Ssu is also fairly well off, but on the whole the Bonzes have fallen on bad times and begging, or the subscriptions of visitors at the end...\n\n[2021 - 1]",
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        "content_text": "6\n\nof the year, the time of the great pilgrimage form their chief means of subsistence, and most of the buildings are falling into a sad state of disrepair.\n\nAnother feature of the Shih Tan Ssu is a balustrade of Ta Li marble, some 30 yards long, before the chief shrine which contains three colossal Buddhas. Leaving Shih Tan Ssu and following the main cornice road to the summit in a westerly direction through the forest, we first passed the minor temples of Hsing Hsien Ssu and Wan Sheng An, and so arrive at Ta Chueh Ssu (Monastery of Great Perception), which is one of the Wa T Ssu or five great temples (Ta Chueh, Shih Tan, Chin Lan, Hua Yen, and Mo Ni An).” Ta Chueh Ssu consists of three courts in a tumble-down condition. Close to Ta Chuch is Chi Kwang Ssu, which claims to be the oldest of all the shrines. In it are seven images of the Jn Loi Buddha, with the mystic symbol on their breasts; also a small Buddha on a white elephant, and two enormous rice boilers of bell-metal dating from the Ming Emperor, Tien Chi. The forest then opens out, allowing fine views of the valley of Sha Chi and of the large Hua Yen Ssu, situated lower down the hill on a wooded height. After ascending 2,000 feet in 5 miles we arrived at the foot of the western pinnacle of the mountain, and put up in the comfortable Chin Lan Ssu, otherwise known as Chia Sha Ssu, where we found only three monks. From this temple the ascent to the Chin Tien, or Golden Shrine, on the summit takes about 1 hour. Winding up a steep stone path between limestone precipices, we passed several caves in which holy but dirty monks lay in wait for the cash of the faithful. A few hundred feet below the summit is the Tung Fo Ssu, a small temple dating from this dynasty with a roof of copper. A steep and dizzy climb brought us from this to the top, at an elevation of 11,800 feet. The Chin Tien is a tumble-down little temple in the centre of the chief court, of which is a shrine with door and roof of copper, and surrounded by a Ta Li marble balustrade, closely resembling the copper shrine at Wu San Kwei's temple near Yünnan-fu.\n\nIn front of the shrine is a large and artistically-shaped incense burner of bell-metal, about 5.8 feet high.\n\nThe view from the summit of the Chi Shan is of surpassing magnificence, and embraces a large portion of the Ta Li Prefecture. To the east the ridge of the Chi Shan slopes away to the Pin Chuan Valley, while its forest-clad heights slope gradually down to the valley of Sha Chi at the spectators' feet. To the south-east were the mountains which we had crossed in our journey from Ta Yao, running north and south in parallel ranges. To the south are the masses of hills between the Ta Li Lake and the plain of Yunnan Hsien. To the west a magnificent view is obtained of the isolated range of the Tsang Shan, which, with its nineteen peaks, rising to about 13,000 feet, forms a vast screen on the west side of the Ta Li Lake. No snow was visible in early December, and, indeed, the attitude of this range is well under the snow-line in this part of Yunnan. Glimpses of the lake are obtained, and though the city of Ta Li is hidden, the pagodas outside the north gate of the city can be seen. But the most conspicuous object of all in the whole panorama is to the north, where the great white dome of the Lichiang snow-peak, towering high above all rival summits, glitters in the winter sun. From the Chi Shan it is distant 65 miles in an air-line.\n\nLeaving the Ka Sha Ssu and passing through the forest for a mile, we cross a col, 9,200 feet, and descend in a north direction down a beautiful glen, where slopes of bracken and fields of oats are diversified with shrubberies of rhododendrons and pines. On the north side of the mountain there is only one temple, the Feng Chen Ssu, inhabited by a villainous-looking bonze, who apologized for the disordered state of his temple because he had only just come out after six months in the Teng Chuan Gaol. Some mules, it appeared, had vanished from near the holy man's abode, and here, as elsewhere, the world is very censorious. From this undesirable spot my muletcer hastened us down a rough road, with views of bare mountain ranges to the north in front of us, down to the bed of a small stream, along the banks of which runs the high road from Ta Li to Yung Peh. This stream flows east into the Yang-tsze, and we followed up its course in a west direction, along a narrow strip of cultivation, until we found a camp-ground at the little village of Ta Wang Miao. The next day, at [F] miles, we passed out of the valley and over a grassy col, insignificant in itself, but important as being the divide between the Yang-tsze and the Mekong. Shortly after the north end of the Ta Li Lake came into sight- the flourishing villages, dense cultivation round the fringe of the lake, the numerous fishing-boats, and the flocks of wildfowl forming a striking contrast to the bare, lonely slopes of the mountains above. We struck the lake near a marshy pond full of mallards, which enabled us to replenish the larder; and after an easy and interesting walk past the flourishing market of Chiang Wei (where excellent fowl and snipe shooting is to be had) and past flourishing villages, we crossed the bridge of boats\n\n7\n\nwhich spans the river which feeds the north end of the lake, and marched into Shang-Kuan under the shadow of the Tsang Shan.\n\nThe influence of Buddhism-of which the temples on the Chi Shan are the outward and visible sign-is still strongly marked in the Ta Li valley, which is popularly spoken of as the \"Land of Buddha.\" A number of military officers come from Ta Li, Hoching, and Lichiang: and most of them (including Chiang, the late provincial Commander-in-chief) are devotees of Buddha. Their piety is sometimes usefully and elegantly displayed by the construction of bridges and the ornamentation of temples. Sometimes it breaks out in inconvenient places. Thus, the military authorities in Yunnan are very fond of forbidding the slaughter of animals for food, though whether their motive is, as they state, \"respect for heaven-given life\" or the prospect of a squeeze \"for permitting breaches of their own regulations, I leave to be determined by those who know the mandarins. Shortly before I arrived the Captain of the City Guard at Ta Li had issued a strange Proclamation. After pointing out that \"all the myriads of created beings love life,\" he proceeds to assert that eels and magpies in particular have a \"meng,\" or destined course of life, with which it is impious to interfere. Accordingly, it is strictly forbidden to catch these creatures, and all and sundry who would indulge in the surreptitious pleasure of fried eels, or the more doubtful joys of magpie shooting, are warned that the eye of the Captain of the Guard is on them.\n\nCC\n\nTu Li-fu and the Valleys near it.\n\nIt is.\n\nfrom\n\nThe importance of Hsia Kuan, at the south of the Ta Li Valley, as a centre both of foreign and native trade cannot fail to strike the traveller; it is the commercial capital\n\npasses of West Yünnan, and if we can insist on respect being paid to transit Burmah, will soon become the largest market in the province. The li-kin is one of the best in the province, the amount collected chiefly on native opium being from 40,000 taels to 50,000 taels per annum. The town is increasing rapidly, and rents are far higher than at Ta Li, the greater part of the latter city being still in ruins, and being cursed by the presence of a number of officials. Hsia Kuan has a population of over 12,000, nearly all of whom are engaged in trade; the town is situated on both sides of a small river which flows out of the south-west corner of the Erh Hai or Ta Li Lake, and The ruins of the old rans west into the Yangpi River, and so to the Mekong. Rivan, or fortified wall, which ran from the foot of the mountains to the lake, are still standing in picturesque dilapidation on the north bank of the river.\n\nNot only is Hsia Kuan a resort of merchants of all kinds-dealers in foreign goods from Tengyueh, cloth-sellers and opium buyers from Lin Au (South Yünnan), Canton opium buyers, pedlars from Szechuan, Thibetans, and Li-chiang traders with ponies, mules, woollen cloth, drugs, and musk to exchange for tea, salt, sugar, and cottons-but it is an important centre of opium production and general consumption. I estimate that at least half of our imports from Burmah go up to Hsia Kuan.\n\nThe mountains press close on the east shore of the lake, while on the west the feet of the great Tsang Shan range are only 15 li, or 4.4 miles from the water, but the Ta Li plain, though narrow, is very thickly populated, and to the north and south of the lake are a series of rich agricultural valleys. The district of T'ai Ho Hsien, which comprises only the plain between lake and mountain, and between Hsia Kuan and Shang Kuan- say, 44 miles by 30 miles-has nearly 250 villages, besides the towns of Ta Li and Hsia Kuan; and the population can hardly be under 100,000. The sub-Prefecture of Chao Chou at the south end of the lake and of Teng Chuan at the north head of the lake have a large area of rich agricultural land and an abundant supply of water; further south are the plains of Meng Hua, 20 miles by 4 miles, and Hung Ai, 18 miles by 5 miles, which resemble the valleys of Szechuan in their richness; while to the north of Teng Chuan are the plains of Lang K'ung, Chien Chuan, Hoching, and Lichiang.\n\nI estimate that quite 1,250,000 persons and the best-to-do in the province are supplied from Hsia Kuan, and in a province the whole of which does not probably contain more than 10,000,000 inhabitants, this is a high figure. I would advocate the establishment of a Chinese agency at Hsia Kuan by some foreign firm. If arrangements can be made to send opium to Canton via Burmah, the prosperity of the country will be greatly increased.\n\nThe great majority of the peasants in the Ta Li plain and the valleys to the north are Minchia. They are, however, especially in the Ta Li plain, very mixed with Chinese. It is said that between the lake and the mountain there are only two villages of pure Minchia, but the majority of the population along the actual shore of the lake\n\n247",
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        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "10\n\nThese valleys to the north of Ta Li form a considerable market for foreign goods. Among the very attractive Minchia ladies, I fancied that I noticed an unappeased longing for finery, such as cheap laces, ribbons, and Turkey reds, while their capacity for consuming all kinds of sweetstuff is considerable. They share the labours of the sterner sex, and so add to the labour power of the valleys, which they inhabit.\n\nAfter Hei Nui Shao, we continued somewhat north of east, through fine hill country, with fields and scrub, where an exciting pheasant drive was organized, until we saw the wide plain of Hoching, with its 200 villages spread like a chess board at our feet. We descended the windings of a long spur to the level ground, and struck a wide-paved causeway, some 3 miles south of Hoching city. It was market day, and the traffic was very heavy. Many of the hill Minchia women near Hoching have retained their native kilts and the men their arms, leather shoes, and felt or fur caps, so that they present a picturesque aspect on their return home from market.\n\nHoching Valley can be recommended to the attention of those who would have us believe that Yunnan is a poverty-stricken wilderness. The plain is about 24 miles by 5 miles, and contains about 200 villages, excellently built. The city itself has about 12,000 inhabitants, and is clean and well built, with but little empty space in the walls. The streets are densely crowded every ten days for the market. The place is an important salt and opium entrepôt, and the general prosperity of the inhabitants attracts all sorts of trade. Even dried lichees from Canton may be bought at stalls on the streets. A weaving industry is now springing up, yarn being brought under transit pass from Teng Yueh. I think that the great majority of the people are still clad in Hsin Hsing or Shasi cloth, and only about eighty muleloads of Manchester goods per annum are sold in Hoching, but throughout the valley, the chance of extending Burmah trade seems excellent; some of the merchants with whom I conversed are well acquainted with the commercial advantages offered by the opening of the Teng Yueh Customs; indeed, they stated that before that event, the foreign trade of the valleys north of Ta Li was exceedingly risky, owing to the irregular imposts of all sorts to which it was exposed. The crushing impositions of the Teng Yuch and Yung Chang tax collectors formed but a part of the mischief. I have already noticed the mules of Hoching.\n\nLeaving the North Gate of Hoching, the stone causeway passes some lagoons, and leaving the valley bottom, leads over some downs and through some firwoods to the li-kin station of Chi Ho. The valley is well peopled all along, and the traffic on the road is very considerable.\n\nThe next day we crossed the rocky col of the Lion Hill (Ssu Tzu Shan) and a gentle descent through firwoods brings the traveller out on to the wide plain of Li Chiang. The river which waters the Hoching Plain issues from the north-east of the Lichiang Plain, flows south, under the east foot of the Lion Pass, and so down the Hoching Valley, from the south-east corner of which it issues and joins the Yang-tsze.\n\nLichiung-fu, the Snow Mountain, and the Yang-tsze Bend.\n\nWhile descending from the Lion Pass to the Lichiang Plain, the clouds which had obscured for some days the tops of the ranges, among which we had been travelling, slightly lifted, and disclosed the sharp snow-striped triple peak of the snow mountain, towards which we had been marching for five days. The lower slopes of the mountain were still enfolded in mist, and the impression given was one of enormous height. The Lichiang Snow Mountain—it has no other name—is known far and wide among the natives, and the geographical problems regarding the country at its feet are of sufficient interest to merit a particular description.\n\nThe Lichiang Plain may be considered as divided into three portions, first there is the main valley with the Lion Pass on the south, the city and the range at the back of it on the north, and the hills crossed by the high road from Lichiang to the Yang-tsze and Yung-peh on the east. This covers about 40 square miles, and is, roughly, 8 miles by 6 miles. Then there is the northern section of the plain, which runs up at the back of the city along the east flank of the Snow Mountain for some 9 miles, and, thirdly, over a low col on the west of the main plain, there is the Lashi Pa, a circular valley, with a diameter of 4 miles, sloping gradually down on all sides to a lake in the ...\n\n11\n\n...middle. The main road from Lichiang, west to the Ashi Ferry, on the Yang-tsze, en route to Thibet, runs along the north of this lake, while the road to Chien Chuan skirts the south-east of it, passing under the Wen Pi, or Pencil Hill, a conspicuous wedge-shaped peak, which overhangs the south-west of the main valley. The Pencil Hill, together with the Snow Mountain, balances the geomantic influences, and secures the prosperity of Lichiang.\n\nThe Lichiang Valley possesses a good dark soil which is suitable for opium. Little rice is grown, but the dry land cereals abound. The population is not so dense as that of Hoching Valley, the villages being smaller and further apart. The city itself contains about 8,000 inhabitants, and is situated on the north of the valley near the great snow peak which can be seen from nearly every street corner. It is quite unlike any other prefectural city in China; in the first place, it is at an altitude of 8,100 feet; in the second place there is no wall, the Magistrate's Yamên being quite out in the country; thirdly, streams of pure water issuing from the Dragon pool of the Lung Wang Miao to the north of the city flow alongside the pavement, houses and shops being pleasantly diversified with gardens and orchards; fourthly, it is at the foot of a great snow mountain; and fifthly, the majority of the inhabitants are not Chinese. The houses on the outskirts of the city are well built in the Minchia style, while the centre of the city is a square market-place, where a busy daily market is held. From this square branch three business streets of small wooden shops, where the sellers of cotton cloth, Thibetan wools, and copper and iron-workers are conspicuous. There is also a small paper industry, the paper being made from the bark of the kou tree, while a number of Chinese medicine and musk buyers frequent the place.\n\nTo the north of the city runs the north section of the plain under the east flank of the snow hill; this plain is closed on the north by the spurs through which the Hei Shui, or Blackwater Stream, runs eastward to the Yang-tsze. At the south end of this plain, some 5 miles west of Lichiang, is the market of Pei Sha and several villages, but further north it is barren, stony, and windswept.\n\nSome 6 miles west of Lichiang city a low col which joins the Snow Mountain to Pencil Hill divides the main section of the plain from the Lashi section. Lashi Pa, with its lake, is densely populated and has twenty large villages. Quantities of rice are grown and a number of beasts are bred. The whole of the Lashi Pa is surrounded by pine-clad heights and presents a very beautiful view.\n\nThe inhabitants of the Lichiang Plain and its dependencies fall under three heads: These are the Chinese, mostly immigrants from Hoching; the Minchia, who are chiefly in the south of the valley; and the so-called \"pun ti,\" or natives. These latter call themselves Lashi, and though their language is not the same as that of the Ku Tsung Thibetans of Chung Tien, the difference seems to be dialectic only, and I cannot doubt that the Lashi are the most southern branch of the true Thibetan stock. Their sepia complexion, their fondness for lamaseries and woollen garments and their high cheek bones all proclaim their affinity. The young women usually wear hats like Chinamen, but with long tassels and gilt embroidery. The Lashis form the majority of the inhabitants of Lichiang city, the bulk of the population of Lashi Pa, and they seem to entirely monopolize the Yang-tsze bend. In the latter country their houses are often made of nothing but wood, while substantial log-huts in the Canadian backwoods style are supplied for the cattle. The Lashi mostly speak a little \"pidgin\" Chinese, and have ancestral tablets in their houses. They are friendly and hospitable, good carpenters and blacksmiths, and it is to be hoped that their language and history will be studied by some traveller who has time. It will probably be found that they are closely related to the Mosso tribe on the Upper Mekong.\n\nThe inhabitants of Lichiang are sportsmen, and fond of falconry. The hawks, which they fly at pheasants and ducks, are heavy birds, and a good deal of care is spent in looking after them.\n\nI am able to throw some light on the question of the Yang-tsze bend to the north of Lichiang. M. Bonin, the well-known French traveller, who in 1894 went from Yang-tzse bend to Ashi, and, having crossed the Tang-tsze there, proceeded north-east to Tachienlu, surmises that the course of the Yang-tsze was wrongly marked on our old maps, and that the river makes a great curve to the north from Ashi, sweeping round to the south again from a point a little to the south of Yung Ning. I can confirm the truth of M. Bonin's suggestion; there is, in fact, no doubt about the matter. It is perfectly well known to the Yamens at Lichiang that if you go from the city to the Chin Chiang (Golden River), as the Yang-tsze is locally known, in a westerly direction, you strike the stream at Ashi, one long day's march. If you go in an easterly direction you reach the stream on the second day from Lichiang on the Yung-peh road; but if you go in a northerly direction you have to travel six days from Lichiang to reach the Yang-tsze at the northern apex of the bend. The concave or south side of the bend is all in the jurisdiction of Lichiang, while the convex bank belongs to Yung-peh, Yung Ning, and Chung Tien respectively.\n\nThe other question is the trend of the range of which the Lichiang Snow Mountain is such a conspicuous feature. On a survey sketch published by the Government of ...\n\nE.\n\n249",
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        "content_text": "14\n\nmenced a long and gradual ascent up a broad open slope to the south by an excellent road. Indeed, most of the roads in this part of Yunnan are very good as compared with the high road to Burmah.\n\nAfter five hours' march, by which time we had reached 9,900 feet, we passed over into the Mekong basin. There is no water to be got on this ascent, and, consequently, no villages. On reaching the top of the pass an extensive and characteristic view of a large part of West Yunnan was unfolded. At our feet, 1,800 feet below us, was the narrow valley of Chien Chuan, and beyond it a series of regular parallel ranges capped with snow, and running north and south we descended into the valley that afternoon, and struck the main road from Ta Li to Wei Hsi.\n\nJust north of the hamlet of Po Chueh, where we camped, there is a beautiful tarn of rich blue water, which has been banked up as a reservoir. From Po Chach to Chien Chuan is an easy day's march down the valley (south), which is not over a mile in breadth; the villages which fringe the foot-hills on both sides become larger and more numerous as we approach the city, where we were put up by the hospitable official.\n\nJust south of the city the valley opens out into a wide and roughly-circular plain, closed by high mountains on the south, or Ta Li side. This plain is some 3 miles wide, and very fertile. A large part of it is occupied by a large lake.\n\nThe whole district (\"chou,\" or sub-prefecture) of Chien Chuan is officially stated to contain 10,000 families, of which two-thirds are located in the main valley which we bad descended. The city population is about 7,000, and the streets are crowded on market day. The country folk are nearly all Minchia, but they speak Chinese and wear Chinese dress. There are no export products here, except a little surplus rice. The people are lazy, and get enough to live on from the padi-fields without planting winter crops. In fact, the only industry is charcoal-burning.\n\nIn September 1902 Chien Chuan valley was visited by an alarming earthquake; about fifty persons are said to have been buried under the ruins of a village 4 miles south of the city, and the yamên itself was left in such a crooked, cracked, and dilapidated condition that it presents an excellent type of the Government whose Representative dwells within its walls.\n\nThere is only one small outlet for the waters of the Chien Chuan valley: this is at Tien Wei, 15 li to the south of the city. The Mahommedans at Ta Li, during the rebellion, reduced Chien Chuan by damming up this outlet and so flooding the whole place. Throughout the dry season the padi-fields near the lake are deep in wet mud, and this condition attracts vast numbers of wildfowl, especially mallards. The sportsman who does not object to being occasionally stuck in the mire can walk up wildfowl in the stubble like partridges at home.\n\nThe Chien Chuan people, though they have no industries, have a temper of their own; and they have hitherto successfully resisted the establishment of li-kin or Prefect's tax stations in their valley.\n\nFrom Chien Chuan across the Mekong and Salwen Basins to Teng Yuch.\n\nWe left the city of Chien Chuan by the south gate, with the intention of making as straight a line as possible to Teng Yueh, passing near the west limits of Chinese jurisdiction, and gaining some knowledge of the great parallel ranges which run north and south, near the banks of the Mekong and Salwen Rivers.\n\nA good paved causeway runs down the valley south of Chien Chuan. At 1 mile the road to Tien Wei and Ta Li, which passes near the lake, divides off to the south, and we turned south-west to the village of Lo Yu, situated in the foot-hills which fringe the valley. From this point we took a last look at the snowhill of Lichiang (which is a conspicuous object from the Chien Chuan valley), and ascended through open, hilly country past a series of small tanks, where water is stored for hill cultivation. Extensive views of the mountains to the east and south of the Chien Chuan valley are obtained, until we entered a narrow, wooded gorge, and, passing a col (8,100 feet), descended to the clean little village of Shih Tzu Chiao. From this point we enter the valley of Yang Ts'en, which is half a mile wide, and runs east and west for 4 miles, containing half a dozen villages and some good padi lands. From the west end of this valley we commenced an ascent, and stopped at the mountain hamlet of Shui Tzu Ping. In the course of this day's march we had seen nothing but Minchia.\n\nOn the 3rd January we began, from Shui Tzu Ping, the first of the great ascents which intervene between Teng Yueh and the Yang-tsze basin. This pass is known as\n\n15\n\nrange which\n\nthe Shih Chung Shan (\"Stone Bell Hill\"), and takes the traveller over the forms the west boundary of the Chien Chuan Lake basin. The pass is 9,900 feet high, and is distant from Shui Tzu Ping 4 miles, or 12 hours for laden mules. The road is littered with a dilapidated pavement, and leads through dense forest the whole way. At the top of this trying ascent we found two old gentlemen living in a hut, and a cock pheasant living in their cabbage-garden. The former supplied us with information and the latter with dinner. The descent on the west side to the valley of Lan Chou is down an exceedingly steep and abrupt spur for 1,600 feet, and then by a stream in a close gorge to the village of Chiang Wei (which boasts a police-station), and across a stream out on to the valley.\n\nThe Lan Chou plain is watered by the head streams of the Yangpi River (which is crossed at Yangpi, the tenth stage from Teng Yuch on the Yünn m-fu road). Further south the river receives the outpourings of the Ta Li Lake, and finally joins the Mekong.\n\nThe valley of Lanchou consists of broken country with a number of small mamelons. It is about 8 miles by 4 miles, and contains a dense population of Miachia in about two dozen villages.\n\nThere is a market at Ma Teng. We put up at the village of Kan Ho Tien, at the foot of the formidable range on the west of the valley. This range we negotiated on the following day. Owing to the presence of a variety of \"spooks\" it is considered to be the most formidable pass in this part of the country. If the traveller while ascending utters the word \"cold,” he will be at once seized with a deadly chill, if not frozen stiff; if he utters the word \"hunger,\" he will be at once griped with an excruciating stomach-ache.\n\nCO\n\nI was warned against going aside from the road for any necessary purpose without taking my bearings with a compass, and observing the position of the sun lest I should offend the Shan Wang,\" or Deity of the hills. Though all this must be true, as it was told to me by Lanchou men who are constantly making the ascent, we found The the \"Yang Lu,\" or road of the sun, as it is called, by no means a difficult pass. ascent to the top from Lanchou took three and a-half hours' steady marching up a broad road partly paved. The summit of the pass is 12,200 feet. At the foot of the hill are fir shrubs, and higher up bamboo scrubs and rhododendrons. At the top is a hut where fatigued travellers are regaled with hot sugar and water. The last 1,500 feet of the ascent was over snow and ice.\n\nOn the right of the pass, and quite 2,000 feet above it, is a bare inaccessible-looking peak. The range divides the Yangpi River basin from the main stream of the Mekong. It also forms the west boundary of the district of Chien Chuan, and on the west side of the range we re-enter the extensive district of Li Chiang Hsien, which includes the right bank of the Mekong.\n\nFrom the top of the Yang Lu Pass a fine view is obtained of the great mountains on the west side of the Mekong, forming a regular and majestic range, whose feet are washed by the tributary waters of the Salwen and Mekong, which flow on the west and east of it. In January there was at least 1,000 feet of snow on the range, but in summer it is said to disappear.\n\nThe descent from the Yang Lu Pass in a west direction is down a convenient slope with a stream on the left and majestic spurs swelling down to the plain on both sides of the track. At 9,500 feet there are broad patches of cultivation on the hill-sides and little hamlets of log huts inhabited by Lisaw and Minchia; the marketing is done chiefly by the women here; the Lisaw ladies are conspicuous by their dirty white hempen kilts and the shells in their head-dress, while the Minchia women wear turbans and long cotton gowns.\n\nAt miles we reached the valley of Pei Ti Ping, an irregular strip of broken land surrounded by mountains and watered by a stream which flows into the Mekong soon after leaving the south end of the valley. There are a few Chinese pedlars to be seen on the market of Pei Ti Ping, but the bulk of the people are Minchia, who are engaged in the salt trade, and own a considerable number of mules,\n\nOn the 6th January we crossed the last range which separated us from the Mekong. The road formerly led past ninety-nine hills, ascending ninety-nine terraces, guarded by ninety-nine dragons, but this fearsome stage need no longer be made, as Yang Yu Kuo, the famous General who took a prominent part in the recapture of Ta Li from the Panthays, made another road across the mountains, which is much frequented by salt This road is well paved, and runs in and out and round about through the range, which is of a different character from the mountains which we had crossed. The first part of the day's march was spent in deep gorges between precipitous limestone\n\ncaravans.\n\n251",
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        "content_text": "22\n\n23\n\n255\n\n}}\n\nGeneral Conclusions.\n\nFor those who are interested in Yünnan and its trade, I beg to submit the following remarks and suggestions :-\n\n1. It must be remembered that Yünnan is out of the great current of China trade. Whether the year is going to be a good or a bad one depends wholly on the local opium and rice harvest, which in their turn depend on the weather. If this is favourable, we may be sure that there will be money to be spent in the ensuing autumn and winter trading season; therefore, merchants who wish to try a venture in Yünnan should inform themselves as to the harvest.\n\n2. The part of Yunnan which may be conveniently served by our Burmah route is, on the whole, considerably more populous than the part of Yunnan served by the French or Red River route; the Burmah trade has hitherto been half strangled by the ravages of Chinese tax-collectors, but now that Teng Yueh is an \"open port,\" under Sir Robert Hart's supervision, there is every reason to hope for a great expansion of trade.\n\nIt will, however, be necessary to take severe measures against the attempts of the officials to recommence illegal exactions.\n\n3. The most urgent need of Teng Yueh trade is an export product to give in return for Indian yarn and cotton goods. This is especially necessary just now, as the balance of trade is heavily against Teng Yueh; merchants whose capital is silver have to liquidate their debts in appreciated rupees; there is only one export possible at present, and that is opium; the obsolete rules which prohibit the Yunnan drug being taken across Burmah, en route to Canton and Shanghae, should be at once abolished.\n\n4. The importance of Yunnan as a possible field of supply for ponies and mules should not be lost sight of.\n\n5. Every effort should be made to establish a cotton cloth-weaving industry in the Teng Yuch or Yung Chang valleys, and so to undo a part of the injury which Burmah trade has suffered from the long delay in opening Teng Yueh.\n\n6. I am inclined to think a European firm might establish itself with advantage at Teng Yueh. The trade would not bear a large and expensive European staff; what is wanted is rather some one of energy and tact who would be content to rough it, in the hope of opening new lines of trade, especially of export trade, which the Chinese, when left to themselves, are exceedingly slow to attempt. I strongly recommend the employment of Indian, preferably Mahommedan, travelling agents in the interior.\n\n7. Hsia Kuan is a centre of the greatest importance to Burmah trade, and I would suggest the establishment of a foreign agency there, under the direction of Chinese, but to be visited from time to time by a European merchant.\n\n8. The Ta Li third-moon fair is worth attending, as something might there be learned of prospects of trade.\n\n9. The duties levied at Rangoon on all goods not of Indian origin destined for consumption in China should be suppressed. It would be easy for the Government of Burmah to arrange for a system of drawbacks in co-operation with the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs.\n\n10. Among the articles of import which I noted down in the course of my journey as likely to have an extended market in West Yunnan are blankets, cheap clocks, and watches, mirrors, enamelled ironware, cheap ribbons and laces for trimmings, pocket-knives, padlocks, umbrellas, leather belts, the stouter cottons, such as American drills, cotton prints of a gaudy pattern, Turkey reds, cigarettes, jade, coral, and amber.\n\nAmong possible exports from Yunnan, ponies and mules, musk, hemp, straw braid, rhubarb, drugs consumed by Chinese, wool and furs from Lichiang, bristles, silk from South-west Szechuan, would seem to deserve attention. It must be remembered that up-country Chinese traders are fond of false-packing and other frauds, and by no means comprehend the necessity of goods being up to sample.\n\n11. I should be very sorry to offer any advice about mines in the part of Yunnan which my Report deals with. Salt and copper are the mineral products of which I saw most, but they are both in the hands of official monopolists. Until better informed, I venture to doubt whether there are any mines in this part of Yunnan which would pay for the cost of transporting foreign machinery and paying for foreign engineers. When the upper waters of the Irrawadi have been brought under control by Burmah, it might be well to prospect there for nephrite (jade), which will always command a great market in China.\n\n12. The geological and ethnological features of the Upper Mekong and Salwen are of the utmost interest, and call for careful examination by trained observers with plenty of time, as regards the very mixed population of this district, it would appear to be derived from two sources :-\n\n(a.) Migration south from Thibet, a country which cannot support a large population. This migration is represented by Kachins, Mossos, Lisaw, Lashi, and probably Lolos.\n\n(b.) Migrations west from the Yang-tsze Valley, represented by the Shans and later by the Chinese.\n\nThe Minchia, who seem to occupy more territory than is commonly supposed, may or may not, on inquiry, be found to represent an old stock who had attained a certain degree of civilization before the other migrations commenced.\n\nSUMMARY of Stages in North-West Yunnan.\n\n  \n    Name of Place\n    Distance In Miles\n    In Hours\n    Remarks\n  \n  \n    Erh Taun\n    12\n    6\n    Out of Yunnan Plain to north; over a col and down a defile to north.\n  \n  \n    Che Pei\n    16\n    7\n    Out of defile, through the valley of Fu Min, and north on left bank of Anning River.\n  \n  \n    Hao Chi Pa\n    18\n    8\n    Up to table-land, and descend to a valley.\n  \n  \n    Yuan Meng, or Ma Kai\n    15\n    7\n    Over a col to north-west of Wuting and down to cultivated valley.\n  \n  \n    Wu Ting Chou Lui Chi Po\n    16\n    6\n    Over pass of Shih Ta La and descend to ridge, where camp.\n  \n  \n    Lui Shu Taug, near Pei Yen\n    19\n    8\n    Descent from ridge to a valley running north and south.\n  \n  \n    K'ang Hsien Chiao\n    18\n    8\n    West over a range and down to a small valley. Along close gorge, south-west, then over a col and into cultivated valley.\n  \n  \n    Miao Men\n    9\n    \n    Out of valley, west; over a range and down to plain.\n  \n  \n    Lang Chuan Miao\n    16\n    7\n    12 miles in fertile valley; then over low col and down steep to valley of Pei Yen Tsing.\n  \n  \n    Tu Yao Hsien\n    16\n    7\n    Over range on west of Pei Yeu Tsing and down to river in a defile.\n  \n  \n    Ch'u Chang\n    16\n    7\n    In gorge of river.\n  \n  \n    Mi Tien\n    17\n    \n    Out of gorge and up on to a cultivated valley. West and then north through a defile to Chiao Ting Valley, and through another defile to Pin Chuan Plain.\n  \n  \n    Pin Chuan\n    18\n    8\n    North-north-west over downs in direction of Chi Shan.\n  \n  \n    Fu Tien Chuang\n    17\n    8\n    North ascent of part of Chi Shan.\n  \n  \n    Shih Tan Temple\n    19\n    \n    West, along the Chi Shan to summit. North-west descent to a small valley.\n  \n  \n    Chia Hsa Temple\n    \n    \n    West, over a low col and then round north bead of Ta Li Lake.\n  \n  \n    Ta Wang Miao Shang Kuan\n    \n    \n    South, by the lake shore.\n  \n  \n    Ta Li Fu\n    \n    \n    North, through the valleys of Teng Chuan and Lang K'ung.\n  \n  \n    (Shang Kuan to) Ying Shan\n    \n    \n    North-east, through Niu Kai Valley, and commence ascent.\n  \n  \n    P'u\n    \n    \n    North-east, over Kwa La Pass and descend to large city in a rich valley.\n  \n  \n    San Chiu Tang\n    15\n    \n    North, up Ho Ching Valley.\n  \n  \n    Ho Ching Chou\n    11\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Ch'i Ho\n    16\n    \n    North, over rocky col and to valley of Lichiang.\n  \n  \n    Li Chiang Fu\n    11\n    \n    North, up plain on east side of snow mountain and descent to small river.\n  \n  \n    Hei Shui Ho\n    16\n    \n    North and west, along spurs on east side of snow mountain, and then west towards the Yang-sze.\n  \n  \n    \n    15\n    10\n    West, down valley to banks of Yang-tsze.\n  \n  \n    \n    19\n    \n    Over high spur to south, and back to near Hei Shui Ho.\n  \n  \n    Chu Lo\n    16\n    10\n    Redescend north section of Lichiang Plain.\n  \n  \n    Ta Ku\n    \n    \n    Over low col to Lashi Pa Plain and Lake.\n  \n  \n    Hei Pou Shao\n    10\n    \n    West, over pass, and descend to banks of Yang-tsze.\n  \n  \n    Pei Sha Kai\n    \n    \n    \n  \n  \n    Tai Ho Tsun A-Hsi Perry\n    \n    \n    \n  \n\n* 544 *\n\n** CODE **\n\nक",
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        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "Name of Place. Distance- In Miles. In Hours. Remarks.\n\n(Tai Ho Tsun to) Po Chuck 18 7\n\nChien Chuan 15\n\nShui Tzu Ping 14\n\nKau Ho Tien 16 7\n\nPei Ti Ping La Isi (salt wells).. 17 Near Ying Pan Kai\n\nHsiao Tsa Chu 16\n\nLamati 12\n\nKu Li 12\n\n::: 14 7\n\n# Tsao Yao.. 12\n\nMino Wei 14\n\nFei Lung Bridge Tou Tao Shao 14\n\nLab Pan Teng 17\n\nSouth, out of Lashi Plain, over a pass, and descend to Úbien Chuan Valley.\n\nSouth, down valley,\n\nSouth and west, out of Chien Chuan Valley, and west through broken country,\n\nOver a pass, west, into valley of Yangpi River (Lan Chou Plain).\n\nWest, over a high range, and down to small valley. West, over a well-wooded range and descent down a gorge.\n\nWest, down gorge to banks of Mekong.\n\nAlong east bank of Mekong.\n\nAlong east bank of Mekong.\n\nCross Mekong and down west bank past Tu Wo.\n\nDown west bank, past Piao Tsuen.\n\nDown west bank.\n\nDown west bank.\n\nDown west bank for 6 miles; then west, into hills. Over high range; descend west, across Teas Chiang Plain and into hills on west side of it.\n\nWa Ma Market 16\n\nOver into Salwen Basin, and camp in hills to east of river.\n\nMan Ying Kai 19\n\nLan Pa, near Hui Po 54\n\nChiao Tou Market.. 2\n\nKai T'ou 19\n\nB *\n\nKa Tang.. 19\n\nDescend to Salwen, 12 miles; cross, and up west bank.\n\nCommence ascent of range on west bank of Salwen.\n\nOver Ma Mien Pass and descend into Irrawadi (Shweli) Valley.\n\nDescend Shweli Valley.\n\nWest, over into valley of Ming Kwang River, and then south to Ku Tung.\n\nTeng Yueh 22 9 Due south.\n\nNovember 16, 1902.\n\nRoute Sketches of Journey in North-West Yünnan.\n\nNote. Neither my time nor my skill were sufficient to enable me to draw full and accurate maps. I have at several places been able to check my sketches at points fixed by the surveys of Indian officers.\n\n(Signed)\n\nG. LITTON.\n\nPage ...\n\nLung Kai $700 Ft\n\nR. Yangtse\n\nMa Kai 4000 Ft poor and mountainous country\n\nHao Chi pa No. 1.\n\nYUNNAN FU TO TA YAO; THE SLOPE TO THE YANGTSE.\n\nScale, 1 inch-8 miles.\n\nWu Ting Chou 5900 Ft poor and mountainous country\n\nLeng Fan Chiao 6900** pass\n\nChi Kai\n\nChe Pei\n\nLu Feng\n\nLine of Trade Route from Burma,\n\n...................ckú Hsiung\n\n(60.7) 1903, 1238)S.W.China-Vol.\n\nFu\n\nAnning\n\nFu Min\n\n5600 Ft R. (drains Funnan Lake)\n\nYunnan Fu 6400 Ft\n\n- 25° 15'\n\n256\n\nHeron & Sons, Lith. S: Marius Lane L\n\n- 25°",
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        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "Range of Mis\n\n(Isang Shan)\n\nTong Chuan\n\nChiang Wei\n\nShueng\n\nLang\n\nTa Wane Mieg\n\n$700 F\n\nChi Shan My\n\n11000 F\n\nChi\n\nShang\n\nRuan\n\nHsi Chou\n\nTa Li Fu\n\n$700 Ft\n\nErh Hai Lake\n\nHsia Kuan\n\n6800 F\n\nto Yangpi R..\n\n(10.7/1903.1238) SW China Vol\n\nFution\n\nMountainous Country\n\nWe Chi\n\nChao Chou\n\n6700 F\n\nBurma Yuone\n\nute\n\nto Yana\n\nNiu\n\nKai\n\nVillage\n\n-\n\nto Yangr\n\nKuan Yin\n\npass\n\n7300 FI\n\nKung Hsien Br:\n\n5400 F\n\nPin Chuan\n\n5200 F\n\nMi\n\nTime\n\nChu Chang\n\n6900 F\n\nPin Chi\n\nHung ai\n\nYunnan Hsien\n\n5600 F\n\nPei Yen Tsing\n\n26°\n\nLiu Shu\n\nLi Wu\n\nCol\n\n6000 Ft\n\nHa Chia Tang\n\n25°45'\n\nTa Tao\n\n6300 F*\n\n- 25°30'\n\n-- 25° 15'\n\nNo. 2\n\nPin Chuan and the Ta Li Lake.\n\nScale, 1 inch = 8 miles.\n\nHarris Cons, Jith S. Martino Lone W..\n\n257",
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        "document_key": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "page_number": 262,
        "title": "CO129-321 - Public Offices & Others - 1903",
        "content_text": "- 27°15' \n\n- 27° \n\nR.Yang \n\nar Chin Chia \n\n-26°45' \n\nTrend of Snow Mer \n\n1 \n\nR Yaugise \n\nor Chin Chiang \n\npetas 9400 Ft \n\ntại Dương \n\nTien. \n\nShih Ku \n\nAhsi \n\n8000 Ft \n\n5450 F Wishit \n\nFillage \n\nLake \n\nVillage \n\n- 26°30' \n\nChien Chuan \n\nTien Wei \n\n5300 F \n\nJa Ku \n\n$6800 F \n\n? \n\nMin Yin \n\nChu Lo \n\n84-00F \n\nHos Poa Shao 10,000 F \n\nHei Shui \n\nSpurs running \n\nPeak \n\n17000 Ft \n\n+Co! \n\nEast and West \n\n10400 \n\nFillage \n\nPei Sha \n\nChiang Fu \n\n8:00, \n\npass 9900 \n\n\"Po Chuch \n\n8200f \n\nMcWen Pi \n\n11.000 F \n\nSsu tzu \n\nShao 8600 \n\nTo Yungpu R. {Mekong System; \n\n-26°15' \n\nKuan Yin Shan \n\nHo-ching \n\n7500 Ft \n\nKira La \n\npess \n\n10600 P \n\nbridge \n\nChin Chiang \n\nR Yangtse \n\nSan Chuí Tang \n\n8600 Ft \n\n⚫Sung Kwei \n\nLang Kung. \n\n7300 Ft \n\n89% \n\n-26° \n\nTeng Chuan \n\n \n\nYung peh ting. \n\nNo. 3. \n\nVALLEYS NORTH OF TA LI FU \n\nAND THE \n\nYANGTSE BEND. \n\nBatman Boos. Lith. 3: Marina Lane FC. \n\nScale, inch-8 miles. \n\n(60 71303. 1238) SW Chinu Vol \n\n \n\nH \n\n \n\ni \n\n \n\nNo. 4. \n\nCHIEN CHUAN TO THE MEKONG AND DOWN TO FEI LUNG BRIDGE. \n\nScale, \n\ninch=8 miles.",
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        "content_text": "416\n\nCenton, and $20,000 for his dead body. With a view to obtaining this reward and no doubt also to gaining official credit, Admiral Ho sent three of his officers to Hongkong in order to try to effect the capture of Hung. For this end they engaged the services of a man named Chang Tso-ting who had some family connection with Hung, having adopted as his son the grandson of Hung's nephew.\n\nWhether Chang made any attempt to arrest or murder Hung is not known, but if so he did not succeed, for it is known that Hung left Hongkong on March 31st for Singapore where he arrived safely. But either because he found the capture of the real Hung too difficult, or for some other reason, Chang determined to substitute for him another man, bearing to him a personal resemblance, and such a person he found in an acquaintance of his at Canton named Wu, who kept an opium den in that city.\n\nChang went to Canton to see this man and told him he could find him employment at Hongkong if he would come to see him there, and in the evening of March 15th Wu proceeded to Hongkong in pursuance of this invitation. Chang met him on the steamer and took him to a house he had hired, and there entertained him for some days with great apparent hospitality, but during this time he was really making arrangements with the Chinese naval authorities for the removal of the dead body to Canton after the murder he contemplated committing. All being ready, Wu was murdered on the 24th March. His body was seen in Chang's house on the evening of that day, bearing all the marks of a death by violence. Next day Chang engaged coffin carriers who took the body, hidden in a large basket, to a steam launch which conveyed it to an island near Hongkong. There it was transferred to an undertaker's boat, which proceeded to Chik Hom where it was met by a Chinese gunboat, the \"Kuang Heng\", which was waiting there, and taken to a place near Fu Mun, the headquarters of Admiral Ho.\n\nFor the murder of Wu nothing would of course have been paid to Chang, but he entered into a bond declaring ... in pursuance ...\n\nVar\n\nPage 418\n\n \n...\n\nPage 416\n\n...\n\nPage 417",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-323 - Acting Governor May Governor Nathan - 1904 [6-7]",
        "page_number": 175,
        "title": "CO129-323 - Acting Governor May Governor Nathan - 1904 [6-7]",
        "content_text": "Peking, 1st October, 1903,\n\nC.O.\n\n27148\n\nYour Highness,\n\nI have the honour to inform Your Highness that I have received a Despatch from His Excellency the Governor of Hongkong acquainting me with a serious violation of the territorial rights of the Colony committed by persons acting under the instigation of certain Chinese Officials with the connivance of the Chinese Admiral Ho.\n\nIt appears from the Governor's Despatch and from the documents that accompany it that the ringleader of the plot to murder certain Chinese Officials at Canton last Chinese New Year, the discovery of which was due to information given by the Hongkong Authorities, was a certain Hung Ch'uan-fu or Hung Ch'uan-huai, who escaped arrest and went to Hongkong. For his arrest a reward of $30,000 was secretly offered by the Provincial Treasurer of Canton, and $20,000 for his dead body. With a view to obtaining this reward and no doubt also to gaining official credit, Admiral Ho sent three of his officers to Hongkong in order to try to effect the capture of Hung. For this end they engaged the services of a man named Chang Tso-ting who had some family connection with Hung, having adopted as his son the grandson of Hung's nephew.\n\nWhether Chang made any attempt to arrest or murder Hung is not known, but if so he did not succeed, for it is known that Hung left Hong Kong on March 31st for Singapore where he arrived safely. But either because he found the capture of the real Hung too difficult, or for some other reason, Chang determined to substitute for him another man, bearing to him a personal resemblance, and such a person he found in an acquaintance of his at Canton named Hu, who kept an Opium Divan in that City.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-323 - Acting Governor May Governor Nathan - 1904 [6-7]",
        "page_number": 176,
        "title": "CO129-323 - Acting Governor May Governor Nathan - 1904 [6-7]",
        "content_text": "EST ASE\n\nandise of that of suchod sit oved i\n\neesadite quot\n\ntoinevad bid Wastext aan woni dojrjeet & leviess: eved i Jedd JEROJ(99-) Add 10 nordmioty evo1992 & 3JI E\n\nJEJ 4\n\n1\n\neil saidu sonitur Bac275g vd Eaddino0\n\nIJ?IBUPLE (MJAGUOH\n\n000 ls to win\n\n- jo surVIDAS. MÁJ QUTA MIRISIlu desario anhes to ac13 un lentLA SGSHUIZ\n\n348 31\n\n10- Die900 B ZE#\n\nJedd di parole jet) ajnewsub eis no11 *102. JENI JOD) Je zerority scanri sik♪nso neinum o♪ JO14 of qui ena donde lo viv00211 413,9001 A-Å TWAS NOT JBOUT\n\n29131MOŃJul Montour sit thezón no piedev'i -I did not vailokaður of June fue J29978 [sjece5 Jak,[Bun-Aku*a©\n\nTerolivost and vd benello (1199092 28# 000,08% 10 Iunce * Jes Ay & JJ14 .ttoo Leer and 101 000,054 iar „odu®) Ju 99¶war$¶! iportio Dining of 38le jouot on Lue brewer and 30tar8jão JJ kuteraino di gongmor of enecitte and to sends Jase on leninia „JIC970 Lektyre vedu kan sidd non .kout Jo esudaro elj Joelle of end of Vunkt snoe bed ɔla 2010-081 aned) beard as! * 10 escrvane sit Mum dala nofjoea00 10 BORLAR15 913 aos and er bergote sÕIVAJ\n\n‚anitet z'youn\n\nno Jasnne OJ JqĦAJJe ear stra tard gedisda\n\n•\n\nof subra0cua JuR BIL at sa 11 Jud (akulla JoN PI SAUH THÍCWA enogests not „Jelf doorí að koxmur J19. Sau” Jedd nmuna GI 70Jqko du louot el seussed 1-19 Jun 19ire kevinte så ansik med. 008697 15130 9808 not no Justiit 303 nu lest add to erri of IN DE Te done aid. \"ul ejufijeous J (SID7639.\n\nA61*[@#$299 18002794 -diruuce\n\nDe of Lavet el moɛnej e dove Le Jeld at devid motiu de day* ude qua Lezed JuJuBO Je et: 10u sturd 2801\n\n175\n\nCity. Chang went to Canton to see this man and told him he could find him employment at Hongkong if he would come to see him there, and in the evening of March 15th. Au proceeded to Hongkong in pursuance of this invitation. Chang met him on the steamer and took him to a house he had hired, and there entertained him for some days with great apparent hospitality, but during this time he was really making arrangements with the Chinese Naval Authorities for the removal of the dead body to Canton after the murder he contemplated committing. All being ready, the man Au was murdered on the 24th. March. His body was seen in Chang's house on the evening of that day, bearing all the marks of a death by violence. Next day Chang engaged coffin carriers who took the body, hidden in a large basket to a steam-launch which conveyed it to an Island near Hongkong. There it was transferred to an undertaker's boat, which proceeded to Chik Hom where it was met by a Chinese Gunboat, the \"Kuang Heng\", which was waiting there, and taken to a place near Fu Mun, the headquarters of Admiral Ho.\n\nFor the murder of Au nothing would of course have been paid to Chang, but he entered into a bond declaring that the dead body delivered up by him was that of the rebel Hung, and in this statement he was supported by six officers of Admiral Ho's command, namely, Ho Mei-tsung, Lieutenant of the right patrol of the advance division of the Admiral's force; Liu Chin-jung, Lieutenant of the right patrol of the left wing of the Ta Peng regiment; Su Ting-chen, Acting Sergeant in charge of the Military Station at Li Tsun in the left wing of the Kuang-chou command; Feng Hsing-xuo, Lieutenant, first on the list for promotion, of the left wing of the Kuangchou regiment; Chu Chang, Sergeant, first on the list for promotion, of the left wing of the Kuangchou regiment; and Lin Shan, Acting Lieutenant in the right wing of the Admiral's command.\n\nAs Hung was not dead, these declarations were of course false, but the important feature in the case is not",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "likely to be able to fulfil her duty to her neighbour, if that duty is to keep in order a wide tract of country inhabited by wild tribes.\n\nI would, therefore, suggest that it may be worth while to make a strong effort to secure the Salween-water parting (Frontier No. 1). I doubt if the Chinese Foreign Office knows or cares much about the frontier of Yunnan, which it would be inclined to regard as a local question. The previous Treaty, as a glance at the text will show, seems to have been based almost wholly on information supplied by Burma, and as the Chinese Boundary Commissioners are appointed locally, the idea seems to be that if the Provincial Government does not like the Treaty signed by the central authorities, it can give its Commissioners instructions at variance with that instrument, which was, in fact, done in 1899-1900 respecting the Wa country. The possibility of inducing Prince Ching to grant the line proposed as Frontier No. 1 can only be judged by His Majesty's Minister; but, if it is possible, it is the best solution of the question.\n\nIn any case, a frontier running criss-cross over the rivers and up and down the mountains, which Nature seems to have set as the natural frontier between two neighbours in this part of the world, would, I submit, be a great error. Besides, it would probably take years, great expense, and much fighting to delimit.\n\nAnother reason which Burma may reasonably give for declining to appoint a Boundary Commission on the same lines as in previous seasons is the treatment which the last of such Commissions received at the hands of the Yunnan Government. I do not wish to rake up old scandals unnecessarily, but I may recall that in the season of 1899-1900 the Chinese Commissioners, evidently under orders from Yunnan, put forward and obstinately maintained a gross forgery as the map which they alleged to have been signed by Lord Rosebery and Hsieh, Chinese Minister in London. The forgery was so clumsy that a well-known place like Thibaw was shown as far on the east of the Salween, and the map actually professed to lay down part of the French frontier. This map was concocted in Yunnan, and probably represented local ideas of what the frontier ought to be, quite apart from what the Treaty said it was to be; now, after the Hparé affair in February 1900, the Têngyüeh officials put forward a rough map of what they claimed as the frontier in the undelimited district, showing a line along the N'Maikha. Thus, we know that such a document as a Chinese map of part of the undelimited frontier does exist. I think it is a safe prophecy that if a Boundary Commission on the former lines is appointed, that document will be put forward by the Chinese Commissioners as the only authentic map of the frontier, quite irrespective of what the Treaty may have laid down, and that the labours of the Commission will therefore be foredoomed to failure if the Treaty and the Chinese map do not agree.\n\nThe Chinese claim at the very least to come over the range on the north-west of Ming Kwang Valley and down to the N'Maikha River; this claim, as the Têngyüeh officials have told me, is based on certain alleged rights of the Headman of Ming Kwang Valley, which is undoubtedly Chinese; but if, as I learn, the west slope of the range referred to is inhabited by Kachins, the control exercised over them by a petty Headman is likely to be very shadowy, and, indeed, such control is not admitted to exist by the Kachins concerned; on the other hand, so far as the exercise of the actual jurisdiction is concerned, Burma can, I suppose, put forward even less a priori claim to this tract, and her rights are based rather on geographical and ethnological grounds. Nor is it clear how far north the Ming Kwang Headman at present claims to go up the N'Maikha. On the east side of the range, on the east bank of that river, they do not go very far, nor at present beyond the headwaters of the Shweli; but if, as I am informed, the Ming Kwang men have salt wells on the Upper N'Maikha, they will probably claim to go a long way.\n\nThe difficulty respecting this strip of country between the N'Maikha and mountain range to the west of it is not merely the fact that the Ming Kwang Headman has claims, but that those claims will be strongly supported by the local officials and by the Têngyüeh gentry, who have a heavy interest in the opium-smuggling industry. It is safe to say that the great majority of the Chinese who pass the N'Maikha do so either to smuggle opium into Burma via the jade mines, or to meddle in Kachins' tribal disputes, which do not properly concern them. No matter what may be laid down in a Treaty, I doubt if any locally-appointed Chinese Commissioner would venture to assign this strip of territory to Burma in demarcation.\n\nIf my views meet with assent, I would venture to mention two possible means of compromise:\n\n(1) The alleged rights of the Ming Kwang Headman along the banks of the N'Maikha might, if substantiated, be bought off by a rent or money payment, with the possible addition of concessions to Chinese views in the Wa country, which, I venture to assert, is of far less importance to us than this northern question. The Wa Hills are likely always to be a natural buffer, and such through trade as may grow up in this part of Yunnan will flow either north of the Wa Hills, past Kunlong, or south of them, by Meng Ma and Meng Lem. I am persuaded that in the future there may be important lines of communication between Assam and Burma on the one side, and Wei Hsi, Li Chiang, and Tibet on the other.\n\n(2) The Chinese might be permitted to come down to the N'Maikha a little above N'Sentaru, follow up the river for a short distance, and the line might then be taken east, up one of the east tributaries of the N'Maikha, back on to the main Salween water-parting. The objections to what I have styled Frontier No. 2 would not be removed, but they would be greatly lessened by this expedient.\n\nIf the views now submitted do not meet with approval, and it is decided again to lay down a skeleton frontier in a Treaty to be demarcated on the spot by a Commission, I should wish to call attention to the following points:\n\n(1) A good deal of difficulty has been caused in former cases by the Yunnan provincial authorities not having been sufficiently consulted in the Treaty negotiations: I would point out that a Consular officer of high rank is now to be stationed at Yunnan-fu, and would suggest that if negotiations cannot be wholly transferred to the provincial capital, that at least some preliminary arrangement should be come to between the Government of India, the Consul-General, and the Yünnan Viceroy before a Treaty is signed in Peking or London.\n\n(2) I would avoid as far as possible the insertion in the Treaty of the names of Chinese districts or dependencies, i.e., if it is said that the boundary shall follow line A, giving State B to China, the limits of State B will promptly be extended by the imagination of the Chinese Commissioners far beyond the line A, and serious, perhaps unnecessary, difficulty be caused.\n\n(3) I would, as far as possible, and save where positions have been accurately fixed, leave out latitudes and longitudes in the text of any Agreement which may be made. These mysterious figures, unknown to the orthodox classics, excite the utmost suspicion on the part of a Chinese official, and make him think that he is being cheated.\n\n(4) The Chinese should be limited to one Commissioner, or at least to one with each party, if the Commission is divided into more than one section. To have two Chinese Commissioners more than doubles all difficulties and obstructions, as they are more occupied in trying to trip each other up than in attending to the business in hand. It must be remembered that the position of a Chinese Commissioner is a precarious one; I believe that after each season of the Burma-China Commission the officials so employed have been exposed to damaging accusations and impeachments by their enemies.\n\n(5) Finally, I would submit that this question ought to be taken up as soon as possible. It will entail expense and probably the establishment of posts on the British side, but the longer it is delayed the heavier will be the cost, and the more difficult it will be to secure the interest of Burma. It might be supposed that as India is a very living, and China a very decaying, empire, we should have everything to gain by delay; but I am convinced that this is not the case.\n\nThe Chinese have been nearer to the debatable line than India for many years, and if the Chinese Government is decrepit, the Chinese people increase like rabbits, in Yunnan as elsewhere; while India has no surplusage of population pressing upon the frontier of the territory in question. Time will therefore ripen and strengthen the Chinese claims.\n\nIn view of the special difficulties surrounding this question, it may be thought advisable to get a complete map and more accurate information than is now possessed of the country which will have to be divided between India and China. In this connection, I think relations between Burma and Yunnan are now of a sufficiently satisfactory character to justify hopes of good results from a small joint survey expedition to be accompanied by a picked escort and only one or two officials of both Governments, who would have instructions to map and report upon a fixed portion of the country—to avoid, say, the strip between the N'Maikha and mountains to the east of it. To avoid misunderstandings with the Chinese, it would be necessary to issue clear instructions that the officers of the expedition had no authority to decide a boundary, but only to map and report.\n\nIf and when the Government of India considers that the time has come to take up this question, I would suggest that negotiations be commenced by a statement on the part of India addressed to the Peking Government per His Majesty's Minister, and to...\n\n[2260 au-]\n\n-1]\n\nD\n\n50",
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        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "any territory on the west side of the watershed until twenty-one months after it had first been proposed to them as a boundary, and seventeen months after they had been distinctly warned of the danger of sending troops across it, thus by their silence leaving the Indian Government to infer that they accepted the proposal made in July 1898. The excuse that the 'maikha Valley is remote from Yunnan-fu, with which place Peking was in telegraphic communication, is without validity, as Mien-kawng-ai is only a week's journey from Teng-yüeh, and the latter also was connected with Yunnan-fu by telegraph.\n\nWith regard to the Hpare affair, our justification is complete, for the Sub-Prefect of Teng,yüeh had a full month's notice of the intended dispatch of the exploring party, and there cannot be much doubt that it was by instructions from him that the armed bodies of Chinese crossed the watershed and marched against the exploring party.\n\nI have the honour to inclose a Memorandum of the discussion which, in accordance with previous arrangement, I held on the 1st instant with his Excellency Na-t'ung on the question, in the course of which adduced reasons for which it was desirable that the Chinese Government should give an undertaking not to send troops across the watershed. I intimated also that if they declined, it would be my duty to make them an official declaration in the terms of my instructions.\n\nNa-t'ung replied that this was a question that could not be decided at Peking, and must be referred to the Governor-General of Yünnan. I said that I could not accept a reference to Yünnan, which would result in the same sort of delays of which His Majesty's Government had already had so much experience, and that I must either arrange the matter with the Foreign Board amicably or fall back upon my instructions, which were precise. I said that if the Chinese Government would give the desired undertaking in writing, I would move the Indian Government to consent to a Joint Commission for the purpose of inquiring into the alleged claim of China to Tzu-chu and Hpare, it being understood that an official from Peking would have to be deputed to act together with a Representative of the Yunnan Government. But I could not give an undertaking that British troops would not be sent into the N'maikha Valley, though I had good grounds for personally believing that the Indian Government had no such intention, It was agreed that he should acquaint Prince Ching with the conversation that had taken place, and that we should meet again in a few days.\n\nI had the honour to acquaint your Lordship briefly by telegraph on the 2nd instant with the step that I had taken and what I understood to be the Chinese view of the question.\n\nA copy of this despatch is being forwarded to the Government of India.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) \n\nERNEST SATOW.\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum respecting the Burmah-Yünnan Boundary.\n\nSIR ERNEST SATOW, accompanied by Messrs. Cockburn and Wilkinson, called on his Excellency Na-t'ung at the Wai-wu Pu.\n\nMr. Ku was also present at the interview.\n\nSir Ernest said that his Excellency would recollect that at their last interview he had also referred to the Burmah-Yunnan Boundary question, and had asked his Excellency to look up the previous correspondence and the maps on the subject. He had brought a map with him which would make the position clear.\n\n(Sir Ernest here produced the map of \"Burmah and Adjacent Countries, 1901,\" with the watershed boundary marked in pencil.)\n\nThe history of the negotiations was as follows :-\n\nTwo Conventions, one in 1894 and one in 1897, had been made with special reference to the boundary question, and since then they had been trying to mark out the boundary. One portion had been delimited with the exception of a section south of Mengting. It was not, however, about this section that he wished to talk, but about the northern portion of the boundary, the demarcation of which was left in the Treaty for subsequent negotiation. Article IV of the Burmah Convention, 1894, read as follows:-\n\n\"It is agreed that the settlement and delimitation of that portion of the frontier which lies to the north of latitude 25° 35' north shall be reserved for a future understanding between the High Contracting Parties when the features and conditions of the country are more accurately known.\"\n\n(Sir Ernest then explained to his Excellency the position on the map, pointing out that the N'aikha is the main source of the Irrawaddy, and its valley a natural continuation of the province of Burmah.)\n\nNa-tung remarked that all the Chinese maps relating to the boundary question had been destroyed during the Boxer troubles.\n\nSir Ernest, continuing, said that it was implied in Article IV of the Boundary Convention that neither party was to take advantage of the other to strengthen its position, but in January 1898 a Chinese official with 200 troops had entered the territory north of the Myitkina district. Sir Claude asked, therefore, that orders should be sent to Yunnan to cease all attempts to exercise Chinese authority in the districts on the west of the range of mountains forming the watershed between the Salween and the N'maikha. This proposal was made over five years ago. Beyond acknowledging the note, the Yamên made no reply.\n\nIn November Sir Claude again addressed the Tsung-li Yamên, inquiring if orders had been sent to Yunnan, and pointing out the suitability, from every point of view, of the boundary suggested by him. He added that if Chinese troops crossed it they would come into collision with ours. As a mere acknowledgment of receipt was returned to this note, it was naturally assumed that China had no objection to the proposed frontier. In 1899 there was no correspondence on the subject.\n\nIn January 1900 notice was given to the Teng-yüeh Prefect by the Deputy Commissioner of Myitkina that an exploring party was to be sent from Burmah to visit the eastern portion of the N'maikha Valley, and asking that the people on the east side of the watershed might be told not to be alarmed,\n\nOn arrival, however, at Pailai (Hpare) the party found a detachment, several hundred strong, of Chinese troops intrenched who had been specially sent across the border to oppose them. A fight ensued, in which there were several casualties on both sides; the Chinese troops were driven back and their stockades burnt. Four days previously two members of the Boundary Commission who were engaged in demarcating the frontier further south had been killed, and a British Consular officer, Mr. Litton, seriously wounded.\n\nSir Claude at once protested against the action of the Chinese Government in sending troops to oppose the exploring party, although informed of its peaceable nature, and asked not to send troops across the boundary. Then, on the 25th March, 1900, some twenty months after Sir Claude's proposal that the watershed should be the provisional boundary, the Yamên replied, putting forward the pretension that China exercised control up to the bank of the Nimaikha River, and refusing to accept the frontier suggested by Sir Claude.\n\nNa-tung explained that Yünnan was a long way off, and no doubt the interval was spent in making inquiries.\n\nSir Ernest continued that, owing to the Boxer troubles and the pressure of other negotiations, it was only in September 1902 that he was able to return to the subject. He then wrote to the Wai-wu Pu again asking for the observance of the watershed as the boundary. As usual, the Yamen replied stating that they were calling for a report from Yunnan. Last March Mr. Townley also wrote to the Board pressing for an answer, for which His Majesty's Government was still waiting.\n\nNa-tung said that, with regard to the Pailai and Meng Tum incidents, as both sides had suffered, no more need be said about them. The important thing was to settle the question as the Treaty laid down, otherwise there would be further trouble. What had Sir Ernest to propose?\n\nSir Ernest replied that the geographical and natural boundary was as stated in his note, the range forming the watershed between the M'maikha stream and the Taping, Shweli, and Salween Rivers.\n\nNa-tung stated that the Yunnan Viceroy had reported that this range was 100 li within the present frontier. The country between the range and the N'maikha River was inhabited by native tribes whose Chiefs received their patents from China. It was impossible, therefore, for China to accept the range as the boundary, He would suggest, in view of the present friendly relations between the two countries, that both Governments depute thoroughly competent officers to delimit the frontier.\n\nSir Ernest feared that His Majesty's Government would not agree to this. Their other experience in this respect had been very unsatisfactory. Owing to the procrastination of the Chinese authorities, who refused to be bound by the wording of the\n\nPage 90\n\nPage 91",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "page_number": 368,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "himself for his political career by visiting the places in which France is specially interested in the East.\n\nFrom Chengtu, which they left yesterday, the travellers go south to Hsü-chou Fu (Sui Fu), and then proceed overland to Yunnan Fu.\n\nThis part of their journey, M. Foy said, would be of great interest to him, as he had no doubt that France would sooner or later wish to extend her railway from Yunnan Fu to the Yang-tsze.\n\nHaving made this journey myself, I mentioned that the task, owing to the mountainous nature of the country, would be no easy one; but he replied that it would not be more difficult than carrying our railway from Burmah up the Chien-ch'ang Valley to Chengtu.\n\nFrom Yunnan Fu he will go south to Tonquin, descend the Mekong, visit Bangkok and Rangoon, where he will take rail to Myitkina, cross over into India, and proceed homewards through Afghanistan to the Caspian,\n\nM. and Mme. Berthelot, who, as stated in previous correspondence, arrived in Chengtu on the 12th January, left for Peking on the 26th ultimo. As they travel overland by way of Hsi-an, K'ai-feng, and Chi-nai to Kiao-chau, they do not expect to reach the capital within four months.\n\nTwo of the three experts sent out to inspect the districts covered by the French Concessions in Szechuan lately arrived here. One is an Englishman named W. Meischke Smith, and the other a Belgian called Lanet. The latter is an oil expert who has been engaged at Baku. They are at present collecting information as to the most likely places where oil is to be found and propose to make a tour of inspection through the province.\n\nI am informed that an expectant Taotai, named Lin, who speaks French, and is a member of the Foreign and Mining Boards, has been appointed Chinese Director under the Concessions at a salary of 500 taels a month. He will reside at Chungking,\n\nLamas who have recently arrived here from Lhassa confirm the report of the arrest of the four Kalön, one of whom—Hsia Cha—referred to in previous correspondence, has had eighty charges laid against him. The Dalai Lama is said to have discovered letters proving that Hsia Cha has been in secret correspondence with a foreign Government, from which he has been receiving bribes.\n\nIt is rumoured in Ta-chien-lu that Russia has offered to station troops in Thibet provided she is allowed to make a good road into the country.\n\nM. Bons d'Anty, who has ceased to remind me of his temporary residence here, informs me that the French gun-boat \"Olry,\" sent to Shanghai for repairs at the end of last year, will return to Chungking.\n\nPage 363\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\nPage 365\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA,\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[May 14.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\nActing Consul Litton to the Marquess of Lansdowne.—(Received May 14.)\n\nTeng Yueh, April 18, 1904.\n\n(No. 4. Confidential.) My Lord,\n\nI HAVE the honour to submit a Report on a journey performed last month in the northern part of this Sub-prefecture. A sketch map is attached, but it does not profess to do more than give a general idea of the country traversed.\n\nMy objects in making this journey were:—\n\n1. To get some further knowledge of the valleys and country to the north of this city. I came to the conclusion that the population and resources of those regions are very considerable, and justify proposals for developing communications with Burmah.\n\n2. To explore the water-divide between the N'maikha on the one hand and the Salwen and Shweli Rivers on the other. I find that this divide would make a convenient frontier.\n\nIt would assign all the Chinese villages to China and all the Kachins to Burmah. There are no villages for 5-6 miles on either side of the divide.\n\n3. To collect information as to the alleged claims of the Chinese to certain tracts in the N'maikha Basin. I find that these claims are rather more extensive than was at first supposed, but that they are very flimsy, and, with possibly one exception, not based on any administrative control or acts. They are claims, moreover, not of the Chinese Government, but of the families of certain Chinese Chiefs.\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nG. LITTON.\n\nReport on a Journey in the North of the Teng Yueh Sub-prefecture, with special reference to the undelimited Burmah-China Frontier.\n\n(Confidential.)\n\nI. Description of Journey and Country.\n\nTHE stone-paved high road, which leads out of the north gate of Teng Yueh city up the valley passes through populous country, and is usually busy with traffic from the villages of the plain and of the Upper Shweli Valley. At 64 miles we ascend to the gloomy little valley of Hai Kou, surrounded by limestone peaks covered with pines, and watered by a small lake or tarn, whence the Teng Yueh tributary of the Taiping River takes its source. An easy ascent to a col 6,500 feet leads into the basin of the Shweli, or Lung Chiang. The traveller descends a picturesque gorge between forest-clad hills inhabited by barking deer and pheasants to the Hsiang Yang Chiao, where there is a suspension bridge over the west or Ming Kwang branch of the Shweli, a little to the north of its junction with the east or Ta Tang branch. Close by is the busy little market of Chu Chih.\n\nThe river here emerges from a gorge, and is 30 to 40 yards wide, much broken by rapids, and with some deep pools, which afford good mahseer fishing. As I had already visited the fertile and populous valley of Kai Tou, through which the Ta Tang River flows, and which is situated along the west flank of the great Salwen divide, I turned north from the bridge into the mountains on the left bank of the Ming Kwang branch, and soon reached a country of upland downs (at an average elevation of 7,000 feet), which is characteristic of the northern part of Teng Yueh Sub-prefecture. Grassy slopes, diversified with clumps of pine trees or patches of heavy forest, afford abundant pasture for considerable flocks of sheep and herds of ponies and cattle. I was astonished to find such a large head of animals throughout the country, and the numbers would no doubt be largely increased if there was good ...",
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        "content_text": "4\n\nmountainous country. In easy country Lisaw transport is far inferior to mules. If the Lisaw smokes opium at all, he generally smokes it badly. He will sleep out anywhere, and will snore all night with nothing but a piece of goat skin between himself and deep snow, at a height of 9,000 feet.\n\nI had no sort of trouble with any of the Lisaw with whom I had to deal, and I should say that they are easier to get on with than Kachins.\n\nThe Lisaws are scattered and disunited, and are not I think capable of serious resistance to any one. The Lisaw \"rebellion\" which occurred two years ago in this part of the country was purposely much exaggerated by the Chinese mandarins in search of buttons and promotions.\n\nOn the 7th March, we marched east from Lan Ma, following up the stream and over a wild mountain range by a pass known as Kan Tsai Ling (8,700 feet). From one point in the ascent there is a fine view of the Kan Liang Pass and of the range which forms the British frontier. We then passed back into the Shweli Basin and descended through forest, with the monastery of Ying Feng Ssu, a well-known place of local pilgrimage, perched on a conspicuous wooded spur 3,000 feet above us on our right; descending further we struck the valley of Tien Tang, or the west branch of the Shweli River, near the small market of La Hsing. Like all the upper waters of the Shweli, the river is 30-40 yards broad, very clear and cold, and nearly everywhere fordable in dry weather, and only 1-3 feet deep, flowing swiftly over a bottom of slippery stones. The valley of the Tien Tang is about 14 miles broad, and is well peopled and cultivated.\n\nFollowing up this valley we passed into the territory of the Tien Tang Headman Tsai, about 14 miles before reaching Ying Pan Market, which consists of forty wattle bamboo huts. The Headman's house is near this, and he came out to see me.\n\nHe represents the eighth generation of Chiefs of Tien Tang, his ancestors, who were of Chinese origin, having established themselves at Tien Tang in the reign of Hung Wu of the Ming dynasty. Like all other Chinese Chiefs in this country, his ancestor was a military adventurer. The little territory of Tien Tang is divided into six \"pai's,\" or parishes, each containing four or five hamlets of five to twenty families. There are not more than 300 families in the whole of Tsai's jurisdiction. Tsai himself is a dirty, opium-smoking Chinese, of about 45 years of age, in no way to be distinguished from the ordinary villager. I gave him some whisky, which he appreciated, and he then supplied me with a number of details concerning the country round about. Finally, after having commissioned his nephew, a squat youth in straw sandals, to look after me, the Lord of the Valley shambled back to his opium couch with a bottle of his new Scotch acquaintance under his arm.\n\nWe continued up the valley by a good road, and camped at the hamlet (ten families) of Ta Ping Ti, on a terrace 300 feet above the Tien Tang stream. This is near the north end of the valley, and there is a good view of the hills forming the crest of the N'maikha watershed.\n\nThe next day, passing the village of Ma Li Pa (thirty families), 14 miles from and 250 feet below Ta Ping Ti, we ascended an upland valley in a northerly direction. On both sides of Ma Li Pa the tops of the hills were covered with snow. The track which we followed was good, even for mules, right up to the crest of the water-divide at the pass of Pan Wa, 8 miles from Ta Ping Ti. After Ma Li Pa we only passed one village about 6 miles from the pass, but there were extensive patches of cultivation, and the valley, until close to its head, was open, and covered with bracken and pine trees. This road is often followed by Lisaws and petty Chinese traders. The first village on the N'maikha side is said to be Chang Yin Kot, which is about as far from the Pan Wa divide as Pan Wa is from Ta Ping Ti; 7 miles farther on is Lu Pi. Both these are Lisaw villages.\n\nFrom Pan Wa Pass there is a view of the head of the valley of the Chipway tributary of the N'maikha, and of a range of snow-clad peaks known as the Chung Shan, which must be at least 12,000 feet, jutting out from the water-parting towards the N'maikha. The most conspicuous peak bears due north from the Pan Wa Pass, which on the Tien Tang or Chinese side is overshadowed by a high peak of about 10,000 feet, which hangs over Ma Li Pa. The Chipway is known to the Chinese as the Chih Fei River. The N'maikha seems to be generally unknown to them under that name, and they refer to it as the Ta or Chin Chiang (\"great or gold river\"). The Lisaws from the head-waters of the Chipway are said not to number more than 100 families. They come to Tien Tang to get supplies, as one would expect, seeing that the Pan Wa Pass is easy travelling in comparison with the Kachin country below them. Mules can get as far as Lu Pi by this route, but not beyond, into the Kachin country near the N'maikha, without previous road repairs. Walking could, it is said, get from Tien Tang to the banks of the N'maikha in four days, but few or none of the Tien Tang people seem ever to have been so far. Parties of Kachins, however, come to Ying Pan market two or three times a year to purchase iron, which is mined in small quantities in the valley near the Ta Ping Ti.\n\n5\n\nThe Tien Tang branch of the Shweli has three head-streams:\n\n1. The stream which comes from the Pan Wa Pass.\n\n2. The Mo Shih Ho, a brook a little to the west which springs from the same mountain from which flows the chief sources of the Chipway River.\n\n3. The main source flows from the hills north of Ta Ping Ti, at a point on the watershed just opposite the Chung Shan, and, passing the hamlet of Hei Tzu Wan, joins 1 and 2 at Ma Li Pa. There is said to be a difficult track, impassable for mules, over the watershed at the back of the Hei Tzu Wan to the Chung Shan.\n\nOn the 10th March we climbed up the steep hills east of Ta Ping Ti, through patches of cultivation, to 8,800 feet in 2-1/2 hours' march, and so descended by a broad, cultivated, lateral valley, with several villages, into the Ming Kwang Plain. Heavy rain caused us at 12:30 to take refuge in a temple at Shang Ho Si, the last village before debouching on the plain. This pass is easily practicable for laden mules. The next day we crossed the Ming Kwang branch of the Shweli, and ascended the Ming Kwang Plain for 6 miles, passing the dirty little market of Ying Pan Kai, to Tu Chai (\"main village\"), the residence of the Tso family. The plain is from 1 to 2 miles broad; the river was 45 yards wide where we forded, and 1 to 3 feet deep. It is fordable nearly everywhere in the Ming Kwang Plain. Along its banks, as along the banks of the Tien Tang stream, there is abundance of good camping ground, grass, fuel, and water, and of such ordinary supplies as rice, maize, fowls, ducks, mutton, cattle, in sufficient quantities for a small party.\n\nThe Ming Kwang Valley is now divided between two \"fu yi,\" or hereditary Chiefs. Lower Ming Kwang is the patrimony of the Yang family, who have their headquarters at I Ya Tang, a village on the opposite side of the valley to Shang Ho Si, and about 1 mile below it. Their portion of the valley is divided into three \"fan,\" or parishes—upper, middle, and lower—and consists of about seventy hamlets, with 6,000-7,000 inhabitants. There is much padi and other cultivation and a considerable head of cattle in the valley. Many of the people are engaged in the cutting and transport of wood from the surrounding hills to Teng Yueh. The ancestor of the Yangs is said to have been a military official who came from Teng Yueh in the Ming dynasty. The Yangs have now little more than an empty title, and the people of this part of the valley pay the ordinary land tax to the Teng Yueh Sub-Prefect.\n\nThe Upper Ming Kwang Valley belongs to the Tso family, but they have only about fifteen villages, with a population of 300 odd families. The present \"fu yi,\" or Chief, is a youth of 18, and is the son of Tso Erh Kuan (Tso the Second), who was killed at Hpare in Mr. Hertz's affair, in February 1899. The affairs of the family are now managed by the brother of the late (uncle of the present) head of the family. I was well received, and lodged in the Tso clan ancestral temple, where the various members of the family came to visit me. Their temple is at the back of their yamên, which is a filthy and rambling structure resembling a succession of pigsties; the village, of some seventy families, consists of hovels made of bamboo wattle, but there seems to be abundance of cultivation and supplies. It is, however, clear that the political and economical affairs of the family are in a very decadent condition. The \"regent\" is a man of some intelligence but of little energy, except in pulling at his opium-pipe; and I doubt if Burma will ever have any further trouble from the military aspirations of the Tso clan.\n\nMost of the Tso clan's peasantry are \"nu shou,\" or crossbowmen, who do not pay ordinary land tax. It would appear that they were originally a sort of limitrophe colonist, whose lands and status were recognized by the Chinese Government on condition that they defended the frontier. The Tso family is a branch of the Teng clan, originally seated near Chengtu, in Ssuchuan, but which early moved to Tsao Chiang, in the Mekong Valley, and in the Yun Lung Sub-prefecture of Yunnan. The name was then changed to Tso. At the end of the Ming dynasty Tso Wan Hsiang came from Tsao Chiang, and carved out as his patrimony the upper Ming Kwang Valley, from which he expelled Lisaws and others. It is also to be noted that there are vague traditions of Burmese (not Shans) having formerly inhabited parts of this country. Tso Wan Hsiang gained the honorary and hereditary title of \"Suan Fu Su,\" generally conferred only on Chiefs of the first class, and his descendants bear the title to this day. The present youth is twelfth in descent from the Wan Hsiang.\n\nPage 367",
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        "page_number": 371,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "who made the first settlement in Ming Kwang. It appears that from early times the Tso family have been in the habit of interfering in Kachin affairs over in the N'maikla watershed. A tributary of the N'maikha—which I identify with some doubt as the Klan Sheng River—is known to the Ming Kwang Chinese as Kun Ma,\" or Rolling Horse River; and the legend is that once when, in the reign of Kang Hsi, early in the present dynasty, the Tso were on the war-path over the watershed, their General, Hsu Erh Ye, rode a very valuable horse, which tumbled down the precipice, and, rolling into the river, was seen no more.\n\nTso Erh Kuan, who met his death from a Mauser bullet at Hparé, was a Jingo, and seems to have had a great local reputation as a fighting man, though he was not well informed as regards modern weapons of precision. He was constantly in the habit, in alliance with Yang's people from Lower Ming Kwang, of trading, raiding, and smuggling as far as the N'aikha, and beyond. Now, it is quite impossible that the late Tso can have put in the field anything like the numbers which opposed Mr. Hertz. His people, all told, must be under 2,000, and they are all of them timid and simple-minded peasants, who certainly have no liking for villainous saltpetre. The fact seems to have been that Tso's reputation was such that he was able to collect round him all the dacoits, smugglers, and bad characters of the country-side, and it is an open secret that he received moral and material support from Teng Yuel. There is, I think, not the least fear that the present Teng Yueh officials, or the present heads of the Tso family, will take any action likely to cause a recurrence of such an incident as the Aparé fight. The Tso family is obviously out at elbows, and their control, even over villages on their own side, is of a very shadowy description.\n\nOn the 12th March, in very wet weather, I commenced an inspection of the upper waters of the Ming Kwang River by a march to the crest of the watershed at the pass known as Ta Ya Kou, which leads to Hparé. We ascended the valley along the banks of the main Ming Kwang River, known as the Ta Ho, for 14 miles, and then turned up a side valley in a north-west direction and ascended by a small stream known as the Cha Shan Ho. The track was a good mule-path, leading up a broad valley with patches of copse and bracken, and surrounded by snow-powdered mountains. We passed four or five Lisaw huts, until, at 6 miles, we mounted through dense bamboo jungle by a steep and difficult path to the lesser pass (8,900 feet), where, in the dense virgin forest, there is a small fort, about 20 feet square and 12 feet above ground, with a cellar 5 feet below the ground. This fort is loopholed and commands the approach from Hparé. It can only be entered from behind by an underground passage some 20 yards long, with two sharp corners in it. This fort was built by the Lower Ming Kwang Chief, Yang, after the fight with the British at Hparé in 1899. It is said to have employed 100 men for a month, and I can well believe it. Descending from the small pass through a wild forest we crossed the brook of Hsiao Tang Ho, and then, ascending over snow by a tedious but not difficult slope, reached the watershed at 9,500 feet, about 12 miles from Ta Chai. The summit of the pass is covered with forest trees and huge rhododendrons, festooned with lichen. The trees and the mist prevented anything like a view towards the N'maikha, and the damp was such that we quite failed to light a fire. There are no inhabitants between the main valley of the Ming Kwang and the top of the pass, except the few Lisaws mentioned above; but camping-grounds and the remains of fires prove that the route is frequently used. The first village on the N'maikba side is Shang P'a Li (Upper Hpare), which is said to be about as far from the divide as the divide is from the Ming Kwang River.\n\nThe general name used by the Chinese for the country on the N'maikha side, east of the Chung Shan i.e., the valley of the Upper Khan Sheng—is \"Cha Shan\" (Tea or Camelia Hills). Ming Kwang men occasionally go over to barter salt and cotton clothes to the Kachins for hemp, sandals, beeswax, \"huang lien\" (the rhizomes of a jungle plant used as medicine), and other jungle produce.\n\nOn the 13th March I struck camp from Ta Chai and proceeded up the main Ming Kwang Valley, here about 1 mile wide, with forest-clad hills on both sides. Here I noticed an old proclamation by the Teng Yueh official, which threw some light on the politics of Ming Kwang after the Eparé affair. This document recites a petition received from the widow of Tso Erh Kuan, in which she states that her husband having died in defence of his country, she wishes to spend the rest of her life in mourning. Her son was an infant, and the soldiers sent from Teng Yuch to Ming Kwang (there are none there now) were so disorderly that a lone woman like herself could no longer keep the public peace. It seems to have been in consequence of this that the lady's brother-in-law was appointed \"regent.\"\n\nPage 7\n\nFor the first 2 miles we passed pádi fields and three villages of the Tso clan; then the country became wilder, with only very sparse cultivation, but with extensive pastures.\n\nAs we approached nearer to the watershed the scenery became very grand. The valley itself consists of wide bracken slopes, with patches of grass and marsh dotted with clumps of bamboo and oak scrub; pheasants abounded, and I shot several of the large wood-snipe. At 5 miles from Tar Chai we passed a wide lateral valley formed by the Hsiao Tang Ho River (see above), up which runs the track to Tzá Chu. The huts of Lisaw peasants and a few recent Chinese squatters were spread about, and we passed several shepherd's encampments. All around us were great forest-clad hills with snow-powdered summits. At 7 miles, still marching east, we passed another stream, the Lai Shih Tou Ho, which flows down from the divide. At 8 miles we passed the Lisaw hamlet of She Li Shu (ten houses) situated on the further side of the Ming Kwang stream, and shortly after through a gap in the hills to the north-east we caught a glimpse of the snow-clad Salwen divide with peaks rising to 12,000 feet. Here the Ming Kwang Valley contracts for about 4 miles, and bearing round to the north we entered on the narrow plain (1 mile broad) of Ta Chu Pa, which leads straight up to the head-waters of the Ta Ho, or Ming Kwang, River, undoubtedly the true source of the Shweli. Ta Chu Pa is sparsely inhabited by some twenty Lisaw families. We passed the house of the local headman subject to Ming Kwang, and after a march of 13 miles camped by a stockade at 7,300 feet. Inside the stockade we found the Chinese agent of a Teng Yueh coffin-wood firm, \"Fu Sheng Hsiang,\" who arranges for the transport of the timber from the banks of the Ngaw Chang, tributary of the N'maikha, to Teng Yueh, mostly on the backs of Ming Kwang coolies. He complained bitterly of having to live in such a place, like Ovid among the Getae, stockaded against bandits and wolves, and with no society but that of a few Lisaw. Personally I found the Chu Pa Valley a delightful spot. There was hardly any cultivation, the whole being covered with bamboo jungle, marshes and bracken, where there was excellent pheasant shooting. The mountain scenery all round the valley is especially grand and impressive. There is excellent camping ground, and abundance of water, fuel and grass, but no supplies. As regards the bandits, it is undoubtedly true that the whole of this country and the Upper Salwen Valley are unsafe and infested by small bands of Chinese outlaws and \"black\" Lisaws, who are impelled by famine to resort to pillage on passing coolies. I met two small parties of these gentry, but saw little of them save their heels; they would seem to be respecters of persons. I do not think that a prudent and well-armed foreigner runs much danger of being attacked. At Ta Chai I was solemnly assured that there were forty robbers on the pass above Chu Pa; I got to Chu Pâ, and then, according to the Chinaman there, these forty had dwindled down to four, and when, on the next day, I ascended the pass itself not one even of these four men in buckram put in an appearance.\n\nThe coffin-wood firm mentioned above has recently spent 600 rupees in making the pass of Ta Ho Toú (\"source of the main river\") and the track beyond it down to the Ngawchang River passable for mules; the agent valued the turnover of his firm at about 6,000 rupees annually.\n\nThe day after arriving at Ta Cha I resolved to follow up this track to the watershed. We marched up the right bank of the Ta Ho, here little more than a brook, and over some marshy land, and then through a very dense bamboo brake in a narrow gorge between cliffs—a fit place for treasons, stratagems and spoils. Leaving on our right a trail which leads east to the Salwen divide, we ascended in a northerly direction. The weather was very bad, sleet and snow falling continuously. The dense forest through which we passed was soaked and dripping with moisture, and the rough track was a foot deep in slush, snow, and mud. It would be hardly passable for mules except in dry weather. After three and a half hours we reached the watershed at the Ta Ho Toú pass, 9,100 feet, in a very bedraggled condition. The source of the Ming Kwang River, and therefore of the Shweli, is a few miles to the east-north-cast of this pass. By this route there is constant communication between Ming Kwang and the Upper Ngaw Chang. The first village reached on the maikho side is Pien Ma, which appears to be a Kachin village at a considerable elevation, as the Chinese say it is as cold as Ta Chu Pa. Pien Ma is two days' journey for a man from Ta Chu Pa, the night being spent in a cave; but laden mules require three days. Mules, I was told, can go beyond Pien Ma, descending to I Tung, a Kachin village on the banks of the Hsiao Chiang (small river) which I identify with the Ngaw Chang. I was told that it was possible to follow up the Hsiao Chiang for four or five days until the Ni Mo River is reached, after which the\n\nPage 368",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 376,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\n14.\n\nof lateral ranges. To make a boundary criss-cross across such a country would be a work of the utmost difficulty, even if we had not to expect Chinese obstruction and Kachin opposition.\n\nBut if the Chinese would consent to the principle of the watershed frontier, a small party, consisting, say, of a British survey officer and two or three picked assistants, a political officer able to speak Kachin, and the Teng Yueh Consul, with an escort of not more than half-a-dozen Ghurkas, could proceed from the Chinese side, where supplies and communications present no difficulties, to get a complete topographical survey of the country near the watershed. The Taotai would send a deputy to give any necessary assistance, and postulating the goodwill—or, at least, neutrality—of the Chinese officials, I do not think, judging from my own experience, that such a party would run any very serious risk—at any rate on the higher slopes near the water-divide; on their report it would be possible to judge accurately of the real weight of the Chinese claims, and if they had any weight, the best means of dealing with them, ... by a money settlement or by territorial concession on the N'maikha side.\n\nFailing this, there would appear to be no course for the Government of Burmah to adopt except to insist on the watershed, and as soon as possible make the position good by administering up to the Ngaw Chang. The worst course of all, I am persuaded, would be a Boundary Commission on the lines of the former Commissions.\n\nI may add that I got some details regarding the proceedings of the two cadets from the military college at Yunnan Fu who were sent down by the Yunnan Viceroy last year to inspect the frontier. They had no plane tables or instruments of any kind except a telescope. They went to Kao Liang, Manung Pum, and up to Pan Wa at the head of the Tien Tang Valley, and there their explorations ended; they stayed for some time at the house of Headman Yang, of Lower Ming Kwang, but did not go to the head of the valley. No doubt they got lists of the villages claimed by China on the N'maikha side.\n\nTeng Yueh, April 16, 1904.\n\n(Signed)\n\nG. LITTON,\n\nActing Consul\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nNo. 1.\n\nIndia Office to Foreign Office.—(Received August 8.)\n\n373\n\n[August 8.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\nIndia Office, August 6, 1904.\n\nSir,\n\nI AM directed by Mr. Secretary Brodrick to acknowledge the receipt of Mr. Villiers' letter of the 19th July, asking for his observations upon a despatch from His Majesty's Consul-General at Yunnan-fu in which he inclosed a printed copy of a Memorandum on the subject of the Franco-Chinese Yunnan Railway Agreement, which he has compiled for the Government of India.\n\nThe views of the Government of India regarding this Agreement have not yet reached this Department. But, in the meantime, I am to say that the only provision which appears to Mr. Brodrick, as at present advised, to demand the attention of His Majesty's Government is that relating to the construction of branch lines by the French, which might conceivably be so used as to include lines in the neighbourhood of the Burma frontier, where the prior right of British enterprise should be secured.\n\nAs regards the telegram of the 1st July from His Majesty's Minister at Peking, inclosed with Mr. Campbell's letter of the 4th July, I am directed to state that Mr. Brodrick agrees that it would be premature to apply to the Chinese Government for a concession of a railway from Burma to Tali and Yunnan City, and thence to Szechuen. But should it appear that the French have any intention of asking for concessions for these lines, he thinks that the Chinese Government should be reminded of the rights we possess (under the Agreement with France of the 15th January, 1896) to equality of treatment with the French in the matter of railway construction in Yunnan and Szechuen, which rights, so far as Yunnan is concerned, were recognized in Prince Ching's note of the 16th March, 1902, inclosed with Sir E. Satow's despatch of the 20th March, 1902, No. 75.\n\nI am, &c. (Signed) A. GODLEY.\n\n8/51\n\nIn Collis\n\npruits to Str couf & Fo\n\nHongkong\n\nAutt\n\nAnk\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nRough Sketch Map to illustrate preceding Report.\n\n[2116 h-1]",
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    {
        "id": 395194,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "page_number": 531,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "This is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\n2\n\nbuttresses descending abruptly from a main range to the Taiping. The country is entirely clad with dense virgin forest. The difficulties were creditably surmounted by the Assistant Engineer in charge. At 10 miles (Nam-sa torrent) the country opens out into large rolling foot-hills, where work was easy, and at 14 miles the open plain of the Taiping is reached. The road then passes above the village of Man-hsien and stops at the hamlet of Man-yim. From this to Lung Chang market (the third main stage on the present Bhamo trade route, counting from Teng-yueh) is 12½ miles by alignment and on a dead level, and with no streams absolutely requiring bridges for mule traffic; but to make a first-class mule road over these 12½ miles will cost a good deal more than was expected, owing to the presence of several large marshes, supplied by mountain streams, and through these stone causeways would have to be constructed. But an earthen \"fair weather\" road, which would be available for eleven months of the year, with irrigation channels and ramps to and from the small streams traversed, could probably be made for under 20,000 rupees. I have not yet the accounts of the sums expended this season, but I believe that the total, inclusive of bridges and dynamite, will come to 45,000 rupees, to which 10,000 rupees will have to be added for the iron bridge over the Nam-sa. Considering the difficult nature of the country, I believe that this is 15 to 20 per cent. cheaper than the usual Bhamo rates.\n\nAs it is unlikely that further Chinese funds will be available, it is earnestly to be hoped that the Government of Burma will agree to continue the work at its own expense up to Teng-yueh, future repairs to be seen to by the Customs Taotai, the Commissioner, and the Consul. Next to the removal of the disastrous prohibition against the transit of opium, a good mule road is the first requisite for the revival of our long-neglected frontier trade. Even if it is decided to undertake railway construction in the Taiping Valley, some time must elapse before such a decision can bear fruit, and even when work is commenced, a good service road will be a necessity.\n\nIn conclusion, I would draw attention to the excellent service rendered by Mr. A. W. Mukerjee, Assistant Engineer in the Burma Public Works Department, in connection with this road. Owing to his experience of frontier road-making, he was put in sole charge, and very wisely given wide discretion. The result is that in three months he has put through a work that has been talked about for three years. His tact and energy were of great value. He had to deal with suspicious Chinese officials, lazy Shan headmen, and ignorant Kachins, but there has been no single instance of serious trouble or misunderstanding. At one time nearly 3,000 men were working on the road, which has been made chiefly by contract piece labour. The good impression made by Mr. Mukerjee on all natives with whom he came in contact will render any future operations by the Burma Public Works Department in China much easier, and there is every reason to hope that an abundant supply of labour will be forthcoming. I would venture to suggest that the attention of the Government of India may be drawn to the exceptionally good services rendered, under difficult circumstances, by Mr. Mukerjee, so that, if he is available, he may be entrusted with any further work that may be undertaken in the Taiping Valley.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) G. LITTON.\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n528\n\n[September 12.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\nSir E. Satow to the Marquess of Lansdowne.—(Received September 12.)\n\nNo. 256.) My Lord,\n\nPeking, July 20, 1904. I HAVE the honour to transmit to your Lordship herewith copy of a despatch from His Majesty's Consul-General at Yünnan-fu, inclosing a report by Mr. Litton on the present state of the road under construction, from the Kulikha River on the Burma frontier to Man-hsien. Seventeen miles of the road have now been completed.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) ERNEST SATOW.\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow.\n\nYünnan-fu, June 1, 1904. I HAVE the honour to forward a despatch to your address from Mr. Litton, reporting the completion, with the exception of a necessary iron bridge, of 17 miles of mule road from the Burma frontier stream Kulikha to the hamlet of Man-yim, on the opposite side to Manwyne of the Taiping River.\n\nI reported to you in January last by telegraph the commencement of this work. I am still awaiting the receipt of printed copies of any correspondence with the Burma Government before furnishing you with details of the Agreement which, in conjunction with Mr. Litton, I negotiated at Teng-yueh last December.\n\nI have reason to believe that the question of a light railway to Teng-yueh is at the present time engaging the attention of the India Office and of the Indian Government. Should the decision be reached to construct such railway, or to continue the new road, it is gratifying to learn that there is every prospect, thanks to the tact shown by Messrs. Litton and Mukerjee, of the work being carried through without friction, or the delays due to an inadequate supply of labour.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nActing-Consul Litton to Sir E. Satow.\n\nTeng-yueh, May 2, 1904. THE commencement of work on the mule road in Chinese territory, from the frontier at Kulikha River (52 miles by cart and mule road from Bhamo) up the valley of the Taiping, was reported to you by Mr. Wilkinson in the middle of January. Work for the season has now been finished, and 17 miles of good mule road with a ruling gradient of one in eighteen are now open to mule traffic. The bridge over the torrent of the Nam-sa, which is practically unfordable all the year round, is of a temporary character, and the work on this, the Taiping gorge, section of the future trade route cannot be called complete until an iron 60-foot span bridge is substituted, which will be done next year, at a probable cost of 10,000 rupees.\n\nThis section, with the solitary exception of the Nan-tien gorge, 5 miles long, commencing 28 miles from Teng-yueh, is the most difficult on the whole road. For 7 miles out of the 17 the new road had to be cut along and round spurs and\n\n[2172 m-1]",
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        "id": 395195,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 532,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n529\n\n[September 12.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\nSir E. Satow to the Marquess of Lansdowne.--(Received September 12.)\n\nNo. 256.)\n\nPeking, July 20, 1904.\n\nMy Lord,\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to your Lordship herewith copy of a despatch from His Majesty's Consul-General at Yunnan-fu, inclosing a report by Mr. Litton on the present state of the road under construction, from the Kulikha River on the Burmah frontier to Mansien.\n\nSeventeen miles of the road have now been completed.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nERNEST SATOW.\n\nNo. 16.)\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow.\n\nYunnan-fu, June 1, 1904.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward a despatch to your address from Mr. Litton, reporting on the road from the Burmah frontier stream Kulikha to the hamlet of Man-yim, on the opposite side to Manwyne of the Taiping River.\n\nI reported to you in January last by telegraph the commencement of this work, but I am still awaiting the receipt of printed copies of my correspondence with the Government before furnishing you with details of the Agreement which, in conjunction with Mr. Litton, I negotiated at Teng-yueh last December.\n\nAs it is unlikely that further Chinese funds will be available, it is earnestly to be hoped that the Government of Burmah will agree to continue the work at its own expense up to Teng-yueh, future repairs to be seen to by the Customs Tautai, the Commissioner, and the Consul. Next to the removal of the disastrous prohibition against the transit of opium, a good mule road is the first requisite for the revival of our long neglected frontier trade. Even if it is decided to undertake railway construction in the Taiping Valley, some time must elapse before such a decision can be fruitful, and even when work is commenced, a good service road will be a necessity.\n\nIn conclusion, I would draw attention to the excellent service rendered by Mr. A. W. Mukerjee, Assistant Engineer in the Burmah Public Works Department, in connection with this road. Owing to his experience of frontier road-making he was put in sole charge, and very wisely given wide discretion. The result is that in three months he has put through a work that has been talked about for three years. His tact and energy were of great value. He had to deal with suspicious Chinese officials, lazy Shan headmen, and ignorant Kachins, but there has been no single instance of serious trouble or misunderstanding. At one time nearly 3,000 men were working on the road, which has been made chiefly by contract piece labour. The good impression made by Mr. Mukerjee on all natives with whom he came in contact will render any future operations by the Burmah Public Works Department in this quarter much easier, and there is every reason to hope that an abundant supply of labour will be forthcoming.\n\nI have reason to believe that the question of a light railway to Teng-yueh is at the present time engaging the attention of the India Office and of the Indian Government. I would venture to suggest that the attention of the Government of India may be drawn to the exceptionally good services rendered, under difficult circumstances, by Mr. Mukerjee, so that, if he is available, he may be intrusted with any further work that may be undertaken in the Taiping Valley.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nW. H. WILKINSON.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nActing-Consul Litton to Sir E. Satow.\n\nTeng-yueh, May 2, 1904.\n\nTHE commencement of work on the mule road in Chinese territory, from the frontier at Kulikha River (52 miles by cart and mule road from Bhamo) up the valley of the Taiping, was reported to you by Mr. Wilkinson in the middle of January. The work for the season has now been finished, and 17 miles of good mule road with a maximum gradient of one in eighteen are now open to mule traffic. The bridge over the torrent of the Nam-sa, which is practically unfordable all the year round, is of a temporary character, and the work on this, the Taiping gorge, section of the future trade route cannot be called complete until an iron 60-foot span bridge is substituted, which will be done next year, at a probable cost of 10,000 rupees.\n\nThis section, with the solitary exception of the Nan-tien gorge, 5 miles long, commencing 2 miles from Teng-yueh, is the most difficult on the whole road. For 10 miles out of the 17 the new road had to be cut along and round spurs and buttresses descending abruptly from a main range to the Taiping. The country is entirely clad with dense virgin forest. The difficulties were creditably surmounted by the Assistant Engineer in charge. At 10 miles (Nam-sa torrent) the country opens into large rolling foot-hills, where work was easy, and at 14 miles the open plain of the Taiping is reached. The road then passes above the village of Man-hsien, and stops at the hamlet of Man-yim. From this to Lung Chang market (the third milestone on the present Bhamo trade route, counting from Teng-yueh) is 12 miles to alignment and on a dead level, and with no streams absolutely requiring bridges for mule traffic; but to make a first-class mule road over these 12 miles will cost a good deal more than was expected, owing to the presence of several large marshes, supplied by mountain streams, and through these stone causeways would have to be constructed. But an earthen \"fair weather\" road, which would be available for clear months of the year, with irrigation channels and ramps to and from the small streams, I have not yet traversed, could probably be made for under 20,000 rupees.\n\nI have not yet the accounts of the sums expended this season, but I believe that the total, inclusive of bridges and dynamite, will come to 45,000 rupees, to which 10,000 rupees will be added for the iron bridge over the Nam-sa. Considering the difficult nature of the country, I believe that this is 15 to 20 per cent. cheaper than the usual Bhamo rates.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nG. LITTON.\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 364",
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        "page_number": 596,
        "title": "CO129-326 - Foreign Office - 1904",
        "content_text": "2\n\nMinister for France at Peking and the Wai-wa Pu. Practically, however, it could be demanded to-morrow, and would, in all probability, be assented to by the Chinese Government, central and provincial, before we could effectively protest against it, even possibly before the fact of the demand had come to our knowledge.\n\nThe Anglo-French Agreement of the 15th January, 1896, by which England and France are reciprocally forbidden to gain any exclusive advantage, privilege, or monopoly of any sort in the Provinces of Yunnan and Szechuan, “seems to have been interpreted by France as only to be used for the purposes of obstructing any British application for commercial development by British Companies.\" (\"Military Report on Szechuan,\" p. 85.) It would certainly not be considered by the French as giving us a right to protest against the extension of their railway from Yunnan-fu to Tali.\n\nIf it be objected that it would at any rate prevent the French from protesting against the construction of a British line from Tali to Yunnan-fu, I would reply that there is no room there for rival lines. It is almost certain, indeed, that there is physically no room. If the railway follows the high road, as it probably must, there is at least one section where the construction of a double line would be all but impossible. I refer to the \"narrow valley between Ta-shao Tang and Ying-wu Kuan on the stage between Tien-shen Tang and Sha-chiao (route 70, stage 8\" Military Report on Yunnan, p. 179).\n\nI feel then, that it is of the utmost importance that we should forestall the French in securing the concession for the Tali-Yunnan-fu Railway. I am not advocating the immediate construction of this line; development could wait, if necessary, for many years.\n\nThe concession for a railway from the frontier of Tonquin to Yunnan-fu was made in the first instance to the French Government, by whom it was subsequently transferred to the \"Compagnie Française des Chemins de fer de l'Indo-Chine et du Yünnan.\" His Majesty's Government would therefore have an inexpugnable precedent should they decide to make a similar demand for a line from the frontier of Burma to this city.\n\nIn July 1898 the Yunnan Company (Limited) (a British Corporation) wrote to the Foreign Office stating that the Company had been formed \"for the purpose, among others, of surveying and, if found practicable, afterwards arranging for the construction of a road or railway and telegraph line from the terminus of the Burma railways at Kunlong, or wherever on the frontier the terminus may be located, through Yunnan and Szechuan to the Yang-tsze,\" and asking for \"assistance in getting a concession from the Chinese Government for the purpose.\" The Yunnan Company has not, I understand, been dissolved; and if it be considered inexpedient that His Majesty's Government should, as the French Government did, demand a Railway Concession for themselves, it is not improbable that the Yunnan Company would, if encouraged to do so, renew their application.\n\nI would again respectfully urge that no time should be lost in securing this concession, which, once secured, we can develop at our leisure. It might be that on a more careful survey of the ground it would be seen that the physical obstacles to a railway from Kunlong to Yunnan-fu are insurmountable; in that case we should have lost nothing but the cost of the survey. But if the survey showed, as it probably would, that the obstacles are surmountable, what benefit would that be to us if the French had already obtained rights over the eastern part of the line?\n\nIn short, I cannot but regard the acquisition of this concession as a necessary preliminary to the \"detailed examination of the country between the Salween and Mekong,\" advocated by Mr. Brodrick in his despatch to the Indian Government of the 18th December last (inclosed in your despatch No. 4 of the 7th April). Except that I would venture to substitute \"will\" for \"may,\" I cannot put the danger more forcibly forward than it has been put by the Secretary of State for India in this same despatch:\n\n\"If the idea prevails that the Indian Government and British capitalists are indifferent to their potential rights, those rights may be jeopardized. The field left open to others may be monopolized to the detriment of the interests of Burma, whether commercial or political.”\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nThis Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA,\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[October 10.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n593\n\nSir E. Satow to the Marquess of Lansdowne.---(Received October 10.)\n\n(No. 313.) My Lord,\n\nPeking. August 24, 1904. IN continuation of my despatch No. 293 of the 13th instant, I have the honour to transmit to your Lordship herewith a copy of a further despatch which I have received from the British Acting Consul at Wuchow, on the subject of the disturbances in the Province of Kuangsi.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nERNEST SATOW.\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul Fox to Sir E. Satow.\n\n(No. 15.) Sir,\n\nWuchow, August 2, 1904. IN continuation of my despatch No. 14 of the 25th ultimo, I have the honour to report that the Viceroy, travelling via Newchwang, Yungan, and Pinglo, arrived at Kueilin on the night of Sunday, the 31st ultimo. No telegraphic news has been received from the disturbed districts during the last week, but from a letter written by the Rev. Lewis Byrde at Kueilin on 16th ultimo, I learn that all immediate danger of the rebels attacking the capital has passed. Refugees from the surrounding country, who had flocked into the city in large numbers, had begun to return to their homes, popular fears having been allayed by the arrival of troops from Hunan and the news of the Viceroy's coming. The rebels were still said to be in the occupation of the Yung Ning and Yi Ning districts, but they had no competent leaders, and were incapable of offering any organized resistance to the Imperial troops, once the latter were able to attack in force.\n\nFrom Kuichow I hear that attempts by various large bands of brigands to retreat into that province have been frustrated by the energetic action of the Governor, Li Ching-hsi, who has drawn a cordon of troops along the Kuangsi border. Li Ching-hsi, who is Governor designate of Kuangsi, left Kueiyang en route for Shanghai via Hunan on the 20th ultimo. He will, it is reported, come south by sea, and proceed up the West River, probably as far as Nanning.\n\n(2216 -1)\n\n(Signed)\n\nI have, &c.\n\nHARRY H. FOX.",
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        "content_text": "6 \n\nof the Canton-Hankow (or Yueh Han) railroad. The \"Robin\" anchored here for half an hour, and two of them came on board. They informed me that the main line from Canton will join the North River at Pakkong-hau, just above the Fi-loy-tze gorge, and thence follow the river as far as Shao-chou-fu. The survey was commenced last February, and the work, hitherto carried on intermittently, is now being pushed on at the rate of about a mile a day. The actual construction of the line would, they said, be commenced as soon as the branch line to Samshui had been completed. The party, six in number, was accompanied by a Chinese official and a strong military guard; the country people were now on the whole friendly, and placed no serious obstacles in their way.\n\nAbove Wong-shek both banks of the river are lined with bamboo groves, as far as the Taimin-hap (\"Great Temple Pass\"), where the stream again winds between high hills and precipitous cliffs. Passing a few miles further on the Censer gorges, we reached at 1 o'clock the entrance to another famous pass, the Mong-sai-hap or Blind Boy Pass, so called from the striking profile of a face visible from certain points of view on a cliff at the left-hand side. Here the Lienchou River, the second principal tributary of the Pakkong, joins the main stream. At the junction lies the busy shipping port of Kong-hau.\n\nThe Lienchou River rises in the north-west corner of the province, near the Hunan border, and flows for some 120 miles through a mountainous country, inhabited by the Miao-tze aborigines, who still, to a great extent, secure in their inaccessible mountain homes, defy all the efforts of the Chinese to control or civilize them. They seldom come down to the North River, but they have been visited on several occasions by missionaries who speak well of their hospitality to foreigners.\n\nThe principal towns on the river are Lienchou, a prefectural city of some 50,000 inhabitants, the centre of trade in north-west Kuangtung, situated in a fertile plain; Yung-shan, district city; Taiwan and Howkong, the latter a large li-kin station with a bridge of boats.\n\nThe Roman Catholic missionaries have for some years past had stations all along the river, and recently the American Presbyterians have established themselves at Lienchou.\n\nAt 5 P.M. we passed the large limestone quarries of Lau-ti-wan, where blasting operations were in full swing. The stone is run down the sloping banks in wheel-barrows and discharged into junks, some thirty of which I counted moored along the river bank. Shortly afterwards, having successfully found our way through a shallow crossing opposite the quarries, we came in sight of the Yingtak pagoda on the right bank, and turning a corner to the left we steamed up to the district city of Yingtak, where at 6 P.M. the \"Robin\" anchored for the night.\n\n## Yingtak\n\nYingtak, a small walled town on the left bank, is picturesquely situated in an amphitheatre of rugged hills, just above a range of limestone cliffs, which, jutting out into the stream, form one of the numerous gates of the North River. Opposite the town, the Yung-yuen, or Copper River, joins the main stream: this tributary is navigable only for small boats, numbers of which, laden with charcoal, came floating down on the evening of our arrival and anchored in rows close by us. Yingtak was formerly the seat of the Government for this part of the province, and a noted Buddhist centre. It is now a busy shipping port, the present limit of regular steam navigation on the North River. Launches drawing not more than 4 feet can reach Yingtak under normal conditions from May to September. Below Yingtak the river, although shallow in places, presents no exceptional difficulties: navigation is not hampered by rocks and rapids as on the West River.\n\nI consider that two small light-draft stern-wheelers, able to carry about 200 passengers on a 3-foot draft, would pay well if placed on the run between Canton, Tsing-yuen, and Yingtak. They could, if necessary, run in connection with the Canton-Sanshui Railway, transferring passengers at Sainam.\n\nAbove Yingtak the river narrows considerably, and its navigability, even for native craft, depends entirely on the rainfall. We found a bar about a mile above Yingtak with less than 3 feet on it; on my return a week later, after a day's heavy rain, there was at least 10 feet in the same place. I do not think, therefore, that it would be possible to maintain a regular service to any point above Yingtak on remunerative lines; there seems to be no reason, however, why the Yingtak boats, of the type I have indicated, should not run to Shao-chou whenever the water permits, as the West River launches run to Nanning. Even when the railway is completed, I consider that river steamers will have a fair chance of holding their own. I am quite sure that these stern-wheelers would be well patronized by foreign passengers; many people in Hong Kong and Canton have assured me that they would jump at the chance of escaping from the heat of the delta and spend a few days among the breezy North River gorges. The Hong Kong, Canton, and Macao Steam-ship Companies, who are each year meeting with stronger competition on the Hong Kong line, might, I think, do worse than turn their attention to the North River.\n\nYingtak is a much smaller town than Tsing-yuen, but has some fair shops in the main street. Prominent among the foreign goods I noticed condensed milk, canned fruits, Japanese beer, and cigarettes, all imported from Canton. The district—a poor one, according to the Magistrate—produces rice, sugar, and bamboo. We were unable, as I shall explain later, to proceed the next day, so I took the opportunity to call with Captain Vaughan on the district Magistrate, Shih Yün-tuan, a native of Shansi. He sent his own chair and red umbrella to take us to the Yamên, returning our call immediately after in full uniform. He was very cordial in his manner, and evinced an intelligent interest in the \"Robin\"; as, however, he had only been a month at his post, the information I obtained from him on local affairs was not of much value.\n\nThe following morning, the water having fallen slightly during the night, we made an early start, but were obliged to return, as the \"Robin,\" drawing 2 ft. 8 in., was unable to cross the bar about a mile above the town. At the time we stranded, and throughout the day, large salt junks, drawing at least 3 feet, found their way across the bar, but our pilot being obviously unused to steamers, Captain Vaughan deemed it prudent to remain at Yingtak until a rise occurred. I took advantage of the delay to explore the town and surrounding country, meeting with no incivility from the people.\n\nDuring the night of the 9th July the clouds which had been gathering all day burst in a thunderstorm, followed by three hours' heavy rain. Next morning the river had risen 15 inches, so we made a fresh start, and this time succeeded in crossing the bar without difficulty, although the pilot twice put the \"Robin\" ashore a few miles higher up. For some miles above Yingtak the river flows between high banks through a fertile country, sown with rice and sugar cane. At 10 A.M. we passed Mong-fu-kong, a village with a pawnshop on the right bank. On the summit of a hill behind the town there is said to be a small lake, indicating the crater of an extinct volcano. Another hour's run brought us to the celebrated Kuan-yin-shan, and the cave temples dedicated to the Goddess of Mercy. On the left bank a wall of rock, covered with dense foliage, rises almost perpendicularly from the water's edge to a height of some 600 feet. At the foot a stone stairway leads into the caverns which pierce the cliff in all directions. The main shrine of the temple is visible some 100 feet up the face of the cliff. We had no time to visit this interesting spot, but steamed on past a series of limestone quarries, the largest at Pak-shek-hui on the right bank.\n\nAt Sha-hau, 22 miles above Yingtak, the Canton salt junks tranship their cargoes for Shao-chou during the low-water season. At 6.30 P.M. we anchored for the night amid really magnificent mountain scenery, just above the small town of Wu-shek. Starting again at 6 o'clock on the morning of the 11th July, the river slowly rising, we passed through another striking gorge, called the Tantze-ki or Cannon Ball barrier, where the cliffs rise even higher than at Kuan-yin-shan. Here man has not interfered with Nature—there are no shrines, and the tall cliffs afford a nesting place to innumerable birds.\n\nAt Pakto, a large village on the left bank, the Yü-yuen or Lung-kwai River joins the main stream. This river flows down through a mountainous region inhabited by several large tribes of aborigines. An interesting account of the people will be found in Dr. Henry's \"Ling Nam,\" above referred to. The principal productions of the Lung-kwai district are maize, bamboo, and charcoal. In the hills above Pakto coal can be seen outcropping in many places; the deposits were formerly worked, but have now been abandoned.\n\nAt 1 P.M. we reached Shao-chou (locally known as Shiu-kuan), the principal city in Northern Kuangtung, and our destination on the present occasion. The \"Robin\" anchored opposite the West Gate (on the left branch of the river) about half a mile above the ruined fort which lies at the junction of the two streams.\n\nThe prefectural city of Shao-chou is finely situated in the angle formed by the junction of the Ching or Clear River with the North River. The former stream leads to Lok-ch'eng and the Chi Ling Pass into Hunan; the latter to Nam-heung, and the Mei-ling Pass into Kiangsi. Both waterways, being impeded by rapids, are unnavigable for any but light-draft junks. Shiu-kuan has for centuries been an important Customs barrier: a bridge of boats stretched across the river on both sides facilitates the collection of duties.\n\nFrom an intelligent employé of the native Customs (Ch'ang-kuan) I learnt that the receipts from both li-kin and native Customs have greatly fallen off during recent years, partly owing to the diversion of trade to the sea route, partly owing to the increased use of transit passes for articles such as kerosene oil and cotton yarn. My informant estimated the annual...\n\nPage 360\nPage 361",
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        "content_text": "# SKETCH MAP \n## OF \n### NORTH RIVER BASIN\n\nKUANG SI \nWUCHOW FU \nO LOTING \n`(62.1/1905.1416) F.0 2235 8-1` \n\nHUNAN \nAborigines Lochely \nto Chitkiy Pass \nLocheng \nKWENGHOW \nAborigine \nYangshan \nYu Yuan River \nTAK NING \nWEST \nRIVER \nKIANGSI \nJenhua \nNAMHEUNG I \nSHAOCHOU FU \nNORTH RIVER \nFingtak \nYUNG \nYUNG YUEN \nRIVER \nLIENCHOW RIVER \nShihing \nto Meiling Pass \nFukong \nChangning \nLienping \nHOK YUN \nHungman \nSHEK KOU \nBAMBOO RIVER \nSHUI \nSHUTHING \nNORTH RIVER \nPao \nSAMSHUI \nWEST RIVER \nSAINAM \nTaunti \nTsunghua \nCANTON \nChantsun \nTseng cheng \nShehlung \nPolo \nEAST RIVER \nTUNGKWAN \nWAICHOW \nSinhing \nPoshan \nYang kong \nSINING \nBumchuk \nSUNUI \nKUNGMOON \nCHEUNG CHAU \nFumoon (Bogue) \nLiankin \nSt John's Is. \nMouths of the West \nRiver \nHanson & South I. S Mui To Law W \n\nMACAO \nSUNON \nBritish Territory \nMirs Bay \nNAMAN \n\n355 \nJHONGKONG \nLung chuen \n\nRailways completed. \ndo surveyed. \ndo projected \n\n| Geographical Miles | \n| --- | \n| 0 | \n| 10 | \n| 20 | \n| 30 | \n| 40 | \n| 50 | \n| 60 | \n\nto accompany M'Fur's Report on a Journey to Shaochoufu",
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        "content_text": "20 \n\nThe Flotilla Company will take it down the Irrawaddy to Rangoon, where again it would be put in a bonded warehouse and shipped, also by the Customs, on boats of a specially selected line (British India); bound for Hong Kong; from Bhamo to Hong Kong the responsibility would rest with the Customs and the Steamer Companies.\n\nAt Tengyueh, the opium would be packed in specially prescribed boxes and sealed, leaded, and numbered in a specially prescribed way, and notice would be given by the Customs here to Bhamo and to the Customs at Canton or Shanghae (port of destination) of each consignment.\n\nMr. Tilly knows so much more about the matter, so far as Burmah is concerned, than I do, that I feel it would be impertinent on my part to make many remarks on his proposals, but I have shown them to the Commissioner of Customs here, Mr. Napier, who writes that: \"**So far as we (the Chinese Customs) are concerned, the rules are simple and natural.**\" I also talked the matter over with some of the Chinese merchants, and I think, so far as they are concerned, that there would be no difficulty in carrying out these rules. The Burmah Customs and the Flotilla Company are well known to, and trusted by, the Tengyueh firms. I would, however, express a hope that, to begin with, at any rate, the Flotilla and the British India will quote a strictly moderate rate of freight; so far as the Rangoon-Hong Kong run is concerned, I would venture to suggest that if later on the other shipping Companies make arrangements, satisfactory to the Collector, for safe carriage of the Yunnan opium, that they may be allowed to participate in it. A monopoly is always to be deprecated.\n\nAs regards possible substitution en route of Indian opium, as the opium from Bhamo to Hong Kong will be locked up out of reach of the Chinese, I do not see how such substitution is to be effected. Besides, the boxes could be leaded at Tengyueh with four pieces of wire, two lengthways and two crossways, and special marks could be written across the joints of the case, so that I really do not see how the box could be opened and Indian opium substituted without instant detection on arrival at the Canton or Shanghae Customs.\n\n6. The merchants here could make up their opium in balls of any weight which the Burmah Customs prescribe. The weight and wrapping should be different from that of Indian opium. It is suggested that on the printed forms employed, for the convenience of the Chinese Customs, catties and taels should be used under the head \"**Weight**,\" and not lbs. and ozs., which latter, not being a decimal and not being a Chinese system, will give much needless trouble.\n\n7. Given the consent of the Indian Government, we should have to negotiate an arrangement with China which would include: (1) Arrangements with the Imperial Customs, i.e., Sir R. Hart; (2) with the Peking Government; (3) with the Yunnan Provincial Government and li-kin authorities; (4) with the Canton and Liang Kiang (Nanking) Viceroys and their li-kin and Provincial Government.\n\nNow all this will take some time, and will require vigorous backing from His Majesty's Government. But as the result to our trade in Yünnan would be so very beneficial, and as this is the only means we have of extending our commercial influence in Yunnan, without unprofitably spending large sums of money, it is well worth the trouble. It cannot be too frequently repeated that our frontier trade, though showing signs of development, so far as foreign imports to China are concerned, is still only one-fourth of the Mengtse trade; yet in population and wealth the districts which ought to be supplied from Tengyueh are superior to those which would naturally draw their supplies from Mengtse; foreign goods, especially yarn, sent in by the French route and Nankeens, &c., imported via Szechuan, are sold far into West Yünnan. The reason of this tendency is that where freight is such an important item, that imports (i.e., cotton) are bound to follow the line of exports (i.e., opium), and Tengyueh, with no exports, cannot hope to compete with Mengtse, which sends out opium and tin. Meanwhile, we are subjecting our trade to this crushing restriction; and what corresponding gain do we get? None; absolutely none. Indeed, it is obvious that the restriction must encourage what really is noxious, i.e., an illicit trade in the drug for consumption in Burmah. The restriction is utterly and notoriously useless to prevent the cultivation and export of Yünnan opium and its competition, if it does compete, with the Indian drug. Nor have I ever been able to see what force there is in the so-called \"**sentimental**\" argument.\n\n| Unit | Equivalent |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 fen or ceudareens | 1 mace |\n| 10 mace | 1 tael, Liang or Chinese oz. |\n| 16 taels | 1 catty or chin |\n| 100 catties | 1 picul or tan, which is 133.4 lbs. avoirdupois |\n\n21 \n\nTo the opium now, which leaves Yünnan destined for Canton or Shanghae? It goes to Chunking, in Szechuan, or Wuchan, in Kwangsi, and is there put on a boat which, in three cases out of four, flies the British flag, and finally arrives at its destination in a British steamer. Why does \"**sentiment**\" permit this, but take offence at the drug being shipped from Rangoon to Canton or Shanghae? Surely the morals of Rangoon are robust enough not to be corrupted by the presence of Yunnan opium in transit to China, any more than the morals of Calcutta are corrupted by the presence of Indian opium in transit to China.\n\nThus it seems to me that a very strong case can be made out for asking His Majesty's Government to press this matter through in spite of the troublesome negotiations which it may involve.\n\nAs to the system which we ought to endeavour to induce the Chinese to adopt, more especially as regards taxation, the Legation authorities at Peking and the Consulate authorities at Shanghae and Canton are more competent to speak than I am. But I would submit that, in order to disarm Chinese obstruction, it will be advisable, as far as possible, not to interfere with the present system and rates of native taxation, and to arrange that the Imperial Customs, always regarded with jealousy by the provincial Mandarins, should appear in the matter as little as possible, and on their own account should only collect at Tengyueh and at the port of re-entry to China a small duty enough to cover the expenses and trouble to which they may be put.\n\nProvided always that adequate means are adopted to prevent substitution and fraud, I fail to see why, on principle, and in the nature of things, opium grown in one part of China for consumption in another part of China should be subject to special penalties and difficulties, merely because in transit to its market it crosses foreign waters.\n\n(1.) I would suggest that no opium should be allowed to pass the Customs at Tengyueh for export to Burmah until it had paid full provincial li-kin, and regular official receipts for the same had been produced for the inspection of the Customs. The rates of li-kin for opium thus exported should be the ordinary provincial rate (which in Yunnan is paid in one lump sum) and no more or less.\n\n(2.) No opium should be released by the Customs at Canton or Shanghae until it had paid the same provincial li-kin which it would have paid to the Canton or Liang Chiang Government had it arrived through native sources. Here again regular official receipts would have to be produced at the Customs, and it would be advisable that one lump sum should free the drug in its province of consumption.\n\nThus the two Departments who might be chiefly expected to obstruct, i.e., the Yünnan li-kin and the li-kin in the province of consumption, would only suffer no loss, but, on the contrary, would gain heavily; for, as things are now, a large proportion of the opium gets through without paying anything at all to the Chinese Government, but by paying instead bribes, squeezes, and blackmail to official underlings and bandits. The Yunnan provincial opium revenue is only about a quarter what it would be under an honest administration. I should think that the present Viceroy of Canton would be glad to see such an addition to his revenue as the adoption of some such proposal as the present would produce. No doubt Viceroy Ting of Yunnan will oppose the scheme merely on the ground that it will encourage foreign relations and increase foreign trade. A number of the underlings and gentry, especially at Yunnan-fu, whose speculations and perquisites will be curtailed, would also oppose; but I think these difficulties may be overborne, if the matter is really taken up in earnest.\n\nThe total taxes paid for Yünnan opium sent across Burmah should, in short, be the same, or possibly a trifle more than what is now paid. Taxation being equal or nearly so, Burmah would then secure the trade on account of the speed, security, and cheapness of the Rangoon transit route.\n\nIn Yunnan, provincial li-kin has been raised from 1.50 taels (3 rupees) per 100 taels or ounce of opium to 2.10 taels (rupees 4.2.0) since last year. This comes to 33.60 taels, or say 67 rupees the picul of 100 catties or 133 lbs. As regards present rates in Canton or Shanghae, the Consulate there could give details.\n\nG. J. L. LITTON, \nHis Majesty's Acting Consul, Tengyueh.\n\nApril 26, 1904.\n\n(Signed)\n\nPage 21 \n\n[1844 - -1]",
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        "content_text": "## Shan States under Chinese Rule\n\nThe many Chinese settlers in his territory. This State, with the exception of the outlying town of Manwyne, which came into the family by marriage, is poor. The main valley is only 9 miles by 2-3 miles, but the side valley of Man Tung, situated beyond the hills to the east, is larger and richer.\n\nThe Nan Tien Sawbwa is thought to be at the bottom of the intrigues which the Chinese have started against his neighbour of Kangai.\n\nKangai, which includes the richest part of the Taping Valley, is situated between Nan Tien and the frontier. The clan name is also Tao. The old Sawbwa, who is about 55 years of age, is supposed to have abdicated according to Shan custom in favour of his son, a man of about 30, who represents the twenty-eighth generation in a direct line from the first Sawbwa. Both father and son are men of intelligent and benevolent disposition, who, considering the circumstances, govern their State well. They are both, but especially the father, devout Buddhists. The State is rich, but is sometimes subject to destructive inundations.\n\nThe main Tengyueh-Bhamo trade route passes straight through Kangai and Nan Tien. There are not many Kachins in this State, and those few give but little trouble. The main Kangai Valley is about 35 miles long by 4-5 miles broad.\n\n### 3. Chanta, or Santa\n\nThis includes a small portion of the Taping Valley on the right bank and a section of hill country behind it to the north. The Sawbwa is a child. His father was robbed and then executed some years ago by the Tengyueh official on a false charge of treason with the British. The government of the State has since been in disorder. The Kachins in the Santa Hills are under no sort of control.\n\n### 1. Laksa and Hosa\n\nThese are two small States in an upland valley at an altitude of 4,000-5,000 feet, along and above the east side of the Taping Valley; the beautiful Lahsa-Hosa Valley is watered by the Nau Sa, a small tributary of the Taping. The inhabitants are not Shan; they have a language of their own, and are known as Ashang. They are probably of Maru Kachin origin, with an admixture of Chinese and possibly of Burmese blood. They have attained a considerable standard of civilization, and are both industrious and peaceable; they have a great reputation as blacksmiths, and go down to Burmah to seek work. The Hosa Sawbwa is a minor; the Lahsa is an old man who has four sons, the eldest of whom manages his affairs; the administration is not bad, but the Sawbwa has little authority, and both ends of the valley are subject to Kachin raids. There is a fair path down the valley and through to Burmah, but it is only used by local traffic. The valley is some 30 miles long by 2-3 miles broad.\n\n## (B) Shan States in the Shweli or Lung Chiang Valley, on the right bank\n\nThe Shweli is an important affluent of the Irrawaddy; it rises to the north of Tengyueh, and joins the main river from the left side, near Ratha, in Burmah.\n\n### 5. Meng Wan\n\nThis is the basin of the Nam Wan, a small tributary of the Shweli. The valley is over 30 miles long and 5-6 miles broad at the broadest part; it is very fertile, but malarious; the administration was for years in the hands of the mother of the present Sawbwa, a young man of 23, who took over the Government four years ago. Since then the condition of the State has been going from bad to worse. The young Sawbwa is drunken, licentious, violent, and superstitious. He harbours quacks, gamblers, and criminals from Burmah and other places, while the numerous Kachins on both sides of his valley are under no sort of control. They are constantly thieving and cattle-lifting on the British side. Several large Kachin villages above the north-east of the valley have openly revolted and expelled the lawful Shan owners from the rice fields, which they are now cultivating themselves, without paying any taxes. In 1903 the Chinese Commandant of the frontier regiment, Ma Wu Hsiang, a Panthay, was stationed at the Sawbwa's residence for some time, and composed matters; but this season I find that the young Sawbwa has again begun his reckless courses, he has been taking medicines which are supposed to render him bullet-proof, he has shot several persons in a drunken fit, and he has taken to seizing Kachin maidens and confining them in his harem for some time, a proceeding which demonstrates both his imprudence and his bad taste. Further disorders may be expected, and the Tengyueh officials do nothing to restore order. This State is consequently poor. A secondary trade route from Burmah to Tengyueh runs the length of the valley. The Meng Wan Sawbwa's principal wife is a daughter of Nan Tien.\n\n### 6. Meng Mao\n\nThis State is situated along the right bank of the Shweli above the confluence of the Nara Wan. It consists of some hill-land and a rich valley, some 27 miles by 5 miles, a large part of which is uncultivated. The hills at the back of the town between the State and Meng Wan are thickly populated by Kachins, who are under no sort of control, and levy blackmail or pillage in the valley. The Sawbwa, a man of about 30, is weak but not vicious; he cannot make much headway against his Kachins, and he has scanty resources in the way of money, but he has recently shown some activity in his administration. This State is off the main route; the town of Meng Mao (about 250 houses) has an old wall, and in the Burmah wars of the middle ages is said to have been the headquarters of a Taotai.\n\n## (C) Shan States in the Shweli Valley, on the left bank\n\n### 7. Chefang or Sefang\n\nThis State is limitrophe with the British Northern Shan States; it consists of the lower part of the basin of the Meng Kwan River, a tributary of the Shweli and of the surrounding hills, which are inhabited by very unruly Kachins. Even the main valley (20 miles by 4) is poor and thinly populated as it is subject to had inundations, and, even in the dry season, consists mainly of a reed-covered swamp. The Sawbwa is a man about 30, of the same original stock as the princely families of Meng Mao and Meng Wan; the administration of the State is fairly good; none of the Chinese Sawbwas has worse Kachins or makes such serious efforts to control them. The late father of the present Sawbwa was a believer in drastic measures, and it is said that he used to boil his Kachins in oil, or roast them over slow fires, in order to persuade them to better courses. An important trade route from Burmah, the Ruby Mines, and the Shan States to West Yünnan leads straight through the Chefang Valley. The road is well maintained, and, in spite of the Kachins, serious robberies hardly ever take place along it.\n\n### 8. Meng Kwan\n\nMeng Kwan, or, in Chinese, Mang Shih, situated north of Chefang, comprises the valley of the Upper Nam Kwan River and the hills surrounding it. The main valley of this State, which on the east is limitrophe with the Chinese sub-Prefecture of Lung Ling, is some 16 miles by & in extent, and is both fertile and densely populated. With the possible exception of Kangai, the State is considered to be the richest near the border. Near the Sawbwa's residence there is a considerable bazaar resorted to by numerous Chinese caravans in the cold weather. The main Burmah Chefang-Lung Ling road goes through the State. The town, like all Shan towns (which are merely large villages), has a dilapidated appearance; lean pigs, ruined pagodas, heaps of cow-dung, majestic pipul trees, mean mud or bamboo wattle huts, lofty bamboo groves, and slatternly women exuding betel chew from their dirty mouths. This valley is very feverish; the hills round it, however, have been settled by Chinese from West Yunnan, and there are but few Kachins. The Sawbwa (clan name Fang) is a young man, weak and superstitious Buddhist, but his rule is not oppressive. The Sawbwa and the State have recently been brought to the brink of ruin by the \"squeezing\" operations of the Chinese Mandarins, of which I shall speak later at length.\n\n### 9. Meng Ting\n\nMeng Ting is another State further to the south, to which I may refer, though it does not otherwise come within the purview of this report. Meng Ting comprises the low-lying valley of the Nam Ting River which joins the Salwen from the east at Kunlong ferry. The State is a small one and is in a condition of disorder owing to the neglect of the Chinese, the incompetence of the Sawbwa, and the influence of the bad counsellors by whom he is surrounded. Notorious dacoits are constantly harboured in this State, and the Sawbwa is always quarrelling with his neighbours. Representations concerning Meng Ting have been made at Yunnan-fu, and a Chinese Deputy has been sent, who will meet the British Superintendent of the Northern Shan States, and endeavour to settle outstanding cases, and to suggest some means for the better government of the State in the future. If the Kunlong Railway ever materializes, it will run along this valley which is marshy, tropical, and malarious.\n\nThe population of the Shan States under China can only be given in the form of a rough approximation to the number of families who pay taxes and are supposed to ...\n\nPage 422",
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        "content_text": "# 423\n\n4\n\nbe noted on the Sawbwa's registers. A Shan family may be taken on an average to consist of five persons, though this is sometimes an underestimate :-\n\n| State | Families |\n| --- | --- |\n| Nantien | 6,000 |\n| Kangai | 7,000 |\n| Chanta | 1,500 |\n| Labs-Hosa | 8,000 |\n| Meng Wan | 5,000 |\n| Meng Mao | 2,500 |\n| Chefang | 2,000 |\n| Meng Ting | 12,000 (of which nearly one-third Chinese.) |\n| Meng Kwan | 2,000 (?) |\n\nIf the unsubdued Kachins living within the borders of the various States are included, these figures would be at least doubled in the case of Meng Wan, Meng Mao or Chanta, and more than doubled in the case of Chefang; Nan Tien, Kangia, and Labsa have but few unsubdued Kachins.\n\nThe Shan population of Meng Wan is decreasing, partly by emigration to British territory, and the same may be said of Meng Mao; in the other States the population is probably stationary or slowly increasing.\n\nThe external trade of the Chinese Shan States is chiefly with Burmah and chiefly in articles which under that remarkable document, the Burmah-China Convention, are contraband; the principal trade is an export of rice and opium in exchange for salt, all three of which are forbidden by the Convention. The import of yarn and foreign piece-goods is also considerable, as is the export of cattle. But I question if the whole trade amounts to more than 1,000,000 rupees in the year.\n\nThere is an important rice trade from the Taping and Meng Kwan Valleys to Tengyueh and Lung Ling.\n\nThe principles on which the Yünnan Government acts in dealing with its Sban Chiefs are repression in some directions and non-interference or rather indifference in others. Not only are no measures taken to secure the well-being of the Shans, to restrain the excesses of the vicious Sawbwas or to correct the financial confusion which often prevails, but it is an axiom that an energetic or a rich Sawbwa may prove a rebellious Sawbwa and any attempt, if such were made, by the Sawbwas themselves to strengthen their Government or develop the resources of their States would be at once checked by the Mandarins and would probably land the adventurous Sawbwa in a Chinese prison. Thus Kangai dares not even repair his own roads. It is partly on account of this Chinese policy that the Kachins have made such headway and found so little resistance.\n\nC\n\nOn the other hand, the Sawbwas are allowed to oppress their peasantry and squander such resources as they have without any interference. They must accept Chinese titles, wear Chinese dress, make representations even to the lowest grade of Mandarin in the form of a petition and generally \"give face\" to their political superiors. So long as they do this, the Yunnan-fu Government leaves them alone and frowns down the proposals which are sometimes made by the local officials to incorporate the Shan States into the ordinary Chinese jurisdiction. I am told that under the arrangements made when the Shan Chiefs first submitted to the Chinese, chiefly in the Ming dynasty, no land in the Shan States can be owned by Chinese; but this rule is more honoured in the breach than in the observance, and where it has been observed, it is the climate and not the law which has protected the Shan peasant against his Chinese rival.\n\nThe West Yunnan local officials have ideas of their own regarding the Shan States; they would divide the Sawbwas into two classes, the poor and the rich; in the case of the first, the policy is to leave them severely alone as interference entails trouble and expense; in the case of the second the policy is to \"squeeze\" them. It is only the poverty of their families and the wretchedness of their States that can protect the Sawbwas from Chinese rapacity. There is an expressive phrase often heard in West Yünnan: \"ch'ih t'u ssu\" i.e., \"eating the Sawbwas.\" The nature and practice of this art is perfectly understood by every official and yamên underling in the country.\n\n5\n\nThe eating process may be consummated by any one of the following methods:-\n\n1. A method often practised by petty military officers. If one of these Mandarins has any business in the Shan States he will establish himself near a Sawbwa's residence and announce that he will not go away under a certain sum; he invariably gets it. The present provincial Commander-in-chief of the Kwangsi province, Ting, who was for many years in West Yunnan was an adept at this practice.\n\n2. The Shan Militia process; the Shans are not a fighting people, and are always unwilling to serve as soldiers. A military officer would therefore be sent from Tengyuel to train militia in the Shan States. Every one who is called up offers money to be let off and so a good sum could be collected in a short time. Li Shao Yuan, a rascally official who gave some trouble when Tengyueh was first opened to trade, made a fortune in this way. He called up the militia at harvest time, when all the peasants were prepared to pay more than usual to be let free. History repeats itself:-\n\nFalstaff—Prick me Master Bullcalf.\nBardolph—Sir, a word with you; I have three pounds to free Mouldy and Bullcalf.\nFalstaff—Go to!\n(HENRY IV, Part 2.)\n\n3. Fictitious lawsuits and cases against the Sawbwas are often got up by the yamên folk in collusion with some of the Chinese resident in the Shan States. The Sawbwa is then called on to appear at Tengyueh, or Lung Ling, or Yung Chang as the case may be to answer the matter. He never goes but always pays money to be allowed to stay at home. This game was brought to the level of a high art by a former sub-Prefect of Tengyueh, Chen Tsung Hai, who is now dead but his evil memory still lives along the border.\n\nSince the establishment of the Consulate the above three methods have rather fallen into desuetude, as the Consul may ask awkward questions.\n\n4. Threats of accusations of treason and rebellion. These false charges against the Sawbwas have been very frequent since the time of the Panthay rebellion. The late General Chiang Ping Tang, who was Brigadier at Tengyueh at the time of Margary's murder laid the foundation of a large fortune by holding such threats over the Sawbwas. Whenever a Sawbwa had to resist Kachin aggression it was easy to say that he wished to levy war against the Government.\n\n6. The Boundary Commission was made the excuse for heavy squeezing operations. The Kangai Sawbwa assures me that he alone first and last had to pay some 12,000 rupees in hard cash to the Chinese Commissioner, besides sending in quantities of supplies which were not paid for. Unluckily for the Mandarins this source of supply has been dried up by the final delimitation of the Sawbwa's frontiers.\n\n6. Accusations of secret and treasonable intrigues with the Government in Burmah. Since the establishment of the Tengyueh Consulate and the opening of trade, this method of \"eating Sawbwas\" has come into considerable vogue, but I hope it has now been put a stop to, for a time at least. It has two great advantages; first, such charges are greedily believed by the ignorant Mandarins who rule at Yunnan-fu, while other accusations might be more carefully gone into; secondly, the result of such a charge is that the accused Sawbwa is handed bodily over to the local Mandarin, and cannot only be \"squeezed,\" but plucked bare, and his State looted as well. On the other hand, the disadvantage of this method is that it involves a serious affront to a friendly Government, and, what is more to the point, may lead to unpleasant consequences to the Mandarin who employs it, if the Consulates take the matter up.\n\nThe first Sawbwa to be ruined by false charges of this kind was Santa, the father of the present infant Sawbwa. He was brought up to Tengyueh in 1897 by Yang, then sub-Prefect, and the same official who was responsible for the affair at Hparé in 1900; then he was first robbed and then executed by Yang; the State was handed over to the official Li Shao Yuan, mentioned above, as Regent, and it will be some time before it will recover from the effects of this short period of direct celestial government.\n\nIn the winter of 1903-1904 a similar plot was hatched by the sub-Prefect of Lung Ling against the young Sawbwa of Mang Shih (Meng Kwan in Shan). His comparative wealth made his guilt manifest. He was seized by Chinese troops and thrown into prison at Lung Ling, whence he was conveyed in custody to Yung Chang. For some months the process of extortion went steadily on, and\n\n[1899 -1] \n## 6 \n5",
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        "content_text": "# \naltogether a sum of about 22,000 taels was extracted, of which the Lung Ling sub-Prefect took about 11,000 taels (though he was probably \"squeezed\" in his turn by his superiors) and the rest went to the Yung Chang Prefect (now Acting Taotai of West Yunnan at Tengyueh) and to Mr. Tseng, his secretary, who was a fellow-provincial (Hunan) of the Lung Ling sub-Prefect, and had operated the affair in conjunction with him. The payments were made by Mang Shih chiefly in gold leaf, and one indirect result was the bankruptcy of a Burmese Tengyueh firm (Chop Wan Sheng Ho), who could not collect certain debts from Mang Shih, as the Sawbwa had paid away all his ready cash to the officials. There is little doubt that the unlucky Sawbwa would have been murdered as Chanta was, but the telegram which the Yung Chang Prefect and Lung Ling sub-Prefect had sent to Yunnan-fu about the case got into my hands, and was forwarded by me to the Consul-General.\n\nIt accused the Sawbwa of “secretly travelling to Rangoon\" and \"intriguing with the outer people,\" and also of buying cartridges for the purpose of raising a rebellion. It was added that \"the mouths of the outer people had long been watering for the possession of Mang Shih.\"\n\nI protested against this as a palpable falsehood, and an insult to a friendly Government. Mr. Wilkinson made similar representations at Yunnan-fu; the Sawbwa also succeeded in getting a statement of his case put before the Yunnan Viceroy. The matter has now been pressed by me for more than six months; the Lung Ling sub-Prefect has been removed; the Sawbwa has been released; the Prefect of Yung Chang, now Acting Taotai at Tengyueh, has withdrawn the charges of intrigues with Burmah, and, more sinico, has requested that he should be reprimanded for having made them; but though the Viceroy Ting pretends to be still inquiring into the case, I am informed that his Excellency is perfectly acquainted with the facts, and is merely waiting to see if the matter is further pressed by the Consulates, in which case he would have no other course but to denounce the Acting Taotai to the Throne. I have suggested to Mr. Wilkinson that it is not perhaps advisable to press the case so far as the Acting Taotai is an energetic and efficient official in other matters. He has been much alarmed, and has even conveyed to me that he is prepared to repay part of his share of the spoil to Mang Shih if nothing more is said about the matter.\n\nThe occurrences in connection with the \"squeezing\" and imprisonment of Mang Shih were matters of common knowledge in Tengyueh, and throughout the Chinese Shan States, where the other Sawbwas are much alarmed. The young Kangai Sawbwa appears to have thought, and not without reason, that on account of his wealth and friendliness to passing British officers, he would be the next victim of charges of conspiring with the outer people. It appears that the Taotai's secretary, Tseng, had already commenced to weave the net around him, but as soon as the Mang Shih business became known to me, Mr. Tseng bolted to Rangoon, and has not since been heard of. When I was passing through his State in June last, young Kangai came to see me, and told me that he feared his life and his property were in danger. I strongly dissuaded him from taking refuge in Burmah, and he remained at home until the autumn, when I was absent on the Thibetan frontier; then, in consequence of further reports which he received of yamên intrigues against him, he took refuge in Burmah nominally for the purpose of worshipping at the Buddhist shrines there and proceeding to Japan to study; I have suggested for the consideration of the Government of Burmah that the young Sawbwa should be advised to return to his State. The Chinese officials are in a fright in consequence of the exposure in the Mang Shih case, and I think that Kangai can be for the present protected by Consular representations. Disorders in this State, which may probably follow the permanent absence of the young Sawbwa, would be a source of danger to our trade and frontier.\n\nI think it may be stated, as a rule, that the functions of the West Yünnan officials in their Shan States are either parasitical or predatory; they do nothing to protect or educate their Sawbwas, and they prevent them from educating or protecting themselves, but they are ready to extort by false and frivolous charges the last rupee out of their unlucky dependents.\n\nQuestions, therefore, of some difficulty arise when the relations between the Tengyueh Consul and the Chinese Shan Chiefs have to be adjusted. To assist in the settlement of frontier cases in which British subjects have suffered injury is one of the principal duties of the Consul.\n\nNow, the subjects or nominal subjects of the Shan Sawbwas are nearly always the guilty parties in these cases. For the Consul to remain at Tengyueh and address formal remonstrances to the Chinese officials have been proved by experience to be utterly useless. On the other hand, by proceeding to the frontier, by meeting the Chinese deputies and the Shan Sawbwas on the spot, it has been proved that the British officials can, to a large extent, prevent serious frontier troubles, such as raids, and can obtain a large measure of satisfaction for the minor cases, such as cattle-lifting and so forth.\n\nThe Consul cannot do his duty unless he goes to the frontier and meets the Shan Sawbwas or their deputies; he cannot go to the frontier without passing through the Shan territories; he cannot pass through those territories without having relations with the Sawbwas.\n\nThe British Government has the right to post a Consul to Tengyueh, and the Consul has the duty of assisting in the settlement of frontier matters. It seems to follow that we can properly insist that the Shan Chiefs and States shall not be subject to any special oppression or extortion by the Chinese officials merely because we are exercising that right or the Consul is fulfilling that duty.\n\nThese official depredations must, and do, cause unrest in the Chinese Shan States, and such unrest must affect the border and the trans-frontier trade as a whole; it is, therefore, submitted that the argument that the internal affairs of the Chinese Empire—the \"squeezing of the Sawbwas\" included—do not concern the Consul, is purely academical, and cannot in practice rule the conduct of the Consulates.\n\nStill clearer is our right to insist that the Tengyueh officials shall not drag the name of our Government into these disgraceful transactions, and make Burmah the stalking-horse behind which they approach their prey. No one knows better than the Taotai that these charges of intrigues with the Burmah Government are both false and insulting; they are only put forward because they are readily accepted at Yünnan-fu, and being there accepted, render the \"squeezing\" process easy of accomplishment.\n\nIt may be said that, in cases where positive evidence that such false charges have been made is not forthcoming, or in cases where other charges, such as meditating a rebellion, are put forward with a view to extort money from one of these Shan Chiefs, the Consul has no locus standi and no official knowledge of what is going on, and no right to interfere.\n\nTo this, the reply is the charge of rebellion is as absurd as the charge of intrigues with Burmah for the reason that it is notorious that none of the Chinese Shan States have even the pretence of a force with which to operate a rebellion, and secondly, that the Consul or the British officials in Burmah are always acquainted with the condition of the Chinese Shan States, and will know if the Chinese officials have any real ground for molesting or arresting the Sawbwa in question. If there is no such ground, it is practically certain that such action on their part is an attempt to extort money.\n\nIf the false charge is conspiring with Burmah, it is an insult to the British name; if it is something else, it and the \"squeezing\" which follow endanger the peace of the frontier which it is the duty of the Yunnan Government to preserve, and I hope you will approve of the Consular officer making an energetic protest in all such cases. Such a protest would, I think, be always effectual, and the threat of demanding an inquiry by the Yunnan Viceroy, or still more by the Central Government at Peking, would always cause the local officials to drop their prey, as in the case of Mang Shih.\n\nIn the matter of the young Kangai Sawbwa, the Taotai has assured me, though not in writing, that it is all a mistake, and that if the young Sawbwa returns to his State, no notice of his absence will be taken. With the Mang Shih case hanging over him, I have little doubt that the Taotai will keep his word.\n\nIf the Chinese officials lay themselves open to Consular remonstrances, which they resent, they have only themselves to blame. They have always been bad and perfidious neighbours to Burmah; so long as they had the power they practised every kind of extortion on our trade, nor have I any doubt that nearly all the Kachin and other fighting which has accompanied the settlement of the border by the British down to the Hparé affair in 1900, was secretly instigated from the Tengyueh yamêns. It is true that on two occasions, i.e., after the Sima troubles in 1891, and after the fight at Hparé, the Yunnan-fu Government removed and degraded the guilty Tengyueh official, but one may suspect that this was not so much because intrigues across the border had commenced, as because they had ended in failure from the Chinese point of view.\n\nThus I venture to submit that the experience of the past amply justifies a certain amount of interference in the Chinese Shan States in the future, directed to secure \n\nPage 7  \n[1899 d-1] \nD",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-330 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "page_number": 585,
        "title": "CO129-330 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "# SOUTH-WEST CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\nNo. 1.\n\nMay 19**5**6 → **1906** (Corrected to a plausible year as \"19566\" is not a valid date)\n\n**RECE SECTION**\n\nMAY 05'\n\n**Acting Consul Litton to the Marquess of Lansdowne.-(Received May 13.)**\n\n(No. 5.) My Lord,\n\nI BEG to submit some extracts from the last Intelligence Report for this Consular district.\n\nTeng Yueh, April 15, 1905.\n\nI have, &c. \n(Signed) \n**G. LITTON**\n\n## Inclosure in No. 1.\n\n### Extract from Intelligence Report, Teng Yueh, April 15, 1905.\n\nDecline in Trade; Opium Transit.-After a decline in the last quarter of 1904, the Burmah-Yunnan trade shows a fall of no less than 22 per cent. in the first quarter of 1905 as compared with the corresponding quarter of 1904. None of the usual causes of commercial depression in China are present to account for this, and it is notoriously due to the prohibition against the transit of opium across Burmah, combined with the fact that the opium crop of West Yunnan cannot for the time pass freely by any other route, owing (1) to the disturbances in Kwangsi, and (2) to the sudden and enormous increases in inland dues in all the provinces of transit, Yünnan, Kwei Chou, Hunan, and the two Kwangs. The result is that the merchants are holding up their stocks of the drug, which is the same as saying that they are holding up the capital with which they would otherwise buy foreign goods from Barmah, for opium is the only considerable product of West Yunnan suited for export.\n\nA consequent fall of 22 per cent. in our trade should satisfy even the ultra-protectionists who believe that India is to find her profit in totally prohibiting the passage of her neighbours' only export. The situation now is such that the West Yunnan merchants would be glad to take their opium across Burmah, and so by sea to Canton, and there pay duty on it to the Customs at the heavy rates levied on foreign—i.e., Indian-opium, and they inform me that Central Yunnan opium is passing via Mengtse and Tonquin to Canton under these conditions, but I have written to inquire if this really is the case.\n\nMeanwhile the li-kin have overreached themselves, and are not able to get in their revenue. The Teng Yueh and Yung Chang collectors are in despair. No doubt after a time the inland dues will be again reduced, or Kwangsi will be partially opened and the trade resume its ordinary course, but not until a serious blow has been struck at our import trade.\n\nIn articles on trade with Persia, I have often read denunciations of Muscovite wickedness in closing the Batum-Caspian transit route to foreign trade. But what the British are doing as regards West Yunnan opium is even worse. Russia prevents foreign goods reaching Persia across her territory. We prohibit the produce of one part of China reaching the consumers thereof in another part of China. The whole thing is not only injurious to our trade in practice, but it is unfair to the Chinese in principle, and it is not to be wondered at that merchants in West Yünnan feel strongly about the matter, and ask whether we really care as much about free and fair trade as we profess. They have recently sent a Petition to Yunnan-fu and to the Wai-wu Pu pointing out the disastrous results to them of the present block, and asking that measures of relief should be adopted. They use the old Chinese argument that, their opium being stopped, their silver, which is their life-blood and the true wealth of the country, is flowing out into the hands of the avaricious foreigner.\n\nSo long as the present policy in Burmah is maintained, His Majesty's Government must be greatly hampered in considering the important question of a railway or a road into Yunnan, for it is impossible to say what the potentialities of the Burmah-Yunnan trade are, unless it is given a fair chance.\n\n[2012 π-1] \nPage 578",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 21 in No. 1\n### Memorial by the Board of Revenue urging that a Limit be set to the Minting of Copper Coin in the Provinces, and that a Uniform Currency be established.\n\nA sound currency is the foundation of financial administration, and it is essential that coinage should be uniform. This Board has, in obedience to Imperial Edict, established a head mint at Tien-tsin for the express purpose of producing a uniform currency.\n\nThe introduction of copper coins commenced in Kuangtung. Since then this example has been followed by other provinces in order to remedy the scarcity of cash, until now there are not less than twenty mints erected in seventeen provinces. Unless a stop is put to this, further requests will be made to erect similar mints, or to extend the operations of old ones, leading to further waste of money and greater confusion in the currency. In addition, it is feared that not only will great impetus be given to the counterfeiting of spurious coin, but also that the competition between the various mints for the purchase of foreign copper will be so great as to cause an excessive rise in the price of that article, and cause great financial losses.\n\nLast year the Reform Council (`Cheng Wu Chu`) and the Army Council (`Lien Ping Ch'u`), in their joint Memorial on the request of Wei Kuang-tao for permission to extend his minting of copper, declared that in future the minting of silver and copper coins ought to be wholly placed under the control of the Board of Revenue, in order that there should be uniformity in the currency and stability in the finances of the country, and, further, that the promiscuous establishment of mints throughout the province should be stopped.\n\n### Imperial Rescript\nLet it be done as proposed.\n\n## Inclosure 20 in No. 1\n\nAgain, Chou Fu, Acting Viceroy of the Liang Kiang, proposed in a Memorial last year that the mints for copper coin should be amalgamated, pointing out that the establishment of every new mint meant another addition to the expenditure, and that differences in the qualities of the coins produced by these various mints was a serious inconvenience. He therefore counselled greater care in this question.\n\nThe Board agrees that, though the increased minting of copper coins is desirable, yet the issue of them from an unlimited number of mints is inexpedient. After much consultation, the Board has come to the conclusion that the abolition of the already existing mints would be attended with difficulty, but they consider that the high provincial authorities should carefully superintend their operations and should not establish additional branch mints. No new mints for the coinage of copper should be started in places where they do not now exist, and if there is a necessity for the introduction of copper coins in such places, the authorities should be instructed to pay over a sum of money to the mint of a neighbouring province, which would then return the equivalent in copper coin. In important places where the erection of a mint is desirable this Board will inquire into the circumstances, and, when the head mint at Tien-tsin is in operation, will gradually establish branch mints at Shanghae and other ports with a view to furnishing a uniform currency.\n\nOrders were given by the Board, when the erection of mints in the provinces was first permitted, that monthly reports of their operation should be made. Up to the present, though the mints have been in operation for a long time, the officials have shown of what little importance they consider the currency question by altogether neglecting to do so. The Board, therefore, with a view to saving correspondence and exercising thorough supervision, requests that the high provincial authorities may be called on to strictly direct the officials in charge of the mints to furnish collective annual reports, and also to forward without delay copies of the Local Regulations with regard to the minting and issue of coin to the Board for inspection.\n\nThe contributions which it has been admitted the mints should make towards the expenses of the Army Council are matters of great consequence, and further orders should be issued that these should not be allowed to fall into arrears on any pretext, but should be transmitted in full.\n\n### Imperial Rescript\nLet it be done as proposed.\n\n## \n\nIn a recent issue of the \"Peiyang Kuan Pao,\" anterior to the 6th June, it is stated that there are eighteen mints for the production of copper coins. Of these the Kuanghsi, Yunnan, Fengtien, and Tien-tsin (Board of Revenue) Mints are not mentioned in the Chamber of Commerce list.\n\nThe \"Peiyang Kuan Pao\" gives the share of profits each mint is ordered to provide annually towards the expenditure of the `Lien-ping-chu` (Military Commission), amounting to a total of 7,050,000 taels. Doubtless these mints will continue to give a profit, at least until the quantity of coin produced by them reaches the point at which no more can be absorbed by internal commerce. It is not unlikely, however, that the Chinese Government imagine that they have here a perennial source of profit, and to warn them against the danger of depreciation owing to over-issue seems a quite legitimate step for the Representatives of Powers to take who have Treaties containing a clause similar to Article II of the British Commercial Treaty of 1902. Whether the Representatives of Powers which have not concluded such Treaties can nevertheless appeal to the British, American, and Japanese is, of course, a question for them to decide.\n\nThe Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce refers the Diplomatic Body to the statements given on pp. 12 and 13 of the \"Report on the Trade of China, and Abstract of Statistics,\" published this year by the Imperial Maritime Customs. This publication estimates the output for 1904 at 1,745,000,000 copper pieces (variously denoted as \"one-hundredth of a dollar\" and \"ten mills\"), while the Chairman of the Chamber estimates that when the whole of the mints, new and old, are in operation the annual output will be 16,413,000,000 pieces, or nearly ten times as many.\n\nAn explanation of the apparent difference between these two estimates is to be desired. And further, as these new coins are presumably to replace the existing cash, it would be useful if the Chairman of the Chamber could inform us how many of such pieces (including fractional coins such as he speaks of in the last paragraph of his letter) would, in the opinion of his Chamber, be required for a population of 400,000,000 people.\n\nThe Chairman remarks that \"in permitting the provincial authorities to produce these 10 cash pieces in varying intrinsic values she (China) is evading her Treaty obligations.\" Something more explicit than this statement is necessary as a foundation for a remonstrance to the Chinese Government against evasion of her Treaty obligations. It is desirable that precise information, accompanied by expert evidence, should be furnished as to what mints have produced 10-cash pieces of a less intrinsic value than the assumed standard, and to what extent such issues vary from the standard.\n\nJune 24, 1905.\n\n## Inclosure 22 in No. 1\n### Consul Ker to Sir E. Satow\n\nWuhu, December 15, 1904.\n\nI beg to inclose copies of a private correspondence that has passed between Mr. E. S. Little and myself on the subject of mining rights of foreigners in the interior. Mr. Little maintains that the Mackay Treaty \"gives foreigners exactly the same right to buy and hold land as the natives anywhere in the interior.\"\n\nI am unable to accept this view, and as Mr. Little says that he is about to see you on the subject, I think it well that you should know exactly what I wrote to him. If my interpretation of the Treaty is wrong, I should be grateful for instructions.\n\n### Mr. E. S. Little to Consul Ker\n\nShanghae, December 1, 1904.\n\nI am sorry to find on my return your letter cutting short Ede's Concession. I do not yet know what we shall do about it, but it is a pity that the Minister has taken the view he has. One of the oldest and most respected merchants in Shanghae said to me a day or two ago, in connection with another enterprise, \"I would not put a penny into any British affair; the only people who get any support are the Germans.\" It is absolutely...\n\nPage 252\nPage 23\nPage 22\nPage 4",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 272,
        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "# 267\n\n**C.O.**\n\n## SOUTH-WEST CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n31967\n\n[August 28.]\n\n**REC**\n\nRect 6 SEP 05 SECTION 1.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n### Consul-General Wilkinson to the Marquess of Lansdowne.—(Received August 28.)\n\n**(No. 17.)**\nMy Lord,\n\nYunnan-fu, July 9, 1905.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose copy of a report which I have addressed to His Majesty's Minister submitting translation of a despatch from Ting, Governor-General of the Yun-Kuei, to the Wai-wu Pu, covering the report of Shih Taotai on the recent joint investigation of the Burmah-Yünnan borderland north of Tengyueh.\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed)  \nW. H. WILKINSON.\n\n### (No. 27.)\nSir,\n\n#### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow,\n\nYunnan-fu, July 8, 1905.\n\nTWO days ago Ting Chiht'ai courteously sent me, informally, copy of his despatch to the Wai-wu Pu, covering the report of Shih Taotai on the results of the recent joint inquiry into the features and conditions of the borderland between Burmah and Yunnan north of Manung Pum. Of this despatch I have the honour to inclose copy and translation.\n\nThe Governor-General had earlier informed me that he did not propose to comment on the report, but to leave the conclusions to be drawn from it to be discussed between yourself and the Wai-wu Pu. This resolution, as you will see, his Excellency adheres to in his present despatch, and I cannot learn that he has sent any other communication, even privately or confidentially, to the Government at Peking.\n\nMr. Litton has supplied me with the Chinese text, and in some cases with the English version, of his correspondence with Shih Taotai; but as I understand that he has also forwarded copies to the Legation, I do not append these papers. From this correspondence you will have learnt that Shih Taotai claims as Chinese territory the whole country lying between the Nmaikha-Salwen watershed to the east and the Ngaw-chang (Siao-chiang) and Kansheng Rivers to the west, together with a few villages on the headwaters of the Chipway. The only portion of this country directly referred to in Ting Chiht'ai's covering despatch is the central district, which includes the chai (stockades or defensible villages) of Tzu-chu and Hparé. This district his Excellency claims for the two Fu-yi or native Chiefs of Mingkuang, a valley to the east of the watershed. The claim really rests on certain certificates of succession granted to the predecessors of these Chiefs by the Board of War in 1839 and 1841, and it will be noticed that the Governor-General is careful to attach copies of these documents to his despatch. Since in that despatch his Excellency speaks of a time when \"British troops crossed the frontier and created disturbance,\" it is permissible to believe that his object in laying stress on this part of the Chinese claim is due to a desire to vindicate his attitude in the matter of the \"Hparé incident,\" and even to reopen that question. He has, however, said nothing to me, so far, on this subject.\n\nYou will notice that Shih Taotai appears to have regarded the late inquiry as limited to the frontier of the Tengyueh Sub-Prefecture (or of the Yungch'ang Prefecture), for he speaks of the Mission as surveying successively northwards till the confines of the jurisdiction of the Li-chiang Prefect were reached, in latitude 26° 30′.\n\nOn the other hand, Mr. Litton regarded his own informal offer of 4,000 rupees for entertainment of Chinese Headmen, as conditional on the recognition of the N'maikha-Salwen divide as the frontier \"up to the confines of Thibet\"—some 2 degrees further north. In this region, however, as Mr. Litton pointed out in his Memorandum of last August, certain Chiu-t'zü Chiefs from the headwaters of the Irrawaddy pay annually at Yedru a tribute that is remitted to Li-chiang. It would seem likely, therefore, that the Chinese would insist on a further mission of inquiry for...",
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        "content_text": "## 268 \n\n2 \n\nthe borderland north of latitude 26° 30' before they would come to terms in the matter of the recognition of the watershed as the Burma-Yunnan frontier-line right up to Thibet.\n\nTing Chiht'ai, in his despatch, does not express himself as averse to a perpetual lease after the precedent of the Naniwan assigned tract (the \"Meng-mao Triangle\"); but neither does he write in favour of this course. What he suggests is that the respective limits of the two countries, Yünnan and Burma, must be defined before negotiations for a lease can be commenced.\n\nAs regards those limits, it would seem that the claim of Tengkeng to the district round about Kangfang and Pienma cannot well be contested. Tengkeng may exercise little or no authority in the district, but he is paid from it a yearly tribute-estimated by Mr. Litton at an average of some 350 rupees. For Tzu-chu and Hparé, again, although the statements in Ting Chiht'ai's despatch-that \"soothing and controlling\" (in other words, effective administration) has been continuously exercised by the Mingkuang Fu-yi-are contradicted by the evidence collected on the spot by Messrs. Litton and Leveson, yet, as I understand, the genuineness of the certificates of succession cannot be impugned. Mr. Litton's argument is, perhaps, the best we can offer: That, in the absence of proof of actual administration of Tzu-chu and Hparé by the present Fu-yi, the certificates relate to mere empty titles such as that of \"King of France\" borne by the successors on the British throne of Henry VI.\n\nWere it not for the Hparé incident we might admit, as a matter of theoretical right, the claims of the Fu-yi and buy them out; we can still do this if it is understood that our action is \"without prejudice,\" and will not justify Chinese reclamations for the collision at Hparé in February 1900.\n\nPerhaps the best solution of the whole problem would be for the Indian Government to agree to pay to the Yünnan Government a lump sum \"in full satisfaction of any and all claims, on the part of the Chinese Government or its subjects, to territorial or other rights on the west side of the N'maikha-Salwen divide, from Manung Pum to the confines of Thibet,\" or \"to latitude 28° 30′ north.\" If this could be arranged there would be no need to make new investigations or excuse to revive old controversies; while Burma could proceed at her leisure to develop and administer the country.\n\nI fear, however, that the Chinese Government would hold out for a perpetual lease, even without a yearly payment; since they would thus seem to avoid the reproach of alienating celestial territory. If they are unwilling even to grant a perpetual lease-but this I do not anticipate, once we formally admit the sovereignty of China-the only alternative to our forcible occupation of territory necessary to Burma, but useless to Yunnan, would seem to be to require the Chinese to at once establish effective control over the country claimed by them, and thereafter to hold them responsible for all raids from those regions into British territory. Ting Chiht'ai's Memorial on the Wa foray of last December-a translation of which I submitted to you in my despatch No. 13 of the 11th April last-shows how distasteful such measures for the coercion of hill savages would be to the present Yunnan Government.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed)  \n**W. H. WILKINSON**\n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n**Ting, Governor-General of the Yün-kuci, to the Wai-wu Pu, Peking.**\n\n(Translation.)\n\nYünnan-fu, July 1, 1905.\n\nIn October last the Governor-General had the honour to receive a telegram from the Wai-wu Pu (Board of Foreign Affairs), informing him that the British Minister had written officially to say, with reference to the northern section of the Burma-Yunnan frontier, that his Government proposed to send officers who should, in co-operation with officers dispatched by the Chinese Government, proceed through Chinese territory to the watershed, and indicate the actual features of the country. The Chinese Delegates might, it was suggested by the Minister, be appointed by the Taotai at Tengyueh, the official in that quarter.\n\nOn this the Board observed that the boundary in this section had been left confused for years, and the British Minister's assent to the Mission of Delegates to jointly examine its actual features was intended as a basis for future delimitation. The Board hoped that the Governor-General, as the nearest authority, would depute an upright trustworthy official experienced in frontier matters, and would telegraph in reply.\n\nThe Governor-General accordingly deputed Shih Hung-shao, Acting Intendant of the Western Circuit, to proceed to hold the inquiry in conjunction with the British officers, and so informed the Yamên (of Foreign Affairs).\n\nSubsequently, last January, he had the honour to receive a telegram from the Board stating that they were in receipt of a communication from the British Minister saying that, as regards the northern section of the Burma-Yunnan frontier, the officer deputed by his Government would be the present Consul at Tengyueh, Mr. Litton, who would take with him officials from Burma and a guard. Since both Shih Taotai and Consul Litton were now at Tengyueh, the date of their departure on this Mission, and all details of procedure, could be arranged between them. It was hoped that instructions would be given to Shih Taotai accordingly.\n\nA further telegram informed the Governor-General that the British Minister had stated in a note to the Board that Consul Litton reported by telegraph that Shih Taotai had received his instructions, but the Taotai's idea appeared to be that it was a delimitation of the frontier that was proposed. The object, however, of the Mission of Shih Taotai and Consul Litton was, the Minister remarked, merely to report to their respective Governments for consideration, and implied no delimitation there and then. He asked that instructions might be telegraphed in this sense to Shih Taotai. On this the Board observed that the Treaty lays down, as regards the northern section of the Yunnan-Burma frontier, that the settlement and delimitation of this portion shall be reserved until its features and conditions are more accurately known. The present mission of officers by the two countries is by no means a joint delimitation, and the Board trusted that Shih Taotai might accordingly be instructed by telegraph to arrive at a satisfactory understanding with Consul Litton.\n\nShih Taotai reported, in obedience to orders, that the departure for the frontier had been arranged for the 3rd March, and this date was communicated by telegraph to the Board on the 1st March.\n\nThe Taotai, Shih Hung-shao, now reports in detail how he started on the 3rd March with Consul Litton, but was obliged, owing to the snows not having yet disappeared, to alter the date of his first stage to the 5th March. On the 7th March they reached Ku-yung, but as the Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo had not arrived, they agreed to go together to Tan-cha, and stop for a time near the high conical peak. Subsequently they advanced further to Ma-li-pa, in Tien-t'an. On the 24th March they were joined by Mr. Leveson, Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo, with his guard and aides, and proceeded in a body to the frontier. Either party sent its surveyors to make surveys in all directions. The original demarcation of the frontier had stopped short north of the high conical peak, or, as the Kachins call it, Manung Pum. Hence it was now necessary to begin surveying from this peak. Accordingly, taking with him his assistants, and accompanied by his surveyors, in conjunction with the officials from Burma (the Taotai), started from the high conical peak and surveyed successively northwards, crossing the snowy range of the Kao-li-kung till the confines of the jurisdiction of the Li-chiang Prefect were reached, the whole country forming the borderland of Yunnan and Burma. By the beginning of May this section of the frontier had been carefully surveyed, but it included a survey of the domains of the \"Fu-yi\" (chieftains) of Ming-kuang and Ta-tang, involving considerable detour and perambulation. According to the boundary maps submitted by the \"Fu-yi\" of Ming-kuang and Ta-t'ang, their jurisdiction extends to beyond the Sino-chiang (\"Little River of the Ngaw-chang Kha\").\n\n| Location        | Description                                                                 |\n|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Ta-ya-k'ou      | The watershed of the Ngen-mei-k'ai, or Ngen-mai-k'a (N'maikha)               |\n| Siao-chiang     | \"Little River of the Ngaw-chang Kha\"; 160 or 170 li from Ta-ya-k'ou         |\n| Tzu-chu, Hparé  | Stockades between Ta-ya-k'ou and Siao-chiang; old domains of Yang and Tso   |\n\nThe view of the British Delegates was that it is desirable to regard Ta-ya-k'on as the boundary, being the watershed of the Ngen-mei-k'ai, or Ngen-mai-k'a (N'maikha). Now, Ta-ya-k'ou is this side of the Siao-chiang, and distant from it 160 or 170 li. Between them are Tzu-chu, Hparé, and other stockades,* the old domains of the Yang and Tso Chieftains (\"Fu-yi\") of Ming-kuang. Certificates of succession granted by the Board of War in the Taokuang (1821-1851) were still in existence, and, being submitted, were found to be genuine. These \"Fu-yi,\" owing to military disturbances, had removed to territory occupied by Chinese; but the various native stockades were still subject to their control, kept up relations with them, and were granted, uninterruptedly, gifts of oxen and wine. Beyond the Siao-chiang, however, the native stockades were too remote, and the disposition of the natives was perverse and stubborn. Relations were comparatively infrequent.\n\n* \"Chai,\" defensible villages.  \n↑ \"Hanti.\"  \nLit., \"still received from them, soothing and driving.\"",
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        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## Considering these circumstances, the Siao-chiang ought to be taken as the boundary for all to be of accord. Consul Litton, however, stood out for Ta-ya-k'ou as the boundary, declaring that the stockades beyond Ta-ya-k'ou were not subject to the administration of the \"Fu-yi,\" and could not be regarded as territory within the (Chinese) jurisdiction. The Acting Taotai, seeing that the certificates of succession are still in evidence, demurred to this; but as Consul Litton was unwilling to go and hold a joint investigation, the Acting Taotai himself sent officers to ascertain the facts.\n\nOne after the other they had now returned to Tengyueh, and a general map had been compiled, which had been compared, for the names of hills, streams, and localities, with the draft map sent in by Consul Litton. Consul Litton had, moreover, written officially to say that the procedure hitherto had been for both parties to affix their seals to a frontier map. The present joint mission of inquiry had no power to demarcate, and although both parties affixed their seals, such proceeding would be merely proof of the genuineness of the map, and could not be taken as evidence of delimitation. A note to the above effect having been made on the map, seals were mutually affixed.\n\nIn this section of the frontier Consul Litton desired the boundary to run from the great snow range of Kao-li-kung down along the watershed across Ta-ya-k'ou, insisting that the water-parting would make Ta-ya-k'ou the boundary. The Acting Taotai, on the ground of the jurisdiction of the sawbwa, insisted that the Siao-chiang was the boundary. They argued and discussed, until Consul Litton wrote saying that he had received a note from the Burmah Government expressing a wish to deal with the matter amicably. They were willing to follow the precedent of the Meng-mao Triangle and for all villages beyond (i.e., west of) Ta-ya-k'ou to pay a yearly sum of 1,000 rupees or 1,500 rupees for a lease in perpetuity. Such would be a tacit admission of Chinese Sovereignty; and although the present mission was one of inquiry only and not of delimitation, still, as a formal communication had been made, it was impossible not to traverse it clause by clause, so as to eradicate assumptions. The Taotai accordingly submitted copies of the survey chart of the northern section of the Burman-Yunnan frontier, together with those of the correspondence with Consul Litton, to be considered and forwarded by the Governor-General.\n\nThe Governor-General would observe that as regards the question of the northern section of the Tengyueh frontier, the British officials have, ever since British troops crossed the frontier and caused disturbance, frequently expressed a desire to consider Ta-ya-k'ou as the boundary. Acting Taotai Shih has now ascertained that it is the domain of Chinese sawbwa, and that there exist certificates of succession as proof. Consul Litton still stands firm in his desire, at the same time talking of a perpetual lease. But before discussing a lease the boundary-line must first be clearly traced, and then negotiations can commence. Moreover, the officers deputed by the two countries on the present Mission had no authority to demarcate. Delimitation, therefore, and discussion of a lease must both await the result of the deliberations of the Board with the British Minister.\n\nThe original map sent in, together with copies of the official correspondence and of the Chieftains' certificates of succession, are submitted to the Board with the present communication, and it is earnestly requested that due consideration may be given to them.\n\nA necessary communication and Report.\n\nInclosures: one map, in original, with joint seals; two dossiers (copies). Addressed to the Wai-wu Pu, Kuang hsü, 31st year, 5th moon, 29th day (1st July, 1905).\n\n**[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]**\n\n## SOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[September 2.]\n\n### SECTION 1.\n\nIndia Office to Foreign Office.--(Received September 2.) India Office, September 1, 1905. I am directed to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 21st July, transmitting, for the information of the Secretary of State for India, a copy of a despatch from His Majesty's Consul at Teng Yueh regarding the survey for a light railway from Bhamo to Teng Yueh.\n\nIn reply, I am to inform you that Mr. Brodrick agrees with the view taken by the Marquess of Lansdowne, that it is desirable that Mr. Litton's Report on the survey, and the views of the Government of India, should be awaited before any action is taken in negotiating with the Chinese Government for the necessary concession to construct the railway in Chinese territory.\n\nI am, &c.\n\n(Signed) HORACE WALPOLE.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 362,
        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "# (This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\n## SOUTH-WEST CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n35122 [September 18.]\n\nSECTION 1.2 OCT 05\n\nNo. 1.\n\n355\n\n### Consul-General Wilkinson to the Marquess of Lansdowne.-(Received September 18.)\n\n**(No. 19.)** My Lord,\n\nYunnan-fu, July 30, 1905. Referring to my despatch No. 5 of the 11th April last, I have the honour to inclose copy of a further despatch to His Majesty's Minister, showing, from information furnished me by the Governor-General here, that the Chinese still maintain certain military posts on the west, or Burmah, side of \"Scott's Line\" (the undelimited frontier south of Kunlong Ferry).\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**(No. 28.)** Sir,\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n#### Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satou.\n\nYunnan-fu, July 29, 1905. With reference to my despatch No. 13 of the 11th April last, I have the honour to inclose copy of a despatch which I have addressed to the Government of Burmah, covering translation of a Return of the Chinese military posts on the frontier about \"Scott's Line.”\n\nTing Chiht'ai tells me that he has received copies of your despatch to the Wai-wu Pu of the 7th March and of Prince Ching's reply of the 30th March. (Copies of the English text have reached me through Burmah, but none of the Chinese.)\n\nShih Hung-shao, who is to go to Pu-erh as Acting I-nan Tao, is on his way hither from Tengyueh. I expect that Ting Ta-jên will not feel himself in a position to furnish the Wai-wu Pu with full information on the subject of the undelimited frontier from the Namting to Nalawt (\"Scott's Line\") until he has received Shih Taot'ai's reports from Chenpien, where the latter cannot now arrive for some three months. Ch'en Ts'an, who was one of the Chinese Boundary Commissioners in 1899-1900, is substantive Provincial Judge here, and he also will, no doubt, be consulted by the Governor-General. Ting Chiht'ai was himself Governor here at that time, so must be well posted already in the controversy. All the same, I think that he will, as I have said, await Shih Taot'ai's report before finally advising the Peking Government.\n\nSir,\nI have, &c.\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON,\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n#### Consul-General Wilkinson to Government of India.\n\nYunnan-fu, July 28, 1905. Referring to my despatch of the 9th April last, I applied some short time ago to Governor-General Ting for information as to the position and strength of the Chinese military posts in Chenpien Sub-Prefecture. His Excellency telegraphed to the Brigadier-General at Pu-erh, and he has now sent me what I understand to be a copy of the consequent Return.\n\nOf this Return I have the honour to inclose my translation, to which I have appended certain notes. I regret that I cannot identify all the places on the list, but sufficient names are marked on the various maps in my archives to show that the general disposition of the forces under the Brigadier's command is designed to hem in the K'a-wa on the east and south.\n\n[2167 s -1]\n\nOct.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\nYou will observe that the Return officially establishes the fact that at two points at least—Mong-kha (Hsi-ming) and Leng-k'an—the Chinese continue to maintain garrisons on the western side of \"Scott's Line.\" It is noted in the original Return that this disposition of the P'u-ting Right Battalion dates from before the foray of the Wild Wa last winter.\n\nTing Chih-tai, in sending me the Return, expressed a wish that I would supply him with a similar list of the military posts maintained by Burmah along the K'a-wa Pale, and, in view of his Excellency's courtesy in acceding to my request for a Return of the Chinese forces, I trust that your Government will see its way to providing me with such list for transmission to the Governor-General. As regards the position, at any rate, of the British posts there can, I imagine, be no secrecy, and our claim to \"Scott's Line\" is independent of the question of actual administration.\n\nTing Ta-jèn would, I gather, be prepared to consider suggestions for concerted action against the Wa, though his inclination is to regard the Wa Hills as a district independent both of Yunnan and of Burmah, much as the Lolo country on the left bank of the Yang-tze, opposite Chao-t'ung Prefecture, is, in effect, independent both of Szechuan and of Yunnan. It has not, apparently, occurred to him that the acceptance by his Government of \"Scott's Line\" would make Burmah liable for all damages caused by Wa forays into Yünnan territory.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)  \nW. H. WILKINSON,\n\n## Return showing the Stations of the Regular and the Local Battalions of Chenpien\n\n(Translation.)\n\n1. The Pu-ting Front Battalion (\"ying\").—The Centre, Rear, and Left Companies (\"shao\"), are stationed at the main camp of Nan-ch'a; the Front Company at Chan-ma-p'o; the Right Company at Nan-tai.\n\n2. The Pu-ting Left Battalion.—The Centre and Left Companies are posted on the bank of the Na-cha-t River, in Mien-ning Sub-Prefecture; the Right Company at San-ch'a-lu (\"Three Cross Roads\"); the Front Company at Chenpien; the Rear Company at Ssü-mao.\n\n3. The Chingpien Local Battalion.—The Centre Company is stationed at the main camp of Nan-wa; the Left Company at Siao (\"Lesser\") An-kang; the Right Company at Shang (\"Upper\") Kai-hsin; the Front Company at Chenpien Town; while the Rear Company is partly at Tien-pa, partly at the Nan-pen Hill.\n\nNOTE.—These three battalions were stationed at the above posts (from Nan-ch'a to the Nan-pen Hill) after the foray of the Wa last winter.\n\n4. The Pu-ting Right Battalion.—One picket (\"p'eng\") of the Centre Company is stationed at Chenpien Town; the remaining four pickets of this company are at Leng-k'an. The Left Company is stationed at Man-law; the Right at Kung-hsin; the Front at Hsi-ming; the Rear at Lung-k'an.\n\n[NOTE.—This battalion was stationed at the above posts (from Chenpien Town to Lung-k'an) previous to the Wa foray of last winter.]\n\n### Notes by Translator\n\n1. P'u-ting is the name of the battalion, derived from the \"P'u\" of Pu-erh (the Prefecture in which Ssü-mao is situated) and \"ting\" (to settle); so Chingpien comes from \"ching\" (to tranquillize) and \"pien\" (the frontier).\n\n2. Battalions (\"ying\") in the Chinese Army are distinguished as (a) \"chung\" (the centre); (b) \"tso\" (the left); (c) \"yu\" (the right); (d) \"chien\" (the front); (e) \"hou\" (the rear).  \n   Each battalion contains five companies (\"shao\"), similarly distinguished. In the same way, each company is divided into five pickets (\"p'eng\").  \n   Properly speaking, a battalion should consist of 500 men; so that a company should number 100 and a picket 20. In Yunnan Province, 70 men are reckoned to the company, and often only 10 to the picket. The numbers actually employed, moreover, would vary with the venality of the Commanding Officer.\n\nPage 356\n\n3. Nan-ch'a will be found marked (as Nan-cha) in both Chinese and English on Inclosures Nos. 4 and 10 to the `Report on the Work of the Burmah-China Boundary Commission, Season 1899-1900` (Political Department, No. `B.C. 1900—7`).  \n   Chan-ma-p'o I can find on none of the maps in my archives, unless, as is most probable, it is to be identified with Cha-ma-p'o in `Survey of India, Yunnan Province`, Sheet No. 4 S.E. (Reg. No. `797-8./03`), at about latitude 22° 52′ north, longitude 99° 45′ east.  \n   Nan-tai I cannot discover.  \n   Mien-ning Sub-Prefecture is adjacent to Chenpien Sub-Prefecture, on the north. It should be shown on Sheet No. 12 N.W., which is not in my archives.  \n   San-ch'a-lu cannot be identified here.  \n   Nan-wa appears as in Inclosure No. 10 and as in Inclosure No. 4 (latitude 23°, longitude 99° 50′). An An-kang is marked just below it (as in Inclosure No. 10, and as in Inclosure No. 4. There is another An-kang north-east of Nan-ch'a (see tracing of the map of Chenpien Sub-Prefecture, inclosed with my despatch No. 11, Burmah, of 1905); but the \"Lesser An-kang\" of the Return is probably that of Inclosures Nos. 4 and 10.  \n   Shang Kai-hsin will be found on the same tracing of the Sub-Prefecture, due north of Chenpien Town, and in latitude 23° 14′.  \n   Tien-pa is almost certainly the Tien-pa of Captain Renny-Tailyour's `Rough Map to accompany the Commissioner's Report` (Political Department, `B.C. 1900—7`), in latitude 22° 41', longitude 99° 54′.  \n   The Nan-pen Hill I cannot identify.  \n   Leng-k'an is marked almost due north of Meng-ma on Inclosure No. 10. Man-law appears on the map of Chenpien immediately to the north of Shang Kai-hsin, of which it may be a Shan or Lolo equivalent.  \n   Kung-hsin is marked on the same map in the angle between the Nam-ma and Nam-kha Rivers. It is probably the Kawn-hin of Sheet No. 4 S.E.  \n   Hsi-ming is the well-known Mong-hka (see Report of the Boundary Commission, as above, and compare Inclosures Nos. 4 and 10).  \n   Lung-k'an I cannot discover.\n\nA reference to Inclosures Nos. 4 and 10 of the Boundary Commission Report for 1900 will show that, out of the places identified as above, two at least—namely, Hsi-ming (Mong-hka) and Leng-k'an (probably the Lon-kham of Sheet No. 4 S.E.)—lie to the west of \"Scott's Line.\" In other words, the Chinese are certainly maintaining military posts, though of no great strength, in part of the territory claimed for Burmah.\n\nIt is only right to add, however, that these posts are on the east of the frontier as claimed by the Chinese Commissioners in 1900, and that \"Scott's Line\" has never been admitted, even as a provisional boundary, by the Governments of China and Yunnan.\n\n(Signed)  \nW. H. WILKINSON,  \nConsul-General.\n\nYunnan-fu, July 28, 1905.\n\nPage 44",
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        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## 415 \n\n### 22 \n\nIn a recent issue of the \"Peiyang Kuan Pao,\" anterior to the 6th June, it is stated that there are eighteen mints for the production of copper coins. Of these, the Kuanghsi, Yünnan, Fengtien, and Tien-tsin (Board of Revenue) Mints are not mentioned in the Chamber of Commerce list.\n\nThe \"Peiyang Kuan Pao\" gives the share of profits each mint is ordered to provide annually towards the expenditure of the Lien-ping-chu (Military Commission), amounting to a total of 7,050,000 taels. Doubtless these mints will continue to give a profit, at least until the quantity of coin produced by them reaches the point at which no more can be absorbed by internal commerce. It is not unlikely, however, that the Chinese Government imagine that they have here a perennial source of profit, and to warn them against the danger of depreciation owing to over-issue seems a quite legitimate step for the Representatives of Powers to take who have Treaties containing a clause similar to Article II of the British Commercial Treaty of 1902. Whether the Representatives of Powers which have not concluded such Treaties can nevertheless appeal to the British, American, and Japanese is, of course, a question for them to decide.\n\nThe Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce refers the Diplomatic Body to the statements given on pp. 12 and 13 of the \"Report on the Trade of China, and Abstract of Statistics,\" published this year by the Imperial Maritime Customs. This publication estimates the output for 1904 at 1,745,000,000 copper pieces (variously denoted as \"one-hundredth of a dollar\" and \"ten mills\"), while the Chairman of the Chamber estimates that when the whole of the mints, new and old, are in operation, the annual output will be 16,413,000,000 pieces, or nearly ten times as many.\n\nAn explanation of the apparent difference between these two estimates is to be desired. And further, as these new coins are presumably to replace the existing cash, it would be useful if the Chairman of the Chamber could inform us how many of such pieces (including fractional coins such as he speaks of in the last paragraph of his letter) would, in the opinion of his Chamber, be required for a population of 400,000,000 people.\n\nThe Chairman remarks that \"in permitting the provincial authorities to produce these 10 cash pieces in varying intrinsic values, she (China) is evading her Treaty obligations.\" Something more explicit than this statement is necessary as a foundation for a remonstrance to the Chinese Government against evasion of her Treaty obligations. It is desirable that precise information, accompanied by expert evidence, should be furnished as to what mints have produced 10-cash pieces of a less intrinsic value than the assumed standard, and to what extent such issues vary from the standard.\n\nJune 24, 1905.\n\n### 23 \n\nAgain, Chou Fu, Acting Viceroy of the Liang Kiang, proposed in a Memorial last year that the mints for copper coin should be amalgamated, pointing out that the establishment of every new mint meant another addition to the expenditure, and that differences in the qualities of the coins produced by these various mints was a serious inconvenience. He therefore counselled greater care in this question.\n\nThe Board agrees that, though the increased minting of copper coins is desirable, yet the issue of them from an unlimited number of mints is inexpedient. After much consultation, the Board has come to the conclusion that the abolition of the already existing mints would be attended with difficulty, but they consider that the high provincial authorities should carefully superintend their operations and should not establish additional branch mints. No new mints for the coinage of copper should be started in places where they do not now exist, and if there is a necessity for the introduction of copper coins in such places, the authorities should be instructed to pay over a sum of money to the mint of a neighbouring province, which would then return the equivalent in copper coin. In important places where the erection of a mint is desirable, this Board will inquire into the circumstances, and, when the head mint at Tien-tsin is in operation, will gradually establish branch mints at Shanghae and other ports with a view to furnishing a uniform currency.\n\nOrders were given by the Board, when the erection of mints in the provinces was first permitted, that monthly reports of their operation should be made. Up to the present, though the mints have been in operation for a long time, the officials have shown of what little importance they consider the currency question by altogether neglecting to do so. The Board, therefore, with a view to saving correspondence and exercising thorough supervision, requests that the high provincial authorities may be called on to strictly direct the officials in charge of the mints to furnish collective annual reports, and also to forward without delay copies of the Local Regulations with regard to the minting and issue of coin to the Board for inspection.\n\nThe contributions which it has been admitted the mints should make towards the expenses of the Army Council are matters of great consequence, and further orders should be issued that these should not be allowed to fall into arrears on any pretext, but should be transmitted in full.\n\n**Imperial Rescript.--Let it be done as proposed.**\n\n### Inclosure 21 in No. 1.\n\n### Inclosure 20 in No. 1.\n\n**Memorial by the Board of Revenue urging that a Limit be set to the Minting of Copper Coin in the Provinces, and that a Uniform Currency be established.**\n\nA sound currency is the foundation of financial administration, and it is essential that coinage should be uniform. This Board has, in obedience to Imperial Edict, established a head mint at Tien-tsin for the express purpose of producing a uniform currency.\n\nThe introduction of copper coins commenced in Kuangtung. Since then, this example has been followed by other provinces in order to remedy the scarcity of cash, until now there are not less than twenty mints erected in seventeen provinces. Unless a stop is put to this, further requests will be made to erect similar mints, or to extend the operations of old ones, leading to further waste of money and greater confusion in the currency. In addition, it is feared that not only will great impetus be given to the counterfeiting of spurious coin, but also that the competition between the various mints for the purchase of foreign copper will be so great as to cause an excessive rise in the price of that article, and cause great financial losses.\n\nLast year, the Reform Council (`Cheng Wu Chu`) and the Army Council (`Lien Ping Ch'u`), in their joint Memorial on the request of Wei Kuang-tao for permission to extend his minting of copper, declared that in future, the minting of silver and copper coins ought to be wholly placed under the control of the Board of Revenue, in order that there should be uniformity in the currency and stability in the finances of the country, and, further, that the promiscuous establishment of mints throughout the province should be stopped.\n\nDear Sir Ernest,\n\n### Consul Ker to Sir E. Satow.\n\nWuhu, December 15, 1904.\n\nI beg to inclose copies of a private correspondence that has passed between Mr. E. S. Little and myself on the subject of mining rights of foreigners in the interior. Mr. Little maintains that the Mackay Treaty \"gives foreigners exactly the same right to buy and hold land as the natives anywhere in the interior.\"\n\nI am unable to accept this view, and as Mr. Little says that he is about to see you on the subject, I think it well that you should know exactly what I wrote to him. If my interpretation of the Treaty is wrong, I should be grateful for instructions.\n\nDear Mr. Ker,\n\n### Inclosure 22 in No. 1.\n\nI remain, &c.\n(Signed) W. P. KER.\n\n### Mr. E. S. Little to Consul Ker.\n\nShanghue, December 1, 1904.\n\nI am sorry to find on my return your letter cutting short Ede's Concession. I do not yet know what we shall do about it, but it is a pity that the Minister has taken the view he has. One of the oldest and most respected merchants in Shanghae said to me a day or two ago, in connection with another enterprise, \"I would not put a penny into any British affair; the only people who get any support are the Germans.\" It is absolutely... \n\n[2140 ee-1]",
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        "content_text": "## Inclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\n**Acting Consul Litton to Government of Burwah.**\n\nTengyueh, May 20, 1905.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward, through Mr. Leveson, copy of my Report on the undelimited northern frontier.\n\nThe original is going to Sir Ernest Satow, while the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Consul-General at Yünnan-fu will shortly receive copies.\n\nA list of inclosures is attached.\n\nI shall again address you when I am able to state exactly what the Taotai proposes to report to his Government.\n\n## Inclosure 6 in No. 1.\n\n**Report on a Joint Survey of the Burmah-Yünnan Boundary, north of latitude 25° 35′ north, by British and Chinese Officials, March to May, 1905.**\n\n**(Confidential.)**\n\n### 1. Composition and Duties of the Party.\n\nIN February 1905, I received instructions from the British Minister at Peking to proceed as British Representative on an expedition for the joint examination by British and Chinese officers of the Burmah-Yunnan border, north of latitude 25° 35′ north, the farthest point of previous demarcation. The party, which it was agreed should start from Kuyung, in Chinese territory, 27 miles north of Tengyueh, about the 3rd March, was composed as follows:-\n\n1. Burmah party, in charge of Mr. Leveson, LC.S., Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo, consisting of a survey party of three subordinate surveyors under Munshi Abdul Kahim, who was detailed by the Survey of India for this service; an escort of forty military police, of whom thirty were Gurkhas and the rest Kachin or Lisu sepoys from the Bhamo hills; and of several native followers of Mr. Leveson.\n\nLieutenant Lakin, 92nd Punjabis, who was on leave, accompanied Mr. Leveson, and very kindly placed at my disposal his knowledge of Hindustani and Kachin.\n\n2. The Chinese party, under Shih Hung Chao, Taotai of West Yünnan. This consisted of a personal guard of twelve men and an escort of forty \"braves,\" but half of these gallant fellows ran away from Kuyung when they heard that the Taotai had forbidden looting, and intended to be obeyed, and then there were only twenty; of several deputies, of whom the senior was the expectant District Magistrate, Tai Wei Hsiang; of three \"surveyors\" from Yunnan-fu, so-called on the lucus a non lucendo principle, for, with perhaps one exception, none of them had the least notion of surveying; and an \"interpreter\" so dubbed on the same principle, but he was ejected from the camp at an early stage of the proceedings for attempting to \"squeeze\" villagers.\n\n3. Mr. Litton, Acting Consul at Tengyueh, was on duty as British Representative. The Consulate writer, Han Wei Tsu, accompanied the party.\n\nThe instructions issued to me by Sir Ernest Satow, and to Mr. Leveson by the Government of Burmah, were to the effect that the party was to examine, but not to delimit, the frontier. We were to explain to the Chinese, on the spot, precisely what His Majesty's Government meant by the N'Maikha watershed, to discover if the Chinese had any authority beyond that watershed, and, if not, to impress the fact upon the Taotai. The Government of Burmah's instructions also contemplated arrangements being made for the extinction, by payments on a liberal scale, of any rights to petty dues or otherwise which Chinese Headmen might be found to possess on the west side of the watershed. The instructions plainly stated that the Government of India had no intention of abandoning the position; that the water-divide was the only acceptable division of the spheres of influence of the two Governments.\n\nWe were also to collect as much geographical information as we could about an almost unknown country.\n\nThe instructions which the Taotai received from Yünnan-fu were to the effect that he was to examine the country in co-operation with us, and to report what territories were governed by the various Chinese Headmen. The term used (and this is important) was \"chih-li,\" which, I submit, implies more than vague claims of suzerainty, and signifies rather actual administrative control.\n\nArticle V of the Burmah-China Convention of 1897 contemplates the demarcation of this northern section of the frontier, when both parties had acquired further information. Since the date of the Treaty various inquiries by British officers, notably by Mr. Hertz, C.LE., had greatly added to our knowledge of the country. We made it a chief object of the present expedition so to supplement the information already acquired, especially by mapping, that His Majesty's Government should be in a position to clearly demonstrate to the Chinese the reasonableness of the position which has been taken up as to this section of the frontier, and to refuse to consent to the expense and trouble of further Boundary Commission in respect of it. I hope that this Report, and the map which accompanies it, will enable a Boundary Treaty to be concluded at London or Peking without any further joint inquiries on the spot, which, indeed, we would strongly deprecate.\n\nIt is hardly necessary to add that, until the date of the Taotai's departure for Kuyung, when I explained to him the general geography of the country, the Chinese officials had remained in a state of Cimmerian darkness as to the physical conditions of the country which they claimed. They had not advanced beyond the statements of the Yunnan Government, addressed to His Majesty's Minister through the Peking Foreign Office in 1904, to the effect that-\n\n1. There was no such river as the N'Maikha;\n2. That the divide in the locality in question was at the foot of the mountains (in spite of the suggestive Chinese saying that water does not flow up);\n3. That the small river, i.e., the Ngaw Chang, does not flow into the Lu Chiang or Salween.\n\nAs regards geographical information, I regret that we were not able to do as much as we had hoped. The fact is that the orders were issued much too late in the season. The experience of Captain Pottinger in 1897, of Mr. Hertz in 1900, and of myself in 1904 all go to prove that heavy snow and rain may be expected during the spring in these hills, which seem to be the abode of all the thunder and wild demons in the country. As no supplies are to be got near or beyond the watershed, even a small party such as Mr. Leveson's must have a train of some 150 mules. Towards the end of the open season, and at such short notice, good transport in a condition for hill work is not to be obtained. We began operations with a downpour of snow, hail, rain, and sleet, which continued for thirteen days and practically closed all passes over 9,800 feet for mule traffic, while tracks which were practicable were none the less turned into quagmires. Mr. Leveson lost thirty mules dead crossing the first pass on the frontier, and all of us, including the Taotai, incurred heavy extra expense for the hire of porters to enable us to get along. I calculate that we were delayed quite three weeks by weather alone.\n\nAfter inquiries at Kuyung, we proceeded north one day's march, 13 miles, and entered the Tan Tsa Valley, the heart of which is a paddy plain, about 2 miles by 1 mile, at an elevation of 6,500 feet. It contains six villages with some 200 families in all, half of which are Lisu (in Burmese Yaw Yin) and half Chinese, the whole subject to a petty Headman of Lisu extraction, who is under the jurisdiction of Tengyueh. To the north of the main valley of Tan Tsa a number of spurs run up northwards towards the watershed range which stretches round Tan Tsa in the shape of a huge bow, drawn towards the north; from this range spring the numerous sources of the Ta-ping River, of which the three most important are the Ta Cha, the Tan Tsa, and the Lun Ma Streams, which join at San Chao Ho (Tripod River), 4 miles west of Tan Tsu, to form the Upper Taping, which finally joins the Irrawaddy near Bhamo.\n\nThe whole of the hilly country north of the Tan Tsa Valley up to the bow of mountains which forms the watershed is entirely uninhabited, while there is also a wide uninhabited strip beyond the watershed on the N'Maikha side. The west end of the bow is Manung Pum, 10,000 feet, the \"high conical peak\" of the Convention, and the most northerly point of the demarcated frontier. Under this peak there is a track, impassable for mules, leading from Jan Tsa to Maiku, a Kachin village on the Upper Shi-Ngaw River in British territory, in two days some 20 miles. The east end of the bow, bearing north-east from Tan Tsa, is a conspicuous jagged peak (12,000 feet) known as Laug Ya, or Wolf's Tooth Mountain. The Lang Ya peak is astride of the...",
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        "content_text": "# \n\n6 \n\nThe water-divide between the Ta-ping and the Shweli Rivers is located close to the point where this minor divide joins the main N'Maikha watershed. Under the Lang Ya peak, there is a track leading from Tan Tsa to Ma Li Pa at the head of the Tien Tan Valley (see below) by a pass often closed by snow (10,800 feet) and so over to the headwaters of the Chi Pwi River. \n\nBetween the Manung Pum and the Lang Ya tracks, there is no recognized path over the hills. \n\nNo claims were seriously put forward to any territorial or other rights beyond the watershed on behalf of the Tien Tan Headman. \n\n## II. Tien Tun and the Chi Pwi River. \n\nA surveyor having been detailed to map in the Tan Tsa Valley, our party proceeded in sections, and by various routes, eastwards to the Tien Tan Valley, which is watered by the most westerly of the three main sources of the Shweli or Lung Chiang, the other two being the Ming Kwang (the middle or main source) and the Ta Tang or eastern source. The Ming Kwang and the Tien Tan join near Ku Tung bazaar, 22 miles north of Tengyueh, and the river so formed joins the Ta Tang Stream near Chuchih bazaar, 16 miles east of Tengyueh, from which point the joint river is known as the Lung Chiang to the Chinese. \n\nThe Upper Tien Tan, the Ming Kwang, and the Ta Tang are little more than mountain streams; except after heavy rain, they are everywhere fordable, and nowhere more than 50 yards broad. \n\nThe Tien Tan Valley is under Headman Tsai, who represents the eighth generation of his dynasty. He has no sort of administrative force or machinery except that he has a few village Headmen under him; his feebleness and incompetence even in such matters as levying his subjects to repair the roads excited the Taotai's bile, and Tsai came to me, as an old friend, to ask how he had best deprecate the great man's wrath. \n\nOur camp was formed at Ma Li Pa (6,500 feet), the last village on the track to the Chi Pwi, situated in a very beautiful valley surrounded by hills and under the east flank of the Lang Ya Mountain. Just below Ma Li Pa, the three brooks which form the Tien Tan Stream join: \n\n1. To the west, issuing from the east of the Lang Ya Mountain, is the Mo Shih (\"Stone-grinding\") Brook. I ascended this through dense jungle to the crest of the N'Maikha watershed, 7 miles from Ma Li Pa. On the pass, I met three Lisu, who said that proceeding by this track to the N'Maikha, theirs would be the first village reached, and it was three days' march for a laden coolie. \n\n2. To the east, the Main or Hei Tao Yuan source of the Tien Tan, which springs from a hill on the watershed known as the Sisters Hill, and flows through a romantic gorge past several small villages subject to Tien Tan to Ma Li Pa. \n\n3. Between these two, the Pau Wa Brook, which flows from the pass leading from the Tien to the Chi Pwi Valley in the N'Maikha basin. \n\nThe Headman Tsai made the same statement to me as he had made the year before, namely, that he claimed a kind of overlordship over a few villages of Lisu along the headwaters of the Chi Pwi, based apparently on the occasional exchange of presents and on the fact that Chinese incursions over the watershed had occasionally taken place. He admitted, however, that since the disturbances caused by the Panthay rebellion fifty years ago, no such exchange of presents had taken place, and that most of the Lisu on the Upper Chi Pwi had dispersed. The number of 100 Lisu families subject to him, which he had given me last year, included all those who had moved over from the Chi Pwi to the Tien Tan side. \n\nThe following day, however, the Taotai gave me a \"map\" of Tien Tan, which professed to have been drawn up by Tsai. It was a work which possessed the merit, if not of accuracy, at least of imagination, and went to prove that the Taotai's geography, like Dogberry's reading and writing, comes by nature. With the exception of a part which had been \"cribbed\" from me, the map was totally inaccurate, but it showed the whole of the valleys of the Shi-Ngaw, Tumi-maw, and Chi Pwi Rivers as subject to Tien Tan. This includes part of the ordinary jurisdiction of the Myitkyina district. The Taotai further informed me that the Mali-kha was the true Irrawaddy and the proper frontier. This was so contrary to Tsai's statement to me the day before that I inquired what had happened, when it appeared that the map and the claim was the work \n\n7 \n\nof Mr. Chu, the Taotai's interpreter, who had been on the Southern Boundary Commission with General Liu and had given much trouble by his obstructiveness and impertinence. Shortly after, however, this young gentleman was discovered by the Taotai to be levying a private contribution in the neighbouring bazaar, as was the custom in the good old days of General Liu. The Taotai ordered him out of the camp in disgrace, and we heard no more of him. \n\nI told the Taotai that these so-called claims of Tien Tan were entirely beyond discussion, and that I must refuse to talk about them. The Taotai acknowledged that Tsai had no sort of control over the country in question and no documentary evidence to support his map, that Tsai was hopelessly incompetent, and that the claims might be considered as withdrawn. I therefore hope that no more will be heard of them or of the Mali-kha frontier. \n\nThe claims of Tien Tan to the headwaters of the Chi Pwi seemed to call for examination on the spot. So, accompanied by Mr. Lakin, one of the surveyors, and a Chinese deputy, I went over the Pau Wa Pass towards the N'Maikha. This pass is the easiest of all those which cross the divide, being only 7,800 feet and approached by a broad track ascending across downs. The crest is only 7 miles from Ma Li Pa, and after a short descent on the other side, we struck one of the headwaters of the Chi Pwi. The country is very wild and grand; precipitous mountains covered with patches of dense forest and bamboo brake descended to the narrow broken valley of the river. A lofty snow-capped ridge which forms the divide on the right bank of the Chi Pwi was a conspicuous object. It is known locally as the Kao Liang Kung, a common name for a high peak in this country. The first village passed on the N'Maikha side was Chang Yin Kon, 6 miles from the Pau Wa Pass. It consisted of three small wretched huts, inhabited by Lisu. Five miles further on, we passed Chung Shan, which used to give its name to the whole district, but now consists of only four huts and some deserted gardens. Descending along the Chi Pwi for 4 miles further, we passed Lu Pi, where we found extensive remains of orchards and paddy-fields, a fact which seems to support the statement that formerly the valley was cultivated by a considerable population of Lisu. \n\nThree miles beyond Lu Pi is, or rather was, Shi Pao; this was the last Lisu settlement down the Chi Pwi. We found that the only inhabitants were a cock pheasant and a covey of partridges, the villagers having all dispersed. Doubtless much of this desolation was the work of the Chinese, who came over and ravaged this country in 1902. \n\nFrom Shi Pao, the surveyor ascended the Kao Liang ridge to a pass 9,000 feet, whence he was able to connect his work with the first Kachin (Maru) village of Lachang, the position of which had already been fixed by Mr. Hertz's party in 1900. We then returned to Ma Li Pa after a pleasant excursion of five days; on the way, we met a party of Marus from the Lower Chi Pwi, who had been across to the Tien Tan Valley to trade. \n\nNone of these Lisu hamlets on the Chi Pwi now give anything to Tien Tan, for various reasons, of which the principal is that they have nothing to give. There are no permanent Chinese residents in the Chi Pwi Valley, but in the open season, some wood-cutters go over from Tien Tan. \n\n## III. Ming Kwang Valley, Hparè, and Teu Chu. \n\nFrom Ma Li Pa, the main camp was then moved east across the hills into the Ming Kwang Valley, where the Taotai took up his abode at the official residence of Tso, the Fu Yi or Chief of Upper Ming Kwang, while Mr. Leveson and I formed camp about 14 miles higher up in the Valley of Cha Shan Ho, a brook which runs down from the pass leading from Ming Kwang over the watershed to Hparè. \n\n| Event | Location | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Taotai's abode | Official residence of Tso, Upper Ming Kwang | Fu Yi or Chief of Upper Ming Kwang |\n| Mr. Leveson and I formed camp | Valley of Cha Shan Ho | 14 miles higher up, brook runs down to Hparè |\n\nThe arrangements which the Regent of Ming Kwang (the Fu Yi being a minor) made for the Taotai were no better than Tsai's in Tien Tan, and the Regent felt a good deal of the rough side of the Taotai's tongue. Neither he nor the young Fu Yi came to see us, though I understand that this omission was by order of the Taotai; but several Lashi Kachins from Hparè, who had been to the Ming Kwang bazaar, came into Mr. Leveson's camp, including one of the Headman's sons. They gave valuable information, which persuaded Mr. Leveson that we should meet with a friendly reception at Hparè, if the Chinese could be kept from insulting or molesting the natives. \n\nA survey party having been despatched to map in the watershed along the west of \n\n436 \n\n31",
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        "content_text": "# Upper Ming Kwang Valley\n\nMr. Leveson and myself, accompanied by a surveyor, and encumbered by two Chinese deputies, proceeded to Hparè to fix the spot where the N'Maikha-Shweli divide joins the main Salween-Irrawaddy divide. Marching up the valley of the Chan Shan Brook, we passed the last Lisu hamlet, some 3 miles from camp, and, ascending a double pass through dense forest, camped on the N'Maikha side, 4 miles from the divide, and near the scene of Mr. Hertz's encounter in February 1900 with the army of Ming Kwang. I found the remains of some of the log stockades from which the Chinese had been expelled. Soon after passing this spot, we were met by the Hparè people, who had come to clear the pass for us. At 9 miles from the pass, we reached the main or upper village of Hparè, delightfully situated above the Hparè Stream, and overshadowed behind and in front by lofty mountains. We camped below the upper and above the lower or smaller village, the two comprising some forty families, living in unusually clean and neat houses; to avoid the trouble which might have arisen from the insolence of the Chinese in the village, we persuaded them to camp close to us. The villagers soon crowded round our tents in a perfectly friendly manner, but they left the Chinese severely alone.\n\nIn the afternoon, the two Headmen came to camp to see Mr. Leveson. They were brothers, both very old men, and the elder was blind. As they approached the camp, the Chinese deputy commenced behaving in the usual bullying fashion of Mandarins dealing with what they consider to be inferior races. He bawled at the Headmen, ordering them not to go to our tents and to do this and not to do that in a style which, if we had not been present, would very soon have brought out the Kachins' swords, as the Headmen were attended by their sons and the villagers. Then, no doubt, if the worthy deputy had escaped with a whole skin, he would have run away back to China and reported that the barbarians had made a humble submission, offering tribute.\n\nHaving suppressed the insolence of the deputy, we made him sit down at Mr. Leveson's tent to hear the Hparè Headman's statements; it was to the same effect as that which his people had already made to Mr. Leveson. They denied in toto that they were, or ever had been, in any sense tributary to the Ming Kwang Chiefs, or that any Chinese officials ever exercised any sort of control over them. Their boundary, they stated, was the watershed over which we had come, and beyond that they never went to cultivate; down country, their villages extended along the Kan Sheng River (Kun Ma in Chinese) to its junction with the Ngaw Chang, but not farther. Their people went to Ming Kwang for the five-day bazaar, and Chinese pedlars passed through Hparè. They were as a rule on good terms with the Chinese, except that after Mr. Hertz's affair, some Chinese, whose names they gave, and who are believed to be Headman Tso's people from Ming Kwang, had come in the night and burnt twelve houses in Hparè and carried off thirty head of cattle, of which eight had never been returned. They dwelt on the fact that this case had not been settled, and it appears to constitute what the Kachins call a \"ka,\" or feud, with the Ming Kwang Fu Yi.\n\nThe Hparè Headmen further stated that formerly the Fu Yi of Lower Ming Kwang used to pay them 25 rupees a-year and some gunpowder, in return for which they guaranteed to traders the safety of the road along the Kun Ma River, but that these payments had ceased for the last thirty years. On festive occasions, such as the building of a new house or a marriage, the Hparè people had been wont to make presents to the Lower Ming Kwang Sawbwa, and he had made return presents to Hparè on similar occasions, but no such exchange of gifts had taken place for five years past. The Ming Kwang Fu Yi, some weeks before our arrival, had sent to \"order\" them to come out to meet the Taotai and mend the road; they had refused to leave their village, and as regards the road, had, in fact, told Ming Kwang to mind his own business.\n\nThese statements were confirmed by the bystanders, and made both in the Lashi and Chinese languages. The Chinese deputy refused to cross-examine or even to listen to them, and got up and went away; so much for joint examination. The Headman's son had already suggested to Mr. Leveson that if the Chinese frontier was to be defined, it should not include Hparè. It is perfectly clear that Chinese suzerainty, much more control, over Hparè and Kun Ma Valley is an entire myth. Nor, though I pressed him, could the Taotai induce his two Ming Kwang Headmen to point out any single fact which would go to prove that they were exercising, or ever, in the memory of man, had exercised, any sort of overlordship or control in the Kan Sheng Valley.\n\nSince the incursion of the Chinese who were expelled by Mr. Hertz, no Chinese officials or soldiers appear to have visited Hparè, except on the occasion of the above-mentioned raid.\n\nIf this is their country, why did neither of the Ming Kwang Chiefs come with us personally or send representatives to Hparè? To me, the reason is easy; it was a prudent regard for their own skins and a natural aversion to inconvenient conversations about the twelve houses and eight head of cattle. I believe that any attempt on the part of the Ming Kwang Chiefs to assert their imaginary authority would be forcibly resisted by the Hparè people.\n\n## Journey to Tzu Chu\n\nOn the 7th April, Mr. Leveson and the surveyor left Hparè to proceed to Tzu Chu, a small upland valley to the north-east of Hparè, and divided from it by a steep razor-like spur. The Tzu Chu River is known to the Lashis as the Mang Sheng Kha. It joins the Hparè River a few miles below Lower Hparè, and their junction forms the Kun Ma or Kan Sheng River, which flows straight into the Ngaw Chang, or, in Chinese, Hsiao Chiang (Little River), the junction being 16 miles from Upper Hparè.\n\nThe Ngaw Chang is an important tributary of the N'Maikha, which takes a peculiar semi-circular course through very mountainous country. Rising from the west of the great Salween-Irrawaddy divide in north latitude 26° 18', it flows swiftly over a rocky bed in a southerly direction for about 20 miles; then it turns west and flows at the south foot of a conspicuous range covered with snow in April, for about 20 miles to a point near the junction of the Kan Sheng, where is situated the considerable Lashi village of Taw Gaw (forty houses); then the Ngaw Chang turns north, and, after flowing roughly parallel to the N'Maikha for some distance, finally joins it in north latitude 26° 30′.\n\nMr. Leveson reached the Tzu Chu Valley from Hparè in one day after a stiff climb over a spur. He found only one village, Lagwi, and the remains of the deserted hamlet of Mang Sheng. The Lagwi people were found to be Lashi Kachins related to the Hparè people. Two of the Hparè Headmen's sons accompanied Mr. Leveson to Tzu Chu; thence, one of them returned home, but the other attached himself to Mr. Leveson and remained, making himself generally useful for all the rest of the time during which we were exploring the valley of the Ngaw Chang. Both these youths seemed to be peaceable, decent fellows enough, though they apparently fail to appreciate the benefits of Celestial government. I feel sure that neither of them would have any difficulty in answering the question, \"Under which King, Bezonian? Speak or die!\"\n\nMr. Leveson examined the Lagwi villagers. It appears that Tzu Chu is only the Chinese name of the place, derived, it is said, from the dwarf bamboos with which the sides of the valley are clad. The Tzu Chu people's statement, made in the presence of the Chinese deputy, was the same as that of the Hparè Headman, except that they had no case or feud with Ming Kwang. They are on good terms with the Chinese, and go over the watershed to do their marketing, but there is not, and never has been, in the memory of man, any payment of tribute or taxes to the Chinese, nor has any Chinese official ever visited Tzu Chu or sent orders to the Tzu Chu people, or attempted to exercise any authority or control over them, nor do they consider themselves at all subject to China.\n\nThere is no Chinese resident either in Hparè or Tzu Chu.\n\nWe are of opinion that nothing can be clearer than that there is no Chinese control either in Hparè or Tzu Chu.\n\n## Return to Ming Kwang and Conference with the Taotai\n\nWhile Mr. Leveson was at Tzu Chu, I had returned from Hparè to our former camp near Ming Kwang in order to confer with the Taotai, who had meanwhile delivered to me (1) a map setting forth the claims of Ming Kwang Headmen to various territories beyond the watershed, from which it will be seen that these claims are much as I reported last year; (2) two documents, dated in the 21st year of Tao Kwang (1842), purporting to be certificates issued by the Ping Pu or Board of War in Peking on the application of the Yunnan Government, recognizing the succession of the Chief or Fu Yi Yang of \"Hparè in Ming Kwang,\" and of the Chief or Fu Yi Tso of “Tzu Chu in Ming Kwang,\" though, in point of fact, neither Hparè nor Tzu Chu are situated in Ming Kwang, but are divided from it by a broad uninhabited mountain range. Both these Chiefs are referred to in the certificates as \"hereditary sergeants in the army.\" When I reported last year that the Hparè and Tzu Chu Headmen had hereditary Chinese titles, I was misled. These titles belong not to the real Lashi Headmen of those places, but to the Chinese Chiefs of Ming Kwang in virtue of an imaginary suzerainty...\n\n437\n\nD [2167 x-1]",
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        "content_text": "# \n10 \n\npresents with Hparè and Tzu Chu. This would be quite enough; to the arrogant mind of the official Chinaman it would be \"receiving tribute from the submissive barbarians\" and \"conferring favours\" in return, and so it would be reported to the Yunnan authorities, who would certainly not make the inquiries sufficient to discover the fact that the barbarians were far from being submissive and regarded the matter in quite another light. Thus the Peking Government would issue its certificate to the effect that Hparè belonged to Ming Kwang Headmen and so forth. This having been done, from the Mandarins' point of view Hparè henceforth does belong to Ming Kwang, and there is no more to be said about it; if the Board of War issued a rescript to the effect that the ocean sea was made of treacle, it would be quite contrary to etiquette, and even dangerous, for the Taotai to officially assert that it consisted of salt water.\n\nAs regards geography, the Ming Kwang map is an advance on the Chinese production at Tien Tan, which may be due to the circumstances that in the interval the Taotai, who is an intelligent man, had been enlightened by us as to the geography of the country.\n\nThe Chinese claims to Hparè and Tzu Chu being of such a flimsy character, it is obvious that the claims to villages lower down the country, i.e., nearer to the N'Maikha, are even more unsubstantiated.\n\nI may here add that later on, when we reached Pien Ma, the Taotai withdrew the claims, which he had put forward on behalf of the Tso family in his map of Ming Kwang, to various Lashi villages along the further or right bank of the Ngaw Chang or Hsiao Chiang. The most important of these villages is Lung Pang, and I propose in this Report to refer to them as the Lung Pang group. They number some six villages with 120 families of Lashi Kachins.\n\nThe Taotai verbally informed me that these villages were wholly beyond control and that for many years there had been no control and no intercourse between them and the Chinese, and that therefore he considered them as \"hua wai\" or beyond the pale of civilization, and that no objections would be raised by him to Burmah taking them. Meanwhile, any of our party who went across the Ngaw Chang would go at their own risk so far as he, Taotai, was concerned.\n\nI asked him, in writing, to put this in writing, and he replied in a note which, though not quite satisfactory, amounts, I think, to a formal withdrawal of claims, which in any case were quite untenable, to the Lung Pang group. The Taotai explained to me that formerly, in Chia Ching's reign (early nineteenth century), all the Chinese Fu Yi had combined in a joint expedition against the Lashi or Châ Shan (\"Tea-hill\") Kachins, as they are known to the Chinese. They had crossed the Ngaw Chang and, with the help of a Chinese General, had established a camp beyond that river, and had subdued the whole country, which had then been divided up among the various Sawbwas or Fa Yi with the consent of the Yunnan Government.\n\nThe Lung Pang group, together with Taw Gaw and other villages on the left bank of the Ngaw Chang, had been assigned to the Ming Kwang Fu Yi, who had already, according to the Taotai, owned Hparè and Tzu Chu, which were not concerned in the campaign, since the Ming Kwang dynasty.\n\nUnder the above arrangement, Chi Kaw and Shang Lou, on the Ngaw Chang near Lung Pang, had been assigned to the Chinese Fu Yi or leadman of Ta Tang, while Pien Ma and some villages near the left bank of the headwaters of the Ngaw Chang had been given to the Teng Keng Headman on the Salween. This was the history of the Ming Kwang claims.\n\nThe story told by the Kachins themselves is somewhat different. They state that several generations ago (their ideas of time are vague) the Chinese came and raided the Ngaw Chang country, burning many villages and killing many persons. They then retired back to China, and the Lung Pang Dawa, who was considered to be the Chief of all the Lashi, gathered his forces and made a counter-raid, in the course of which he ravaged the Ming Kwang Valley down to Ku Tung Bazaar, burned the village of Teng Keng, and killed two members of the family of the Chinese Fu Yi (surname Tuan).\n\nAfter this, there were negotiations and peace was concluded, the various Kachin villages agreeing to exchange presents with the various Chinese Fu Yi, Hparê, Tzu Chu, Taw Gaw, the Kan Sheng Valley villages, and Hsieh Chiang, with Ming Kwang; Shang Lou with Ta Tang; Pien Ma with Teng Keng; and so forth. But neither the Lung Pang group nor any other of these villages were ever in any sense politically subject to China or took any cognizance of the action of the Chinese Government in assigning these districts to the various Chinese Fu Yi, and these villages have never been, and are not now, subject to any administrative control from the Chinese side.\n\nOf these two stories, which clearly refer to the same events, the Kachin version \n## 11 \nis probably nearer to the truth. The case for Chinese control in the N'Maikha basin rests mainly on mythical campaigns and imaginary victories. The doughty deeds which the Taotai related to me concerning the former Ming Kwang and other Chinese Headmen would do credit to Amadis de Gaul and the other famous knights, the recital of whose res geste put Don Quixote out of his wits; and the stories of the Chinese heroes are probably just about as true as those of the Castilian. At any rate, the slipshod, incompetent, opium-smoking Chinamen who now represent these families have lamentably degenerated from the glory of their ancestors.\n\nMr. Leveson returned from Tzu Chu into the Ming Kwang Valley on the 10th April by a pass 9,000 feet high, some 6 miles above our former camp at Cha Shan Ho. The surveyors having completed their work of mapping the watershed up to its junction with the Salween divide, we then moved up to the head of the wild and beautiful Ming Kwang Valley, where the whole party, including the Taotai, was reunited on the 12th April, near the hamlet of Ta Chu Pa, some 12 miles from Ming Kwang Fu Yi's residence.\n\nI had visited this place last year, and we found no difficulty in engaging Lisu coolies to help us over the pass to Pien Ma. The representative of a Tengyuch firm, which is engaged in the carriage of coffin wood from the Ngaw Chang, also found us some twenty porters who had been bringing out wood.\n\n## V. Pien Ma and the Upper Ngaw Chang.\n\nFrom Ta Chu Pa over into the N'Maikha basin and so to Pien Ma is only 28 miles, and the pass is only 9,000 feet; but owing to the weather and the state of roads, or rather tracks, we divided into three parties. The Taotai went first and was caught, in the dense sunless forest which covers the N'Maikha side of the pass, by a downpour of rain which continued twelve hours. All the streams, and there were some two dozen of them to cross, were so flooded that it was impossible to get forward, and the Taotai had to spend the night crouched under a fallen tree without his rice or his opium.\n\nThanks to my friends the Ta Chu Pa Lisu, I was more fortunate and succeeded in getting out of the forest to the first village and a fair camp on the N'Maikha side (Tsui Ho, ten Lisu huts) just before dark, after a tramp of 9 miles literally through a continuous quagmire varied in places by watercourses. The surveyors spent a damp night in the forest under canvas, but minus their beddings. Mr. Leveson came through the next day, but much of the transport was bogged, and several mules half-killed in the mud. We were not all reassembled at the village of Pien Ma, 9 miles north of Tsui Ho, till the 17th April.\n\nThe Taotai took up his quarters at the Headman's house, while we camped outside the village.\n\nPien Ma (in Lashi \"Hpi Maw\") consists of forty houses of Lashi Kachins, picturesquely scattered about along steep hill-sides, above a rushing torrent, and entirely surrounded by lofty mountains. The elevation is 6,500 feet. There is a strip of wet cultivation along the brook, which leads by a defile beyond the village straight down to the Ngaw Chang, which it joins 6 miles from Pien Ma.\n\nI may here notice the marked difference between the country on the Chinese and on the N'Maikha side of the watershed. In China, the broad upland plains of Tien Tan, Ming Kwang, Ta Tang, divided from each other by regular ranges, ascend gradually to the divide; but on the N'Maikha side, the country rapidly falls down from the divide (average elevation 10,000 feet) to the Ngaw Chang (average elevation 3,000 feet). This space is intersected in every direction by elaborate and steep ridges and spurs, with a complication of lateral valleys and innumerable mountain torrents. It is very difficult to find a piece of level ground anywhere in this country; the villages are all narrow, broken, and enclosed by towering cliffs. By far the largest area is occupied by dense forest or steep rocky hill-sides, where habitations, or even the possibility of habitations, are very limited and far between. I dwell on this in order to demonstrate how difficult it would be to make a frontier criss-cross through such a country.\n\nLast year I expressed a fear that Chinese cultivators might soon extend over into the N'Maikha side, which would render the settlement of the frontier far more difficult; but after examination on the spot, I am of the opinion that my fears were unfounded. There are now five Chinese near Pien Ma, and they reside there in consequence of trade relations. The upper slopes on the N'Maikha side are not susceptible of cultivation, while the paddy-fields lower down are strongly held by Lashis, who are in sufficient force to resist Chinese intrusion.\n\n## 438",
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        "page_number": 446,
        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## 12\n\nThe Regent of the petty State of Teng Keng, situated on the right bank of the Salween, latitude 26° north, had come over to Pien Ma to meet the Taotai and come to see me.\n\nThe claims of Teng Keng were investigated.\n\nAt Tsui Ho the Lisu inhabitants told us that they had originally come over from the Salween side of the great Irrawaddy divide, and therefore considered themselves as Teng Keng's men. They paid a small tax in kind, of the value of about 12 annas per house, and if the Teng Keng Chief came to visit them they made a contribution to his travelling expenses. They stated that there were several Lisu hamlets scattered about the hill-sides who were in the same position towards the Teng Keng Chief. These hamlets are hardly to be considered permanent, as after taking a crop or two off the hill-side the Lisu will often remove their bamboo wattle huts to some other fold in the mountains. The Lashi Headman of the Pien Ma, an old man, who began by stating his desire to make submission to the British, the Regent of Teng Keng, and several other natives made statements on the subject of the payment of tribute, which, though they were not in precise agreement with each other, were enough to prove that no one really knows what amount is paid per annum, and also that it differs considerably from year to year. The financial arrangements of Teng Keng are, in short, not such as would meet the approval of the Revenue Secretary to the Government of India. The Regent's statement to me was the vaguest of all, and it is clear that he knows very little of the country which is supposed to belong to him.\n\nIt appears that Pien Ma, U Tung, Kang Fang, Ku Lan, P'a Ti, and some other hamlets, all of which are Lashi or Lisu villages near the headwaters of the Ngaw Chang, and comprise in all a little over 200 families, were supposed to have been assigned by the Chinese Government to Teng Keng after the famous campaign in Chia Ching's reign (see above). These villages had previously been, and continued for some time after to be, subject to Lung Pang, on the right bank, further down the Ngaw Chang; but some years after the Chinese campaign a feud broke out between the Pien Ma group of villages and Chi Kaw, near Lung Pang, on account of a cattle theft. Chi Kaw raided and burnt Pien Ma, and Pien Ma replied by engaging the assistance of the Chinese from Teng Keng. They then burnt and looted Chi Kaw, and in compensation for Teng Keng's help, and in satisfaction for the previous murder of two members of the Teng Keng Headman's family, they agreed to pay him tribute. Present this tribute is paid mostly in kind. The Pien Ma Headman stated that, including scattered households of Lisu immigrants from the Salween, there are now nearly 350 families in this tribute-paying tract, of whom one-half are Lashi and one-half Lisu, but I believe this number to be beyond the mark.\n\nThe forty households of Pien Ma pay to the annual value of about 10 taels. Besides this a toll on coffin wood brought up from the Ngaw Chang by the Chinese firm mentioned above is levied at Kang Fang, near the left bank of the Upper Ngaw Chang, by Teng Keng. The produce of this toll is never more, and often less, than 100 taels a-year. On the whole, I think we may say that the annual sum which Teng Keng derives from the Upper Ngaw Chang is probably 300 rupees a-year at the outside.\n\nIt is to be noted that, apart from the collection of this uncertain sum, there is no regular administration of Pien Ma or the adjacent villages by Teng Keng. He has no power or machinery to undertake anything of the kind. The country is very poor, and much disturbed by feuds, which, I expect, if the truth were known, often prevent Teng Keng from \"touching\" his revenue. The Lung Pang \"Duwa\" has a vendetta with the Chinese, and shortly before our arrival it appears that he distinctly intimated to Teng Keng that neither Teng Keng nor any other Chinese would be allowed to cross the Ngaw Chang, and it was probably this threat which induced the Taotai to withdraw the claims of Ming Kwang to the Lang Pang group.\n\nThen Pien Ma has a vendetta with Shang Lou, a village of fifty families of Lashi, situated to the west of Pien Ma. It is reported that disorders have recently taken place at U Tung, and it is clear that there is practically no such thing as government in the country.\n\nOn the other hand, it must be admitted that Teng Keng has more substantial claims to the consideration of the British Government than Ming Kwang; he has a scintilla juris, and the levy of uncertain sums at irregular intervals is as far as the Chinese have ever gone anywhere in Yunnan towards the administration of frontier tribes.\n\nBefore reaching Pien Ma the Taotai had delivered to me further documentary evidence regarding his claims in the shape of a Memorial to the Throne from the Viceroy of Yünnan in the eighteenth century, together with an Instruction issued by the Tengyueh officials, undated, but probably of the same date as the Memorial.\n\n## 13\n\nPage 439\n\nThese documents profess to assign a number of \"barbarian\" villages, of which the names are given, among the respective jurisdictions of Tengyueh, Pao Shan, Yün Lung, and Li Chiang, all in West Yünnan. Most of these villages are in the Salween Valley, and therefore not now in question; but Pien Ma, U Tung, Tzu Chu, Hparè, &c., are mentioned in the list as being subject to Tengyueh and Pao Shan. As I have already pointed out, there is no evidence that the arrangements set forth in these documents ever represented the real state of affairs. I fail to see that the Government of India is compelled to pay any more attention to these papers than the President of the United States would pay to the Papal Bulls of the sixteenth century, which assigned the whole of the New World to Spain and Portugal. If you accept the premises that the New World belonged to the Pope to assign, the Bulls are excellent titles; so if we follow the Taotai, and accept as true beyond contradiction any statement set down in a document sealed by the Chinese Government, then the Memorial would be a good title to the villages in question. But as in fact the premises are absurd, the conclusion cannot be supported.\n\nOn the 19th April we broke up our camp at Pien Ma, and, in view of the lateness of the season and the continued bad weather, divided our forces; while the Taotai and myself proceeded east to the Salween, Mr. Leveson and Surveyor Natha Singh proceeded down to the Ngaw Chang. A Chinese deputy was detailed to go with them, but he thought that discretion was the better part of valour, and returned to Ming Kwang.\n\nMr. Leveson gives the following particulars, which fully confirm our previous information respecting the condition of the Kachins on the Ngaw Chang, and his visit to them:---\n\n\"I spent three days on the Upper Ngaw Chang, and most of the Headmen came to see me, including Gaw Yawm (in Chinese, Shang Lon), and Shi Jang (in Chinese, Hsieh Chiang), Chi Kaw, and others. They were all friendly and accepted presents. The surveyors fixed all the villages, and went down the other side (right bank) of the Ngaw Chang as far as Pa Le, below Lung Pang. I then returned to Pien Ma.\n\n\"Teng Keng left a nasty reputation behind him at Pien Ma by beating a Lashi Headman for not providing supplies for the Chinese.\n\n\"The statement of the Headman from the Lower Kau Shang is to the same effect as that of Hparè----namely, that they are in no way subordinate to any Chinese, and have never paid tribute.\n\n\"The Shi Jang (Hsieh Chiang) Headman makes the same statement, but adds that he occasionally exchanges presents of 'huang lien' (a medicine) for salt with the Ming Kwang Fu Yi.\n\n\"The trans-Ngaw Chang, or Lung Pang, group of villages comprises some 120 families at Lang Pang, Pa Le, Kan Kawn (Kan K'un), Hpien Law (Kwan Chai), &c. Their Headmen have no dealings whatever with the Chinese Chiefs, and, in fact, threatened this year to do for them if they crossed the Ngaw Chang.\n\n(This is the group of villages to which the Taotai has withdrawn his claims.)\n\n\"The Gaw Yawm (Chinese, Shang Lon) group on the Shang Tawn River, which joins the Ngaw Chang between the Pien Ma and Kan Sheng Rivers, has some forty or fifty households of Lashi.\n\n\"They state that they are in subordinate alliance with Ta Tang; every third year he gives them a buffalo, and they give him 50 viss of 'huang lien' (165 lb.). He exercises no jurisdiction beyond this, but he did actually visit Gaw Yawm while we were at Pien Ma.\n\n\"The Upper Ngaw Chang, or Pien Ma, group includes five villages of over 25 households and some nine hamlets, in all probably 240 households, of which some 180 are Lisu, mostly immigrants from the Salween, and the rest Lashi.\n\n\"The Lashi are supposed to pay about one-tenth of a tael per house per year to Teng Keng. The total tribute thus collected is not over 25 taels a-year, and is paid in kind, usually very miscellaneous kind. These villages describe themselves as in subordinate alliance with Teng Keng.\n\n\"The hamlet of Kang Fang (house of toll) is primarily the head-quarters of the Chinese coffin-wood firm. It used to be further down the Ngaw Chang, near the junction of the Pien Ma affluent. It was moved further up when wood became scarce in that locality. Tang Tung, or U Tung, is the first stage of the wood coolies en route to Ming Kwang; hence the two Chinese houses there.\n\nPage 54\n\nKang Fang is, secondarily, Teng Keng's toll and tribute collecting centre. Lisu, who extract coffin-wood on their own account apart from the Chinese firm, pay one set of boards in twenty-five.\" \n\n`[2167 -1]`",
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        "content_text": "# \n募 \n\n16 \n\nconfined to the lower slopes. Half-way up the hills where our road lay opium was the most important crop, followed by a summer sowing of maize, but we also saw some patches of wheat and beans.\n\nThe Lisu are stay-at-home people, which is not surprising in view of the difficulty of getting about. Few of them can give any information about country more than three days' march from their own village, and fewer still have ever seen a town of 1,000 inhabitants or a square mile of flat country. These hills are so cut off from all relief by the outer world, and the villagers are so poor, that the problem of how to get enough to eat is the burning question of the day. There are no free-traders here. In none of the villages beyond Lu Chang could we buy a pound of rice or other cereals, though fowls and an occasional goat were forthcoming. Even paterfamilias practises high protection. He tries to get enough grain to feed himself and his family till the next harvest, and will not let a spoonful go out of the house.\n\nThe Chinese lower down the Salween regard all the country above Mao Chao as \"black\" or wild Lisu territory, utterly beyond the pale of civilization. There are no Chinese residents on the Salween north of Cheng Ka. No doubt the Lisu often raid in various directions, hunger being the chief incentive, though sometimes the object is to make slaves, or, in the case of forays towards the north, to cut off the Chinese gold-workers. The slave traffic seems fairly brisk. At Pai Pa the price of a male or female child of 8 to 10 years was about 20 rupees, but some of our porters told us that if we could come on to their village some distance further north we should find a larger selection and at easier rates. The slavery is of the domestic type, but the slave has also to work in the fields.\n\nAt Pai Pa, while I was sitting in my tent, I was surprised by a very dirty old man with remarkably brilliant black eyes, who threw himself down on the ground at the door of my tent and began a chant in a high, loud voice. I thought that he was a beggar, and asked the by-standers what his song was all about. They said in a rather awe-struck manner that they did not understand it. On inquiry I then discovered that I was in the presence of the local soothsayer, or medicine man.\n\nRealizing that he might be a person of some importance, I at once gave him a necklace of red beads and a rupee, whereupon he declared, in language which could be understood of the people, that my goings and comings in the Lisu country would be most prosperous--an announcement which had an impressive effect on the by-standers.\n\nThese \"tien ssu,\" or prophets, as the Chinese call them, are to be found in many Lisu villages. They deal in charms, medicines, funeral rites, omens, incantations, and in the knowledge of all things which, for the ordinary mortal, are hidden in the womb of time. No doubt among the ignorant villagers they have considerable influence, and could, if they wished, raise disturbances. The language of their trade is probably an archaic form of Lisu, and the various chants and invocations which they use have been handed down for generations and from times of old.\n\nI cannot confirm the reports of the savage and barbarous habits of these Lisu. I was entirely in their hands for two weeks, and I found that their good-will was very easy to win.\n\nPorters were always forthcoming so long as there was a ration of rice to give them, and I never had the least trouble. They are a hardy race, and though their manners are rough, they did not appear to be given to quarrelling among themselves like the Kachins, and the European traveller can march with them without feeling that uncontrollable desire to assault them which he nearly always feels in the case of Chinese coolies. Given the absence of Chinese soldiers and officials, and a carefully arranged supply of food, the complete exploration of the Lisu country on the Upper Salween would, for a good walker, be no difficult task, provided that he went in the autumn, when the weather is fine, when there is the minimum of snow on the passes, and local supplies of cereal food for a small party could be purchased.\n\nFrom the village of Pai Pa there is a pass via the village of Chi Me Le westwards over the great Salween divide to Langsu or the Maru country along the N Maikha, while Kang Fang on the Upper Ngaw Chang River can also be reached by this pass in four days from Pai Pa. There is said to be another route over this range some three days north of Pai Pa, but the communication between the Salween and the N'Maikha is difficult and unfrequent, as the Marus and Lisu have very little to do with each other. We had hoped to explore the Chi Me Le Pass, but the deep snows and continuous rain rendered the track quite impassable.\n\n17\n\n## Chinese Expedition to the Maru Country\n\n441\n\nThe Chinese Headman of Ku T'an, a village near Teng Keng, came into camp at Lu Chang and told me all about an attempt which had been made in the 16th year of Kwang Hsü (1890) to establish Chinese influence on the Upper N'Maikha. He had taken charge of the expedition, which consisted of fifty persons, nearly all Chinese. The venture was financed by the Teng Keng, Ta Tang, and Ming Kwang Headmen to the extent of 3,000 taels. It had two objects--firstly, to check the advance of British control from Myitkyina; and, secondly, to work the brine wells on the N'Maikha at about latitude 26° 30′.\n\nThe venture proved a failure owing to the extreme difficulty of the country, the absence of proper arrangements to bring up supplies, and the deadly climate. The Headman told me that he could speak some Maru, and had remained on the Upper N'Maikha for about seven months. The Maru villages he described as being constantly at feud with one another, and endeavouring to enlist his assistance in their quarrels.\n\nThe brine wells proved to be rich, but the expense and difficulty of transport to China rendered it impossible to make any profit, and the attempt to establish a Chinese colony had to be abandoned. This Ku Tan Headman was a particularly intelligent man, and told me that the Chinese, with their methods, would never be able to open up the country, and that they have no funds to make what was absolutely essential, namely, a passable track. He asked me to mention that he would like to serve under any British officer who might be conducting an expedition into the Maru country. His route had been via Kang Fang, then across the Ngaw Chang, and up into the mountains beyond.\n\nTo describe the government of the Lisu on the Upper Salween would be like describing the snakes of Iceland. North of latitude 26° there is practically none, except in so far as the \"prophets\" and old men of each village look after the affairs of that village. The jurisdiction of the Teng Keng Fu Yi (residing on the right bank of the Salween, latitude 26°), extends along the right bank only as far as the Ku Tan. Many of Teng Keng's villages are Chinese, or half-caste Lisu. The Teng Keng Fu Yi is a boy of about 16. Proceeding north, the next Fu Yi is at Lu Chang, to the north of the Ku Tan Stream, and situated at 6,000 feet high above the right bank of the Salween. This Fu Yi is an intelligent child of 9; he is of Lisu extraction, and the clan name is Cha. His affairs are managed by his mother and their villagers. Practically all Lisu seem to be in a prosperous and happy condition. The Lu Chang territory is about 10 miles from south to north. Next comes the Mao Chao Fu Yi. His village, like Lu Chang, is perched on a terrace 3,000 feet above the right bank of the river, and backed by the snowy Irrawaddy divide. This Fu Yi is about 35 years of age; his territory is some 14 miles from north to south, and entirely inhabited by Lisu. His rule is wholly confined to attempts, sometimes successful, sometimes otherwise, to levy money or goods from his villages. Pai Pa is the last Mao Chao village proceeding north.\n\nBeyond Pai Pa for three days the country nominally belongs to the Lao Wo Fu Yi, who resides in the hills between the Salween and the Mekong at about latitude 26°. The village of Cheng-ka, on the right bank of the Salween, below Pai Pa, and its ferry belongs to him, and his agent resides at Cheng-ka. Lao Wo's efforts at government appear to be less successful than those of Mao Chao, but they go further, for he does not confine himself to trying to levy money; he also endeavours from time to time to raid his subjects and carry off the fairest of their damsels.\n\nAgain, north of the territory claimed by Lao Wo, the Fu Yi of Chou, known as \"Lo Tu Kuan,\" i.e., the native official Lo, who has his residence on the Mekong, is supposed to be the overlord of the Lisu on both banks of the Salween; but his control, even on the left bank, and in the hills between the Salween and the Mekong, is of so shadowy a description that it may be said not to exist at all.\n\nNone of these Fu Yi appear to claim, and most certainly none of them control, any territory to the west of the great divide in the Irrawaddy basin.\n\nNorth of about latitude 27° 40′ the La Tzu tribe along the banks of the Salween are supposed to be tributary to the Moso, Thibetan Chief of Yetche, on the left bank of the Mekong. North, again, of the Lu Tzu country, i.e., from about latitude 28° 20′, the Salween Valley is, it is believed, wholly inhabited by Thibetans of the Tsarong Province.\n\n[2167 x-1]",
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        "content_text": "## VII. Nature of the Claims of the Chinese\n\nIt will be seen that the Chinese claims to country west of the watershed, which His Majesty's Government maintains to be the frontier, have narrowed down to small proportions, for the claims of the Tien Tan Headman to the line of the Shi Ngaw--N'Maikha are altogether absurd and beyond discussion, and I do not think anything more will be heard of them. The claims to all villages beyond, ..., on the right bank of the Ngaw Chang, or Little River, would appear to have been withdrawn; we have now, therefore, the following:-\n\n1. On behalf of the Tien Tan Fu Yi, claims to three villages on the upper waters of the Chi Pwi, consisting, in all, of ten Lisa huts. There has been no payment of tribute to, or any act of control by, the Chinese for thirty-five years at least.\n\n2. On behalf of Ming Kwang Headman or Fu Yi, named Tso and Yang, claims to Hparé Tzu Chu and certain villages along the Kan Sheng (Kun Ma or \"Rolling Horse\") River, a tributary of the Ngaw Chang, of which Taw Gaw, La Chang, La Mok, Pa Mia, with the addition of Hsich Chiang (Shi Jang) and Tsaw Lang, situated on the banks of a small stream flowing into the Ngaw Chang, between Pien Ma (Hpi Maw) and Kansheng Rivers, would seem to complete the list--in all, some twelve villages and hamlets, containing 200 families, at the most, of Lashi.\n\nAll these entirely deny that they are in any sense subject to Chinese control, and we find that in fact they are quite independent. No tribute is paid or has been paid in the memory of man, and the Chinese Fu Yi are not only obviously unable to enforce their claims, but are afraid to go into the country at all. Their pretensions are based on ancient official documents, which, in their turn, are probably based on mendacious statements by the ancestors of the present Fu Yi, and supported by occasional exchanges of trifling presents in virtue of the Treaty referred to above.\n\n3. On behalf of the Ta Tang Fu Yi to one village on the Ngaw Chang, near the junction of the Shang Tawn River, between Hsich Chiang and Pien Ma, namely, Shang Lou (in Lashi Gaw Yawm); this contains some forty households, who, it appears, exchange presents once in three years with Ta Tang, \"huang lien\" being given in exchange for a buffalo, in virtue of some Treaty; but Shang Lou is in no sense under regular control by Ta Tang, though while we were at Pien Ma the Ta Tang Headman went to Shang Lou, and the people supplied him with transport.\n\n4. On behalf of the Teng Keng Fu Yi, resident on the Salween, claims to Pien Ma, U Tung, Kang Fang, and a small tract of mountainous country near the left bank of the Upper Ngaw Chang, including some five villages, nine hamlets, and some 250 households of Lisu or Lashi. Here an irregular house tax is levied, mostly in kind, and a toll on timber is taken at Kang Fang. The total amount of the revenue is uncertain, but it is not over 300 rupees a-year, and owing to the disturbed condition of the country is often less. There is nothing of the nature of regular administration or control by the Teng Keng Fu Yi.\n\nThese claims--all of which represent rather family affairs of the Chinese Headmen than the political rights of the Yunnan Government--are so trifling that, in view of the obvious advantages of the watershed frontier to both parties, the matter would be settled in ten minutes if we had a civilized Government to deal with; but the point of view from which Chinese officials look at a question such as this is altogether different from ours. Facilities for good and easy administration of frontier tribes, convenient ethnographical or geographical divisions, are matters about which none of them know or care anything. It is therefore a mistake to take them too seriously. To the Mandarins the matter is a purely personal one. Each of them who has to deal with the affair of the frontier asks himself: \"How can I get out of this without letting myself in for impeachments and accusations of giving away Celestial land and truckling to the foreigner?\" Every Boundary Commission has been followed by its crop of impeachments of this kind, and though the officials accused may manage to escape without loss of their buttons, feathers, or official position, they have had to give heavy bribes to right themselves. The result is that none of them will take any responsibility. However unreasonable and unsubstantiated claims may be, the local official will never venture to say a word which might be held to cast any doubts on their validity, or to suggest the advisability of abandoning them. So long as he sits perfectly still and does nothing, he is in a position of safety, but directly he makes a move towards definite action for settling the frontier, he finds himself in a land of pitfalls and quagmires. The Taotai\n\n## Page 19\n\nnow clearly understands what we mean by the watershed frontier. Though he seems to recognize that it is the natural frontier, that the adoption of any other line would involve his Government in the future in constant and expensive boundary disputes, that his Fu Yi have no control whatever over on the N'Maikha side, and that the Yunnan Government would never go to the expense necessary to obtain such control, it would none the less be as much as his place is worth to recommend anything inconsistent with \"They would be the wording of the musty documents which have been put forward. down on me,\" he says. The Fu Yi and my own clerks would be writing behind my back to Yunnan-fu all sorts of secret accusations. I cannot take the responsibility of doing anything of the kind,\"\n\nI wish to dwell strongly on this point, for it is the chief, if not the only, obstacle to a speedy settlement. I have pressed upon the Taotai the view that he may, without committing himself to any definite recommendations, state the facts of the case as he himself admits them to be, and also mention that I have, on behalf of the Government of Burmah, offered compensation on a liberal scale for the personal rights of the Teng Keng Fu Yi, and that there is a precedent for such a settlement in the case of the Meng Mao Triangle (Möng Wan assigned tract). I am continuing to urge this view upon him, and am not without hope that he may be induced to take action somewhat on these lines, but I hardly expect to obtain a definite statement from him before the end of this month (May); when I do, I will inform the British Legation by telegraph. If the Taotai agrees to report to the Yunnan Government in the above sense, and if the Chinese Government is pressed strongly and simultaneously by His Majesty's Minister and the Consul-General, I am of opinion that an immediate settlement may be reached, especially if the Chinese Government can be made to understand that no other frontier will ever be accepted by Burmah,\n\nEven this, however, is doubtful; as the Taotai is afraid of his colleagues at Yunnan-fu, so the provincial officials at Yunnan-fu are afraid of the censors. It is unfortunate also that Chen, the former Boundary Commissioner, is now in a position of influence at the capital as Judicial Commissioner, for he is a notorious obstructive. I rather anticipate that we shall be met by the proposal that as the N'Maikha basin belongs to nobody at present, \"face\" requires that it shall be equally divided between the two Governments. In my despatch to the Taotai, therefore, of which copy is attached, I have dwelt on the fact that the frontier proposed by us will in fact be a division of the wild tribes, all the Kachins falling to Burmah, and all the Lisu and Lu Tzu of the Salween falling to China.\n\nI may remark that the local gazetteers know nothing of these claims to country beyond the N'Maikha divide. The Chinese map of Yunnan published by the Shan Hou Chi (Board of Reorganization) at the provincial capital shows the frontier to all intents and purposes as we claim it. The Tengyueh gazetteer speaks of the three \"ai,” or narrow passes, by which are indicated the heads of the Tien Tan, Ming Kwang, and Ta Tang Valleys, as the frontier.\n\n## VIII.\n\nThe result of the present expedition has been to confirm in all main points the opinions previously submitted to His Majesty's Government. In details we have to make some corrections; the claims of the Ming Kwang Fu Yi are much more flimsy, and those of the Teng Keng Fu Yi rather more substantial, than I had anticipated, but on the whole we have only to repeat the conclusions and recommendations which have already been considered and approved by His Majesty's Government, the Government of India, and Sir Ernest Satow.\n\n1. We find that, as a matter of fact, there is not now, and is not in the least likely to be in the future, any sort of effective control or administration by the Chinese beyond the watershed. We find more particularly that the claims of the Ming Kwang Fu Yi to Tzu Chu and Hparè, on which the Chinese Government has shown itself recently inclined to dwell, are all nonsense. We therefore recommend, in the first place, that no other line but the watershed should be accepted.\n\n2. We find that, from the geographical and ethnographical point of view, the line proposed by us is not only a convenient, but may be called an ideal, frontier as far north as the confines of Thibet. It is a conspicuous and unmistakable range of mountains only passable at wide intervals, and both sides of the crest of the range are entirely\n\n* Article II, Treaty of 1897.",
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        "title": "CO129-331 - Public Offices - 1905",
        "content_text": "## 20\n\nThe area is uninhabitable for an average distance of 6 to 8 miles from the crest. This range divides all the Kachins (on the Burmah side) from all the Chinese (on the Yunnon side). Further, all the Lisu, with the exception of a few scattered hamlets, and all the Lu Tzu would be on the Chinese side. Moreover, the frontier proposed is already recognized as such by the natives all along the line, even in the case of the Pien Ma people, who, while recognizing themselves as tributary to Teng Keng, still regard the watershed as the frontier between them and China proper.\n\n3. We find that the adoption of any other frontier would be highly detrimental to the interests of Burmah and in the long run scarcely less injurious to China. Chinese territorial claims on the N'Maikha side could not be recognized without forming an enclave where all the discontented, restless, or criminal spirits could find a safe refuge beyond the reach of the British Government. This would greatly increase the expense and difficulty of even a partial administration. Such an enclave would have to be surrounded by a line of forts, maintained at heavy cost. That the Yunnan Government will not, indeed cannot, reduce its tribes to order is not a matter of speculation, but of actual experience, witness the Blamo frontier, where considerable tracts on the China side are under no sort of control and Burmah has to maintain a military police force to an extent which, so far as the British Kachins are concerned, would be wholly unnecessary.\n\nIf Yunnan cannot control these Kachins, who are close to the main trade routes and adjacent to Tengyueh, what likelihood is there that any serious steps would be taken by the Mandarins to establish order in the distant N'Maikha basin, especially when even the pretence of a military force in West Yunnan has been abandoned? This being the case, to recognize their claims would be to involve them in constant difficulties with regard to frontier disputes. What the Chinese really want is precisely what we ought not to concede, namely, that we should save their face by recognizing their claims and they should nevertheless not be put to any expense or trouble in order to control or to police the country claimed; in other words, that we should admit their full rights of sovereignty without expecting them to fulfil any of its duties. The Taotai assures me that the Fu Yi will guarantee the good behaviour of the tribes and that he will guarantee the good behaviour of the Fu Yi; but this does not improve matters; it is simply Bardolph going bail for Falstaff. I should, like the tailor, want better assurance.\n\n4. We suggest that there is now quite sufficient information to enable a frontier to be laid down at Peking or London, and therefore recommend that His Majesty's Government should not consent to dispatch any further parties for inquiry or delimitation, except possibly to lay down boundary pillars when the frontier has been accepted by China. We further recommend that no further discussion with the Chinese as to what the boundary is to be should be entertained after the results of the present inquiry, with the map, have been laid before them. The negotiations, if any, should be confined to the presentation of a draft Convention in which the only matter for discussion is the amount and mode of payment of the compensation to be made by Burmah for Teng Keng's claims; or, in the alternative, if the Chinese refuse to sign such a Convention, to a declaration that the water-divide is the line which we intend to regard as the frontier in future.\n\n5. As regards payment, we suggest that not only the revenue actually obtained by Teng Keng should be considered, but also the value to the Government of Burmah of a speedy settlement. A payment of 500 rupees per annum will, in fact, more than compensate for the discontinuance of present actual receipts, but it will be well worth while to pay 1,000 rupees, or even a few hundreds more, to obtain an immediate acceptance of the line proposed.\n\nWhile the convenience of paying a lump sum to extinguish the claims once and for all may be admitted, it will probably on the whole be preferable to pay an annuity to the Chinese Headmen, which they would receive quamdiu se bene gesserint. If after a settlement had been reached they molested or caused disorder among the people on the N'Maikha side, payment could be withheld, whereas if a lump sum had been paid we should have no further hold over them. Moreover, the Chinese are more likely to be willing to accept an annual payment than a lump sum, as the latter might be regarded as a transaction for the sale of Celestial land. The money could be paid via the Consul and the Taotai to the Chinese Headmen in such proportions as the Taotai might direct, though, as a fact, Teng Keng is the only man who has any claims to a single rupee.\n\n6. We recommend that every effort, by simultaneous and continuous pressure both at Peking and Yunnan, should be made to induce the Chinese Government to accept the watershed frontier.\n\n## 21\n\n7. If they consent to this, there seem no reasons why the Government of Burmah should be in any hurry to administer the country, but it might possibly be advisable to send a small expedition to establish friendly relations with the Lashi Headmen along the Ngaw Chang, Kan Sheng, and Pien Ma Rivers, and to explain to them that henceforth they are not subject to China, and that the Chinese Headmen have no right to molest them.\n\n8. If the Chinese still refuse to abandon their pretensions, then it will be for the Government of Burmah to consider whether the advance of British administration, or at least of control, along the N'Maikha should not be accelerated. The only argument against this (but it is a weighty one) is the expense; on the other hand, it is clear that sooner or later this expense will have to be undertaken. The people at present seem friendly to us on the N'Maikha side, and there appears for the moment to be little danger of Chinese intrigues. It is therefore probable that the sooner the task is taken up, the less expensive it will be. Further, the sooner the country comes under British control, the sooner the question of the frontier will be finally settled and the danger of friction with the Chinese avoided. It may be argued and admitted that the territory in dispute is of no immediate or intrinsic value, and that there is no necessity to take immediate action, or even that graceful concessions may be made to the Chinese in respect of it; it is—\n\n\"a little patch of ground  \nThat hath in it no profit but the name.  \nTo pay  \nfive ducats, five, I would not farm it;  \nNor will it yield to Norway or the Pole  \nA ranker rate should it be sold in fee.\"\n\nThe reply is that, in considering a frontier, attention has to be paid to the possibilities of the distant future, and not merely to the political convenience of the moment. While the territory is intrinsically worthless, it is of much importance in matters of this kind. Graceful concessions in relation to the future administration of a vast tract of country have never helped us with the Chinese; besides, to yield on this point would be to confer on our Celestial friends a damnosa hereditas.\n\nOn the whole, we submit that no time should be lost in taking such action as will place beyond all doubt or possibility of future question the principle that the whole of the basin of the Irrawaddy up to the Salween divide is within the sphere of Indian influence. To secure this, it will not be necessary to touch any of the country west of the N'Maikha, nor on the east of that river, to set up an administration so precise as that which now exists in the Kachin Hills near Bhamo. All that seems to be called for is some improvement of the principal line of communication from the Shi Ngaw River, first to the Chi Pwi, then to the line of the Kan Sheng-Ngaw Chang, and then along the Ngaw Chang, all this country being gradually brought within the sphere of the Civil Officer's tour, and special attention being paid to establishing good relations with the Hparè, Lung Pang, and Pien Ma Headmen, who are nearest to China.\n\nIf these ends could be attained without fighting, there would, perhaps, be no present necessity for establishing a military post, which could not be done without great expense, especially for rationing. The country beyond and to the north of Ngaw Chang, which is inhabited by wild Marus, is so far from any Chinese influences that its administration may probably in any case be indefinitely postponed.\n\nIt is true that past experience among other Kachins goes to show that this tract could not be brought under control without military operations. But I may observe that most of the serious collisions which have occurred in the Kachin country, such as at Sima, Sadôn, and Matang in the early '90's, or at Hparè in 1900, were the immediate outcome of intrigues directed from the Tengyueh yamêns by Chinese officials. Now that so responsible an official as a Taotai is at Tengyueh in charge of frontier affairs, it is less likely that we shall have to anticipate difficulties of that kind; at least the Consular officers now established in Yünnan would probably be able to detect any such conspiracy. For the present, I anticipate nothing of the kind, and that is another reason why the opportunity seems favourable for an advance of British control up the N'Maikha; later on, the Mandarins may begin their old tricks again, for their real character remains ever the same, Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. Further, the Kachins now understand better what British control means, and are less likely to resent it, and less likely to listen to the Chinese.\n\n9. If the limit of our control is pushed north, it may be advisable to remember that the upper waters of the N'Maikha are auriferous, perhaps highly auriferous. Until expert opinion has been obtained on the point, it would be well to abstain from granting any extensive concessions in this country.\n\nPage 443  \nPage 450  \nPage 451",
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        "content_text": "## 10\n\nNo reference was made by us to that upper eastern branch of the Irrawaddy known to the Chinese as the Chiu River (probably the Aklying of Pottinger), whose basin is inhabited by the little-known tribe of Chiu Tzu. From inquiries made on the Upper Mekong, it seems that the Chiu Tzu are partly tributary to the Chief of Yetche, on the Mekong (left bank), who in his turn is subject to China. The Chinese officials have little or no notion of where the Chiu River is or who the Chiu Tzu are. I therefore thought that it would only confuse matters to raise the question of so distant and difficult a country. It is, I think, out of the question for the Chinese ever to send a military expedition to so remote and inaccessible a locality, except possibly in the wake of the French missionaries, but I hope to gather some more information concerning the Chin next autumn. It is submitted, however, that any claims to the Chiu district could be dealt with in the same way as the Teng Keng claims, and that our present knowledge of the general geography of the country is sufficient to justify His Majesty's Government in pressing for a recognition of the Salween-Irrawaddy divide as the frontier as far at least as latitude 28°. If the Chinese reply by raising the question of Chin, then the present delimitation might be confined to latitude 26° 30′, which is the limit of the Lao Wo Chief on the Salween; or, better still, it might be provided that the divide should be the frontier up to latitude 28°, but that His Majesty's Government would compensate on a liberal scale any Chiefs on the Chinese side who might subsequently be found to have customary rights to dues from tribes in the Irrawaddy basin. The suggestion in paragraph 4 above, that no further joint parties of inquiry should be sent (a demand which the Chinese are very likely to put forward), applies especially to the Chin district, whence the Irrawaddy has its eastern sources. This is probably about the least known and most difficult country in the world. No supplies, even for a small party of, say, twenty-five, would be procured nearer than Atentse or Yetche on the Upper Mekong, both of which are at least fifteen marches from the Chiu district, crossing two great rivers—the Mekong and the Salween—by rope bridges, and two passes of 11,000 to 13,000 feet. Mule transport is out of the question, and a coolie can only carry as much as will feed himself for twenty-four days. Supplies, even from Atentse or Yetche, could be cut off by hostile lamaseries, who are under no sort of control. The Chinese accompanying such an expedition would certainly be insolent and violent to the tribes, and no results could be expected at all commensurate with the expense and danger which such a wild-goose chase would involve. From Barmah or Assam, the Chiu country is equally inaccessible. It is desirable that more exact geographical and general information than is now available should be obtained, but if the Chiu country is ever to be explored, a Chinese official or soldier is the very last person in the world who ought to be allowed to join the party. Indeed, no Mandarin of any position or influence could ever reach the Chiu, because he would have to walk; but if he could walk, he would not be a man of position or influence.\n\n## 11\n\nA translation of the despatch which I have addressed to the Taotai is attached. The map of the country examined, with the names in English and Chinese—the latter having been settled by the Taotai—is submitted.\n\nConsiderable difficulty was experienced in fixing the Chinese names, for the same place is often differently designated by different tribes and again differently by the Chinese; often there is no recognized Chinese character for a place; it is therefore suggested that the characters given with the present map should be finally adopted. Further, different reaches of the same river are differently named by the same tribe. Take, for instance, the N'Maikha. Last year I wrongly reported that this was known to the Chinese as the Maiku River, but I now find that the Maiku River is the Shi Ngaw, tributary of the N'Maika, so called from a Kachin village on its bank. The name N'Maikha is unknown to the Chinese except to one or two officials, who have got it from our maps. N'Maikha is the name given to the river by the Ching Paw Kachins near the confluence, who are known to the Chinese as Pu Man. The Lashis call it La Pie, which simply means \"the river.\" Some of the Chinese regard it as simply part of the Ngaw Chang or Hsiao Chiang (Little River). Others regard it as part of the Irrawaddy, and accordingly call it Chin Sha Chiang, or Golden Sand River. On several occasions I heard it called simply Chiang, or river, which is an adoption of the Lashi word La Pie.\n\nThe Upper N'Maikha above the junction of the Ngaw Chang was referred to by the few Chinese I met who knew of its existence as the Langsu (or Maru) River. After discussion with the Taotai, we have adopted the somewhat barbarous \"Ngen Mai Ka,\" or \"Ngen Mai Kei,\" failing any recognized official version.\n\n## 12\n\nThe following is submitted as a suggestion for a draft of the text of a Convention which could be accepted by the Government of Burmah:\n\n### Draft Convention\n\n**(a.)** From Manung Pum, the high, conical peak in latitude 25° 33′ N., the frontier will follow the crest of the watershed range between the N'Maikha River with its tributaries to the north, and the Ta Ping and Shweli (Lung Chiang) Rivers with their tributaries to the south, until it reaches the watershed between the Salween and the Irrawaddy Rivers.\n\nThe following are the names by which certain points on this crest are known: the Pan Wa Ya Kou Pass, the Tzu Mei (sister) Peak, the Ta Ya Kou Pass, the Tzu Chu Ya Kou Pass, the Fen Shui Ling Pass, the Ta Ho Tou Ridge.\n\n| Localities and Natural Features | Belong to |\n| --- | --- |\n| Valleys (Pa-tzu) of Luu Ma and Tan Tsa, the Lang Ya Shan Peak, the Tien Tan Valley, the Ming Kwang Valley, the Ta Tang Valley | China |\n| Valleys of the Shi Ngaw, Tun Maw, and Chi Pwi Rivers; the Hparè Valley, the Tzu Chu Valley; the Valleys of the Shi Jang and Kan Sheng Streams, the Pien Ma Valley; and the valley of the Ngaw Chang, otherwise known as the Hsiao Chiang Stream | Burmah |\n\nThence the frontier will follow the crest of the lofty and conspicuous range known locally as the Kao Li Kung, which forms the watershed between the Salween and the Irrawaddy as far as latitude (?), passing through the crest of the Pien Ma Ya Kou Pass.\n\nThe whole of the basin of the Salween (Lu Chiang) thus belongs to China, and the whole of the basin of the Irrawaddy River to Burmah.\n\n**(b.)** As the frontier now laid down follows conspicuous ranges of hills and is locally well known, no further demarcation on the spot will be necessary, but it is agreed that officers will be dispatched by both Governments to erect boundary pillars at the principal passes over the ranges which form the frontier. Any difficulty in recognizing the places mentioned will be settled by reference to the map which is attached to the English and Chinese versions of this Convention, and which is hereby recognized by both Governments as authoritative.\n\n**(c.)** It is understood that this Convention does not affect the frontier of the various Thibetan districts, which will be reserved for future discussion.\n\n**(d.)** The Yunnan Government having reported that certain Headmen (`Fu Yi`) on the Chinese side of the frontier claim customary presents or pecuniary dues from villages situated on the Burmah side thereof, the British Government agrees to pay to the Chinese Government an annual sum of ... rupees in full compensation for the extinction of such claims. All jurisdiction and sovereignty over such villages shall henceforth reside in His Britannic Majesty for ever. It is agreed that this sum of rupees shall be paid annually commencing from the ... by His Britannic Majesty's Consul at Tengyueh, through the Taotai of West Yunnan, to be distributed to the said Headmen (`Fu Yi`) in such proportions as the Chinese Government may direct. (And any customary rights to similar presents or dues which the Chinese Headmen in the Salween or Mekong Valleys north of Teng Keng may be subsequently found to possess will be considered by His Majesty's Government, and, if substantiated, dealt with in a liberal spirit.)\n\nI have avoided all reference to a lease in the above draft, as the Chinese Government may be averse to the use of such a term, but the same result will be attained if certain territory be formally admitted to be Chinese and a lease in perpetuity granted for the same at a rent of the same amount as the proposed compensation. In this case, the Convention might read: \"The boundary-line between the territory to be administered by the Provincial Governments of Burmah and Yunnan shall be,\" &c. (as above), and clause (d) will read \"as rent for such villages and their lands,\" instead of \"in full compensation for such rights.\"\n\nIt is important that in the Chinese text, such terms as \"the Ming Kwang Valley\" (Pa-tzu), or the \"Tien Tan River,\" should be used, not merely \"Ming Kwang\" or \"Tien Tan,\" otherwise the Chinese will raise difficulties on the ground that villages on the N'Maikha side are an integral part of Ming Kwang or Tien Tan. It also seems very desirable that His Majesty's Minister should insist that a copy of the map, with names of places marked in Chinese, be attached to the Chinese as well as the English version of the Convention.\n\nI have drafted this Report in consultation with my colleague, Mr. Leveson. I am indebted to him for all the information concerning local Kachin polities which it contains.\n\nPage 23  \nPage 444",
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        "content_text": "## 24\n\ncontains, and still more for the friendly relations which his knowledge and experience of these wild people enabled us to establish with them.\n\nMr. Leveson concurs with me in recommending to the favourable notice of His Majesty's Government the excellent work performed by the surveyors, often under circumstances of great difficulty, and the very good conduct of the military police escort.\n\nThe Lashi Headman of Lajawng, in the Myitkyina district, was with Mr. Leveson and rendered valuable services in all negotiations and interviews with the Lashis of Hpare and the Ngaw Chang.\n\nThe Lisu Headman of Bumrawng, in the Bhamo Hills, formerly a havildar in the Bhamo Military Police Battalion, accompanied me up the Salween as interpreter, as he speaks Chinese. I should like to mention his good conduct and special usefulness.\n\nOur thanks are due to the British Minister at Peking and to the Government of India for the representations made to the Chinese Government that the Acting Taotai, Shih Hung Chao, should be retained at his post for service on this expedition. In no case did we have to complain of any of the obstructions and difficulties which an official less strong-minded and new to the place would almost certainly have raised. Taotai Shih kept his followers in order, refrained from \"squeezing\" the country through which he passed, prevented his soldiers from indulging in the looting which is usually practised by Chinese \"braves\" on these occasions, and paid fair prices for his mules and his supplies. He was always amenable to reasonable arguments as to the proceedings which it was best for us to take, and decided all matters without reference to his subordinates, who, of course, were for sitting still or going back very early in the proceedings. It would be unfair not to admit that satisfactory results—so far as we obtained them—were in a measure due to the Taotai's common sense.\n\n## 25\n\n### Inclosure 8 in No. 1\n\n**Certificate granted to Tso Ta Hsiung, Hereditary Native Sergeant of Tzu Chu Village, in the Ming Kwang Narrows.** (Translation.)\n\nTHE Board of War in the matter of issuing a certificate:—\n\nWhereas the Minister for Military Appointments reports that he has received an official statement from Ngai, Grand Chancellor and Governor-General of Yunnan and Kwei Chon, to the effect that Tso Hua Tien, Hereditary Native Sergeant of Tzu Chu village in the Ming Kwang Narrows, subject to Tengyueh, has demised; that his son, Tso Ta Hsiung, who is now 22 years of age, is freely accepted by the various tribes as their Lord; and that a bond setting forth the registers of the genealogy of the Tso family has been delivered, together with the former certificate, and that the Governor-General has therefore addressed the Board for instructions to Tso Ta Hsiung to assume the succession;\n\nUpon this the Board, having inspected and recorded the bond concerning the genealogy of the family, has cancelled the previous certificate, and as it appears that the said Tso Hua Tien has demised, and the Governor-General reports that his son, Tso Ta Hsiung, is 22 years of age and accepted by the tribes, the Board will now, as requested, permit the said Tso Ta Hsiung to assume the succession to the title of Hereditary Sergeant of the village of Tzu Chu in the Ming Kwang Narrows in the Sub-Prefecture of Tengyueh. This present certificate, in exchange for the former, is hereby granted, and the said Tso is ordered to receive it. A necessary certificate addressed to Tso Ta Hsiung, Hereditary Sergeant, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nTAO KWANG.\n\n18th year (1889), 6th moon.\n\n(Translation.)\n\n### Inclosure 7 in No. 1\n\n**Taotai Shih to Acting Consul Litton.**\n\nPien Ma, April 17, 1905.\n\nI HAVE just had the honour to receive your letter and am in possession of its contents. The other day when we were at Ming Kwang I inquired from the two Fa Yi, Yang and Tso, as to the condition of the tribes on both sides of the Little River (Ngaw Chang). They stated that in former times a punitive expedition had gone against the rebellious barbarian, Tsao Ko, to Chih Ka and the country about it, beyond (i.e., right bank of) the Little River, and that the district had then been subjected to Chinese jurisdiction.* Subsequently they, the Fu Yi, had removed into Chinese territory to a great distance from the district in question. Besides, these barbarians are of a savage nature, and widely different from those who reside on this side (i.e., the left bank) of Little River; thus they had come to be beyond the pale of civilized government, and for a long time there had been no communication between them and the Chinese.\n\nHaving investigated this matter, I find that the above statements are correct. You have now been good enough to state verbally to me that the Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo proposes to proceed beyond the Ngaw Chang in order to inspect the country; but it is to be feared that the wild tribes of those parts, not being accustomed to seeing anything out of the common, may become alarmed and raise trouble. If the Deputy Commissioner is resolved to go, I would venture to request him to consider how important it will be to take proper precautions. You were good enough to ask me verbally about this matter, and on inquiry I found that the real state of the case is as I have mentioned above.\n\nI must therefore again request you to discuss with the Deputy Commissioner as to whether he should proceed or not.\n\nThe maps of Teng Keng and Mao Chao will be sent to you when they have been completed.\n\nCompliments.\n\n(Card of Taotai Shih.)\n\n* There is no evidence that the Headmen ever resided beyond the watershed.—G. L.\n\n### Inclosure 9 in No. 1\n\n**Certificate granted to Yang Tsar Wei, Hereditary Native Sergeant of Hpare Village, in the Ming Kwang Narrows.** (Translation.)\n\nTHE Board of War issues the following certificate:—\n\nWhereas the Minister for Military Appointments reports that the Department has submitted copy of an extract from the records of the Board to the effect that the Yün-Kwei Governor-General, Kwei, states that a report has been received from the Yung Chang Prefect that Yang Chan Ho, Hereditary Native Sergeant of Hpare in the Ming Kwang Narrows, has demised; that his son, Yang Tsai Wei, is now 22 years of age, and being the true and lawful eldest son of the deceased is freely accepted by the tribes as their Lord; and that the said Yang Tsai Wei should be permitted to assume the succession to his father's office and to administer the tribal villages; and that a bond has been delivered setting forth his family relations and genealogy, together with the former certificate, for transmission to the Board for instructions;\n\nAnd whereas (the Governor-General states that) when a vacancy occurs among the tribal officials, the rule is that the lawful eldest son succeeds, and that the said Yang Chan Ho, Native Sergeant, &c., has demised, leaving a vacancy; and his son, Yang Tsai Wei, being his true and lawful heir, is gladly accepted by the tribes, and should be permitted to succeed to the ancestral offices and administration of the tribal villages;\n\nThe Board, finding the above to be in accordance with the law, permits the said Yang Chan Ho to assume the said succession, and, in exchange for the former certificate, issues this present, which the said Yang should receive accordingly.\n\nThe above copy having been submitted in the 20th year of Tao Kwang on the 3rd day of the 11th moon, an Imperial Edict was received on the 4th: \"Let it be as proposed. Respect this!\"\n\nThe necessary certificate is accordingly issued to Yang, &c.\n\n[Note. Neither Tzu Chu nor Hpare is in the Ming Kwang or in the Ming Kwang \"Narrows (or passes), but a day's march beyond the passes. There is not the ...",
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        "content_text": "446 \n\nslightest evidence that either of Lashi villagers positively deny it. two Fu Yi as their Suzerain.] \n\n26 \n\nthe Fu Yi ever lived beyond the watershed, and the These villagers also deny that they ever accepted the \n\n27 \n\n[Note. There seems no reason to believe that the villages on the NMaikha side took any more cognizance of the above official arrangements than they did of the distribution of them among the Chinese Fu Yi, which seems to have been made after the disturbances in Chia Ching's reign.] \n\n## Inclosure 10 in No. 1. \n\n**Précis of a Memorial by Shè, Governor-General of Yunnan and Kwei-Chou, together with a Receipt by the Board of Civil Office at Peking, making arrangements for the redistribution and definition of various Frontier Jurisdictions in West Yunnan, dated probably in the 15th year of Chein Lung, because a local instruction to the Chinese \"Tu-ssu\" or Headmen, based on this Memorial, is dated the year after.** \n\nTHE Governor-General observes that the boundaries of the Sub-Prefecture of Tengyueh, the hsien district of Pao Shan (Yung Chang), and the hsien district of Li Chiang are ill-defined towards the west; in the case of many scattered villages there are doubts as to what jurisdiction they belong to a state of affairs which is contrary to the requirements of good administration. \n\nThe following redistribution of the various frontier villages is therefore approved: The notes as to locality are added by His Majesty's Consul, Tengyueh. In the case of Pien Ma and U Tung, which are transferred from the jurisdiction of Yün Lung to that of Pao Shan, it is stated that the tax which the Yun Lang official formerly received and accounted for will henceforth be handed over to Pao Shan. The amount is about 320 lb. of rice. \n\n1. To the jurisdiction of Tengyueh are assigned: \n| Village | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Shang Lou | (in Lasbi, \"Gaw Yawn,\" on the left bank of the Ngaw Chang) |\n| Chi Ka | (Lashi village on the right bank of the Ngaw Chang, opposite Shang Lou) |\n| Pa Yang | (in Lashi, \"Pa Myaw,\" on the Lower Kansheng or Kun Ma River) |\n| Ta Tang |  |\n| Ming Kwang | (about the Upper Shweli or Lung Chiang) |\n| Hparè Tan Chu | (Lashi villages at the headwaters of the Kansheng or Kun Ma) |\n| Hsien Chiang | (in Lashi, \"Shi Jang,\" on a small tributary, left bank Ngaw Chang) |\n| Kun Yung | (in China, 24 miles north of Tengyueh) |\n| Lu Yung | (not identified) |\n| Tien Tán | (Upper Shweli, west branch) |\n\n2. To the jurisdiction of Pao Shan the following are assigned: \n| Village |\n| --- |\n| Sun Chu |\n| Su Chai Pa |\n| Meng Ku |\n| Lu Chang |\n| Pú Ka |\n| Lung Sai |\n| Teng Lang |\n| Ting Ming |\n| Teng Keng |\n| Pa Chu |\n| Man Pang |\n| Sung Po |\n| Pai Lou |\n| Mao Chao |\n| A La Wa Ti |\n| Pai Pa |\n| Pa Chu Ho |\n| Pa Chung Lo |\n| Pien Ma |\n| U Tung |\n\n(All the above are situated along the Salween or in the Ngaw Chang Valley.) \n\n3. To the jurisdiction of Yün Lung the following are assigned: \n| Village |\n| --- |\n| Ch'eng Ka |\n| La Pai |\n| U Pie |\n| Hsiang Hsieh |\n| Tè U Ti |\n| Hsi Wa Lo |\n| Ku Mi Teng |\n| Ta Chu Ti |\n| Ta Chu Lo |\n| Lu Ku ferry |\n| Kan Ma Sa |\n| Lu Wei |\n| Hu Mu Lang |\n| Lao Wo |\n| Chi Tsu |\n| Wo Mao Ting |\n| Lu Tsu |\n| Lu Tsang Wang Ti |\n| Shil Ti |\n| Kui Wu |\n| Tu Pan Chang |\n| Tsao Chien |\n| Shui Tsing |\n\n(Most of these are known, and all are believed to be situated along the Salween, or between that river and the Mekong.) \n\n4. To Li Chiang Prefecture are assigned the following: \n| Village |\n| --- |\n| Pie Pie Lo |\n| Mao Chu Chai |\n| Ta Mi Lai |\n| Ta Pien |\n| Hei Tao |\n| Teng Kwa |\n| Tsa Hui Jen |\n| Chi Wa Tsa |\n| La Tsa |\n\n(Not identified; believed to be all along the Upper Salween or Mekong.) \n\n(Translation.) \n\n## Inclosure 11 in No. 1. \n\n**Acting Consul Litton to Taotai Shih, Tengyueh, May 20, 1905.**\n\nTHE 4th Article of the Agreement relative to Burmah and China provided that the boundary north of latitude 25° 35′ should be settled when the conditions of the country had been more fully inquired into. This Agreement is dated in 1897, and since its signature, the Government of Burmah has on several occasions dispatched officers to proceed to the N'Maikha with a view to ascertaining the conditions of the country and of pacifying the tribes. \n\nLast year, your Government also dispatched two military officials to Ming Kwang to make inquiries, but though the Representatives of both Governments had thus inspected the country, there had hitherto been no joint examination, and consequently, it has not been possible to conclude a further Treaty. \n\nIn February of this year, the Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo, together with myself, received instructions from our Government to serve on a joint inquiry regarding the frontier, and your Honour received a similar Commission, and we fixed a date for proceeding on this service. \n\nOn this occasion, the instructions to your Honour and to myself were to the effect that we were only to make a joint examination of the country and present a map to our superiors, and then to await their settlement of the demarcation question; we had no authority to proceed to delimitation on our own account. \n\nI was directed by my Government to point out the watershed between the N'Maikha River on the one hand and the Shweli and Salween Rivers on the other, while your Honour was instructed to inquire precisely what are territories administered by your Sawbwas. \n\nWe have now to communicate to each other the results of our joint inquiry. Having met at Ku Yung on the 7th March, 1905, we together proceeded to Ta Chai, in Tan Tsa, where we commenced our work. The previous demarcation had not gone beyond the high conical peak known to the Kachins as Manung Pum; the two small valleys of Lun Ma and Tan Tsa are situated to the east of this peak, while to the north-east of Tan Tsa, there is a lofty mountain known as Lang Ya (\"Wolf's Tooth\") Hill; between these two peaks rise the streams known as the Hsiao Cha, Ta Cha, and Chan Hsi Rivers; and the Chan Hsi River is the headwater of the Ta Ping. \n\nBeyond the range to the north of Chansi River are the Shi Ngaw and Tum Maw Rivers, both of which flow into the N'Maikha, and so to the Irrawaddy. These two rivers are under the jurisdiction of Myitkyina. \n\nUnder these conditions, all Lun Ma and Tan Tsa, which are within (i.e., on the Chinese side) of their watershed, should belong to Yunnan, while all the valleys of the Shi Ngaw and Tum Maw Rivers, which are beyond this watershed, should belong to Burmah. \n\nTo the east of the Lang Ya Shan is the village of Ma Li Pa. This village is situated in the north of the Tien Tan Valley, which belongs to Tengyueh Sub-Prefecture and is under Tsai Fu Yi (Headman). In this valley flows the Tien Tan River in a southerly direction to Ku Tung bazaar, where it joins the Ming Kwang River, being, in fact, one of the headwaters of the Shweli. \n\nSome 30 li to the north of Ma Li Pa, the watershed is crossed to the Chi Pwi River, which flows into the N'Maikha, and so to the Irrawaddy. \n\nThe Tien Tan River has three sources: the Mo Shih Stream, the Pan Wa Stream, and the true source, which issues from the Sisters Hill to the north of the village of Hei Tafo Yuan. Here, the boundary should assign the valley of the Tien Tan to Yunnan and the valley of the Chi Pwi to Burmah. \n\nBut your Honour told me that several villages about the headwaters of the Chi Pwi were included in the territory of Tsai Fu Yi of Tien Tan. Officers were accordingly sent over to Chang Yin Kou, Chung Shan, Lu Pi, and Shih Pao to inquire.",
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        "content_text": "## Page 29\n\nThe route was a mere track over unusually mountainous and difficult country with a very sparse population: only ten families of Lisu, in a very poor condition, were found (in the villages mentioned). For many years past they have neither paid tribute nor made presents.\n\nOn leaving Ma Li Pa we proceeded on the 31st March to Ta Chai, in the Ming Kwang Valley, to the east of Tien Tan. This valley is in the Tengyueh Sub-Prefecture and under the jurisdiction of the two Fu Yi, Tso and Yang. For a distance of nearly 100 li from Ku Tung bazaar northwards to the head of the Ming Kwang River the valley is inhabited by a mixed population of Chinese and Lisu, but most of the latter can speak Chinese and in every way resemble Chinamen. The Ming Kwang River rises to the north of Ta Chu Pa and flows down to Ku Tung bazaar, being the true source of the Shweli; along the north-west of the Upper Ming Kwang Valley there is a lofty range of mountains connecting with the Sisters Hill and the Pan Wa Pass, and forming the divide between the N'Maikha and Shweli Rivers. All the streams on the east side of this ridge belong to the Ming Kwang-Shweli system; all the streams to the west of it flow into the N'Maikha and Irrawaddy.\n\nTo take this range as the frontier would be to adopt the true natural line. But your Government stated that Hparè, Tzu Chu, Pien Ma, and other places situated to the west of the watershed belonged by rights to the Fu Yi Yang and Tso of Ming Kwang; these Fu Yi also presented two certificates and a copy of a Memorial bearing on this question to your Honour for my inspection.\n\nUnder these circumstances the Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo, together with your Deputy, Mr. Tai, proceeded from Ming Kwang to Hparè in order to make a careful investigation on the spot.\n\nThe distance proved to be nearly 80 li, and the track was through mountainous and uninhabited country for the whole way. In the two villages of Upper and Lower Hparè there are only some thirty odd households, all of them Lashi Kachius; just below the village the Hparè and Tzu Chu Streams join to form the Kun Ma (Khansheng) River, which flows into the Ngaw Chang, and so into the Irrawaddy.\n\nThe village of Tzu Chu also contains some thirty families of Lashi and is only separated from Hparè by a minor ridge of hills.\n\nMr. Leveson, in concert with Mr. Tai, examined the Headmen of these villages. Their statement was in effect as follows:\n\n\"We are not subject to the Fu Yi, nor do we pay taxes to him; but formerly when festivities took place at the Fu Yi's we offered presents, and when we had any festivities the Fu Yi made return presents to us. Since the Fu Yi raided our village and robbed us of our ploughing oven we have had a feud with the Fu Yi and hold no communication with him. Formerly the Fu Yi engaged us to protect the road (along the Kun Ma) and gave us 25 rupees and some gunpowder for doing so, but of recent years this payment has not been made.\n\n\"We are in the habit of going backwards and forwards over the frontier for the purpose of trading with the Chinese, and they do the like, but we never go over the frontier to cultivate. We know nothing about the certificate investing Yang Fu Yi with the title of Hereditary Sergeant of Hparè or how he came by it, but we do know that we have never been subject to him.”\n\nThese statements agree with my own observations. Not only does not the Fu Yi control this district, but he does not even dare to go there; so it is perfectly clear that he cannot control it; nor can I understand how the certificates come to speak of the \"Fu Yi Yang of Hparè in Ming Kwang\" and the \"Fu Yi Tso of Tzu Chu in Ming Kwang,\" seeing that Ming Kwang is distant from Hparè and Tzu Chu nearly 100 li. To insist that they are in the same district is as though we were to talk of Mandalay in the district of Yung Chang, or Yung Chang in the district of Mandalay.\n\nUnder these circumstances, I would invite your Honour to point out in what possible sense these Fu Yi can be said to govern these villages.\n\nMr. Leveson and myself further inquired into the conditions and history of Pien Ma, the Kun Ma River, and the Hsiao Chiang or Ngaw Chang. The Headmen stated that some generations ago the Chinese and the Kachins had fallen out, the Chinese Chiefs of Ming Kwang, Ta Tang, and Teng Keng had united their forces and made an incursion beyond the watershed and beyond the Ngaw Chang, raiding the village of Lan Pang and killing many persons, whereby the Kachins suffered heavy damage. The Lashi Headmen then collected their people and made a counter-raid over the divide.\n\n## Page 447\n\nThey burnt Teng Keng and killed two of the Chinese Fu Yi's family; they then looted the Ming Kwang Valley as far as Ku Tung bazaar.\n\nAfter this the various parties negotiated a peace, and it was agreed that they should mutually exchange presents of local produce, as a pledge of amity, Ming Kwang every three years exchanged presents with the villages of Hparè, Lung Pung, and those along the Kun Ma and Ngaw Chang Rivers; Teng Keng exchanged them with Pien Ma and U Tung; Ta Tang with Shang Lon and Chih Ka.\n\nSubsequently the Pien Ma people looted some cattle belonging to Lung Pang and Chih Ka, whereupon these villages looted and burnt Pien Ma. The Pien Ma people, being few and weak, then voluntarily invited the Chinese of Teng Keng to come to their assistance in order to have their revenge. The Teng Keng people consented and burnt the two villages of Lung Pang and Chih Ka. This is the reason why to this day Pien Ma makes a small annual payment of tribute to Teng Keng. In the case of Ta Tang, the villages of Shang Lou and Chih Ka commonly present \"huang lien\" and receive in exchange a plough ox.\n\nBut these various Headmen are not under any administrative control by the Chinese officials.\n\nNow these statements agree in the main with what your Honour told me, namely, that in the reign of Chia Ching (early nineteenth century) the Chinese Fu Yi had made a warlike expedition to the Ngaw Chang. No doubt we must not believe all that we are told by the Kachin Headmen, but neither can I believe the statement of the Chinese Fu Yi to the effect that they subjected this country to regular control.\n\nThe questions concerning Pien Ma and the Hsiao Chiang (Ngaw Chang) being of much importance in regard to the frontier, we determined personally to proceed from Ming Kwang to Pien Ma to make inquiries. The way leads over the Fen Shui Ling Pass, and so to the head of the Pien Ma River, a distance of over 80 li, all of which is uninhabited, while progress is exceedingly difficult on account of the mountainous character of the country. This pass, the Fen Shui Ling, is close to the head of the Ming Kwang River, which is the true source of the Shweli. The hills at the back of this river-source form the water-divide between the Hsiao Chiang or Little River and the Ming Kwang, and this water-divide is connected with the main water-divide between the Salween and the Irrawaddy; this main divide stretches northwards as far as the confines of Thibet, and is a snow-blocked range almost impossible to cross, and is locally known by the Teng Keng and Ming Kwang people as the Kao Li Kung snow mountains.\n\nOn account of the difficulty of travelling, Mr. Leveson and myself only reached Pien Ma and met your Honour on the 16th April, when we proceeded to our investigations. It appears that there are only some 200 odd families of Kachins and Lisu at Pien Ma, who pay a house tax amounting to about 50 taels a-year to Teng Keng, who also levies a toll on coffin wood to the amount of some 100 taels a-year, or, in all, 150 taels (about) per year; but Pien Ma has a feud with Shang Lon, and Lung Pang has a feud with Teng Keng, and there is no communication between these villages. Chinese traders proceeding to these places suffer loss, but the Chinese Fu Yi do nothing whatever to administer the country beyond levying their revenue.\n\nAs to the villages beyond the Ngaw Chang, their condition has been truly described in your Honour's letter to me: they are beyond the pale of government.\n\nIt may be said of the whole of this country that it is clear that neither the Chinese officials nor the Fu Yi can control it. It is to be feared that the Kachins in Barmah territory may subsequently suffer from the raids of these people.\n\nAfter your Honour and myself had crossed the mountains to Lu Chang by the Salween, Mr. Leveson proceeded to both banks of the Ngaw Chang to make inquiries, and the local Headmen all came to see him; the surveyor also proceeded some distance beyond Lung Pang. Nowhere did the Kachins cause any trouble, and it appears from this that they are not naturally savage, but have simply never been subject to Chinese jurisdiction.\n\nOn the banks of the Salween we found that the three Chiefs of Teng Keng, Lu Chang, and Mao Chao are all subject to Yung Chang's jurisdiction. North of Mao Chao the country is entirely populated by Lisu, nominally subject to La Wo. North of the Lisu country are the Nu Tzu, and north of the Nu Tzu (or Lu Tzu) is Thibetan territory. This is a general survey of the condition of the banks of the Salween.\n\nThe west bank of the Salween is entirely populated by Lisu; the country west, again, of the great Salween-Irrawaddy divide is entirely populated by Marus (Lang Su), who are under no Government, and have little or no communication with the Lisu.\n\n[2167-1]",
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        "content_text": "## 30\n\nWe proceeded northwards, and surveyed as far as the boundary of Li Chiang territory; we thence returned to Tengyueh on account of the heavy rains which had commenced.\n\nThe Upper Salween country is of great importance to West Yunnan, and though it has not yet been opened up, it will in future naturally fall within the sphere of Yunnan control. Burma will raise no objection to this; but the upper waters of the Irrawaddy are of the utmost importance to Burma, and though the country has not yet been developed, it must ultimately belong to Burma.\n\nTo sum up, commencing from the source of the Ming Kwang River, and thence proceeding straight up to the crest of the Kao Li Kung snow range, and then proceeding north along this crest to Tibet, all country which is in the basins of the Shweli or the Salween should belong to Yunnan, and all country which is in the basin of the Irrawaddy should belong to Burma. According to this division, all the Lisu and Lu Tzu of the Salween will be in Yunnan, and all the Kachins and Marus will be in Burma, and there will be a definite boundary in the shape of a great snow-clad range.\n\nAs for the presents and tolls now taken from the Kachins by the Teng Keng and other Chinese Headmen, the Government of Burma is willing to make liberal compensation so as to avoid the least loss falling upon your Fu Yi; but not only is my Government unable at the present moment to recognize any of the country on the west of the watershed as Chinese territory, but they cannot contemplate that in the future any part of it can be assigned to Yunnan. I will now proceed to explain to your Honour the reasons for this, which I hope you will take into consideration:\n\n1. At present, none of the villages in the Ngaw Chang basin are in point of fact controlled by your Fu Yi. I think that your Honour is very well aware of the feeble and vicious character of these Fu Yi; but the Government of Burma already controls the Shi Ngaw and Tun Maw Valleys. The inhabitants are of the same tribe as those of the Ngaw Chang, and will therefore easily be brought under control.\n\n2. As the Fu Yi are unable to control this tract, still less will the Chinese officials of Tengyueh be able to control it, in view of the distance, the mountains, and the difficulty of procuring supplies. Thus, the Burma Government would have to establish military posts all along their frontier. This could not be done under an annual cost of several tens of thousands of taels. If posts are not established, then Burma will constantly be suffering damage, as may be seen from what has happened in Meng Mao and Meng Wan (Bhamo frontier).\n\nIt follows the crest. The boundary which I have now suggested is the natural one.\n\n3. It assigns all the Kachin villages to Burma, assigns all the Chinese-inhabited villages to China; it gives all the Upper Salween and Upper Shweli to China, and all the Irrawaddy to Burma; further, both sides of the watershed are uninhabited, and covered with dense forest for a distance of over 10 li from the crest, and this divide has always been regarded by the local people as a frontier. Thus, the line suggested is not only in accordance with the geography of the place, but is suitable as an ethnographical frontier.\n\n4. On the west of the divide, the whole country consists of a complicated mass of cliffs and numerous rivers; in fact, no frontier can be found except the watershed. If this is not accepted, serious calamities will supervene along the border.\n\n5. The \"Tengyueh Gazetteer\" gives the three \"ai\" or narrow passes (Ming Kwang, Ta Tang, Tien Tan) as the frontier; the \"Yung Chang Gazetteer\" gives the Kachin Hills as the frontier; the official general map of Yunnan gives the watershed as the frontier; last year, the Chinese Foreign Office, in a despatch addressed to His Majesty's Minister, declared that, after repeated inquiries, no such river as the N'Maikha could be found. These points clearly show how the matter really stands.\n\n6. The country to the west of the watershed is quite valueless to China, but on account of its geographical situation is of much importance to Burma. If it is not assigned to Burma, the control of a large stretch of country will be rendered difficult to that Government.\n\nThese are the reasons why the watershed forms the most suitable frontier. When the frontier between Meng Mao and Bhamo was being delimited, it was found that a district known as the triangle, and nominally under the Meng Mao jurisdiction, was inhabited by Kachins addicted to raiding. Its possession by Meng Mao was useless to Meng Mao and injurious to Burma. It was therefore agreed that the district should be placed under the jurisdiction of Burma, and that Burma should pay 1,000 rupees per annum as compensation; thus, Meng Mao receives a larger revenue than formerly, and the country has been reduced to peace and order, to the mutual benefit of both parties.\n\nIn the present instance, as loss might be incurred by the Chinese Headmen, the two Governments might act in accordance with the precedent of the Meng Mao triangle, and a perpetual lease might be granted to Burma. The rent would be paid over to the Chinese officials for distribution at their discretion among their various Headmen, the proportions in which the money would be distributed being no concern of the Government of Burma.\n\nBurma would willingly pay this sum by way of compensation, and would on no account permit any loss to fall upon your Headmen.\n\nWe have made the joint inquiry into the frontier according to our instructions, but as we have no authority to delimit, I would request your Honour now to report to your Government, while I will submit to His Majesty's Minister a report in terms similar to this despatch. We must then await further orders from our Governments, on the receipt of which we can proceed to an amicable settlement. Any slight differences of opinion which we may have will, I think, be easily settled by negotiation.\n\n**(Confidential.)**\n\n## Inclosure 12 in No. 1.\n\n**Government of Burma to Government of India.**\n\nMaymyo, June 24, 1905. IN continuation of my letter dated the 19th June, 1905, I am directed to submit, for the information of the Government of India, copies of papers which relate to the frontier between Burma and Yunnan, north of Manangpum.\n\n2. The papers show that Mr. Litton has made a definite claim to fix the Irrawaddy-Salween watershed as the boundary up to the confines of Tibet. In my letter above cited, the Lieutenant-Governor has shown cause for not pressing our claims to a fixed boundary higher than latitude 20° 30′ and for not basing any argument on tribal distribution. If, however, the Chinese Government can be brought to agree to the watershed as a frontier up to the confines of Tibet on payment of a fixed sum, there is no objection. His Honour would, however, deprecate any precise statement as to where China ends and Tibet begins, and would also prefer not to agree to pay rent or compensation to an amount to be fixed by subsequent inquiry.\n\n3. Sir Herbert White concurs in Mr. Litton's suggestion that the Imperial and Provincial Governments of China and Yunnan should be clearly made to understand that the British Government is determined to have the watershed frontier, and that, if China is not willing to forego shadowy claims in return for a cash payment, the Government of Burma will be instructed to occupy and administer the country without further negotiation. For reasons stated by Mr. Litton in his letter dated the 7th June to Sir E. Satow, it appears likely that this argument will exercise considerable influence upon the Government of Yunnan.\n\nI am to submit a copy of Mr. Litton's map with the boundary suggested by Taotai Shih and that suggested by Mr. Litton, marked with red and blue lines respectively. The Ngaw Chang would be a very bad boundary, as there are villages on both sides near to each other, and there might be frequent disputes. The boundary suggested by Mr. Litton is clearly the most suitable in every respect.\n\n**(Confidential.)**\n\n## Inclosure 13 in No. 1.\n\n**Acting Consul Litton to Government of Burma.**\n\nTengyueh, June 8, 1905. IN continuation of my Report on the joint examination of the northern undelimited frontier, I have the honour to transmit a copy of a despatch which... \n\n## 31\n\n448",
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        "content_text": "# 34\n\nI have already explained the reason why I did not pay any present direct to the Taotai. He appears to have thought that as the payment was to be postponed till the frontier was settled he personally would never \"touch\" it, and that it would therefore be more advantageous for him to report it as an offer of a public contribution which the British authorities have made under the influence of his, the Taotai's, skilful diplomacy. I see no objection to this, and, indeed, I think we should do all we can to support the Taotai.\n\n(Translation.)\n\n## Inclosure 15 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed)  \n**G. LITTON**.\n\n### Taolai Shih to Acting Consul Litton.\n\nTengyuch, May 28, 1905.  \nHAVING received through his Excellency the Governor-General Ting the telegraphic instructions of the Wai-wu Pu to proceed on a joint survey of the Northern Burmah-Yunnan frontier, and you, the Consul, having been commissioned by your Government on the same service, we proceeded to the border, and on the 2nd March met at Ku Yung, whence we examined the frontier, section by section, and concluded our work in the early part of May.\n\nI have now the honour to reply to your despatch which I have received and which deals with the whole subject of the frontier, and in which you describe the geography of the districts visited.\n\n[Here the Taotai quotes at length all the passages in my despatch under reply which deal with geography, names of villages, numbers of households, &c., which I need not repeat.-G. L]\n\nYour remarks concerning the physical features of the mountains, the rivers and their sources, the various tribes and their villages are perfectly correct and entirely agree with my own observation; on these points I have nothing to add. But it appears to be inconsistent with the scope of our work that you should lay down that various places along the frontier should belong to Yunnan or to Burmah as the case may be. My duty was merely that of a joint examination; I have no authority to delimit the boundary; thus I need not argue the matter at great length.\n\nBut since you have stated that your Government instructed you to point out the water-divide between the N'Maikha on the one hand and the Salween and the Shweli on the other, and have further mentioned that my instructions were to inquire what were the territories governed by our Chinese Chiefs, I must reply to you in detail on some points.\n\nNow when we have to examine what are the respective boundaries of any given territories we should, by rights, proceed according to the original jurisdictions of the Governments concerned; we cannot define the frontier merely according to the courses of the rivers and such-like considerations. Thus on this occasion I, on proceeding to the frontier, in the first instance ordered the various Fu Yi (Headmen) to prepare and submit maps, for the purpose of affording evidence for our inquiry; these districts are the hereditary Governments of our Fu Yi, so there can be no mistake about their extent.\n\nIt appears from an examination of the maps submitted that the jurisdiction of Ku Yung extends to and includes Lun Ma and Tan Tsa, the Ta Cha Ho and the Lang Ya Shan; Tien Tan extends to and includes the villages of Chang Yin Kou, Chung Shan, and La Pi on the Upper Chipway; Ming Kwang extends to and includes Shih-jang, Pa Yang, Taw Gaw, To Yo, Tsaw Lang Na Ching, the Khan Sheng River, Tzu Chu, and Hparè; Ta Tang extends to and includes Chih Kaw and Shang Lou (Gaw Yawm).\n\nThese maps have already been forwarded for your inspection and that of the Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo (Mr. Leveson), and no doubt you are clear as to their contents.\n\n* This Headman is usually known as the Tan Tea Fu Yi.-G. L.\n+ These are villages on the left bank of the Ngaw Chang.-G. L.\n§ So are these two.-G. L.\n\n# 35\n\nAgain, according to my examination of his map, Teng Keng should by rights control up to and including Kang Fang, U Tung, and Pien Ma.\n\nNow we may first exclude the villages beyond, i.e., on the right bank of the Ngaw Chang, which I have already informed you are beyond the pale of civilized government, and also the villages of Ma Chang, Huang Te, Ma Kung, &c., where your Government has already taken action in various cases, and where we do not further exercise control; with these exceptions it appears that, according to the Fu Yi's maps, the correct boundary is in fact as follows: from the sharp conical peak (Manung Pum) to the head of the Mo Shih Stream; then straight up to the Wei Ton (or \"Crooked Head Mountain\"); then across the Upper Chipway and along the Chang Chia Ridge, and so ascending the Kao Liang Kung Mountain, and descending to the Chiu Ko Taug or Khetmaw River; thence the line would follow up the Ngaw Chang or Hsiao Chiang (\"Little River\") to its source in the Pan Chang Mountains.\n\nWhile you speak of the various streams which flow into the N'Maikha River, it must be remembered that the N'Maikha River itself is not under the control of Myit-kyina in Burmah. The Ngaw Chang is a tributary of the N'Maikha, and all the country within, i.e., on the left bank of the Ngaw Chang, is, as the records show, under the government of our Chinese Fu Yi. This affords clear proof that we must not merely go by the geographical features.\n\nYou state that Lun Ma and Tan Tsa, being within, i.e., on the Chinese side, of the watershed, should by rights belong to Yunnan, while all the valleys of the Tammaw and the Shih-ngaw should belong to Burmah. With respect to this section of the frontier I am in agreement with you.\n\nYou state that the whole of the valley of the Tien Tan River should belong to Yünnan. This is correct, but I cannot wholly agree that all the Chipway Valley should belong to Burmah.\n\nYou state that the lofty range on the north-west side of Upper Ming Kwang Valley is connected with the Sisters Hill and the Pan Wa Pass, and that this is the water-parting between the Shweli and the N'Maikha; that all the streams on the east of this range flow to the Ming Kwang, and so to the Shweli River, while all the streams on the west of it flow into the N'Maikha, and so to the Irrawaddy. You state that this, if taken as the boundary, will be the true natural frontier.\n\nI agree that your geographical description is correct; but if this line is to be taken as the frontier there are serious objections to it, having regard to the territories which by rights should be controlled by our Chinese Fu Yi. It appears, therefore, that this section must be reserved for future consideration and separate action.\n\nThen, again, you state that Mr. Leveson, in concert with my deputy, Mr. Tai, made inquiries at Hparè, and that the Headmen of the village stated that they were not subject to China, and paid no taxes, and regarded the watershed as the frontier [here quoting in full my report of the evidence of the Hparè people; see my despatch]. You go on to say that the evidence of the Hparè Headman is in accordance with your own observations, and that not only is the Fu Yi unable to control these villages, but is afraid even to visit them; that it is thus perfectly clear that the Fu Yi have never in fact administered them. You observed that the certificates of succession speak of the Fu Yi of \"Hparè in Ming Kwang\" and of \"Tzu Chu in Ming Kwang,\" which is inexplicable, as Tzu Chu and Hparè are more than 100 li distant from Ming Kwang; so, you ask, how can they be forced, so to say, into one and the same place? It is, you add, as though one were to speak of Yung Chang in Mandalay, or Mandalay in Yung Chang. Under these circumstances you request me to point out in what manner these Fu Yi do, in point of fact, control these villages.\n\nWhen Mr. Leveson examined these people, Mr. Tai no doubt was present; but when Mr. Tai returned to my camp he reported that he did not understand the language of the tribes; that he, in fact, did not know what evidence the Headman had given, nor had he made any inquiries on the point.\n\nI, too, summoned and examined the Headmen of Tzu Chu and other villages.\n\n* The Teng Kong map was never produced.-G. L.\n† Villages between the Chipway and Tummaw Rivers.-G. L.\n‡ Mo Shih is the west source of the Tien Tan or west branch of the Shweli.-G. L.\n§ Chang Chia Ridge is on the right bank of the Upper Chipway, just below Shik Pan.-G. L.\n¶ Pan Chang Mountain is a snow-clad ridge running east and west above the source of the Ngaw Chang.-G. L.\n** See my note to Taotai of June 2.-G. L.\n†† The records may show this, the facts do not.-G. L.\n‡‡ The Taotai never really answers this question.-G. L.\n§§ See my note to Taotai, June 2.-G. L.",
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        "content_text": "## 36\n\nbefore me, and they stated in evidence to me: \"Hparè, Tzu Chu, Shih Jang, To Yo, Pa Yang, Tu Mu, had been previously subject to the control of the Fu Yi Yung and Tso. Formerly the Fu Yi presented us with oxen, wine, and ornaments, and on another occasion with spades, ploughs, and axes, ordering the villages to commence cultivation, but, as they had not yet succeeded in doing so, no report had been made of the acreage or of the crops produced. The official residences of the Fu Yi used to be in Hparè and Tzu Chu; later, on account of disturbances, they moved over into Chinese territory. Since then, although the Fu Yi never come in person, the villagers, every three or five years, get presents of oxen, wine, &c., and their relations with the Chinese are amicable, nor are there any feuds between them. The villagers had resided there all their lives, but had never stated that the pass was the frontier, or that they were not subject to the Fu Yi.\" \n\nThis was their evidence, and they executed a voluntary bond to this effect, signing the same by finger-marks. Thus, if we are to take the evidence given to the Deputy Commissioner as a proof of the facts, the evidence and the bond submitted to me must be equally good proof.\n\nThe certificates of succession which are in the hands of the Fu Yi have been examined by me, and really bear the seals of the Board; they are not forgeries. Nor are the certificates themselves the only proof, for the fact of their issue may also be found set forth in the provincial \"Gazetteer.\" These certificates are the title-deeds of succession, and they are not issued without definite and recorded proof of the genealogical descent; besides, these certificates go back to an old date, before Burmah was subject to your Government. Now how can you, in these latter days, when the question of the frontier has arisen, claim to occupy further territory on such grounds as these?\n\nIt is the fact that Hparè and Tzu Chu are distant about 100 li from Ming Kwang, but in Yünnan the country is extensive and the population scanty. When the natives once shift their place of residence, it is quite usual that they should move to a distance of several hundred li. Thus we must not, on the mere ground that these Fu Yi have moved to a comparatively distant place, doubt that these villages were their ancient inheritance. Again, the villages controlled by Tso Fu Yi have a mixed population of Chinese and barbarians, but Yang Fu Yi, having removed his residence to Chung Tan (in Lower Ming Kwang), is surrounded by villages wholly inhabited by Chinese, without any barbarians; thus he has none of the tribesmen under his immediate control, and his may be considered a title borrowed from former times. His name of Fu Yi does not agree with the facts, but that Tzu Chu and Hparè were formerly governed by these Fu Yi is a matter which admits of no doubt, therefore it cannot be said that I have, so to say, forced these villages into a position in Ming Kwang.\n\nThen, again, you describe the results of Mr. Leveson's and your investigations as to the history and conditions of Pieu Ma, and the Ngaw Chang and Khan Sheng Rivers as given by the Headman, who stated that they have never been subject to China. You remark that, while the statements of the Headmen cannot be altogether accepted, the statements of the Fu Yi to the effect that they reduced this country to subjection are still less to be credited.\n\nBut I find that the story of the expedition by the Fu Yi to the Ngaw Chang does not merely rest on the personal statement of those Chiefs, but in a joint Memorial by the Boards of Civil Office and of Revenue in the days of Chia Ching, it is set forth that a Chinese General, Hsieh, led troops in a punitive expedition against the rebels of Chen Ka, that subsequently the Fu Yi joined the expedition and gained credit by subduing the country, and finally that the country was divided up among them. The Chiefs also have sealed documents which are evidence of this division.\n\n* Villages on the Khan Sheng and Ngaw Chang Rivers.\n† This is all nonsense; these villages have numerous ricefields, though they were not started through the Fu Yi's orders.\n‡ There is no evidence whatever that the Fu Yi ever lived over the watershed; if they had they would have left some traces. The natives, too, deny it.\n§ This interview appears to be a fabrication; at any rate we heard nothing of it till this despatch. See my note to the Taotai.\n¶ See my note to the Taotai.\n|| Lit. \"Cherisher of barbarians.\"\n** The Taotai does not assert that there is now any effective control.\n†† Early nineteenth century.\n‡‡ Upper Salween.\n§§ Veracity is not a leading characteristic of Chinese Generals or of Chinese documents.\n\n## 37\n\nThe statements made by the Headmen in response to your inquiries, namely, that it was simply a case of feuds and fights between the Chinese and the tribes and that then presents were exchanged in order to make peace, but that the country was never under the government of Chinese officials—these statements, I say, seem to rest on traditions which in the course of long years have departed from the real facts; we cannot put our faith in such traditions in preference to the proofs afforded by official documents. Besides, the Teng Keng Headman even now collects a house tax and a \"kang\" or toll; I need hardly point out at length that this affords precise evidence that he administers the country.\n\nThen you state that all along the west bank of the Lu-Chiang or Salween the inhabitants are Lisu, and that to the west of the great snowy range, between the Salween and the Irrawaddy, are the Langsu (Marus); these latter, you say, have hitherto been independent and have no intercourse with the Lisu. I would remark that the Kachins and other tribes have their seats in the remote hills and valleys. Their manners are rude and barbarous. Not only is it the case that when divided by rivers and ranges they have no communication with each other, but even households situated within sight of each other have no intercourse. The Lisu and Langsu are two different tribes; that they should have no intercourse is therefore to be expected, and it would seem that this circumstance is not to be taken as a proof in itself that these people are under no control.\n\nThen you state that the Gazetteers of Yung Chang and Tengyueh, together with the provincial map and provincial Gazetteer, all give the Kachin Hills or the water-parting as the boundary, and you quote the despatch of my Foreign Office which states that there is no such river as the Naikha.\n\nBut these wild frontier districts are rarely visited by man, and the Gazetteers do not contain full details about them. Thus, for instance, the Nampaung Stream, the western boundary of Tengyueh, and the Nam Yang River, the south boundary of Tengyueh, are not mentioned in the Gazetteers; it cannot be said, therefore, that they are not in China. Further, when the Gazetteer states that the north-west frontier (of Tengyueh) reaches to the boundary of the Lashi (Cha Shan) Kachins, it implies that such part of the Lashi country as is under the jurisdiction of our titled Chiefs is excluded (from the independent country). Now Hparè and Tzu Chu are situated in the Lashi country, but they are also our chieftainships. Tengyueh is given by the Gazetteer as Nan Tien, and the south-west as Kangai; yet Kangai and Nan Tien are none the less Chinese dependencies. When I suggest that the Ngaw Chang is the boundary of the jurisdictions of our Chiefs, I mean the same as when it is said that the Nampaung and Nam Yang Rivers are the frontiers of our Sawbwas.\n\nAgain, in Yunnan there are numerous mountains, and water-divides consequently occur in every direction. Thus, along the borders of the Tengyueh and Yung Chang districts, and in the Yung Lung territory, there are numerous water-partings. It seems, therefore, that we cannot insist that a particular watershed is the boundary of civilized and uncivilized country.\n\nThen you go on to remark that possession of both banks of the Lu Chiang (Upper Salween) is a matter of the greatest importance to West Yunnan, and that though at present this country has not been developed, it should, in the future, be subject to the control of Yunnan, and that the Government of Burmah would have no objection to this. I must express my sincere gratification that your inquiries have led you to so clear and just a conclusion. But you proceed to state that from the source of the Ming Kwang River the frontier-line should directly ascend to the crest of the snowy range known as the Kao Li Kung, and follow this range north to Thibet; that all the country in the basin of the Shweli and the Lu Chiang (or Upper Salween) should be controlled by Yunnan, and all the country in the basin of the Irrawaddy by Burmah; and that no other suitable frontier can be delimited except along the line of this watershed.\n\nBut if we accept the frontier you propose, our Chiefs will lose a large tract of the country which they control. Now the Ngaw Chang has already been recognized by the Chinese Fu Yi as the limit of civilized (i.e., of Chinese government). If we take the Ngaw Chang as the frontier, that will be as natural a boundary and as easy to distinguish as the line which you claim.\n\n* But he does not administer it.\n† The relevancy of this is not clear.\n‡ I added that full possession of the Irrawaddy basin was equally important to Burmah.\n§ This is a possible line, but not a natural one, in the same sense as the main divide; further, its acceptance would cause much expense and inconvenience to Burmah and to Yunnan.\n\nPage 451 \n\n[2167-1]",
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        "content_text": "# 457 \n## 2\n\nIn Kiangsu, Hsüchon is a centre of the trade for the province. It was estimated that 2,500 piculs (3,000 cwt) of Hsüchon opium were consumed at Nanking in 1903, and it is widely used throughout the province.\n\nKuangsi produces ma-shih-t'u, ma-k'uai-t'u, and k'uai-tzu-t'u, but the quantity does not seem to be large.\n\nChekiang produces great quantities throughout the province. Tai-chou, Hsiang-shan, and Yi Yao are the centres of the industry, the estimated production for the year 1900 being 15,000 piculs (18,000 cwt.). The crop is said to be deteriorating owing to neglect of fertilization. Some, however, is exported, the quantity estimated as having gone to Foochow by various routes in 1902 being 1,000 piculs (1,200 cwt.).\n\nIn Fukien the cultivation of the poppy has increased enormously of late years. In 1900 it was predicted that in the near future the province would be independent of any other supply.\n\nThe Chinese estimates of the production in the neighbourhood of Amoy alone were, in 1902, 4,770 piculs (5,724 cwt.), and, in 1903, 9,178 piculs (11,003 cwt.).\n\nManchuria has lately appeared as a producer of opium, and possibly will eventually become the main source from which Chinese markets on the coast will be supplied. After the local demand had been satisfied 865 piculs (1,035 cwt.) reported to the native Customs at Newchwang for export in 1902, and 2,015 piculs (2,418 cwt.) in 1903.\n\nAlthough I have indicated various places at which opium is produced in China, it is evident that the amounts produced are small, and a cursory study of the trade reports shows that the main source of supply of Chinese opium is the three provinces of Szechuan, Yünnan, and Kweichou.\n\nIt is notoriously impossible to obtain any statistics as to the quantities produced of any commodity in China.\n\nMr. Hosie, on p. 28 of his Report on the Province of Szechuan, estimates the quantity of opium consumed yearly in that province at the enormous amount of 127,750 piculs (153,300 cwt.). His estimate of the total quantity produced in the province being more than double that of Indian opium introduced into China hardly seems correct, as the total net import of all foreign opium has only varied between 48,994 piculs and 59,161 piculs during the ten years ending 1904.\n\nAn authority on the subject (Mr. Spence, I believe) in 1881 estimated that 177,000 piculs were produced yearly in Szechuan, 35,000 in Yunnan, and 10,000 in Kweichou.\n\nIn his Report for the year 1909 the Commissioner of Customs at Chungking estimated the production in Szechuan at 250,000 piculs.\n\nIn the absence of any definite information, estimates of the quantities produced are only interesting for the sake of comparing them with the estimates given for other places, and show the great preponderance of the Szechuan and Yunnan article.\n\nAlthough the regulations deal with opium from the three Provinces of Szechuan, Yunnan, and Kweichou, of the amount which passes through Ichang from one-third to one quarter is from Yunnan and the rest from Szechuan.\n\nOpium poppy cultivation appears to be almost universal in all districts in Szechuan, except in the Chengtu plain.\n\nThe opium which passes through Ichang comes largely from Fuchou and Hsuchou. The latter kind is said to have almost entirely supplied the Kiangnan market in 1901.\n\nIn the Customs Trade Reports for 1899 and 1900, in which years the crops seem to have been good, the following places in various parts of the province (see sketch map,* `Inclosure 2`) are mentioned as having stocks of opium on hand:—\n| Place |\n| --- |\n| Fuchou |\n| Chien Chou |\n| Yung Ch'uan |\n| Nei Chiang |\n| Sui-ting |\n| Chunghing |\n\nPrior to 1890 the quantity exported from Szechuan was comparatively small, and does not seem to have attracted much attention from the authorities.\n\n*Not printed.\n\nThe great boom in its use came about 1894. The following Table shows the estimated quantity brought down by river, and the proportion which passed through the li-kin office as opposed to the Maritime Customs:\n| Year | River borne (Piculs) | Passed through Li-kin Office (Piculs) | River borne (Cwt.) | Passed through Li-kin Office (Cwt.) | Percentage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1891 | 12,600 | ... | 15,120 | ... | ... |\n| 1893 | 17,099 | ... | 20,519 | ... | 30 |\n| 1896 | 17,259 | 10,383 | 20,710 | 12,460 | 60 |\n| 1897 | 22,627 | 12,000 | 27,152 | 14,400 | 53 |\n| 1898 | 20,089 | 12,250 | 24,110 | 14,700 | 61 |\n| 1899 | 31,361 | 16,300 | 37,638 | 19,560 | 52 |\n\nThe figures for the five years 1900 to 1904 are as follows:\n| Year | River borne (Piculs) | Maritime Customs (Piculs) | Li-kin Office (Piculs) | Total River borne (Cwt.) | Maritime Customs (Cwt.) | Li-kin Office (Cwt.) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1900 | 25,443 | 12,717 | 13,726 | 31,731 | 15,260 | 16,471 |\n| 1901 | 30,585 | 15,877 | 14,708 | 36,702 | 19,052 | 17,650 |\n| 1902 | 22,098 | 6,722 | 15,878 | 26,517 | 8,066 | 18,451 |\n| 1903 | 24,888 | 5,794 | 19,094 | 29,865 | 6,953 | 22,912 |\n| 1904 | 36,856 | 11,278 | 25,578 | 44,228 | 13,533 | 30,095 |\n\nThe amount of the drug consumed in Ichang is so inconsiderable a fraction that for practical purposes it may be assumed that the above figures represent the amount which passed through by the Yang-tsze route to the down river markets.\n\nThe opium which is passed through the native li-kin office is carried in native boats to the various river ports in the Two Hu, Kiangsi, and Anhui Provinces. The principal distributing centre is Kiukiang, but opium sent by other routes probably also reaches it.\n\nThe estimated quantity of Szechuan opium (in which term the Yunnan product is presumably included) imported there under native li-kin rules was, in 1901, 10,000 to 12,000 piculs (12,000 to 14,400 cwt.); in 1902, 18,000 piculs (21,600 cwt.); and, in 1903, 15,000 piculs (18,000 cwt.). In the last year it was noted that only about 2,000 piculs (2,400 cwt.) were consumed locally.\n\nThe opium which is passed through the Maritime Customs at Ichang is almost entirely sent by steamer to Shanghae, which is a distributing centre for Kiangsu, and some is again re-exported to Fukien and Kuangtung.\n\n## Other Routes\n\nOther routes by which Szechuan opium is distributed are:— For Hupei, Yeh San Kuan-Itu.\n\nFor Hunan, (1) the route through the Shihnan Prefecture controlled by the Lai Feng Office; and (2) that from Fuchou (Szechuan) to Kung Tan and the Yuan River to Chang Tê.\n\nThis route was once the main line of traffic to Hankow, but was ruined by the opening of Ichang, the ascendency of Shashih as a trading centre, the improvements in the Shihnan road made by the opium guilds, and friction with the aborigines (vide Rosthorn).\n\nA route which possibly carries opium to the north-east is by the Chia-ling and Chu Rivers to Sui-ting, and thence to Hsing-an Fu on the Han River in Hupei.\n\nKan-chou Fu (latitude 26°, longitude 115°) in Southern Kiangsi, is a great distributing centre of Szechuan opium.",
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        "content_text": "# 515\n\n**(This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.)**\n\n## SOUTH-WEST CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\nNo. 1.\n\n40066\n\n## IREC\n\nOctober 5\n\n### SECTION 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to the Marquess of Lansdowne.--(Received October 21.)\n\n**(No. 26.)** My Lord,\n\nYunnan-fu, September 7, 1905. REFERRING to my despatch No. 19 of the 30th July last, I have the honour to inclose copy of a report to Sir E. Satow on the subject of the proposed inspection, by the new Acting Intendant of Southern Yünnan, of \"Scott's line,\" the unsettled portion of the Burmah-Yunnan frontier south of Kunlong Ferry.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n### Inclosure in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow.\n\n**(No. 35. Confidential.)** Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, September 6, 1905. IN consequence of the promotion of Ch'en Ts'an, the Grain Intendant, to be Judicial Commissioner of this province, his relative by marriage Hu Pi is obliged to vacate the post of An Tao, or Intendant of the southern circuit of Yunnan. Hu Taotai will be transferred to a circuit in Kuangsi; meanwhile he awaits at Pu-erh the arrival of Shih Hung-shao, Prefect of Yungch'ang, and until lately Acting Intendant of Western Yünnan.\n\nShih Taotai arrived at Yunnan-fu from T'engyueh with his family in the middle of August, and left alone for his new post on the 1st instant. During his stay here I had three interviews with him. He told me that he had been instructed by the Governor-General to report on the question of what it is convenient to describe as \"Scott's line,\" the frontier, that is, between Burmah and Yunnan drawn by Mr. (now Sir George) Scott in 1900, from the Namsang to the Nalawi. His report would enable the Governor-General to reply in greater detail to the request made to his Excellency by the Wai-wu Pu in pursuance of their intimation to you conveyed in Prince Ching's communication of the 30th March last. He could not, however, proceed at once to the border, as those regions would still be malarious, but he proposed to journey thither during the Shuang-hsiang solar period (23rd October to 6th November).\n\nI accordingly sent you on the 2nd instant a telegram reporting Shih's departure for his new post, and adding that he would personally inspect the unsettled frontier towards the end of October. The Governor-General would await Shih Taotai's report before replying further to the Wai-wu Po. A similar telegram was sent to the Government of Burmah.\n\nOn the evening of the 4th instant I had the honour to receive your reply, dated the 3rd. You presume that I have received through the Government of Burmah a copy of Prince Ch'ing's note of the 30th March. That note, you tell me, His Majesty's Government have decided to ignore, and the Indian Government will take such measures as are possible to prevent Chinese troops and officials from transgressing Scott's line. In conclusion, you explain the meaning of the words \"provisional boundary\" at the end of your communication of the 7th March last to the Chinese Government.\n\nYou should shortly be receiving my despatch No. 28 of the 29th July, in which I deduce, from a list furnished to me by the Governor-General, the fact that at two places at least on the west, or Burmah, side of Scott's line are posted at the present time Chinese troops.\n\nWhen sending me the list, Ting Chihtai expressed a wish that I would procure for him a similar list of British military posts in the neighbourhood. As the location, at all events, of such posts cannot be secret, I applied to the Burmah Government for the required information, but I am not yet in possession of it.\n\n[2235 a-1]",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-335 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [8-10]",
        "page_number": 105,
        "title": "CO129-335 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [8-10]",
        "content_text": "# PHOCLAVATION.\n\nby H.B. the Viceroy and Chang Chien asun.\n\n101\n\nIn view of the importance of railway extension to commercial development, the sanction of the Board of Commerce has been obtained for the formation of a company to undertake the construction of a line from Canton to Amoy. The first section of this line, from Ch'uan Lung K'ou outside the East Gate of Canton to La Chia kei in Ahshapoa, is thirteen miles in length. It then passes through Tseng Ch'ong, Shih Lung Chen in Tung Kuan, Po Lo, Much Shan, Hai Feng and Lu Feng in Hui Chou; Hui Lai, Fu Ning, and Chieh Yang districts in Ch'ao Chou, branching off outside the city of Ch'ao Chou via Yao Ping, and thence to Amoy. The length of the line will be about 500 miles.\n\nOfficers have been deputed, in conjunction with the Pan Yu Magistrate, to thoroughly survey the localities through which the first section of the line, from Canton to Ahshapoa, is to pass, and no obstacles have been discovered in the nature of dwelling houses or graves to prevent the immediate delineation and purchase of the route and the commencement of operations.\n\nOwners of property on route, other than waste land belonging to Government which shall be acquired on such terms as are customary in the locality, should produce all title-deeds to the Company for inspection, and the land shall be purchased at a fair price calculated on the average of recent years. Owners of graves, houses, fruit-trees, ponds, etc. on land thus required, shall be reimbursed at a fair valuation by the Company for all monies expended on the construction, purchase, or removal of the same. In order that the general public may derive as much benefit as possible from the scheme, any owner who shall prefer payment in shares in the line may notify the Company to that effect and shall be allotted shares, bearing interest annually, in proportion to the value of his land. But no owner shall raise the price...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-335 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [8-10]",
        "page_number": 135,
        "title": "CO129-335 - Governor Nathan - 1906 [8-10]",
        "content_text": "# \n131 \n\nShao Ching, Yang Chiang, Lo Ting, Kao Chou, Lien Chou, Chin Chou, \nand Lei Chou, its 32 battalions are quartered in Kao Yao, Yang \nChun, Sin Hsing, Kao Ming, Yang Chiang, Yun Ping, Lo Ping, Ssu Hui, \nKai Chien, Feng Chuan, Hsi Ning, Te Ching, Ma Chuan, Tien Pai, \nHo Fu, Hsin Shih Cheng, Ling Shan, Chin Chou, Fang Cheng, Hua Chou, \nSui Chi, Wu Chuan, Hsu Wen, and Tung An. \n\nShao Chou, Nan Hsiung, and Lien Chou constitute the Northern \nDivision with 4 battalions distributed amongst Chu Chiang, Ying Te, \nMeng Yuan, Shih Hsing, Lien Chou, Jen Hua, Yang Shan, Nan Hsiung, \nand Le Chang. \n\nThe Water Police are in four Divisions, the Kuang An, Shao \nAn, Hui An and Shao An, for the Canton Delta, the west, East and \nNorth Rivers respectively. The old-fashioned guardboats used by \nthese forces have not yet been entirely superseded, as it has not \nbeen found possible to finish all the new boats. These will be \nsubstituted for the older boats as completed. \n\nOver 60 launches of various sizes are constantly patrolling \nthe various sections of the inland waterways and the open sea. The \nTactai of Wuchow in Kuangsi, on the Kuang Tung frontier has also \nbeen ordered to do his utmost with the naval and military forces at \nhis disposal to capture pirates. \n\nWhen these forces are thus stationed at all important places \nin my jurisdiction it cannot be said that I have taken no steps to \neradicate the evil. \n\nWith regard to the \"Seinan\" case, I am informed by Tactais \nMen and Kung, my senior Deputies, who interrogated the crew, that \nthe latter stated that formerly the passengers on the \"Seinan\" were \noccasionally searched, but that on this occasion no search was made. \nThe consequence was that the pirates concealed themselves on board \ndisguised as passengers, and for this the carelessness of the captain is responsible. Again, while the ship was being pirated, she \ncontinued on her ordinary course, and neither gave the alarm by \nblowing the whistle nor hoisted the police flag, so that the police",
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    {
        "id": 406905,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "page_number": 201,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nCHINA TRADE,\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[6692]\n\n[B]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nFebruary 24\n\n8499\n\n&\n\nSECTION 1E2 10 MAR 06.\n\n198\n\nSir E. Satow to Sir Edward Grey,- (Received February 24.)\n\n(No. 451.) Sir,\n\nPeking, December 26, 1905.\n\nWITH reference to the last two paragraphs of my despatch to the Marquess of Lansdowne No. 418 of the 8th instant, I have the honour to transmit to you the accompanying copies of two despatches from His Majesty's Consul at Ichang, and of my reply respecting the proposed new levy for the maintenance of tracking paths and other improvements on the Yang-tsze.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nERNEST SATOW\n\n(No. 16.) Sir,\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nConsul Fox to Sir E. Satow.\n\nIchung, November 19, 1905.\n\nMR. OTTEWILL, in his Intelligence Report for the March quarter, 1905, referred to the construction of a tracking path through the Yang-tsze gorges between Ichang and Kueifu. He mentioned that a sum of 30,000 taels had been subscribed by various officials, and that the work had been put in the charge of Fu Ting Chen, Brigadier-General of Lehang.\n\nWith this money a considerable stretch of new road has been constructed and existing paths have been repaired. With the object of raising a permanent fund for the upkeep of these paths and other improvements, the original subscribers, headed by Li Min Chen, Provincial Treasurer of Hupei and Yu Shao K'ang, the late Ching Chou Taotai, both natives of Szechuan, have obtained the Viceroy's permission to establish a Pao Lu Chu, or Road Maintenance Office, at Ichang, which will be authorized to levy a small fee on all vessels proceeding up-river; proceeds to be devoted to the upkeep and extension of existing pathways and the erection of certain aids to navigation, such as hand-capstans with wire hawsers, at the most dangerous rapids. The expectant Prefect, Chan Te Ping, until lately Department Magistrate at Kuei Chou, has been appointed Deputy in charge.\n\nThe Ching Chou Taotai, in a despatch to my predecessor dated the 29th October, copy and translation of which I have the honour to inclose, outlines the scheme and asks me to approve of the proposed fees being levied on vessels chartered by British firms. The ten Regulations he refers to, wherein the scheme is discussed in detail, have since undergone considerable alteration, and as I am promised a copy of the amended rules in a few days' time, I do not inclose the original draft, but will forward copy and translation of the new Regulations as soon as I receive them.\n\nThe proposed levy of 4 cash per tiao (1,000 cash) of freight, to be divided between shipper and junk-master, was soon found to be quite impracticable. I understand that the foreign Customs have now been asked to undertake the collection of these \"subscriptions,\" undoubtedly the only practical method of raising the money. The levy will in effect take the form of a small increase in the port dues at present collected by the Maritime Customs on behalf of the Chao Kuan, or Native Customs. The present dues amount, roughly speaking, to 150 cash per ton measurement on junks under 10 tons, and 200 cash per ton on junks exceeding that tonnage. It is proposed to collect an additional four-tenths, making the total dues payable 210 cash and 280 cash per ton respectively. Separate receipts will be issued, and the money thus collected will, as at present arranged, be handed over to the Pao Lu Chi. As chartered junks will naturally be included in the levy, it becomes, as a matter of fact, a small additional tax on foreign goods.\n\nThe question naturally arises, have the Chinese authorities the right to impose such extra tax, however small and however worthy its object, without the consent of\n\n[1878 ua-1]\n\nB",
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    {
        "id": 406907,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "page_number": 203,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "4\n\nInclosure 4 in No. 1,\n\nConsul Fox to Sir E. Satow.\n\n(No. 18.) Sir,\n\nIchung, November 29, 1905. IN continuation of my despatch No. 16 of this series dated the 19th instant, I have now the honour to forward copy and translation of the Regulations therein referred to.\n\nMr. Chang, the Deputy, informs me that the Taotai is at present unwilling to place the collection of these fees in the hands of the foreign Customs, and that, therefore, Articles 1 and 10 remain as originally drafted.\n\nAs I pointed out in my previous despatch, this method of collection is most unsatisfactory, and is not, I believe, acceptable to the shipping firms interested. I have no doubt some arrangement will be arrived at whereby, without offending the susceptibilities of the local authorities, the finances of the new Office will be controlled by the foreign Customs. I have told the Deputy plainly that, unless this is done, I do not think the enterprise has any chance of being successful.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\n(Translation.)\n\nInclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nProposed Ten Regulations.\n\nHARRY H. FOX.\n\n1. IT is proposed to levy at Tchang on all vessels carrying cargo going up-river, on each tiao (1,000 cash) of freight, 2 cash payable by the shipper, 2 cash payable by the master of the vessel, proceeds to be devoted to the expenses of the Road-Maintenance Office. It appears that a large number of Szechuan merchants are resident at Ichang in connection with the four firms, Butterfield and Swire, Jardine Matheson, Stewart and Co., and the Osaka Shosen Kaisha. The freight on the cotton yarn, piece-goods, and sundries sent up-river by these merchants amounts annually to over 1,200,000 tiap (1,171,875 dollars, at 1,024 cash per dollar) at a rough estimate. Supposing 2 cash per tiao levied on shipper and junk-master, this would bring in annually over 4,000 tiao (3,906 dollars). These fees would be collected on both chartered and native vessels, and the money thus realized devoted to the repair and maintenance of the tracking paths and all matters connected with the rapids; certainly none would be likely to object, and some merchants might care to make additional contributions.\n\n2. It is proposed to establish a special Office at Ichang for the collection of the above-mentioned fees. The Deputy shall be nominated by the Szechuan merchants and receive his instructions from the Taotai at Ching Chou. In addition, two persons shall be chosen each year by the merchants to form a Committee, who shall be associated with the officials in managing the business and controlling the funds. If it is found that the Deputy is acting improperly, the Committee shall petition to have him removed and punished; if, on the other hand, the Deputy does well, the Committee shall petition for him to be maintained in office so that his experience may be turned to advantage.\n\n3. Triplicate certificates shall be issued as receipts for fees, stamped with the Taotai's official seal. A detailed statement of the sums collected and expended shall be sent into the Taotai's yamên each month for purposes of audit.\n\n4. It has been the custom of the Ichang passenger hongs when hiring passenger boats to charge the junk-master a commission of 20 per cent., a most improper practice. It will be distinctly laid down in the Regulations that the junk-master shall only be charged 10 per cent, in future, of which 5 per cent, will go to the Pao Lu Chü, and 5 per cent. to the passenger hong. Now a fee of 5 per cent, levied on passenger junks is certainly heavier than what will be paid by cargo boats, but it must be remembered that this money will come out of the pockets of the passenger hongs, who have hitherto defrauded the junk-masters, and will not be paid by the passengers. The junk-master, who has hitherto only received 80 per cent. of his passage money, will now receive 90 per cent., and will therefore have no cause to worry passengers to lend him money en route. The 5 per cent, which the passenger hong will receive is quite sufficient remuneration for their services. Any attempt on their part to extort more than their due should at once be reported by the junk-master to the local authorities, who will investigate and punish accordingly.\n\n5. In summer and autumn the Yeh-t'an Rapid is reputed to be at its worst; in winter and spring the Hsin-t'an. In making the ascent tracking ropes often break, causing vessels to capsize. The number of vessels wrecked each year, and lives and property lost, is very considerable. As the ropes breaking is usually the cause of the disaster, it is now proposed to purchase a foreign windlass, with about 100 chang (1,175 English feet) of four-fifths of an inch wire hawser; this will be attached to the masthead of the larger junks and wound up by the trackers; this will be used whenever the bamboo ropes are not sufficient to stand the strain. This system will first be given a trial at the Yeh-t'an and Hsin-t'an Rapids; if the windlasses prove successful they will be used at other places.\n\n6. At places where the windlasses are set up ten coolies will be employed as haulers. A small boat, manned by two sailors, will be hired and stationed at the water's edge to see that the hawser does not get into the water or caught on rocks (these men are locally called \"shui-wan-tis\"). The above-mentioned coolies and sailors will be paid by the Pao Lu Chû. At the Hsin-t'an Rapid, in winter and spring, they will be in charge of the local Deputy, at the Yeh-t'an, in summer and autumn, of the Captain of the Chung Chiang Shui Shih guard-boats. The Pao Lu Chü will make a monthly grant of 4 tiao to each of these officers, and thus avoid the expense of employing special men of their own.\n\n7. The river begins to fall during the first days of the 10th moon. All paths in need of repair, whether broken down by the overflow from the hills or damaged by the stream, will then be personally inspected by an official from the Pao Lu Chü and a member of the Committee, who shall make an estimate of the length of paths requiring repair and engage stonemasons for the purpose. They will at the same time report to the local authorities, who will take the necessary steps to preserve order while the works are in progress.\n\n8. There are dangerous rapids near one or other of the gorges at all the seasons of the year. A \"Fu-tou,\" or Headman, will be stationed at each rapid, who will, when vessels arrive at the rapid, engage additional trackers to haul out the tracking-lines. There has always been a fixed price for these services, varying according to the size of the vessel, but of late years the Headmen have been in the habit of pocketing a great part of the money paid them, and using women and young boys to make up the number of trackers, thus adding to the difficulties of ascending the rapids. Under the new Regulations the Headmen at the various rapids will only be allowed to employ able-bodied men, and they will not be permitted to appropriate the local trackers' wages as heretofore.\n\n9. As existing paths have been constructed wherever the strong current required them, they must instantly be repaired when damaged, for the benefit of the public. At two rapids, the Ping Shu Pao Chien and the Yeli Hu Shan-pei, no paths have yet been made, owing to the expense and difficulties of construction. If the annual income proves sufficient, they will be taken in hand as occasion offers. At the two places above mentioned large quantities of dynamite will be required, and as this cannot be purchased locally, the Shan ou Chü (at Wuchang) will be asked to supply it.\n\n10. At Ichang every junk-master loading cargo will be called upon to pay his subscription of 2 cash per tiao of freight to the Pao Lu Chü, and it shall be incumbent on every shipper to do the same; only one receipt will be given to each vessel, in order to avoid repetition. Any person found attempting to defraud by false declarations will be fined, and the proceeds paid into the Pao Lu Chü.\n\n(No. 2.) Sir,\n\nInclosure 6 in No. 1.\n\nSir E. Satow to Consul Fox.\n\nPeking, December 20, 1903.\n\nI HAVE received your despatches Nos. 16 and 18, of the 19th and 29th ultimo, respecting the junk fee which it is proposed to levy for the upkeep of tracking paths and other improvements on the Yang-tsze.\n\nI approve the terms of your reply to the Taotai of the 16th November, and of your remarks to Mr. Chang, as reported in your first despatch.\n\nTo the new tax itself I have no objection, provided that its collection and disbursement can be properly regulated, and that it is distinctly understood that it is not a tax on goods, and that all chartered junks will be on the same footing.\n\n200",
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        "id": 407061,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "page_number": 357,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "C.C.\n\nry of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\nYour Highness,\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nSir E. Satow to Prince Ching.\n\nPeking, February 3, 1906.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Highness' note of the 1st February with reference to the Burmah-Yunnan frontier north of latitude 25° 35' north, informing me of a telegram received from the Viceroy of Yunnan, in accordance with which I am requested to move His Majesty's Government to appoint another officer to take the place of Mr. Litton, lately deceased.\n\nIf your Highness will examine my note of the 20th January you will observe that I mentioned that both Consul Litton and Taotai Shih were not to delimit the frontier, but were to furnish Reports for the information of their respective Governments.\n\nI also said that Mr. Litton had submitted a detailed Report, which has been considered by His Majesty's Government, and that means that before his death he furnished His Majesty's Government with all the information required. It is therefore unnecessary to appoint another officer to deal with the question, as suggested by the Viceroy of Yunnan.\n\nI have again the honour to request that the Wai-wu Pu will appoint a day for a meeting, in order to arrive at an amicable settlement of the question.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nERNEST SATOW.\n\nInclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nDraft Article.\n\nWHEREAS, by the terms of Article IV of the Convention between Great Britain and China of the 1st March, 1894, it was agreed that the settlement and delimitation of that portion of the Burmah-China frontier which lies to the north of latitude 25° 35′ north should be reserved for a future understanding between the High Contracting Parties when the features and condition of the country were more accurately known, it is now agreed between the Governments of Great Britain and China that the boundary of the two Empires in the territory lying to the north of latitude 25° 35' north shall follow the watershed between the Irrawaddy and Salween basins up to the confines of Thibet.\n\nInclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nConsul Litton to Consul-General Wilkinson.\n\nTengyueh, December 9, 1905.\n\n(Telegraphic.)\n\nI REACHED point on the Salween eight marches further than the highest point reached last spring. Also explored two new passes on the Salween-Mekong divide, and also one on the Salween-Irrawaddy divide. We were able to trace the course of the Salween up to latitude 27° 20′ north, up to which point the Salween is confined in a series of ridges and the country is very difficult. [At] 26° 20′ there is some Chinese authority, but this country is much disturbed by the bad conduct of the Tu Ssu. Further north there is no trace of Chinese authority up to 27° 35', where Yetche territory begins. Independent tract is inhabited by Lissu, under conditions of utter savagery. Examination shows that the Salween-Irrawaddy divide continues to be a conspicuous range, 12,000 feet to 13,000 feet, up to about latitude 28° 30′ north, where it is merged in a vast snow range trending east and west, which I saw at a distance. No trouble with tribes, but great hardships. Please communicate substance of my telegram to British Minister.\n\nSOUTH-WEST CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[15301]\n\n(No. 8.)\n\nSir,\n\nNo. 1.\n\n351\n\nMay 5.\n\nSECTION 2.\n\nThe one\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received May 5.)\n\nYunnan-fu, March 10, 1906.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose copy of a despatch to His Majesty's Minister reporting certain recent official appointments in this Province of Yunnan. that most concerns British interests is the retention at his acting post of Intendant of the Southern Circuit (the Pu-erh and Ssumao Taotai-ship) of Shih Hung-shan, the official who was (as Acting Taotai at Tengyueh) engaged last spring with Messrs. Litton and Loveson in examining the conditions of the undelimited border districts east of Myitkyina. Shih Taotai's retention at Pu-erh will enable him to complete his report on the other stretch of undelimited frontier, the hundred miles or so along \"Scott's line,\" between the Namting and Na Lawt.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow.\n\n(No. 10.) Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, March 10, 1906.\n\nWITH reference to the possible substitution of Li Shou-t'ien for Wei Ching-tung in the post of Intendant of the Lin-an-k'ai-kuang Circuit (Taotai at Mengtzu), as mentioned in my immediately preceding despatch, the following appointments have been actually gazetted:-\n\nHsing-lu, substantive Intendant of the Eastern Circuit (I-tung Tao), is to act as Superintendent of the Salt Gabelle (Yen-fa Tao). Chang Hsing-chi, titular Intendant of the Southern Circuit (I-nan Tao), who has never proceeded from Yunnan-fu to take up his post, becomes officiating Intendant of the Eastern Circuit. This enables Shih Hung-shao to retain his acting post at Pu-erh, and to complete at his leisure his inquiry and report on the conditions of the undelimited frontier south of Kunlong Ferry (\"Scott's line\"). Shih Taotai's substantive post is still that of Prefect of Yungchang. His late gerant there, Lang Cheng-hsien, an able and popular man, is to be replaced by Hsieh Yu-chun. I may add that, as far as I can learn, Shih Taotai has not yet sent in his report on the Wa frontier, of which a copy has more than once been promised to me.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nP.S.-Chang Taotai is a Shantung man, a Hanlin, and, as I have earlier reported, has been serving as Intendant of the Right River (Yu-chiang Tao) in Kuangsi. Hsieh Yü-chun comes from Kueichow, and has served as Home Magistrate (K'un-ming Hsien) at Yunnan-fu, and as Sub-Prefect at Ssŭmao.\n\n[1993 e--2]\n\nW. H. W.",
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        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "452\n\n2\n\ntranslation of which I enclose, setting forth the story as represented by the Chinese authorities. Nothing, you will observe, is said in the Memorandum about the two previous attempts at assassination of which Père Monbeig spoke; while the statement that the Thibetan had been earlier denounced by the Mission is expressly denied. On the other hand, it is declared that, besides the decapitation of the man, Père Vignal had also caused the right ear of a woman to be cut off, an incident concerning which Père Monbeig was silent.\n\nThe affair only concerns British interests in so far as it may embitter generally relations between natives and foreigners in the interior, in particular relations between the Thibetans of Weihsi and the friends of the Roman Catholic Mission there. Among the latter is Mr. Forrest, the plant collector, who will by now have returned to the Sub-Prefecture. I have not, however, received any warning from the provincial authorities that Weihsi is unsafe, and I trust that Père Monbeig's assurance is well founded—that the inhabitants will bear no malice for the removal of the man Tz'u-ch'eng by Père Vignal. In the meantime the latter is, if the statement in the Memorandum is correct, to be put on his trial for murder before the French Consul at Mengtzu.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n3\n\nPrefect Peng further reported on the 22nd day of the first moon (15th February, 1906) that he had ascertained that Tzu-ch'eng was a peaceable person who had taken no hand in destroying the chapels or in attacking the missionaries. Père Jen (Genestier) had not included his name in the list of the rioters.\n\nA telegram was sent at the time to the Wai-wu Pu at Peking, asking that the French Minister might be officially consulted with a view to the settlement of this affair. Subsequently, on the 12th of the second moon (6th March), a telegraphic reply was received from the Wai-wu Pu stating that in the case where the missionary Wei had done to death Tzu-ch'eng an answer had been sent in by the French Representative to the effect that he was instructing the French Consuls at Ch'engtu, Yunnan-fu, and Mengtzu to search for and arrest (the accused), who, when arrested, was to be handed over to the Consul at Mengtzu to be tried on the charge of murder.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nAbstract of the Case of Wrongful Killing by the French Missionary Wei Ya-feng (Vignal)\n\nof Tz'u-ch'eng, an Elderly Inhabitant of Tzu-ta Village, in Weihsi.\n\n(Translation.)\n\nON the 12th day of the 12th moon of the 31st year of Kuang Hsü (the 6th January, 1906) a telegram was received from Peng Chi-chih, Acting Prefect of Lichiang-fu, in Yunnan, dated the 21st of the 11th moon (the 17th December, 1905), to the following effect: The missionary Wei Ya-feng, who was conducting some converts back from Weihsi to Yen-Ching (\"Salt Wells\"), in Szechuan, met with trouble on the road, but the crowd of natives took alarm and dispersed. It happened that the Prefect was at Atuntzu at the time, arranging measures of pacification. He exhorted the missionary to proceed on his way peacefully, at the same time detaching soldiers to guard him, and issuing what rations would be required while in the jurisdiction.\n\nA subsequent telegram from Prefect Peng, dated the 1st of the 12th moon (the 26th December), reported that, after the departure of missionary Wei Ya-feng from Atuntzu, a local Headman, Sang Wen-kuei, reported that, on the arrival of Wei Ya-feng at Nati, he (Père Vignal) had ordered his converts to kill an elderly native, Tz'u-ch'eng, to cut off the nose and ears of a woman, and to carry off the cattle, horses, and gear of two households. The villagers were enraged, and danger of disaster was imminent. The Prefect took the story to be an idle rumour, certain that no such thing had happened. Still, he sent an influential Headman to go with all speed and restore quiet. Then Lin Ping-sheng, one of the escort sent, returned to Atuntzu at the close of his charge, and handed in a note from the missionary Wei, saying that, on his arrival at Nati, he had unexpectedly encountered a brigand Chief of the Lamas, named Tzu-ch'eng, who had played a principal part in the burning of the chapels and the slaying of the converts. He had therefore ordered Tzu-ch'eng to be punished by beheading. He had also discovered some articles belonging to the Mission premises. This was his own doing, and did not concern his escort.\n\nThe Prefect was astounded at what he read, but Private Liu deposed that missionary Wei had at Nati ordered the convert Chao Shu-fang to decapitate the old man Tzu-ch'eng, and also to cut off the right ear of a woman, and to carry away cattle, horses, and gear of two households. The escort had intervened in vain.\n\nWhether or not the elderly native Tz'u-ch'eng was a ringleader in the attack upon the Mission, he ought to have been handed over to the local authorities for trial and punishment according to law. Still more was this the case when, as here, Yunnan had spared no effort in the arrest of the malefactors and the rounding up of the murderers. For the missionary to presume at the head of his converts to take upon himself to inflict death showed disregard for the majesty of the law and was subversive of all authority. The consequences to be dreaded might be endless.",
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    {
        "id": 407241,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "page_number": 537,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nCHINA TRADE.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[22268]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nMr. Carnegie to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received July 2.)\n\n(No. 224.) Sir,\n\nC. O.\n\n27401 (Jul 2.\n\nTREC SECTION 2.26 JUL 06\n\n523\n\nPeking, May 15, 1906.\n\nWITH reference to Sir E. Satow's despatch No. 211 of the 3rd instant, I have the honour to forward to you herewith copy of a further despatch from His Majesty's Consul at Newchwang on the subject of Manchurian affairs.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nLANCELOT D. CARNEGIE.\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\nConsul Fulford to Mr. Carnegie.\n\n(No. 31.) Sir,\n\nNewchwang, May 10, 1906.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inform you that the Japanese Premier, Marquis Saionji, whose visit here I reported in my despatch No. 27 of the 30th ultimo, has since been in Mukden holding long and very private conversations with the Chinese Governor-General Chao.\n\nThe Japanese local paper announces that Antung was opened to international trade by the Japanese Consul, Mr. Okabe, on the 1st instant, and that Mukden will be opened on the 1st June.\n\nMr. C. H. Oliver, Commissioner of Chinese Maritime Customs, arrived here from Shanghai on the 7th instant, and proceeds to Mukden to-morrow. His mission, so far as I can ascertain, is to consult with the Chinese Governor-General as to the customs arrangements at Mukden, Antung, and Ta Tung Kou.\n\nThe Japanese Kuantung Viceregal office was moved from Liaoyang to Port Arthur on the 7th instant.\n\nIn accordance with the previous understanding between the Japanese and Russian military authorities as to the dates of surrendering the sections of the railway between K'uan Cheng Tzu and Chang Tu Fu, Commissioners from both sides met lately, and on the 1st May the section up to Miao Tzu Kou was handed over to the Japanese. The local paper announces that the section up to Seu Ping Kai will be handed over to the Japanese on the 11th May, and the section up to Kung Chu Ling on the 1st June.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) H. E. FULFORD.\n\n[2081 -2]",
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    {
        "id": 407353,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "page_number": 649,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "640\n\n4\n\nLiu Kuo-liang, Captain of the City Guard; Yen Shang-Chung, sergeant in the Guard of the Hsin-chien Magistrate; Wu Ting-k'uei, sergeant in the right battalion, are to be cashiered. Li Hung-yüan, sergeant in the left battalion; Liu Ching-t'ai, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Brigade of the Territorial Army; and Wei Ting, Captain in the same battalion, are to be deprived of their buttons; Cheng Yün-hsien and Hsiang Kuan-pang, who both possess hereditary ranks, are to be fined one year's emoluments, and the expectant Magistrate, Huang Chung, of the South Police-station in Nanchang city, has three entries of default recorded against him.\n\nIn addition to the punishments of the ringleaders and officials above mentioned, their Excellencies stated that a Proclamation would be issued by the Governor of Kiangsi, acknowledging that the late Magistrate of Nanchang, Chiang Chao-t'ang, had committed suicide, and that an undertaking had been given by the Chinese Government not to permit the local officials, gentry, or people to do honour to his memory.\n\nYour Highness is aware that in the month of March last, as the result of an inquiry conducted while Mr. Werner, His Majesty's Consul at Kiukiang, was at Nanchang, it was arranged that the following punishments should be inflicted on the persons concerned in the murders of Mr. and Mrs. Kingham, and in the destruction of their property :--\n\nNamePunishment\n\nHsü Tê-fên, Deputy in the Industrial School, Wa Chên-jo, Deputy in the Foreign Bureau. Kêng Ch'ao-t'ai, Superintendent of the Mint. Hsiung Lan-sên, Ch'ang Pei-Chün (Regular Army). Hsiung Yi-Shêng, Ch'ang Pei-Chin (Regular Army). Pao Chiêng-huang, Chiêng Shou Ying (City Guard). Pao Pu-k'uei, Chêng Shou Ying (City Guard). Chang Yu-ch'uan, Ching Ch'a Chü (Police). Lu Chin-piao, Ching Cha Cha (Police). Shen-Fu-hàng, Ching Cha Chủ (Police). Chi-Ping-k'an, Ching Ch'a Chu (Police). P'an Têng-hsien, Lieutenant of Cavalry. Ho Han-wên, Lieutenant of Cavalry. Wang Hsi-lin, Lieutenant of Cavalry.Decapitation.\nHsü Tso-chün, sergeant of the Provincial Guard.Eight years' imprisonment.\nSix years' imprisonment.\nHsieh Yu-lung Tan Chin-kang Wei Tê-sheng Chou Lao-érh ÏIsiao Fa Li La-tzü Hu Tang-poo Li Hslich-pêng Wang Mu-shui Li Kuang-hua Chih Hsin-p'u Wang Wei-lin Hsing Tsai-kn. Heiung Ping-nao.. Chên Hsi-feng Yang Lia-chin Ch'en Sheng-luTwo years' hard labour.\nOne year's hard labour.\n\nI have great pleasure in submitting these names to your Highness, and to request, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, that a substantial reward may be given to each for his courageous and highly meritorious conduct.\n\nIf your Highness will be so good as to inform me that the punishments above mentioned will be faithfully carried out, that the sum of 4,700l. will be paid to His Majesty's Consul at Kiukiang (either in Kiukiang or Shanghae, as he will select), and that the officers and men whose names I have indicated will be rewarded, I shall at once inform His Majesty's Government and recommend that the case be closed.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n(Signed) LANCELOT D. CARNEGIE.\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\n(Translation.)\n\nSir,\n\nIt was also arranged verbally by Sir Ernest Satow with the Wai-wu Pu that the Kiangsi authorities should pay a sum for the maintenance of the surviving infant child of Mr. and Mrs. Kingham, in addition to compensation for the house and property destroyed by the mob, and the total amount required for these purposes has now been fixed by His Majesty's Government at 4,700l. This sum is exclusive of certain small claims for the destruction of property belonging to British missionaries, which have already been satisfied by the Provincial Government of Kiangsi.\n\nI should add that Mr. Werner has brought to the notice of His Majesty's Government the names of the following officers and men in the service of the Chinese Government who exerted themselves to protect the lives and property of foreigners during this lamentable occurrence :--\n\nHung Wei-lin, Commodore of the River Fleet.\nWu Mei-t'ing, Captain of a gun-boat.\nLin Kuo-tung, Squadron Commander.\nChiến Chin-tang, Commandant in the Chang Pei-Chúa.\nHung Chan-k'uei, Major in the Right Battalion.\nLiu Chu-shu, Lieutenant-Colonel in the City Guard.\nWang Tê-sheng, Captain of the City Guard.\nLiu Hsin-ch'uan, Captain of Cavalry.\nTs'ao Tê-fu, Inspector of the 1st Battalion of the Territorial Army.\nSun Lang, Police Deputy.\nHsu Hui-ch'uan, Police Deputy.\n\nPrince Ching to Mr. Carnegie.\n\nKuang Hsü, 32nd year, 5th month, 9th day (June 30, 1906).\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your note of the 27th June on the subject of the Nanchang missionary case [note of the 27th June quoted at length].\n\nI have the honour to state, in reply, that this Board will not fail to communicate to the provincial authorities of Kiangsi the punishments to be inflicted on the persons found guilty of participation in this outbreak, in accordance with the list in your note, and with instructions to give due effect thereto.\n\nAs regards the sum of 4,700l. to be paid as compensation and for the maintenance of the infant survivor, payment will be made to His Britannic Majesty's Consul at Kinkiang within three months; while we are also communicating to the Governor of Kiangsi the list of officers who exerted themselves in this case in affording protection, with instructions that they should be granted suitable rewards.\n\nThe harmonious settlement of this case affords an eloquent testimony of your country's friendship, for which my colleagues and myself desire to express our profound appreciation.\n\nWhile trusting that you will communicate this reply to His Majesty's Government and recommend that the case be closed, I avail, &c.\n\nInclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nAgreement between Wai-wu Pu and French Minister at Peking.\n\nDES troubles ayant récemment éclaté à Nantchang, au cours desquels des Français ont trouvé la mort et l'école et la mission ont été incendiées, les Gouvernements Français et Chinois, désireux d'arranger cette affaire conformément à la justice et à l'équité, afin de confirmer les relations d'amitié qui existent entre les deux pays, sont tombés d'accord pour nommer des Délégués chargés de faire une enquête.\n\nOnt été désignés :\n\nDu côté Français, le Vicomte du Halgouet, Secrétaire d'Ambassade, &c.;\n\n[2102 dd-4]",
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    {
        "id": 407442,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 738,
        "title": "CO129-337 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1906",
        "content_text": "723\n\n2\n\nI inclose a sheet of tracing paper on which I have marked lines (a) and (b), together with all names to which reference is made in Shih Taotai's Memorandum. I have added little else, lest the trees should obscure the wood; though I have taken the opportunity to identify and insert nearly all the localities mentioned in my despatches Nos. 11 and 37 of 1905. By superimposing the tracing paper on Shih Taotai's map, the remarks which I would now venture to submit will, I trust, gain in clearness.\n\nIf our motto is to be stet pro ratione voluntas, there can be no doubt that we could force Yunnan to acquiesce. She has few, if any, troops worth the name, and her treasury is empty. Should we proceed to administer up to \"Scott's Line\" she could offer no overt resistance.\n\nAs regards the blank in both our maps, the ground styled by Governor-General Ting \"Manbai Magna,\" and by Shih Taotai \"Territory of the Wild K'a,\" I do not think that the Yunnan Government would be inclined to raise difficulty. The only objection they might bring forward would be that this region lies well to the east of the boundary line drawn by Liu and Ch'en-tajen in 1900. But although Shih Taotai continues to identify Loi-mu Hill with the \"very lofty mountain range called Kong-ming-Shan\" of the Treaties, still I think that he would hardly have handed me, with the Governor-General's assent, his present map unless his Government are prepared to yield the ground between the Liu-Chen line and Shih's \"watersheds of the Namma River,\" or at the least to erect it into a sort of buffer State. (In his Memorandum he does, it is true, propose that it be divided.) They might possibly give up those parts of the Upper Hulu and of Mengtum that lie south and west of \"Scott's Line\"; what they will certainly strive to retain is the \"territory subject to the Hsi-ming Sawbwa,\" that is, Mong-hka and Mong-hsaw (coloured pink in Shih's map).\n\nIf we force them, without further explanation or negotiations, to surrender this district, we can hardly fail to embitter relations between Burmah and Yunnan, if not between Great Britain and China. We could not well occupy and administer it without at the same time either subduing the Wild Wa or—what would be scarcely less trouble—some and expensive becoming responsible for their recurring raids on undoubted Chinese territory.\n\nIf, on the other hand, there is still room for amicable discussion, I would venture to suggest that the following arguments might be brought to the knowledge of Governor-General Ting:\n\n1. The Agreement signed on the 4th February, 1897, by Sir Claude MacDonald and the late Grand Secretary Li Hung-chang, modifying the Burmah-China Frontier and Trade Convention of the 1st March, 1894, must be accepted as binding on the Governments of Burmah and of Yunnan. For purposes of the present controversy it is sufficient to apply this axiom to paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 3 of that Agreement, which read as follows:—\n\n\"The frontier shall then follow the course of the river forming the boundary between Somu, which belongs to Great Britain, and Meng Ting, which belongs to China. It shall still continue to follow the frontier between those two districts, which is locally well known, to where it leaves the aforesaid river and ascends the hills, and shall then follow the line of water-parting between the tributaries of the Salween and the Meikong Rivers, from about longitude 99° east of Greenwich (17° 30′ west of Peking) and latitude 23° 20′ to a point about longitude 99° 40′ east of Greenwich (16° 50′ west of Peking) and latitude 23°, leaving to China the Tsawbwaships of Keng Ma, Mengtung, and Mengko.\n\n\"At the last-named point of latitude and longitude the line strikes a very lofty mountain range called Kong-Ming-Shan, which it shall follow in a southerly direction to about 99° 30′ east of Greenwich (17° west of Peking) and latitude 22° 30′, leaving to China the district of Chenpien Ting. Then, descending the western slope of the hills to the Namka River, it will follow the course of that river for about 10 minutes of latitude, leaving Munglem to China and Manglün to Great Britain. The frontier shall then follow the boundary between Munglem and Kiang Tung.\"\n\n2. The above two paragraphs were transferred, without substantial alteration, from the Convention of 1894 to the Agreement of 1897.\n\n3. The Convention of 1894 was drafted in English in London, where it was translated into Chinese and signed in both languages by Lord Rosebery and Hsieh Fu-ch'eng, the then Chinese Envoy to Great Britain.\n\n4. The only truly scientific method of indicating locality on the earth's surface is that of latitude and longitude. With this method China has been acquainted at any rate since the Jesuit Survey in the K'ang-hsi reign more than two centuries ago. The Chinese maps bound in with the native Gazetteer of Yunnan (\"Yunnan Tungchih\") employ this system. The references, therefore, to latitudes and longitudes in the Agreement cannot be ignored by the Yunnan Government, as they were, in effect, ignored by Liu and Ch'en, the Boundary Commissioners of 1900; these references are of the first importance.\n\nOn the contrary,\n\n6. The references to latitude and longitude in the clause now under examination are four, namely:\n\n(a.) Longitude 99° east of Greenwich (17° 30′ west of Peking), and latitude 23°20'.\n\n(b.) Longitude 99° 40′ east of Greenwich (16° 50' west of Peking), and latitude 23°.\n\n(c.) Longitude 99° 30′ east of Greenwich (17° west of Peking), and latitude 22° 30'.\n\n(d.) A point on the Namkha River situated 10 minutes of latitude from where the boundary between Menglem and Kiang Tung diverges from that river.\n\nThe first step to be taken is to mark the above four points on the map of the survey of India—a map the correctness of which is admitted by the Yunnan Government, as regards its physical features and lines of latitude and longitude, since they have adopted it as the basis of their own chart.\n\n(The four points are marked in red on the tracing paper.)\n\n6. When the above points are marked it will be found that they fall very nearly on the crests of certain mountain ranges admitted by Shih Taotai to be watersheds. The word \"about\" in the Treaty allows for the small difference found, but it would certainly not admit of the very great difference—40 minutes of longitude—required if the Liu-Ch'en line is to be taken to represent that of the Convention.\n\n7. Between points (a) and (b) the boundary, according to the Convention, is to \"follow the line of water-parting between the tributaries of the Salween and the Meikong Rivers.\" The water-parting is marked on Shih's map, and coincides with that portion of \"Scott's Line.\"\n\n**\n\n(This is not altogether the case between 99° 30′ and 99° 44', where \"Scott's Line\" is drawn across the supposititious head-waters of the Nam-hoit, Shih's Nan-wa. Mr. (now Sir George) Scott himself described it as \"to some extent conjectural.” Our main contention, however, is not affected—that we follow the watershed.)\n\n8. At point (b) the Convention boundary \"strikes a very lofty mountain range called Kong-Ming-Shan, which it follows in a southerly direction to point (c). Now, Shih's map admits that between (b) and (c) runs, in a markedly southern direction, the \"main watershed between the Mekong and the Salween,\" which watershed is merged at about longitude 99° 45′ and latitude 22° 40′ in a range which he calls K'ung-ming Shan. His Memorandum describes this K'ung-ming Shan as falling within the jurisdictions of four Sawbwaships—Hsi-ming, Mu-nai, Menglem, and Mengpin. If the term is to be confined to the range as marked on his map, then Mu-nai and Hsi-ming can have nothing to do with it; but if it includes the whole \"main watershed above, then the description in his Memorandum tallies with the wording of the Convention.\n\n9. For it must not be forgotten that, as stated above (section 3) the Convention was drafted in English. Now, no Englishman, unless trained in China, would distinguish between \"kung\" in the first tone and \"kung ('hkung'), with an aspirate, in the third. Writing by ear he would set down both as \"kong.\" No Chinese hieroglyph being supplied for this particular name, the translator in London naturally adopted one of those for \"kung\" (without the aspirate), and among the \"kungs\" that one which is in most common use and would harmonize sufficiently well with \"ming\" (\"clear\"), namely \"kung\" (\"just\").\n\n(He took, I suspect, similar liberties with the hieroglyphs to be used for \"Kunlong,\" two paragraphs higher up. I am inclined to think that the \"kuu\" is not \"kung\" (\"work\"), as he wrote it, but \"kun\" (\"whirling water\").)\n\nThe name Kong-Ming-Shan, therefore, of the English text must be taken to represent K'ung-ming Shan, and not, despite the Chinese text, a Kung-ming Shan, if such there be.\n\n3\n\nB 2\n\n[2147 an-1]",
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        "content_text": "157\n\nsubject is to invalidate it. As, however, the construction of a railway between Bhamo, in Upper Burma, and T'engyueh is at the present time under consideration by the Government of India, I found myself unable to undertake to forward the present request to Your Excellency unless the words \"or T'engyueh\" were deleted, or some explanation were forthcoming that their presence in the documents transmitted by me would not be taken as an admission that the British can have no part in a T'engyueh Railway.\n\nI accordingly wrote privately to Ting chih-t'ai pointing out that I had more than once informed him that I had received instructions to discuss with him the construction of a railway from Bhamo to T'engyueh as soon as I shall have received a communication from the Government of India informing me of the nature of the proposals to be made. Pending the receipt of such communication, I suggested that the words \"and T'engyueh\" should be struck out.\n\nYesterday his two confidential advisers, Kuei-fu, the Assistant Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs, and Chiang Li-ch'eng, Acting Superintendent of Telegraphs",
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    {
        "id": 407712,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 176,
        "title": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "content_text": "# SOUTH-WEST CHINA\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n### [October 22]\n\n172 \n[35560]\n\n**(No. 369.) Sir,**\n### No. 1\n**Mr. Carnegie to Sir Edward Grey,~(Received October 22.)**\nPeking, September 5, 1906.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch No. 245 of the 26th May last, I have the honour to transmit herewith translation of a note from Prince Ching in which certain proposals in regard to the Burmah-Yünnan frontier north of latitude 25° 35′ north are made, based on a Report which has been received by the Foreign Board from the Viceroy of Yunnan with whom they have been in consultation.\n\nIn conclusion, his Highness begs me to ask His Majesty's Government to refer to Article IV of the Burmah Convention and agree to carry out an impartial negotiation of this matter with the view of arriving at an early settlement of this question.\n\nA copy of this despatch has been sent to India and Burmah.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed)  \n**LANCELOT D. CARNEGIE**\n\n### (Translation.) Sir,\n#### Inclosure in No. 1\n**Prince Ching to Mr. Carnegie**  \nPeking, August 30, 1906.\n\nWITH reference to Sir E. Satow's note of the 1st May, on the question of the Burmah-China frontier north of latitude 25° 35′ north, in which was cited the draft of an Article already proposed to this Board, to the effect that: \"It is now agreed between the Governments of Great Britain and China that the boundaries of the two Empires in the territory lying north of latitude 25° 35′ north shall follow the watershed between the Irawadi and Shueli Rivers until the head-waters of the Shueli are passed, and from thence it shall follow along the watershed between the Irawadi and Salwen basins up to the confines of Thibet\"; and alluding further to the offer previously made on behalf of the Government of India to compensate the native Chiefs, and thus settle this long-pending question.\n\nI had the honour to reply on the 9th May that with regard to this section of frontier, the British Government were merely taking the basins of certain rivers as the limit to which the frontier should extend, and that in pursuance of this idea they were adopting the water-parting between the Shueli-Salwen Rivers and the Irawadi as the frontier line.\n\nI pointed out that the line of frontier thus proposed was still highly unsatisfactory, and that since the Government of His Britannic Majesty were fully aware of the position of the native Chiefs of Teng-Keng and Ming-Kwang, and that those places were under the jurisdiction of Chinese tribal authorities, it was not desirable to settle such a matter by compensation, but that the proper limits of jurisdiction must be distinguished in order to determine the frontier.\n\nI added further that my Board were engaged in telegraphic communication with the Viceroy at Yunnan-fu upon this subject, when the British Government had confronted us with the statement that the Government of Burmah would be instructed to occupy and administer the territory in question. I informed you that, in the view of this Board, such action would be unjustifiable, and I requested you to be good enough to ask the British Government to conform to the terms of the IVth Article of the Burmah Convention respecting this section of frontier north of 25° 35′ north latitude, and make a further careful examination of the features and conditions of the country, both countries then proceeding to negotiate an early and impartial settlement of this question.\n\nI now have the honour to inform you that an answer has been received from the Viceroy at Yunnan-fu, which my Board have carefully considered, and which shows that this section of frontier, starting at Chien Kao Shan (Manangpum), should run north across the Chih Fei River (Chihwi Kha) to the west of the foot of the Kao Liang Kung hills (not to be confused with the Kao Li Kung range), then following...",
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        "page_number": 177,
        "title": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "content_text": "the Chin Chiao Tang River (Khetruaw Kha) it should extend to the crest of the Palata Hills, where it would stop.\n\nThe draft Article, proposed by Sir E. Satow, contemplated that the frontier should continue to the confines of Thibet; but it must be remembered that between the Sub-Prefecture of T'engyuel and Thibet intervene the two Prefectures of Tali and Lichiang. The country examined by Mr. Consul Litton, and shown on the map stamped by him and Shih Taotai, only extends alongside of Tengyueh territory; of this we have no doubt. Consequently, the section of frontier north of 25° 35′ north latitude should not extend further than the border of Tengyueh.\n\nMany objections are presented by the British Government's idea of merely taking the basins of certain rivers as the frontier. For example: the Salwen, whose northern course passes through the two Prefectures of Lá Chiang and Tali to Yung-ch'ang-fu; of which latter Prefecture the part conterminous with the Sub-Prefecture of T'eugyuch is the district of Pao Shan. Or again, the Irawadi, made up as it is north of Bhamo, in Burmah, of three streams--the Maikha in the middle, the Kengtiwan on the west, and the N'Maikha on the east-the latter of which flows on the border of T'engyueh; or again, the Lung Chiang, whose source is in Ming Kwang, in T'engyueh territory, while to the north of Ming Kwang are to be found the tribal Settlements of Tzuchu, Hpare, and Tien Tan.\n\nTo trust, therefore, merely to the flow of the rivers would be eminently unsatisfactory.\n\nAs regards the tribal Settlement of Teng Keng, this is under the jurisdiction of the Pao Shan district. On the west of Teng Keng is the adjoining tribal Settlement of Tzuchu, which is under the jurisdiction of Tengyueh, whilst the north-west part of Ming Kwang also adjoins Tzuchu, and further to the west comes the Hpare Settlement.\n\nSir E. Satow's note proposes that the native Chiefs of Teng Keng and Ming Kwang be paid compensation in lieu of the presents which they have been in the habit of receiving from villages on the western side of the proposed boundary, so that this long-pending question may be settled. But as regards Teng Keng and Ming Kwang there is no long-pending question. The long-pending question only arises in respect to the country on the west of the boundary of these two territories, where Tzuchu and Hpare lie, these being indisputably controlled by Chinese tribal authorities. This being the case, the boundary line must be defined clearly if this matter is to be equitably settled.\n\nAccording to the Viceroy's Report, the upper waters of the Irawadi, under the name of the N'Maikha, flow along the borders of Tengyueh territory. This just fulfils the conditions so constantly attributed by Sir E. Satow to the water-parting east of the N'Maikha, which he described as the natural and best frontier line, and on that account as the one which should be chosen.\n\nI therefore have the honour to request you to ask His Britannic Majesty's Government, on my behalf, to refer to the provision made in Article IV of the Burmah Convention stipulating for a further careful examination of the features and conditions of the country north of 25° 35' north latitude, and to agree to carry out an impartial negotiation of this matter, as requested in my former note, and on the basis of the Viceroy's Report, so that an early settlement of this question may be reached.\n\nOffice or Individual.\n\nForeign\n\n1906\n\ndor\n\nLast previous Paper.\n\nFo\n\n41844\n\n(B & I, 978) - J192—221»\n\nNext subsequent Paper.\n\n70 43505\n\nHONG KONG\n\nNoa 42969\n\n(Subject.)\n\nAffairs of China\n\nFruits of further\n\nPur Fing\n\nJus tothin\n\nJojo Are\n\nSec. hav.\n\n5.00\n\n(Minutes.)\n\nI have kept back\n\n173\n\nDOMESTIC.\n\nC O\n\n42969\n\nPy 22 NOV\n\nher care\n\nwi hai whi\n\nC\n\ncopy to G.\n\ncirculated with toile papers.\n\nsex abo Oct. 2. 3. Q).\n\nfo\n\nShate the\n\nlà Hang King?\n\nan inclined 15-\n\nX\n\n? Land prints\n\nwith aut\n\n23\n\nKink not.\n\nH.K. Souel LE,\n\nThawe remord\n\nthere two\n\npients form\n\n\"The papers\n\n74111\n\n2411.\n\nALC\n\nIt Lucy what do you day on to the (it contain your\n\nWHW.)?\n\nI think I would have it out of also the last print (Was price letter on same subject)\n\nCPL 24 at once",
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    {
        "id": 407852,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "page_number": 316,
        "title": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n311\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\n14802\n\n[November 10.]\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nRECEIVED\n\nReef 5 DFC OF\n\nSECTION 2.\n\n[37807]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received November 10.)\n\n(No. 23.) Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, August 31, 1906.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose copy of a despatch which I have addressed to his Excellency the Governor of the Straits Settlements, forwarding copy and translation of a communication in which the Governor-General of the Yun-kuei asks me to request his Excellency to issue instructions for the care of Miao Taot'ai, now proceeding to Singapore to sell shares in the \"Yünnan-Szechuan and Tengyuel Railways.\"\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n(Confidential.) Sir,\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Governor Sir J. Anderson,\n\nYunnan-fu, August 31, 1906. I HAVE received from the Governor-General of the Yun-kuei the communication of which I have the honour to inclose copy and translation. The Governor-General requests me to ask your Excellency to be good enough to give instructions that Miao Kuo-chun, an expectant Taot'ai on his establishment, be \"looked after,\" in, of course, the more complimentary sense of the term.\n\nMiao taotai has been sent, says the despatch, to the \"Southern and Eastern Seas,\" in other words, the Straits Settlements and Japan, to sell shares in the Yunnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways. These concerns are described in the provisional receipts for shares, a specimen of which I beg to inclose with translation, as purely Chinese companies, and the sale of a share to anyone not a Chinese subject is to invalidate it. As, however, the construction of a railway between Bhamo, in Upper Burmah, and Tengyueh is at the present time under consideration by the Government of India, I found myself unable to undertake to forward the present request to your Excellency unless the words \"or Tengyueh\" were deleted, or some explanation were forthcoming that their presence in the documents transmitted by me would not be taken as an admission that the British can have no part in a Tengyueh railway.\n\nI accordingly wrote privately to Ting chih-t'ai, pointing out that I had more than once informed him that I had received instructions to discuss with him the construction of a railway from Bhamo to Tengyueh as soon as I shall have received a communication from the Government of India informing me of the nature of the proposals to be made. Pending the receipt of such communication, I suggested that the words \"and Tengyueh\" should be struck out.\n\nYesterday his two confidential advisers, Kuei-fu, the Assistant Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs, and Chiang Li-ch'eng, Acting Superintendent of Telegraphs, called on me. They explained that it would be easy to delete the words in the despatch--they suggested, indeed, that I might omit them in the copy sent to your Excellency, but practically impossible to do so in the share receipts, since Miao taot'ai will probably have already disposed of several of these last. I must not, however, attach too much weight to them. \"The Tengyueh Railway Company\" would, of course, eventually take the form which might be agreed upon between the Governments of China and Great Britain. In any case, some expenditure would have to be incurred by Yunnan. For example, even should the railway be altogether a British concern, just as the Laokai-Yünnan-fu Railway is French, still Yunnan would, if the regulations were similar, be called on to provide the land, for some of which she would have to pay; and for such payment the words \"and Tengyueh\" might be taken to provide.\n\nI answered that if it is understood that these words do not commit me or your Excellency's Government to an acknowledgment that shares in a Tengyueh railway...\n\n[2226 k-2]\n\nPage 31\n\n...\n\n \nPage 32\n\n...\n\nPage 33",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "page_number": 378,
        "title": "CO129-338 - Public Offices & Others - 1906",
        "content_text": "373\n\n2\n\ncommitted what in English law would be perjury of a very serious nature, I have the honour to request your sanction to my asking the Governor at Nan Chiang to award to the latter some suitable, but not vindictive, punishment. As far as the evidence at the trial went, Hsiao Fa should either have been liberated or condemned to death.\n\nRewards.-I cannot but regard the manner in which this part of the stipulations made by His Majesty's Government has been carried out by the Chinese authorities as most unsatisfactory. The revised list of Chinese who exerted themselves to protect the lives and property of foreigners whose names I brought to Sir Ernest Satow's notice, and to each of whom a substantial reward was to be given, is contained in Mr. Carnegie's despatch. I have the honour to report as follows upon the rewards so far allotted to the various officers and men named therein :-\n\nHung Wei-lin, Commodore of the River Fleet, and Wu Chén-jo, Deputy in the Foreign Bureau, have been placed next on the list for promotion. This is too uncertain; they should at once be promoted to the rank of Chih Chou.\n\nWu Melting, captain of a gunboat, to be promoted to the next Ying vacancy. Should he at once be made a Ying Kuan, preferably at Kiukiang, that being his wish.\n\nHsu Tê-fên, Deputy in the Industrial School; Chiên K'uei (not in original list); Sun Lang, Police Deputy; Hsu Hui-Chuan, ditto; Liu Hung-lin (not in the original list); Shên Fu-hêng, of the Ching Ch'a Chu. When vacancies occur, their cases will be considered. This is too indefinite; they should be given the rank of Chih Chou, and sent immediately to fill acting posts.\n\nLiu Kuo-tung, Squadron Commander; Chên Chin-tang, Commandant of the Ch'ang Fei Chun; Hung Chan-k'uei, Major in the Right Battalion, Kêng Ch'ao-t'ai, Superintendent of the Mint; Liu Chu-shu, Lieutenant-Colonel of the City Guard; Wang Te-sheng, Captain of the City Guard, Liu Hsin-ch'uan, Captain of Cavalry: Tsao Tê-fu, an Inspector of the 1st Battalion of the Territorial Army; Ho Huan-wên, Lieutenant of Cavalry, Wang Hsi-lin, ditto; Pan Têng-hsien, ditto; Hsu Tzo-chün, Sergeant of the Provincial Garrison. These cases have not yet been considered, owing to a change of the Taotai in charge of military matters. Each case should be carefully considered, and definite promotion given immediately; otherwise nothing may be done for three to five years, or the matter may be overlooked altogether.\n\nPao Chiêng haang, of the Chồng Shou Ying; Pao Pu-kuei, ditto; Heung 1-shéng (Hsiung Lan-sen), of the Chang Pei Chün. These have received 7 taels each. They exerted themselves strenuously throughout the day of the massacre, and the reward must be considered inadequate. It cannot be construed as a \"substantial\" reward, as stipulated, and should be trebled at least.\n\nChang Ya-chan and Lü Chin-piao, of the Ching Cha Chü, have received 55 dollars and 45 dollars respectively. This may be considered sufficient.\n\nChu Ping-kun, of the Ching Cha Chi, is to be sent to Japan to study (probably for a military career). This, being at his own request, will, if carried out, be sufficient compensation for his voluntary aid to the missionaries in distress.\n\nI submit that the above list hardly indicates that this portion of the conditions imposed by His Majesty's Government has been carried out in the right spirit, and Had it not been that its immediate and adequate fulfilment should be insisted upon, for the courage and exertions of those named, it is probable that most of the missionaries in Nan Ch'ang at the time would have been murdered and all the Mission buildings destroyed. The sympathy, bravery, and hard work of what may be regarded as a small, but just-minded, pro-foreign party, ready to do right, even on behalf of aliens, in face of the risk of official disapproval, are characters and acts calling for commendation and encouragement, and it is to be feared that if the Governor at Nan Chang is not compelled to fulfil the stipulation as to granting a substantial reward to each of those named in Mr. Carnegie's note to Prince Ching of the 27th June last, since it cannot but be known that the stipulation has been made, the failure to insist upon its proper fulfilment will be regarded as a sign of weakness or indifference, and the name of foreigners and the cause of foreign Missions in Nan Chiang be in so far prejudiced. In those cases where it is impossible to immediately find a substantive post of higher grade, promotion in rank accompanied by an adequate pecuniary reward should at once be given.\n\nOf the names omitted from the revised list, Pao Fang, Miss Warr's writer, exerted himself throughout the day and part of the night, and was probably the means of Miss Warr's life being saved. This man and Chen p'o p'o, the amah who saved the infant Vera Kingham, should not be allowed to go unrewarded.\n\nThat a feeling of disappointment exists amongst those who, instead of deserting the missionaries in the hour of danger, worked hard on their behalf, and in many cases saved their lives and protected their property, is shown by the following extract from a letter, dated the 11th September, received by me from the Rev. A. E. Thor, of the China Inland Mission at Nan Ch'ang:-\n\n\"I have asked a good many, direct and indirect, if So-and-so has been rewarded, but always the same answer 'No,' and no one seems to think there will be any. To-day Liu Kuch-tung, of the cavalry camp, came in to have a chat; I asked him about the reward. He laughed and said: 'Reward there will be none, but a few days ago a note was sent to us from the General, which he had received from Peking, in which we were thanked for good service rendered the country, and that five names (mine being one) were put in the book of honour amongst those who have rendered good service to the country, and that is all we will get. If this country is too poor (as they always say) to give these men higher rank and as such more pay, it seems to me that the Chinese Government could afford to give their officers higher kong-ming' (degree). That would cost the Government nothing, but would work wonders amongst those who get it. Now, they all seem disappointed, as they had expected something, as the Governor cried out during the riot: 'A thousand taels to any one who saves a foreigner.'\n\nI submit that the Governor at Nan Chang should be instructed by telegraph to see that the stipulations of the two Governments are carried out immediately and in a proper spirit.\n\nCompensation. The sum of 4,700l.—the amount agreed upon as compensation for the destroyed property of the late Rev. H. C. Kingham and for the support of the infant, Margaret Vera Kingham-was received by me to-day (the 18th September) from the Governor of Nan Ch'ang, through the Prefect (the Taotai being in attendance upon his dying mother), to whom I gave a receipt. By the instructions of His Majesty's Chief Judge at Shanghae I have deposited the 700l. in the Hong Kong and Shanghae Banking Corporation, Shanghae, in an account named \"His Britannic Majesty's Consul, Kiukiang, a/c K.,\" and the 4,000, in the same bank in London to the account of \"His Britannic Majesty's Chief Judge, Supreme Court, Shanghae.\"\n\nAll the other claims for personal property destroyed having, as already reported, been settled satisfactorily by the former Governor, Hu Ting-kan, there remains only the question of the new piece of land which it was agreed should be granted to the missionaries for the purpose of erecting buildings in which to carry on the work begun by the late Rev. H. C. Kingham and his wife. The 700l. paid as compensation for the late Mr. Kingham's property having included the land on which the house and chapel had been erected, I have stated to the Rev. H. E. Pownall, representing the Stewards' Company (of which Mr. Kingham was a member), that this new piece of land, which obviously cannot form part of Mr. Kingham's estate, may be considered as the property of the Stewards' Company, given to them for the carrying on of the work interrupted by the death of Mr. Kingham, feeling that this course would meet with your sanction and approval. Further negotiations as to whether the same site shall be granted, or whether it will be advisable to rebuild the Mission premises at a greater distance from the Roman Catholic Mission (their proximity having led to their destruction during the late massacre), are under correspondence between the missionaries, the Nan Chang officials, and myself, and will probably shortly reach a satisfactory conclusion.\n\nSettlement and Guardianship.-After correspondence with the Supreme Court at Shanghae, I have suggested the appointment of the Rev. H. E. Pownali and Rev. R. J. Hopkins as trustees for the minor, Margaret Vera Kingham. Owing to the absence of the parties, I have not yet taken the hearing for the appointment of a guardian, and if, as seems probable from what Mr. Pownall has stated, Mr. Hopkins or he would prefer to be guardian rather than trustee, another reliable person nearly connected will be appointed joint trustee with one or the other. The matter will be proceeded with as soon as possible, and the Crown Advocate at Shanghae will then be instructed to draw up a deed of settlement, a draft of which will be forwarded for your approval.\n\nA claim for the guardianship of the infant, Margaret Vera Kingham, has been made, though as yet only in an informal manner, in private letters to Mrs. Pownall and Mrs. Hopkins by a Mr. Percy Kingham, a hotel-keeper of Drummond, South Africa, brother of the late Rev. H. C. Kingham, but being satisfied from information gathered from various sources that his guardianship would not be to the interests of the ward, and the Chief Judge concurring in my view, the appointment of a guardian will be proceeded with irrespective of any claim which he may see fit to set up.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) E. T. C. WERNER.\n\n3\n\n373",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 556,
        "title": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "# RETURN of OFFICERS who have given Security for the due Discharge of their Duties\n## Prepared at the Annual Inspection of Securities, held on 7th February, 1907\n\n| Name of Officer giving Security | Exact Titles of all Appointments (either permanent or temporary) now held by him | Nature of the Security given | Names, Addresses, and Occupations of the Sureties in each Bond | Title of Office in respect of which the Bond is given, as stated therein | Date of Bond | Amount of Bond |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Fang Yok Kan | Sixth Clerk, REGISTRAR GENERAL'S DEPT.; Shroff | Deposit Note of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank for $100 |  |  |  | 100 |\n| Wong Bak Shin | ... | Do. | Man To Toung, Master of Tang Wing shop; Yau Shui, Master of Hung Cheong, Constructor's shop, No. 81 High Street |  | 13th January, 1904 | 5,000 |\n| ... | ... | IF BY GUARANTEE BOND | Wong Lai-fú; Compradore of Simsson & Co.; Kwok Shut Teng, of Heung Shonng Kerosine Oil Company |  | 27th February, 1902 | 2,000 |\n| ... | ... | ... | Wan King Ceung of No. 20 Queen's Road East; Ko Sik Chi of No. 39 Queen's Road Central |  | 2nd June, 1905 | 250 |\n| ... | ... | ... | ... |  | 6th July, 1906 | 300 |\n| Lan Tin Tsung | Aurilary Shroff, (office dispensed with.) | Deposit Note of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank for $300 |  |  |  |  |\n| Cheng Ki Heung | Writer, COLONIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT | Personal Bond with two Sureties, jointly and severally | Tsiu Yin-cho of the Yin Hing shop No. 44 Jervois Street; Wong Yui Sung of the Wing Sing shop No. 82 Queen's Road Central |  | 22nd February, 1904 | 200 |\n| Chat Shing Ip | Writer | Do. | Yung Chiu Po, Compradore J. D. Jutebison & Co. |  | 1st February, 1904 | 250 |\n| Lau Tsz Ping | Writer | Do. | Chow Yat Shing, Master of the Ki Lan No. 21 East Street; Cheng Yuen, Master of the Kwong Tsâu, No. 4 Tung Tak Lane |  | 12th January, 1906 | ... |\n| Chan Fung Thug | Writer | Do. | Tam Hoi, Master of the Tsung Hoi Kee shop, No. 40 Circular Pathway; Lan Kam Shing, Master of the In Lee shop, No. 514 Queen's Road West |  | 8th December, 1906 | ... |\n| ... | Office Attendant | Do. | Wong Shan Kan, Master of the Wai Hang, No. 196 Wellington Street; L. F. Cooke, Master of the Po Kee, No. 58 Connaught Road |  | 11th December, 1906 | 550 |\n| ... | ... | ... | Kwong Hang, Master of the Yu Lung, No. 65 Wellington Street; So Mau Hing, Master of the Fu Keo, No. 57 Queen's Road West |  | 14th December, 1906 | ... |\n| ... | ... | ... | Ho Hoi, Master of the Sze Hop, No. 321 Queen's Road West; Fung Fong, late District Watchman |  | 11th December, 1906 | 100 |",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "page_number": 557,
        "title": "CO129-340 - Governor Nathan Acting Governor May - 1907 [4-6]",
        "content_text": "(K 4 )\n\nRETURN of OFFICERS who have given Security for the due Discharge of their Duties,\n\n(K 5 )\n\nprepared at the Annual Inspection of Securities, held on 7th February, 1907,-Continued.\n\n  \n    Name of Officer giving Security.\n    Exact Titles of all Appointments (either permanent or temporary) now held by him.\n    Nature of the Security given.\n    Names, Addresses, and Occupations of the Sureties in each Bond.\n    Title of Office in respect of which the Bond is given,\n    Date of Bond.\n    Amount of Bond.\n  \n  \n    REGISTRAR GENERAL'S DEPT., Continued,\n  \n  \n    Colonial Treasury.\n  \n  \n    D. A. Garvallen\n    First Clerk and Cashier\n    BY GUARANTEE BOND.\n    Chan Yung Cheung; Tsoi Tam Kau; Clerk Botanical and Forestry Department.\n    \n    31st October, 1904.\n    $50\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Personal Bond with two Sureties, jointly and severally\n    G. M. Bain; R. Shewan, Merchant.\n    \n    22nd March, 1898.\n    10,000\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    Do.\n    A. G. Romano, Merchant; Wei Yak, Compradore of the Mercantile Bank Ltd.\n    \n    21st August, 1902.\n    5,000\n  \n  \n    Cheung Pok-tsai\n    First Shroff\n    Do.\n    Lai Po Yan, of Tai Hing Pawnshop, No. 32 West Street; Wei Yuk, Compradore of the Mercantile Bank Ltd.\n    \n    20th May, 1903.\n    10,000\n  \n  \n    Cheng Yat-sin\n    Second Shroff\n    Do.\n    Yung Fai UD, of No. 162, Queen's Road Central; Tam Chan of No. 52, Des Voeux Road.\n    \n    24th August, 1905.\n    5,000\n  \n  \n    Cheong Yum-chun\n    Third Shroff\n    Do.\n    Francisco Tse Yat, Manager of Wing Kee & Co.; Li Luk Kwong, Tailor & Shoemaker No. 61, Kowloon City,\n    \n    22nd May, 1903.\n    1,000\n  \n  \n    Li Hoa Hung\n    Assistant Notice Server and Collector of Village Rates,\n    Do.\n    Ng Fung Fu\n    \n    18th June, 1903.\n    1,000\n  \n  \n    Wong Hung Tong\n    Assistant Collector of Village Rates,\n    Deposit Note of the Hongkong & Shanghai Bank for $500.\n    Teu Wan Kwai, of No. 1, Praya Kennedy Town, Hongkong; Tsang Kang, of No. 355, Queen's Road West, Contractor.\n    \n    6th June, 1904.\n    500\n  \n  \n    Li Fat\n    Clerk and Shroff, New Territories,\n    Personal Bond with two Sureties, jointly and severally.\n    Teang Keng, of No. 355, Queen's Road West, Contractor; Yau Sui, of No. 79, High Street.\n    \n    13th August, 1906.\n    300\n  \n  \n    Chan Tak\n    4th Shroff Clerk, New Territories,\n    Do.\n    Cheong Soon Yan, Owner of Section C. of I. L. No. 998, of Victoria; Choa Choo Moon, Owner of I. L. No. 979, of Victoria.\n    \n    8th July, 1904.\n    500\n  \n  \n    \n    (dismissed)\n    Do.\n    Teang Kong, of No. 355, Queen's Road West, Contractor; Cha Wang Kai, Owner of Nos. 568 to 600, Queen's Road West.\n    \n    23rd April, 1904.\n    3,000\n  \n\n551",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 95,
        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nThe Governor-General would answer in this sense. You will observe that his Excellency contents himself with passing on to me, without comment, the report of the Directors.\n\nI replied the following day, the 11th October, reminding Ting chiltai that he had agreed, at our interview of the 16th May last, to the reconnaissance, on, it is true, the understanding that if it was thereby proved that a railway can be built, the construction of such railway will have to be further considered. In consequence of this agreement, arrangements had been made in India which it would be difficult to alter. My note of the 8th October was solely intended to inform his Excellency of the date of Mr. Lilley's departure, and to request protection; I had not asked that it should be handed to the Directors of the Yünnan-Szechuan (of set purpose, I omitted the words \"and Tengyueh\") Railway for discussion.\n\nThe Governor-General sent, as on many previous occasions, Kuei-fu, Assistant Superintendent of the Foreign Affairs Department, and Chiang Li-ch'eng, English Secretary, to see me. They told me, what I knew already, that the Governor-General was being pressed by Messrs. Li K'un, Ch'en Tu, and others of the literati, to insist that the Tengyueh Railway must be built by the Yunnanese themselves. It was accordingly, they hinted, awkward for his Excellency to be asked to officially countenance further surveys by foreign engineers, particularly over new ground. Then, again, the strength of the proposed party seemed very great, and might well cause alarm to the inhabitants. Moreover, the party appeared to include a large number of natives of India, whose black faces and brusque manners would give still wider cause for apprehension.\n\nI replied much as I had done in my note of the 11th, adding that it should not be difficult to get the number of menials and servants reduced, or to substitute Burmese for Indians. They asked whether Mr. Lilley could not come alone, or with only one or two servants—say, a boy and a cook—employing local coolies of Tengyueh as porters. I explained that in country so difficult, it would probably be necessary to have three pairs of engineers at work, one pair along the main road, a second some miles north of it, and a third some miles south. They gave me to understand, informally, that if Mr. Lilley and his companions had made no official intimation of their purpose, but had appeared at Tengyueh as ordinary travellers, there would have been no difficulty; even if intimation had been made, but for the Kulikha-Tengyueh line only, the situation would have been simpler. When I observed that consent had been given by his Excellency six months ago, I learnt for the first time that Governor-General Ting was contemplating a denial of his promise.\n\nI said that I was shocked to hear that such advice had been tendered to his Excellency; they themselves knew perfectly well that consent had been given. Kuei-fu suggested that consent was given to a reconnaissance \"beyond Tengyueh,\" which meant, here at Yunnan-fu, west of Tengyueh. That, I retorted, was absurd; Mr. Lilley was completing at the time (last May) his survey up to Tengyueh, and what was then asked for was, as now, protection while continuing it from Tengyueh to Tali.\n\nIt was not necessary for my Government to give any intimation, since Mr. Lilley has a Treaty right to travel under passport. The intimation was given as a matter of courtesy, and, as they knew perfectly well, had been acquiesced in by his Excellency. I suggested that the Governor-General might reply either that the numbers and composition of the party were such as to alarm the inhabitants—since that appeared to be his view—or that it would be better to await the settlement, at Peking or in London, of the main question—the construction of the Tengyueh Railway—before resuming the survey. I could not, and would not, accept any denial on the part of his Excellency of his assent to the Tengyueh-Tali reconnaissance.\n\nSome days passed, and I was encouraged to believe, from private inquiries made by my writer, that the Governor-General was proposing to adopt some such course as I had suggested. To my astonishment, however, I received, on the evening of the 20th, the note of which I inclose translation. The Governor-General is herein made to say—I have reason to think that the note was drafted by the Directors—that he finds it impossible to admit \"that it was settled at our interview of the 10th May that engineers from Burmah should make a reconnaissance of the route between Tengyueh and Tali.\n\nThe passage that follows is curious. It amounts, as you will see, to a declaration that if we insist on the survey, a riot will be instigated and our party attacked. The five characters \"chung ch'ing pu hsieh\" (\"and popular feeling not put up with it\") had been submitted for six other characters. My belief is, as I have said, that the note was drafted by Li K'un or one of his fellows, and that in this passage, some one less intemperate had substituted a milder phrase. The threat, however, is sufficiently explicit.\n\n## 3\n\nI could not accept such a note, and I sent my writer the first thing the next morning (the 21st October) to return it personally to the Governor-General. My writer assures me that at the ensuing conversation, his Excellency freely confessed that he had given his consent on the 16th May, but said that it was now difficult for him to admit it, owing to the pressure brought to bear by the Directors. The whole correspondence might, his Excellency suggested, be considered as non avenue, but we might wait for a few days to see what is being done at Peking about the Tengyueh Railway.\n\nChiang Li-ch'eng called the next morning and suggested that time should be given to the Directors to cool down, when my writer might point out to them that no sort of harm would accrue to Chinese interests by Mr. Lilley's continuing his surveys. If Mr. Lilley found that no railway is feasible, the whole question will lapse; if he discovered a possible route, and the two Governments of Great Britain and China decided that Yünnan alone is to build the line, then, no doubt, arrangements could be made with the Government of India for the communication of Mr. Lilley's maps. I replied that I could not answer for your Government without instructions, but that I thought he was taking a very reasonable view, and I hoped that the opposition would come to see it in the same light.\n\nThat same evening, I received a letter from the Foreign Affairs Department stating that, in consequence of the visit of my writer, the Governor-General had instructed them to return \"the note.\" I too hastily assumed that \"the note\" was his Excellency's of the 20th October, and, without examining further, sent back both it and the covering letter. As a matter of fact, it was my own note of the 11th October. I do not want to receive back this last, but, having rejected the Chinese reply to it, I could not well have refused to do so. I therefore do not regret the mistake that has, as things have turned out, enabled me to leave it with the Yunnan Government.\n\nMeanwhile, on the 24th October, I telegraphed to you and to Sir John Jordan as follows:-\n\n\"A small but noisy opposition are pressing the weak Governor-General to revoke his consent, and to forbid the party to cross the frontier. That consent was given verbally as a matter of course, since two similar surveys had already taken place, and there was then (the 16th May) no question of a Chinese Tengyueh Railway. I have sent to the Governor-General a signed translation of my telegram of the 17th May to the Legation, so that opposition is purely factious. In any case, British subjects have a Treaty right to travel, and Chinese authorization was not needed. If we insist on equal treatment to that of the French, the right to survey anywhere follows.\"\n\nI added a request, in my telegram to Sir John Jordan, to be informed of the course of negotiations with the Wai-wu Pu, and to receive instructions about the reconnaissance. My return of the Foreign Department note gave rise to further pourparlers with Messrs. Kuei-fu and Chiang Li-ch'eng. I reiterated my firm refusal to entertain any suggestion that the Governor-General had not agreed on the 16th May to the proposed reconnaissance, but I finally said that if his Excellency would write to me that circumstances had since changed, and that pending the settlement at Peking of the main question, it would be inadvisable that the engineers should again cross the border, I would not insist on a positive affirmation of the agreement. Drafts of the note were brought me from time to time, and I ultimately accepted that which forms Inclosure 5 to my present despatch. I made it clear at the same time that I was not to be understood either as indorsing everything there set down, or as guaranteeing the concurrence of your Government.\n\nThe intermediaries pressed me to quote, when answering it, the note in its entirety; but I said plainly that I could not see my way to acknowledging the existence of an independent Chinese Tengyueh Railway Company. The note of the 20th October, which I had rejected, had endeavoured to make out that I recognized the self-styled Directors, and that I had called upon and consulted them. I reminded Kuei ta-jen of my objections at the time to meeting the Governor-General's deputies at Wang Taotai's residence; and I repeated that though I was quite ready to admit that Wang Hung-t'u, Li K'un, and the rest are Directors of the Yunnan-Szechuan Railway, I could not, and would not, do anything that might lend colour to the idea that my Government allows their claims to the Tengyueh line.\n\nAfter a final attempt to get me to say in my reply that the arguments of the Governor-General are just and right, they at last accepted the draft which became my definitive note of the 31st October (Inclosure 6).\n\nMeanwhile, I had received from His Majesty's Minister an answer to my telegram of the 24th October, telling me that the Wai-wu Pu had not consulted him, nor had he yet...\n\nPage 92",
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        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nAny one (in a Hsien) who buys 1,000 shares shall be a committeeman of right, and needs no election.\n\n7. Election.--The manager-general, assistant managers, treasurers, shall be elected by the daily committeemen and general committeemen (i.e., those always on committee and those who have the right to sit on committee) by vote.\n\nThe daily committeemen shall be elected by the committeemen of their own district by vote.\n\nThe general committeemen of each Chou and Hsien shall be elected by the votes of the shareholders.\n\nAt the opening of the Company, representatives may be sent.\n\n8. Share Limits.--There shall be 3,000,000 shares at 5 dollars each.\n\nEach share will be paid up in three instalments.\n\nNo foreign shares will be received.\n\nA real Chinese who has been naturalized abroad may take shares, but will be treated as a Chinese shareholder. No shares can be sold to a foreigner.\n\nAll shares are to be paid in Mexican dollars.\n\n9. Powers of Shareholders.--A shareholder with 100 shares may be made manager-general; with 50 shares, assistant manager; with 10 shares, may be elected a Hsien's committeeman. Those having over 5 shares should be elected committeemen.\n\nAfter payment of annual expenses, 10 per cent. shall be held in reserve until the reserve reaches half the capital.\n\nThe remainder shall be divided into 20 parts, of which 1 shall go to the Government as a contribution, 18 parts to shareholders as bonus, and 1 part as recompense to the staff.\n\nInterest shall be paid on shares at 6 per mille per annum, the year to be reckoned from the end of the month next after the shares are taken.\n\n10. How Shares are to be collected.--(a) To those who agree with our objects; (b) to those who do not agree with our objects--shares are to be allotted.\n\nEvery one possessing property to the value of 1,000 taels shall be allotted ten shares; those having 2,000 taels are rated 20 per cent. higher, e.g.:--\n\n## 3\n\nInterest on corporate shares is to be paid to the original holders of the capital.\n\nTaxes.--Can be raised on salt and on lotteries.\n\n11. Regulations for Opening Expenses.--(a) 450,000 dollars must be raised before starting work. (b) Each Fu, Ting, and Chou must subscribe to raise this. (c) The opening expenses shall be considered shares and bear interest. (d) If one man pays up to the value of 10 shares for opening expenses, these 10 shall count as 13, and so for every 10 more. (e) Every one taking 10,000 dollars worth of shares shall pay up 300 dollars for opening expenses, to be paid within a period notified by the Company by letter. If he waits until the Company is running before paying in the 300 dollars, his shares shall be treated as ordinary shares, and not get the increase mentioned in (d).\n\nEvery Fu, Ting, Chou, and Hsien which hands over its opening expenses by the date mentioned shall have its interest reckoned from the 1st of the next moon at 6 per mille.\n\nOn the balance paid in as shares, not for preliminary expenses, the 3 per 10 increase shall not bear interest until the railway is running.\n\n## 6\n\nA Branch Share Company in any place shall be entitled to charge to itself as its opening expenses 2 dollars per 100 collected.\n\nExtra clause. The General Company shall deduct from the moneys received enough to open a newspaper office at Wuchow; every Hsien to buy at least ten copies and also moneys to open a bank at Wuchow.\n\nDetailed Regulations will be made later.\n\n(It is reported that the head of the Kuangtung Educational Department, Yu, is nominated General Manager).\n\n| Property of- Value. Taels | Shall take- Shares. | Dollars. | Property of Value. Taels | Shall take- Shares. | Dollars. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1,000 | 10 | 50 | 6,000 | 120 | 600 |\n| 2,000 | 24 | 120 | 7,000 | 154 | 770 |\n| 3,000 | 42 | 210 | 8,000 | 192 | 960 |\n| 4,000 | 64 | 320 | 9,000 | 224 | 1,180 |\n| 5,000 | 90 | 450 | 10,000 | 280 | 1,400 |\n\nProperties over 10,000 taels shall pay up 10 per cent.\n\nAny one who will not agree to take shares shall not be recognized as having contributed any share to examination or other funds, shall not be recognized as a Kuangsi man, and in militia defence or foreign affairs shall be taken no notice of, and his surname, name, and birth-place shall be published in the newspapers.\n\nSums promised by various places:--\n| Place | Dollars. |\n| --- | --- |\n| Wuchow | 1,800,000 |\n| Yulin | 1,800,000 |\n| Hsun Chou | 1,600,000 |\n| Nanning | 800,000 |\n| Lung Chou | 600,000 |\n| Liu Chou | 600,000 |\n| Ssu En | 400,000 |\n| Chen An | 300,000 |\n| Pose | 300,000 |\n| Ssu Ch'eng | 300,000 |\n| Total | 8,500,000 |\n\nPayments in shares.--The price of land crossed by the railway, of labour for embankments, of material, can all be taken out in shares, given at a preferential rate.\n\nCorporate shares.--The following can be exchanged for railway shares: (a) People's properties, e.g., subscriptions in aid of examinations, Board schools, ancestral fields, temple property. (b) Official properties: Future assured payments.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nExtract from the \"Canton Daily\" of October 20, 1906.\n\n**Ts'en Viceroy's Excellent View on Building the Kuangsi Railways**\n\nThe disputed question of the Kuangsi Railways is one on which none of the parties will give way.\n\nEach Fu sent a deputy to Canton to lay the matter before the Viceroy Ts'en, and these presented to him (suggested) Regulations in a detailed Report, as previously stated in our columns.\n\n## 4\n\nNow the Hsun Chou and other deputies, on presenting to the Viceroy a Petition on suggested arrangements for the Kuangsi railways, have received the following note:--\n\nAccording to your Petition, I find that the whole of Kuangsi is decided to combine to construct railways, and therefore every one of the deputed gentlemen should consult together single-heartedly, and all combine in this great object. Supposing that there arose questions difficult to settle, the rules of the Board of Trade could be followed by mutual consultation, and then decision be made by the opinion of the majority. Now the deputies of Liu Chou, Ching Yuan Fu, and their eleven subordinate departments are at loggerheads about the order in which the railways should be constructed with the deputies of Kweilin and Wuchow.\n\n## 44\n\nAccording to the Report presented to me, the suggested arrangements contain two heads--(1) To have the Kweilin and Wuchow deputies brought over to the petitioners' view; and (2) to first construct lines from Liu Chou, Ch'ing Yuan, and their eleven departments to Kwei Hsien and Pakhoi.\n\n\"I find that these deputies have had frequent meetings with the Kweilin and Wuchow deputies without coming to an understanding, and that neither party can be forced into agreement.\n\n\"Now the question of railways is a weighty and important one, and although combination is made to construct them, there is ever fear of their hardly succeeding.\n\n\"Suppose that divisions to be constructed were made out, each division building its own section, this were no proper method.\n\n\"The mutual consultation for raising funds to build these lines ourselves is originally founded on protecting our rights and profits, and making sure our boundaries an object far from easy, but necessary, to achieve. Should opinions split, surely hindrances will arise, and I think the patriotic and well-minded will never willingly bring this about.\n\n## 344",
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        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## \nAs long as their business is properly managed, they have it entirely in their own hands, and every shareholder is equal. No one has a right to dictate the policy of the Company; every shareholder has an equal right to speak, and the views of the majority prevail.\n\n\"I think Chinese Companies, under proper rules, with Imperial sanction, and with mixed Boards of native and foreign Directors, could be established and made to work satisfactorily. The railways would have to have foreign management at first; there are no Chinese at present who have the knowledge or experience necessary for the management of a large railway. The men who would be employed would, of course, be Chinese employés, as the Customs people are. Such men would do better work, and be more satisfactorily controlled by a mixed than by a purely Chinese Board of Directors. Besides, a Board composed of foreigners and Chinese would likely select a better class of foreigners than would likely be got in any other way. Foreigners are the best judges of foreigners, and Chinese of Chinese.”\n\nNoting the advice thus given, which is undoubtedly based on close acquaintance with Chinese affairs, it is interesting to consider the conditions under which railways on Chinese territory have been constructed since that date, and the political and financial results of these enterprises.\n\n## \nIn Manchuria, Shantung, and Yunnan, China has, at various times and under diplomatic pressure, conceded the right of railway construction to foreign Powers under conditions which deprive China of all control and profit in these enterprises and seriously prejudice her sovereign rights within the territory through which these railways run. The danger resulting from such concessions has now been fully recognized; it is realized that the existence on Chinese soil of railways administered and controlled to the detriment of China's political authority should never have been permitted. Of this, the history of the Manchurian provinces since 1896 has afforded a convincing object lesson, and a warning.\n\nConcessions of this kind may be described as strategical and political, as distinct from commercial undertakings, their inception being undoubtedly intended rather to extend the influence or territorial advantages of the Powers concerned than to develop the resources of the Empire for the advancement of China, and the consequent benefit of nations interested in the expansion of her trade; under existing political conditions, it may safely be assumed that no further concessions of this kind will be made, and that measures will eventually be agreed upon to prevent the railways thus constructed from creating results prejudicial to the Central Government's authority.\n\nThe Luhan Railway, although an enterprise originally associated with political objects of certain foreign Powers (1896-98), may now be definitely regarded as a commercial undertaking for the joint benefit of the Chinese administrations and the concessionnaires, and under the authority of the Chinese Government. No officially published information is available as to the cost of construction of this important trunk line or the actual results of its maintenance and working; but as the concessionnaires receive 20 per cent. of the profits, figures will no doubt be published in due course. A reliable authority, however, places the total cost of construction at a little over `6,000,000l`, provided partly by the Belgian loan and partly by funds paid in compensation for damage done by Boxers. The net profits (July 1906) are said to average 150,000 dollars per mensem. Had it not been for the receipt of `2,000,000l` on account of the Boxer disturbances, an additional loan would have been necessary, entailing further interest charges, which would have practically eliminated the profits now declared. By engineers, the work is generally reported to be good, though the system of construction is not that adopted on British railways, and is likely to entail heavy charges for maintenance and repair. China is entitled to pay off the Belgian loan (`4,500,000l`) on and after the 1st September, 1907, and, should she so desire thereafter, to take over complete control of the railway.\n\n## \nAnother Chinese Government railway which comes within the category of commercial undertakings with foreign capital is the line from Kaifeng to Honan-fu (about 210 kilom.), now in course of construction. Its conditions are practically the same as those of the Luhan, the Chinese Government guaranteeing the interest at 5 per cent. on a loan of `1,000,000l` at 90, intrusting the entire construction and administration to the Belgian concessionnaires (“la Compagnie Générale de Chemins de Fer et de Tramways en Chine\"), which is also entitled to 20 per cent. of the net profits of the undertaking. Period of loan twenty years: redemption of bonds begins after the tenth year.\n\nThe Chengting-Taiyuen-fu line (about 350 kilom.), originally part of the British `Peking Syndicate` Concession, became a Franco-Russian undertaking as the result of Russian diplomacy in 1898. It is now in course of construction—the capital (40,000,000 fr.) is French, and the conditions of the Loan Agreement are practically the same as those of the Honan-Kaifeng contract.\n\nThere are other railway undertakings on a small scale, such as the Ping Hsiang line in Hunan and the line (under construction) from Swatow to Chaochow-fu; but they need not be referred to in detail.\n\n## \nIn the Luhan contract, no precautions were taken by the Chinese Government to prevent the Concession being transferred from Belgian to any other nationality, an oversight which before long created serious uneasiness in the minds of his Excellency Chang Chih-tung and other high officials. When, therefore, a similar commercial Railway Concession was concluded with an American Syndicate (1898) to construct the railway from Hankow (Wuchang) to Canton, a clause was included in the contract stipulating that the rights of the American concessionnaires should not be transferred to persons of any other nationality. This clause was subsequently violated. The Belgian group of politicians and financiers who (supported by French and Russian diplomacy) had endeavoured to obtain the original Concession intrigued successfully at New York and obtained a controlling interest in the American Syndicate's stock, by virtue of which they speedily asserted claims to construct and administer the line. In this violation of the American Syndicate's agreement, his Excellency Shêng Kung-pao was apparently willing to acquiesce, but the Viceroy Chang Chih-tung, dreading the political effect of Franco-Russian influence, insisted on cancellation of the Concession. The personnel of the American Syndicate had practically no interest in China; their objects in obtaining—and in transferring—the Concession rights were frankly pecuniary, and they readily accepted the price at which, upon his Excellency Chang Chih-tung's advice, the Chinese Minister in Washington was authorized to buy back the Concession. As the contract had admittedly been violated, and as the United States' Government was unwilling to guarantee that the railway would permanently remain a strictly American undertaking, the payment of a large indemnity to the concessionnaires was unnecessary and unwise. This unfortunate conclusion of the affair has naturally prejudiced foreign capitalists in the eyes of the Chinese Government and people, and has indefinitely postponed the construction of a most important railway. The results are as much deplored by foreigners as by Chinese, but the experience will not be lost if it teaches the Chinese Government not to intrust important national undertakings to unknown capitalists whose interests are in no manner identified with those of China.\n\nThe short line from Canton to Samshui constructed by the American Syndicate before the repurchase of the Concession is now administered by the Liang Kuang Viceroy. The passenger traffic is remunerative, showing how profitable the trunk line should be. The management of the line, however, judged by European standards, is extremely defective, the personnel inefficient, and the maintenance bad; unless these matters are reformed, the railway must before long come to grief.\n\n## \nIn Shansi, a short line has been built by the `Peking Syndicate` to assist in the development of the Coalfield Concession, running from Tsecho to the Wei River. The future value of this railway (which has been recognized as a Chinese Government undertaking like the Chengting-Taiyuen-fu line) must depend on the facilities given for exploiting the coalfields, a matter which the gentry and students of the province appear to be opposing.\n\nThe Northern Railway—running from Peking to Tien-tsin, Shanhaikwan, Newchwang, and Sinminting—is the most profitable in China. Its first section was built by British engineers with Chinese capital under the direction of the Viceroy Li Hung-chang in 1879. Originally intended only to connect the Tongshan mines with the nearest navigable water, it was gradually extended to Tien-tsin and Shanhaikwan. In 1896, British capital was borrowed (`2,300,000l`) for the completion of this railway to Newchwang, under conditions formally recognized by the Chinese and British Governments, the entire line being given as security for the loan, and the railway being placed under the direction of a British engineer-in-chief and financial supervision of the bondholders. The annual profits of the undertaking (which, in 1905, amounted to over 10,000,000 dollars) show how greatly the resources of the Central Government may be increased by properly administered railways, if efficiently constructed.\n\nRecently, however, there have been indications of a tendency to minimize European control in the management—a course which, however gratifying it may be to those who profess advanced nationalist ideas, will, if definitely adopted, seriously prejudice the future prosperity and credit of the enterprise. The Chinese... \n\nPage 2368  \nB 2 \n420",
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        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n**Memorandum by Consul-General Wilkinson**\n\nThe poster, translation of which was attached to my despatch to Burmah of the 30th November, 1906, was subsequently reproduced as an editorial in the \"Tien-nan Ch'ao-pao,\" the semi-official \"Yunnan Gazette\" published daily under the direction of the local University. In that University, two of the Directors of the so-called \"Yunnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways Company\"—Messrs. Li K'un and Ch'en Tu—are professors, and they are now availing themselves of the \"Gazette\" as a channel for the dissemination of their views on railway construction in this province.\n\nIn the process of adapting the poster to the editorial, some alterations have been made which throw light on certain points that I found obscure. The expression \"fan-wei,\" lit. \"ring-fence of the plan,\" which I had taken to refer to the trace of the Tengyueh Railway, is now shown to mean a \"system\" or \"scheme\" of railway construction for the whole province. The full title of the editorial runs: \"In the matter of the presentation of a Petition for a Memorial to start the construction of a (or the) Tengyueh Railway, and to lay down a definite scheme for the railways of Yunnan Province, so as to preserve our hold on the profits and to secure our frontiers.\"\n\nThe editorial omits the words (I refer to my translation of the poster) \"also a task that is most formidable\" and the sentences from \"in the case of those that have been conceded to foreigners\" to \"collecting shares for its construction.\" (It thus says nothing of the controversion of the British Consul.) Otherwise, it is, with one significant exception, textually identical with the poster down to \"let the profits come to ourselves.\" (The words I translated \"if for the course of the line we do not fix a trace\" should be rendered \"if for the course of the lines we do not lay down a definite scheme.\") The exception is the substitution of the character shih, \"circumstance,\" for lì, \"right and proper,\" in the passage I translated \"This is, indeed, natural.\" What the poster said was, in effect, \"the British will insist on equality of privileges with the French, as is, indeed, only reasonable\"; what the editorial says is \"the British will insist on equality of privileges with the French; this is, indeed, certain.\" The Directors in their revised pronouncement do not admit that a demand on our part for equal treatment would be li, \"in accordance with the eternal fitness of things.\"\n\nTo the words \"it would be better to make our own plans for building and let the profits come to ourselves,\" the editorial adds, \"of which the Yunnan-Tonquin Railway is sufficient evidence.\" It supplies an estimate for the Yunnan-Szechuan line—12,000,000 taels or 13,000,000 taels (this, of course, is absurdly low, even if the railway were not to be built by Chinese mandarins), adding that \"measures have been taken to raise this amount.\" The phrase \"the wealthy merchants of the western circuit\" is somewhat expanded; otherwise, the text of the two documents continues to be identical down to \"its length being short, it would speedily become a success.\"\n\nHere the poster practically ended. The editorial goes on to say that the trading classes being set on gain, when these perceive that the Tengyueh line is a great success, they will hustle one another in their eagerness to subscribe to the Yunnan-Szechuan Railway, and will not harbour suspicion or \"wait to see.\" (This seems to hint at a present backwardness on the part of the trading classes to subscribe to the Yunnan-Szechuan scheme.) Thus, the Tengyueh line would prove a foundation for the Szechuan; 3,000,000 taels or 4,000,000 taels would suffice to secure the \"hold on the profits\" of the western road and thus gain the confidence of our people.\n\nMoreover (continues the editorial), when the Tengyueh line has been opened, wealth will gradually increase, and that line can be extended through Paoshan (Yungchang) and Tali, or via Shunning, on to Szechuan, an extension to which the two sections (the Tengyueh and the Sui-fu) would be as head and tail. Now, England has already sent men to survey for the Burmah line, and it is proposed to proceed at once with construction up to the Kulikha. It is of the greatest importance to consult with them and to make a Treaty by which each should construct its own section. In this way, success would be particularly easy, and the hold on the profits would be equally divided. The \"sawbwas\" along the line would engage labourers and purchase supplies, and this supervision would eliminate all risk of disturbance.\n\nWhat has been said applies to the main line; but when that is completed, there would be numerous branch lines. As the main line would be constructed by ourselves (the Chinese), it goes without saying that the branch lines would also fall to us to build. This policy of home construction must be followed throughout Yunnan, and must be unchangeable; but if it is not first placed on record by Memorial, we fear that foreigners will become extraordinarily insistent, and in our consequent resolute resistance, a great deal of talk will be expended.\n\nWe were about to present a Petition accordingly, when we had the honour to receive the following despatch from the Superintendent of the Bureau of Agriculture, Trade, and Industry:\n\n\"In pursuance of instructions from his Excellency to join at once in deliberation and to report for consideration, a joint representation was submitted, setting forth our resolution to construct ourselves the Tengyueh Railway, and, with the exception of the Yunnan-Tonquin line, to ask for the definite settlement of a railway scheme for all Yunnan. This we respectfully prayed might be laid before the Throne. If assent was given, we asked that instructions might issue to the Yunnan-Szechuan Railway Company's Directorate to arrange to combine the management. We suggested that the name should be enlarged into the `Yunnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways Company,' having a branch office at Tengyueh to be known as the `Tengyueh Railway Company,' to be on the spot for the actual construction. All matters connected with funds and staff would follow the Regulations established by Decree for the Yunnan-Szechuan Railway. Details calling for immediate alteration or addition, together with the Regulations for raising capital at the outports, were considered at a general meeting and submitted separately. The whole was laid before his Excellency for his consideration, with a prayer that he would memorialize in this sense, to the public advantage.\"\n\nIt appears (concludes the editorial) that to this representation, the Governor-General replied that he \"would present a Memorial in the sense of the Petition.\"\n\nThe Yunnan Gazette of the 30th November, 1906, reproduced from the \"Shih Pao\" a \"List of the China Railways,\" in the course of which occurs the item:\n| Railway | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yunnan-Burmah Railway | Yunnan to Burmah; under British management (Ying-kuo ching-ying) |\n\nIn the next day's issue appeared the following editorial, headed \"**Correction of Misstatements by the Shih Pao regarding Communications**\"\n\n\"Of the statements that have appeared of late in the newspapers, very many are lacking in accuracy. To mention no others, we may instance the excerpt from the 'Shih Pao' on railways in China reproduced in our issue of the 30th November. It was there said that the railway from Yunnan to Burmah is under British management. This may be taken as a sample, and why? Under Article XII of the Burmah Treaty, if China hereafter decides to build railways in Yunnan, she agrees to connect them with the Burmah lines. And again, in the 27th year of the Kuang Hsü (1901), the Wai-wu Pu wrote officially to the British Envoy to say that as regards the Yunnan-Burmah Railway, the Governor-General of Yunnan must, after consideration of the circumstances, take measures himself to construct; when the line shall have reached the Yunnan-Burmah frontier, it will be connected with the British-Burmah system.\" A Memorial has now been presented for the establishment of a Yunnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways Company, and stock is being collected for construction.\n\nThe newspaper in question (the \"Shih Pao\") has not inquired into the history of this railway, and its contributor has written carelessly. This is not at all as it should be. In reproducing his statement, we did so merely to confute it, that he might take warning thereby. In future, his statements should conform to the facts, and not be mere loose concoctions. We have now correctly informed our readers, who must not be misled by that paper.\n\nPage 423",
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        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure \n\n**C.O. 13631** \n\n**Consul General Hansløjd to Viceroy Chou Fu** \n18 APR 07) \n\n10915 \nAPR 6 1907 \nJan.21,1907. \n595 \n\nYour Excellency, \n\nAt an interview on the 27th December I had the honour to discuss with you measures for the prevention of piracy on the inland water. I urged that to secure an efficient patrol of the waterways a European officer obeyed by the Inspector General of the Imperial Maritime Customs should be placed in charge of each launch. Your Excellency stated that it was the province of Admiral Li to take effective steps in the direction required. I then asked, supposing Admiral Li were willing to employ Europeans for the purpose shown, you would give your consent, and you answered that you would do so. I have just received a despatch from Admiral Li in which he states that he has never heard of any regulations under which the Imperial or Provincial Government have employed foreign officers in the capacity of a patrol guard, and that therefore he is unable to promise what I asked.\n\nNow during the Vice-Royalties of Their Excellencies Tuan-fan and Chang Chao-tang for many years foreign officers were employed on board their gunboats \"Chentou\", \"Suitsing\", \"Anlan\", \"Tienpo\" and others which were used for the suppression of piracy then rife on the seaboard of Kwangtung, and these gunboats succeeded completely in suppressing it. For some years past there have been a certain number of launches and guardboats for the patrol of the inland waterways, but these have proved themselves perfectly...",
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    {
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        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 651,
        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## The first intimation I had of the rising was on the 29th November...\n\nThe first intimation I had of the rising was on the 29th November, when it was reported to me that a small body of troops had been sent from Changsha to suppress some trouble on the borders of Hunan and Kiangsi, in the three districts of Lin-yang, Li-ling, and Ping-hsiang. No importance was, however, attached to the movement; in fact, it was stated that the ringleader had already been arrested and was to be beheaded. On the 6th December further rumours reached me; and on the following day I received a letter from the Foreign Bureau asking me, in view of the disturbed state of affairs in the Lin-yang and the Li-ling districts, to direct British subjects not to travel there for the present, and informing me that the German community at Ping-hsiang, as well as the foreign Manager of the Ping-hsiang-Chu-chou Railway, with his wife and family, who resided at Li-ling, were being brought down to Changsha until all danger was over. When they arrived in Changsha, on the 8th December, I inquired of Mr. Leinung, the chief mining engineer at Ping-hsiang, as to the state of affairs; but he informed me that everything was absolutely quiet, and that they had seen no trace of any rebels, but that they had come away in deference to the wishes of the Chinese authorities, and hoped to be able to return in a few days. He added that work was proceeding as usual at the collieries, and that neither the railway nor the telegraph lines had been interrupted.\n\n## On the 10th December fuller details about the rising came to hand.\n\nOn the 10th December fuller details about the rising came to hand. I was informed that the rebels, who called themselves the Ko-ming Chun, numbered several thousands; that they were well armed with rifles, and were distinguished by the white uniforms they wore. The number of troops at the front being insufficient, and the rebels gaining ground daily, I learnt that the Governor had dispatched an additional 1,000 men.\n\n## Refugees began to arrive from Liu-yang...\n\nOn the following day, the 11th December, refugees in large numbers began to arrive from Liu-yang, some 45 miles distant, who stated that the rebels had occupied that city and that all the inhabitants had fled. It was also said that the rebels, who displayed banners bearing the legend, \"Expel the dynasty and exterminate the foreigners!\" were about to march on Changsha. A state of something like panic began to prevail, and a large proportion of the population began to make hurried arrangements for flight. I lost no time in seeing the Japanese Consul, to consult with him as to the steps it might be advisable to take in the interests of the foreign community; and we paid a joint call on the Head of the Military Bureau, Taotai Yü Ming-i, to ascertain from him the true state of affairs. He informed us that, although the rebels had not yet occupied Liu-yang, they were encamped just opposite, on the other side of the river, but that the city itself was in the occupation of the troops, who were being reinforced with the utmost possible dispatch. He added that his chief apprehension was that the rebels might capture Liu-yang, after which they could march on Changsha without meeting with much opposition, or else that they might make a detour to avoid Liu-yang, and march on Changsha direct. He said, however, that he was dispatching a body of troops to occupy a strategical point on the road from Lin-yang to Changsha, whereby he hoped to check their advance; and that, in the meantime, other troops would be sent to Li-ling by rail, whence they would take the rebels in the rear, while the Kiangsi troops would co-operate on their side in the Ping-hsiang district. Yü Taotai went on to say that he himself was proceeding on the following day to Liu-yang, as the most convenient spot whence to direct the operations. The town, he said, was utterly deserted by the inhabitants, those who could afford to do so having escaped to Changsha, while the bulk of the population had fled to the hills, where they were at present in hiding.\n\n## The general plan of campaign...\n\nThe general plan of campaign seemed to be to surround the rebels on three sides, hemming them in ever closer, and thus preventing the rising from spreading to the adjoining districts. The dispositions were not ill-conceived, and had the Hunanese troops been reasonably efficient no anxiety need have been felt as to the result. Unfortunately, apart from their inadequate training and discipline, the troops, unless in overwhelming numbers, could not be prevailed upon to meet the rebels in open fight, and had already on several occasions thrown away their arms and fled; besides which there is no doubt that a considerable proportion of them were in sympathy with the rebels, and were themselves members of Secret Societies. Yü Taotai evidently considered that the need for the arrival of the Hupei troops was urgent, and was making preparations to act more or less on the defensive until they came.\n\n## In response to a question put by me...\n\nIn response to a question put by me, he said that about 3,000 local troops, drawn from the Chang-pei Chun and the Hsin-fang Tui, as well as three machine-guns, had already been drafted to the front; while a regiment of Hupei troops with six mountain guns had already arrived at Yochow, and would be dispatched with the least possible delay viâ Siangtan to Chu-chou, and thence by rail to Li-ling.\n\n## To a further question...\n\nTo a further question he replied that some of the rebels had rifles, but that the bulk of them were armed with shot-guns or with jingals, and that in some cases they made use of hollowed-out tree-trunks as cannon. In fact, he evidently considered that the critical nature of the situation arose less from the preparations of the rebels than from the unreliability and the inefficiency of his own troops.\n\n## As to the number of the rebels...\n\nAs to the number of the rebels he could give me no definite information, but stated that those encamped opposite Liu-yang might number some 3,000; while there was another large body of them at Li-ling, and a number scattered about all over the country.\n\n## On the following day...\n\nOn the following day the Japanese Consul and I addressed a joint note to the Governor, asking him what measures he proposed to take to insure the safety of the foreigners in Changsha and elsewhere in the event of any serious disturbance. The Governor replied in general terms, but sent the Customs Taotai to see me on the 14th December. After we had discussed the necessary precautions, the Taotai informed me that two battles, near the cities of Li-ling and Liu-yang respectively, had been fought on the 12th December, in both of which the rebels had been defeated with considerable loss and compelled to retreat, having been driven back from Liu-yang a distance of some 40 li. He considered that these successes, coupled with the arrival of the Hupei troops, had relieved the tension of the situation, and that there was no further need for serious apprehension. I mentioned that it was rumoured that the rebels numbered some 30,000 or more, against whom were opposed only 4,000 or 5,000 troops. He admitted that the number of the rebels was very large, but said that they were scattered all over the three districts of Liu-yang, Li-ling, and Ping-hsiang, and that since the two battles mentioned above there were no large bodies of them anywhere. He also stated that many were now giving themselves up, the number of surrenders at Li-ling at the present moment amounting to about 100 a-day.\n\n## Since that date and the arrival in Changsha...\n\nSince that date and the arrival in Changsha of the regiment of Hupei troops, nearly the whole of which was immediately sent to the front, the state of affairs has steadily improved. The rebels got disheartened as soon as the tide began to turn against them, and the defections from their ranks grew more numerous daily. They endeavoured to make these defections good by sending out parties in all directions to induce recruits to join their standard. These parties went as far afield as Siangtan and Pao-ching-fu, and one of them appeared in the immediate vicinity of Changsha. These isolated attempts were, however, suppressed by the authorities without much difficulty.\n\n## The rebels are now mostly in hiding...\n\nThe rebels are now mostly in hiding in the hills between the Liu-yang and the Ping-chiang districts, their last appearance in large numbers having been in the latter half of December, when they made an irruption into the Ping-chiang district, which at first caused some alarm, and in consequence of which the two British missionaries residing there came in to Changsha for safety. These rebels, however, were merely a disorderly rabble, forming part of the main body which had been defeated by the troops at Liu-yang, who had made their way through the hills into the adjoining district. While still giving the authorities there a considerable amount of trouble, they are gradually being driven back to the hills, and must eventually disappear altogether. At the worst there is a second regiment of Hupei troops stationed at Yochow, ready to lend assistance in case of need.\n\n## Since the middle of December...\n\nSince the middle of December the history of the rising has practically been a tale of rebels killed in fight or captured and beheaded. No quarter is given, and the authorities have set themselves the task of exterminating them altogether, as far as possible. The German engineers and the manager of the railway returned to Ping-hsiang and Li-ling respectively in the first days of January. During the whole time they had been away, neither the railway nor the telegraph line between Ping-hsiang and Chu-chou had ever been interrupted, nor had work at the Ping-hsiang collieries ceased even for a day.\n\n## As regards the future...\n\nAs regards the future, the rising, though quelled for the time being, has by no means been definitely stamped out, and there seems to be every probability of a recrudescence of the troubles at the first favourable opportunity. The officials fully realize this, and are still prosecuting with the utmost vigour their search for the rebels, on the heads of the most important of whom prices of 1,000 taels and 500 taels have been set. Most of the leaders of the movement have, however, already made...\n\nPage 645",
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        "page_number": 652,
        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "their escape from Hunan, and it is very unlikely that their capture will be effected now.\n\n## State of Affairs at Changsha\n\nDuring the progress of the rebellion in Liu-yang, the state of affairs in Changsha itself afforded grounds for no little uneasiness. The city was denuded of troops, nearly all of whom had been sent to the front; while those of the soldiery who remained were largely disaffected, and, as usual, counted a number of Secret Society men in their ranks. Besides these, there were a number of revolutionaries, students and others, hiding in the city, who were ready to create a disturbance and make common cause with the rebels at the first favourable opportunity. When subsequently the Hupei troops arrived and left again for Ti-ling, a detachment of them about 200-strong was left behind at Changsha to assist in protecting the city. Their presence, however, did not afford much additional sense of security. Outside the north gate, where their quarters were situated, their lawless behaviour caused universal exasperation. Daily cases of assault and robbery on their part roused the people in the northern suburb to a high pitch of excitement, and there was at one time some possibility of a riot in consequence.\n\nThe officials from first to last exercised the utmost vigilance, which has up till now not been relaxed, and which largely contributed to avert the possibility of a coup by the revolutionaries inside the city. Day and night the city was patrolled by guards of soldiers, and night after night the Governor and the Provincial Judge made the round of the streets in person. This vigilance was rewarded by the discovery, on more than one occasion, of large quantities of weapons and ammunition concealed by the revolutionaries; several conclaves of the Secret Societies were surprised, and a number of the members captured, all of whom were executed after the briefest possible trial.\n\nEven now, when the movement has for the present almost entirely subsided, the official spies are as active as ever; arrests of suspects take place daily, and very few of those arrested escape capital punishment. The authorities still apprehend a recrudescence of the rebellion, unless the most stringent measures are adopted to stamp out the Secret Societies, and in pursuance of this aim they have inaugurated a veritable reign of terror. No one who in the past has given the slightest cause for suspicion appears to be safe.\n\nOn the 11th December, when matters first began to look really serious in Changsha, I telegraphed details of the trouble to Hankow, and asked that a gun-boat might be sent up if the state of the water permitted. I informed the Customs Taotai of the step I had taken, pointing out that the presence of a British gun-boat would help to reassure the foreign community, and might possibly not be without its good effect on the general situation, wherein he cordially agreed with me.\n\nTwo days later I received a telegram from the Commander of His Majesty's ship \"Teal\" at Yochow, who seemed to doubt whether his ship could reach Changsha, but offered to send an armed party of bluejackets up in a junk. I replied asking him to do so, provided the water did not admit of the \"Teal\" herself coming up. However, on receipt of the more reassuring news from the Customs Taotai on the 14th December, I telegraphed again to say that for the present the party of bluejackets was not urgently required; and a few days later I was able to state that the situation was generally satisfactory and that there was no present cause for apprehension.\n\nBesides the \"Teal,\" there were also at Yochow the German gun-boat \"Vorwärts\" and the Japanese gun-boat \"Fushimi,\" standing by to render assistance; but all three left Yochow on hearing of the improved state of affairs.\n\n## Secret Societies in Hunan\n\nThe recent rebellion in Liu-yang and the adjacent districts seems to have been originally planned to form part of a general rising, which was to have taken place as far as possible simultaneously all over China, the aim being to expel the Manchu and to drive them and all other foreigners out of China. It might undoubtedly have proved to be one of the most serious movements the Chinese authorities have had to contend with of late years had it not been for the fact that it appears to have started prematurely before the preparations of the revolutionaries were complete throughout the Yang-tsze Valley.\n\nThe Secret Society which is responsible for the rising is the Tung-mêng Hui, which is merely the new name adopted to designate the amalgamation of the Ko-lao Hui and the San-ho Hui. The supreme head of the Society and of the revolutionary party generally is, of course, Sun Yat-sen; while the leader of the movement in Hunan is one Tsung Huang, otherwise known as Hsia Ling. The head-quarters of the Tung-mêng Hui are said to be in Changsha, while in Hunan there are in addition three branch lodges at Ch'ên-chou, the head-quarters of the Society for the south of Hunan and Kwangtung; at Li-ling, the head-quarters for the east of Hunan and portions of Kiangsi; and at Hêng-chow, the head-quarters for the west of Hunan, Kwangsi, and the Miao-tzu districts.\n\nThe Tung-mêng Hui is said to have developed an organized system of smuggling, whereby they have managed to introduce into China vast quantities of warlike stores, concealed either in bales of piece-goods or other merchandise, and conveyed into the interior in native craft under the guise of fishing-boats. Popular rumour ascribes to the Society the possession of almost unlimited funds, and even credits it with a balance of 2,000,000 dollars at the Hong Kong and Shanghae Bank.\n\nThe general rising was originally planned to take place last autumn, at the time when most of the foreign-drilled troops would be engaged in the military manoeuvres in Honan. It is of course well known that the non-attendance of the Viceroy Chang Chih-tung at the manoeuvres was due to the threatened outbreak, and to the consequent necessity for his continued presence at Wuchang. Owing, however, to the fact that the authorities were keenly on the alert, or else that the preparations of the revolutionaries were at that time not completed, the rising was postponed until the end of the Chinese year, the rebellion at Liu-yang having apparently been started, though somewhat prematurely, in accordance with the altered arrangements. Now, however, that it has been suppressed, and that the authorities are on the look-out for symptoms of a further outbreak, there seems little chance of the revolutionaries organizing another successful movement for the present. But, as stated above, there is every probability that the first favourable opportunity will witness an immediate recrudescence of the troubles.\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n## Extract from Chinan-fu Intelligence Report for the period from October 1906 to January 1907\n\n### (A.)-POLITICAL AND GENERAL\n\n## The Ts'aochou Brigands\n\nThe fact that the south-western section of Shantung has long been in a disturbed condition has been reported many times to His Majesty's Legation in the course of the last year. The exact conditions in different localities at different times are by no means easy to ascertain, but in spite of official assurances that the forces of disorder have been broken up, I am strongly under the impression that no real improvement has occurred.\n\nA letter, dated the 18th December, from the Rev. T. N. Thompson, an American missionary at Chining-chou, to the Rev. W. B. Hamilton here, of which some extracts have been passed on to me, describes the situation observed in a recent journey through Ts'aochou Prefecture as even worse than during the summer:----\n\n\"The whole district is simply terrorized by the brigands, who rob in the daytime with the same ardour as at night. We were holding service one day, when the cry was heard, 'Robbers are coming!' whereupon the whole crowd got up and fled like sheep. About 30 men were seen filing down one by one to the south. I tried to persuade the people that they were soldiers and all was well, but they were so frightened that they would not stand and look at these men, as they said that the supposed robbers would get angry. I asked why some one would not run to the camp about 8 li away and give word to the soldiers there, but all said that they dared not, as they would surely be put to death and their houses burnt should it ever be discovered that they had informed on the bandits. ... At a place not far away a village was attacked at night, and the villagers resisting sent...",
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        "title": "CO129-343 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## \n\nSoochow, I venture to express the opinion that the sanctioning of these competitive lines constitutes a direct breach of the terms of the Shanghai-Nanking Railway Loan Agreement, Article 17, paragraph 2, of which reads as follows:\n\n\"It is further agreed that, without the express consent in writing of the Director-General and the British and Chinese Corporation, no other rival railway detrimental to the business of the same is to be permitted, and no parallel line to the Shanghai-Nanking Railway is to be allowed to the injury of the latter's interest within the area served by the Shanghai-Nanking main line or branch lines.\"\n\nYou are doubtless better informed on all these matters than myself; still I feel I should be failing in my duty if I omitted to call your attention more particularly to the proposed competitive line to Soochow, which, if allowed to be built, can only be detrimental to the interests of our railway.\n\nI am, &c.\n\n(Signed)  \n**A. H. COLLINSON**\n\nFrom the Shanghai stations to Lung Hua | 2\nLang Hai to Mai Chia Lung | 23\nMai Chia Lung to Hsin Chuang | \nHsin Chuang to Hsin Chiao | 34\nHsin Chiao to Sungkiang east gate | \nSiu Nan Tang to Huang Chiao | 19\nSungkiang east gate to west gate, Siu Nan Tang | 3\nHuang Chiao to Han Chiaho | 13\nHan Chiao to Feng Chin | 3\n\nThe names of the stations are as follows:-\nShanghai, Lung Hua, Mai Chia Lung, Hsin Chuang, Hsin Chiao, Sungkiang Gate, East, Sungkiang Gate, West, Huang Chiao Chen, Han Chiaho, Feng Chin.\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n## Rough Outline of the Route and Construction Work of the Shanghai-Kashing Railway\n\nThe Shanghai-Kashing line commences from outside of the Big South Gate, where the native city garrison is situated, and ends at Feng Chin Chen, under the jurisdiction of Sungkiang Fu. The total length of the line is 191,000 feet, which is equal to 1061 lis. To the west of Feng Chin Chen is the Chekiang boundary line, where the Chekiang Railway will join on and build their line right up to Hangchow.\n\nRivers and Creeks.--Between the Shanghai Station and Feng Chin Chen there are a great many rivers and creeks to cross. The biggest of them is Heng Liao Chin.\n\nWe append here the names of some of the rivers and creeks, with their widths and depths-\n\n| Names | Width (Feet) | Depth (Feet) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Shih Hui Chiang | 88 | 10 |\n| Tsao Ho Chin | 160 | 8 |\n| Heng Tang | 45 | 10 |\n| Ho Chia Ping | 50 |  |\n| Chu Chiang | 80 | 8 |\n| Tung Chun Sheu Tang | 274 | 6 |\n| Pan Lung Tang Nan | 70 |  |\n| Hei Chiao Ping | 43 |  |\n| Ta Chang Chin | 75 | 6 |\n| Sha Chiang |  |  |\n| Lu Kang Chin | 266 | 25 |\n| Ta Heng Liao Chin | 720 | 75 |\n| Chang Muo Hu | 20 |  |\n| Lung Hua Chiang | 44 | 30 |\n| Chang Chin Tang | 7 |  |\n| Heng Li Tang Nau | 60 | 12 |\n| Jui Chun Shen Tang | 70 | $5 |\n| Chang Chin Nao Kuei Chao Tang | 6 |  |\n| Siu Nan Chiao Tang | 75 | 9 |\n| Oktang Sui Chiang | 50 | 4 |\n| Huang Ni Chin | 32 | 4 |\n|  | 65 | 8 |\n|  | 79 | 8 |\n|  | 295 | 18 |\n\nThe remainder of the mountain streams and side creeks that the line crosses amounts to 169, and the width of them all is equal to 5,298 feet. The heights of the land to be raised at the various places are as follows:--  \n650",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## CHINA RAILWAYS\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n[10977]  \nNo. 1.  \nC.O  \n[April 6.]  \n15523  \nSECTION 5,  \nRec  \nPE 9 MAY 07  \n\n### Consul General Wilkinson to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received April 6.)\n\n**(No. 1.) Sir,**  \nYunnan-fu, January 30, 1907.  \nREFERRING to my despatch No. 36 of the 31st ultimo, I have the honour to inclose copy of a despatch which I have addressed to the Acting British Consul at Tengyueh on the instructions issued by the Governor-General here to a Major, Chang Kuei-tsu, recently sent to Tengyueh in connection with Mr. Lilley's coming reconnaissance.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n#### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n### Consul-General Wilkinson to Acting Consul Ottewill.\n\n**(No. 1. Confidential.) Sir,**  \nYünnan-fu, January 30, 1907.  \nON the 17th instant I received your telegram asking me to ascertain what are the instructions given by the Governor-General to a Mahommedan officer now at Tengyueh named Chang Kuei-tsu.\n\nAs the result of my inquiries, I replied on the 19th that the instructions were confidential, but that my Chinese writer, who had succeeded in seeing them, reported that they contained nothing objectionable. I condensed my writer's recollections of the document into the statement that \"Chang, who speaks English, is to be associated with Ting Taotai, and is to accompany Mr. Lilley, reporting to the Governor-General; though nominally travelling, Mr. Lilley will make a survey, and Chang will assist.\"\n\nI have now obtained confidentially a copy of what I am assured is the full text of the instructions issued to Chang Kuei-tsu, who, I may here observe, is a \"Yiuch'i or Major.\" Of those instructions I beg to inclose a copy, together with my translation. Beyond the incidental statement in the first paragraph that the Yunnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways are, in consequence of a Memorial, to be constructed by the Chinese themselves, there would seem to be nothing to which we could possibly take exception. As you are aware, it is incorrect to say that the Imperial assent has been given to the proposal for exclusive Chinese construction of the Tengyueh Railway, however true such an assertion may be of the Yunnan-Szechuan line.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\n#### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n### Governor-General's Instructions to Major Chang Kuei-tsu, Yünnan-fu, December 1906.\n\n**(Translation.)**  \nIN the matter of the mission of an associate for the construction of the Tengyueh Railway.\n\nWhereas Yünnan has memorialized for, and obtained permission to establish, a Company to elect Directors and their associates, and to invite subscription to the share capital, for the construction by ourselves of the Yünnan-Szechuan and Tengyueh Railways, and the Governor-General some time since deputed the expectant Taotai of Kuangtung, resident here, Wang Hung-t'u, and the expectant Taotai of Chekiang, ...",
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    {
        "id": 411580,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 80,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "As I have already mentioned, there was a disposition on the part of some members of the Diplomatic Body to question the propriety of the decision arrived at, and this feeling has since found expression in the letter from the Italian Chargé d'Affaires to the doyen, copy of which I have the honour to inclose.\n\nBaron Vitale asks that the procedure adopted in this case may not be regarded as a precedent for the future, and suggests that the Mixed Court, instead of only holding a preliminary inquiry, should itself try Chinese residents in the Settlement who may be accused of such crimes. This suggestion appears to me impolitic, and unsupported by the existing Agreements between China and foreign Powers.\n\nNeither by the Rules of 1869 nor by the amendments which are now under consideration can any such power be claimed for the Mixed Court, and a grave situation would, in my opinion, arise if we make such a claim on behalf of Chinese who had been concerned in revolutionary designs against their own Government.\n\nThe revolutionary movement in the Yang-tsze Valley which culminated in the recent rising in Hunan still gives the Central Government very grave cause for anxiety, and any attempt on the part of foreign Governments to invest the Mixed Court with exclusive jurisdiction over revolutionaries in the Shanghae Settlement would convert the place into a centre of sedition and be deeply resented by the Chinese Government.\n\nIt is only right to add that there seems to be no disposition on the part of the foreign community or the Municipal Council at Shanghae to embarrass the Chinese Government, and, as will be seen from the inclosed article which appeared in the leading daily newspaper at the time, the decision of the Diplomatic Body was received with acquiescence.\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed)\n\n(Translation.)\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n### Mixed Court Magistrate's Warrant\n\n(Stamped by Senior Consul, January 7, 1907.)\n\nJanuary 6, 1907. I HAVE received secret instructions from the Viceroy of the Liang Kiang to the following effect:—\n\nAccording to the secret report of the District Magistrate Chang I, the latter has heard from a Brevet-Major of the Liang Kiang forces, one Yuan Fu Tsai, that the accomplices in the Tien-tsin bomb outrage and leaders of the Kiangsi \"Ke Ming Chun\" rebels, by name Chang Pao Ch'ing and Huang Yi (Huang Hsiao Chen) are at present at the hostelry for students from Japan in the Ningpo Road, and that Colonel Chang Fu Kuan has been instructed to watch the place. These men are to be secretly arrested and sent to the capital for punishment.\n\nIn accordance with the above instructions, I issue orders for secret arrest. The runner Yang Chiu is hereby commanded, with the aid of the tipao, to arrest the persons named hereon forthwith, and have them brought before the Court for hearing.\n\nLet there be no delay, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n(Translation.)\n\n## Inclosure 4 in No. 1\n\n(Sir),\n\n(Seal of Court.)\n\n(Telegraphic.)\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1\n\n#### Doyen of Diplomatic Corps to Consul-General Sir P. Warren\n\nJanuary 22, 1907. THERE should be a preliminary inquiry at a public sitting of the Mixed Court before the Magistrate and Assessor, and if they are both satisfied that there is a *primé facie* case against the men and evidence of identity is forthcoming, they should be handed over to the Chinese authorities.\n\n(No. 16.) Sir,\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n#### Consul-General Sir P. Warren to Sir J. Jordan\n\nShanghae, February 5, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit herewith copies of correspondence which, together with a report by the Assessor, Mr. Barton, on the case, set forth in detail the circumstances connected with the arrest, preliminary hearing, and surrender to the Chinese authorities of the political offenders Chang Pao Ch'ing and Huang Yi.\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed)\nPELHAM WARREN.\n\n* Not printed.\n\n### Taotai Jui to Consul-General Sir P. Warren\n\nShanghae, January 11, 1907. I HAVE received a report from the Mixed Court Magistrate, Mr. Kuan, to the following effect:—\n\nCaptain Hsia Ming-kao has received secret instructions from the Viceroy to come to Shanghae and arrest two leaders of the Kiangsi rebels named Chang Pao Ch'ing and Huang Yi (alias Huang Hsiao Chen). He procured the assistance of runners and effected the arrest. Chang and Huang engaged the lawyers Jernigan and Fessenden to appear on their behalf, but the latter were persuaded by the Assistant Magistrate Sun to withdraw from the case.\n\nHowever, the British Vice-Consul, Mr. Barton, said that a despatch either from the Viceroy or the Taotai would be necessary before the men could be handed over, and that he would also have to ask the Consul-General for instructions. The Magistrate therefore requested me to address you on the subject.\n\nThese men, Chang Pao Ching and Huang Yi (alias Huang Hsiao Chen), are two important rebels for whose arrest secret orders were issued by the Viceroy. Now that their capture has been effected, they should be sent to Nanking for trial.\n\nI have therefore the honour to request that you will give the necessary instructions for these men to be handed over to the Mixed Court for transfer, and favour me with an early reply.\n\n## Inclosure 5 in No. 1\n\n### Notes of Interview of Mr. Barton with Taotai\n\n(Seal of Taotai.)\n\n(Extract.)\n\nJanuary 12, 1907. MR. BARTON called on Taotai in city by instruction of His Majesty's Consul-General with reference to Taotai's despatch asking for immediate handing over of two political suspects, Chang and Huang, arrested on a Mixed Court warrant at instance of Nanking Viceroy.\n\nMr. Barton explained that the Consul-General was anxious to assist Chinese authorities and had no desire to protect the accused. He only asked the Taotai to...",
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    {
        "id": 411581,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Document\n\n4 \n\ncomply with the usual practice of the Court and supply the necessary evidence to show a bona fide case against the accused.\n\nTaotai appreciated Consul-General's attitude, and said he himself was surprised at absence of documents and had telegraphed to Viceroy, who said it was all right. He had again telegraphed on receipt of Sun's report of Mixed Court proceedings, and received the telegram produced addressed to the Consul-General.\n\nHe asked that a compromise be agreed to in this case (\"t'ung jung\"), and that the Viceroy's telegram to the Consul-General be accepted by the Court in lieu of evidence, on the understanding that he would ask the Viceroy to comply with the rule (\"chang-ch'eng\") of the Court on future occasions. He did not wish to telegraph again to the Viceroy, as it would be bad for the latter's face.\n\nMr. Barton pointed out that it was on account of this being probably only the first of numerous applications for \"rebels\" that the Consul-General considered it important that the usual practice be adhered to in order that there might be no delay in the future.\n\nThe Taotai repeated his arguments re face, and asked that the Consul-General's reply to his proposal should be communicated as soon as possible. (Mao present at interview.)\n\nJanuary 13.-Mr. Mao called at the Consulate at my request, and by instruction of the Consul-General I pointed out that the Taotai's request for a departure from the usual practice of the Court in this instance would require reference to the Consular Body and probably to Peking, thus entailing long delay-at least a month--before the men were handed over.\n\nIf, on the other hand, the Taotai would wire to Nanking the documents would be here in a few days, and there was little doubt that on their production the men could be handed over at once.\n\nMr. Mao said he would convey the message to the Taotai. I also showed him the Consul-General's despatch in reply to the Taotai on the subject.\n\nS. BARTON.\n\n(Signed)\n\n### Inclosure 7 in No. 1\n\n**Consul-General Sir P. Warren to Taotai Jui**\n\nShanghae, January 13, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your despatch of yesterday's date regarding the arrest of Chang and Huang at the instance of the Nanking Viceroy (despatch quoted).\n\nIt has always been the practice at preliminary hearings at the Mixed Courts of cases of persons arrested at the instance of other jurisdictions to act on the authority of the evidence against the prisoner on record.\n\nIn the case of Chang and Huang, however, the only evidence available was that of the Nanking Viceroy's officers, Yuan Fu-tsai and others, who stated verbally that the accused had been implicated by the late rebel Li, already executed at Nanking. The evidence given by the said Li was not produced.\n\nMr. Vice-Consul Barton, considering that the case was not in accordance with the usual practice, inasmuch as there was no despatch either from yourself or the Nanking Viceroy, arranged with the Assistant Magistrate, Mr. Sun, that the accused should be remanded in custody of the police, and that he (Mr. Sun) should ask you to supply the Court with the details of the charge and the evidence given by Li, in order that they might have something to go upon.\n\nIf Chang and Huang are really ringleaders of the \"Ke Ming Chun\" rebels I have not the slightest desire to protect them, but in view of the fact that rebellion has been rife in the Provinces of Kiangsi and Hunan, there will probably be numerous applications made for the arrest of rebels, and as this is the first instance of such a request it requires to be carefully dealt with.\n\nI accordingly have the honour to ask that you will supply the Mixed Court with the details of the case against Chang and Huang, and also the evidence given by Li, in order that it may be available when these men are brought before the Court for preliminary hearing. If such evidence is not in your possession I beg that you will apply for the same from Nanking by telegraph.\n\n(Seal of His Majesty's Consul-General.)\n\n### Inclosure 6 in No. 1\n\n**(Telegraphic)**\n\n**Viceroy Tuan to Consul-General Sir P. Warren**\n\n(Handed to Mr. Barton by the Taotai, January 12, 1907.)\n\nTWO ringleaders of the Kiangsi rebels, Chang Pao Ch'ing and Huang Yi (alias Huang Hsiao Chen), have been searched for in every direction, but evaded arrest. Having learnt that they were residing at the hostelry for students from Japan in the Ningpo Road at Shanghao, I secretly dispatched officers, who, with the co-operation of the Mixed Court as the Rules require, effected the arrest and brought the men before the Court.\n\nThese men prepared plans for the rebellion in the Ping Hsiang and Li Ling districts which caused much harm to the people and disturbed the public peace; their crime calls for severe punishment as a warning to others.\n\nI learn that the Assessor, Vice-Consul Barton, holds that a despatch from myself or from the Taotai is necessary before the men can be handed over, from which it is evident that he too joins in hatred of evil-doers, and I appreciate the serious attention given to public business which this indicates. I accordingly send this communication by telegraph to request that the men may be handed over to take their trial at Nanking.\n\n(Seal of Viceroy.)\n\n### Inclosure 8 in No. 1\n\n**Tuotai Jui to Consul-General Sir P. Warren**\n\nShanghue, January 16, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your despatch of the 13th instant (despatch quoted) and am much gratified to learn that you share my hatred of criminals and my opinion of the importance of this case.\n\nI at once telegraphed to the Viceroy at Nanking, and have received his reply, forwarding the detailed evidence of the secret society men, Li Fu Tsai and others. His Excellency further states that as the rebels Liu Cheng, Li Chao Mei, Chang, and Huang had not been arrested, he first ordered the immediate execution of Li and others, and kept Fu Yi Cheng to be confronted with the others when captured.\n\nI am instructed to consult with you for the immediate handing over of Chang and Huang in order that they may be tried and punished with the others.\n\nI have communicated with the Mixed Court, and now inclose, for your information, a copy of the Viceroy's telegram, and I shall be greatly obliged if you will instruct Mr. Vice-Consul Barton to have the accused Chang and Huang before the Court in order that they may be handed over for transfer to Nanking, there to be tried and punished.\n\n(Seal of Taotai.)\n\n[2450 ƒ-13]",
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        "id": 411582,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# Inclosure 9 in No. 1\n\n## Nanking Viceroy to Taotai Jui\n\nJanuary 15, 1907.\n\nI HAVE received your telegram of the 13th instant, stating that Consul-General Warren and Vice-Consul Barton ask for the details of the charges against Chang Pao Ch'ing and Huang Yi, and also for the evidence of the rebel Li, on account of this being an important case.\n\nThe rebel Li Fu Tsai was captured in the 9th moon, and stated in his examination that he was a leader of Yang-tsze River thieves and had a gang of some scores of men. Recently two Hunan men, Liu Cheng and Li Chao Mei, founded a Union Society which developed into the \"Ke Ming Chun\" Secret Society, and they persuaded him to join them. He knew well that Yuan Yueh Sheng, Huang Yi, Chang Pao Ch'ing, Chiang Yu Ch'uan, and others were ringleaders. Li Fu Tsai was executed summarily.\n\nIn the latter half of the 10th moon (beginning of December) the rebellion broke out in Ping Hsiang and Li Ling of a band calling themselves the \"Ke Ming Chun,\" ferocious in character, and rumours were widespread.\n\nThe rebels Yuan Yueh Song, Chiang Yu Ch'uan, Lung Chien Tien, Fu Yi Cheng, and others were captured in the neighbourhood of the capital, and according to their evidence the \"Head\" of the Society was Liu Chen, and the \"second\" was Li Chao Mei. Yuan Yueh Seng was a \"Lieutenant,\" and Chiang Yu Chuan a \"Military Chief.\" Chang Pao Ching and Huang Yi were \"Advisers.\" Lung Chien Tien was a \"Holy Sage,\" Fu Yi Cheng a \"Superintendent.\" They all said they were on their way to the scene of the rebellion, where, trusting to the prevailing terror, they proposed to steal arms or to burn churches and so distract the attention of the troops from the rebels; thus they would obtain possession of the district and upset the Government.\n\nYuan, Chiang, and Lung were accordingly executed summarily, but Fu was kept to confront with Liu, Li, Chang, and Huang when captured.\n\nChang and Huang are ringleaders of the Ping Hsiang and Li Ling rebellion, which they hoped would spread to other districts, and this was testified to by Li and Yuan in their respective statements, and, moreover, there is the evidence of Fu, who is still alive, to the same effect.\n\nAccording to Chinese law the penalty is death at the least, and according to Western laws a severe penalty is called for.\n\nIn 1900 the rebel T'ang Tsai Chang lived on the Concession at Hankow, and proposed to create disturbance, but he was arrested, with the assistance of the British Consul there, and punished before his plans took effect. This action is still remembered with gratitude by the Hupei officials and merchants.\n\nThe case of Chang and Huang is the same as that of T'ang, and I am gratified to see that Consul-General Warren and Vice-Consul Barton share my hatred of criminals.\n\nYou should therefore consult with the Consul-General and request that Chang and Huang may be handed over speedily for transfer to Nanking, in order that they may be tried together with Fu.\n\n## Inclosure 10 in No. 1\n\n### Consul-General Sir P. Warren to Taotai Jui\n\nShanghae, January 17, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your despatch of yesterday's date, transmitting the evidence received by you from the Nanking Viceroy in the case of the prisoners Chang and Huang.\n\nAt a meeting of the Consular Body, held on the 15th instant, it was decided that, in view of the fact that these men were charged with a political offence, and of the importance of the case to the Governments of China and the foreign Powers represented at Shanghae, the request of the Viceroy for the rendition of these men should be referred to the Diplomatic Body at Peking for their decision.\n\nI have accordingly informed the Senior Consul of the contents of your despatch under acknowledgment and requested him to inform you as soon as the reply of the doyen is received.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Seal of His Majesty's Consul-General.)\n\n## Inclosure 11 in No. 1\n\n### Taotai Jui to Consul-General Sir P. Warren\n\nJanuary 18, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter informing me that at a meeting of the Consular Body on Tuesday, the 15th January, it was decided that as the offenders Chang and Huang were political offenders the matter would have to be referred to the Diplomatic Body in Peking, and their reply awaited, when a further communication would be made to me.\n\nI felt considerable surprise on hearing this. Mr. Vice-Consul Barton came to see me on the 12th instant to discuss this matter, and I informed him that rebellious persons had recently been in great force in China, that the Settlements had, as a matter of fact, been used by them as a retreat and harbour, and that if criminals of this kind were not swiftly and severely punished it was to be feared that the disorderly element would come to regard this port more and more as a strong refuge, and that, I pointed out, would injure the cause of good order as affecting both Chinese and foreigners.\n\nMr. Barton said that you were of the same opinion, and were not opposed to handing over the prisoners, but that, as to the facts against them, there was nothing but the statements of the officers who came to get them--at one time that they were \"Ke Ming Tang\" (revolutionary band), at another that they were denounced in the evidence of the criminal Li. Such evidence did not comply with the requirements of usual practice.\n\nAt this time I was in receipt of a telegram from the Viceroy addressed to you, of which I had a decypher prepared and which I produced to be handed to you. Mr. Barton stated that the case might have required the consideration of the Consular Body and definite instructions from the Ministers. That, however, would be a complicated and lengthy proceeding, to avoid which he proposed a modification. Would his Excellency the Viceroy send a copy of the record? It would then be possible to deal with the matter. He would return to the Consulate-General, and when a decision was arrived at a further communication would be made to me. The above was the purport of my conversation with Mr. Barton.\n\nOn the following day I received a letter from you in the terms of Mr. Barton's verbal communication, and I appreciated highly your sincerity and just treatment of the matter and your willingness not to set up bars to jurisdiction, and I communicated the above particulars to his Excellency the Viceroy by telegraph.\n\nNow Chang and Huang are men of the Kiangsi rebellion, who have given trouble to the people of the country, including Christians, and a general statement of the matter is given in the Viceroy's telegram to you of the 12th January. In your reply you state that if Chang and Huang are really of the revolutionary band (\"Ke Ming Tang\"), certainly assistance will be given in the matter. Now Chang and Huang call themselves \"Ke Ming Tang\" men, and you agree to help us in dealing with such. Why, then, do you now say that as they are political offenders reference must be made to the Foreign Ministers? If, the prisoners having been arrested in the Settlement, you were unable to take isolated action, but a consideration by the Consular Body was necessary, it would have done no harm to inform me, yet in your first letter in reply to me you make no mention whatever of that.\n\nTreaties provide that criminals of Chinese nationality shall be handed over on application by the Chinese authorities, and there is no provision as to political offenders or anything about holding them back until instructions are received; so that your letter is not only contradictory, but, in its terms, contrary to Treaty provisions.\n\nThe reasons given for a consideration of the matter by the Consular Body are-\n1. That these are political offenders;\n2. That it seriously concerns the Governments of all the Powers, and that therefore the Ministers must be applied to for directions.",
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    {
        "id": 411583,
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 11 in No. 1.\n\nTaotai Jui to Consul-General Sir P. Warren.\n\nNo matter how I look at these arguments, I cannot understand them. When evil characters create disturbances in China, foreign residents and missionaries in the country share in the trouble which is thereby occasioned; and if it is said that the Powers are all concerned in such troubles, there is no doubt that such is the case. Having knowledge of the matter and being thus concerned, they should, as Treaty provides, speedily hand over the offenders for trial, and so contribute towards maintaining the interests of general peace and lasting order. Why, then, refer the matter to the Ministers? If you argue that such persons can only be handed over after reference to them, then the Treaty provision referred to is superfluous. If such reference be, however, necessary, how came it that you, being fully aware of Treaty provisions and of international law, in your former reply to me simply said that if Chang and Huang were revolutionary criminals, certainly assistance could be afforded as regards them?\n\nI would point out, further, that the Ping Hsiang rebels burned, slew, and robbed wherever they went, exactly in the same way as the Kuanghsi rebels. Are these the acts of political offenders? If these are to be called political offences, then what in International disputes will not be called political offences? ... to the detriment of Chinese and foreign interests, which most decidedly should not occur where parties are desirous of maintaining Treaty conditions.\n\nShanghae is a great centre of communication between sea and river, and members of criminal societies are gradually coming in to hide here—some of them energetic conspirators, some confederates and forwarding agents for supplies, &c., but practically to excite the popular mind. There has been absolute proof of all this in seizures made of smuggled arms and dynamite by the Shanghae Customs. If the guilty in such cases are swiftly punished, the movement can be suppressed, and security all the better assured; but if delays occur, time is given for the movement to swell and for the evil to spread far and wide.\n\nYou and your colleagues are well acquainted with the condition of affairs in China. You say that the Governments of the Powers having Consuls here are very seriously interested in this matter, and I would observe as to this that the conditions making for the security or otherwise of Shanghae have for those Governments an interest still greater. I have the honour to request that you will maintain the position that these men should be handed over, and urge the same upon His Majesty's Minister by telegram, and also represent earnestly to the Consular Body where advantage lies and where disadvantage in this matter, to the end that the offenders in question may be handed over. You will in so doing show regard for international relations, and be acting in the general interest.\n\nI trust that you will do as I request, and be good enough to send an answer to this letter.\n\n(Card and compliments of Taotai Jui.)\n\n## Inclosure 12 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Sir P. Warren to Taotai Jui.\n\nShanghae, January 19, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of yesterday's date, on the subject of the case of Chang Pao Ching and Huang Yi, and to state in reply that I have communicated the gist of its contents to His Majesty's Minister by telegraph.\n\nI have, &c. (Card of Sir Pelham Warren, His Majesty's Consul-General.)\n\n## Inclosure 13 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum by Mr. Barton respecting the Case of Political Prisoners.\n\nON the 8th January I was informed by the municipal police that two Chinese residents of the Settlement named Chang Pao Ching and Huang Yi had been arrested on a Mixed Court warrant charged with being members of a secret society and connected with the Tien-tsin bomb outrage. The warrant had been issued at the instance of the Viceroy, who wished the men sent to Nanking for trial, and the accused would be brought before me on the following morning.\n\nI informed the Consul-General of what I had heard, and received his instructions to observe the usual rule of the Court and see that reasonable evidence was forthcoming before agreeing to their being handed over.\n\nOn the 9th January, before going into Court, Mr. Sun, the Assistant Magistrate, whose day it was, mentioned the case to me, laying stress on its importance and the desirability of sending the men to Nanking without delay. I replied that the evidence against the accused must first be considered. He added that, on hearing that the accused had engaged the American lawyers Jernigan and Fessenden, he had made representations to the latter through the American Assessor which induced them to withdraw from the case.\n\nThe case was called in due course, and Mr. Home, an English barrister, appeared to defend the accused. Two small military officials sent from Nanking, named Yuan Fu Tsai and Wu Jui Li, testified to the manner of the arrest, and stated that the accused had been implicated by one Li Fu Tsai, who had already been executed at Nanking. A third witness, named Chang Pei Ting, testified to the identity of the accused.\n\nI now asked Mr. Sun to put certain questions to the accused, with regard to their residence, occupations, &c. This Mr. Sun at first flatly refused to do, saying that the men were charged by the Viceroy, and it was improper and impossible for him to interrogate them. He wished instead to deliver a severe lecture to Mr. Home, at whose appearance he was much incensed, and asked him if he did not know that even in England political offenders were extradited without preliminary hearing. How, then, could he presume to defend Chinese subjects charged with rebellion against their own Government? On my pointing out his error to him he calmed down, and asked the accused a few questions, from which it appeared that Chang kept a hostelry for students going to and from Japan, and Huang studied and wrote. Both were Hunan men, but had lived in Shanghae for the last six or seven years. They had never been to Japan. Asked whom they were known to, Huang replied, \"General Mesny,\" and Chang, \"The newspaper people.\"\n\nI now asked Mr. Sun whether he had any despatch either from the Viceroy or Taotai giving particulars of the charge against these men. He replied that he had not. The matter being a very secret and urgent one, the Viceroy had sent one of his Secretaries named Hsia Ming Kao to procure the arrest. There was no despatch containing the evidence on which the charge was founded. Mr. Sun argued that the case was so important that the men should be sent to Nanking at once, but I informed him that I could not agree to this until the evidence against the men—especially Li's statement—had been put before the Court.\n\nMr. Sun said he would report to the Taotai, and the men were remanded in the custody of the police.\n\nAs a result, the Taotai wrote a formal despatch to the Consul-General on the 11th January, stating baldly that the accused were rebel ringleaders, and asking for their surrender. Mr. Sun's report to the Taotai represented me as saying that a despatch from either Viceroy or Taotai was required, no mention being made of evidence.\n\nOn receipt of this despatch, the Consul-General instructed me to call on the Taotai and explain to him that what was wanted was a compliance with the ordinary procedure of the Court, and the production of evidence to show that the charges were founded on reasonable grounds. There was no desire to protect the men if they were really guilty.\n\nIf this evidence was not in the Taotai's possession, I was to ask him to telegraph to Nanking to obtain it.\n\nI saw the Taotai at his yamên in Shanghae City on the afternoon of the 12th January, and delivered the Consul-General's message. He expressed his gratification on learning that the Consul-General did not wish Shanghae to be regarded as a refuge for revolutionaries. As regarded the evidence, he had not got it, and he was afraid that to telegraph again to Nanking would mean loss of face both for the Viceroy and himself. He quite recognized the rule of the Court with regard to a prima facie case being made out against residents of the Settlement whose surrender was asked for by another jurisdiction, and he was willing to write to the Viceroy and explain that evidence must always be forthcoming on future occasions. On this occasion, however...",
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        "content_text": "# 33 \n\n## i \n\n## 10 \n\nthe Viceroy had already telegraphed to the Consul-General through himself a message to the effect that the accused had acted as advisers of the \"Ke Ming Chun rebels.\" He handed me a copy of the telegram, and said that he wished me to ask the Consul-General to allow this to be accepted as evidence in the case, which was urgent, on the understanding that the rule of the Court would be complied with in the future. I pointed out that it was precisely because this was the first of possibly a numerous series of requests for the surrender of revolutionaries that it was important that everything should be in order, but he persisted that he could not again telegraph to the Viceroy, so I left to carry his proposal to the Consul-General, \n\nOn reporting to the Consul-General, I was instructed to point out to the Taotai that the latter's proposal to depart on this occasion from the usual procedure of the Court was one which would require to be referred to the Consular Body, and that such a reference would entail considerable delay, whereas if he complied with the usual procedure and produced the necessary evidence there was little reason to doubt that the delay would merely correspond with the time required to get such evidence from Nanking. \n\nOn the morning of the 13th January Mr. Mao, the Taotai's Secretary, who had been present at the interview on the previous day, came to the Consulate at my request, and I delivered to him the Consul-General's reply to the Taotai's proposal. The same day a formal despatch in reply to the one received on the 11th January was sent in embodying the request for evidence. \n\nOn the 17th January a despatch was received from the Taotai forwarding the evidence against the accused as received by him telegraphically from Nanking, but in the meantime the Consular Body at their weekly meeting on the 15th January had, on the matter being mentioned to them by the Consul-General, decided that the case must be referred to Peking for decision as to the course to be pursued, on the ground that the offence alleged was of a political nature. \n\nBy instruction of the Consul-General, I called on the Senior Consul on the 17th January, and handed to him translations of all the documents and correspondence, and explained the circumstances so far as they came within my knowledge as Assessor. \n\nA despatch was sent the same day to the Taotai informing him of the decision of the Consular Body to refer the matter to Peking, which drew from him the somewhat querulous letter of the 18th January. The latter is inaccurate, in so far as it purports to give a correct account of my interview with the Taotai on the 13th January, as will be seen by a reference to my note of what passed, made in the interview book at the time. The letter contained a request that the Consul-General would telegraph to His Majesty's Minister with a view to expediting a decision on the matter, and a short reply was sent to the Taotai informing him that his request had been complied with. \n\nThe decision of the Diplomatic Body having been communicated on the 24th January, the adjourned preliminary hearing was fixed for the 28th January, to take place at the ordinary morning sitting of the Court. At my request Mr. Kuan, the Magistrate, sat in place of Mr. Sun, the Assistant Magistrate, whose day it was, and who had sat at the first hearing; my reason for securing the change being to minimize the risk of disagreement as to the conduct of the hearing, Mr. Sun's quick temper and rooted objection to lawyers sometimes rendering it difficult to discuss questions with him satisfactorily. \n\nThe accused on this occasion were defended by Mr. Musso, a British subject who practices law with Italian qualifications. \n\nI handed to Mr. Musso an English translation of the evidence given at Nanking by the five \"rebels\" already captured, as received from the Viceroy and communicated officially to the Mixed Court Magistrate by the Taotai. No evidence was adduced on the charge of being concerned in the bomb outrage, which was therefore not proceeded with. \n\nOf the five criminals who at their trial implicated the accused, one—the Li Fu Tsai mentioned at the first hearing on the 9th January—was captured in November, and stated that he was originally leader of a gang of Yang-tsze river thieves, and was induced to join the \"Ke Ming Chun\" by its founders, two Hunan men, named Liu Cheng and Li Chao Mei. He knew that the accused were among its leaders. The remaining four men, two of whom had been named by Li as leaders, were captured in December on their way to the scene of the rebellion in Kiangsi, and gave a list of the moving spirits of the Society, among which were the accused, whom they described as holding the office of \"advisers.\" Four of the five witnesses had already been executed, but one, named Fu, was being kept to confront with the accused and others not yet brought to trial. \n\nMr. Musso applied for a remand on the ground that he had only just been instructed, but this the Court refused to grant in view of the fact that during the three weeks the accused had been in custody they had known what the charges against them were, and had had every facility for seeing their friends and instructing counsel. The accused were then questioned at length by the Court, each man's statement being made separately in the absence of the other accused and of the witnesses for the defence. Mr. Musso objected to the exclusion of the other accused, but the practice is the usual one followed by the Court in dealing with co-defendants who may be expected to speak in collusion with one another. \n\nThe accused Chang Pao Ching, aged 41, stated that he had been seven years in Shanghai employed in Chinese hotels, in a printing-press, and in a shop for foreign clothes, but for the last few months he had been keeping a boarding-house for students on their way to and from Japan. He had known Huang, who came from the same part of Hunan as himself, for the last three or four years. \n\nThe accused Huang Yi, aged 40, stated that he was a student, practised as a doctor, and wrote medical books. He too had been in Shanghai for some seven years continuously, with the exception of a trip to his home in Hunan last year. He contradicted Chang's evidence in some particulars, and also admitted that he had known a man named Yuan Yueh Seng (one of the late witnesses against him already executed). Both accused stated that they had never heard of the men alleged to be the heads of the \"Ke Ming Chun\" Society. \n\nMr. Musso proposed to call three witnesses to confirm the account of themselves given by the accused, but the Court replied that it accepted the account without confirmation. \n\nMr. Musso then addressed the Court on the unsatisfactory nature of the evidence for the prosecution, which he said had probably been obtained by torture; he also claimed for the defence the opportunity of cross-examining any witnesses brought against the accused, and asked that the surviving witness out of the five who had implicated his clients should be brought down from Nanking to give his evidence in person. He quoted the \"Supao\" case, alleging that the prisoner, who on that occasion was charged with a political offence committed at Hankow, was acquitted by the Court owing to the lack of oral evidence against him. \n\nThe Court replied that the \"Supao\" precedent did not apply, as in that case a special Tribunal was appointed to try the accused persons, whereas the proper authorities had decided that the accused in this case were to be treated in the usual way, the prosecution being required to show that their charges were founded, and that the identity of the accused was established, preparatory to the latter being handed over to the Chinese authorities for trial. \n\nMr. Musso said he intended to try through the proper channels to have the decision of the Diplomatic Body altered. He urged that, in view of the extreme seriousness of the consequences to his clients, the evidence against them was not sufficient to justify their surrender. The Court held that the identity of the accused not having been questioned, and the evidence against them being such as was regularly admitted by the Court, and being sufficient to satisfy both the Magistrate and the Assessor that the charges against the accused were founded on reasonable grounds, the men must be sent to Nanking for trial. The prisoners were accordingly handed over by the police to the custody of the Mixed Court runners for transference to the Taotai's yamen, and thence to Nanking. \n\nFebruary 4, 1907. \n\n(Signed) \n\n## Inclosure 14 in No. 1. \n\n**S. BARTON**, British Assessor. \n\n## Italian Chargé d'Affaires to Doyen of Diplomatic Body. \n\nM. le Ministre, \n\nLa Légation d'Italie, Pechino, le 31 Janvier, 1907. APRES examen des documents annexés à la Circulaire No. 15, au sujet des criminels politiques Chinois à Shanghaï, j'ai l'honneur de me ranger à l'avis verbalement exposé dans la dernière séance par son Excellence le Chevalier de Kuczinsky, Ministre d'Autriche-Hongrie à Pékin.",
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        "content_text": "## 2\n\nnorthern frontier, forwarded to Sir E. Satow in his despatch No. 8 of the 20th May, 1905 (pp. 9, 10, and 11 of the Burmah Government printed Report).\n\nOn the 1st May, 1906, Sir E. Satow addressed a note to Prince Ch'ing stating that, failing the acceptance by the Chinese Government of the draft Article laying down the watershed as the frontier, the Burmah Government would be instructed to occupy and administer the country.\n\nThe Wai-wu Pu's answer (undated in the translation in the Consulate) merely refers to the IVth Article of the Burmah Convention, stating that a settlement should be negotiated in an impartial spirit.\n\nThe author of the Petition referred to above is a not very prominent Tengyueh man, Wu Chia Yuan, whose name is not inserted in it because he has another case against the Tu Ssu Tuan Tseng, his Secretary Yang-wei-fan, and three Ming-kuang Chinese, Hsu Lin Hsiang, Chen Fu-yu, and Ku Fu-pa. The actual petitioners, ten in number, are all small merchants. The Petition states that the old custom was that for every tree belonging to the Tu Ssu cut by the traders, three large and three small boards were paid to him. (This statement does not agree with the Report, and is false.) A tree produced fifty or sixty sets of boards. No boards were paid to the Tu Ssu when bought ready-cut from the natives. \"Huang lien\" paid nothing to the Tu Ssu.\n\nThe new rules are that the sellers of trees pay a tax to the Tu Ssu, and one set of boards in fifteen is demanded; 10 taels for every load of \"huang lien\"; and 30 taels for newly-instituted road passes. The mountain passes have been shut to allow the accused in Wu Chia Yuan's case to enjoy a monopoly.\n\nI have the honour to submit that the reason for the Tu Ssu's action is to be found in the proposal (p. 19 of the printed Report and subsequent negotiations) to pay a sum extinguishing his rights in the Nmai-Hka Valley, and that he hopes to obtain a larger sum than that offered by declaring that his receipts have lately increased.\n\nOn the other hand, the nearest Burmah posts are at Loringu and Sadon, and although we claim the territory, we have no outward and visible sign of authority within some seven days' journey or more.\n\nIt would not have been any use to raise the question of the actual frontier with the Taotai, but I thought it advisable to take up the question of the increased rates of taxation. I have therefore written him a letter, translation of which I have the honour to inclose, stating that some merchants had petitioned me with regard to the tyrannical behaviour of the Tu Ssu in increasing their taxes, and that I should be obliged if he would instruct him to revert to the old tariff.\n\nIn his answer, translation of which I have also the honour to inclose, the Taotai states that he considered the matter an internal one, but that he will instruct the Pao Shan Hsien, in whose jurisdiction Tengkeng lies, to come to a just decision.\n\nI venture to express the opinion that the uncertainty of the Pien-ma villagers as to which country they belong will not, if long continued, facilitate the occupancy of the territory by the Burmah Government, for which they are anxious at present.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) **H. A. OTTEWILL**.\n\n## 3\n\n### Inclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\n**Kuan Taotai to Acting Consul Ottewill.**\n\nKuang Hsü, 32nd year, 11th moon, 27th day (January 11, 1907).\n\nWITH reference to your letter on the subject of increases in taxation by the Tengkeng Tu Ssu, I have the honour to observe that Li Chia Kuo and the other merchants have handed me an accusation against the Tu Ssu, and requested me to communicate with you. I observed that the matter was an internal one, and therefore did not do so, but I endorsed a Memorandum to the Yung Chang Prefect to instruct the Pao Shan Hsien to investigate the case.\n\nOn receipt of your note, I have again instructed the Prefect to transmit orders to the Magistrate to summon without delay the accusers, the accused, and the witnesses, and to investigate the case; not to permit the Tu Ssu to enforce tyrannical measures, nor to allow the merchants to escape the payment of just dues, and to come to a just decision. Etc.\n\n(Card of Kuan Taotai.)\n\n### Inclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\n**Acting Consul Ottewill to Kuan Taotai.**\n\n(Translation.) Sir,\n\nJanuary 7, 1907. I BEG to inform you that I have received a Petition from Li Chia Kuo and others stating that the Tengkeng Tu Ssu is collecting unreasonable taxes, and is behaving tyrannically in many ways. They have also petitioned you. The taxes collected by the Tu Ssu are already on record in the Report made by the late Mr. Litton of the (joint) survey. There is no mention of road taxes, and I have the honour to request you to instruct the Tu Ssu to revert to the old scale of taxes. Etc.\n\n(Card of Acting Consul Ottewill.)\n\n## 35",
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        "content_text": "# C.O. 262 AFFAIRS OF CHINA, **CONFIDENTIAL**\n[16204] No. 1. 1622 [May 18] SECTION 48 JUN 07\n\n## Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received May 18.)\n**(No. 155. Confidential.)**\n\nSir,  \nPeking, April 1, 1907.\n\nIN my despatch No. 85 of the 18th February I mentioned that I had telegraphed His Majesty's Consul at Nanking, asking him to suggest to the Viceroy the advisability of giving the two men who had been handed over to him by the Mixed Court at Shanghae a public trial, and I have since been in communication with Mr. Ker on the subject.\n\nThe efforts which Mr. Ker has made to secure the prisoners a fair trial are described in the private letter, copy of which I have the honour to inclose; and having regard to all the circumstances of the case, I do not think we should be justified in resorting to more active interference on the men's behalf, or that we should serve their interests by doing so.\n\nUnsatisfactory as the trial may appear to be from the strict standard of Western legal procedure, it marks a great advance upon the summary methods which used to be applied at Canton to Chinese criminals surrendered by the Government of Hong Kong, and, as Mr. Ker points out, the usual rules of extradition are not applicable to this case.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n## Inclosure in No. 1.\n### Consul Ker to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nDear Sir John,  \nNanking, March 18, 1907.\n\nI HAVE more than once spoken to the Viceroy about the trial of the prisoners Huang and Chang, handed over by the Mixed Court for complicity in the Ping-hsiang rising. On the first occasion when I asked if they could have a public trial, the Viceroy replied that the trial might be considered to be a public one, and that it was being held by the Kiangning Fu or his judicial deputy.\n\nI afterwards heard by private letter from Barton that reports were current in Shanghae to the effect that the prisoners had been sentenced on account of charges which had nothing to do with the charge on which they had been handed over by the Mixed Court.\n\nI made an excuse to call on the Fu, and tried to find out from him how the case stood. He told me that the case was still going on (this was on the 1st March), and that the prisoners denied the charge of complicity in the Ping-hsiang rebellion, but admitted other charges, which were, as far as I could make out, that Huang had been in prison before and that Chang was his associate. He gave me to understand, however, that these other charges were not serious.\n\nThe Viceroy, on my asking him again about the matter, confirmed the statement that other charges were being examined into, and added that Huang admitted having been a member of a Revolutionary Society before. His Excellency told me that when he had been Governor of Hunan he had arrested Huang, but he had afterwards been released on bail. He was a crafty villain.\n\nSoon afterwards my \"tingchai,\" whom I had instructed to make inquiries privately at the Prefect's yamên, reported to me that the trial was being conducted with the utmost secrecy by the Prefect and the Commissioner of Police. I thought this report, combined with the evasive answers of the Viceroy and the Prefect, warranted me in telegraphing to you that I believed the trial was really secret, and I informed you at the same time that the prisoners were being tried on other charges as well as the one on which they had been handed over.\n\nI received on the 6th instant your telegram, instructing me to lose no opportunity urging the Viceroy, in his own interests, to give the men a public trial, in order to...",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nHis Excellency Tong Shao-yi is forwarded herewith for your Excellency's information. The subject of it is sufficiently important. I trust there is nothing in its form or purport to render it deserving of inattention.\n\nYour Excellency,\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nGEORGE BROWN,\n\nAgent-General.\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nMr. G. Brown to Tong Shao-yi.\n\nTien-tsin, December 18, 1906. In the Agreement for the establishment of smelting works in Shansi and for the joint working of Shansi iron mines, executed at Peking on the 3rd July, 1905, by his Excellency Shêng Kung Pao, then Director-General of Railways, and Mr. George Jamieson, then Agent-General of this Syndicate, a copy of which document in English and Chinese is attached hereto for reference, Article 1 is to this effect :-\n\n\"Whereas the Shansi Bureau of Trade having been granted the sole right to work iron and coal in Yu Hsien, Pingting Chow, Luan, Tsechow, and Pingyang Fu, entered into an Agreement with the Peking Syndicate in the 24th year of Kuangsu (1898), whereby the Syndicate was requested to work the aforesaid mines for a term of sixty years, now it is further agreed as follows: China being desirous to join in the working of iron in the above-mentioned places, namely, Yu Hsien, Pingting Chow, &c., and of coal and coke required for smelting purposes, the Peking Syndicate consents to such participation to the extent of one-half share, the joint working to be for a term of sixty years and the term to run from the date of issue of the (Governor's) permit to work, &c.\"\n\nI am now in receipt of a communication from the Board of Directors of the Peking Syndicate in London, expressing a desire to arrange at once, in consultation with the proper authorities, for the carrying out of the terms of this Agreement, and I would ask your Excellency to be so good as to inform me with whom I can enter upon the necessary negotiations preparatory to the initiation of the work.\n\n## 3\n\nissue of the permit in respect of the Ping-ting Chou coalfields alone began on the 1st January last; that the rate of compensation would be increased above $2007 a-day after a certain period; and that the Chinese Government would be held responsible for the payment of the claim.\n\nOver three months have passed and the compensation due to the Peking Syndicate up to date amounts to $20,000. Yet I see no indication that the permit applied for eighteen months ago in accordance with the terms of the Syndicate's Agreement will be issued, and I am obliged to press the matter once more on your Highness' attention.\n\nThe situation as it stands is not without grave danger to the credit of the Chinese Government. A solemn covenant signed by the representative of the Shansi Bureau of Trade, sealed by the Tsung-li Yamên, and confirmed by Imperial Decree is being violated by the high authorities of Shansi at the bidding of certain agitators, students, and officials, and if a flagrantly illegal proceeding of this nature is not vigorously suppressed by the Central Government the result must be a diminution of prestige in the financial markets of the world.\n\nI have the honour to request your Highness to take the necessary steps without loss of time to compel the Shansi authorities to perform their manifest duty in this matter, and so avoid an addition to the claim for compensation which has already been presented.\n\nI avail, &c. (Signed) J. N. JORDAN,\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nGEORGE BROWN,\n\nAgent-General.\n\nYour Highness,\n\n## Inclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Prince Ch'ing.\n\nPeking, April 15, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose herewith copy of an application which was addressed by Mr. George Brown, Agent-General of the Peking Syndicate, to his Excellency Tong Shao-yi, Vice-President of the Wai-wu Pu, on the 18th December, 1906, with regard to the carrying out of the terms of the Shansi Smelting Agreement of 1905.\n\nMr. Brown informs me that he has not yet received a reply to this communication, and I would therefore request that he may be favoured with one at the earliest convenience to your Highness.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\nYour Highness,\n\n## Inclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Prince Ching.\n\nPeking, April 15, 1907.\n\nIN a note of the 31st December, 1906, I had the honour, in accordance with the instructions of His Majesty's Government, to inform your Highness that the claim of the Peking Syndicate for damages at the rate of $2001 a-day for each day's delay in the\n\n## Page 238",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 6 in No. 1\n### Viceroy Chang to Consul-General Fraser\n\nWuchang, March 5, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 28th February, in which you state that in the Agreement for the Yueh Han Railway Redemption Loan there was an undertaking that, if foreign engineers were to be employed, preference would be given to British engineers in the first place, and that notwithstanding that the Canton section had become a commercial undertaking, that fact could under no circumstances be taken advantage of to evade the undertaking.\n\nI would observe that the Redemption Loan Agreement does not expressly state that preference was to be given to British engineers in the first place, but in the covering despatch to you there was a statement that if a loan was obtained from Great Britain for construction purposes then one-half of the engineers employed would be of the nationality of the lending nation and the other half Japanese, and the line would be constructed in sections. This statement referred to a loan for construction purposes, and so did not appear in the Agreement for the Redemption Loan, as was thoroughly understood at the time.\n\nNow, since we have not obtained a loan for construction work, we are free to employ the services of engineers irrespective of nationality. However, in view of our especially friendly relations with Great Britain, and of the fact that Great Britain has many engineers of note, I am very willing to obtain their services, therefore during last year I discussed with you on many occasions my desire to obtain the services of Mr. Kinder, but in the first place he long delayed his coming, and then suddenly I heard of his illness and death. For this reason, at our interview last December I asked you verbally to engage a good engineer for me, and I also wrote to you to the same effect, but I have not yet learned whether your search has been successful or not.\n\nIn brief, I am willing to employ British engineers, but it is not necessary to drag in the matter of a construction loan. As for the nationality of the engineers employed by Canton, I leave it to them to choose the best they can, and I cannot interfere in the matter. With regard to Hunan, I can assist them with my advice.\n\nCompliments.\n\n(Card of Chang Chih-tung.)\n\n## 5\n\nThe Viceroy then repeated his desire to provide the Hunan section with a British engineer, and asked me to apply home for one, and excused himself from seeing me on the ground of ill-health.\n\nI had prepared a letter to Mr. Bourne asking his aid when, on the 11th March, Mr. T. A. Ross, who last year laid out the trace of the line between Kiukiang and Nanchang and made detailed plans for bridges, &c., wrote from Shanghae applying for the post of Chief Engineer to the Viceroy, which one of his Excellency Sheng's Secretaries told him was open.\n\nI sent his letter, which stated generally his experience and qualifications, to the Secretary Chan, who replied on the 12th instant that his Excellency would engage Mr. Ross, subject to the answers to his Excellency's telegrams to Mr. Ross' former Chinese employers proving satisfactory, at a total salary of 1,090 dollars a-month.\n\nOf this I informed Mr. Ross by telegram, and, as several days passed without further word from the Viceroy, I suggested his approaching his Excellency Sheng. This he did, and was assured that his Excellency, who had vainly offered him the post of Manager of the railway from the Ping-Hsiang mines at 700 dollars a-month with the chief control of construction of its intended extension at an increased salary, had recommended him to his Excellency Chang in the most laudatory terms.\n\nTo my surprise, on the morning of the 20th March Mr. Chan sent me a note reporting that, as Sheng and Ch'en, one of the Kiangsi Railway Managers' replies were unsatisfactory, Mr. Ross could be employed only as Assistant Engineer at 790 dollars a-month.\n\nIn spite of my telegraphing the purport of this note, Mr. Ross, whose testimonials I had forwarded on the 17th to Mr. Chan, came here on the 24th and obtained from Li Yu-fen, the Head of the Kiangsi Railways, a most laudatory telegram, which also I sent to the Viceroy, together with his offer to serve as Executive Engineer under an English Chief and to resurvey the Hunan section at 600 taels a-month.\n\nMr. Ross left for home on the 28th March, and I sent on my letter to Mr. Bourne. His Excellency, however, declined to improve his offer.\n\nThe thirteenth extract in my despatch No. 83 of the 22nd December, 1906, may partially explain his Excellency Chang's action, or it may be, as Mr. Ross suggested, due to Japanese influence, which has been strengthened by the recent engagement of ten Japanese engineers for the railway from Kiukiang to Nanchang.\n\nMr. Chan's talk at a recent visit I fear that the Viceroy has not the least idea of the foreign staff necessary for the building of the trunk line nor of the time and trouble required for a detailed working survey. His Excellency seems to imagine that with the original survey by the engineers of the China Development Company the new engineers can get to work at once, whereas there is every likelihood that not one of the requisite pegs set down by those engineers can now be found.\n\nThe only encouraging points in the incident are to be found in Mr. Chan's assurances that the Viceroy professed to have seven-tenths of the say in deciding on a Chief Engineer for Hunan, and that if a salary even of 2,000 dollars a-month were really indispensable to obtain a first-class man, it would be paid.\n\nI am sending copies of this despatch to the Hong Kong Government and to His Britannic Majesty's Consul-General at Canton.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nE. H. FRASER.\n\n## (No. 28.) Sir,\n### Inclosure 7 in No. 1\n#### Consul-General Fraser to Sir J. Jordan\n\nHankow, April 2, 1907.\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 17 of the 5th March, I have the honour to report further action by the Viceroy towards obtaining a British Engineer-in-chief for the Hunan section of the Hankow-Canton Railway.\n\nOn the 6th March I sent his Excellency Chang a note in answer to his letter brought by Mr. Chan, in which I laid stress on the 1905 Loan being granted out of consideration for his Excellency's position and on the Kuangtung Company owing its existence to British aid in making possible the resumption of the American Concession, as well as on the fact that at the time his Excellency claimed to be fully empowered to deal with that railway, and asked his Excellency to telegraph strongly to the Company through the Canton Viceroy.\n\nTwo days later he replied asserting that the Throne had recently left Hukuang out in dealing with the Canton Railway's troubles, but that in deference to my repeated requests he would telegraph for news to his Excellency Chou-Fu and let me know the result. This I still await.\n\nYour Excellency,\n\n(Signed)\n\n## Inclosure 8 in No. 1\n### Consul-General Fraser to Viceroy Chang\n\nHankow, March 6, 1907.\n\nI HAD the honour to receive your note, brought me by Mr. Chan, yesterday, in reply to mine on the subject of engaging engineers for the Yueh-Han Railway, in which you state that there was no definite undertaking in the Agreement that Canton is at liberty to choose engineers of any nationality it thinks fit without interference from your Excellency, but that you are in a position to assist Hunan with your advice.\n\nI requested Mr. Chan to be good enough to apprise you of my views, and, though doubtless he has done so, I beg to put them also in writing. When the Redemption Loan was raised, His Britannic Majesty's Government and the Governor of Hong Kong, actuated by friendship towards China, and in view of the fact that your Excellency was... \n\nPage 303",
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        "id": 411866,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n2\n\na very convenient point a very heavy goods traffic, more particularly in beans, which is now carried further on down the river in native craft, and does not touch the Northern Railway at all.\n\nThe Agreement with the Japanese is also a breach of the right reserved to us in the original Agreement, that, in the event of the Railway Administration requiring further financial assistance, they shall apply to the Corporation for it. This provision was obviously inserted in the Agreement not for the benefit of the Corporation, but for the protection of the bondholders, and to prevent, as is now intended, the introduction of foreign capital (other than British) into the undertaking.\n\nSir E. Grey will, we trust, realize that in making the foregoing representation our only object is to maintain the rights of the Railway Administration, and **per se** of the bondholders, which, for the reasons we have given, would, we consider, be adversely affected if the Agreement with the Japanese be carried into effect.\n\nWe are, &c.\n\nThe British and Chinese Corporation (Limited),\n(Signed) C. S. ADDIS, Director.\n\n## CHINA RAILWAYS.\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n[17906]\n\n### [No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received June 3.)\n\n(No. 185.) Sir,\n\n304\n\nPeking, April 16, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report that, according to reliable information which has reached me, an Agreement was signed yesterday between the Japanese Minister and the Ministers of the Wai-wu Pu respecting outstanding railway questions in Manchuria.\n\nThe two main points settled by this instrument are, I understand, the redemption by China of the light railway line from Hsin Min Ting to Mukden for a sum of 1,660,000 yen (166,000l.), and a preliminary arrangement for the joint construction of a line from Kuan Chiêng-tzu to Kirin, a distance of about 80 miles.\n\nIt will be remembered that at the Portsmouth Conference the Plenipotentiaries of Russia agreed to declare that they had no objection to the Japanese constructing a branch line to Kirin from Kuan Chiêng-tzu.\n\nThe Japanese Minister, who has promised to give me a copy of the Agreement in a few days, informs me that it is modelled to some extent on the Canton-Kowloon and Northern Railway Agreements, and that China and Japan will each contribute one-half of the required capital.\n\nIn the course of conversation a few days ago, his Excellency Tong Shoa-yi, who is shortly going to Mukden as Governor of the lower Province of Manchuria, expressed a hope that British capital would be attracted to that region for construction of railways and other undertakings.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\nP.S.-Since the above was written, I have received the Agreement, copy of which, in translation, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith.\n\nJ. N. J.\n\n## (Translation.)\n\n### Inclosure in No. 1.\n\n**Agreement respecting Railways in Manchuria.**\n\nHAYASHI, His Imperial Japanese Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and Na, Ch'ü, and Tang, Ministers of the Imperial Chinese Board of Foreign Affairs, being severally appointed by their respective Governments for the purpose, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles :-\n\n#### I.\n\nThe Chinese Government being now desirous of purchasing the railway constructed by Japan from Hsin Min-fu to Mukden, agrees to fix the purchase price at 1,660,000 yen to be paid over at Tien-tsin to the Yokohama Specie Bank. This railway shall be converted by the Chinese Government into a line constructed by themselves, and it is agreed that of the funds necessary for this purpose on the east side of the Liao River 50 per cent. shall be raised by loan from the South Manchuria Railway Company.\n\n#### II.\n\nThe Chinese Government, being now about to undertake herself (the construction of) a railway from Kirin to Chang Ch'un-fu, agrees to borrow 50 per cent. of the funds necessary for the undertaking also from the above-named Company.\n\n[2525 c-8]",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\n## Inclosure 6 in No. 1,\n\n**Agreement for the Establishment of Smelting Works in Shansi and for Joint Working of Shansi Iron Mines.**\n\n1. WHEREAS the Shansi Bureau of Trade, having been granted the sole right to work iron and coal in Yu Hsien, Ping-ting Chow, Luan, Tsechow, and Pingyang Fu, entered into an Agreement with the Peking Syndicate in the 24th year of Kwangsu (1898) whereby the Syndicate was requested to work the aforesaid mines for a term of sixty years, now it is further agreed as follows:- China being desirous to join in the working of iron in the above-mentioned places, namely, Yu Hsien, Ping-ting Chow, &c., and of coal and coke required for smelting purposes, the Peking Syndicate consents to such participation to an extent of one-half share. The joint working to be for a term of sixty years, and the term to run from the date of the issue of the (Governor's) permit to work. During the continuance of the term, the Chinese and English Managers shall be of equal number and have equal powers. In apportioning the capital in the joint working, the Syndicate may bring into account, as part of their capital, all preliminary expenses which can be shown by vouchers to have been expended actually for affairs in relation to iron mines. All details of such joint working will be settled by a separate Agreement. As regards the above-mentioned coal-mining areas, if, when the time comes, co-operation is desired, the matter may be discussed between the Shansi Bureau of Trade and the Syndicate.\n\n2. The Chinese Government will provide funds for the erection of smelting works in Shansi, where the ores of the co-operation may be smelted into pig-iron in order to facilitate its conveyance by railway. These smelting works shall be established either near the place where the iron is produced, or near the railway at some convenient place to be mutually agreed upon. The latest and most approved foreign type of smelting plant will be selected. If when the time comes the Syndicate can supply plans and estimates, they may be handed in to the Chinese Director-General of Works, who will select the most suitable pattern with a view to economy and rapidity of working. If the industry is flourishing, and an extension of works would be profitable, the Chinese Government should be consulted as to the best mode of effecting such extension with a view to the mutual benefit of the mines and works.\n\n3. The charges for smelting are to be reasonable, and will be mutually decided upon hereafter. Coal and coke actually required for smelting will be supplied from the mines mentioned in clause 1, if so desired, on special terms at a somewhat less price than is charged to the public, and the Syndicate will give the preference to the works in regard to such supply. After the works have been established, the Chinese Government shall always maintain them in good order; and the Syndicate shall, not without the consent of the Chinese Government, send its ores for smelting to any other places or otherwise dispose of them. Conversely, there shall be no delay on the part of the smelting works in smelting the Syndicate's ores handed over for that purpose.\n\n4. The smelting works, and all extensions thereof, shall be the property of the Chinese Government. The Director-General of the works shall appoint a suitable expert as Smelting Master. If at the time there is no properly qualified Chinese, an Englishman will be appointed. The agreement with such smelting-master will be signed by the Director-General.\n\nExcept as modified by the foregoing four rules, and by the detailed Agreement to be hereafter drawn up, all the clauses in the original Agreement hold good.\n\nThese Regulations are drawn up in English and Chinese, and are signed in duplicate, one copy of each to be held by the respective parties as evidence.\n\n(Signed at Peking the 3rd July, 1905.)\n\n(Signed)\n\n(Seal of his Excellency Shêng Hsuan Huai.)\n\nG. JAMIESON, Agent-General, Peking Syndicate (Limited).\n\n## AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n`(21623)`\n\n## No. 1.\n\nSir Edward Grey to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n`(27192)`\n\n534\n\n(July 30 JUL 07)\n\n### SECTION 1.\n\n(No. 80.) **(Telegraphic.)** P.\n\nForeign Office, July 5, 1907.\n\n**CHINESE Engineering and Mining Company.** Your telegram No. 127 of the 29th instant. Our Court of Appeal after full investigation held that transfer was valid, but maintained that the provisions of the Memorandum must be observed, and that an inquiry should be held to decide what damages, if any, in respect of their non-fulfilment were due to the Chinese Company; we cannot go behind this judgment. Offer of the Company to arrange the appointment of an Assessor has so far, understand, been declined by the Chinese. I agree with Sir E. Satow (vide his letter to which you refer), under these circumstances, that we should strenuously resist any attempt on the part of the Viceroy to dispossess the Company of their property, unless it be in accordance with a judgment of a British Court in China.\n\nThe Company's case is doubtless somewhat weakened, on the other hand, by the fact that the transfer was never confirmed by Imperial Decree, though it appears to me that their assumption in the negotiations that an official of Chang's position was authorized to conclude an arrangement was justified. Any reasonable compromise to which the Viceroy will assent might therefore, I think, be accepted; it should, however, be made clear to him that we cannot allow the property of the Company to be confiscated. You might urge him, in the first instance, to consent to the nomination of Assessors as the judgment of the Court of Appeal directs.\n\n`(2570 e-1)`",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## The Present Trade Route and Proposed Railway Line\n\nThe present trade route has been evolved in the process of time. Distance and the nature of the ground have been more important factors in determining its course than the lowest gaps in the mountains or the easiest grade. To gain some li, or avoid bad ground, it is frequently carried some hundreds of feet higher than necessary. A spur is always used in preference to a valley. One result is that there is invariably a short cut or an alternative route between important places. From Tengyueh to the Shweli Bridge, there is at least one commonly used road besides the main road. From the Shweli Bridge, there are two roads to the Salween Bridge, the stone road passing Ta-li-shu and Ho-mu-shu, and the \"new\" unpaved road to Hsiao Ping-ho, and thence down the ravine by Lao-chai. From Tengyueh, there is another distinct road to the Salween Bridge, which I much regret not having explored. The first stage along the road to Lungling is as far as Menglien and thence to Ta-ho-lao. The Shweli is crossed by the Lo-an chain bridge, 40 li (about 8 miles) below the main road bridge. Other villages on the road are: Kung-hao, Hsiao-ti-fang, Ch'eng-men-tung, P'u-mang-shao, Shih-t'i-chai, about 35 li (7 miles) from the Salween Bridge, Mo-p'an-shih, Pa-wan, Hsiang-shu, and Mo-cha.\n\nFrom Ta-pan-ching, east of the Salween, there is a mountain track to P'u-piao. The range west of Yung-ch'ang Fu is crossed by caravans in three places, namely, above Hun-shui-tang, at 7,500 feet; by the main road above Leng-shui-ching, at 7,200 feet; and at Ta-kuan-shih, at 6,600 feet. Foreign travellers are always taken along the main roads, unless they happen to know that there is another one and compel their mulemen to follow it.\n\nThe selection of a trace for a railway is naturally governed by other considerations than those which have made the trade route, and it has been found possible to avoid one of the ranges—that between the Shun-pi and the Yang-pi Rivers—to discover gaps lower than the main road passes in the other ranges, with the exception of the Yang-chang-Mekong Divide, which is turned, by adopting a course north of the Yung-chang Plain.\n\nThe line proposed by Mr. Lilley runs direct from Tali to Hsia-kuan, 10 miles. The country is practically level, and there is no difficulty. The plain is rich and prosperous enough to support a railway on its own merits. The outlet from the lake would be bridged east of the town of Hsia-kuan. From this place, altitude 6,600 feet, to Ping-po, the junction of the Hsia-kuan and Yang-pi Rivers, there is a drop of 1,700 feet in 12 miles. The line would follow the left bank downstream, cross the river below its junction with the Shun-pi River (9 miles, altitude 4,550 feet), and come up the right bank of the latter for 26 miles, to the neighbourhood of Huang-lien-p'u. It would take 24 miles to cross the range into the Yung-ping Plain, going through a newly-discovered gap at 7,700 feet, south of the road. From Chu-tung, in the plain, there would be up-hill work for 16 miles, to another gap, 7,400 feet, in the Mekong-Yungping watershed, over which the road goes at an altitude of 8,200 feet. From the gap to the Mekong would require 18 miles of line, which would cross the main road near Shayang, and go down a lateral valley to the river, about 8 miles north of the bridge. From the river 4,100 feet, to the watershed, 6,500 feet, near Lan-tien-pa, north of Yung-ch'ang Fu, would be a difficult piece of work, but from there to the town would be easy going. To the south-west, the line would cross the watershed near Ta-kuan-shih, 6,600 feet, about a dozen miles from the town, and passing along the P'u-p'iao Plain, cross the watershed between Fang-ma-chang and Ta-pan-ching, 4,900 feet, and go along the left bank of the stream until the Salween was reached. The river would be bridged to the south of the main road bridge, and the line would go south-west through the Salween Plain (Lu-chiang-pa) and cross the divide 20 miles from the river at a newly-discovered gap (6,900 feet) south of Hsiao-ti-fang. The descent would take 13 miles, and the Shweli be crossed north of the Lo-an Bridge, above mentioned. The line would then require 11 miles to ascend the mountains west of the Shweli, to a gap, 6,500 feet. It would run practically level for 2 miles, to another gap at the same altitude, and reach the Tengyueh Plain near the village of Kuan-p'o, in the branch valley out of which the road to Lungling climbs. From the plain, the line would run almost due north, to the town of Tengyueh, which is some 11 miles from the nearer gap.\n\nThe total length of line from here to Tali is put down at 240 miles as against 170 by the road. It is proposed that the line, as well as the proposed line from Bhamo, should be worked by electricity, to be generated by using one of the rivers (Salween or Mekong). It may be recommended that a separate power-house should be built in British territory for the section from Bhamo to Tengyueh. The maximum grade proposed is 1 in 20.\n\n## Map Details\n\nMain Road Bhamo to Talifu in purple.\nScale 1: 1,000,000 or 1 inch to 15.8 miles.\nTracing showing roughly:--\n- Possible railway route in Red.\n- Provisional heights in feet.\n- Frontier.\n\n(80-9/07, 1290) `F.O. 2525 N-2-2` \n## Map \n| Location        | \n| --------------- | \n| Kan-ai          | \n| Mauwyne         | \n| Nungchangkai    | \n| BHAMO           | \n| TENG YUEN       | \n| Nantion         | \n| ERH HAI         | \n| Yangpr          | \n| TALI            | \n| Shumpi R.       | \n| YUNG PING?      | \n| HSIA KUAN       | \n| MENG-HUAY       | \n| LUNG LING       | \n| SHUN NING       | \n| PYÜN CHOU       | \n| 6500′′          | \n| YS              | \n| odfinch         | \n| 5700            | \n| tha tang        | \n| 3200            | \n| bug             | \n| best            | \n| pychachang      | \n| Han tien pu     | \n| Shari. Chak     | \n| UNG CHANG       | \n| 5500            | \n| 4500            | \n| DGAR            | \n| O               | \n| 531             |",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 684,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure 1 in Dir. J. Jordan's No. 309 of June 25, 1907.\n\n## Wai Wu Son to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nOur Minister to London, Lord Li, informed the Board yesterday of the telegram which Y.E. had received from the Acting Governor of Hongkong reporting that police had been detailed to search for Sun Yat-sen during the past four weeks, that he was not in Hongkong but would on arrival be promptly deported.\n\nThe Board have a grateful sense of the importance which Y.E. attaches to friendly relations and to the safeguarding of the public peace. We have just received a further telegram from the Canton Viceroy reporting that Sun is not just now in Hongkong but that Teng Tzu-yu, his right-hand man, is still at the Lu-an-hsiang hotel there. On the 2nd instant a military guard-station at Chi-nü-hu-hsu, thirty li from Hui-cheu Fu, was attacked, and the guilty parties who were captured at various times admitted one and all without any concealment that the affair had been planned in the Lu-an-hsiang hotel. At the suggestion of Teng Tzu-yu and Yu Shao-ching, Chu Ya-chu was appointed their leader and each man was given the sum of five hundred dollars to take with him to Hui Chou to procure men to raise a disturbance. Copy of the evidence taken before the Hui Chou Prefect was supplied to H.B.M. Consul-General, who stated...",
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    {
        "id": 412190,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 690,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# CHINA TRADE\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n\n30276 \n667 \nRece (July 24.) AUG 07 \n### SECTION 3\n\n[25163] \n#### No. 1\n\n**(No. 269.)** Sir, \n\nSir J. Jordon to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received July 29.) \n\nPeking, June 8, 1907. IN my despatch No. 199 of the 29th April, I had the honour to report upon the steps taken with regard to the Regulations issued by the Chinese authorities in connection with the opening of Nanning to foreign trade.\n\nI now have the honour to inclose copies of further despatches from His Majesty's Consul-General at Canton, and His Majesty's Consul at Wuchow on this subject, together with a copy of a note which I have addressed to Prince Ching complaining of the action of the provincial authorities in issuing Regulations which are intended to be binding upon British subjects and vessels owned or chartered by them without prior consultation with His Majesty's Consul.\n\nI have further pointed out to his Highness that the opening of a trade-mart at Nanning to foreign trade, under Regulations similar to those which have proved a hindrance to commercial development at Chinan-fu, can only create the impression that China is intentionally obstructing trade relations by such a proceeding; and I have requested that the modification of these Regulations may be discussed with His Majesty's Consul.\n\nI have, &c. \n**(Signed)** J. N. JORDAN.\n\nP.S.-Since writing the above I have received a reply from the Wai-wu Pu, copy of which I have the honour to inclose, and which may, I think, be taken to mean that the Board are prepared to have the Regulations modified.\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1\n\nJ. N. J.\n\nActing Consul-General Sly to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n**(No. 23.)** Sir, \n\nCanton, May 15, 1907. REFERRING to your despatch No. 14 of the 22nd ultimo, I have the honour to inclose herewith copy of a communication which I addressed on the 10th instant to the Acting Commissioner of Customs at Nanning drawing attention to the objections as urged by His Majesty's Consul-General and the Wuchow Consul to the Provisional Customs Regulations for the Interport Traffic between Wuchow and Nanning. Copy of a Memorandum in the same sense submitted to the Viceroy is also forwarded.\n\nI raised the question at an interview with his Excellency on the 8th instant; but owing to the short time which the Viceroy was able to devote to it, after the treatment of several other matters, a minute and careful discussion was not possible. The opportunity, however, offered of putting the matter before Mr. Lo, and, as a result, the Viceroy telegraphed next day for information to the Governor of Kuangsi. It having appeared evident to me from the few words which I was able to exchange with his Excellency Choufu at the interview above mentioned, that he himself had little knowledge of the state of things created by the Nanning Taotai's ruling as to the Kut Hing firm, the representatives in Nanning city of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., and by the Provisional Customs Regulations, I deemed it expedient to submit to his Excellency, through the personal medium of his Secretary, the Memorandum to which allusion has already been made.\n\nI have, &c. \n**(Signed)** H. E. SLY.\n\nPage 690\nPage 691",
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    {
        "id": 412194,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 694,
        "title": "CO129-344 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure 6 in No. 1.\n\n**Consul King to Nanning Taotai.**\n\nWuchow, January 31, 1907 (Kuang Hsü, 32nd year, 12th month, 18th day).\n\nI HAVE the honour to inform you that I am in receipt of a communication from Mr. Arthur, the Wuchow Agent of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., to the effect that, Nanning having been made a port open to international trade and a custom-house established there, Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. propose to open a branch business at Nanning, and to appoint the Chi Hsing (Kat Hing) firm as agents for the purpose of conducting all the business transactions of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., and looking after their export and import trade.\n\nIn addition to addressing this letter to you, I have also notified the Commissioner of Customs of the foregoing.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n## Inclosure 7 in No. 1.\n\n**Nanning Taotai to Consul King.**\n\nNanning, Kuang Hsü, 33rd year, 1st month, 7th day (February 19, 1907).\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, informing me that Mr. Arthur, the representative of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., proposes to open a branch office at Nanning, and to appoint the Chi Hsing (Kut Hing) firm as agents for the purpose of conducting all the business transactions of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., and looking after their export and import trade.\n\nIn reply, I beg to point out that Nanning is a port self-opened to international trade, and both Chinese and foreign merchants may establish themselves there in trade, it being, however, provided by the Regulations that the land outside the limits of the port (Settlement) shall be considered, as heretofore, \"nei ti,\" or interior land.\n\nWhile, therefore, there would be no objection, ordinarily speaking, to Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. appointing the Chi Hsing (Kut Hing) firm as their agents at Nanning for the purposes mentioned above, they cannot in this case do so, inasmuch as the open port (Settlement) is situated at the Hsia Kuo Street, and the Chi Hsing (Kut Hing) firm have hitherto been established in the Sha Street, and consequently not within the area opened to trade. If Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. wish to open a branch office, they should be directed to do so within the port (Settlement) limits, and the Chi Hsing (Kut Hing) firm can only be regarded as their temporary agents, for otherwise Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., by their branch office, would be seriously contravening the Port (Settlement) Regulations.\n\n## Inclosure 8 in No. 1.\n\n**Consul King to Nanning Taotai.**\n\nWuchow, March 13, 1907 (Kuang Hsü 33rd year, 1st month, 29th day).\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your reply, to the effect that the port (Settlement) of Nanning is situated at the Hsia Kuo Street; that the Chi Hsing (Kut Hing) firm has hitherto been established in the Sha Street, which is \"nei ti\" or interior land; that, if Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. wish to open a branch office, they should be directed to do so within the port (Settlement); and that the Chi Hsing firm, therefore, can only be regarded as their temporary agents, for otherwise Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co., by their branch office, would be seriously contravening the Port (Settlement) Regulations.\n\nIn reply, I would observe that your Government having, of its own accord, opened Nanning to international trade, fixed Regulations would naturally be drawn up, and in view of the fact that Mr. Hung Hsing Ch'uan, the manager of Messrs. Edwards and Co., of Wuchow, is also shortly proceeding to Nanning for the purpose of opening an agency of the firm there, I should be obliged if you would kindly send me, for my information, a copy of the said Regulations at your earliest convenience, so that I can instruct foreign firms, where fit, to act in accordance therewith.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) H. KING.\n\n## Inclosure 9 in No. 1.\n\n**Sir J. Jordan to Prince Ching.**\n\nPeking, June 8, 1907.\n\nON the 24th December of last year, your Highness notified me that the necessary works for the commercial port of Nanning were almost completed, and that the Customs would be opened there on the 1st January, 1907.\n\nSince then, I have received from His Majesty's Consul at Wuchow the provisional Regulations for the interport traffic between Wuchow and Nanning. A perusal of these Regulations, which were drawn up and issued without prior consultation with His Majesty's Consul at Wuchow, shows that they are nevertheless intended to be binding upon British subjects and vessels owned or chartered by them. Regulation 20, which reads, \"With the exception of goods which have paid transit dues, all native produce, on application for export, has to produce a Tung Shui receipt,\" appears to indicate also that the commercial mart on the riverside is only open to foreign trade, and that the city is still to be considered as a place in the interior.\n\nThe \"Regulations for the Open Port of Nanning\" make this intention abundantly clear, the boundaries of the area opened to international trade being defined in Section 2, Article 1, and the condition being laid down that everything beyond these boundaries is \"nei ti,\" the interior.\n\nThese Regulations are based on those issued at Chinan-fu. In his despatch of the 23rd March, 1905, respecting the Chinan-fu Regulations, Sir Ernest Satow expressed the view that they were not likely to produce successful results or to attract foreign firms to open business premises in that place.\n\nMore than two years have elapsed, and the forecast has proved correct. No development whatever has occurred at Chinan-fu.\n\nNanning is now opened by China herself, after eight years' delay, under similar Regulations. It might be thought that the intention of the Chinese Government, while declaring such places open to trade, was in fact merely to obstruct commercial relations with friendly countries.\n\nI should be reluctant to believe that this is the case, but can hardly come to any other conclusion unless the provincial authorities will now agree to modify these Regulations.\n\nPage 691",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "content_text": "## 2\n\nactually within the area selected by the Syndicate when they applied for the mining permit in 1905.\n\nThe map which I have the honour to inclose marks this area by a white line, and shows the newly opened Chinese mines by means of red and white dots. As regards the Lu Kuang Kung Ssu, it is a matter of common knowledge that this Company was formed with official sanction as the successor of the bankrupt Tung Chi Company, and that it has purchased machinery and engaged foreign engineers with a view to starting mines near Ping-tan and so forcing the Peking Syndicate to withdraw.\n\nWhile the Lu Kuang Kung Ssu is thus trying to force the Peking Syndicate out of Pingtingchou, its parent Company, the Pao Chin Mining Company is actively pursuing the same policy in Yu Hsien, Lu An, and Tsê Chou. From the extract from the \"Shansi Gazette\" of the 23rd April, of which a copy is inclosed, your Highness will observe that the Governor is openly assisting this Company with large sums of money from the public funds to buy machinery in order to keep foreign enterprise out of the province.\n\nI need hardly point out to your Highness' Board the gravity of these acts, which are in direct infraction of the Syndicate's Agreement. Whether the Governor is acting on his own responsibility, or with the sanction of the Central Government, is immaterial. It is against the latter that the Syndicate, with the approval of His Majesty's Government, has preferred its claim for compensation, and I have now the honour to remind your Highness once more that each day's delay in issuing the permit to mine at Pingtingchou increases this charge.\n\nI avail, &c.  \n(Signed)  \nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\n## 3\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Mr. G. Brown,\n\nSir,\n\nPeking, May 30, 1907.  \nI HAVE received your letters of the 16th and 18th May respecting the two further notes from the Chinese Government on the subject of your Syndicate's mining interests in Shansi, and communicating to me Dr. Gatrell's report of his interview with Ting Ta-jên on the 11th May.\n\nI regret, in the interests of the Syndicate, that you have not seen your way to offer some more definite observations on Prince Ching's notes, as I do not consider that the authorization of His Majesty's Government to present the claim for compensation absolves the Syndicate from assisting me to find a solution to the difficulties with which this question is beset.\n\nAs I informed you by telegraph on the 16th May, the Ministers of the Wai-wu Pu consider that your best course would be to proceed to Taiyuan-fu and enter into direct relations with the Provincial Bureau of Trade.\n\nFrom the language of Ting Ta-jên in his interview with Dr. Gatrell it is clear that the inspiration of this view came from the Provincial Judge, who taxed the Syndicate with having ignored the Bureau of Trade, and recommended that you should place yourself in communication with Mr. Liu of that Bureau.\n\nI am inclined to think that the solution of your difficulties would be better served by active and direct personal negotiations on your part than by the transmission to me of reports from members of your staff, and I trust that your forthcoming interview with Ting Ta-jên may serve to indicate some course whereby the local opposition to the Syndicate's enterprise may be overcome. In the meantime, I am deferring my reply to Prince Ch'ing's last communications.\n\nI am, &c.  \n(Signed)  \nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n(Translation.)  \nSir,\n\nPrince Ching to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nKuang Hsü, 33rd year, 4th moon, 9th day (May 20, 1907).\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's note of the 9th instant, in which you state that the Lu Kuang Kung Ssu had recently opened mines within the area selected by the Peking Syndicate when they applied for a mining permit, and also that its parent Company, the Pao Chin Mining Company, is actively pursuing the same policy in Yu Hsien, Lu An, and Tsê Chou, while the Governor of Shansi is assisting the Company with large sums of money from the public funds for buying machinery, all of which are in direct infraction of the Syndicate's Agreement, the Syndicate having thus no other remedy but to present a claim for compensation to the Chinese Government. Your Excellency inclosed a map and a copy of the extract from the \"Shansi Gazette.\"\n\nThe Board has carefully considered the Pao Chin Company's original petition, from which it appears that that Company has taken over from the Tung Chi Company, and that, although it calls itself the Pao Chin Mining Company, it still continues to be in fact the old T'ung Chi Company, and not a new Company as distinct from the old. The Petition further states that the land cess deposited in the Provincial Treasury was a fund raised for provincial railway and mining enterprises, and the further subsidy asked for by the Company was to be defrayed from this fund, which was a public subscription for railway and mining purposes. No other public fund was touched by the Governor to subsidize the Company.\n\nI would draw your Excellency's attention to the fact that the Province of Shansi has not yet issued a mining permit for the area selected by the Syndicate, and that the localities where mines have been opened by the provincial Company are all private property with which the Syndicate have no concern. There is no forcing the Syndicate to withdraw.\n\nAs regards your Excellency's statement that the Syndicate's claim is increasing daily, the Board has already on numerous occasions distinctly declared their inability to recognize the justice of this claim, and it is therefore useless to reiterate it.\n\nI avail, &c.  \n(Signed)  \nPrince CHING.\n\n## Inclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nMr. G. Brown to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nPeking Syndicate (Limited), Tien-tsin,  \nYour Excellency,  \nMay 25, 1907.  \nIN reply to your Excellency's letter of the 20th instant, I have the honour to express my complete agreement with your Excellency's contention that it is the duty of the Syndicate to assist by all means in its power towards a solution of the difficulties that have arisen in ever-increasing number and gravity connected with the desire of the Syndicate to carry out its various Agreements with the Chinese Government, of which the first in point of time and importance is the Agreement for Working Coal, Iron, and Petroleum in Shansi, with contingent Railway Construction privileges, dated the 21st May, 1898.\n\nThese difficulties, I would beg leave to remark, have in no case been created by the Syndicate, which has throughout been anxious to observe to the full all the responsibilities that it has undertaken. Obstacles have, however, been constantly placed in the way by the Chinese authorities, who have shown no other disposition than to evade their obligations. Instances abound in the archives of His Britannic Majesty's Legation and of the Wai-wu Pu, and recapitulation is needless.\n\nThe 17th Article of the Shansi Agreement expressly debarred the Syndicate from constructing the railway, which alone would enable the Northern Shansi mines to be worked successfully. The Syndicate did not embarrass the Chinese Government by calling upon it to enforce the contract for the Chengting-Taiyuan line which had been intrusted to others. The Syndicate patiently waited. So soon as this railway began to approach the Pingtingchou Coalfield the Syndicate, in strict accordance with its Agreement, applied to the Governor for a permit. This has never been granted. His Excellency Tong Shao-yi, Vice-President of the Wai-wu Pu, specially charged with the settlement of this case, on the 9th August, 1906, at one of our many meetings in explicit terms promised that the permit should be issued at once. This promise was, I believe, repeated to your Excellency within a short period of time. That promise has not been \n\n## 705",
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    {
        "id": 412209,
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        "content_text": "5 \n\nkept, nor have I seen any reference to it in any communication from the Wai-wu Pu. In the letter from his Highness Prince Ching of the 9th instant, which your Excellency has been good enough to communicate to me, reference is lightly made to reasons why the Governor of Shansi is unable to issue the permit. The promise by a responsible Minister of the Wai-wu Pu seems to have been forgotten—it is certainly ignored. I have been told of peremptory orders sent from Peking to the Shansi Government for the issue of the permit, which orders, more than once repeated, have been disregarded by the provincial authorities. Such a state of affairs is regarded in most countries as rebellion to be put right by the Government concerned, but it is inconceivable that the mandate of the Chinese Government does not run in a province so close to Peking as Shansi. Therefore I presume the Central Government is prepared to accept the odium and the burden of its subordinates' action. It certainly cannot be surprised that the Syndicate should, after long forbearance, appeal for the protection of the British Government, nor that a claim should be thereupon presented for adequate compensation in regard to an Imperially sanctioned covenant so openly repudiated, promises so lightly broken, rights so flagrantly violated, losses so unjustly inflicted.\n\nEven now, however, I am prepared, subject to your Excellency's approval, to welcome any bona fide attempt to adjust the difficulties and differences that exist, if only some guarantee of serious purpose be forthcoming. Your Excellency has recently suggested that a discussion with Ting Ta-jên, Provincial Judge of Shansi, now in Peking, might be productive of good, and kindly made arrangements for it to come to pass. I have had that interview, and have some confidence that it may bring us nearer to a settlement. Whether it does so or not depends not so much on the efforts of a humble servant of the Syndicate as on the benevolent attitude of high officers of Government with whom rests the final moulding of events. It is from their action that the outcome of our negotiations will take its shape. I trust that they will so move the provincial authorities of Shansi as to secure a favourable issue and put an end to all the present troubles.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)  \n**GEORGE BROWN**,  \nAgent-General.\n\n## Inclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nMr. G. Brown to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nPeking Syndicate (Limited), Tien-tsin, May 25, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose a copy of a letter (with Chinese version) addressed by me to his Excellency Ting Niehtai regarding the main points of a discussion between that official and myself at the meeting in his dwelling on the 23rd instant kindly arranged by your Excellency and the Wai-wu Pu, concerning which my only regret is that it did not, as originally stipulated, take place at the Wai-wu Pu, where a responsible Minister could have been present, and that Ting Ta-jên had not an authoritative mandate of the Shansi Government.\n\nA copy of a more detailed account of the interview is also forwarded for your Excellency's information.\n\nThe demeanour of my host was throughout most courteous, owing probably to the injunctions which he acknowledged to have just received from the Wai-wu Pu to work towards a settlement.\n\nIt will be observed that, in accordance with your Excellency's wishes, I have agreed, after Ting Ta-jên's month of home leave has expired, and when the way has been prepared and suitable arrangements have been made, to proceed to Taiyuan-fu and conduct negotiations there, on condition that there is a fair prospect of a successful issue, which I shall naturally do my best to bring about.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) **GEORGE BROWN**,  \nAgent-General.\n\n## Inclosure 6 in No. 1.\n\nMr. G. Brown to Ting Pao Ch'uan,\n\nPeking Syndicate (Limited), Tien-tsin, May 25, 1907.\n\nAS the matters discussed at the interview which your Excellency accorded me on the 23rd instant are of considerable importance, it will be well that the main points should be put on record while they are fresh in our memories, in order to avoid any risk of misunderstanding.\n\nFirst, I would express my cordial thanks for your Excellency's courtesy, not only in the manner of my reception, but also in the general tone of the conversation that took place.\n\nThe subject of the difficulties in Shansi having been introduced, your Excellency explained that you had been instructed by the Wai-wu Pu to meet me, and that your Excellency was most anxious to talk matters over, with the object of effecting a settlement. Your Excellency wished to emphasize two points. First, that according to the terms of the Agreement the Peking Syndicate was requested by the Shansi Bureau of Trade to undertake on its behalf mining operations in Shansi; that the Agreement in several places stipulated that this Bureau and the Syndicate were to co-operate, and the non-compliance with these stipulations on the part of the Syndicate was responsible for the attitude of antagonism displayed by the gentry of Shansi. Secondly, the claim of £200 a-day as compensation for the delay in issuing the permit was considered by the gentry to be so unreasonable that they were unwilling to have anything whatever to do with the Syndicate, and your Excellency asked me whether I would not withdraw the claim. I explained it was out of my power to do this, because the claim was in the hands of the British Government and His Britannic Majesty's Minister. In subsequent discussion, however, after having asked for your Excellency's idea of a basis for settlement, and having received the reply that \"the Agreement itself would form the best basis,\" I assured your Excellency that the Syndicate required the carrying out of the Agreement or compensation, not both, and that, so soon as the Agreement was complied with, the claim for compensation would disappear; but the Syndicate asked, above all things, for the carrying out of the Agreement, and only claimed compensation for its refusal. This statement your Excellency regarded as satisfactory.\n\nWith regard to consultation with the Shansi Bureau of Trade, I pointed out to your Excellency that this came after the issue of the permit by the Governor, the conditions governing which were contained in Article 1 of the Agreement. I also explained that early last year I had by invitation met some of the Shansi gentry at the Wai-wu Pu, when five of the Ministers were present; that a promise had been made to me of another meeting after deliberation among themselves, but this promise had not been fulfilled. Later in the year the Wai-wu Pu had guaranteed the issue of the permit on separate occasions both to His Britannic Majesty's Minister and myself, it being understood that the sixty years' limit should date from the issue. Your Excellency replied that of the gentry referred to not one had anything to do with the Shansi Bureau of Trade, that the promises made by the Wai-wu Pu were not recognized by the Bureau, and that it was absolutely essential that the Syndicate and the Bureau of Trade, who had drifted far apart, should come together again.\n\nYour Excellency then went on to express great anxiety to bring about a settlement, explaining that you were now in a very different position from that of a few days ago, when Dr. Gatrell called, in that now your Excellency was acting under instructions from the Wai-wu Pu; while at that time, having given up the seals of office, your Excellency dared not take any steps for fear of arousing suspicion in the minds of the officials of the Bureau of Trade and the people of Shansi, which would inevitably render abortive any plans for bringing about a settlement.\n\nYour Excellency expressed a great desire for me to go to Shansi for a conference. Meantime your Excellency would write to the Shansi officials and prepare the way, and, after taking a month's home leave, would return to Shansi and make proper arrangements, &c. I expressed my willingness to go, subject to His Britannic Majesty's Minister's approval, providing that there was a pretty certain hope of a settlement resulting. Your Excellency said that you would not ask me to go unless there was hope of a good result, and begged me to trust your Excellency's word in this matter.\n\nYour Excellency explained that it would take two months to have everything in train. I replied that the affair was too important to admit of long delay, to which your Excellency...  \n[Page 3]",
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        "content_text": "## 18. The guards on the above-mentioned launches shall always be in uniform and shall always carry their revolvers. They must always be prepared for emergencies. They must on no account congregate for the purpose of gambling or drinking, nor must they smoke opium. They must keep a particularly strict look-out at the time of the departure of the launches. Any breach of duty will be punished by dismissal and suitable penalties.\n\n14. The police on the above-mentioned launches will be provided with certificates in English and Chinese with the official seal attached to prevent any other person impersonating them.\n\n15. In addition to the police on the above-mentioned descriptions of launches, there are also police at all the larger ports of call whose duty it will be to examine intending passengers for concealed fire-arms. Any culprits found by the launch police in the illegal possession of fire-arms will be handed over by them to the land police to be brought before the local authorities for trial. If there is an alarm of pirates, a call will bring immediate assistance from the land police.\n\n16. If any member of the launch police is found to be incapable of carrying out his duties, he shall, in the case of single passenger launches, be reported by the captain; and, in the case of launches with tows, by the master of the tow to the launch police authorities, so that an efficient man may be found to replace him. Any of the police found in the possession of stolen goods, such as clothing, money, &c., shall, on satisfactory evidence that they are robbing passengers of their property, be court-martialled and executed on the spot.\n\n17. Any of the launch police having affairs of importance to attend to must first apply for leave to his head authority, and must not leave the launch before a substitute has taken his place.\n\n18. In addition to the supervisors appointed by the launch police authorities to control the system, there are also the officials of the Admiral, whose duty it will be to make secret inspections to ascertain whether the Regulations are being observed and whether the members of the force are efficient. They will make recommendations from time to time in order to prevent the system becoming ineffective in the lapse of time.\n\n19. All the above-mentioned descriptions of launches must only allow passengers to embark and disembark at the appointed places, namely:\n\n(1) Places on the waterways of the East River: \n| Place |\n| --- |\n| Whampoa |\n| Mi Chang |\n| Ma Chung |\n| Sui Tang |\n| Kwai Hai |\n| Shi Lung |\n| Lu Lan |\n| Teh Kang |\n| Sui Tsun |\n| Po Lo |\n| Whei Chow |\n| Han Kai |\n| Tao Kao |\n| Tung Kwan City |\n| Tai Pin |\n\n(2) Places in the district south of Canton City, and on the waterways of the West River:\n| Place |\n| --- |\n| Shih Pi |\n| Le Chu |\n| Po On Chung |\n| Hao Kao |\n| Yung Chi |\n| Kwei Chow |\n| Ma Kang |\n| Tung Ma Nin |\n| Si Ma Nin |\n| Chun An Hsu |\n| Kan Chu |\n| Chin Kiang |\n| Ho Tsin |\n| Ku Lao |\n| Tai Pin Hsu |\n| Fu Man |\n| Sze Hsien Kan |\n| Ma Kou |\n| Ho Kou (i.e., Samshui Beach) |\n| Tsin Chi |\n| Yung An |\n| Kwang Li |\n| Kou Li |\n| Pei Tu |\n| Shao Chin |\n| Lu Pu |\n| Yuch Chen |\n| Ho Ting Kou |\n| Liu Tu |\n| Te Ching |\n| Tu Cheng |\n| Fung Chuan |\n| Wuchow |\n| Lung Kiang |\n| Shui Teng |\n| Kuan Shan |\n| Huang Lien |\n| Lo Lou |\n| Li Hai |\n| San Hiang Miao |\n| Chou Chun |\n| Chao Lien |\n| Pei Kai Kou |\n| Chiang Men |\n| Tan Shui Kou |\n| Shuang Shui Kou |\n| Hsin Chang |\n| Ti Kai |\n| Hsiao Lan |\n| Kang Kon |\n| Shih Chi |\n\n(3) Places on the North River route:\n| Place |\n| --- |\n| Fu Shan |\n| Shih Mun |\n| Ts'u Tung |\n| Hsiao Tang |\n| Hsi Nan |\n| Samshui |\n| Lu Pao |\n| Shih Ko |\n| Tsin Yuen |\n\n(4) Places in the district north of Canton City, Tsung Hua, and Hua Hsien:\n| Place |\n| --- |\n| Shih Men |\n| Kwan Yao |\n| San Kiang Kou |\n| Nan Kiang Kou |\n| Wu Ho Hsu |\n| Tan Pu |\n| Chih Ni |\n| Pei Ni |\n\n20. Any of the above-mentioned descriptions of launches which act in contravention of these Regulations, either by taking passengers on board at unauthorized places en route or by omitting to carry out the search for concealed arms, will be subject to such penalties as the nature of the offence may require. If the launch concerned is foreign-owned, and the offender is a Chinese employed on board, the local authorities are to communicate with the nearest Commissioner of Customs, and the Commissioner, in turn, with the nearest Consul, who may send a deputy to watch the proceedings. If the offender is a foreigner, he is to be dealt with in a manner similar to that prescribed by Treaty when a foreigner is found travelling without a passport. He will be sent to the proper Consul through the Commissioner of Customs at the nearest port.\n\n21. At all places where such a course is practicable, the launches and tows referred to in these Regulations will hire for their regular use sampans and small boats to convey passengers to the launches and tows. The captains and masters of the launches and tows will at once notify the Inspector and police on the launches of every sampan or small boat so engaged by them; the Inspector will, in turn, notify the head of his Department. Where such sampans and small craft are regularly hired, no other boats shall be employed for the aforesaid purpose.\n\n22. These Regulations are provisional, and subject to Ministerial sanction at Peking.\n\n## (No. 26.)\n\nSir,\n\n### Inclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\n### Sir J. Jordan to Consul-General Mansfield.\n\nPeking, June 4, 1907.\n\nYOUR despatch No. 19 of the 23rd April only reached me on the 24th May, and pressure of other work has prevented an earlier reply.\n\nThe Provisional Regulations for the suppression of piracy, copy of which you inclose, appear likely to increase the difficulty of giving effect to the engagement made by the Chinese Government to organize a preventive service under Customs control.\n\nAs you will be aware, from the copies of my recent despatches to Sir E. Grey, which have been sent to you, I have been holding the Wai-wu Pu to this engagement, and I should be very reluctant to convey the impression that, by accepting these tardy proposals of the Viceroy, we considered them all that is required. That the Chinese authorities intend this measure to take the place of the service of cruisers under Customs control is rendered evident by a message which I received on the 1st June from the Wai-wu Pu, communicating the substance of a telegram from the Viceroy to the Board of Finance, in which his Excellency urges that as he is prepared to take these measures it seems unnecessary for the Customs to spend money on cruisers, but, if they elect to do so, such vessels would of course only serve for the prevention of smuggling and have no powers to suppress piracy.\n\nIn view, however, of your telegram of the 3rd instant, from which it appears that the Rules have not been enforced, I think it would be advisable, considering the interpretation which the Wai-wu Pu evidently place upon them, that you should notify the Viceroy that they could only be accepted as a complement to the scheme to which the Wai-wu Pu have already given their assent.\n\nI am, &c.\n\n(Signed) \n**J. N. JORDAN**",
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        "document_key": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 193,
        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## No. 96. Sir,\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nMr. Pearson to Consul-General Sir P. Warren.\n\nShanghae, July 13, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report that I paid a short visit to Hangchow, with your sanction, at the end of last quarter for the purpose of paying the Chinese staff of the Consulate, and preparing the quarterly accounts and Intelligence Report.\n\nI found that there were rumours then current among the Chinese of local disturbances throughout the province, which were attributed to several causes. The disturbances at Fuchou were said to be due to salt smugglers and the dearth of rice. Near Hangchow itself and throughout the silk-producing district, there was a great deal of discontent owing to the recent doubling of the tax on wound silk. At Kashing, it was reported that disbanded troops had joined the salt smugglers, and the Governor was said to be sending troops and guard-boats in some numbers to surround the city and suburbs to capture the rioters. On my return journey, I saw a number of these boats being towed in that direction in batches of ten or so. Earlier in June, there had appeared in the native press accounts of serious encounters between salt smugglers and guard-boats at Sungkiang Fu, in which the latter had lost several officers and many men.\n\nOn leaving Hangchow, I made arrangements with Mr. Murphy, head of the Settlement Police, and Mr. Paget, in temporary charge of Imperial Maritime Customs, to keep me informed of local events. On the 8th instant, I received a telegram from the former, and, on the 9th, a letter from the latter, warning me of disturbances at Kinhua-fu and at Shih Men Shan. The substance of these communications I telegraphed to His Majesty's Minister on the 9th instant. The information which my correspondents forwarded came from missionaries. I also telegraphed to the Governor, asking him to take adequate measures for the protection of missionaries, and he replied to the effect that he was telegraphing to the local officials, sending additional troops, and taking all precautions to insure the safety of missionaries and their establishments. I telegraphed to the missionaries that they were to retire upon Hangchow if they found it necessary.\n\nAt the moment of writing, a telegram has arrived from Hangchow, stating that the missionaries have left Chinhua Fu, as disturbances are still going on.\n\nThe Consulate writer, Yang, who is in touch with some of the yamêns, wrote on the 8th instant to the following effect:\n\nIn the Huchou district at Wang Chiang Ching, Kashing, at Yu Chien in the Shaoshing Prefecture, and at Kuang Te and Ssu An, on the borders of Anhui and Chekiang, bad characters have made trouble. I hear that those of Hangchow and Shaoshing are local rowdies. Those of Kashing and Huchou are members of the \"Ko Ming Tang.\" Requests for troops have come in from various quarters. Governor Chang is sending ten more gun-boats to suppress these disturbances. I hear also that these bad characters have imported arms from Japan to the Tai Hu neighbourhood. The Governor has sent an officer to secretly investigate this. There have been rice riots at Hui Chi Hsien during the middle of the month.\n\nOn the 9th instant, I received a telegram from Mr. Murphy stating \"the rice riots are not serious, according to the latest official report, and that missionaries are safe.\"\n\nFurther letters from missionaries in the district confirm the fact that at Lan Ch'i and Tungkang, there has been a certain amount of unrest, due mainly to the high price of rice, and also to the workings of the \"Chien Tao Hui,\" and, to a greater extent, of the \"Ko Ming Tang.\" The gentry have, in one case at least, approached the Missions with a view to obtaining drafts of troops for protection against the rowdies.\n\n## No. 13. Sir,\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nConsul Mortimore to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nNingpo, July 12, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report the occurrence of a serious riot at Ting-bai, on the Island of Chusan. It appears that extra taxes have of late been levied on land for the support of schools of foreign learning, which created much dissatisfaction. The Sub-Prefect in Charge was appealed to, and, in order to avoid a riot, consented to the tax being levied at the old rate. Subsequently, having come to the conclusion that the whole matter had been engineered by a military graduate named Hsü Jeu-i, he secretly reported him to the Governor at Hangchow, and received orders to arrest him. Hsü, having got wind of this, fled, and his arrest could not be effected, but, after some time, he visited his home and was arrested. The people then rose in a body, some 5,000 strong, went to the Sub-Prefect's yamên, and demanded his release, and, when this was refused, destroyed everything in the yamên, and carried off the Sub-Prefect's two sons. They then proceeded to wreck all the schools, as well as the houses of some people connected with them, taking two men prisoners as well as a sergeant who had tried to quiet the disturbance, but who was subsequently released. The rioters then occupied the town, and stopped all business. Troops were sent from Ningpo by Ti-t'ai, but their numbers were too few to effect much. Moreover, the rioters asserted that if anything happened to the military graduate Hsü, who had been previously removed for safety to Chinbai, or, if the troops attacked them, they would at once proceed to kill the two sons of the Sub-Prefect and the other two men held by them.\n\nThe authorities therefore found themselves unable to act, and matters remained in this state for a few days, but no further destruction of property took place. Strict orders seem to have been given by the leaders of the rioters that there was to be no looting; the property of the Sub-Prefect and the schools was to be utterly destroyed only.\n\nThe Sub-Prefect having come to Ningpo to discuss the matter with the Taotai, it was ultimately arranged that the military graduate should be released, which was at once carried into effect, and the two sons of the Sub-Prefect and their other two prisoners were set at liberty by the villagers. The affair is now settled, and the district quiet. No one is apparently to be punished, as the Sub-Prefect is held to have been responsible for the outbreak owing to his action in falsely accusing the graduate to the Governor.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) R. H. MORTIMORE.\n\nPage 130",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# Chengtu\n\nHis Majesty's Acting Consul-General, reporting early in June on the attitude of the Provincial Government towards the eradication of the opium habit, states that the first points over which the Government is likely to come into collision with the people are the collection of the new opium tax and the closing of the opium dens. As regards the first, the struggle has begun, as it has been reported from Kai-hsien that the mob had raided and destroyed the recently-established opium hongs in that city, while from various small towns in the Chengtu Plain news comes of riots directed against these unpopular establishments. The poppy has been harvested in most places, and the new season's opium is now being placed on the market. There are rumours that the authorities, in face of the growing opposition to the new tax, are endeavouring to obtain the permission of the Central Government to revert to the old system. These rumours were confirmed in conversation between the Taotai of Chunking and the Acting British Consul at that port. On the other hand, a Proclamation by the Provincial Director of opium taxation, which must have been issued shortly before or even after the conversation above referred to, reiterates the Government's intention to proceed with the new tax of 115 taels per picul on all opium, whether for export or local consumption, and warns the people of the consequences their refusal to pay the tax will entail. A reversion to the old rate will have the effect of cheapening the drug for local consumers, and it is difficult to see how the Chinese Government can sanction such a retrograde step.\n\nAs regards the second point, a Proclamation was issued by the Viceroy on the 31st May indicating that the opium divans would be closed on the 9th August, and that the preparation and sale of opium would be a Government monopoly. In Chengtu, with the assistance of an efficient police, it is possible they may succeed, though not without some resistance being offered; but in the provinces, more particularly in the opium producing centres east and south of Chunking, the issue seems very doubtful, and will depend entirely on the power of the local officials to enforce their orders.\n\nThe Acting Viceroy subsequently informed His Majesty's Consul-General that, realizing what a serious, possibly fatal, matter the closing of all opium divans and shops on the 9th August would be for the poorer classes of opium smokers, he had ordered arrangements to be made for the opening of official opium shops where prepared opium and opium requisites would be sold in small quantities to all registered smokers. His Excellency said that the people objected to this method of suppressing the use of opium because it deprived the poor of their pipe by making the price prohibitive, and made opium smoking a luxury of the rich.\n\n## Reports from missionaries in the Province of Szechuan are as follows:\n\n| Location        | Report                                                                                                                                                   |\n|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Pao Ning-fu   | New Proclamation ordering opium divans to be closed on the 9th August. Opium smokers to be registered. The people are reported to be callous.           |\n| Mien Chu Hsien | Opium dens are ordered to be closed by the 9th August (end of 6th moon), no tax to be collected on opium dens after 3rd moon. A Proclamation exhorting people to abandon opium cultivation was issued by the Magistrate last autumn. Only about 1 per cent. of ground is under cultivation this spring. People are sympathetic, and some \"mildly enthusiastic.\" |\n| Nan Pu-Hsien  | Proclamation posted containing usual orders re closing of opium divans. No official steps taken to reduce area under cultivation, but many farmers have voluntarily destroyed crops, fearing reduced demand this year. Marked increase in number of persons applying for opium remedies at Mission dispensary. |\n| Yung Hsien    | Proclamation against poppy growing issued by Magistrate last year. Great reduction of area under cultivation noticeable this year. Officials sympathetic, and people enthusiastic. |\n| Hsin Tien Tzu  | Proclamation posted, but no definite measures taken to restrict sale of opium. Not an opium growing district.                                                      |\n| Kuan Hsien    | Imperial (anti-opium) Decree posted in January 1907. Register of smokers and non-smokers opened in Magistrate's yamên, the former given a limit in which to abandon habit on pain of dismissal. Attitude of officials and gentry favourable; small area under cultivation; opium dens to be closed at end of 6th moon (9th August). |\n| Tan Lan Hsien | Opium divans closed by Magistrate's orders (25th May, 1907).                                                                                             |\n\n## Chungking\n\nMissionary reports received from the Consular district are not encouraging. A general review of them gives the impression that the local officials are waiting for more precise and detailed instructions as to the methods by which they are to carry out the Edict, being themselves unwilling to take the responsibility for a course of action calculated to rouse violent popular opposition. One measure alone will in all probability be enforced, i.e., the closing of all opium dens in the 6th moon, but disturbances are almost certain to arise when the frequenters of opium dens are thrown upon their own resources. In the meantime the officials are for the most part content to fill in the time trifling with more or less innocuous anti-opium medicines.\n\nAt Suifu and Chiangan, there has been little done except in the medicine line. At Suifu an attempt has been made to register smokers, and at Chiangan there is talk of opening official depôts for the sale of opium.\n\n## Kueichou Province\n\nThe same conditions prevail here as in Szechuan.\n\n## Hankow\n\nHis Majesty's Consul-General, in summarizing further reports received from missionaries stationed in Honan, Hupei, Hunan, Kansu, and Shensi, states that \"the reports from Honan (three in number) state that Proclamations were issued and dates given for closing the dens, but that no official action has since been taken. The Governor is reported to have broken off the habit, but otherwise absolute indifference seems to mark the attitude of officials and gentry alike. The ground in the vicinity of the provincial capital is too poor to produce poppy, and although no new ground has been planted with poppy in the other districts under consideration, the general impression seems to be that the failure to plant is dictated by a feeling of uncertainty, owing to the undecisive nature of the official warning, rather than by any desire to obey the Edict. In Ching Tze Kuan, however, two-thirds of the old poppy ground was planted with wheat this year.\n\nThe replies to queries 4, 5, and 6 (respecting restrictions on smokers, closing of opium dens or shops, inspection of opium dens) are uniformly negative, while answers to query 7 (respecting use of medicines to cure habit) furnish no more satisfactory statement than that a few poor have been relieved by the aid of the missions. The replies on which this despatch is based, with very few exceptions, offer little variety—\"none,\" \"nothing,\" \"nothing at all,\" and \"indifference\" appearing most frequently although in some cases it is apparent, in spite of all the optimistic writer is endeavouring to persuade himself, that something \"may\" be done in the future.\n\n### Hupei (two Reports)\n\nProclamations issued only in Hu-cheng hsien, where one inspection was held, an official register of the opium dens (forty-nine in all) made, and a limit of six months given for closing. Mr. Sibley adds that the Ku-ch'eng Magistrate pulled up all his own crop, but minimizes the apparent virtue of this action by stating that he did so guided by a hope that money might be made out of supporting the prohibition. Beyond this action of the Magistrate nothing has been done, although it is said that the gentry have tried to break off the habit.\n\nIn Ku-ch'eng the poppy is not sufficiently cultivated for any observations under query 3, and it is stated that in Chun-chou and Yun-yang 70 to 80 per cent. of the land is under poppy, and that there is an increase in ground planted. An emphatic negative or absolute silence marks all the answers to the next three queries, i.e., respecting restrictions on smokers, closing of and inspecting of shops or dens. Regarding the use of medicines to cure the habit, the only cure offered in the majority of cases is a pill containing either morphia or opium; but Mr. Sibley states that merchants and missionaries are selling a medicine put up at Shanghae, and adds that thousands will use the Indian anti-opium medicines if it proves a success.\n\n### Hunan\n\nYuan-chou Fu and Chih-chiang hsien. It appears from this report that the steps taken in these districts have been more genuine than those taken elsewhere. On the 23rd May the Governor issued a Proclamation referring to the \"Ten Articles,\" and detailing measures to be taken by the officials, touching also in a general way on the closing of dens, &c. December is fixed as the date for closing, and the sale is to be restricted if possible to one licensed shop; moreover, refuges are to be opened in which assistance can be got by those wishing to get cured.\n\nPage 286",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## 207\n\n4\n\nThe Colonel had already in January, on information contained through the local press, given his soldiers three months in which to break off the habit, and had dismissed those who failed to do so; local opinion is generally in favour of the prohibition. The Magistrate, a heavy smoker, has given up the use of opium, and others are following his example. Mr. Witt, however, does not consider that any remarkable movement has as yet started, and mentions the fact that some are buying ahead for the time when the sale will be definitely forbidden. No measures have as yet been taken to restrict the cultivation of poppy, and 10 per cent. of the land is said to be used for its growth. The invariable reply in the negative as to the restrictions on smokers is again given, but all dens are to be closed by the end of June. As far as medicines are concerned, pills containing opium are used, and also a plant found in the hills.\n\n## Kansu (three Reports)\n\nThe \"Ten Articles\" were posted in Chin Chou on the 10th May, and no further action was taken; the publication caused a little talk for a few days, but nothing was done, as officials were awaiting more stringent orders from Peking. In Ping-liang and Ch'in Chou there is an increase in the area planted; an official at the latter place exhorted the people by proclamation \"to plant for all they were worth,\" the result being that five times the usual amount was sown. Nothing has been done to restrict smokers, but Mr. Harding makes the significant remark that the increase in the price of opium has caused people to take to drink. At Ku-kiang the `pao Kuei` tax has been removed and more opium has been sold than ever, whereas an increase in the same tax at Ch'in Chou has caused shops to close. Excepting the above statement, queries 5 and 6 are answered in the negative. A Proclamation was issued at Ch'in Chou telling the people of a herb for a cure, and giving an illustration of it, but beyond that nothing further has been done.\n\n## Shensi (three Reports)\n\nAt Wukung in November of last year a Proclamation was issued containing a general exhortation against planting, and in January of this year the \"Ten Articles\" were published. The Decree was also published in Lan-tien, and the Magistrate sent out a preacher to exhort the people to give up the habit, smokers also being forbidden to teach in the schools. The Decree was published in Li-chuan on the 29th May. The attitude of the gentry is generally described as indifferent, and as far as cultivation is concerned an increase is reported from Wukung. The remaining queries are all answered negatively with the exception of the mention of a few missionary efforts to cure the people by the use of medicine supplied by the Missions.\n\n## Ichung\n\nHis Majesty's Consul reported on the 1st July that, so far as he could ascertain, no steps had up to that date been taken to enforce the Opium Regulations in the Ichang district.\n\n## Kashgar\n\nMr. Macartney reported at the end of April, \"The Chinese orders prohibiting the use of opium have so far had no effect on the Chinese population of Yarkand, Karghalik, Goma, and Khotan. Indeed, most of the Chinese seem to be ignorant of the existence of the order.\"\n\n## Kiukiang\n\nA missionary in the Kiukiang Consular district reports from I-yang, a district in which practically no land is devoted to the cultivation of the poppy, that nothing has yet been done to restrict smokers nor to inspect opium shops. No Proclamations had been issued up to May, but a new Mandarin had arrived who was said to be preparing one. No official action had been taken in pursuance of the Imperial Regulations, nor had the local officials and gentry set any example in giving up the habit. Medicines had been ordered from Nanchang, but none had as yet arrived.\n\nFurther missionary reports are to the same effect, though in the Kian prefecture one missionary stated on the 14th June that a Proclamation was about to be issued, the gist of which was to be to the effect that all opium dens must be closed by the 8th August, and that no opium is to be retailed in inns or restaurants after that date.\n\nStill further missionary reports state that practically nothing whatever is being done to enforce the Imperial Regulations, though it is thought that in August something may be begun.\n\n5\n\n## Mongolia\n\nA missionary with an area of observation of about 800 English square miles reports from Kwei-hua-cheng that more land is devoted to poppy cultivation this year than last. The Tartar General has issued a strict Proclamation to the Mongols against the use of opium, and it is said that they have obeyed the command, but the Chinese still continue to sow, to sell, and to smoke as before.\n\n## Ningpo\n\nMissionary reports forwarded by His Majesty's Consul show that except for a few Proclamations nothing has been done towards enforcing the Imperial Regulations, while in some districts more land is being devoted to the poppy than before.\n\nEarly in June a Proclamation was issued by the Magistrate under instructions from Hangchow to the effect that all opium shops were to be closed on the 8th August. The Magistrate as well as the Prefect were confirmed opium-smokers, but it is stated that both have now given up the habit.\n\n## Peking\n\nA native newspaper published on the 28th June that, \"The Government Council is considering the imposition of a fine, varying with the rank of the offender, on all officials, from Princes and Ministers down to the lowest ranks, who fail to abandon the use of opium, the proceeds of the fine to be devoted to the 'patriotic fund'.\"\n\n## Tengyueh\n\nHis Majesty's Consul reports that various officials have informed him that no steps will be taken to carry out the Imperial Regulations until the autumn. The Regulations are not, it appears, being looked upon by the officials or the people seriously. It is difficult to see how the Chinese can suppress the poppy cultivation; the vast majority of officials never go outside their yamên walls except to pay calls. Exhortation will certainly not deter the Yunnanese from cultivating poppy and producing opium, and force dare not be applied.\n\n## Tien-tsin\n\nA missionary, writing on the 21st March from beyond the Great Wall, states that Proclamations, giving the gist of the Edict dealing with opium, have been scattered widely over the territory, and a heavy tax will be imposed on land used for its growth. The general impression is said to be that the programme would not be seriously carried out unless there were some strong men at head-quarters to make the Governors and District Magistrates of the Empire feel that serious business is meant. A native has informed the same missionary that, in his opinion, there is too much opium used in the Palace for the crusade to be pushed too hard. From Lucheng, South Shensi, it is reported that the Magistrate, \"a big opium smoker and eater, has done nothing beyond posting the provincial Proclamations in the yamên. Taxes to be increased. No local movement.\" Of the city of Li Cheng it is reported that the Magistrate is a non-smoker, and has posted a Proclamation, giving ten years to slowly cease growing, the tax being increased each year. From Hsuan Hua-fu, three days north of Peking, the issue is reported of a Proclamation by the Governor ordering people to abandon opium. But a later Proclamation by a local official requested the people still to cultivate the poppy, otherwise great loss to revenue would ensue. So the people are perplexed what to do. The Prefect and District Magistrate are freely distributing native-made opium medicines to those desirous of breaking off the habit. In Hsuan Hua-fu only about ... per cent. of the land is planted with poppy, the land being too poor for such cultivation. The gentry seem indifferent in the matter. From Taiyuan-fu it is reported by a missionary, who recently visited the places where opium is most extensively cultivated in Shansi, that on the borders of the district he found there was some diminution this year in the amount of opium grown, but in disregard of the Governor's Edicts, throughout the greater portion of the district the cultivation of the poppy was being carried on as extensively as ever.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "page_number": 309,
        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# CHINA TRADE\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n\n### No. 1. SECTION 2.\n#### (No. 14.) Sir,\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir Edward Grey,(Received October 5.)\n\nYunnan-fu, August 17, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose copy of a report which I have made to His Majesty's Minister at Peking on anti-opium Regulations in Yunnan Province and their observance.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed)  \nW. H. WILKINSON,\n\n#### (No. 18.) Sir,\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.  \nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nYunnan-fu, August 14, 1907.\n\nON my return from local leave I learnt, by your Circular of the 11th March, that the members resident in the provinces of Yünnan and Kueichow of the China Inland Mission had been asked to send in to me reports as to the progress of the anti-opium movement.\n\nI waited in vain for several weeks before the first of the promised reports reached me. So far I have only received five of them, one from Yunnan-fu, two from Ping-yi, and two from Ch'ü-ching. Others (though of this I am not sanguine) may later on arrive; but I feel that I ought not to longer delay my own report. I have accordingly the honour to forward the five returns in question, together with a Memorandum by myself.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed)  \nW. H. WILKINSON.\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n#### Memorandum respecting Anti-Opium Regulations in Yünnan Province and their Observance.\n\nWHEN the ten proposals for carrying into effect the prohibition of opium (of which a translation accompanied Sir John Jordan's Circular of the 1st December, 1906) reached Yunnan-fu, notifications embodying them were duly issued by the Provincial Government. Otherwise, with one exception, it would not appear that any attention whatever was paid to them. The exception was the inspection of opium shops and dens (Articles 4 and 5) with a view to their suppression within a given time. The Home Magistrate of Yunnan city, after issuing in conjunction with the Police Department a notification on the 1st day of the 3rd moon (13th April) sent runners to each establishment, giving notice that it would have to close by the end of the 6th moon (8th August).\n\nSo things remained up to the time of the arrival from Szechuan of the present Governor-General, Hsi-liang, in May. Even he does not appear to have done much more than dismiss some too notorious smokers in his yamôn, until he received the Imperial Edict of the 25th June, ordering once for all the putting into force of the prohibition of the cultivation, sale, and consumption of opium. The semi-official \"Yunnan Gazette\" (\"Tien-nan Chao-pao\") for the 26th July contains a circular from the Financial Commissioner (as head of the provincial Civil Service) embodying a very sharp reprimand from his Excellency, which is dated the 8th June, but very evidently antedated.\n\nHsi Chih-t'ai commences by reminding his Council that several Edicts had been received commanding the officials to set an example and abandon the vice within six",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "content_text": "## \nmonths. His predecessor, Governor-General Ting, had caused Regulations to be drawn up under which it became incumbent on all officials to report, within one month from the date of receiving those Regulations, their addiction to the vice if such existed, and to break off the habit within the ensuing half-year. Four months have since passed, and Hsi Chih-tai observes that not a single opium-smoking official has registered his name, nor have the Council submitted a list of the delinquents. The order has been treated as a dead letter, either because the higher officials are themselves given to the vice (this may be a hit at the present Acting Judicial Commissioner, Tseng-hou, an inveterate smoker) or to show favour and indulgence. The close of the 6th moon (8th August) in the case of Yunnan-fu officials, and that of the 7th moon (7th September) for all other districts, remain the dates before which the opium habit must be abandoned. Those who have never acquired the habit or who have quitted it must, together with their supervising deputy, enter into bonds. Returns must be made, for civilians, by the Financial Commissioner; for students, by the Commissioner for Education; for officers in the Guards, the New Levies, or the old Green Standard, by their respective Commandants. Any attempt at fraud or concealment will be visited by dismissal from the service.\n\nAs regards putting a limit to cultivation, a necessary preliminary is a faithful return of the acreage under poppy. On his way to Yunnan-fu from Szechuan, the Governor-General noticed that the fields bearing the opium poppy far exceeded those planted with beans or wheat. The best lands were given up to this scourge; yet no one, official or private person, saw anything wrong in it. Returns must now, without fail, be furnished of the amount of land which in the present year has been devoted to the poppy, of the number of the cultivators, and of how it is proposed to deal with each case. Such returns are to be got ready within one month; any delay or carelessness will meet with severe punishment.\n\nSo far the Governor-General. The Financial Commissioner declares that, in conjunction with the Judicial Commissioner and with the approval of the late Governor-General Ting, he had long since issued circular instructions to the officials of Yunnan Province to register within a month, and to abandon opium-smoking within six months. He had further directed them to furnish complete returns of all lands under opium, specifying acreage, ownership, and quality. \"Much time has since elapsed,\" the Commissioner continues, \"and the body of civil officials has not come to this yamên to report. Those who have presented themselves have affirmed either that they did not smoke or had abandoned the habit, while very few indeed confessed to the vice. There must, it is much to be feared, have been prevarication, for superior officers cannot but be aware of the proclivities of their juniors. As regards the country districts, no reports from the Intendants, Prefects, or local Magistrates have reached the Governor-General or the Financial Commissioner.\" Strict orders are now given for returns to be sent in to the Commissioner's yamên, for Yünnan-fu officials, by the end of the 6th moon (8th August), and for all others in the province, by the end of the 7th moon (7th September).\n\nMeanwhile, on the 19th July, was founded at Yünnan-fu an Anti-Opium Bureau (\"Yunnan tung-sheng chin-yen tsung-chu\"), the objects and powers of which were set forth in a Notification appearing in the \"Gazette\" for the 5th July.\n\nThe Notification begins by citing instructions issued by Governor-General Hsi. These commence with the usual denunciations of the drug, whose evils are especially conspicuous in Yunnan Province. The Governor-General established for his last government of Szechuan, in 1906, an Anti-Opium Bureau at Ch'engtu, under the direction of his Council, and now gives orders for a similar establishment at Yunnan-fu. Employment in the Bureau is to be honorary, so as to save expense. The Bureau is to serve as a model for others to be from time to time set up in the Prefectures, Departments, and districts.\n\nThe Governor-General's exordium is followed by the Regulations, or rather by some of them. Regulations 1-4, which apparently deal with the constitution of the Bureau and its personnel, are not published. The rest may be summarized thus:\n\n## Regulations\n\n| Regulation | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| **5** | (1.) Local officials and police are to ascertain how many men and women, and of what ages, in Yunnan-fu and its suburbs smoke opium. A return must be made within one month. Smokers will either apply to the Bureau for a remedy or will buy elsewhere one approved by the Bureau. The more able-bodied must abandon smoking within six months; the old and feeble within one year. |\n|  | (2.) Similar returns for the country districts will be made by the trainband captains (\"tuan-chang\"), who will be responsible in case of fraud. |\n|  | (3.) Each shop purveying prepared opium in the city must be noted by the police, and the proprietor must within half a month procure from the Bureau a licence, good for one year, after which the business must cease. Selling without a licence will be treated as a crime. |\n|  | (4.) Remedies cannot be sold until they have been tested by the Bureau and a certificate of efficiency issued. |\n|  | (5.) The Bureau will publish quarterly returns of the number of those who have been cured of the craving. |\n| **6** | (1.) Smokers without families can stay at the Bureau for their cure, in a class of twenty and for a period of twenty days. The class complete, no more will be admitted; the period passed, all must go. Food will be provided by the Bureau at a cost of 5 candarins (say, 2d.) a-day. |\n|  | (2.) Those crowded out will have their names entered on a list, and will receive remedies daily. At the close of the time allowed for cure—six months or one year, as the case may be (see Regulation 5)—the patients will be medically examined. |\n| **7** | (1.) Officials. Civilians will be supervised by the Financial Commissioner; the military, by the Ying-wu Chu (Military Secretariat). Each smoker's record of service will be sent to the Bureau. The time limit fixed by the Notification of the 1st moon (February), viz., the 8th August, will be extended to the end of the 8th moon (6th October), by which time all officials must have abandoned the habit, under pain of dismissal if less than 60 years of age or of forced retirement if over 60. Meanwhile, lists must be drawn up and sent in within ten days (that is, apparently, by the 29th July). |\n|  | (2.) The scholastic and mercantile classes will be supervised by the Commissioner for Education and the Guilds respectively. Lists are to be submitted within one month; the habit must be abandoned within six months. Failure will entail ineligibility for appointment to a school or for freedom to set up in business. |\n|  | (3.) Petty traders will be dealt with after the suppression of the opium dens. Within six months from the latter date, any trader who smokes will be compelled to close his shop. |\n| **8** | (1.) Farmers around Yunnan-fu. The Home Magistrate will order the militia and gentry to make returns similar to those for the land-tax, setting out how A has this year sown with poppy a mou, which should produce y oz. of opium. The Magistrate will issue a notification exhorting people to sow less each year. After three years, none is to be sown. Similar action to be taken in other districts. |\n|  | (2.) The first year will be one for exhortation; the second, for zealous prohibition; the third, for recourse to force. |\n|  | (3.) The manufacture of opium utensils, whether at Yünnan-fu or elsewhere, is forbidden and must stop within six months. By the 8th August, manufacturers must close their establishments; after which, all these things will become contraband and be liable to seizure and destruction. |\n| **9** | (1.) If, in the country districts, any one succeeds in starting an Association and, within six months, in eradicating the opium vice, the Bureau will recommend him to the Governor-General for a reward. |\n|  | (2.) Any one contravening the Regulations of the Bureau will be liable to punishment. |\n\nIt will be noticed that instead of allowing ten years for the suppression of planting, as the ten proposals (Article 1) had suggested, Hsi Chih-t-ai announces that cultivation must cease within three years. It may be useful to draw up, from the above Regulations, a calendar of prohibitions:\n\n## Calendar of Prohibitions\n\n| Date | Prohibition |\n| --- | --- |\n| July 25, 1907 | Opium shops to take out licence |\n| July 29 | Return of smokers (officials) |\n| August 8 | Manufacture and sale of opium utensils to cease |\n| August 8 | Opium dens to be closed |\n| August 18 | Return of smokers (non-officials) |\n| October 6 | Smoking to cease (officials) |\n| October 16 | Quarterly return of cures |\n| October 16 | Return of acreage under poppy |\n| January 13, 1908 | Smoking to cease (non-officials, able-bodied) |\n| April 6 | Smoking to cease (petty traders) |\n| July 13, 1908 | Smoking to cease (non-officials, weaklings) |\n| July 19, 1908 | Sale of opium forbidden |\n| July 1910 | Cultivation of poppy stopped |\n\n307",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## CONFIDENTIAL\n\n### China Trade\n\nNo. 1.\n\n339\n\n[October 21.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n**Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received October 21.) (No. 421.)**\n\nPeking, September 3, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith a Report upon the Province of Shan-hsi by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira, Military Attaché to this Legation.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n#### Inclosure in No. 1.\n\n**No. 44.-Report respecting a Journey in Shan-hsi (July 22 to August 18, 1907), by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira.**\n\n(Confidential.)\n\n1. The Journey.-I proceeded by train from Peking as far as Shou-yang Hsien, in Eastern Shan-hsi, taking the new Shan-hsi Railway from Chen-t'ou, a few miles south of Cheng-ting Fu, in Chih-li. From Shou-yang Hsien I proceeded by the usual uncomfortable methods of native transport to T'ai-yüan Fu, where I stayed five days, and then, proceeding northwards to Ta-t'ung Fu, I returned to Peking by Kalgan.\n\n2. Tai-yüan Fu--On my arrival in the capital, I found the officials inclined to view my arrival with anxiety, and I believe they were under the impression that I had come to discuss the affairs of the Peking Syndicate. However, as soon as they found that I had come simply to inspect their somewhat primitive military institutions, they appeared to be very much relieved, and readily gave me permission and assistance to visit everything I wanted to see.\n\nI am informed on good authority in Peking that there is not an undue proportion of Manchu officials in China, and outside T'ai-yüan Fu I found that the Magistrates in every city I passed through were Chinese, but in the capital itself the Manchu element was predominant among the higher officials, and the following belonged to that alien race, viz. :-\n\n| Official Position        | Name        | Description                                  |\n|-------------------------|-------------|----------------------------------------------|\n| The Governor            | En-shon     | reported to be well disposed, but timid and of a weak character |\n| The Treasurer           | Pao-fen     |                                              |\n| The Acting Judge        | Chih-lin    | and Head of the local Foreign Office, a young man of 30 |\n| The Director of Education | Hsi-ku      |                                              |\n\n3. Feeling in the Province.-I everywhere found the people perfectly harmless and friendly. Mr. Sowerby, the senior baptist missionary, and the only one present at the time in the city, told me that everything was perfectly quiet, and that the animosity aroused by the action of the Peking Syndicate had quite died out. He said that last year, when the agitation was on, the movement was headed by Chinese students in Japan, and their action stirred up the students in the T'ai-yüan Fu University, who openly accused the Manchus of truckling to the foreigners, and talked of destroying the Manchu Settlement (a mud-walled inclosure containing some 1,500 Manchus) inside the city.\n\nThe Governor sent soldiers to the scene of the disturbance and threatened to fire on the students, but they defied him, and it was only with great difficulty, and at the intercession of the Provincial Judge (Ting-pao-ch'uan), that quiet was restored.\n\nMr. Sowerby was of opinion that the people are now satisfied that the Syndicate claims will no longer be pushed, but he thinks that if they are pressed very serious results will follow.\n\nIn 1901 I accompanied a party of missionaries to Tai-yuan Fu on the termination of the Boxer movement, and they stated that, until the advent of the notorious Yu Hsien as Governor, the Shan-hsi people were amongst the least anti-foreign of the Chinese population.\n\nPage 339\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\n2\n\nthis territory. I am not in a position to deny categorically that such is the case, but I have to confess my inability so far to obtain any tangible proof of it. There is of course the question of railway freights, the preferential nature of which the Japanese deny, but these rates, whether justifiable or not, are directed against a port, Newchwang, and not against foreigners generally.\n\nEarly in the spring I was assured by a foreign merchant here that he had seen at Harbin a freight receipt for certain goods transported from that town, via Mukden, through the Mitsui Bussan Company's agents, and that the rate the Mitsui Bussan charged was a much lower one than any his own firm could obtain from the railway authorities. A copy of this receipt he promised to obtain for me; but he has never succeeded in doing so, and I am consequently quite unable to put any reliance in the correctness of his assertion. It is this habit of indiscriminate accusation without valid proof in support which seems to me regrettable, and I do not understand why, if, as is asserted, a policy of discrimination really exists, foreign merchants are not at greater pains to secure proof of its existence. As far as my experience goes, I can recall only one instance of a foreign firm being, to my own knowledge, unfairly treated.\n\nThis was the Manchurian Trading Company, a concern registered locally as Japanese. The Managing Director of the `Dairen` branch, a British subject, applied to the local authorities for the lease of a piece of land for business purposes.\n\nAfter protracted delay a site was assigned him, and he was requested to furnish plans of the buildings he proposed to erect. To this he replied that, in view of the very uncertain nature of the tenure possible under the Land Regulations in force, it was not his intention to invest at the moment more capital in his land than was necessary for the construction of an ordinary warehouse. The Japanese at once retorted with a demand that he should build a house or offices of the value of 20,000 yen at least, and on his refusing to do this they promptly cancelled his lease. Such action was not only high-handed but inequitable, because no such conditions are to my knowledge imposed on Japanese, and the number of buildings on which that amount has been spent might almost be counted on the fingers of one hand.\n\nIt is possible, too, that some understanding exists between the Railway Company and the Mitsui Bussan Kwaisha, who are by far the most important traders here, on the subject of a preferential rate when large quantities of the latter's goods are transported over the line; but, if so, no proof of it has yet come to light.\n\nAll that can be said on the subject of this policy of discrimination is that no proof of its existence is yet forthcoming, and I am of opinion also that this system of accusation absolutely unsupported by proof is calculated in the long run seriously to prejudice the cause of the accusers.\n\nI have, &c.  \n(Signed) HAROLD G. PARLETT.\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n`[34668]`",
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        "content_text": "## Inclosure 2 in No. 1, July 11-21, 1907\n\n### LIST of Chinese Troops on or near the Peking-Shanhaikuan Railway Line\n\n| Date of Arrival | Place | Number of Men | Detail |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | Pei-tai-ho | 5 | Of the 2nd cavalry regiment of the 2nd Division of the Lu Chun, detached from Fu-ning Hsien. Armed with Mauser carbines |\n| November 1906 | Tang-ho | 100 | Of the 2nd cavalry ying of the Hua Chun, under Captain Ting, at Hai-yang, 2 miles north of Tang-ho. Armed with Mauser carbines |\n| November 1906 | Shanhaikuan | 20 | Of the 3rd ying of the Huni Chun, under Colonel Wang. Armed with Mausers |\n| 30 June 1907 | Lu-t'ai | 30 | Of the 5th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Second Lieutenant Tuan. Armed with Mausers |\n|  | Total | 100 |  |\n|  |  | 1,035 |  |\n\nThe above Huai Chun troops are all of the Le-tzu brigade of the Huai Chun, except those at Ta-ku, who are of the I-tzu brigade. The Le-tzu brigade is commanded by Brigadier-General Lei, who lives at Chang-li, the I-tzu brigade by Brigadier-General Fan, who lives at Hsin-ch'eng, 12 miles east of Tien-tsin.\n\nThe Huai Chun are badly trained and badly disciplined, but they are soldiers, not policemen. A police force, quite separate from the Huai Chun, also armed with rifles, which they carry at night, exists at all the railway stations and at all the principal towns along the line.\n\nIt will be noticed that, of the total of 1,035 men on or near the line, 350 were new arrivals in June 1907. These 350 men have been taken from the 5th infantry ying at Han-liu-shu, near Tien-tsin, and from the 6th infantry ying at Kou-pang-tzu, in Manchuria.\n\nThe only troops of the Lu-chun are the five men at Pei-tai-ho.\n\n(Signed) H. K. DAVIES, Major, General Staff, North China Command\n\n### Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n| Date of Arrival | Place | Number of Men | Detail |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| June 1907 | Yang-ts'un | 100 | Of the 6th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Captain Wu. Armed with Mannlichers |\n| 1904 | Ta-ku | 200 | Of the 3rd infantry ying of the I-tzu Huai Chun, under Captain Tsao, in Hai Ta-ku (Western Ta-ku) |\n| 1904 | Ta-ku | 200 | Of the 4th infantry ying of the I-tzu Huai Chun, under Captain Hsia, in Tung Ta-ku (Eastern Ta-ku) |\n| June 1907 | Tang-fang | 45 | Of the 5th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Lieutenant Chang. Armed with Mannlichers |\n| June 1907 | Wang-lien-chuang | 77 | Of the 6th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Lieutenant Fan. Armed with Mannlichers |\n|  | Tang-fang | 30 | Of the 6th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, ander Lieutenant Fan, at Wang-lien-chuang, 2 miles south-east of Tang-fang. Armed with Mannlichers |\n|  | T'ang-shan | 25 |  |\n|  | K'ai-ping | 10 | Of the 3rd infantry ying of the Huai Chun. Armed with Mausers |\n|  | Ku-yeh | 40 | Of the 5th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Lieutenant Yang. Armed with Mannlichers |\n|  | Lan-chou | 40 | Of the 5th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Lieutenant Wang. Armed with Mannlichers |\n|  | Chang-li | 80 | Of the 1st infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Brigadier-General Lei, who lives here, and commands the whole of the Le-tzu Huai Chun. Armed with Mausers |\n| 1906 | Chang-li | 40 | Of the 2nd infantry ying of the Huai Chun. Armed with Mausers |\n|  | Liu-shou-ying | 10 | Of the 5th infantry ying of the Huai Chun, under Lieutenant Tang, in Chang-chuang, 1 mile north-west of Liu-shou-ying. Armed with Mausers |\n|  | An-shan.. | 30 |  |\n\n### Clause 6 of Report by the Commanders of the Allied Forces, dated April 12, 1902\n\n**LES GARNISONS CHINOISES** qui sont actuellement à moins de 30 kilomètres de la voie ferrée de Pékin-Tong-kou-Chan-hai-kouan ne devront être augmentées en aucune circonstance. Le Gouvernement Chinois en fera connaître les emplacements et les effectifs à la date du 1o Avril.\n\nCertified true copy:  \nH. K. DAVIES, Major, General Staff, North China Command\n\n## Sir J. Jordan to General Waters\n\nPeking, August 17, 1907.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch of the 13th instant, in which you quote a clause from the terms laid down in 1902 by the Allied Commanders in connection with the handing over of the native city of Tien-tsin, to the effect that the Chinese garrisons within less than 18 miles of the Peking-Shanhaikuan Railway were under no circumstances to be increased, and state that it has recently come to your knowledge that small bodies of Chinese troops have been stationed since 1904 at thirteen different points close to the railway, the total number now being 1,035, 350 of whom had arrived since June last.\n\nYou add that there is no record in your office to show that the terms formulated by the Commanders were communicated to or accepted by the Chinese Government.\n\nIn reply, I have the honour to inform you that, so far as I can ascertain, the",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n4\n\nThe Corporation and its agents are entitled to commissions and payments for services rendered in respect to this railway, and in their quality of trustees for the bondholders, for whom they will be empowered to act in all questions arising out of the Agreement, and it is to be in commutation of all such commissions and payments that the Corporation will manufacture where these are of equal price and quality.\n\n12. The Corporation may, subject to all its obligations, transfer or delegate all or any of its rights, powers, and discretions to its successors or assigns, but it shall not transfer its rights under the Agreement to any other nation or nationality than British or Chinese.\n\n13. The Agreement will be signed under the authority of an Imperial Edict officially communicated to the British Minister in Peking by the Wai-wu Pu.\n\n14. The Agreement will be signed in English and Chinese; in the event of any question arising as to the interpretation of the contract, the English text will be accepted as the standard.\n\nPeking, August 26, 1907.\n\n## CHINA RAILWAYS\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n[34668]\n\n(No. 421.)\n\n## No. 1\n\n411\n\n[October 21.]\n\n### SECTION 3\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey - (Received October 21.)\n\nSir,\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith Report upon the Province of Shan-hsi by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira, Military Attaché to this Legation, dated Peking, September 3, 1907.\n\nI have, &c.\n(Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n### Inclosure in No. 1\n\n#### Report by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira respecting the Shan-hsi Railway\n\nThis railway runs from Chen-t'ou, about 9 miles (30 li) south of Cheng-ting-fu. The line is worked by French engineers, whilst the Chinese employés (station-masters, ticket collectors, engine drivers, &c.) are mostly from Fu-chieh Province, or Western Chih-li, who have been on the Ching-han Railway.\n\nOne French Superintendent travels on the passenger trains. At present, two passenger trains run each way daily between Chen-t'ou and Shou-yang Hsien, and also between Shou-yang Hsien and Tung-chao-chuang, 39 kilom. (24 miles) from Tai-yüan-fu, the present terminus of the line. Two or three coal trains also run daily each way according to requirements. The line is single, and 1 metre gauge.\n\nLeaving Peking at 7 A.M. by the Ching-han Railway, Chen-t'ou is reached at 1:45 P.M. It is about 100 yards from this station to the station of the Shan-hsi line. The train was supposed to leave at 2:15 P.M. I inclose actual times of departure and arrival of my train.\n\nN.B. - Right and left mean north and south of line.\n\nPage 2691 x-31",
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        "page_number": 415,
        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## TABLE respecting Arrival and Departure of Train, &c.\n\n| Station | Kilometres from Chen-t'ou | Arrive | Depart |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cheng-chia-tung | 6.9 |  |  |\n|  | 8 |  |  |\n|  | 11.9 |  |  |\n|  | 18.6 |  |  |\n| Chia-p'an-shih | 31 | 4.15 | 4.20 |\n|  | 36.2 | 4.31 |  |\n|  |  | 4.43 | 4.46 |\n|  | 68.7 |  |  |\n| Yen-hui | 61.9 | 5.10 | 5.28 |\n| Luan-chiu | 79.9 | 6.50 | 6.54 |\n|  | 86.4 | 7.13 | 7.26 |\n|  |  | 7.41 | 7.56 |\n|  | 91 | 8.12 | 8.18 |\n|  |  | 8.34 | 8.35 |\n| Cha-hsi-yi | 98.3 |  |  |\n|  | 115 |  |  |\n| Pei-yang-shu | 121 |  |  |\n| Yen-chuang | 128 |  |  |\n| Tsai-yü | 135 |  |  |\n| Pio-tiou | 141 |  |  |\n|  | 151 |  |  |\n|  | 169 |  |  |\n|  | 177 |  |  |\n|  | 186 |  |  |\n|  | 194 |  |  |\n|  | 203 |  |  |\n| Shou-yang Hsien |  | 8.54 | 09.8 |\n| Ko-chuang |  | 9.45 |  |\n| San-hu |  |  |  |\n| Cha-hai-yi |  |  |  |\n| Ching-chuang |  |  |  |\n| Liu-chia-chuang |  |  |  |\n| Tuan-ting |  |  |  |\n| Tung-chao-chuang |  |  |  |\n\n## Notes\n\nA good stone building for station. An engine-house. Go across plain, starting north-west. Passed truck train. Enter hills, gradual ascent. Loess country.\n\nLater pass a small tunnel. Later cross girder bridge supported by one stone pier. River on right. Below a small coal-trolley line to the mines, which crosses the Wei-shui Ho by a wooden bridge on seven piers.\n\nJust before reaching it, cross two girder bridges without pier supports. Here passed coal train of seven tracks. River on right; soon leave. Now pass through many cuttings, some of rock, some of loess, standing without support or banked with mud. Mud-walled city 200 yards to right, across river. Then through a tunnel and across river by a girder bridge. It is crossed by two or three fords about here, but at present very low. Country wilder; through rock cuttings.\n\nPassed passenger train. Now more loess terraces among hills. Cross river by girder bridge on four piers and five arches just before Niang-tzu-kuan.\n\nJust before station, a piece of now wall, 50 yards long with some old mud mounds, marks line of Great Wall separating provinces. The Ku-kuan (pass) is 74 miles (25 li) to the south. Leaving station, cross stone bridge with one pier and four arches.\n\nNow dry stone river bed on right. Less loess; wild country. More cuttings. Later four tunnels and a bridge over river bed.\n\nCountry with some loess terraces; hills. Two tunnels. Water tower being built. Pass three small and one big tunnel.\n\nA tunnel and a girder bridge. Up valley between hills. River bed or on right. Several houses for bridgos over tributaries. Village called Sa-chiang-kon. It is the station for Ping-ting. Chou 6 miles (20 li) to south-west.\n\nA train leaves Shou-yang Hsien about 2:80 p.m., and reaches Tung-chao-chuang about 5:2 p.m. Water tower being built. Station under construction.\n\nVillage called Chiu-chia. Stone bridge over tributary. Some loess terraces. An engine-house under construction. Station 1 mile to south-east of city.\n\n## Notes\n\nSidings 100 yards to 150 yards long. Water towers with stone basements. Engines small and marked \"Anciens Établissements Cail, Denain, France, 1906.” Chinese drivers and stokers. Our train consisted of one composite, first and second class (first class with four seats and arm-rests; second class, two compartments each; could hold eight passengers, but it would only hold six soldiers). Seats of both classes of leather. Light luggage racks and oil lamps. Lavatories attached. Corridor passages.\n\nThere were three third-class corridor carriages, each could hold forty-six Chinese, rather tightly packed on wooden benches. Also three closed and two open vans. Each van carries 20 tons.\n\nFares (Chen-t'ou to Shou-yang Hsien). First class, 10 dol. 40 c.; second class, 5 dol. 20 c.; third class, 2 dol. 60 c. Hong Kong dollars are taken, Mexican dollars are only accepted as 90 cents. No charge for my baggage. As nobody in charge of luggage van, one's boy has to travel in it. No restaurant arrangements.\n\nRailway Stations all of stone, large buildings at Ch'en-t'ou, other stations quite small. Platforms about 6 inches to 9 inches above line.\n\nRails: One, made 33 feet long (probably 10 metres), fastened at each end to fish-plates by two bolts, and to each sleeper by one bolt. Line ballasted with stone. On the whole, it runs smoothly, except from Cha-hsi-yi to Shou-yang Hsien, where it shakes a good deal.\n\nTelegraph alongside line and two strands of wire.\n\nLine very winding, running up among loess hills. As little or no rain had fallen, I found loess terraces very bare, but in valleys near rivers, it was greener.\n\nThe line is guarded on Chih-li side by a few of the Lien Chun of Chen-ting-fu, armed with batons. They look to be of all ages and effete.\n\nTime-Table: There is as yet no regular time-table; they gave me a copy of the temporary one, in which the stations were only marked by the first letter of each word. The stations are, of course, all written according to the French transliteration, and it is necessary to see the character, or get the Chinese to pronounce them, before being able to transliterate them. Names of stations written up in large letters on either side of each station.\n\nLine at Shou-yang Hsien guarded by some Shan-hsi cavalry (\"Ma-san-tui\") of the provincial troops (\"Hsün-fang-tui\") armed with tower muskets. The railway embankment has been completed to Tai-yuan-fu. It runs close to the road from Cheng-ts'un (6 miles south-east of T'ai-yuan-fu), and about 200 yards to the west of it, crossing road about a mile from city. Embankment near Cheng-ts'un 8 feet to 10 feet high and 5 yards wide at top. Culverts faced with stone, but not yet bridged. Terminus will be 100 yards to south-east of New South Gate (eastern of the two south gates), and the station is under construction. It is expected the line will be open about the 20th September, 1907. The delay was caused by the Han-yang Ironworks not being able to supply rails, which are now coming from Europe.\n\n**(Signed) G. PEREIRA, Military Attaché.**\n\nTai-yüan-fu, July 27, 1907.\n\nP.51.",
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        "title": "CO129-345 - Public Offices & Foreign Office - 1907",
        "content_text": "## them. \nIt was originally stated that the arsenal would be shut down, but recently, owing, it is said, to repeated attempts on the part of Japanese to lease it, the Viceroy has decided to keep it open under the superintendence of the French-trained native officers.\n\nThe arsenal was founded in 1868 under the direction of two French officers, with a staff of some thirty officers and overseers, who remained until 1872, when the Chinese engineers who had been trained under their supervision took entire charge. French engineers were again employed from 1875 to 1878, and from time to time up to 1897 foreign-trained native engineers were in charge. It was during this latter period that the dock at Pagoda Island was constructed, it having been commenced in 1887. In 1897 French officers again took charge.\n\nThe position of the arsenal was at the time of its foundation excellent; vessels could easily go alongside the wharf, and there was deep water and good anchorage in the stream immediately opposite the frontage. Unfortunately, however, the barrier, laid down during the war with France in 1884, between Foochow and Pagoda has completely altered the course of the river, and caused the arsenal frontage to silt up. If the removal of this barrier would result in the river resuming its former course, there would be a great improvement, not only to the arsenal and dock entrance, but also to navigation in general.\n\nOwing to the absurdly high prices asked by the Chinese land-owners, it was impossible to obtain land necessary to build the dock in the immediate vicinity of the arsenal, and the authorities were compelled to find a site further down the river, and at some little distance from the arsenal itself. A site was eventually obtained at Pagoda Island, and there in 1887 was constructed a dock capable of taking in the cruisers--- 2,200 tons---which were projected in that year. The entrance to the dock remained free for some ten years, when a sand-bank, which now seriously obstructs the approach, commenced to form. This bank could easily be dredged away, and, as there is a current of nearly 4 knots at that point, little labour would be required after the first dredging to keep the entrance quite clear.\n\nThe arsenal proper has a river frontage of about 500 metres, and a depth of about the same measurement. It contains three building slips, a crane capable of lifting 40 tons weight, a \"Labat\" patent slip, 90 metres in length, for vessels up to 1,000 tons, and coal depôt. Behind the slips are the workshops, and behind the coal depôt the foundry, electric light plant, and the general store. Outside the arsenal compound there are workmen's houses, the English and French school buildings, and the Chinese Director's yamên.\n\nForty steam-vessels have been built, four of which were over 2,000 tons displacement. These were constructed, machinery included, entirely at the arsenal by their own workmen.\n\nThe French school was intended for the training of constructing engineers, while the English school was for the instruction of naval officers.\n\nA large number of overseers and petty officers also received their training in these schools. But owing to lack of funds the buildings have fallen into disrepair, and the schools are practically empty, so that in order to bring the arsenal back to anything approaching its former degree of usefulness, complete reorganization and liberal expenditure of money is now necessary.\n\nThe position of the arsenal has of late years been severely criticized, but it must not be forgotten that the present condition of its water frontage, as also the entrance to the dock, is entirely due to the Kusban barrier; and it is not unreasonable to surmise that the abolition of this obstruction would remove, or at any rate modify, the rapidly growing sand-banks in the vicinity, especially at the arsenal frontage, where, before the laying down of the Kushan barrier, it had become necessary to protect the bank from encroachment by the river.\n\nPeking!\n\nThe following extracts on various subjects from native newspapers may be of interest:\n\nAugust 25.-\"The Ministers of the Revenue Council propose placing foreign custom-houses at Su-lo Fu (Kashgar) and Ili Fu (Kuldja) in Hsinchiang, with Chinese and foreign officers in charge of them. They are also negotiating with the Russians a Tariff suitable to the trade conditions of the frontier.\"\n\nAugust 25.-\"The Li Fan Pu intends to devote strenuous efforts to the formation of a Mongolian army. A Memorial will shortly be sent to the Throne on the subject.\"\n\n## \nAugust 23.-\"The Government is considering a vigorous effort to suppress the custom of foot-binding, by reducing women with bound feet to the level of the non-respectable classes, so that they cannot share in any honours or titles conferred upon their husbands or sons.\"\n\nCurrency. August 23.-\" A Committee of Princes and Ministers has been meeting in the Grand Secretariat to consider the currency question, and it has been decided to adopt Professor Jenks' proposal for a gold basis, and to prohibit the import of foreign coins and notes, or the unofficial printing or making of notes, so as to secure uniformity.\"\n\nTaku Forts. August 26.—“ A proposal has been made to obtain the consent of the Powers to the rebuilding of the forts at Taku, which form the gate of Peking.\"\n\nManœuvres. September 1.-\" Owing to the disturbed state of the Yang-tsze region, there will be no autumn manoeuvres this year.\"\n\nRailway Construction in Chinese Turkestan. September 9.—“ A Russian merchant has proposed the joint undertaking of railway construction in Ili and Hsinching. The Wai-wu Pu has refused, and the Yu-chuan Pu has sent telegrams to the Governor of Ili urging him to find money without delay to undertake it himself and anticipate the foreigners, and also to consider the opening of trade marts as a safeguard to the rights of China,\"\n\nPolitical Situation. September 11.-\" The dispatch of Commissioners to England, Japan, and Germany to study the Constitutions of those countries is due to the advice of Yuan Shih-k'ai, who has also sent up a Memorial containing detailed proposals on constitutional government in ten Articles.\"\n\n\"It is also said that Wang Ta-hsieh and Yu Shih-mei were appointed to these Commissions in order to get them out of the way, Wang being a friend of C'hu Hung-chi and Yu Shih-mei having been a protégé of Ts'en Ch'un-hsuan.\"\n\nAnd the same paper on the same day stated that: \"The Government is thinking of bringing back Tang Shao-yi to the Wai-wu Pu.\"\n\nPeking-Hankow Railway. September 13.-\" Yuan Shih-k'ai is reviving the question of redeeming the Peking-Hankow Railway, and is resolved to bring it to a successful issue. Instructions have been given to Yang Shih-ci, on his mission to the South Sea ports, to collect money for this purpose from the Chinese communities.\"\n\nOn the 18th September a paper stated that: \"On the 10th September the Director-General of the Peking-Hankow Railway waited upon Yuan Shih-k'ai to confer on the subject of the redemption of the railway, which he has been deputed to propose to the Company. One of the Yuchuan Board says that it may possibly be brought about this year, as the Government is very pressing in the matter.\"\n\nDalai Lama,\n\nSeptember 18.-\"The Dalai Lama has again petitioned through the Grand Council for leave to return to Thibet. The Rescript to the Council's Memorial directed that for the present he should not return.”\n\nGermans in Shantung. September 18.\" Agreements have been signed for German Mining Concessions at five places in Shantung.\"\n\nSeptember 25.-\"The Germans have sent fifty German students to travel in Shantung, and have engaged expectant officials to show them the topography, the trend of the hills, the watersheds, &c., of which they are to make plans. The object of the expedition is not apparent, and the Chinese Government feels much suspicion, It is intended to address the German Minister on the subject, and ask for the recall of the students.\"\n\nPolitical Situation. September 18-Chang Chih-tung has been having audiences on consecutive days, to which only he himself was admitted, and at which the matters spoken of are kept so secret that they are not even confided to Prince Ch'ing and the other members of the Grand Council.”\n\nPeking-Kalgan Railway.-Great activity is being shown along the whole section under construction from Nankow to the top of the pass, and a great number of workmen are employed. They sleep in small mat sheds erected among the boulders by the side of the stream, and appear to work from early morning till late at night. I have the honour to report the following on the authority of the Chinese Engineer-in-chief' :-----\n\nThree miles of rails have been already laid inside the valley from Nankow. As regards the tunnels, two have been completed, the third (1,200 feet long) has been driven through, as also two-thirds of the fourth (3,450 feet long). The rails are not laid as yet through any of the tunnels. Work has already been begun at the north side of the pass, and about two-thirds of the earthwork to Huailai is finished. The line is to be opened to traffic as soon as the rails reach Huailai. The Engineer-in-chief\n\nPage 521",
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        "content_text": "## deliberations. After he had sent in over a score of Memorials, he got the whole eighteen-Article Treaty of Ch'ung-hou abrogated.\n\n[Editorial Note—At the time there was not one of the Court who understood the conduct of foreign relations; the study of foreign business by the Peking officers started from this incident.\n\nWhen Chung-hou was going to Russia to negotiate the Treaty, [Chang] had, on behalf of another, presented a request that Ch'ung-hou be ordered to pay a visit first to Tso Tsung-tang in the New Dominion and, investigating the conditions there, devise a suitable scheme so as to avoid blundering from ignorance. The Court's refusal of the suggestion led to the danger of Ch'ung-hou's unauthorized eighteen Articles.]\n\n## 15. When in Shansi he obtained the removal of the embargo on the export of Tsê chou, Lu-chiêng, Ping-yang, and Yu-hsien iron-ware because at the time foreign iron swamped the provinces, while native iron under the old law could not leave the country.\n\n22. In Canton he started the idea of relieving the pressure of the French blockade of Formosa by an attack on Tonkin, and of enlisting Black Flag Liu Yung-fu under Government. The scheme being approved, he arranged for an invasion in three columns, and supplied funds and arms to Yüunan, Kuangsi and Generals Liu and Tang, as well as to Formosa, viz., 2,000,000 taels each to the two provinces, and 400,000 taels each to Formosa and the two Generals.\n\n23. The French attacked Tonkin briskly, and on the collapse of its armies Kuangsi was invaded, causing panic in the Two Kuang and the abandonment of Lungchow by the Kuangsi military and civil authorities. He specially requested despatch of General Fêng Tzu-ts'ai and Brigadier Wang-Hsiao-ch'i's armies to succour Kuangsi. These occupied the Kuan-chien defile inside the Chên-nan Pass, and after two days and nights' stubborn fighting succeeded in routing the foe and recovering Langson—a victory greater than ever was known during the several centuries of China's intercourse with the West. The Powers presented congratulations to the Tsung-li Yamên; the French were much afraid, and daily sent urgent telegrams asking for peace, while the French President Jules Ferry was promptly driven from office. [Chang] sent seven telegraphic memorials strongly urging some delay, but in vain. The Yamen and the Northern Superintendency defined boundaries and came to terms with the French.\n\n## 36. At Canton he started licences for prepared opium shops; at Wuchang he started the system of simultaneously collecting raw and prepared drug taxes for the four provinces, Hupei, Yunnan, Kiangsi and Anhui, which provided Hupei's indemnity fund, and saved a heavy yearly charge on the people. The Board of Revenue, on pretext that Hupei's share was too great, took over the control, causing a loss to Hupei of over 1,000,000 a-year, while the Board got a sudden big accession of funds.\n\n37. At Canton he started coining dollars with an annual profit of over 300,000 dollars. This was the beginning of China's silver coinage.\n\n[Note. Earlier Lin Tse-hsu's similar proposal was stopped by evil tongues.]\n\n38. Macao is a thorn in Kuangtung's flesh. After the increase in opium taxation, the Yamen, in hope of getting Macao's support, went out of its way to tempt Macao and changed part of old Treaty. Macao's increasing prosperity led to several requests for extension, which were refused, and the Macao Sub-Prefect stationed at the chief pass from Macao into interior; the boundary was kept strictly, and military guards maintained to stop any encroachment.\n\n39. While he was at Canton the new system of collecting duty and li-kin together on foreign opium started, and Hart wanted to place a lot of revenue cruisers on the coast, all to be under his control, and to be for coast defence also. His object in thus getting the whole control of the coast defence was hard to fathom, but by a vigorous report against the plan it was stopped.\n\n40. While he was at Canton he promptly suppressed cassia stores opened unauthorizedly by foreigners at Lo Ting-chou and rejected the compromise proposed by the Yamên. While he was at Wuchang he succeeded in stopping the forcible appropriation of Chu-shan copper mine by foreigners, in which his predecessor had acquiesced. There have been abundance of other similar instances of his vigorous maintenance of rights in all sorts of industrial and trade matters.\n\n43. When he was at Canton, as men-of-war were urgently needed, and the Board funds very short, he devised great yearly payments out of his 40 per cent of the military camp gambling fees and the salt fees, and built there six ships. In Fokien he also ordered ten ships, but when three had been delivered his successor stopped the order without recovering the money from Fokien.\n\n44. When he was at Canton he mooted the building of the Lu-han Railway and in 1885 of the Canton-Hankow line, the present traces of which are in accordance with his original memorials. He also mooted the Nanking-Shanghae Railway, and when he was at Nanking in 1893, perceiving that the completion of the Russian-Siberian Railway was a grave menace to Manchuria, he advised a line from Mukden to the frontier. The proposal was in detail and all ready for carrying out, but the Government, in its blindness, put it aside, and so came the calamity of Russian designs on the East.\n\n47. At present foreign cotton and yarn yearly cost China forty odd millions; so in Hupei he set up spinning and weaving, silk and hemp mills—four in all, taking most interest in the hemp, as this Chinese product, abundant and cheap, a native of provinces both north and south, provided the best means of enriching the people and stopping the drain. Silk and satin so woven were equal to silk products, its cloth the same as cotton cloth. This was the first hemp mill in China.\n\n49. As the purchase of Chinese hides to return from abroad in the shape of leather caused an incalculable drain, he set up a tannery which is now finished and producing.\n\n50. This article claims for him the arming with breech-loading cannon and remodelling of Kiangyin and Chinkiang forts, and says his project to fortify Woosung and Tsungming strongly was stopped by a certain President of the Board of Revenue. (Qy. Weng Trung-ho.)\n\n55. Claims that he supported a proposal to continue the roads to south of Shanghae, and established police so as, by cutting off foreign intrusion into Chinese bounds, to safeguard rights of administration and gain. The cost was to be repaid in a term of years out of the expenses of missions abroad. The Yamen agreed. Besides, in view of the constant extension by the Powers of Settlement roads, which implied policing and virtual absorption of the ground so covered, he asked leave to start a road at the terminus of each Settlement road to block their advance. The Yamên, in its blindness, shelved the suggestion, and so the Shanghae Settlements have gone on growing.\n\n57. In 1898 the English member of Parliament, ex-Admiral Beresford, came from Peking, the Yamên having got leave to bid him train for Hupei 2,000 Chinese and 1,000 Manchu troops. He pressed and fussed for many days on the strength of having a Rescript, but Chang steadily and firmly refused, and ignored a Yamên telegram which came to support Beresford.\n\n59. When Kang-yi was in power in 1898-9 he called on the Empire to carry out militia training, but Chang vigorously denounced its evil to the Throne, prophesying that if this proposal were carried out every mission in China would be wrecked and there would be great disorder. He persistently refused to comply, and the following year saw the Boxer trouble in Chihli and Shantung.\n\n60. At the start in 1900, when the Boxer trouble had passed only from Lai-shui to Ting-hsiang district (in Chihli), on the 1st June he telegraphed the Yamen to put them down firmly, and thereafter in that month he kept telegraphing to the Throne against the heretics and rebels, urging protection of the Legations, the suppression of all robbers, and the retention of the missions abroad. He also telegraphed alone to the various Foreign Offices and the foreign Admirals in China to join in a covenant to protect the south and east, not to attack the capital, not to frighten away the Court. Besides, he leagued together a dozen Viceroys and Governors to telegraph to the various Foreign Offices, and, in conjunction with Viceroy Liu concerted with the Shanghae Consuls an Agreement not to attack the Yang-tsze. When their Majesties took their westward tour, he insisted on the Powers holding back and not attacking Siangyang and Fanchiêng, thus keeping open a route for supplies from the south-east.\n\n61. In the middle of August 1900, when Peking was in extreme peril, he heard of their Majesties' purpose to go west. Li Hung-chang combined the high provincial authorities to do their best to prevent the move, and, without consulting, had telegraphed Shantung. [Chang] sent in the Memorial. Then only he telegraphed what he had done. Thereupon Chang sent an urgent telegram to Yuan Shih-k'ai pointing out how wrong the proposal was and how utterly impracticable. Hupei absolutely declined to join, and if the Memorial had gone, must present its views separately. Thereon Hupei was removed from the list. Luckily the proposal reached Peking when the district was in confusion, and did not get through till their Majesties had started; otherwise there is no saying what might have happened. Li also sent a combined request to their Majesties to stay in Shansi and not to go to Shensi; this request also Chang opposed.\n\n## Page 407",
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        "content_text": "12\n\nsliding down a couple of chutes. Chinese are noted for their frugality, and it rather surprised me to hear from the Japanese Consul-General that Japanese were able to compete successfully with the native retail shops. I have already made reference to this subject when dealing with Antung, A Commissioner of the Imperial Maritime Customs and a Chinese Postal Commissioner for Manchuria, both British, reside in Mukden; but no foreign custom-house has been opened, and the former simply acts as Adviser to the Native Customs Administration. The latter is busy establishing post-offices in the three provinces, and he informed me that he expected to have 150 in working order at the beginning of 1908. The Japanese have about forty offices.\n\nAs at Tairen, there is an experimental agricultural, botanic, and horticultural farm under Japanese superintendence, and afforestation and improved methods of agriculture and fruit growing are talked about.\n\nK'uan-ch'eng-tzu and Harbin.\n\nFrom Mukden I proceeded north to K'uan-ch'eng-tzu (Ch'ang-ch'un Fu), the great trade emporium of Northern Manchuria, and to Harbin, on the right bank of the Sungari, through which the Siberian Railway from Vladivostock passes on its way to Russia and Europe. Both places were opened as international marts by the Additional Agreement between Japan and Russia of 1905. There are through trains from Tairen to K'uan-ch'eng-tzu, which is the northern terminus of the South Manchurian Railway, and I had to be at Mukden Station at 11 A.M. on the 13th October to catch the train of that day. When day broke we had passed the cities of Tieh-ling, another of the marts, and K'ai-yüan, and were traversing the fertile slightly undulating plains of Western Manchuria. The crops were all harvested, and there was nothing to show that, while Southern Manchuria had yielded an unusually bounteous harvest, to the north of Kai-yuan a long-continued and disastrous drought had prevailed. Yet there was extraordinary business activity at the station of Ssu-p'ing-kai, which lies about 3 miles to the north-east of the important trade centre of Mai-mai-kai (Feng-hua Hsien). Bags of beans, piled in hundreds, lined a siding for at least half a-mile, and were ready to be loaded for the south. These beans had come from the collecting centre of Mai-mai-kai, which, previous to the introduction of railways, had sent its produce by cart to T'ung-chiang-tzu, another of the opened marts, on the Liao. What was taking place at Ssu-p'ing-kai occurs elsewhere, and fully explains the diminishing number of carts and bean-boats that now visit Newchwang. An important return cargo for the bean-boats was salt, but I noticed much of it now going inland by rail. The course of trade is rapidly changing, and, so far as the far interior is concerned, the railway is bound to win.\n\nUntil the dispute regarding the possession of the railway station at Kuan-ch'eng-tzu was arranged, the railheads of the Japanese and Russian lines were 7 miles apart, the Japanese terminus being the station of Meng-chia-t'un. The Japanese have now relaid their line to within a mile of the Russian station, and boundary-pillars of brick and plaster inscribed with the Chinese characters for \"Terminus of the South Manchurian Railway,\" have been erected in a row, two on each side of the line, midway between the two stations. The present Japanese station stands on a platform between lines of rails, and workmen were busy adjusting the mile of tracks between the two stations to facilitate the linking-up and inter-working of the two different railway systems. But the Japanese are doing much more. The city of Kuan-ch'eng-tzu, like Mukden, is from 2 to 3 miles east of the railway, and a branch line is being built from the station of Shih-li-pu, 3 miles north of the Meng-chia-t'un, to within a mile or so of the city, with its terminus at Tou-tao-kou, and from this terminus the construction of the K'uan-ch'eng-tzu-Kirin line will be commenced next year.\n\nThe\n\nIn connection with this branch line the Japanese are accused of a dastardly act. Wishing to acquire the land in the neighbourhood of T'ou-tao-kou, and between T'ou-tao-kou and the city, they approached the owners, who refused to sell. One morning the houses were a mass of smouldering ruins. An Englishman, an eye-witness of the ruins, was my informant. The Japanese are now in full possession. The Japanese station at Kuan-ch'eng-tzu, which was reached at 1:30 P.M. on the 14th, was a scene of bustle and business. Covered Chinese springless carts and Russian droskies—the only vehicles which can withstand these roads—jostled each other to secure passengers for the city, while carts were loading and unloading goods and passing between the two stations and between the stations and the city. Many evil-visaged Europeans stood in front of booths which served as restaurants, and I considered it advisable to at once transfer my baggage to the Russian railway station, whither I accompanied it on foot. By this time it was too late to visit the city, but as I remained two days there on my return from Harbin it may be well to describe my impressions of it here.\n\nPage 13\n\n453\n\nThe city of K'uan-ch'eng-tzu lies on a plain, and the flatness of the surrounding country prevents a good view of the city being obtained. The only foreign building in the town is a branch of the Russo-Chinese Bank, and with that ambition which distinguishes the Russian builder, it is provided with a couple of towers which rise to a height of 60 feet from the ground. By the kindness of the manager I was able to ascend one of these towers, whence I obtained an excellent panoramic view of the city. It is surrounded by a mud wall more or less complete, and measures some 4 miles from west to east and 2 miles from north to south. Its resident population is estimated at 80,000, but there is a considerable floating population, and when I visited the city in 1896 the total inhabitants were said to number 120,000. But all these figures are guesswork, and the population of Mukden, which was supposed to be large, has recently been cut down to less than 150,000. From the tower I looked down on a sea of flat-roofed houses with large walled compounds behind, the inns or caravan-serais where goods are stored pending sale and removal. Almost every compound contains a primitive bean-mill, where oil is extracted and bean-cakes manufactured. There are a few other industries, such as the manufacture of indigo and felt. The streets were crowded, and many of the shops were doing a miscellaneous business, furs of various kinds being prominently displayed owing to the approaching cold weather. I shall speak later of the insecurity to which trade, now showing signs of improving, has recently been exposed, and of the confusion resulting from the diversity of the currency. There are at present 8,000 Chinese troops in and around the city. Its cart traffic with the north and east is still large, in spite of the Chinese Eastern Railway, which should be the natural transport channel, but the freight from K'uan-ch'eng-tzu to Harbin and thence south-east is so heavy that carts can still successfully compete in the north of Manchuria, and I was informed that 10,000 cases of kerosene oil had recently been sent by cart to A-shih-ho, which lies on the railway to the east of Harbin, instead of by rail.\n\nIn addition to the Russo-Chinese Bank, branches of the Yokohama Specie and Chinese Government (Hu Pu) Banks have recently been opened at K'uan-ch'eng-tzu. Japan is there represented by a Consul, and Russia by a Vice-Consul. Japanese of the type seen elsewhere number over 3,000, and are steadily increasing, and there are from sixty to eighty gambling establishments kept by them.\n\nOne point I have omitted to mention in regard to the railway between Mukden and K'uan-ch'eng-tzu is the loopholed stone block-houses built by the Russians at stated intervals along the line are not occupied by the Japanese railway guards.\n\nI left by the train which, starting from the Russian railway station at K'uan-ch'eng-tzu at 8 P.M. on the 14th October, arriving at Harbin next morning at 6 o'clock. At Harbin one might be in Russia. At one time the same might have been said of Dalny (the Tairen of to-day), but Harbin was planned on a much larger and more elaborate scale, and it remains a monument of Russian aspirations. It had, however, a modest beginning. The River Sungari, on whose right bank the Pristan or harbour town of Harbin now stands, was in flood, and had overflowed its banks when the town was projected, and what is now known as Old Harbin, several miles to the south-east of the river, was selected as the site. A small town was built, but it was found inconvenient in view of the importance of the railway, and rising ground behind the Pristan was fixed upon for the erection of the Railway Administration and residential town which now goes by the name of New Harbin. Old Harbin, New Harbin, and the Pristan are, however, known collectively as Harbin, and they, with Alexeieff village, which lies between Old and New Harbin, are all within the Railway Settlement Reserve, whose area on the right bank is 27 square miles, and on the left bank 19 square miles, or a total of 47 square miles.\n\nThe railway line coming from the south-east divides the Pristan from New Harbin and sweeping round the east side of the former (the Sungari at this point flowing east by north) crosses the river into the Hei-lung-chiang Province by a fine iron girder bridge of ten spans, rising about 40 feet above the river. There is a bridge of boats about three-quarters of a-mile above the Sungari Bridge for passengers and vehicles. The station, a fine building with numerous sidings, engine sheds, workshops, and godowns, is conveniently situated between the harbour and residential quarters, and the line to Vladivostock branches off to the east.\n\n[2813 -2]\n\nB",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-350 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 522,
        "title": "CO129-350 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "4\n\nThus China may be said to have required for her own consumption, 1906 :-\n\nNative opium Foreign opium Total\n\nPiculs. 325,270 54,225 379,495\n\nor 50,599,333 lbs. weight, or 22,588 tons, of which about one-seventh comes from India. It is said that, during the pourparlers which preceded the Anglo-Chinese Commercial Treaty of 1902, a suggestion was made by the Chinese negotiators that the Chinese Government should annually purchase the Indian export of opium with a view to controlling the sale of the drug in China, but that the question went no farther. Indian opium is stronger than that grown in China, and, moreover, the latter is frequently adulterated, which adds to its inferiority. It may be said that a smoker who requires to take 3 mace of Indian opium to produce a certain effect would, on the average, require 4 to 4¼ mace of the native drug to obtain the same result.\n\nThe Imperial Anti-opium Edict of the 20th September, 1906, is as follows:--- \"Since the restrictions against the use of opium were removed, the poison of this drug has practically permeated the whole of China. The opium smoker wastes time and neglects his work, ruins his health, and impoverishes his family, and the poverty and weakness which for the past few decades have been daily increasing among us are undoubtedly attributable to this cause. To speak of this arouses our indignation; and at a moment when we are striving to strengthen the Empire it behoves us to admonish the people, that all may realize the necessity of freeing themselves from these coils, and thus pass from sickness into health.\n\nIt is hereby commanded that within a period of ten years the evils arising from foreign and native opium be equally and completely eradicated. Let the Government Council (Cheng-wu Chu) frame such measures as may be suitable and necessary for strictly forbidding the consumption of the drug and the cultivation of the poppy; and let them submit their proposals for our approval.\"\n\nand was supplemented by the eleven Regulations (Annex (A)) issued two months later for the enforcement thereof, and the Imperial Edict of the 26th June last (Annex (B)) in the form of a reminder.\n\nConsiderable latitude is not infrequently taken in China by the provincial authorities both in the interpretation of the spirit of an Imperial Decree, and in the steps they decide to take to enforce its provisions; but the Imperial wishes have undoubtedly been brought to the notice of most of the inhabitants of the Empire, and in every province special Rules and Regulations of some kind have been drawn up with a view to carrying out the desire of the Throne.\n\nThe average price per picul of raw native opium in the district in which it is produced, and before taxation of any kind, is 250 taels. In certain districts the price is as high as 500 taels, while in Szechuan Province, where, roughly speaking, as much as two-thirds of the native drug is both grown, prepared, and smoked, the average price is from 150 to 200 taels per picul.\n\nNative raw opium when prepared (that is, boiled) is reduced to about 65 per cent. of what it was before that process. Indian opium after a similar process works out at about 75 per cent. These figures, however, are only approximate, and it is quite impossible under present conditions to reach anything more trustworthy.\n\nThe important point in this Report being to show what really effective steps have been taken by the provincial authorities to carry out the Decree, it will, in regard to good intentions, be sufficient to say that the special Rules and Regulations they have issued in their districts have generally been in the right direction, though of great variety. In some instances they have been quite inadequate, and in others either not enforced or disobeyed.\n\nIn taking each province by itself, therefore, mention will rarely be made of the different local enactments, and the account will be restricted to a statement of what has actually been done to obey the Decree.\n\nThese accounts are chiefly based on reports supplied by His Majesty's Consular officers, who have been kindly and ably aided by the British Protestant missionaries in their Consular districts, many of whom, from their long residence in China and intimate knowledge of the country and people, have afforded both reliable and valuable information, often from remote spots where they are perhaps the only European inhabitants.\n\n5\n\n519\n\nMany of the replies which have been received from the missionaries to the questions put to them on the subject have been negative, and show that in numerous districts little or nothing has been done or even attempted to carry out the Regulations; but wherever the local authorities are sincere, energetic, and enlightened a beginning has been made and the fire of enthusiasm lit; still, as one Consul has remarked, it is necessary that some one should continue to apply the bellows.\n\nIn any case the information from which this Report is composed is undoubtedly the most far-searching, reliable, and accurate which exists on the subject at the present time.\n\nFengtien Province may be classified as a portion of Manchuria for the purposes of this Report, and the annual production of opium in Manchuria is estimated at 150,000 piculs.\n\nIn Mukden and other towns the opium dens have all been closed and their business has ceased. Opium shops still remain open, where the raw drug can be purchased, and its preparation at home presents no difficulty.\n\nIn Newchwang two refuges have been opened by the Taotai to assist people to cure themselves of the opium habit.\n\nIn Manchuria the poppy is grown as usual.\n\nMongolia. More land is this year being given over to poppy cultivation, and although the Mongolians are reported to have obeyed the Proclamation, the Chinese inhabitants now sell and smoke as usual.\n\nChinese Turkestan.--From Kashgar it is reported that the Imperial Edict and Regulations are a dead letter, most people being ignorant of their existence.\n\nChihli Province.--Production 10,000 piculs. In Peking itself, although some obscure dens may have eluded the vigilance of the police, it may be said that they have been closed. Shops are inspected and registered, but so far smokers do not register themselves. Orders have been issued for the abandonment of smoking among the officials and retainers of the Palace, but there is no means of ascertaining how far they have been carried out.\n\nTien-tsin. ---The dens are all closed in the city, while two proprietors who disobeyed were fined 100 and 300 dollars respectively, and each received 100 blows. The shops for the sale of raw or prepared opium are open, but under official supervision. The poppy area has decreased as a direct or indirect result of the measures introduced by his Excellency Yuan Shih K'ai, the former Viceroy.\n\nIn the country districts a certain number of dens were closed, but by the month of June general slackness and indifference were shown in regard to the whole matter.\n\nIn the mouth of April the Consolidated Opium Tax Bureau, which is a branch of the head office in Hupei, and unquestionably an official institution, issued a Proclamation urging the cultivation of the poppy for the sake of revenue, which can only be looked upon as an extraordinary proceeding in face of the Decree.\n\nJehol. The dens have all been closed officially, but smoking still goes on in other houses, and the officials have not the courage to take any steps.\n\nShansi Province.--Production, 5,000 piculs. As a result of the Decree, the duty on opium has been raised. The Provincial Treasurer has opened free dispensaries for the cure of the opium habit, and set aside 3,000 taels for the preparation of medicine for sale or free distribution by the officials. Between 300 and 400 applicants were reported to present themselves daily, and there is apparently a real desire among the people to overcome the vice. Some forty-one shops in the capital (Tai Yuan Fu) sell anti-opium medicines.\n\nIn one district in the north of the province quite a number of the poor are giving up the habit, and the poppy area is being considerably reduced, while half the dens are closed. In another, although nothing is done to restrict the continually increasing cultivation of the poppy, establishments for distributing anti-opium medicines are fairly generally started; the officials and gentry are favourable to the movement, have held meetings, and by exhortation some have been induced to relinquish the habit.\n\nIn Southern Shansi very few dens exist. Some people smoke in the opium shops, which are all registered and licensed, and, in addition to a licence fee, a tax of 100 cash (0.8 tael) per ounce is levied on all raw opium purchased by the shop. The sale of anti-opium medicines has increased, and smoking is prohibited in Government schools.\n\nAt Ping-yang, one of the chief towns in the south of the province, both dens and shops pay a monthly tax. Although none of them have been closed, no new ones are allowed to be opened.\n\n[2813 -5]",
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    {
        "id": 415854,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "During the summer months a 3-knot current may be expected in the main river, so a speed of more than 12 knots ought to be guaranteed, and the launches should not be detached for military operations, which are nearly always in progress at one place or another. Owing to the absence of any form of village police in wilder Kwang Tung, these cruisers should be officered by the Imperial Maritime Customs.\n\n2. The distances mentioned—Fong Chuen to Shan King and Shau King to Chu Tau Shan (Admiralty charts)—cover only 145 miles of river. I cannot understand why the vast delta waterways are ignored. Chu Tau Shan is 10 miles north of Kong Mun, a city of tremendous launch traffic.\n\n3. Nineteen launches will not be able to patrol their respective sections twice a day—if all the waterways are policed.\n\n4. All the \"guard boats\" sailing gun-boats\" have, with a few exceptions, been recently removed from the West River. Many are broken up and a few are hauled up on the bank at Shiu Hing. There will therefore be no troops ashore to give assistance, except at a garrison town like Wachau or Shau King. The new launches recently built and most of the old ones carry no more than eight, or at the most ten, fighting men.\n\n5. This list, if it is compiled, would have to be an enormous one. The launches embark passengers nearly every half-a-mile.\n\nIt is an excellent suggestion that special sampans be registered to embark passengers, but no safeguard against pirates embarking. There are always recognized sampans for embarking passengers, which generally fly a special flag. These sampans have been used by pirates before (vide \"Wing Fat\" piracy case, July 1906).\n\n6. This is not feasible in tidal waters.\n\n7. All the launch routes are well known, and no uncertainty exists.\n\nEvery passenger launch or junk exhibits a board showing her principal ports of call.\n\nThe only deviation (from usual routes) is not due to tide, but to the height of water in summer floods.\n\nFrom April, in normal years, Canton to Shui Hing launches run via the Moneypenny and Fatshan Creeks until the river falls to 3 feet, when they are compelled to follow the main route, viâ Chun Chune and Kum Chuk. This route is advertised.\n\n8. This suggestion is good.\n\n9. I have travelled on launches flying the British, French, and Chinese colours, and have small faith in the \"guard\" system.\n\nThe guard when not asleep are smoking opium, and on nearing some customs station are awakened, and then put on their military uniform.\n\nWhen the \"Wing Fat\" was pirated last year near Ping Nam, the guard were sitting aft eating their food when the pirates arrived on board in the guise of passengers. Two soldiers came forward to search them and were promptly shot and thrown overboard. The rest of the guard surrendered, as their rifles were stowed forward and could not be reached in time.\n\nWhy should the owner of the launch have to pay for his own guard?\n\n10. I conclude that the three Government examination stations are to be quite close to Canton, the words East, West, and North Rivers not being used in the same sense as we employ, as the North River enters the West River at Samshui, and the East River enters the Canton River south of Whampoa, I think the number of examination stations might be extended to include Samshui, Shiu Hing, Kum Chuk, and Kong Mun, important shipping centres, otherwise the inspection scheme will be one-sided only—the Canton side.\n\nThey ought to be controlled by the Imperial Maritime Customs.\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nMinutes of an Interview on board His Majesty's ship \"Alacrity,\" at Canton, November 20, 1907.\n\nPresent:\n\nAdmiral Sir A. W. Moore, K.C.M.G., &c. Mr. R. W. Mansfield, C.M.G., His Britannic Majesty's Consul-General, Canton.\n\nSecretary C. H. Rowe, R.N.\n\nMr. H. Sly, Vice-Consul.\n\nViceroy Chang Jen Chun. Taotai Ousu Han. Taotai Wen Tsung Yao.\n\nTHE Commander-in-chief, Sir A. W. Moore, having paid an official visit to the Viceroy on the 19th November, his Excellency the Viceroy returned the call on the following day on board His Majesty's ship \"Alacrity.\"\n\nAfter partaking of refreshments and exchanging the usual courtesies, by prearrangement the above-mentioned withdrew to the after-cabin to discuss the piracy question.\n\nThe Admiral informed the Viceroy that his principal object in requesting the conference was to discuss the proposed measures for the prevention of piracy in the vicinity of Canton, more especially in regard to the provision of the four fast launches to be placed under Customs control. He referred to the length of time this question had been under discussion, how that Viceroy Chow Fu had so far back as last March informed him that the launches would be provided, and how the Central Government at Peking had given their undertaking to the British Minister that the scheme would be put into effect. He had recently visited the Wai-wu Pu, and his Excellency Yuan Shih K'ai had assured him that instructions had been given to the Canton Government to do all in their power to suppress piracy, and had stated that the Viceroy could, if he would, stamp it out. Notwithstanding this, the launches had not been provided, and since his visit to Peking no less than three further robberies of vessels under the British flag had taken place. He felt that the time had now come when further talk was useless, and that definite action must be taken. He had been called upon by the Admiralty to report what measures he could take to insure the protection of British interests, and before giving his reply he wished to have a decision from the Viceroy as to whether he would or would not carry out the undertaking which had been entered into by the Chinese authorities to provide the four fast launches under Customs control.\n\nThe Viceroy, in reply, said that he was quite with the Admiral in desiring to stamp out piracy, he had already drawn up a scheme, which he was prepared to carry out, which included the provision of four fast launches, the systematic patrol of the waterways by the older patrol launches, and the co-operation of the military on shore with those vessels, so that the pirates might be followed up to their haunts when they escaped.\n\nThe Admiral pointed out that this scheme only provided for the patrol of about one-third of the waterways used by the launches, and that, as the guard-boats had been withdrawn, no soldiers were available to co-operate with the patrol vessels.\n\nTo this the Viceroy replied that his scheme was of course only in embryo, and that as it developed he hoped to arrange for the patrol of all the waterways. He added that the guard-boats which had been withdrawn would be replaced.\n\nThe Admiral asked whether he was to understand that the four fast launches referred to would be under the Customs control. The Viceroy said that he had recently received a telegram from Peking saying that the stipulation as to the launches being placed under foreign officers had been withdrawn by the British Minister; further, that he had been informed by the Commissioner of Customs at Canton that to place the vessel under Customs control would be fraught with much difficulty, and that the scheme was more or less impracticable. He also remarked that he, as Viceroy, was responsible for the policing of the province, and that it had nothing whatever to do with the Customs.\n\nThe Admiral replied that Peking must be under a misapprehension as to the withdrawal of the stipulation. He went on to say that, although there might be difficulties, they could, he felt sure, be overcome. He could not understand the Viceroy's attitude in the matter, or what were his objections. The boats would be manned by Chinese,",
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        "id": 415862,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 27,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "4\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nMr. G. J. Marshall to Messrs. Porteous Tyler and Rowe.\n\nMy dear Mr. Porteous Tyler and Rowe,\n\nKanchow, October 7, 1907. YOU will have heard by wire of the riot here. I don't know where to begin or how to end in writing you, and I know you will be longing for news from Kanchow. You are, we know, praying for us, and we so need your prayers at this time; pray on. On Thursday at 3 o'clock A.M., Shu-Hsieh-teh, the Roman Catholic priest in charge here, came to see me. I was awake, and got up to see what the dogs were barking so much about, and found Mr. Shu in a very excited state. He told me that Kiang Sheng-fu of Ta-O-Li had been killed and the place burned (you know Ta-O-Li is the Roman Catholic village, about half way between Nan-Kang and Tang-Kiang), and that there was sure to be great trouble. There were two small officials and two or three soldiers killed. An Sheng-fu escaped and got to the city about 8 A.M. I do not know how many Roman Catholic converts have been killed; over 100 are reported killed, but I think that is exaggerated. Thursday, at daylight, 200 or 300 Roman Catholic converts, and perhaps a lot of bad characters, entered the city. The Roman Catholic premises were just full of men, women, and children. Their converts must have come from all directions, and soldiers were guarding their doors and a crowd collecting. By noon the crowd began to shout and clap their hands and throw stones, &c. At about 1 o'clock they broke in and began to plunder, and at 2 o'clock the place was in flames. Su Tel-Ren and I kept our door wide open all day, and invited all who came in to sit down and not stand about the door and gather a crowd. Many of our people came and went, and all said do not be afraid, there will be no trouble here; and all the people seemed friendly. When I saw the roof of the Roman Catholic place fall in I thought it was time to get ready to escape, if necessary, so I told the Halls and Mrs. Marshall, and we got ladders ready to climb the wall into the neighbours joining the school, and there Mrs. Hall and Mrs. Marshall and a lot of Chinese sat under the tree waiting. About 4:30 o'clock the Hsien came and wanted us to go to the yamên. I told him we preferred to go to the Dao-Tai Yamên, and he was pleased, but never offered his chair for the ladies, nor did he send his men for bearers, so I sent for bearers, and when they came I escorted Mrs. Marshall to the yamên with a host of women and children. We passed the Roman Catholic place, and through Ri Ja-li the crowds were terrible, and we had to go slowly, but they opened the way for us, and no one seemed to want to hurt us. The Hsien did not even send one of his men to escort us. After Mrs. Marshall got to the yamên we sent the chair back for Mrs. Hall. The Roman Catholic priests, I think five in number, were also here, so at dark the Dai-Tai sent us to the Fu Yamên; we found Mrs. Home there. You may be sure we were all tired, but not able or ready to sleep. The Chi-Fu was exceedingly kind (he is the nicest Chinese official I have met). He spoke of sending us all away that night, so at midnight Mr. Hall and I, with a few Chinese, went to our place to get some necessary things for the journey; and if we only had expected a riot the next day, I assure you I would not have stopped till I had cleared our place of everything that could well be carried away.\n\nWe got the friends off at about noon the next day (Friday). Mr. Home and I returned to the West Gate, the people on the street still seemed friendly. I called a small chair and went over to our place, and I saw by the looks of a few Lu-Lans who were there that they were not gathered for any good purpose, so I went at once to the Dao-Tai and told him the place needed protection. He said he had (Fen-Fu) commanded the officials to look after our place. I had not been here long till word came the crowd had started to loot our place. You can imagine my feelings better than I can tell you. I comforted my heart that God was in and above all and decided to remain here. The Chinese begged me not to go to the chapel. The looting at the West Gate began perhaps an hour later than at the East Gate. There was not one person at our place from any of the yamêns to keep the crowd away. I believe if there were a few men at our place they could have protected it. There is not a door or window or bit of furniture or a book left, all swept away, the school is a complete ruin, the walls of the chapel and our house, and the roofs are in good condition. Oh the West Gate is such a ruin, the house will have to be rebuilt, more than half of the roof is gone, the other half hanging, all the wooden partitions have been carried away, and some of the posts that support the roof badly damaged and some taken away. The women's quarters and the place where the school was is very badly wrecked.\n\n5\n\nThe chapel roof and walls are all right, there is not one door left. Hu, the rice shop; Fu, the former barber; Chong, the medicine shop; Ny, the butcher and rice shop; Mrs. Chong, the cloth shop; and Fu-Shao-Gi have been looted and lost their all.\n\nThe Chen-Tai came out and wounded four men and Fu-Shao-Gis, who were looting (two have since died), and this put a stop to the looting. He would have opened fire on them, if the Dao-Tai was willing. The Dao-Tai was afraid it would cause further trouble and he had not sufficient soldiers to protect his yamên. The next day early the Dao-Tai put up Proclamations all over the city that any one attempting to cause any trouble would be killed on the spot, and all has been very very quiet since. The four men who were wounded at Fu-Shao-Gis are Feng-cheng-Hsien men from the Carpenter Street, and men who were arrested with the West Gate things the day of the riot are all Kan-chow men, Lu-Lans. They have been terribly punished and will likely be executed or die in gaol. One Kan-chow man was caught last Friday with a few things (of little value to us now) from the East Gate. He was also punished. So far as I know and have heard, the looting of our place was done mostly by the Lu-Lans and the Feng-Cheng carpenters. Feng-Shan was burned the day after our places, the old watchman saved twelve tables and Mr. Powis' bed. Nan-Kang, Tang-Kiang, Feng-Kang, Hueng-shih-tsing, and a large number of the country Christians and inquirers have been looted, and in some cases burned. Sin-Feng and Long-Nan and La-Ti were safe the last we heard. We thank God for all. There are about thirty of us here in the Dao-Tai Yamên.\n\nHis comfort and care, and I am specially thankful that there has been so little murmuring. One cannot but ask, What shall the harvest be of all this suffering and loss? May it be a harvest of souls being saved and spiritual blessing to us all! My heart aches when I think of all the time that has been spent in this city and district and on Feng-Shan buildings, and now they are ruined. My earthly belongings were but few, I think they will be less in the future, why we seek to lay up treasure in Heaven.\n\nYou will be glad to know Mr. Home seems comforted and is well. We have but little spare or quiet time these days and am sorry we have not been able to write you all,\n\nSoldiers are arriving almost every day and 1,200 are expected to-day from the capital; when they come the Dao-Tai is going out to Tao-Ti and Tang-Kiang to deal with the Boxers there, he means business, I think. We hear orders have come from Peking to exterminate the Boxers and rioters. I am going to the East Gate this morning with a few Chinese to clean up broken glass and begin a few necessary repairs. We hope Mr. and Mrs. Tyler be along soon, they will be much needed here.\n\nWith every good wish to you all. \"Let not your heart be troubled.\"\n\nYours in Christ,\n\n(Signed) GEO. J. MARSHALL.\n\nP.S.--Please send to Shanghae.\n\n(Extract.)\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nRev. W. S. Home to Mr. Mills.\n\nChina Inland Mission, Kanchow, November 6, 1907. YOU will be glad to learn that Mr. Marshall and myself have just returned from the country this morning. All has been satisfactorily arranged. We find that sixty-three families have suffered in all; an indemnity of 13,503 dollars is to be paid to them, which is a very moderate sum for so many sufferers. Some have lost heavily. The Taotai Keung-or, rather, Judge-is still in the Nankang district; he is doing all in his power to restore order in a wise and permanent way. He is just the man for this crisis.\n\nHe has looked after our interest, and we are very thankful to him for the speedy and satisfactory settlement of our affairs. Some of that money is to be paid in a few days and the balance shortly. We are so thankful for settlement; this sets us free for reconstruction of the ruins.\n\nHope Mr. and Mrs. Tyler may soon be here, and also Mr. Rowe. The Meikles also may come along any time. It must be a comfort to them that their place has escaped. We have a letter from Mr. and Mrs. Seiple; they are safe, although they have gone through a great storm of rumours.\n\n24",
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        "id": 415874,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 39,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "6. It will be quite impossible to fix the times of departure and arrival of trading launches. The hours of rise and fall of the tide and the weather, fine or rainy, differ from day to day. If the patrol of the waterways is effective, there will be no object in fixing the times of departure and arrival of launches.\n\n7. Before the launch navigation routes are fixed it will be necessary to make a careful examination in order to find out what routes are most advantageous from a mercantile point of view, where the population is densest, where the water is deep enough for launch traffic, and whether there is in summer or winter any obstacle to the employment of the route. The decision of this question must await the completion of the mercantile map of the West River.\n\n8. Patrol launches and the fast cruisers must from time to time examine launches on meeting them, but must not delay them overlong. Unexpected examinations of this kind are of the utmost use, causing anyone with an intention of pirating launches to be afraid of being discovered. The stationary gun-boats of the various sections must also from time to time carry out these examinations.\n\n9. The stationing of braves on each launch depends entirely on the efficiency of the braves. If they are courageous men and would rather die than fail in their duty, and are unwilling that the launch under their protection should be plundered by pirates, then truly they are worthy of the highest praise. If, however, they are unreliable, timorous, and of small courage, then they are actually a positive danger instead of a protection; the pirates would at once seize their weapons. It is thus to be feared that they would be of assistance to the enemy. For this reason, a patrol of the waterways is more likely to go to the root of the matter than the stationing of braves on board the launches.\n\n10. A stationary gun-boat should be stationed continually at all landing-places, with a view to their inspection. The system of establishing three official inspection depots at important points in the neighbourhood of the capital's waterways, with control over the traffic on the East, West, and North Rivers is an excellent one. The Commissioner of Customs should, in consultation with the local officials, find out what are the most suitable places, and establish the three depots, instructing the harbour-master to settle everything in conjunction with the deputies appointed to take charge of them. The establishment of these depots will be of advantage to the Native Customs, Prefectural Customs, and li-kin receipts; and they will also assist in preventing the importation of arms from Hong Kong and Macao by brigands into the capital, and the export of arms from the capital to the assistance of brigands in the interior.\n\n11\n\nIt is an excellent suggestion that special sampans be registered to embark passengers, but no safeguard against pirates embarking. There are always recognized sampans for embarking passengers, which generally fly a special flag. These sampans have been used by pirates before (vide \"Wing Fat\" piracy, July 1906).\n\n6. This is not feasible in tidal waters.\n\n7. All the launch routes are well known, and no uncertainty exists.\n\nEvery passenger junk exhibits a board showing her principal ports of call. The only deviation is not due to tide, but to the height of water in summer floods.\n\nFrom Ap Sek, in normal years, Canton-Shiu Hing launches run via the Moneypenny and Fatshan Creeks until the river falls to 3 feet, when they are compelled to follow the main route via Chun Chune and Kum Chuk.\n\nThis route is advertised.\n\n8. This suggestion is good.\n\n9. I have travelled on launches flying the British, French, and Chinese colours, and have small faith in the guard system.\n\nThe guards, when not asleep, are smoking opium, and on nearing some custom station are awakened, and put on their military uniform.\n\nWhen the \"Wing Fat\" was pirated last year near Ping Nani, the guards were sitting aft eating their food, when the pirates arrived on board in the guise of passengers. Two soldiers came forward to search them, and were promptly shot and thrown overboard. The rest of the guard surrendered, as their rifles were stowed forward and could not be reached in time.\n\nWhy should the owner of the launch have to pay for his own guard?\n\n10. I conclude that the three Government examination stations are to be quite close to Canton, the words East, West, and North Rivers not being used in the same sense as we employ them, as the North River enters the West River at Sam Shui, and the East River enters the Canton River south of Whampoa. I think the amount of examination stations might be extended to include Samshui, Shiu Hing, Kum Chuk, and Kong Mun important shipping centres; otherwise, the inspection scheme will be one-sided only, the Canton side.\n\nThey ought to be controlled by the Imperial Maritime Customs.\n\nThe guard-boats or sailing gun-boats having been removed, what form of Government station is to be established?\n\nInclosure 9 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum by Lieutenant-Commander Vaughan.\n\nThe waterways are said to cover 230 miles, but to my knowledge over 600 miles are used by launches in passenger traffic. This does not include another 360 miles of river above Wuchow in the Kuangsi Province.\n\nDuring the summer months a 3-knot current may be expected in the main river, so that a speed of more than 12 knots ought to be guaranteed, and they should not be detached for military operations, which are nearly always in progress at one place or another, owing to the absence of any form of village police in wilder Kwang Tung. These cruisers should be officered by the Imperial Maritime Customs.\n\n2. The divisions mentioned--Fong Chuen to Shan King, and Shau King to Chu Tau Shan (Admiralty charts)-cover only 146.5 miles of river. I cannot understand why the vast delta waterways are ignored. Am Tau Shan is 10 miles north of Kong Mun, a city of tremendous launch traffic.\n\n3. Nineteen launches will not be able to patrol their respective sections twice a day, if all the waterways are policed.\n\n4. All the guard-boats or sailing gun-boats have, with a few exceptions, been recently removed from the West River; many are broken up and a few hauled up on the bank at Shiu Hing.\n\nThere will therefore be no troops ashore to give assistance except at a garrisoned town like Wuchow or Shiu Hing. The new launches recently built and most of the old ones carry no more than at the most ten fighting men.\n\nLaunches embark passengers nearly every half mile.\n\n5. The list, if it is compiled, will have to be an enormous one.\n\nInclosure 10 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum of an Interview held on Board His Majesty's ship “Alacrity” at Canton, November 20, 1907.\n\nPresent:\n\nViceroy Chang Jen Chun. Taotai Onei Han, Taotai Wen Tsung Yao.\n\nAdmiral Sir A. W. Moore,\n\nMr. Mansfield, Consul-General.\n\nCaptain Thursby, R.N.\n\nMr. Sly, Vice-Consul.\n\nMr. Rowe, Secretary to the Admiral.\n\nIn the course of a discussion lasting some two hours the Admiral impressed upon the Viceroy that his presence in Canton and the negotiations with which he was charged were necessitated by the fact that, in the opinion of His Majesty's Government, the time for discussion of the repeated piracies in the Canton waterways had passed and the moment for action had come. He had, when in Canton in February last, discussed with Viceroy Chou Fu the scheme for placing on the waterways four additional cruisers of suitable type under the control of the Commissioner of Customs, and officered by foreign officers. The Wai-wu Pu had previously assented to this arrangement, and he had understood from Viceroy Chou that he was prepared to put it into effect. What was his (the Admiral's) surprise on arriving in Peking to find that nothing had been done. He had, in a long interview with his Excellency Yuan Shih K'ai and Minister Liang, informed them of his views on the whole situation, and that he considered the employment of these cruisers under Imperial Maritime Customs control with foreign officers, and with an official on board appointed by the Viceroy, essential to the improvement of existing ...\n\n36\n\n1",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 155,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government\n\n152\n\n6\n\n44\n\nYung-t'ou.\"\n\nA little-known fruit called the \"yang t'ou\" grows wild in the mountains, the size of a small apple, has a rough brown skin, and a peculiar flavour resembling both the strawberry and gooseberry. It is palatable and very refreshing. I am informed it was introduced into England a few years ago as an ornamental tree, and is doing well.\n\nOpium.\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[6480]\n\nSmall quantities of opium are produced in some places. We saw the Anti-Opium Regulations posted in one village, but no measures seem to have been taken to enforce them. Some peasants said they were replacing opium with wheat and millet, while others were preparing ground for next year's crop. A few cases of opium-smoking came under my notice in different localities.\n\nInhabitants, Inns, &c.\n\nThe people everywhere were very friendly and did not show that troublesome curiosity which is so trying to the patience of most travellers in this country, although for several days we were altogether off the beaten track and foreigners had not been seen more than once or twice before. The standard of living seemed up to the general level in country districts, and whilst there were few signs of wealth, there were also few or none of destitution. The houses were built of mud, and but few stone buildings were seen outside the bigger valleys. In the more elevated parts, Indian corn is the principal food. The peasants for the most part own the land they till, and hired labourers are not numerous. The wages of the latter are about 2s. a month with food and lodging.\n\nAs everywhere in China, the inns are very poor, resembling a fuel-house or coal-shed rather than a dwelling-place. Many of them have no \"kang\" (raised floor for lying on), so that a camp-bed must be carried, as well as all provisions, &c., practically nothing that foreigners require being procurable en route.\n\nAn itinerary is attached.\n\nDecember 16, 1907.\n\n(Signed)\n\nH. A. LITTLE.\n\nRemarks.\n\nItinerary.\n\nDistance.\n\nLi.\n\nShili-tou Ya\n\n60\n\nMain road to Shib-nan Fu. Good.\n\nKun-tzu Ling\n\n60\n\n31\n\nHo-chia Fing\n\n35\n\nGood; then broken, long, steep slope.\n\nKuan Pao\n\n50\n\n40\n\nLan Ping.\n\n40\n\nLong slope; fairly good. Precipitous.\n\nPa Tzu\n\nilo-chia Ping\n\n25\n\n(And thence as above.)\n\nPa-ko Mino\n\nSide road. Very steep.\n\nMain road. Good at first, then very steep.\n\nFairly good.\n\nNo. 1.\n\nTREE\n\nSECTION\n\n10573\n\n[Library 24.]\n\nMAR 08\n\nAdmiralty to Foreign Office. (Received February 24.)\n\nAdmiralty, February 22, 1908.\n\nSir,\n\nI am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to transmit herewith, for the information of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a copy of a letter, dated the 26th December, which has been received through the Commander-in-Chief, China, from the Commanding Officer, His Majesty's ship \"Widgeon,\" respecting Chinese proposals for building shallow-draught craft for use on the Upper Yang-tsze.\n\nI am, &c.\n\nC. I. THOMAS.\n\nSir,\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\n(Signed)\n\nLieutenant Commander Knox to Admiral Sir A. Moore.\n\n\"Widgeon,\" at Ichang, December 26, 1907.\n\nI have the honour to report that Mr. H. H. Bristow, late His Britannic Majesty's Consul at Chung King, who passed through this port on the 24th December on his way to Shanghae and England, gave me the following information concerning the building, &c., of steam-craft for the Chinese for service on the Upper Yang-tsze:--\n\nThe Provincial authorities at Cheng-tu have decided to place on the river two small shallow-draught steamers for the purpose of carrying cargo, &c. One of the craft is, I believe, to be a tug.\n\nMr. S. C. Plant, pilot to the French, has been asked by the Chinese authorities to supervise the running of and to conduct the management of these steamers. Mr. Plant, whose engagement with the French does not expire for another two years, has not yet accepted the proposal of the Chinese. As soon as the agreement is arrived at with Mr. Plant, the Chinese state they will immediately place the order for these vessels with Messrs. Yarrow and Co., and will utilize them on the river and lakes below Ichang until Mr. Plant's agreement with the French expires.\n\nMr. Bristow also informed me that he had heard on reliable authority that Messrs. Yarrow and Co. had refused an order from the French Government to construct a shallow-draught gun-boat after the type of His Majesty's ship \"Widgeon,\" though he was unable to state for what reason this vessel was intended for service on the Upper Yang-tsze.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) JOHN F. KNOX.\n\n[2846 aa-\n\n-11\n\nTime occupied on journey nearly fourteen days. Weather fine and warm, but cold at night for first ten days; then heavy fall of rain and showery weather.\n\n0",
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        "id": 416233,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 398,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "392\n\nj\n\n2\n\nIt would be altogether a mistake to believe that the people of Yunnan are opposed to a British railway from Burmah to this city. There is not the slightest reason to apprehend in this province any such struggle as that which you speak of as provoked in Chekiang. Everything, indeed, points the other way. The handful of pestilent literati here, after two years of agitation, have failed to arouse among the people of Yunnan any sort of enthusiasm for a Chinese railway to Szechuan, still less for one from Tengyuel to Burmah. As I have shown from their own published accounts, scarcely any private individual has been found willing to subscribe. On the contrary, the call to pay some 6 per cent, more for land tax in the form of railway subscription, coming as it does on the top of the suppression of opium, has roused very considerable discontent. I may mention that in this district the Governor-General has, despite the Edict allowing ten years' gradual suppression, and his own Proclamations allowing three years, caused all poppies to be forcibly destroyed. Were the Yunnanese not by nature a peaceable and submissive folk, there would be a strong provincial opposition, not to railway construction by foreigners, but to the proceedings of the present Governor-General and the small reactionary gang of soi-disant Railway Directors.\n\nAs regards our Tengyueh Railway scheme in particular, the Taiping Valley, through which the line would run, is inhabited almost entirely by Shans, while the Chinese traders of Tengyueh town, who constantly visit Bhamo and often Mandalay, would seem to be altogether in favour of its construction. They certainly are not in favour of the Chinese Company, for, as far as I can learn, they have not bought a single share in it.\n\nI have not, however, been advocating at this stage the demand from the Chinese Government of a definite Railway Concession, so much as insistence on their formal recognition of our right to absolutely equal treatment with France in Yünnan. I venture, with the utmost diffidence, to dissent from the view that the enforcement of that right could not now be attained by diplomatic methods. I am convinced that if His Majesty's Government were (let it be said, by communication through the Chinese Minister in London) to firmly insist on such recognition the Chinese Government would certainly yield. Quite apart from the most-favoured-nation clause of the Burmah-China Treaty, and the correspondence of March 1902, the principle that we are entitled to equal treatment with France in Yunnan is so obviously just that China could look in no quarter for support should she deny or oppose it. If, moreover (as I have said in an earlier despatch), the Chinese Government could be led to understand that, the principle once conceded, we should be ready to consider modifications in its practical application, that Government would be still less likely to hold out.\n\nYou do not refer in this despatch to the fact (as reported in my Confidential despatch No. 14 of the 29th November last) that the Throne has instructed Governor-General Hei that it has called for a report from the Cheng-wu Ch'u and the Wai-wu Pu on our claim to construct a railway in Yünnan; nor do you allude to the growing distrust and distaste said to be expressed by the Central Government for so-called “demonstrations in the provinces.” If the former (as I have no doubt) is correct, and the \"popular\" latter story well founded, then it would seem that the Peking Government would not be indisposed to make a compromise with us, preferring to transfer his Excellency Hsi-liang and to snub the literati rather than to run the risk, however remote, of a collision with India.\n\nIn this connection you will have noticed that in the Army Scheme for all China lately presented by the Lu-chün Pu and approved by the Throne it is proposed that within five years the forces in this province (computed in the Memorial to consist of one brigade of drilled infantry and two battalions of artillery) shall be raised to two “chen,” or army divisions. The reason given is that \"Yünnan controls the frontier posts of the south-west, and it is of the utmost importance to collect there a strong military force to co-operate in the scheme of defence.\" If we continue to delay, and do not now firmly require recognition by China of our right to equal treatment with France in Yunnan, then some future Governor-General of his present Excellency's type will, encouraged by what he will believe to be an overwhelming force, commit such actions—as, for example, ostentatious administration west of \"Scott's line\"—as will oblige us at length to maintain our prestige by force of arms.\n\nIn the meantime that prestige is being very seriously affected by the delay of the Indian Government to insist firmly on its right to build the Tengyueh Railway and to extend it, if the Government sees fit, to Tali and Yunnan-fu.\n\nWe have gone just far enough—in our surveys to Tali and our proposals of 1906 for the construction of a railway to Tengyueh—to make our present inaction appear a victory for the impudent \"bluff\" that inserted the words \"and Tengyueh\" in the title of the exclusively Chinese Yunnan-Szechuan Railway Company. We have swallowed this affront, and we are therefore, here in Yunnan, of no account. The result is that this Consulate is no longer consulted, as was the case when Ting Chih-t'ai was contemplating a railway to Szechuan and an international Settlement at Yunnan-fu (see my despatch of the 11th March, 1905), and it is hopeless to expect—for the matter has a commercial side also—that any contracts for the supply of machinery for mints, arsenals, or other public works, or proffers of engagement as instructors or engineers will come our way.\n\nThe \"friendly co-operation of the province,\" of which your despatch speaks, cannot be attained through any efforts on the part of this Consulate as long as the incumbent appears to be left without support from the Indian Government, on whose behalf he has been maintaining, vis-à-vis of the provincial Government, that British railway enterprise in Yunnan is entitled to equal privileges with French. It may be that the Government of India is waiting for the conclusion of the Thibetan Agreement before turning attention to its eastern frontier, but no intimation to that effect has reached me. It is more than two months since I submitted to Simla, by telegram through Maymyo on the 2nd December, the proposals set out in my despatch to you No. 46 of the 18th December. Those proposals, I cannot but believe, are practicable and such as should commend themselves to the Indian Government, yet they have not been even acknowledged, except in so far as the Government of Burmah have informed me of their due transmission.\n\nIf those proposals are favourably received at Simla, and if—for that, I submit, is the key to the problem—His Majesty's Government will formally require from China recognition of our equality with France in Yunnan, then I do not think that the prospect of overtaking our rivals need be regarded as remote. We should, once we began, work faster, and with less friction; and I am confident that our light electric railway would reach Yunnan-fu in ample time to take a full share in what is the real object of the French line, the traffic and trade of Szechuan.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.\n\nP.S., February 8.—It is reported here among the Chinese that the French Government has agreed to sell the railway for 25 million taels (say, 85 million francs). This is less than the amount already spent on earthworks, tunnelling, and masonry. My colleague of France, whom I questioned yesterday on the subject, replies that it appears to him altogether unlikely, but that in any case he knows absolutely nothing about the matter.\n\nW. H. W.",
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        "page_number": 497,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "2\n\naltering the amount of the loan for the northern section to 8,000,0001, and providing for the construction of two branch lines, from Te Chou to Cheng Ting-fu and from Yen Chou-fu to K'ai Feng-fu. It was also found impossible to carry on satisfactorily at the same time the negotiations for the two sections.\n\nThese negotiations were continued for several years without arriving at any satisfactory result, and a proposal was then made that the line should be constructed by the three provinces concerned without foreign assistance. As, however, the original draft Agreement had received the Imperial sanction, it was considered inexpedient to annul it altogether, and the only other course was to introduce such amendments as would render it acceptable to all parties. Lien Tun Yen was directed to take charge of the negotiations, under the supervision of Chang Chih Tung and Yuan Shih K'ai, with the representatives of the German and British Syndicates. After much discussion an arrangement on the following lines was agreed to:\n\nThe loan should be quite distinct from the administration of the railway. Other sources of revenue should be assigned as security for the payment of the interest, &c., and the rights enjoyed by the two foreign Companies concerned, viz., to receive 20 per cent. of the nett profit, and to supply material to the railway, should not be considered as giving them any right to interfere in the working of the line. As security for the loan, the provincial authorities agreed to furnish an annual sum of 3,800,000 taels out of the revenue from li-kin.\n\nAs regards the question of branch lines, a Memorandum has been received from the German Minister stating that Germany will be prepared, after the signature of the Tien-tsin--P'u-k'ou Railway Loan Agreement, to discuss a settlement of this question on the following lines:\n\n1. Germany agrees that the line from Kiaochow to Yen Chou-fu shall become a branch of the Tien-tsin-P'u-k'ou Railway, and that the line from Chinan-fu to the borders of Shantung shall be incorporated in the main line.\n\n2. China agrees that within fifteen years she will undertake the construction of two lines--one from Te Chou to Cheng Ting-fu, and the other from Yen Chou-fu, or some other point on the main line-through Chi Ning Chou to K'ai Feng-fu; should it be found necessary to raise a foreign loan for this purpose, application shall be made to the German Bank.\n\nA Loan Agreement in twenty-four Articles was then drawn up, the amount of the loan being fixed at 5,000,000l., bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent., and the period of the loan was fixed at thirty years. The loan might be repaid after ten years at a premium of 21/2 per cent., or after twenty years at par. A first issue of bonds to the value of 3,000,000l. should be made at 93,\n\nA period of four years was fixed for the completion of the line, and work must be commenced within six months after the signature of the Agreement. The construction and administration of the railway should be entirely under the direction of the Chinese Government, through the Director-General, who should on his own responsibility engage one German and one British Engineer-in-chief--one for each section of the line.\n\nThe memorialists consider this amended Agreement preferable in every way to the original draft Agreement, and that it does not prejudice in any particular China's right to the independent administration of the railway. As the Ministers of Wai-wu Pu agree with them in this opinion, they have the honour to request that the Agreement shall receive the Imperial sanction. After the signature of the Agreement for the main line, the Wai-wu Pu will negotiate with the German Minister a settlement of the question of branch lines in accordance with the terms of the Memorandum from the German Minister above referred to.\n\n1\n\nOn the 13th January the following Imperial Rescript was issued: \"Approved.\"\n\nC. O.\n\nThis Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\nCHINA RAILWAYS,\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n1699490\n\nRECP [April 4] 13 MAY 08\n\n[11441]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSECTION 2.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received April 4,) (No. 73.) Sir,\n\nPeking, February 17, 1908.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch No. 248 of the 28th May last, on the subject of the Canton-Hankow Railway, I have the honour to report that His Majesty's Consul-General at Hankow, on hearing recently that Herr Cordes, of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, was likely to renew his application for a loan, to be devoted to the Hupei section of the Hankow-Szechuan Railway, addressed a letter to the Viceroy Chao inclosing copies of Sir Ernest Satow's correspondence with the Wai-wu Pu of September 1903, and also reminding him of the ex-Viceroy Chang's engagement on this subject.\n\nThe Viceroy replied on the 27th January by sending his Secretary to Mr. Fraser with a message to the effect that no foreign loan would be required for either of the trunk lines as funds were already provided, and that as regards engineers Mr. Ross had already been engaged (see my despatch No. 248 of last year).\n\nMr. Fraser then suggested the employment as Chief Engineer on the Hupei section of the Hankow-Canton line of Mr. R. St. George Moore, M.I.C.E., who is engaged as Consulting Engineer of the Hankow Waterworks.\n\nThe Viceroy thought that this gentleman was not sufficiently well known in China, and asked Mr. Fraser's assistance in inducing Mr. Kinder, of the Northern Railways, to accept the post for both the Hupei and Hunan sections, and in all probability for the whole line.\n\nI accordingly wrote to Mr. Kinder on the 3rd February, urging him to accept the post, in the interests, not only of British trade, but of China herself; and on the 10th February received his reply, copy of which I have honour to inclose, expressing his willingness to undertake this duty under certain conditions.\n\nIn a despatch dated the 7th February, copy of which also is inclosed, Mr. Fraser reported that the Viceroy was going to apply to the proper authorities for the loan of Mr. Kinder's service.\n\nAt the same time the ex-Viceroy Chang Chih Tung has made an offer to the British and Chinese Corporation for a loan for the northern section of this railway.\n\nThis proposal conflicts with the Viceroy's Chao's asseverations to Mr. Fraser that sufficient capital is obtainable from native sources, but in view of Chang Chih Tung's present position as Grand Councillor, and of the fact that he has brought with him to Peking the correspondence which passed between Mr. Fraser and himself on the subject in 1905, it is sufficiently evident that his overtures cannot be disregarded,\n\nBut this offer to borrow British capital revives the difficulty entailed by the Anglo-French combination of interests. The Chinese pledge is to apply in the first instance to us for any capital she may require for the construction of the line, but if conditions are introduced by the French which are unacceptable to the Chinese there is little doubt that the business will be offered to our German competitor.\n\nI therefore had the honour to telegraph to you on the 16th February pointing out the urgent necessity for the French Government to give their financiers a free hand, and I spoke in this sense to M. Bapst, my French colleague, and represented to him at the same time the advisability of waiving the claim to a share in orders for materials, which I understood was put forward by the French Government, but which their financiers would not demand on their own initiative, and which the Chinese would not accept. M. Bapst appeared to be unaware of His Government's determination on this point, and considered that all they would ask for would be that they should not be completely effaced in the loan negotiations. He asked me to telegraph to His Majesty's Government on the subject first, and promised to telegraph himself a day later.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n[2934 d-2]",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 516,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nAgreement for the Purchase of Land in Hei-lung-chiang Province by the Chinese Eastern Railway Company.\n\nSUNG TAOTAI, decorated with the Peacock's Feather, specially deputed for the purpose, on the one part, and General Manager of the Chinese Eastern Railway Company, and Acting President of the Railway Company, with full powers, on the other part, have agreed on the following Regulations for the purchase of land required by the Railway Company in the Province of Hei-lung-chiang.\n\nArticle 1. Both parties are prepared to accept the present Agreement as final, i.e., that the land necessary for the Railway Company, as acquired in this Agreement, will never be extended.\n\nArt. 2. From Manchuria, where the railway enters Chinese territory, eastwards to Shih Tang on the north bank of the Sungari by Harbin, the total land required by the Railway Company amounts to 126,000 shang (approximately 108,000 acres, or 170 square miles). The amount of land required at each station and along the line will hereafter be accurately set forth, and a trench dug by the Company as a boundary-line.\n\nWhen the price for the land is paid, the land will become the property of the Railway Company, and will be administered in accordance with the original Agreement for the construction of the railway.\n\nArt. 3. With the exception of the land already acquired by the Railway Company, the prices to be paid for the land now acquired will be as follows:--\n\n(a.) Good land-Price per Shang.\n1. At Shih Tang or Pei Chiang-tzuRoubles. 60\n2. At Tui Ching-shan, Tsitsihar, and Fu Lu Erh-chi40\n3. At Yin Tu-tun and Ku Ku-le20\n(b.) Unoccupied land capable of cultivation-\n1. At Shih Tang25\n2. At Tui Chin-shan Tsitsihar, and Fu Lu Erh-chi20\n3. Yin Tu-tun and Ku Ku-le15\n(c) Incultivated land---\n1. Shih Tang...\n2. Tui Chin-shan, Tsitsihar, Fu Lu Erh-chi...\n3. Yin Tu-tun and Ku Ku-le...\n\nArt. 4. The railway are prepared to pay for any Government land they may require at the uniform rate of 8 roubles a shang, the price to be paid for each portion as soon as it is measured off.\n\nArt. 5. At both large and small stations the Railway Company will survey the conditions of the land in conjunction with the Chinese officials, and at the time the boundaries of the Railway Settlement are marked out will use every effort to reserve a portion of land in the vicinity of the station, of sufficient area, and commercially suitable, for the use of Chinese merchants; such land will be administered by Chinese officials and merchants.\n\nArt. 6. At large stations, such as Manchuria, Hailar, Tsitsi-har, Tui Ching-shan, Anta, in the neighbourhood of the railway buildings, suitable ground will be reserved for the erection of Chinese Government offices, and at all smaller stations along the line land will be similarly reserved for the branch offices of the Chinese Foreign Board intrusted with railway affairs. Such land will be under Chinese administration, and the Railway Company need not pay for it, but the land must not be used to interfere with the administration of justice.\n\nArt. 7. Should there be tombs, or villages, or markets within the limits of the railway land, in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of the original Agreement, the Railway Company must make arrangements to avoid them; the price paid for land already purchased and given back may be deducted from the total price of the land acquired under this Agreement. If such land is absolutely necessary, the Company must, according to present conditions, pay liberal compensation for the removal of houses, gardens, wells, trees, graves, &c.\n\nArt. 8. When bridges are to be built over navigable streams, the Chinese officials must be consulted, and there must be no interference with navigation. Should there be a deficiency of sand, stones, lime, or water within the limits of the land now acquired by the Railway Company, and should provision have to be made for building embankments to protect the railway interests, a consultation must be held with the Chinese officials and their consent obtained for the purchase and use of land containing such material. But such land must be used solely for the above-mentioned purpose, not be of any considerable extent.\n\nArt. 9. Should there be forests on any of the land now acquired by the Railway Company, whether such land be public or private land, an additional price must be paid.\n\nMines also will be the subject of further consideration, and are outside the scope of this Agreement.\n\nArt. 10. The Company must allow the present holders of the land and buildings the Company are acquiring under the present Agreement to remain in possession for three years from the date of signing this Agreement. When the land becomes absolutely necessary for the Railway Company, the Company will pay compensation in the manner agreed upon in Article 7 of this Agreement.\n\nArt. 11. The Railway Company, in conjunction with the Chinese official intrusted with the business, will select surveyors to measure the land required by the Railway Company, and when it has been delimited a map will be drawn showing exactly the amount of land acquired at each station, which map will be sent up by the Chinese official to the Governor of the province. Land already bought must be included in this survey, and the total area mentioned in this Agreement must not be exceeded. The receipts that have been given to private persons in former cases must be examined, so that everything may be arranged with fairness.\n\nArt. 12. The Chinese officials must be notified before the purchase of land from private owners, and an officer will be appointed to deal with the matter. The receipts for the purchase-money and the plans of the land will be sealed by the Chinese officials as a mark of good faith.\n\nArt. 13. The former Agreement signed by the Taotai Chou Mien with the Railway Company will be considered as cancelled after the completion of this Agreement.\n\nArt. 14. This Agreement has been drawn up in Russian and Chinese, and the texts have been carefully compared; the Chinese signatory will further request the Tartar General to submit the Agreement to the Wai-wu Pu, and, on their consent being obtained, the Agreement will be signed in duplicate, one copy to be deposited with the Tartar General at Hei-lung-chiang, and one to be retained by the Railway Company.\n\nIn the event of differences as to the meaning of the text, the Chinese text shall be deemed authoritative.\n\nDone at Harbin, the 30th August, 1907.\n\n(Seals of the three Signatories.)\n\nInclosure 8 in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul-General Willis to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nMukden, March 7, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose, in triplicate, a translation, from the Chinese text, of an Agreement signed on the 30th August last, for the working of coal mines in Hei-lung-chiang Province by the Chinese Eastern Railway Company.\n\nA similar Agreement affecting coal-mining rights in Kirin Province was signed on or about the same date.\n\nP.S.-Chinese text will follow.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) R. WILLIS,",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 661,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "654\n\nrepresent them. These arrangements were undertaken by Commandant Chang-pin-kao, to whom great credit is due.\n\nOf some thirty cases left, in about a third places and men had not been identified from the Chinese names given. The Deputy Commissioner has since inserted Shan as well as Chinese names in his complaints, and this procedure may facilitate settlements. Of the remainder, some cases were said to have been settled directly with the complainants; in others the accused were in British territory. It was arranged that some cases should be settled in accordance with Kachin custom, and the remainder were put back for various other reasons.\n\nThe Tengyueh Ting on arriving at Man-ai sent in a dozen complaints against Bhamo district, and protested because none of them were settled. He also proposed that if the Bhamo cases were not settled in three months they should be written off, but naturally I could not agree to the proposal.\n\nChen Kang. The present Taot'ai (Ch'in Shu Sheng) is a member of the \"Hsin Tang,\" which may be called the \"Young China\" party. Its chief aim is to be against the foreigner in everything, and its second is frankly revolutionary. The Taot'ai is unscrupulous and untrustworthy. When he was Prefect of Ch'u Ch'ing (lat. 25° 31′; long. 103° 43'), meetings were openly held in that town applauding the murderers of En Ming, the Anhui Governor, who was assassinated last year.\n\nCh'in Taot'ai received his present appointment in consequence of a signal act of discourtesy. The Yunnan Governor-General invited him to be present at a dinner to which he was inviting His Majesty's Consul-General at Yunnan-fu. Ch'in refused on the ground that the latter was a foreigner! The Governor-General was so impressed that he made him acting Taot'ai here. He bullies the General and the Ting by telling them he will report them to the Governor-General if they do not do exactly as he wishes, and he gives out that he receives daily private telegrams from his Excellency, which everybody knows is untrue.\n\nIt is worth noting that all the Chinese members of Sir Robert Hart's Customs staff here belong to the \"Hsin Tang.\"\n\nWenchow.\n\nCh'i Hsu, who was Prefect at this port in 1900, has again been appointed to the same office.\n\nHe was considered mainly responsible for the attacks on converts and the destruction of missionary property in the Wenchow district in 1900, and was fined 5,000 dollars as a punishment. He has since reformed, and is a friend of the missionaries, who believe in his sincerity. The facts that his son has been taught English and that his grandson is engaged to be married to the daughter of an Englishman would seem to bear out the opinion that his anti-foreign ideas have changed.\n\nChinese Press.\n\nShanghae-Hangchow-Ningpo Railway: Loan Agreement.\n\nThe \"Eastern Times,\" after publishing the text of the above Agreement, contains in its issue of the 15th March an article entitled \"Complete Defeat of the People.\"\n\nIn spite of the vaunted negotiations between the Government and the people, the Government, as things have turned out, has scored a double victory; it has avoided the appearance of harshness, but has got its own way just the same. Similarly, with regard to the people's defeat at the hands of the foreigners, since the publication of the Agreement it is seen that the people can do no better than the Government, and the foreigners score a double victory; they get their way, but can say that the loan has not been forced upon the people.\n\nBut, although the nation is utterly routed, defeat has been turned to victory before now, and there is hope that by success in future cases the disgrace of the present incident may be wiped out.\n\nIn the same issue this journal, reviewing the net results of all the negotiations, makes the following remarks:-\n\n1. The arrangement by which this line is to connect with the Shanghae-Nanking Railway, which, of course, will connect with the Tien-tsin-Yang-tsze line, is like threading fish on a willow twig (for convenience in handing to others), the Provinces of Kiangsu and Chekiang representing the fish (to be eaten).\n\n2. The Agreement calls the railway an Imperial undertaking, while the Memorial calls it a private (mercantile) undertaking, i.e., for abroad it is Imperial, for home it is private. Why are the Chinese Commercial Companies thus hidden from sight like a man's mistress and not allowed to appear?\n\n3. Much has been said as to the loan and the railway being kept separate. But the stipulations in the Agreement that the Engineer-in-chief shall be British, that the surplus revenue of the line shall be deposited with the Hong Kong and Shanghae Banking Corporation, and that the railway accounts shall be kept in Chinese and English are all inconsistent with this statement.\n\nIn fine, the Agreement is dubbed an Agreement for the mutual hoodwinking of natives and foreigners, of higher and lower classes.\n\nThibet.\n\nThe \"Shun Tien Shih Pao\" of the 25th March contains the following as regards Thibet:-\n\nChang Ta Chien, the Assistant Amban, has telegraphed to the Grand Council, asking them to present a Memorial on his behalf with reference to the present state of affairs in Thibet. The following are the main points alluded to:---\n\n1. The object of the Viceroy of India in having trade marts opened is really to encroach on Thibetan territory, and we must take our precautions beforehand.\n\n2. The Thibetan people are gradually coming to regret their former attitude, and are desirous of returning to our allegiance. The only thing to be feared is that the Dalai Lama may prove troublesome, and it would be desirable to have the administration of the country put in order before his return.\n\n3. Chang Ta Ch'en proposes that over 100 cadets, who have finished their course in the military academies, should be sent to Thibet to assist in reorganization of army.\n\n4. He also makes the following suggestions with regard to the administration of Thibet:-\n\nThat the Dalai Lama should be given a higher Chinese rank, and should be paid a salary on a liberal scale.\n\nThat a special Board for the administration of Thibetan affairs should be established, having at its head a Prince or other officer of high rank and several subordinate officials.\n\nAs there is at present no army in Thibet, he suggests that some thousand men should be transferred there from Chihli,\n\nHe suggests that the funds required for military and police purposes, the development of mines, reclamation works, banks, &c., amounting to over 3,000,000 taels, should be furnished by the Board of Finance.\n\nThe Memorial has been sent for consideration to the Wai-wu Pu and Army Board. A Memorial on Thibetan affairs has also, it is stated, been submitted by the Amban, Lien Yu. He recommends that the project of making Thibet a province of China should be postponed for the present, but states that, owing to the excessive pretentions of the Dalai Lama and the insubordinate attitude of the Thibetan officials, the administration of the country is very difficult. He suggests that a special Commissioner should be sent to Thibet to organize the Government of the country. He complains that the 200,000 taels, for which he applied some time ago, have not been sent by the Board of Finance, and states that if Thibet is to be made into a province 200,000 or 300,000 taels will not be sufficient for the purpose.\n\nPolitical Societies and Meetings.\n\nRegulations for the control of societies and public meetings have been drawn up by the Bureau for the Study of Constitutional Reform (Hsien Cheng Pien Ch'a Kuan). These regulations refer more particularly to societies and public meetings having a political object, and provide that when it is proposed to establish such a society, or hold a public meeting, notice shall be sent to the local authorities or police. Soldiers, police officers, teachers, students in colleges, boys under 20, and all women, are not permitted to become members of a political society. Secret societies are forbidden, and the local authorities should always have the right to dissolve any society or disperse any public meeting which they consider dangerous to the public peace. Membership of a\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 804,
        "title": "CO129-351 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "4\n\nKiangsu, with a view to the suppression of piracy. Four shallow-draught gun-boats, eight Chinese gun-boats, and ninety small patrol-boats ('red boats') are to be purchased.\n\n\"Railway for Ili.—The Military Governor has reported in favour of constructing three lines: one from Ti-hua Fu to Ili, one from Ti-hua Fu to Urga, and the third from Ti-hua Fu to Lanchou. He proposes that the gold mines in Ili should be developed with a view to raising capital for the construction of these railways, and that a loan should be made by the Board of Revenue.\"\n\n'Railways in Manchuria.—The Tsi-tsi-har—Hei-lung-chiang Railway is to be commenced next spring, and the Chinese Eastern Railway branch line from Tsi-tsi-har to Old Tsi-tsi-har this summer.\n\n\"Kirin-Ch'ang Ch'un Railway. The survey of this line has been completed, and the estimated cost of construction is 5,500,000 to 5,600,000 dollars. Work will be commenced on the conclusion of the Loan Agreement with Japan.\"\n\nProposed Admiral for Hupei.—The Grand Council contemplate the appointment of an officer as Admiral of Hupei, to be stationed at Hankow and co-operate with the Admiral of the Yang-tsze.\n\n**\n\nProposed new Naval Harbour.—The Viceroy of Canton has forwarded to the Army Board a Report on the harbour of Hsia Yung in Kwangtung, with regard to its suitability as a naval harbour. The question is to be referred to Admiral Sa.\n\nYang Shih Ch'i's Mission.—In a Memorial to the Throne Yang Shih Ch'i gives brief account of his mission to inquire into the condition of Chinese settlers in the Philippines, Siam, Singapore, Java, Annam, and other countries. He describes the climate and productions of the various places visited, and states the number of Chinese settlers in each. He praises the Administration of Singapore and Penang, where the Chinese have attained much wealth and influence, but states that in Java the Chinese, especially those employed in the mines, are badly treated. Everywhere he went he was well received, and found that the Chinese settlers still retained a strong feeling of affection for their native country. He addressed meetings of Chinese merchants in various places, and visited schools and other institutions, to some of which he gave scrolls presented by the Empress Dowager.\n\n\"Steam Navigation on the Upper Yang-tsze.\" (See Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 157, of the 1st April) In a Memorial the Acting Viceroy of Szechuan reports that he proposes to establish a Company with a capital of 200,000 taels, to run steam-ships on the Upper Yang-tsze between Ichang and Chungking, and later to Suifu and Kiating, one-third of the capital to be subscribed by the Government and two-thirds by the public. An officer sent to investigate the matter has reported that by blowing up some of the obstructions in the river and using windlasses at some of the more dangerous rapids, navigation by steam vessels would be quite feasible. Three small steamers are to be purchased abroad, and the service will afterwards be extended.\n\n46\n\nFires in Peking.—It is reported that Na Tung has given special orders to the police with reference to the fires which have been very numerous recently. He states that, although the frequency of these fires is chiefly to be attributed to the exceptional dryness of the atmosphere, there is reason to suspect that some have been the work of incendiaries who wished to take advantage of the fires to commit thefts. He directs the police to exert themselves to bring all such criminals to justice.\n\n\"The Ching Hua Shih Pao reports that there was a fire at the Wai-wu Pu on the 4th, but that it was promptly extinguished.\"\n\nThe Ching Hua Shih Pao also reports that there are at present a large number of revolutionaries in Peking who have come here from Japan. The Board of the Interior are reported to have given orders for the arrest of fifty-five of these persons.\n\n\"Naval Harbour in Hainan.—The Viceroy at Canton has reported in favour of making a naval harbour at Yu Lin, in Hainan, and states that the water supply and climate are good. He recommends the construction of a railway for the purpose of transporting troops and supplies there when necessary.\n\nChengting-Te Chou Railway.—The Government have decided to proceed with the construction of this railway at once. Engineers have been sent by the Peking-Hankow Railway Company to survey the line, and work will be commenced next month. The construction will be under the direction of the French.\n\n\"Tsitsihar-Angangchi Railway.—A Chinese Company with a capital of 320,000 taels has been formed for the construction of this short line (a distance of 50 li). The contract for building the line has been given to a German firm, Messrs. Telge and Schroeter. Work will be commenced in June.\n\n**\n\n5\n\n'Proposed Appointment of Judicial Officials.—The provincial authorities of Kwangtung, Yunnan, and Kweichow proposed some time ago that judicial officers (Pu Huo Ts'ai P'an) should be appointed in the interior with a view to preparing for the withdrawal of the right of exterritoriality at present enjoyed by foreigners. The Government, with the assistance of Wai-wu Pu and Hsien Cheng Kuan, are engaged in drawing up Regulations for the purpose.\n\n\"Proposed Railways in the North-west.—The Shen-Kan Viceroy has recommended the construction of two lines, one from Kalgan to Urga, a distance of 2,450 li, the other from Sui-yuan along the north bank of the Yellow River to Ning-hsia; thence to Liang-Chou, Hami, Ti-hua, and Ili, a distance of 8,000 li. These railways could not be constructed as a commercial enterprise, but would be of great importance for military purposes.\n\nMining in Shansi.—Since buying out the Peking Syndicate, the Taiyuan Fu Mining Company have obtained permission to raise capital to the amount of 5,000,000 taels to develop the mines, and the capital has already been over-subscribed, only Chinese being permitted to purchase shares. A Chinese mining engineer has been engaged at a salary of 600 taels a-month, machinery has been ordered from Europe, and 1,000,000 taels of the capital is to be devoted to the establishment of an iron foundry.\n\nThe \"Universal Gazette,\" in an article on the danger of ignorance of the limits of foreign relations, proceeds to argue that, while the limitation of India's export of opium is a diplomatic question, China's monopoly of sale of the prepared drug is an internal Government step with which England has no concern, since the nature of the drug has been altered, and so the Treaty with England does not apply. At present the shops charge at will, irrespective of the duty and li-kin, and England has nothing to say. Similarly, Chinese prohibition of rice export does not affect cakes and biscuits made of it. Moreover, a rise in price is not a customs duty; the aliens might as well claim to interfere with the proposed stamp duties, which will be charged on native and foreign goods alike.\n\nThe distinction between diplomatic and non-diplomatic matters is quite easy. Another instance, the Soo-Hang-Ning Railway. The Tsung-li Yamên's agreement with the British Envoy might be brought within the scope of diplomacy, but, as regards construction, the publication of the Railway Regulations took that out of the Wai-wu Pu's sphere, and the Wai-wu Pu should have told Sir J. Jordan to bid his nationals petition the Board of Communications direct, and have declined to interfere, quoting as precedents the American exclusion, which its State Department insisted pertained solely to the Labour Department; the Manchurian troops question, which Russia said pertained to her War Office; the Touquin Consuls, which the French Foreign Office put on its Colonial Department, and all the other precedents of recent years. Unfortunately, the Board waited till it got a bad name by resisting popular opinion before it got the Board of Communications to make the loan,\n\nThen trade-marks: all China promised was rules like other Powers, yet foreigners are allowed to interfere with their tenor. And the Mining Rules, which were drafted with the aid of foreign advisers, were still less open to foreign revision.\n\nIf attention is paid to their protests on more and more questions, China's independence will be lost through Chinese heedlessness.\n\nThe trouble has come from the fact that the Wai-wu Pu is not bound, like other posts, to report to the Throne and quote precedents. It has assumed unlimited powers, and, with a Prince and Grand Councillors at its head, ignores all control, and, without knowing it, is a danger to the State. Could folly go further?\n\nTo recover from the consequences will take many years' struggles and constant supervision, which latter is beyond the Throne, the Council and the Ministers, and to be found only in an elected Parliament. This is the only means to safety.\n\nThe \"Eastern Times\" of the 25th March professes to give the gist of a secret report by the Chinese Delegates to The Hague Conference on the European position. He describes the Peace Conference as a covert struggle for each Power's private objects. England dislikes Germany, which, since its victory over France, has increased in military pride above not only England, but the whole world, and is now developing a navy. So Russia fell in with England's request, in order, it is said, to safeguard her Asiatic possessions after Japan's victory over Russia. So Russia and Japan nearly came to rupture over the naval question, who five years ago started the limitation of armaments proposal, now refused to sign such an Agreement. The Conference reminds him of Sung's abortive assembly of the States (in B.C. 545), when the Ch'u men wore armour under their clothes.\n\n797",
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        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "2\n\neagerness in any part of the province to subscribe capital for the enterprise, and the Acting British Consul-General reports that there exists a great deal of dissatisfaction on account of the \"rent share\" system (see Mr. Fox' Report inclosed in Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 245 of last year). Indeed, it is estimated that the present taxation on cultivated land, including this rent share subscription, is not far short of 10 per cent. per annum of the value of the crops. The Acting Viceroy has been compelled to prohibit all meetings where the general dissatisfaction is likely to find expression in \"reckless oratory,\" and great efforts are being made, by lectures and other means, to stimulate public interest in the railway scheme. Past experience has not taught the officials that it will be well nigh impossible to raise funds for railway construction without having recourse to foreign assistance, and the Acting Viceroy, under instructions from the Board of Posts and Communications, has officially stated that there is no intention of employing foreign capital in the case of this railway.\n\nChinan-fu.\n\nHis Majesty's Consul reports the arrival at Chinan-fu of Yuan Shu-hsün, who has taken over charge of the province, as Acting Governor, from Wu Ting-pin. The latter is returning to his home, not having taken up his new post of Treasurer of Chihli on the ground of ill-health.\n\nYuan Shu-hsün will be remembered in connection with the Shanghai riots of 1905, when his attitude as Tantai was not such as to lead one to attribute to him any very friendly feelings towards foreigners.\n\nKiukiang.\n\nA Japanese post office was opened early in March in the British Concession, and bids fair to become a serious rival to the Chinese Imperial Postal Service. The complaints that are made against the latter are numerous and serious, involving cases not only of delay and loss of money orders and parcels, but also of breach of confidence and absence of secrecy. From the reports of His Majesty's Consul it would not seem that the good reputation which the Chinese Post Office enjoys elsewhere is in any degree maintained in the Kiukiang district.\n\nKanchou Riot.--Various officials have been dealt with by Imperial Decree as a result of the outbreak in the Kanchou district last autumn (see Monthly Summary inclosed in Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 104 of the 3rd March, 1908). One Magistrate has been dismissed from the public service for ever, while four other officials have been handed over to the Board concerned to receive the severest penalties.\n\nThe supersession in Nan Chang of Chuang Taotai by Taotai Wang Kan-ching means the removal of an official whose attitude to foreigners has always been one of obstruction and hostility.\n\nForeign Missions.\n\nA report received from His Majesty's Consul at Chinan-fu shows that the Western \"conscientious objector\" is finding his imitators in the Far East.\n\nA tax is being levied by the local authorities in several districts of Shantung for the purpose of repairing the local Confucian temples. In some instances native Christians have sought the support of missionaries in claiming exemption from payment of this tax. They maintain that the imposition of such taxes upon Christians is contrary to Treaty rights, and, further, that their consciences will not permit them to contribute to the up-keep of institutions where ceremonies repugnant to their religious convictions are performed. Among the native converts, if not among the missionaries, a righteous indignation is almost universally expressed at the thought of the proceeds of the tax being devoted to the maintenance of so idolatrous a form of worship, though the more moderate party is inclined to draw nice distinctions between the national Confucian religion and the more superstitious Buddhist and Taoist creeds. The latter question is one that affords great scope for ingenious theological arguments, hinging on the moot point as to whether Confucianism is an idolatrous religion or merely a national code of morals; indeed, the learned teachers of Christianity in China have found in this question a fertile source of controversy for the last three hundred years.\n\nThe point of conscience appears to be too delicate for any but theologians to determine, but, as regards the Treaty rights claimed by the converts, the only justification for such a claim is to be found in Article 14 of the American Treaty of 1903, which provides that converts are to be exempt from the payment of taxes \"levied for the support of religious customs and practices contrary to their faith.\" On the other hand, Confucianism is the State religion of China, and, as the new Governor of Shantung very sensibly pointed out in a conversation with His Majesty's Consul, the Confucian temples are national Chinese institutions, the support of which is a legitimate charge on the public revenue.\n\nAt Chengtu, the West China Missionary Conference passed a Resolution appointing a Committee to consider what measures could be taken to prevent the importation of cigarettes. This Resolution is directed against the British-American Tobacco Company, and the American Consul is very indignant with the American missionaries for trying to harm a Company whose capital is largely American.\n\nThis same Conference was addressed at its opening meeting by a deputy from the Acting Viceroy, who, after congratulating the Protestant missions on their reputation for abstaining from political intrigues, proceeded to give the members some sound advice as regards the choice of candidates for conversion, hinting that Chinese did not always embrace Christianity from purely religious motives. It is satisfactory to note that the members of the Conference seem to have taken his words in good part.\n\nBoycott of Japanese Goods.\n\nFrom the information contained in the Quarterly Intelligence Report, sent to this Legation by His Majesty's Consulate-General at Canton, it would seem doubtful whether the boycott will be able to affect Japanese trade to a really serious extent in that city. The importation of coal, for instance, is largely in the hands of the Japanese, and it would be practically impossible to obtain coal from any other source. The Society which plays the leading part in the movement, the so-called \"Self-Government\" Society, is one not much respected by the better class of Cantonese merchants, its head being a bankrupt banker. The efforts of this Society, aided by the prejudice which does exist against Japanese goods, will, however, probably not be without a certain effect, temporary though it may be, on the business done by the local Japanese traders.\n\nThe opinions expressed by the native journals in general as to the desirability of the boycott vary widely. On the one hand a large section of the press clamour loudly in favour of the movement, hailing it as an expression of national indignation at the disgrace inflicted on China by the Government's weakness over the \"Tatsu Maru\" incident. On the other hand, we find Chinese papers deprecating a boycott; their tone is no less jingoistic than that adopted by the pro-boycott press, but they base their attitude on the advantages reaped by British, German, and American trade from the check to Japanese commercial enterprise. They point out that to boycott the goods of any one country is merely to push the trade of the other foreign nations who are exploiting China for their own selfish ends. This view is expressed, not without a certain pathos, by the \"Universal Gazette\" (Hankow): \"It follows that all our trouble only brings immediate success to others. Therefore the better policy is to encourage the manufacture and use of native imitations.\"\n\nThe Native Press on Railways.\n\nThere are few subjects on which the Chinese press waxes so eloquent as on that of the connection between Chinese railways and foreigners. With tireless zeal the papers insist on the dangers attaching to the influx of foreign capital, and point to the profit which would attend the substitution of Chinese for foreign ownership of the railways. Unfortunately their readers seem slow to learn their lesson, as most attempts to raise loans for railway enterprises have shown.\n\nA series of articles which have appeared in the \"Universal Gazette,\" on the much-debated Chekiang Railway question, are typical of the tone adopted by the press. Taking the Loan Agreement as his theme, the writer draws attention to the dark British schemes which lurk hidden under such Agreements. Great Britain, whom the writer terms the \"leading devil in the work of destroying nations by trade,\" is bent on securing complete control of the Yang-tsze Valley, and \"if England can get the Shanghai-Nanking and Soochow-Hangchow-Ningpo Railways, she will hold China's natural Treasury, Kiangsu-Chekiang, and later advance her sphere over Anhui and Kiangsi, ultimately obtaining the Canton-Hankow Railway section in Hunan.\" Chinese should therefore subscribe towards the redemption of foreign-owned railways, gaining thereby not only great financial profit, but also the glory which attaches to true patriots.\n\nThe same paper has an article about the Hsinmintun-Fakumen Railway, and takes...\n\n3\n\n...\n\n78",
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        "content_text": "4\n\nbuoys to the Wan Tzu bank, and have placed additional buoys in the sea beyond Chi T'ou Shan,\n\n\"All these acts are flagrant breaches of the Treaty, and I have the honour to request that the Portuguese Minister be asked to put a stop to them.”\n\nI have the honour to remind your Excellency that the second Article of the 1887 Treaty between China and Portugal provided that \"so long as the delimitation of the boundaries is not concluded, everything in respect to them shall continue as at present without addition, diminution, or alteration by either of the parties.\" The Board have on several occasions protested against the repeated alterations made by Portugal in respect of the boundaries existing in 1887.\n\nThe facts now reported by the Viceroy at Canton that barracks are being constructed at Chin Ao (Colowan), that the Portuguese have on their own authority removed the buoys in the middle of the river between Macao and Wan Tzú and have placed other buoys in the sea off Chi Tou Shan are all contrary to Treaty,\n\nThe Viceroy at Canton is urging the Administration of Macao (Ao Mên Chêng Ting) to carry out their Treaty obligations, and I have now the honour to request that your Excellency will ask the Portuguese Government to at once put a stop to the construction of the barracks, remove the buoys, and refrain from arresting the oyster boats, so that the requirements of the Treaty may be complied with and friendly relations preserved.\n\nAwaiting the honour of a reply, I avail, &c.\n\n(Signed)\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum by M. Brederode.\n\nPrince CHING.\n\nSON Excellence le Baron de Sendal est allé, le 21 Avril, au Wai-wu Pu et a demandé à son Excellence Mr. Lien Fang s'il était vrai que la Chine eût l'intention de mettre des soldats à Lappa. Son Excellence Lien Fang lui répondit catégorique-ment et à plusieurs reprises: \"Il n'y a rien ! Il n'y a rien de cela !\" Et pourtant, le 22, il y avait déjà des soldats Chinois à Lappa!\n\nAprès cela, toutes les fois que le Baron de Sendal est allé au Wai-wu Pu (le 28 Avril, le 1er Mai, le 5 Mai, et le 8 Mai) réclamer contre cette violation du statu quo et aussi contre ce débarquement de soldats à Vong-Cam, leurs Excellences Na Tong Yen Shih Kai et Lien Fang, ont toujours affirmé qu'ils n'en savaient rien, qu'ils allaient demander au Vice-roi de Canton s'il l'avait fait et pourquoi, &c.\n\nEt cela dure depuis le 21 Avril.\n\nL'Ile de Vong-Cam, comme celle de D. João (Macarira), a été toujours considérée comme dépendance de Macau (vide p. 69 du Livre Blanc de 1888).\n\nQuant à Lappa, Sir Robert Hart, dans une dépêche à Thomaz de Souza Rosa, négociateur du Traité de 1887, dépêche datée du 22 Septembre, 1887, lui disait: \"Je ne doute pas que la question de Lappa soit maintenant prise en considération\"; et dans le projet de Convention Fiscale, qui accompagnait cette dépêche, Sir Robert Hart insérait l'Article suivant (p. 13 du Livre Blanc)-\n\nL'Article 15. La Chine permet que le Portugal occupe, fasse usage, et gouverne l'île connue sous le nom de Lappa, dans laquelle les Portugais ont eu anciennement occupation, et aussi les deux îlots appelés Malaochas, proche de l'Ile de Lappa, et cette occupation, usage, et gouvernement de Lappa, et des deux îlots ne prendra fin que si le Portugal cesse de prêter son assentiment à cette présente Convention à propos de l'opium.\"\n\nIl est vrai que Sir Robert Hart, après, n'a pu maintenir cet Article. Mais il n'en est pas moins vrai qu'à cette date-là il nous trouvait le droit de posséder et de gouverner Lappa, reconnaissant que nous y avions déjà eu des résidences.\n\nLe 1er Mars, 1887, Mr. James Duncan Campbell communiqua à son Excellence le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères à Lisbonne un télégramme envoyé par Sir Robert Hart pour établir les bases du Traité. L'Article 2 porte: Reconnaissance par Traité de la perpétuelle occupation et gouvernement de Macau et ses dépendances par le Portugal.\n\n5\n\nSir Robert Hart confirme cet Article dans un télégramme du 20 Mars, 1887 (p. 45 du Livre Blanc).\n\nDans ces termes a été rédigé l'Article 2 du Protocole de Lisbonne du 26 Mars, 1887, que l'Article 2 du Traité confirme entièrement.\n\nQu'elles étaient ces dépendances? Le négociateur du Traité, Souza Rosa, l'a clairement dit au Tsong-li Yamên: \"L'Ile Verte, Taipa, D. João (Macarira), Colovane, et Vong-Cam, et, bien entendu, toutes leurs eaux territoriales, restant bien compris que la juridiction Portugaise du côté ouest de la Péninsule de Macau s'étend sur toutes les eaux jusqu'à la côte est de Lappa et au rocher Apo-Léac.\"\n\nNous ne ... Donc, Lappa n'a pas d'eaux territoriales Chinoises dans sa côte est. Nous avons jamais reconnu, et de fait nous avons toujours exercé pleine juridiction sur toutes les eaux du port intérieur de Macau. Ce qui prouve, semble-t-il, que Lappa doit être considérée sous l'influence Portugaise, puisque ses eaux sont sous notre juridiction.\n\nLe 27 Avril des soldats Chinois débarquèrent à Vong-Cam (Montanha) et y établirent des postes et y hissèrent un pavillon. Les habitants de Vong-Cam se considèrent sous notre juridiction. Ils demandent permission au Gouvernement de Macau pour exploiter les carrières de pierre et les parcs à huîtres, et payent l'impôt de ces permissions. C'est aux abattoirs de Colovane qu'ils apportent leurs pores pour qu'ils y soient abattus, payant là volontairement l'impôt et la taxe dus pour ce service. Il nous payent en outre la contribution (l'impôt). Leur Ti-fu (autorité communale) de Manio, élu par eux, demande toujours sa confirmation au Préfet de Taipa et Colovane. C'est les habitants de Vong-Cam et le Ti-fu qui demandent cette confirmation au Préfet Portugais de Taipa et Colovane. Et sans cette confirmation ils ne considèrent pas l'élection du Ti-fu comme valable. La municipalité Portugaise de Taipa et Colovane paye et maintient l'école de Manio dans l'Ile de Vong-Cam (Montanha). A Vong-Cam la Chine ne lève aucun impôt indirect ou direct. De même à D. João (Macarira). Dans cette dernière île c'est le Portugal qui a toujours dominé. Nous y avons la ladrerie (hôpital pour les lépreux) de Pac-Salam, que nous entretenons et payons. Ceci semble vraiment un incontestable document d'occupation et d'administration. Comme à Vong-Cam, les Ti-fus (Maires, ou quelque chose d'y approchant) de D. João (Macarira) sont aussi élus par le peuple, qui en demande égale-ment la confirmation au Préfet de Taipa et Colovane. De même les propriétaires des parcs à huîtres, des appareils de pêche, et des carrières de D. João (Macarira) nous demandent la permission de les exploiter, et nous en payent l'impôt. Leurs écoles dépendent de nous. Dans ces deux îles, Vong-Cam et D. João (Macarira) les populations se sentent tellement sous notre juridiction que spontanément ils ont demandé que, à l'instar de ce que nous avons fait à Colovane, nous les dotions avec des gardes de police rurale.\n\nLégation de Portugal, Pékin [non datée].\n\nInclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nMap of Macao.\n\n[Not printed.]\n\n0\n\n* Sie.\n\n284",
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        "content_text": "485 C.O. 33035\n\nThis Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government:\n\n2\n\nThere is a round-house for six engines and coaling-station at Ta-shih-ch'iao. There is another brick bridge, 250 yards long, under construction, half-a-mile south of Hai-ch'êng, which will replace the old bridge.\n\nA bridge, 100 feet long, 1 mile to the south of An-shan-chan is a quarter completed. Half-a-mile north of Li-shan-chan there is a double brick pier bridge, about 200 yards long, under construction. There is a double brick pier bridge, about half-a-mile long, with 14 spans, over the Tai-tzu Ho, just north of Liao-yang. The big bridge over the Hun Ho (south of Mukden) will not have a double track for the present.\n\nIt is expected that the line will be completed by November 1908, when the double track will be finished, and first-class carriages, with dining-cars attached, will be put on the line.\n\nThe new engines for the broad gauge line are partly Baldwin and partly from the Pittsburg works, whilst the new passenger corridor carriages are also from America. The latter have no mark on the outside to denote the class. At present carriages with small wooden benches are used for the second class, whilst the third class have to be content with the floor. The cheapest types of carriages have been bought, and the general impression is that they will soon be shaken to pieces; the wood is not seasoned, and the fittings generally are very cheap and bad. As an American engineer remarked: \"The Japanese wanted to get nothing for nothing,\" and they have certainly got it.\n\nThe new time-tables came into force on the 1st June, 1908. As a result of numerous complaints, the Japanese railway employés have now become civil. A passenger between Dalny and Mukden told me that that part of the line was now very well managed, but this was not my experience on the part between Mukden and K'uan-ch'êng-tzu; and interminable delays occur over the registration of baggage or in securing it on arrival. Each station has a superfluous crowd of Japanese inspectors, who loaf about and do nothing. Insufficient accommodation is provided for the Chinese third-class passengers, nearly every one of whom travels with a large bundle of bedding from which he always refuses to be parted.\n\nThe Japanese, following the precedent of the Russians (who only take roubles on their section north of Kuan-ch'eng-tzu), will only accept Japanese gold yen, so that on arrival at a station it is necessary to have recourse to some local harpy in the shape of a money-changer.\n\nA second-class ticket from Ch'ang-t'u Fu to K'uan-ch'êng-tzu, a distance of 104 miles, costs 590 yen, or at the local rate of exchange, 842 dollars. Putting the dollar at 1s. 10d., this would be 148. 74d., or at a rate of over 3 d. a-mile.\n\nPassengers going by the Siberian mail go through to Erh-tao-kou (called by the Japanese K'uan-ch'êng-tsu Station, where they change into the Russian train. This station is about 24 miles north-north-west of K'uan-ch'êng-tzu.\n\nPassengers for that city used to get out at Hsi-k'uan-ch'êng-tzu Station, about half-a-mile south of Erh-tao-kou. The new branch line has now been opened, and passengers now change carriages at Meng-chia-t'un, about 7 miles south of Hsi-k'uan-ch'êng-tzu, and, leaving the old line about 6 miles further on, make a bend round to the new station at Ch'ang-ch'un Fu, three-quarters of a mile north-north-west of that city and alongside of the Japanese Settlement. No work has yet been begun on the line which is to run from this station to Kirin.\n\nThe Japanese have thrown up an embankment to connect Erh-tao-kou with this new station, and one of the subjects of discussion, I believe, at the recent Conference in St. Petersburgh was with reference to the Russians using this new embankment and the Japanese taking up the old piece of line south of Erh-tao-kou.\n\nThe country west of K'uan-ch'eng-tzu is slightly undulating with deep nullahs, and abominable roads lead across it from the city to the Russian and old Japanese stations.\n\nThere is a Decauville line for push cars from Chang-t'u Fu (further south) to Ch'ang-t'u Fu Station, a distance of 7 miles over the downs; fare, 40 cents. It was put down by the Japanese during the war, and is said to be still owned by them.\n\nAt Mukden there is a horse tram-line from the station to the city. It is jointly owned by the Japanese and Chinese, but I was informed that it was running at a loss.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) G. PEREIRA, Lieutenant-Colonel, Grenadier Guards, Military Attaché.\n\nTien-tsin, June 26, 1908.\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[29328]\n\nREC? [August 24\n\nSECTION 1,\n\n9 REF 08\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received August 24.)\n\n(No. 297.) Sir,\n\nPeking, July 6, 1908. I HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith copies of despatches from His Majesty's Consuls-General at Tien-tsin and Mukden on the subject of recent judicial reforms inaugurated by the Chinese Provincial authorities.\n\nThe measures which have been taken towards the introduction of a better judicial system, both at Tien-tsin and in Manchuria, are no doubt due to the influence of enlightened officials, such as Yuan Shih-k'ai and Tong Shoa-yi, who wish by these means to raise the standard of Chinese justice and thus prepare the way for the eventual abolition of extra-territoriality. But it is to be observed that at Shanghae, which would be the most fitting place to provide an object lesson in reforms of this description, little or nothing has been attempted.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n(No. 32.) Sir,\n\nInclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul-General Ker to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nTien-tsin, June 25, 1908. I HAVE the honour to submit, for your consideration, copies of the following correspondence that has passed between the Customs Taotai and the Consular Body at Tien-tsin on the subject of the Shen Pan Ting, the Chinese District Court for the decision of civil cases in which foreigners are plaintiffs :-\n\n1. Copy and translation of despatch from Customs Taotai to Mr. Hopkins, as senior Consul, dated the 16th January, 1908, announcing the establishment of the Court and transmitting the Regulations;\n\n2. Copy and translation of the Regulations inclosed in above;\n\n3. Copy (in English and Chinese) of despatch from Mr. Hopkins to Customs Taotai, dated the 27th March, 1908, communicating certain suggestions made by the Consular Body on the proposed Regulations;\n\n4. Copy and précis of despatch from Customs Taotai to Mr. Hopkins dated the 16th May, 1908, communicating the reply and explanations offered by the Shen P'an Ting in regard to the above suggestions.\n\nThe Consular Body has now drafted (Inclosure 5) a reply which it is proposed that Mr. E. T. Williams, as Senior Consul, shall send to the Customs Taotai, agreeing to accept the regulations in question, subject to the approval of the foreign Representatives in Peking, on condition that certain further slight amendments are made.\n\nAt a meeting of the Consular Body held on the 19th instant it was decided that before sending in this conditional assent to the regulations, the whole matter should be submitted by the Consuls to their respective Ministers, and the approval of the Diplomatic Body obtained.\n\nI have the honour accordingly to request your instructions as to joining in the proposed action of the Consular Body.\n\nI may say that although I have not been long enough in Tien-tsin to watch the working of this Court, Mr. Hopkins before he left expressed to me the opinion that on the whole it was working satisfactorily, and that there was nothing particular in the regulations to which objection should be taken.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) W. P. KER.\n\n[1905 aa-1]",
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        "page_number": 517,
        "title": "CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "12\n\n13\n\n514\n\nStation.\n\nFor\n\nFor use of Line.\n\nuse of Station.\n\nRemarks,\n\nYin-kau Branch Line,\n\nMa-i-tuo\n\n137\n\nAcres sq. yds.\n\n1,784\n\n77\n\nLiao-yang\n\n150 1,896\n\n1,466\n\nAcres sq. yds.\n\n2,168 604\n\nFor\n\nStation.\n\nFor use of Line.\n\nRemarks.\n\nChang-tai-tzu\n\n195\n\n408\n\n171\n\n3,756\n\nYen-tai\n\nVillage of Sho-aban, situated within the railway reserve, 24 a. 3,772 sq. yds. Tai-tzu-ho (river), within railway reserve, 44 a. 4,620 sq. yds. (riparian works).\n\nuse of Station.\n\nAcres sq. yds.\n\n110 4,668\n\n290\n\n4,416\n\nShih-li-ho\n\n121 3,484\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\nSha-ho..\n\n184 1,708\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\nSu-chia-tun\n\nTa-shih-chiao Wang-chia-pu Niu-chia-tun Yin-kau\n\n205\n\n163\n\n5\n\nAcres sq. yds.\n\n1,184\n\n81 4,564 4,388 1,022 1,924 4,608\n\n#\n\nStreet railway reserve.\n\n189\n\n788\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\nIlun-ho\n\nFeng-tien (Mukden)\n\n101 3,388\n\n79\n\n2,644\n\nTotal\n\n375\n\n400\n\n1,104 1,648\n\n150 2,812\n\n1,479\n\n2,560\n\nWen-kuan-tun\n\n229 2,856\n\n71\n\n3,388\n\nHu-shih-tai\n\n117 2,736\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\nHsin-cheng-tzu\n\nTi-erh-hain-cheng-tzu\n\nHsin-tai-tzu\n\nLuan-shib-shan\n\nTe-sheng-tai\n\nTich-ling\n\nPing-ting-pu\n\nChung-ku Kai-yüan Ching-kou-tau\n\nMa-chung-chien..\n\nChang-tu Man-ching\n\nChuan-yen-tou\n\nShuang-miao-tzu Huan-kou-tzu\n\n210 1,360\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\n145\n\n::::\n\n76\n\n136\n\n2,788\n\n25\n\n2,112\n\nFu-shun Mine Branch Line,\n\n299\n\n2,588\n\n104\n\n608\n\n81 4,564\n\n193\n\n140\n\n81 4,564\n\nSand quarry of Ta-fang-ho, within railway reserve, 23 a. 2,188 sq. yds.\n\n124 4,552\n\n1,388\n\n3,972\n\n:\n\n:\n\n228\n\n112\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\nVillage of Ma-feng-kou, within railway station reserve, 136 a. 2,208 sq, yds. Tzu-ho dike, within railway reserve, 52 a. 1,304 sq. yds.\n\nSu-chia-tran Fu-shun\n\n436\n\n454\n\n::::::\n\n186 1,242 210 4,788\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\n1,525\n\n1,682\n\n117 4,748\n\n83\n\n2,460\n\nYen-tai Mine Branch Line.\n\n183 2,792\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\n163 1,236\n\n861\n\n1,860\n\n199 1.272\n\n81\n\n4,564\n\n147\n\n3,856\n\nAbandoned line, within railway reserve, between Chang-tu and Mun-ching, 17 a. 620 sq. yds.\n\nYen-tai\n\n82\n\n24\n\nMan-nin-shao\n\n239 2,792 172 2,452 108\n\n3,336\n\n862 3,976\n\n81\n\n4,564 294 4,816\n\nSu-ping-chich\n\n44\n\n246 1,324\n\nYaug-mu-lin-tzu..\n\n98 1,212\n\n1,253 128\n\nSan-cha-bo\n\n425\n\n1,676\n\n153\n\n2,768 864 3,116\n\nKuo-ebía-tien\n\nChai-chia-wo-peng Ta-ko-yü-shu\n\nKung-chu-ling\n\nLiu-tu-fang-tzu\n\nTao-chia-tun (with Lu-ho)..\n\nFung-chia-tur\n\n:::\n\n::\n\n187\n\n684\n\n147\n\n248\n\n182\n\n164\n\n153\n\n213\n\n2,980\n\n163\n\n3,116 3,116\n\n119\n\n200\n\n1,650\n\n464\n\n102\n\n3,128\n\n102\n\n2,076\n\n181 4,832\n\n102\n\n311\n\n1,236\n\n158\n\n2,076 2,970\n\nMiao-er-ho sand quarry, within railway station reserve included.\n\nStone quarry on south side of Hsi-cbia-pu, within railway reserve, 257 a. 3,288 sq. yds.\n\nTon-liang-ho gravel pits, Hsi-ling, within railway reserve, 28 a. 1,404 sq. yds.\n\nChang-tai-tzu .. Chung-tien-ti Fang-shen-pu\n\nTotal\n\nKwang-cheng-tzu San-chieng-fang Hsiao-ho-tai Tao-chi-tun\n\n::::\n\n118\n\n20 20\n\n128 3,128 368\n\n80 4,020\n\n142 52\n\n1,816 88\n\n158\n\n3,624\n\n275 1,964\n\nRailway line reserve between Chi-tai-tzu and Fang-shen-pu.\n\nTao-chia-tun-Shih-pei-ling Mines Branch Line.\n\n135 2,860\n\n21\n\n30\n\n4,644\n\n51\n\n1,924\n\nPai-hung-kou\n\n321\n\n2,460\n\n121\n\n8,760\n\nMeng-chia-ta\n\nStone quarry near Fang-chia-tun, within railway reserve, 180 a. 4,388 sq. yds. Stone quarry near Pai-lung-kou, within railway reserve, 144 a. 4,528 sq, yds.\n\nShib-pei-ling\n\n2+ 1,530\n\n104 81\n\n1,644 59 2,586 1,164 600\n\nLine from San-chien-fang to Shih-pei-ling.\n\nTotal\n\n232 1,264\n\n266 1,104\n\n198\n\nNa\n\nPa-li-pu\n\n161 3,452\n\nChang-chun\n\n55\n\n2,968\n\n3,756 1,242 2512\n\n121\n\nSu-chia-tưu\n\n+\n\nThe railway station reserve is of recent purchase. The railway line reserve is leased, and purchase has not yet been effected.\n\nKan-kuan-tun\n\n201 1,168\n\n81 1,564\n\nSha-ling-pu\n\n67 2,072\n\nPu-san-chia-tzu San-tai-tzu\n\n52\n\n320\n\n453\n\nTotal\n\n11.366\n\n2,340\n\n$48\n\n22,331 1,968\n\nNot yet definitely decided.\n\nYao-chia-chuang Yin-pan Chang-chia-ph\n\nHsin-cheng-tzu\n\nTotal\n\n80 3,444 159\n\n2,984 162 2,616 157 1,684 117 3,216 60 1,476\n\n1,005 4,040\n\n116 1,104 81 4,564\n\n136\n\n2,768\n\n81 4,564\n\n$1 4,064\n\n81 4,564\n\n662 2,492\n\nCha-tzu-yao Mine Branch Line.\n\nChung-ku\n\nShan-tou-pu\n\n45\n\n2,896\n\nShuang-miao-tzu,.\n\n51\n\n1,480\n\nWa-fang-tien\n\nChu-tzu-yao\n\n11 3,824\n\n87 4,356\n\nArea of Cha-tea-yao, Yao-fei-ti, and Lao-yen-fang, within railway station reserve, 6 a. 2,598 sq. yds.\n\nMa-chung-ho\n\n81 2,880\n\n::\n\n:\n\nAbandoned line near Shuang-miao-tzu.\n\nAbandoned line near Ma-chung-ho.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908.txt",
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    {
        "id": 417230,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 556,
        "title": "CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "2\n\nhensible how a civilized race like the Japanese can be indifferent to such a national degradation. On more than one occasion I have seen Chinese coolies treating them with a contemptuous familiarity they would not display to their own women.\n\nNorth of Mukden the Japanese are of course much in evidence at all the railway stations. At Tieh-ling they have an exceptionally large and apparently flourishing Settlement, covering the ground between the station and the city, but away from the railway they are not much in evidence, except at Kirin.\n\nGoing west-north-west from Ssu-p'ing-chieh station I did not see any till I reached Chêng-chia-t'un, where, not counting a party of Japanese surveyors, there is a Japanese shop, in which I bought a tin of biscuits, with the well-known pattern and the side notice of \"Hundley and Palmier's Superior Reading Biscuits.\" At K'u-lun-chieh two Japanese merchants from Hsin-min Fu have recently been investigating the conditions of trade. At Fa-k'u-men there are two Japanese doctors who—with a race addicted to medicine like the Chinese—are able to carry on a thriving trade, besides several low-class shop-keepers. I did not see any more Japanese till I reached Hsin-min Fu, where the Japanese have a Consulate and gambling dens.\n\nWherever I went in Manchuria, I was told trade was in a bad way. In Fa-k'u-men many firms, affected by the big failure of a Chinese bank at Newchwang last year, had come to grief, whilst in Kirin Province the native banks, who are under no Government supervision, had issued too many notes. The country people, owing to lack of funds, were making no purchases, and business was generally at a standstill. The Japanese were therefore suffering by the general depression of trade.\n\n3. Robbers in China. The Hung-hu-tzu are generally armed with modern rifles. At K'uan-ch'eng-tzu the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha sells rifles to the Chinese farmers, much against the wishes of the Chinese officials, and many of these rifles find their way into the hands of the robbers. The Hung-hu-tzu, who are indiscriminately Chinese, Manchu, or Mongolian (in the west), are often old soldiers, and generally belong to the farmer class. Often a family elects to send one member to join a neighbouring band, so as to enjoy the benefits of its protection. Wherever I travelled in Feng-tien Province the country was reported to be tranquil, but I was informed that small parties of robbers were still giving trouble some 12 or 15 miles north of Feng-hua Hsien, and that Mongol mounted bandits had been raiding the country to the west of K'u-lun-chieh earlier in the year. In Kirin Province, which is more thinly populated, I heard they were still giving some trouble in the hills, 80 or 100 miles to the south of Kirin.\n\nGenerally when Chinese soldiers are sent out against robbers, they complain very little, and the Chinese often secure repose by promoting the robber chiefs to official rank and taking their bands into their service. Thus the Hung-hu-tzu chief, named Chang-tso-lin, was given the Hsin-min Fu military district last year. To show his zeal he invited a brother chieftain, called Tu-li-san, to a feast, and then treacherously put him to death. He has now been promoted to a red button, and given the command of the Chêng-chia-t'un district. Feng-ling-kê, well known before the war as the great robber chief of Liao-yang, was captured by the Russians and sent to Saghalien, whence he escaped, and worked for the Japanese during the war. He is now commanding the district of Chang-wu Hsien, to the west of Fa-k'u-men. Unfortunately, he was absent from the city when I passed through. Many of the soldiers of the provincial armies of Manchuria (viz., Feng-chün, Chi-chün, and Ch'i-chün) have been Hung-hu-tzu, who have now changed sides with their chiefs, and settled down to the reposeful life of a Chinese soldier. As the soldiers of the Lu Chün are Manchus of the cities, or Chinese from other provinces, there are probably no ex-Hung-hu-tzu amongst them. A soldier told me that the reason why they were recruiting only Manchu soldiers for the local Lu-chün at Kirin and Mukden was because if a Chinese deserted he could probably escape, but the Manchu could not desert so easily. This is probably partly the case,\n\nAnother difficulty in Manchuria is that the Chinese police themselves often rob and squeeze the inhabitants.\n\nDuring the Manchurian campaign, the Hung-hu-tzu were of considerable use to the Japanese. The Russians used to have large supplies of cattle, &c., sent across Mongolia to them, and the Hung-hu-tzu were employed to waylay these convoys and divert them to the Japanese.\n\nI do not think that Japanese officers would do well in command of Chinese soldiers, as they would be too harsh and unsympathetic, whilst the Chinese have the old prejudice against the Japanese, whom they always looked upon as inferior to themselves till they were partially disillusioned fourteen years ago. On the other hand, I believe that the mounted bandits of Western Manchuria, if trained and led by European officers, who knew their language, could be made very useful in guerilla warfare.\n\n1\n\n3\n\n4. The Chinese in Manchuria.—The population is mostly composed of Chinese, who have emigrated from Shantung and Chih-li Provinces during the last 200 or 300 years. Some have been settled so long that they call themselves natives of Manchuria, so they can always tell how long it is since their families emigrated. The Manchus are principally found in the big cities like Mukden and Kirin.\n\nAs the population of Shantung and Chih-li increases, the necessity for emigration grows greater, and this overflow finds an outlet in Manchuria or Mongolia. In the past, the population of China has often been kept in check by wholesale massacres, such as the appalling destruction of the Tai-ping rebellion, the Mahommedan rebellions in Yunnan and Kan-su, and the more recent disturbances in Kuang-si, also by great famines and the inundations of the Yellow River; but as civilization increases, railways are built, and European methods of engineering adopted, these evils should be reduced, and the population will increase more rapidly than at present. The colonization of Manchuria is still in its infancy. Taking a line roughly from Tieh-ling to Fa-k'u-men in the south, I was struck by the smallness of the villages and the scantiness of the population as I proceeded north. In Kirin Province, this was still more apparent. On the main road between Kirin and K'uan-ch'eng-tzu, the two principal towns of the province, a distance of 77 miles, there are only 3 villages with over 40 or 50 houses, viz., one with 250, another with 100, and another with 60 houses. Sungari, between the railway and Kirin, the country is even more thinly populated.\n\nMeanwhile, the Chinese are gradually pushing forward the boundaries of Chih-li to the north, and of Manchuria to the north and west, buying land from the Mongol Princes, and pressing the Mongols back. Within the last twenty years, a great tract of land on the western side of Manchuria, called the Shu-lu-huang, or Imperial grazing ground, has been thrown open to colonists, and the land is now mostly given up to cultivation. Towns, as they become of sufficient importance, are granted official status, and Chinese Magistrates are sent to govern these budding colonies.\n\nOn the\n\nWhilst natives come and go in Manchuria with much noise, drawing the attention of the whole world upon themselves, the Chinese peasants quietly push on unnoticed, armed only with the primitive agricultural implements used in the time of Abraham; but they have arrived with the full determination to stay, until necessity compels their descendants to push on still further ahead and carry on the silent and real invasion of Manchuria. The Mongols are a very different race from the Chinese, and are stupid and indolent, readily offering themselves as victims to Chinese cunning and craft.\n\n5. The disputed Territory of Ch'ien-tao.—I was unable to visit this region. The Japanese Consul at Kirin told me the Chinese had already sent four battalions of infantry of the Lu Chün (about 2,000 men) to the neighbourhood of Yen-chi Ting, and that they proposed sending the rest of the Kirin Lu Chün brigade (another 2,000 men) there this autumn.\n\nIn addition to the Lu Chün, the Chinese have one part of their Kirin provincial troops (Chi-chün Chien-lu), nominally 1,566 officers and men, stationed in the district. The latter are really untrained constabulary, employed for service against the Hung-hu-tzu, and unorganized for war, whilst of the Lu Chün 3,000 out of the 4,000 belong to the Kirin Brigade, which only started training last spring. The remaining 1,000 men belong, apparently, to the 3rd Lu Chün Division, which is scattered around K'uan-ch'eng-tzu, Kirin, and Ch'ang-t'u Fu, and is commanded by a very inefficient Major-General, Ts'ao-k'un. The division, when it was at Pao-ting Fu two years ago, shared with the 1st Manchu Division the honour of being the best division in the Chinese army, but it has deteriorated very much since it was sent to Manchuria.\n\nG. PEREIRA, Lieutenant-Colonel,\n\nGrenadier Guards, Military Attaché.\n\n(Signed)\n\nPeking, July 4, 1908.\n\n553",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-352 - Public Offices - 1908.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 417318,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 30,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "M O\n\nCHIH-LI\n\n2\n\nconsider a proposal on the part of China to build a line which connects Tieling or some other point on the South Manchurian and Fakumen and runs north-westerly from Fakumen to some terminus in Mongolia, provided, of course, China abandons the proposed Sinmintun-Fakumen Railway altogether. Reuter's wording obscures the meaning of the despatch, and we take this occasion to make clear Japan's position.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nSketch Map.\n\nA\n\nFENG-HUA HSIEN\n\nC\n\nTo Chang-Chun\n\n29\n\nKAI-YUAN HSIEN\n\nKANG-PING HSIEN\n\nFA-KU-MENG\n\nCHANG-TU FU\n\nNGOLI\n\nTo Shan-hai-Kuan\n\nTIEH-LING\n\nHSIN-MIN FU\n\nMUKDEN\n\nVER\n\nI\n\nR\n\nPage 30\n\nPage 31",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 417319,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 31,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "CHIH-LI \n\nTo Shan-hai-Kuan \n\n(100.3/08.1291) F0.1814 \n\nMONGOL\n\nKANG-PING HSIEN \n\nFENG-HUA HSIEN \n\nFA-KU-MEN, \n\nCHANG-TU FU \n\nHSIN-MIN FU \n\nTo Chang-Chun \n\nKAI-YÜAN HSIEN \n\nTIEH-LING \n\nMUKDEN \n\nLIAO-YANG \n\nAN-CHUANG \n\nHAI-CHENG \n\nHSIN-MIN \n\nFA-KU-MEN \n\nYING-KOUO \n\nTo Dalny \n\nHarrisons bath St Martins Lane V \n\n29",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 417382,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 94,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\nCHINA TRADE.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[35103]\n\nNo. 1.\n\n39168 [October 10]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n27 001 08\n\n(No. 26.) Sir,\n\nConsul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received October 10.)\n\nYunnan-fu, August 18, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose herewith a copy of my despatch No. 34 of the 17th August to His Majesty's Minister at Peking, and three inclosures, dealing with the question of opium in the two provinces of Yunnan and Kueichou.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nE. C. WILTON.\n\n(No. 34.) Sir,\n\nInclosure I in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nYünnan-fu, August 17, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose a Report on the measures taken to suppress opium smoking and opium cultivation in the provinces of Yünnan and Kueichou, together with copies of two Proclamations issued at Yünnan-fu.\n\nIt appears to be generally believed by the Chinese that if stringent measures are employed to forbid the sowing of opium at the end of the rice harvest in September-October next grave disorder will be the result.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nE. C. WILTON.\n\nInclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum respecting Opium Smoking and Opium Cultivation.\n\n1. Proclamations.\n\nPROCLAMATION of the chief bureau for the prohibition of opium smoking at Yünnan-fu, dated the 24th April, 1908.\n\nOpium smoking to cease at the end of the 6th moon (27th July, 1908).\n\n(b) Proclamation of the Governor-General of Yunnan and Kueichou, posted at Yunnan-fu and dated the 21st July, 1908.\n\nMemorial to the Throne prohibiting the production and consumption of opium at the end of the Chinese year (21st January, 1909).\n\n(c) Proclamations issued by the Prefect and the Magistrate of Ch'u-ching-fu, dated the 3rd moon (April 1908).\n\nPains and penalties against opium smokers.\n\n(d) Proclamations issued by the Prefect and the Magistrate of Ch'u-ching-fu (North-East Yunnan), dated the 4th moon (May 1908).\n\nModification of (c); also forbidding the sowing of opium this year, and announcing prohibition against its sale at the end of the Chinese year (21st January, 1909).\n\n(e) Proclamation issued at Ping-i-hsien (North-East Yunnan) in May.\n\nOn the evils of opium smoking and an exhortation to smokers to break off the habit.\n\nOfficial Action taken in pursuance of these Proclamations locally.\n\nAt Yunnan-fu: Opening of five official dispensaries and one office refuge; also, one non-official dispensary and one non-official refuge.\n\n[1980 k-1]",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908.txt",
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    {
        "id": 417383,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 95,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "2\n\nAt Ch'u-ching-fu: Oppression of the people and illegal exactions by police and yamên runners.\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: Opium dens closed nominally.\n\n2. Attitude of Local Officials and Gentry.\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: My missionary informant states that they are reported to be breaking away from the habit, but my own information from other sources is different.\n\nAt Chu-ching-fu: They are \"going to break off the habit.\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: They are indifferent to the spirit of the Proclamations.\n\n3. Restriction of Area under Cultivation.\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: There are reports to hand that opium crops have been uprooted in the neighbourhood.\n\nAt Kueiyang (Kueichou): There has been little or no reduction in poppy cultivation in the district.\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: One-third of old poppy ground has been planted with other crops; and no ground has been newly planted with poppy.\n\n4. Restrictions on Smokers.\n\nAt Yunnan-fu: A register is kept and forwarded to the local authorities of those who have ceased to smoke opium.\n\nAt Ch'u-ching-fu and Ping-i-hsien: No action has been taken.\n\n5. Closing of Opium Dens and Shops.\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: The dens have been closed, but some still remain open in the surrounding villages. No opium or opium appliances are to be seen in the restaurants.\n\nAt Ch'u-ching-fu: Permission has been granted to shops and restaurants to sell opium until the end of the Chinese year (21st January, 1909).\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: The dens have been closed, but only nominally.\n\nAt Kueiyang: The dens have been closed, but a good deal of secret smoking is carried on in them. The den-keepers are punished on detection, but this seems to have no effect.\n\n6. Inspection of Opium Shops.\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: Some inspection has been made, but opium can still be bought without a licence.\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: Opium is sold openly on the streets. The sale was restricted for one day, when the Magistrate expected an official inspection visit.\n\n7. Use of Medicines to Cure Opium Habit.\n\nAt Yunnan-fu: Foreign anti-opium drugs are sold at Shanghai prices. Native preparations are dispensed gratis to the labouring classes. Anti-opium remedies are offered for sale in the shops.\n\nAt Ch'u-ching-fu: Native remedies only are used. An anti-opium bureau has been opened and money freely spent, but only one or two persons have broken off the habit.\n\nAt Ping-i-hsien: An opium refuge has been opened in charge of two opium-smoking officials. No one has broken off the habit, and the desire to do so is on the wane. The Magistrate allows opium smoking in his yamên.\n\n8. The above information has been supplied by missionaries at Yunnan-fu, Ch'u-ching-fu (North-East Yünnan), Ping-i-hsien (North-East Yünnan), and Kueiyang (capital of the Province of Kueichou).\n\n8\n\nVisit to Anti-Opium Dispensaries and Refuges at Yünnan-fu.\n\nOn the 29th July I paid a visit to the principal official anti-opium dispensary and refuge in the city under the charge of Taotai Kuo. Unfortunately, the visit was not expected, but as short notice had been given it was possible to see through two or three devices calculated to deceive as to the importance of the work being done. The place was clean and the two store-rooms containing anti-opium remedies were neat, each being in charge of an intelligent assistant. The remedies were classified under two heads: (1) foreign and (2) native. The former came from Japan and Shanghai, but neither the Taotai nor his staff knew their composition. The native remedies appeared to be extremely complicated on account of the number of ingredients. The remedy most in evidence was concocted of native drugs and contained 2 per cent. of opium. The drugs were boiled down into two tubs, poured into kettles, and served in cups gratis on demand. Five kettles and twenty cups were displayed on a table covered with a clean, white cloth in the court-yard. Three of the kettles were brand new, and so were half of the cups. I offered the remark that there appeared to be no demand for the medicine, and was informed that 300 patients had been treated gratis the day before.\n\nThe refuge is in the same building, and consisted of a large and a small room. The large room was empty, but the Taotai stated that between sixty and seventy patients had been discharged cured the day before. In the small room were three lads of whom the eldest was 19 years old. In reply to my questions, they spoke highly of the kindness and attention of the Taotai, who was by my side, and said that the opium craving was already leaving them. One lad told me that he had smoked opium for two years, and another for six months. None of these three lads gave the appearance of being opium sots, and I could not refrain from thinking that these three lads were not genuine cases but had been brought in on account of my visit.\n\nFrom the official bureau I proceeded to the dispensary and refuge opened by the gentry. The general air of the place was depressing, and I saw no signs of any patients. The native remedy, alluded to above, had been made up into balls and was offered for sale at cost price, but I saw no business being done. The buildings are in charge of three gentry, and there is a staff comprising drugsellers, accountant, caretakers, &c. The total monthly expenses were, I was informed, nearly 1,000 taels.\n\nGeneral Summary.\n\nFrom conversation with respectable Chinese and from my own observations, I gather that the people say that it is impossible for them to give up opium smoking in the short space of time allowed to them (the 21st January, 1909), and that the gentry are of the same opinion. Underlying this is, undoubtedly, the haunting fear that the abolition of opium will ruin the province, as opium forms 70 per cent. (over 90 per cent., according to independent Chinese estimates given to me) of the exports, and that there is nothing to replace it as a staple export. Generally speaking, the Governor-General is in earnest in his efforts to suppress opium smoking and opium cultivation, but official and popular opinion are against him.\n\n(Signed) E. C. WILTON.\n\nInclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nProclamation of the Chief Bureau for the Prohibition of Opium Smoking.\n\nIN obedience to the orders received for the prevention of opium-smoking several Proclamations have been issued clearly stating that all smokers would be given three additional months in which to break themselves of the habit. The time limit was intentionally curtailed, and all smoking must now cease with the 6th moon.\n\nIf after the issue of this Proclamation any one elects to disobey, he will be severely punished. The sale and purchase of the drug must stop, and the opium lamps must not be lit.\n\nYünnan-fu, April 24, 1908.\n\n91",
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        "id": 417493,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 205,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty' Government.] 201\n\n41625\n\nCHINA TRADE.\n\n16\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n14 NOV 08 [October 24.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n[36921]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nActing Consul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received October 24.)\n\nYunnan-fu, September 1, 1908.\n\n(No. 29.) Sir,\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith the copy of my despatch No. 36 of to-day's date, addressed to His Majesty's Minister at Peking, on the subject of the steps being taken by the Governor-General of Yünnan to check the production and consumption of opium.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) E. C. WILTON,\n\nInclosure in No. 1.\n\n(No. 56.) Sir,\n\nActing Consul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nYünnan-fu, September 1, 1908. REFERRING to my despatch No. 34 of the 17th August, I have the honour to report that the Governor-General sent a telegraphic Circular to the provincial authorities on or about the 23rd August, ordering them to prevent the passage of opium through any customs or li-kin barriers within their jurisdiction on and after the 21st September next.\n\nIn my despatch No. 34 I inclosed the copy of a Proclamation, issued by the Governor-General on the 21st July last, forbidding the production and consumption of opium after the end of the current Chinese year, the 21st January, 1909 (Inclosure 2). The effect of this Proclamation, coupled with the present orders, if faithfully carried out, will be that opium will cease to have a marketable value in this province, and that illicit trade in this article will entail very heavy penalties after the 21st January, 1909. One result will be a serious loss of revenue to Yunnan of 1,500,000 taels annually. The return of opium for this year is estimated at 21,000 cwt., as against 47,000 cwt. in 1906.\n\nThis amount, however, does not include opium consumed by the local farmers in the opium-producing districts, or the quantities smuggled from one place to another within the province, or the opium employed in contraband traffic on the frontiers—an average annual total of about 13,000 cwt. The loss of this revenue will be seriously felt in so poor a province as Yunnan, which even now receives an annual contribution of 480,000 taels from Szechuan.\n\nThe Governor-General, a man of somewhat impatient temperament, appears to be determined to eradicate opium from the province with but little delay, and has been endeavouring to take practical steps to further his object.\n\nOn the 28th July, Liu chün, ex-Prefect of Yunnan-fu and Acting Taotai designate at Tengyueh, left for his new post with orders to report fully on the state of affairs in regard to opium at Ch'u hsiung, the eastern limit of the Western Circuit. He was also directed to visit Meng hua ting en route, and to stay some days at Yung chang, in order to investigate the measures taken to check the consumption and cultivation of opium.\n\nThe deputy sent secretly to examine into the opium question in outlying districts returned a few days ago. His report was so confused and misleading that the Governor-General threatened to have him executed.\n\nChinese public opinion condemns, albeit in a whisper, Hsi Liang's action as hasty, rash, and ill-advised. I am informed that the people in Western Yunnan, where more than one-half of the whole opium crop is produced, have been roused into declaring that they will oppose with force any attempt to prevent the cultivation of the poppy.\n\nThe path the Governor-General has set himself to tread is very difficult and dangerous. Moreover, the district officials appear to be so indifferent and faint-hearted that I venture to think the task is beyond his powers.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) E. C. WILTON.\n\n[1980 aa",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 294,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "290\n\n2\n\nin\n\nThe following account of an interview which I had yesterday afternoon with Sir C. Liang Cheng, President of the Company, will, I venture to think, place you in possession of the latest and most authentic information regarding the affairs of the Canton-Hankow Railway :-\n\nThe President began by informing me that the annual general meeting of shareholders, held on the 27th instant at the Company's Head Office in Canton, had this year passed off in the most satisfactory manner. The attendance at the meeting had been unusually large, and the election of the three new Directors (one-third of the Directorate retire annually in rotation) had proceeded without a hitch. The meeting had been attended by the Provincial Treasurer, Provincial Judge, and two other officials as Representatives of the Viceroy and the Central Government. The rumour that these gentlemen had been appointed a Committee of Investigation was, said the President, without foundation in fact.\n\nSir C. Liang Cheng admitted that the appointment of Chang Chih Tung as the \"Tu Pan,\" or Director-General, of the railway had at first been received with some misgivings on his own part, and considerable opposition on the part of the shareholders. But, he went on to say, as a result of telegrams exchanged between himself on behalf of the Company, the Railway Board, and Chiang Chih Tung, the latter's status had been explained and defined, and he believed that a majority of the shareholders now welcomed the appointment. The Director-General would not interfere in any way with the construction of the line or the management of the Company, but would exercise a general supervision over the three sections of the line. His great influence in all the provinces through which the line would pass would enable him to smooth over any difficulties that might occur when the time came to link up the three sections, and he would in the meantime make it his business to see that the work of construction was pushed forward as expeditiously as possible all along the line.\n\nThe above statement, which I have quoted, to the best of my recollection, almost textually, represents, I imagine, the President's official view of the appointment. From certain expressions which he let fall at a later stage of the interview, I gather that he is not altogether pleased with the new arrangement, and that he will probably make it an excuse for relinquishing his post as soon as he conveniently can.\n\nSir C. Liang Cheng said that it was quite untrue that the Company were in financial difficulties. They had a sum of 2,500,000 taels odd deposited in various banks; they had 700,000 taels' worth of railway materials in their godowns at Wang Sha (the Canton terminus), rails, sleepers, and cars to the value of 800,000 taels on their way out to China, and the passenger traffic on the 25 miles open to Kuantien was bringing in about 14,000 dollars per mensem. He considered the Company still possessed, in cash and material, some 65 per cent, of their original capital of 8,000,000 dollars.\n\nThey expected to obtain at least 8,000,000 dollars from their second call on the shares, but he had been assured that 5,000,000 dollars would be sufficient to carry the line (not completed, but open to light traffic) to the Hunan border.\n\nAsked how the collection of the second call of 1 dol. 50 c. per share was progressing, Sir C. Liang Cheng said the money was coming in slowly but satisfactorily. There had been some murmuring because the two years' interest on the first instalment of the shares was not paid out, but deducted from the second; but he said the majority of the smaller shareholders were content with the arrangement, which saved time and money.\n\nThe 1 dollar shares now stand at 75 cents, ex dividend, and there was some demand for them.\n\nThe President informed me that in about ten days' time the line would be open to passenger traffic as far as Yin Chan Ao, 35 miles from Canton, The embankment will shortly be completed as far as Ying Tak, and the surveyors are expected to reach Shao Kuan (Shao Chou Fu) early in October.\n\nThe line was not seriously damaged by the great floods, but in several places in the Ying Tak district new alignments have had to be made and the levels raised.\n\nThe Company were experiencing considerable difficulty in the purchase of land, and, as in the case of the Canton-Kowloon line, the expenditure under this head far exceeded the original estimate. The Viceroy's assistance had now been invoked, and he had recently issued a Proclamation warning contumacious land-owners that their land would be expropriated if they refused to accept reasonable terms. I understand the prices offered by the Company range from 60 to 100 taels per mou. The gentry are to assist in assessing values. One month will be given for the owner to make up his mind, and if at the expiry of that period he refuses to sell, the land required will be taken over and the purchase-money deposited with the local officials.\n\n3\n\nThe scheme for a branch line to Sanui had not been abandoned, said the President. An influential party amongst the shareholders were strongly in favour of it, and they hoped, in view of the good progress the trunk line was making, to obtain the Railway Board's sanction to the undertaking.\n\nWith regard to the engagement of a European accountant, Sir Chen-tung Liang said that, while he himself was in favour of appointing Mr. Chard to the post, the engineer-in-chief, Kwang, and some of the other Directors were opposed to the appointment on the ground that Mr. Chard had no experience of railway accounts. I said I thought the Company would have to pay pretty heavily if they required the services of a first-class railway accountant, and it seemed to me that Mr. Chard's experience of China and his knowledge of banking methods gave him exceptional qualifications for the work he would have to do.\n\nThe President agreed, and again said that he himself would like to secure Mr. Chard's services. I suggested that Mr. Chard might be willing to accept a short engagement—say, for three or six months, as it were—on probation, when his fitness for the post might be tested.\n\nThe President promised to consider this suggestion, and said that in any case he would let me know if the Directors decided to engage a railway accountant.\n\nAt the conclusion of our interview, Sir Chen-tang Liang, who had throughout volunteered information and replied to my questions in the most courteous, open manner, handed me an advance copy of a Circular which is to be distributed among the shareholders, containing copies of the correspondence with regard to the appointment of Chang Chih Tung above referred to. A translation of this Circular is being made, and will be forwarded by first opportunity.\n\nI am forwarding a copy of this despatch to the Governor of Hong Kong, and duplicate copies for the Legation under flying seal to His Majesty's Consul-General at Hankow.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed)\n\nH. H. FOX.",
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        "id": 417987,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 699,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "## Chihli, Shansi, Shensi, Kansu, and Shantung Provinces Opium Suppression Reports\n\n694\n\nOpium suppression efforts will be concluded in Heilungkiang by the end of the current year and in Kirin and Fengtien in the following year.\n\n### Chihli\n\nIn Chihli, the metropolitan province, measures of suppression are now being carried out with earnestness and vigour. In many places, Proclamations have been issued prohibiting the cultivation, use, and trade in opium, and the prohibition is being enforced by officials through village Headmen. Opium shops have been reduced in numbers, sometimes only one being allowed in a city; smokers and shops have been licensed, official refuges have been established in cities, and medicines are being supplied gratuitously. Here and there, a few opium-smoking houses are still open under licence, while in some cities, such as Huai-lu Hsien in the Shun-te Prefecture, effective steps are being taken; opium-smoking and retail shops have all been shut, and their proprietors punished.\n\nThe Chihli Anti-Opium Bureau is exceedingly active. Copies of sixty-four Chinese documents emanating from that office deal with the suppression of opium in all its phases - cultivation, consumption, and trade. They include circulars addressed to provincial authorities, high and low, calling for returns of all kinds. Blank forms have been sent to provincial authorities requesting them to fill in the names and situations of opium refuges, to state whether they are official or private institutions, to give the names of donors, the prescriptions used, and the results. Another form requires the names of opium-smoking officials, of officials who have ceased to smoke, and of suspects. District Magistrates are called upon to report the quantity of foreign opium imported into their respective districts and to give statistics showing the consumption and export of native opium. Similar instructions are issued to custom-houses and li-kin barriers. Officials of high rank are required to guarantee lower officials. Opium shops and smokers are ordered to be licensed, and the numbers and names of shops and smokers, their situations and residences, are demanded.\n\nOfficials of one Prefecture are directed to abstain from charging fees in excess of those laid down in the Regulations; officials of higher rank are requested to fill in and return a table giving the names of their subordinates and stating whether they are smokers or non-smokers and the names of their guarantors; and petty officials are required to give the names of their guarantors within three days of receipt. District Magistrates are directed to report the annual reduction in cultivation of the poppy, the areas under cultivation, the names of the growers, &c., within a fortnight after receipt of instructions; in another circular, they are directed to order growers to reduce the area under poppy by one-eighth annually, to issue licences to growers for the land to be placed under poppy; and in another, to take strict measures regarding area reduction. Prescriptions for Chinese and foreign anti-opium medicines are sent for use in various refuges. Reprints of the Imperial Anti-Opium Decree are transmitted to officials of all ranks; opium-smoking officials are directed to proceed to the Government opium refuge and quit the habit within three months, and Bureau officials are instructed to examine various officers in the province.\n\n### Shansi\n\nThe Governor of Shansi has memorialized the Throne, proposing that entire prohibition of opium within his province should be carried out during the present Chinese year. However, his Excellency will need to show more energy than has been displayed since the Anti-Opium Decree if his proposal is to be carried into effect, as reports from the province are somewhat pessimistic. The balance of evidence indicates that a slight reduction in a few districts is outweighed by increased cultivation in others, and that the marked diminution reported from Chi-shan Hsien in the Department of Chang Chou, in Southern Shansi, would have been more marked had farmers not bribed yamên underlings with payments of 2 taels a mou.\n\nA correspondent from Ho-chieng Hsien in the same Department states that opium prohibition can be carried into effect if done systematically, honestly, and reasonably. The difficulty lies not with the people but with Government finance and official corruption. In his district, there was no poppy cultivation last year and only a little this year; excessive taxation and persistent rumours stopped cultivation, but opium-smoking houses and opium shops have increased. There have been no restrictions on smokers, and opium shops have not been inspected. Anti-opium medicines are advertised and sold extensively.\n\nAt Fen-hsi Hsien in the Prefecture of Ping-yang, a Proclamation was issued by the Prefect on the 1st June, ordering the registration of land under poppy with a view to reducing the area. The reason given was that, as this year marked the beginning of the reduction in the importation of Indian opium, complications might arise if nothing were done to effect a reduction of opium cultivation in the interior of China. This Proclamation gave a three years' limit for the cessation of cultivation, while a tax collector's Proclamation in the same Prefecture gave the limit as ten years.\n\n### Shensi\n\nReports from Shensi are scanty and fragmentary. Opium shops were ordered by Proclamation to close at Han-chung Fu, and the signboards were accordingly removed. At Wu-kung Hsien, Yang Hsien, and Chou-chih Hsien, last year's Proclamations on the ten Opium Regulations were reiterated, but no practical steps have been taken; officials and gentry confined themselves to talking instead of reforming themselves or furthering the reform movement. The District Magistrate of Chou-chih has started a society that includes opium reform and anti-foot-binding among its objects. It is authoritatively stated that \"in the province, as elsewhere, the area under cultivation by the poppy is everywhere somewhat less.\"\n\n### Kansu\n\nThe reports from Kansu are few. In the immediate neighbourhood of Lan-chow, the capital, the area under poppy cultivation is stated to have been less, but elsewhere more. In Ching Chou, although the area was originally greater, many fields were ploughed up due to a Proclamation issued by the District Magistrate in March, assessing all land under poppy at 70 cents a mou. The gentry held a meeting and unanimously decided to plough up all opium land, but the Magistrate, to protect his revenue, immediately issued a second Proclamation ordering them not to do so and directing them to diminish the area under cultivation slightly to accord with the Imperial Decree.\n\nAt Lan-chow, two Proclamations were posted in March and May; the former raised the tax on land under poppy by 50 to 100 per cent., and the latter exhorted officials to break off the habit within three months under severe penalties. Neither was enforced. Local opinion views the reform movement as desirable but unattainable, and practically little or nothing has been done.\n\n### Shantung\n\nOn the 11th June, new Anti-Opium Regulations were published at Chi-nan Fu, the provincial capital, directing all persons who had given up the opium habit to file bonds and those who still indulged to give an undertaking to renounce the drug within two months. Numerous deputies were named to ensure these instructions were carried out, and four offices for the sale of anti-opium medicines were established in the suburbs.\n\nTaken as a whole, there was a considerable diminution of land under poppy throughout the province, one reason being that many places suffered from severe and continuous drought, preventing the sowing of the seed.\n\nPage 694\nPage 9\n[2050 i-1]",
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    {
        "id": 417989,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "page_number": 701,
        "title": "CO129-353 - Public Offices - 1908",
        "content_text": "## regret thât in a majority of places no Proclamations have been issued informing the people of the Imperial Decree and its benevolent intention to deliver them from the evils of opium consumption, while in other places, even where Proclamations have been posted up, no serious attempt has been made by the responsible officials to enforce obedience to their contents. We hear of opium dens from which the sign-boards have indeed been taken down, but all the while it remains a matter of notoriety that doors are still open through which people can pass to smoke their opium as before. We see everywhere opium shops still carrying on their trade without there being, so far as we can learn, any diminution of their number, and we are informed on good authority that the manufacture and sale of morphia, which is a more insidious and even greater evil than opium itself, continues unchecked, a large proportion of this drug being used for manufacture of pills stated to be for the cure of the opium habit, while really they only deceive the purchasers and confirm them in their dependence on opium.\n\nUnder these circumstances we most respectfully but most earnestly implore your Excellency to initiate without delay a reform of the methods by which opium and morphia can be provided in places under your Excellency's jurisdiction. The British Government, which more than two years ago expressed its willingness to co-operate with the Chinese Government in limiting the importation of opium from India into China has recently ordered the immediate suppression of opium consumption in Hong Kong, and has promised its extinction in the Straits Settlements also. The consumption of the drug has already been entirely suppressed in other British Colonies in which natives of China reside. The attitude of the American Government towards opium consumption in the Philippines is, no doubt, well known to your Excellency. Those of us who are British subjects are continually being asked by friends in Great Britain who wish well to China to supply reliable information which can be printed in England for general publication as to the extent to which the use of opium is being really and effectively prevented by the Government of China. We take the liberty of sending herewith an official book presented by command of His Britannic Majesty the King to both Houses of the British Parliament in February last. This book contains copies of the Reports that have been sent through His Britannic Majesty's Minister in Peking to the British Government detailing the action that has been taken in each of the eighteen provinces of China with a view to carrying out the Edict of two years ago. We would draw especial attention to PP. 35-40.\n\nYour Excellency's memorialists are not unaware of the immense difficulties that in every land attend the endeavour to reform great public evils such as the opium is in China, especially when a large revenue to the country is being drawn from their maintenance, but they know also that these difficulties are never insuperable, for Heaven is always on the side of the right. They pray that your Excellency's tenure of the exalted office of the Viceroy of Hu-Kwang provinces may be signalized by the rapid and entire suppression of the opium habit among the people, so that in the days to come your name may live in the annals of China as one of her greatest benefactors, and as one under whose long and enlightened rule the Provinces of Hupei and Hunan became happier, more prosperous, and more upright than they had ever been before.\n\n## \n\nIn June the native papers contained many articles, probably as a result of the above Memorial, stating that active steps were being taken in the cities of Wuchang, Hankow, and Han-yang in closing and taxing shops and in burning opium pipes; but the reports state that these measures are not real, the drug is still sold, and the officials are easily hoodwinked. In fairness, however, it should be mentioned that the sale of opium has not been prohibited: what is commanded is sale under certain restrictions, with annual reduction, as recently enforced in Peking and elsewhere.\n\nFrom Ichang, in the west of the province, it is reported that the opium houses in the city were closed on the 9th September, but the local authorities are said to have represented to the Governor-General the inexpediency of enforcing the prohibition at present as much sickness prevails, and the sudden cessation of smoking would probably be attended with serious consequences to those addicted to the habit.\n\n## Hunan\n\nEnergetic steps in the anti-opium movement were taken by the officials of this province from the beginning, and there is nothing to show that they have been relaxed, or that the expectations held out in the last Report will not be fulfilled. Breaches of the Regulations are promptly dealt with. An instance may be given:\n\nIn a city in the east of the province ten opium smoking-houses were secretly reopened. Under instructions from the Departmental Magistrate a raid was made at night by the police, the shops were confiscated and sold, and the proprietors were imprisoned, beaten, and cangued. The proceeds derived from the sale of the property were allotted to educational and police purposes. There is one point in connection with poppy cultivation in Hunan that requires some elucidation. It is said that the product of the poppy is \"opium juice,\" which is used for mixing with the opium of other provinces, and is not in itself capable of being boiled into proper smoking consistency.\n\n## Kwangtung\n\nThis, the Canton, province produces little or no opium, and the provincial authorities are not concerned with any restriction of cultivation. They are now busying themselves with the registration and licensing of opium shops and smokers. In shops are included wholesale dealers. I have already referred to the registering of smokers at Canton. The system at first introduced was imperfect in that the licences covered prepared opium only, so that smokers could purchase and prepare the raw opium themselves. I have also stated that the licensing system is lax in other parts of the province, and time is required to modify and place it on a proper basis. The efforts of the authorities, in Canton at any rate, are strongly backed by public opinion. A considerable moral reaction against opium smoking has set in, and numbers of moderate smokers are voluntarily breaking themselves of the habit. Their new-found patriotism has a good deal to do with their attitude on the question, and the native press has not been without its influence on educated opinion. It is no longer fashionable to smoke opium at dinner parties, and young men do not have to acquire the taste as one of the polite accomplishments.\n\n## Kwangsi\n\nThis province draws its supplies of opium from Yunan and Kueichow, the bulk of it coming from the former province by way of the West River. There is some difference of opinion as to whether the consumption has decreased at the Port of Wuchow, but importers declare that it has gone down about 40 per cent. during the present year. No decrease has manifested itself at Lungehow or Liuchow; but at Kueilin, the capital, as well as at the port of Nanning, there has been a considerable decrease as compared with three years ago. Many smokers are stated to have broken off the habit, while the feeling against it is so strong that few wish to acquire it. One sign of the diminution of the habit is found in the fact that a certain class of pipe and apparatus which formerly cost 5 dollars can now be had for 50 cents. The licensing system has not yet been introduced. Some of the high officials of the province are opium smokers, and to this the present laxity is attributed. The supplies of opium from Yunnan have greatly fallen off.\n\n## Szechuan\n\nThis is the greatest opium-producing province in the Empire. I have already mentioned the opening of a bureau at Chengtu for the purpose of testing the officials, and the imposition of a tax on salt to compensate for the loss of revenue from native opium. In the districts bordering on the Yang-tsze, between the port of Chungking and Hsü-chou Fu, Proclamations have repeatedly been issued. One at Lu Chou caused such consternation among the farmers that opium cultivation would have forthwith ceased, had not the Magistrate, fearing for the revenue, withdrawn it. The attitude of the local officials and gentry is strongly in favour of suppression. As regards the area under poppy, the production has decreased by more than 50 per cent., and is insufficient for home consumption. Many opium houses have been voluntarily closed. The price of opium has doubled, and the quantity sold is 50 per cent. less than usual. In the Yung-ning district, in the south of the province, cultivation has been much reduced, except in a few places. From districts lying on the west side of the Chengtu plain, such as Ch'iung Chou, P'u-chiang Hsien, and Ta-yi Hsien, it is reported that the gentry of Ch'iung Chou show a general desire to give up the habit. The area of cultivation has been reduced by at least one-half as compared with last year; but nothing has yet been done to close opium houses and retail shops, which are under official control. Corruption is alleged to be rife among inspectors. One official shop sells anti-opium pills containing opium dust.\n\nIn the Pao-ning Prefecture, in the north of the province, Proclamations have been issued by the police authorities explaining the rules to be put in force for controlling the sale and consumption of the drug, and all smokers have been registered and licensed. The area under poppy has been considerably reduced. In the Nan-pu district it was scarcely one-tenth of previous years, and the rise in price of the drug is compelling poor people to abandon the habit.\n\nIn the Shun-ching Prefecture, in the east of the province, no official effort has yet been made to suppress cultivation or smoking, and where farmers had, in fear of ...\n\nPage 696",
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        "content_text": "## 697 \n\n### 14 \n\ntaxation, uprooted the young plants, a reassuring Proclamation was issued. Registration of poppy land is described as a farce. It is said that many people have voluntarily given up the opium habit.\n\nIn the K'ai Hsien and Wan Hsien districts of K'uai-chou Prefecture, also in the east of the province, nothing whatever has been done to check use or cultivation, and although Proclamations have been issued in the O-mei district, in the Chia-ting Prefecture, south and west of the provincial capital, announcing official control of opium, nothing has been done to enforce obedience. Some of the gentry and scholars have abandoned the habit, but there is no reduction in cultivation.\n\nPoppy cultivation has been practically abandoned in the districts of Pa Hsien and Chi-chiang Hsien, lying between the port of Chungking and the frontier of the Province of Kueichow. One traveller states that, with some very few exceptions, he saw nothing in this part of the province but wheat, beans, &c., where last year opium grew in profusion. In the Pa Hsien district, opium growers are all registered, and in spring, many fields of poppy were summarily destroyed by their owners to avoid being found out by yamen runners sent out with a deputy on a tour of inspection. In these districts, opium houses have been reduced in most instances from ten or more in a market town to two or three. Food-stuffs were cheaper than for many years, owing to their larger production.\n\nIt is at the district city of Sui-ning, in the Prefecture of Tung-chuan Fu, which lies between the Prefectures of Pao-ning and Chengtu, that experiments are being made with the Malay opium cure already referred to. Reference has also been made to the orders given by the Governor-General for curtailment of cultivation in future, and to the special deputies appointed to report on the areas under poppy. In Szechuan, the poppy seed is sown during the present month (November), so that it is yet too soon to say what measure of success will attend the instructions enjoining curtailment.\n\nKueichow—In last Report, it was mentioned that a genuine attempt was being made in this province to stamp out the evil. This may be applicable to Kuei-yang, the provincial capital, and the immediate neighbourhood; but Reports recently received from other prefectures tell quite a different story. Of the Prefecture of An-shun Fu, in the west of the province, it is stated that Proclamations were issued last year and this year, but no action has been taken locally in pursuance of them. No steps have been taken to restrict the area under cultivation. Nearly all the available land is given over to poppy growing, and very little wheat is cultivated. In the beginning, the officials made a pretence of closing the opium houses and shops, and the signboards were taken down, but now both houses and shops are in full swing again, and no inspection is carried out. The only step taken to cure the smokers has been to open a temple as a place for dispensing medicines to help in the cure.\n\nWriting from the Prefecture of Chen-yuen Fu, in the east of the province, a correspondent says that a Proclamation was issued last March warning residents of a certain locality that the Opium Regulations were still in force, and that planting of poppy was a violation thereof, but no official action has been taken.\n\nLast year's anxiety on the subject has quite disappeared, and none of the officials are really giving up the habit. One Magistrate near Chen-yuen sent deputies to destroy the poppy fields, but appeal was made to the Governor, and he was made to pay heavy restitution. There are no restrictions on smokers in this district, nor are any medicines being given out by the officials.\n\nAnother report states that in the Tsung-yi Prefecture, in the north of the province, nearly 85 per cent. of the fields in the writer's district are under poppy, and that more opium is being bought than last year. No fresh Proclamations have been issued, and the opium houses and shops are neither closed nor inspected, and there are no restrictions on smokers.\n\nThe above is rather a black picture, but Kueichow is probably the most opium-sodden province of the Empire, and eradication of the evil will take time.\n\nYünnan.—I have already referred to the energy displayed by the Governor-General of Yünnan and Kueichow, and to his determination to eradicate opium from the former province during the present Chinese year. The following is the gist of the Proclamation which he issued on the 21st July: Those who have contracted the opium craving must free themselves of it during the year; all fields hitherto under poppy must be sown with beans and wheat, and the cultivation of poppy must cease; and all stocks of raw and prepared opium in shops and godowns must be speedily removed out of the province. All who still smoke after the 21st January, 1909, will be prosecuted and severely punished; all who cultivate the poppy after that date will have their crops uprooted, and the land will be confiscated for the public benefit; all prepared opium shops and godowns for the storage of the raw drug must be closed and their business cease; and any daring to have secret stocks of either the raw or prepared drug will have the same confiscated and be themselves punished.\n\nThe Governor-General has taken the further step of telegraphing to the provincial authorities ordering them to prevent the passage of opium through any Customs or li-kin barriers within their jurisdiction on and after the 21st September. If these instructions are carried out, opium in Yünnan will cease to have a marketable value. He has had secret agents at work in the province inquiring into the poppy areas and watching the measures being taken for suppression.\n\nReports speak of crops having been uprooted in the neighbourhood of the provincial capital, and of areas being reduced in some districts from a fourth to a third with a consequent lowering of the price of food-stuffs; but as a whole, and taking into consideration the steps that have been taken in the matter, they cast some doubt on the ability of the Governor-General to eradicate opium within his time limit. They also point out the great difficulty that will be experienced in dealing with cultivation in the mountainous country in the west of the province inhabited by Lolos, Kachins, Shans, and others, as well as by Chinese, where control is somewhat weak, but here, as everywhere else in China, success must largely depend on the energy and good faith of the local authorities.\n\n### 15 \n\nIn condensing these reports, which are necessarily fragmentary dealing as they do with only parts of provinces, I have endeavoured to extract and present the most salient points bearing on the carrying out of the task which China has imposed upon herself. They reveal a curious mixture of energy and apathy; but it must be admitted that through the former considerable progress is being made, especially in curtailment of production. As regards smoking, the closing of opium houses, if here and there somewhat lax, has placed a stigma on the habit, and a public opinion strongly adverse to the drug is discernible in several important centres. The registration and licensing of opium shops and smokers is gradually being enforced, but, although some provinces lag behind others in this respect, time has been insufficient to carry out what has only been completed in the metropolis less than a month ago. There is evidence that smokers are voluntarily breaking off the habit, but the information regarding the cures affected by anti-opium medicines is somewhat indefinite, and it is to be feared that in many cases opium and morphia eating is taking the place of opium smoking.\n\nThere are two questions calling for some attention in connection with the suppression of opium in China. They are—\n\n1. What can be grown in place of the poppy?\n2. How is the revenue hitherto derived from opium to be made good?\n\nThe time of opium harvesting differs with the provinces, but in general terms, it may be said that in Western and South-Western China, where the great bulk of the drug is produced, the poppy occupies the ground from November to the middle of April, and in Manchuria and North China from March to July. In the West, wheat, rape, beans, and peas are cultivated during the poppy season; and in the North, where the rigorous winter stops all cultivation, the poppy shares the ground with the usual summer crops. The advantage of opium production, in addition to the higher value of the harvest per acre, is the portability of the drug in a country where lack of means of communication bars access to a market. One man can carry a load of opium for hundreds of miles over atrocious roads to a market without unduly raising its cost, whereas grain or other produce of the same value could not be moved many miles and yield a profit; and it is to the development of railways that the Chinese cultivator must look to enable him to grow and dispose of the crops best suited to climate and soil. Where communication is easy and cheap, the farmer will lose little by abandoning the poppy.\n\nIt is a much more difficult matter to say whence China will derive the revenue which the suppression of opium (native and foreign) will necessarily cut off. Although China considers the abandonment of that revenue of no account in comparison with the eradication of the evil, the sacrifice is a heavy one. Certain steps have, however, already been taken to make good the loss. Increased taxation of land under poppy is only a temporary relief, and will cease with the suppression of cultivation; but in Szechuan, the Provincial Government, under instructions from the Board of Finance, has imposed a tax of 3 cash a catty on the salt production of that province, and an additional tax of 5 cash per catty on salt exported from Szechuan to Hupei. The",
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        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n\n[December 12]\n\n### SECTION 4\n\n[43319]\n\n#### No. 1\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received December 12.)\n\n**(No. 472.)**\nPeking, October 25, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith copies of a Report, with a sketch-map,* by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira upon a journey which he made in Shantung and Chih-li during the months of July and August last.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)  \nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n##### Inclosure in No. 1\n\n**Report by Lieutenant-Colonel Pereira respecting a Journey in Shantung and Chih-li Provinces in July and August 1908.**\n\n1. Northern Ports of Shantung.-Formerly a steamer, belonging to Butterfield and Swire, ran weekly from Chefoo to Yang-ch'iao-k'ou (commonly called Yang-chia-kou), at the mouth of the Hsin-ch'ing Ho Canal, but as the venture did not pay, it has been stopped. The Japanese now run a very small steamer about twice weekly from Chefoo to Lung-k'ou, an important town with 10,000 inhabitants. It is the port of Huang Hsien, and has a big trade with Manchuria. The steamer on the way stops off Teng-chou Fu, no longer a city of any importance.\n\nAs regards the port of Lai-chou Fu, called Hu-t'ou-yeh, even small steamers have to lie several miles off it.\n\n2. The principal cities of Shantung are as follows:—\n| City | Population |\n| --- | --- |\n| (1.) Chi-nan Fu | between 300,000 and 350,000 inhabitants |\n| (2.) Chi-ning Chou | about 200,000, though some authorities put it at less |\n| (3.) Wei Hsien | probably about 150,000, though most people reckon it at 100,000 |\n| (4.) Chefoo | about 100,000 |\n| (5.) Huang Hsien | about 80,000 |\n\nIn Shantung, as in other provinces, many of the prefectural cities have been eclipsed by newer trade centres; thus Teng-chou Fu is surpassed by Chefoo and Huang Hsien, Lai-chou Fu by Huang Hsien to the north and Sha-bo-chieh with Wei Hsien to the south, Ching-chou Fu by Wei Hsien to the east and Chou-ts'un to the west. Lai-chou Fu has 50,000 or 60,000 inhabitants, but there is little trade.\n\n3. Transport in Shantung.-As is usual in China, the chief form of transport is by wheelbarrow or by a coolie carrying a load balanced on a pole. The next commonest is by mule or donkey. Carts are more or less restricted to certain roads, though farm carts are common in the southern, western, and northern plains. It is not, however, always an easy matter to hire carts, even in the capital of the province or in a busy city like Huang Hsien. The best place for hiring is Wei Hsien, which may be regarded as the centre of the cart traffic. From it carts go down to I-chou Fu and Hsü-chou Fu to the south, Chefoo to the north, Chi-nan Fu to the west, &c. The ordinary cart (ta-ch'ê) with three mules, on good roads, can go 30 miles (100 li) a day, carrying 1,700 catties (2,267 lbs.). Track, 3 ft. 8.4 in. (English). Very fine bullocks come from the district of Tung-ping Chou, whilst mules are found in the west of the province.\n\n4. The Crops.-Shantung is a poor province. The plains to the north and west are usually thickly populated and often overcrowded, and as a result a bad year for the crops means much distress. There have been bad seasons continuously for the last three or four years, reaching a climax this year. During July and August, which are usually the rainy months, there was either little or no rain, or else it came too late.\n\nThe result is that whilst it will not be a famine, still there will be acute distress in many districts in ...\n\n*Not printed.*",
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        "content_text": "## 2\n\nThe north and west of the province, extending to Southern Chih-li. A missionary at **Lin-ch'ing Chou** told me that the first crop of wheat in those parts was very poor, as also the pea-nuts and fruit, on which the people largely depend for cash, and the cotton, which employs so many people for spinning in the winter.\n\nAn agent of the Anglo-American Tobacco Company told me that the people were so poor that they were knocking off all superfluous luxuries, and could not afford to buy cigarettes. This Company deserves to succeed owing to the energetic way in which it is boomed. There is hardly a town of any importance that I pass through in any part of China which is not profusely placarded with posters proclaiming the perfections of the \"Peacock\" or \"Pirate\" brand of cigarettes.\n\nAt Lai-chou Fu, thousands of coolies were engaged in digging a gigantic hole in search for some talisman which would cause rain.\n\n### 5. Railways\n\nThe route for the proposed railway from Chefoo to Wei Hsien has been surveyed. The capital is to be all Chinese. It has been found that the cost will be 10,000,000 dollars, instead of 4,000,000 dollars, as at first calculated.\n\nAs only 2,000,000 dollars can be raised, it has been decided only to make the line at present from Chefoo to Huang Hsien.\n\nOn the Shan-tung Railway, I was struck by the excellence of the arrangements; German officials were very little in evidence, and nearly all the local arrangements were made by Chinese, who struck me as being exceedingly civil and a great contrast to the Chinese employés on the Ching-han and Shan-hsi Railways.\n\n### 6. Missionaries\n\nThe Franciscans divide the northern part of Shan-tung, the French portion taking the eastern section and the Dutch portion the western section. The English Baptists and American Presbyterians are also chiefly in evidence in these parts, and have combined to form a university for Chinese, with the Arts and Science College at Wei Hsien for 240 pupils, and a theological college at Ch'ing-chou Fu, in which 140 Chinese students are going through a seven years' course, preparatory to working in the Mission. The Medical College in Chi-nan Fu has not yet been started.\n\n### 7. Anti-dynastic Societies\n\nA missionary said that they were increasing in the cities, whilst among the soldiers of the 5th Division at Chi-nan Fu, there is reported to be a strong following.\n\n### 8. The Grand Canal from the South to the Yellow River\n\nThe watershed crosses the Grand Canal at Lung-wang-miao, 54 miles (180 li) south of Tung-a Hsien and the Yellow River, whilst at An-shan, 21 miles (70 li) to the south, the canal, which used to flow northerly, is now blocked, and boats instead descend the Ching Ho, till the Yellow River is reached 14 miles south-west of Chiang-chia-kou, the ferry across the Yellow River, 2 miles to the west of Tung-a Hsien. From Chiang-chia-kou, an embankment runs westwards near or alongside the north bank of the Yellow River to T'ao-ch'eng-p'u, a distance of 12 miles. It is about 12 feet above the level of the plain and 16 feet to 25 feet wide. The hills end on the south bank of the Yellow River, and, except for two solitary hillocks just north of the river, I did not see any approach to a hill again till I sighted the western hills near Peking. This great plain, as far as I could see, was everywhere one gigantic field covered with crops (kao-liang, millet, maize, beans, and cotton), and thickly studded with villages, which get more scattered going north.\n\n### 9. The Grand Canal from the Yellow River to Lin-ch'ing Chou\n\nFormerly the tribute grain boats used to come up it, but they have not used it since the Boxer trouble in 1900. This section of the Grand Canal is closed by earth dams, the one on the Yellow River being a mile to the east of Tao-ch'eng-p'u. Formerly this used to be cut and the water from the Yellow River used to fill the canal bed. At the present time, the canal bed is quite dry from the dam to Tung-ch'ang Fu, a distance of about 28 miles, and the thrifty population have hastened to cultivate both the banks and bed. In this part of the country, there are countless side roads, evidently used by farm carts. Tung-ch'ang Fu is a fairly large city, and the most symmetrical I have seen in China; in fact, it is nearly a perfect square. There is a good deal of waste inside the walls, and the chief business is in the east suburb. The prefecture shares with that of Ts'ao-chou further south the reputation of being one of the worst brigand centres in China. Fortunately, however, the two principal brigands, who had a provincial reputation, were captured in the last two years, and since then the country has been more peaceful. The priest at Tung-ch'ang Fu told me that there had been a slight revival of Boxerism at Kao-tang Chou to the north-east, but it quieted down when the rains came. The canal was repaired in 1906 between Tung-chang Fu and Lin-ching Chou, a distance of about 40 miles, and is now used by small boats. It was 3 or more feet deep, with muddy water.\n\n## 3\n\nThe canal makes a bend to the south just below Lin-ch'ing Chou, and there is another earth dam across about 2 miles to the south of the city. On my arrival, I found this dam had been cut to let in some water from the Wei River, but it was closed again before I left on the following day. The resident missionaries stated they had never before heard of the dam being cut. The chief object of the dam in the old days, apparently, was that it afforded a chance of \"squeeze,\" as when the tribute boats, &c., arrived, they had to be unloaded on one side and reloaded on the other, whilst the boat was dragged over. The reason the officials gave for not opening the dam was that the Wei River was infested by a dragon, who would tear up the banks of the Grand Canal if he once got into it. About half a mile below the dam, the canal passes through a lock bridge and joins the Wei River.\n\nThe missionaries stated that formerly the inhabitants of Lin-ch'ing Chou were very anti-foreign, but that the feeling has now quite died out. The post from Chi-nan Fu to Peking takes three and a-half days, going by courier viâ Lin-ch'ing Chou to Shun-te Fu, where the railway is reached.\n\nFrom Chi-nan Fu to Lin-ch'ing Chou, I was treated with an excess of kindness by all the officials, and escorts accompanied me all the way. One cavalry soldier, overcome by the liberality of my gratuities, announced his intention of joining my service as groom, till I reminded him that the Chinese punishment for desertion was the cutting off of one or more ears.\n\n### 10. The Grand Canal from Lin-ch'ing Chou to Tien-tsin\n\nThis section is, of course, really the Wei (or Yä) River. At the time of my visit in August, it was exceptionally high, water very muddy, very strong current and 50 to 60 yards wide. The banks are in places eaten away, and a missionary said that nothing is being done to keep them in repair, and there is great danger of the river one day bursting its banks and carrying destruction over a great low-lying region.\n\nI made the distance between Lin-ching Chou and Tien-tsin (259 miles), and I took 70 hours of actual travelling by boat, averaging 3.7 miles an hour. Up to Te Chou, it is exceedingly winding, and the land route is much quicker.\n\n| Location        | Distance from Lin-ch'ing Chou | Description                                                                 |\n|-----------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Ssu-nü-ssů      | 72 miles                      | Can drain the river                                                        |\n| Chu-tien        | 1672 miles                    | Can drain the river                                                        |\n| Ising-chi-chên  | 1883 miles                    | Can drain the river                                                        |\n| Ma-ch'ang       | 2062 miles                    | Can drain the river via Hsiao-chan Canal                                   |\n\nThe river can be drained by four canals. The river may be divided into two sections, namely, from Lin-ching Chou to the Hsiao-chan Canal. In this section, it is usually 50 to 60 yards wide, and I rarely found it less than 10 feet deep, often over 15 feet. There are only reported to be two shallow places in this section, both above Tê Chou. At the second one, I found it was 9 feet deep.\n\nThe second section is from the Hsiao-chan Canal to Tien-tsin, the canal being from 30 to 40 yards wide, sometimes less. This part is shallower, and I usually found it from 9 to 11 feet deep. The country is low-lying, and villages and towns are usually actually on the river banks or else at a distance away.\n\nThere is a vast amount of traffic on the river; the boats are mostly pulled up by gangs of from four to thirteen men, who for a miserable pittance work like slaves, and appear always to be contented. With the exception of one or two Government boats, there are no steam launches on the river. Ferries are numerous, but there is not a single bridge till Tien-tsin is reached.\n\nAll along the banks, countless numbers of villagers were employed in throwing up water from the river into a hollowed-out basin, from which it was again thrown up on to the level of the fields. Comparatively few, who were in more affluent circumstances, were able to do the work with a donkey and a wheel.\n\n(Signed) G. PEREIRA, Lieutenant-Colonel,  \nGrenadier Guards, Military Attaché.  \nPeking, September 17, 1908.\n\n## 34",
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        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## SECTION 1\n\n[44935]\n\n**(No. 543.)**\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received December 24.)\n\nPeking, December 4, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith copies of three Reports, one by the Military Attaché and two by His Majesty's Consul at Wuhu, on the recent mutiny of some Chinese troops at An-ching, the capital of the Province of Anhui.\n\nThe movement, which was confined to about 1,000 men, was only of importance as showing that a considerable amount of disaffection still exists in this province, the former Governor of which was, it will be remembered, assassinated by a band of revolutionaries in July 1907.\n\nThe revolt was quickly suppressed, thanks to the energy of the Governor, a protégé of Yuan Shih-k'ai, who hurried back from the manœuvres just in time to prevent the city from falling into the hands of the insurgents. This is the solitary instance of any disturbance so far reported in connection with the change of reign, and the promptness with which it has been met is likely to have a wholesome effect in restraining the forces of disorder generally.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) J. N. JORDAN\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Pereira to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nPeking, December 2, 1908.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose a Report on the recent mutiny at An-ching-fu, the capital of Anhui. Very little is known about the doings of the Secret Societies of China, but, as far as can be gathered, there appears to be little or no proper organization to work up a general outbreak, and up to the present each outburst has been merely local, without any competent leaders or any sane plan of action. In the present case the sympathies of the inhabitants of An-ch'ing were on the side of the Government. Captain Hsiung, who is reported to be the leader of the mutineers, and for whom a reward of 2,000 taels has been offered for his head, belongs to the Secret Societies; but the men were probably more actuated by a chance of plunder than by any other reason. Central China at the present time the Secret Societies appear to be most active in the cities of An-ch'ing-fu and Nanking and in the Province of Hunan.\n\nViceroy Tuan-fang, of Nanking, appears to have lost his nerve, and to be in great terror of being assassinated.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed) GEORGE PEREIRA, Lieutenant-Colonel, Grenadier Guards, Military Attaché.\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nReport of a Mutiny at An-ch'ing-fu (Capital of Anhui Province).\n\nAN-CHING, a city of probably 150,000 or 160,000 inhabitants, has for some time been a centre of anti-dynastic Secret Societies, such as the \"Kê-ming Tang.\" In July 1907 the Manchu Governor, En-ming, was assassinated, but an abortive attempt at rebellion was crushed. Governor Feng, who succeeded, was very weak, and afraid to act vigorously against the malcontents. The leader of the recent mutiny, Hsiung-nai-tzu, a Captain in the artillery, got into trouble with the police and was arrested, but the Governor released him without punishment. Fortunately a month ago he was succeeded...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "page_number": 307,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nfrom the remotest parts of the three provinces in winter to depôts on the Liao River to await the opening of navigation in spring, and thousands of these carts annually came as far south as Newchwang and Tien-tsin (then the only two ports through which the export and import trade of Manchuria was conducted on any considerable scale), carrying back loads of salt manufactured near Newchwang and miscellaneous foreign and native goods into the interior. It might be imagined that the cost of baulage by cart for hundreds of miles would be prohibitive, and that the introduction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, running as it did (and now does under two names) through the heart of Manchuria from north to south and east to west, would quickly have ended this traffic; but it must be remembered that while the animals and carts are employed in spring, summer, and autumn in farm work, they would, owing to the rigorous climate, be completely idle as well as a drain in winter, and their owners were content to become carriers if they could earn sufficient to pay expenses. The result is that to-day these carts, in spite of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the South Manchurian Railway, and the Imperial Railways of North China in Manchuria, still pay annual visits to Newchwang in winter, but in diminished numbers. Diminished numbers are due for the most part to the South Manchurian Railway, which, with the exception of the traffic through Vladivostock over the Chinese Eastern Railway, has succeeded in attracting the bulk of the trade with the country to the east and north-east of the line, but has affected only to a limited extent the trade to the west and north-west, which continues in the main to be conducted by cart in the old way through old-established channels.\n\nThese \n\nWhen I visited Hsin-min-t'un or Hsin-min Fu as it is now called, Fa-ku-men recently raised to the rank of sub-prefectural city under the name of Fu-min Ting, and the district city of Tiehling between the 21st and the 28th September, there was no traffic whatever on the roads connecting these inland marts which were opened to foreign trade by the Japanese Treaty with China of December 1905. The peasantry were busy harvesting their crops and carting the grain, beans, and other produce from the fields to their homesteads. Hsin-min Fu is the present northern terminus of the Imperial Railways of North China in Manchuria. It is a busy commercial centre with a population of from 60,000 to 70,000 inhabitants, and its principal industry is the extraction of oil from beans and the manufacture of bean-cake, which is carried on by a score of mills.\n\nHere I carefully questioned a number of Chinese merchants in regard to the trade between Hsin-min Fu and Fa-ku-men and was informed that it was considerable in winter, the roads of 50 miles (160 li) between the two places being described as one string of carts during that season. They referred to the projected railway to Fa-ku-men and their declaration that such a line would shift the centre of trade, and the market from Hsin-min Fu to Fa-ku-men proves that the two places are intimately connected commercially.\n\nFrom Hsin-min Fu I travelled by Chinese cart north by east to Fa-ku-men resting the first night at Hsiao-ta-tzu, which lies half-way between these two places. Between Hsin-min Fu and Hsiao-ta-tzu there are fourteen hamlets and villages, most of them containing Chinese inns or caravanserais with large courtyards for the accommodation of the traffic along the road. Many of the inns were shut, but they reopen during winter, their busy season. My carter corroborated the statement made to me by the merchants of Hsin-min Fu that the winter traffic along this road is considerable.\n\nThe road from Hsin-min Fu to Hsiao-ta-tzu passes over a fine broad plain which was well cultivated and yielding excellent crops of tall millet (*Holcus sorghum*, L.), the two smaller millets (*Setaria italica*, Kth., and *Panicum miliaceum*, L., the former predominating), beans (from which oil is extracted and bean-cake manufactured), upland rice, some buckwheat of the white-flowered variety, and a little cotton. Hemp (*Cannabis sativa*, L.) and *Perilla ocymoides*, L. (from the seeds of which oil is extracted) were growing as borders to other crops. The maize, castor-oil, and sesamum crops were already reaped; the cobs of corn were drying in the sun and bundles of sesamum awaited the thrashing or rolling out of the seeds. The foreign potato is also largely grown and used for food. The country is little wooded except in the villages and round graveyards, where the willow, elm, and poplar are the usual and practically the only trees. Two small streams, tributaries of the Liao, flow eastward across the road 8 and 20 miles respectively north of Hsin-min Fu at the villages of Hsi-chiu-men and Kung-chu-t'un.\n\nThe village of Hsiao-ta-tzu lies about a mile to the south-west of the southern terminus of a range of low, grass-covered, unwooded hills which rise from the plain and stretching northwards form its eastern boundary. To the west, but at a distance of some miles, there is another range with a north-easterly trend. The country lying between these ranges is more undulating than to the south and the soil, although somewhat stony, was bearing crops scarcely inferior to those seen to the south of Hsiao-ta-tzu. The highroad keeps to the eastern side of this undulating plain passing north by east through eight villages to the town of Fa-ku-men, which has every appearance of being hemmed in at a distance on all but the southern side by low hill ranges, through which, however, roads lead east, north, and west.\n\n## 3\n\nFa-ku-men, or Fu-min Ting, is a small unwalled town of some 30,000 inhabitants. Like Manchurian towns generally it is built of mud and brick and its main streets, like those of Hsin-min Fu, run east and west. Its chief industry is the conversion of beans and castor-oil seed into oil and cake, and it contains numerous caravanserais for the accommodation of the traffic which passes through it and of merchants who resort to the town for the sale and purchase of produce, in which they are assisted by the keepers of these establishments in return for a commission on all transactions effected. I stayed for two days in one of these caravanserais, where I had special facilities for inquiring into the trade between Fa-ku-men and Hsin-min Fu and between Fa-ku-men and T'iehling. That trade, as I have already stated, is done in winter; but I found that in the open season there is a considerable trade between Fa-ku-men and Newchwang, which is carried on neither through Tiehling nor Hsin-min Fu.\n\nOn the right bank of the Liao, 25 miles south-east of Fa-ku-men and about the same distance below Tiehling, is a place called San-mien-ch'uan, where goods are landed and shipped by junk as long as navigation is possible. There is little difference in distance between Fa-ku-men and San-mien-ch'uan and Fa-ku-men and Ma-feng-k'ou, the shipping port of Tiehling on the Liao. The latter may be a trifle longer; but at San-mien-ch'uan the shallows above Tiehling frequently causing as they do several days delay when the river is low are avoided, and no other obstacles to navigation exist between it and Newchwang. From the caravanserai in which I resided carts left daily for San-mien-ch'uan, each loaded with twenty-five bean-cakes weighing 72 lbs. a-piece. Each cart had a team of three animals. Although the Liao was high at the time of my visit the traffic from Fa-ku-men was not diverted to Ma-feng-k'ou nor to the railway at Tiehling, and during the open season San-mien-ch'uan is undoubtedly the shipping port of Fa-ku-men for produce bound for Newchwang. In the winter it is otherwise: then San-mien-ch'uan loses its importance, and the two outlets for Fa-ku-men produce are Tiehling and Hsin-min Fu. The exports from Fa-ku-men to Tiehling consist almost entirely of bean-cakes, but the amount exported depends on the market. If higher prices rule at Tiehling the cakes go there; if Hsin-min Fu proves a better market, they go by cart to Hsin-min Fu and are thence carried by rail to Newchwang. In any case, so far as I could ascertain, most of the bean and castor-oil cake made at the thirty-four mills in Fa-ku-men goes to Hsin-min Fu. Up to the present I have been speaking of the export trade, and in particular of the products of Fa-ku-men and neighbourhood; but Fa-ku-men lies on the main winter cart road from the Province of Hei-lung-chiang to the south, and, although much of this traffic has naturally been attracted to the South Manchurian Railway at Chang-ch'un Fu or K'uan-ch'eng-tzu, it still retains commercial relations with the country to the north-east as far as Petuna on the Sungari, with the country to the north (of which Ch'eng-chia-t'un, 80 miles from Fa-ku-men, is the centre), and with Mongolia on the west. Chinese merchants at Fa-ku-men estimated that the South Manchurian Railway had absorbed 50 per cent. of the traffic passing through the town in former years, but they were confident that, if connected with Hsin-min Fu by rail, Fa-ku-men would tap still more of the grain-producing districts of Eastern Mongolia which are now being opened up by Chinese colonists. I was informed at Kuang-ning Hsien, which I visited, that much of the produce of Eastern Mongolia finds its way south by cart to the Chinese Railway at Chin-chou Fu by a road passing to the west of Kuang-ning Hsien, and through the city of Yi-chou, and this may have suggested to the Chinese Government the projected railway from Chin-chou Fu to Tao-nan Fu now being surveyed. In Fa-ku-men I repeatedly asked for a comparison between the volume of its trade with Tiehling and Hsin-min Fu and invariably received the same replies. They were: San-mien-ch'uan is the only port of Fa-ku-men during the greater part of the year when the Liao is open to navigation, and during the winter Hsin-min Fu is more important than Tiehling. Questioned as to the import trade of T'iehling, the merchants replied that Japanese yarn, cottons and miscellaneous goods were brought to Fa-ku-men, but not in any great quantity, and this was borne out by the replies to the questions I put at the inns on the road between \n\nPage 305",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 495,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## List of Speakers at a Mooting of the Self Government Society\non Wednesday, December 17th, 1500.\n\n### Speakers:\n| Name |\n|------|\n| Chang Sung Yun |\n| Lin Tau Hsiang |\n| Fu Kuan Ting |\n| To Wu Hang |\n| T'an Hee Pu |\n| Hu Li Ta'u Ta'ai |\n| Yoh Ling Chik |\n\n### Speeches:\n- **Branch**: Blamed Consul-General for not considering evidence sufficient as there were four men who came forward.\n- **Yu's Speech**: Recommended passengers not to go on board \"Fatshan\" any more for fear of injury.\n- **T'an's Speech**: Blamed British Consul-General and Viceroy equally, especially the latter for telling the relatives to go to the Portuguese Consulate. Noronha is in Hongkong whoring. Cannot understand why people continue to use the \"Fatshan\". Must be a mistake. Suggests cutting off the ears of anybody who hereafter takes passage on the \"Fatshan\" so as to \"earmark\" them.\n- **Li's Speech**: Praised himself for speaking dauntlessly without fear. If arrested and punished for his speech, he would still make it.",
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    {
        "id": 421828,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "page_number": 617,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## 4\n\nof the Interior, and the Opium Commissioners, have been zealously enforced. A central office has been established in Tien-tsin, the prohibition has in the first place been enforced upon officials, and local authorities have been ordered to carry out careful inquiries into the amount of land under opium cultivation and the number of opium shops and smokers. With the assistance of the Public Health Bureau, the hospitals and guilds, dispensaries have been set up for the purpose of treating those suffering from the craving of opium, and local officials have been enjoined to take similar steps in their respective jurisdictions. Opium divans and shops for the sale of smoking utensils have been closed, and negotiations are being carried on vigorously with the Foreign Councils at Tien-tsin with regard to the issue of licences, the dispatch of inquiry officers by the Opium Bureau, &c., and a satisfactory understanding is gradually being arrived at. In the Imperial Prefecture of Shun Tien Fu, the Regulations are also being enforced.\n\nWhilst, however, the restriction of the sale and consumption of opium are of great importance, the question of the cultivation of the poppy must first be considered. The first proposal was that the cultivation of opium should be decreased annually by one-tenth. This was subsequently altered to one-eighth, and the Board of the Interior have now decided that the diminution to be effected shall vary in accordance with the conditions existing in different provinces. Kiangsu, Anhui, Honan, Yunnan, Fukien, and Heilung-chiang, have already totally forbidden the cultivation of opium, and the Viceroy has now decided to adopt a similar course in Chih-li. From the beginning of the present Chinese year the cultivation of opium is entirely prohibited, and should any be discovered it will be rooted up and confiscated. Officials will be rewarded or punished in accordance with the manner in which they carry out these instructions.\n\nOn the 17th January, a Decree was issued directing the proper department to take note.\n\n## 5\n\nhave the exclusive right of preparing the opium for use. The consumer can only purchase opium if provided with a licence, and the amount which he is permitted to purchase is periodically reduced, so the new arrangement constitutes an efficient check on opium smoking.\n\nSince his arrival in Szechuan, the Viceroy has done his best to exclude all opium-smokers from all official employment of every kind, and the movement against the use of the drug has made considerable progress; the amount of anti-opium medicines sold has been doubled, and the efforts of the people amongst themselves to suppress the evil have even gone beyond the official prohibitions, so the prospects of eradicating the pernicious habit are most hopeful. The Viceroy states that it is owing to his desire to take advantage of the present enthusiasm amongst the people that he proposes to reduce the limit of time for the abolition of opium, as he fears that with lapse of time this enthusiasm may disappear, and the efforts to abolish the use of the drug be correspondingly difficult.\n\nOn the 17th January a Decree was issued referring this Memorial to the Department concerned.\n\n(Translation.)\n\n### Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nof January 21, 1909.\n\nExtract from the \"Official Gazette\"\n\n**MEMORIAL** by the Viceroy of Szechuan reporting on the shortening of the time-limit for the prohibition of opium and the establishment of official hongs for the sale of the raw drug. Szechuan is both the largest producer and consumer of opium, and in view of the large number of people dependent upon its cultivation for a livelihood and the revenue derived therefrom by the province, the measures for its suppression must not be too hasty. It is necessary, in the first place, to find some other crop to take the place of opium, and the Viceroy is procuring samples of American cereals with a view to conducting experiments in Szechuan on the same lines as those already carried out in Fengtien. Proclamations are also being issued, and the country people are being taught to improve their methods of agriculture and to substitute other crops for opium.\n\nDuring 1908 there were floods and droughts in various parts of the province, and the Viceroy gave orders that in districts where the opium crop had been a failure its cultivation should be totally forbidden in the future, whilst in districts where good crops had been obtained the area under cultivation should be reduced by one-half. From reports received from various localities in the province it appears that cultivation has been entirely suppressed in forty districts, and the Viceroy calculates that during the past year the acreage under poppy throughout the whole province has been reduced by one-half, and that in two or three years cultivation will have entirely ceased.\n\nIn order to control effectively the growth of opium, it is necessary that the trade in the raw drug should be an official monopoly. Regulations have been prepared and capital has been raised from official and private sources for the purpose of establishing opium hongs in the capital and other parts of the province. All the raw opium will be bought up by these hongs and will be prepared or exported to other provinces by the official opium-boiling shops (`Kuan Kao Tien`). Local officials will be required to take measures against illicit cultivation or dealing in opium. The official opium boiling shops and retail shops (`Fen Hsiao Tien`) were established by the last two Viceroys with the object of restricting the sale of opium. The latter are now superseded by the new official hongs, and are therefore done away with. The official hongs have monopoly of the trade in raw opium, and the `Kuan Kao Tien`...",
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    {
        "id": 421840,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 629,
        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## Mr. Parker to Mr. Cloud\n\nROBERT WILLIS  \nBureau of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Mukden, November 26, 1908.\n\nAT your request I give you herewith a summarized Report of the information concerning the agriculture of Manchuria, gathered by myself and Mr. W. H. Tomhave during the autumn of 1908.\n\n### 1. Soil and Climate\n\nThe typical soil of Feng-tien and Kirin Provinces is a loose clay loam, brownish in colour and of extraordinary depth and fertility. Sand and sandy loams are seen occasionally, and in many areas of relatively low level one finds the black, alluvial soil deposits indicative of the presence of water and water-loving vegetation, which in past ages has decayed to give the black colour to these soils. In Hei-lung-chiang Province vast areas of loose sandy soils exist that are not adapted to a permanent system of agriculture, but which furnish a rather sparse growth of wild grasses for grazing. The percentage of waste land in Feng-tien and Kirin is very small, and the brown fertile fields stretch away to the horizon in all directions, creating the impression of boundless areas of tillable soil as strongly as do the prairies of the Mississippi valley in America or the vast prairies of Manitoba. It is not a gross exaggeration to say that no large soil areas of the world contain more potential wealth than do the soil areas of Manchuria, the proof being shown in the crops that are taken from the soil by methods of culture that would bankrupt farmers on the best soils of the Mississippi valley.\n\nWhile no statistics are at present available concerning the climate of Manchuria (except Hosie, 1898), the character of the vegetation indicates a humid climate having an annual rainfall of about 25 inches, and the crop growth indicates further a summer season in which the rapidity of the growth of crops is truly remarkable. Spring wheat, for example, matures in Manchuria in about 100 days, whereas in the same degree of latitude in America (42-46° north) spring-sown wheat requires 120 to 130 days to mature. The soy-bean also that is grown in all parts of Manchuria, from Dalny to Harbin (46° north), is confined to the relatively small area known as the cotton belt in the States, and its presence in these degrees of latitude is an indication of a very favourable growing season for staple agricultural crops. The climatic drawbacks of Manchuria are the spring sand-storms, which drift soil, retard early growth, and accelerate the evaporation of soil moisture, also the heavy rainfall that usually comes in July and August, the harvest season for wheat. A tender crop like wheat is therefore subjected in many seasons to the mercy of the elements, but wheat is also menaced in Canada by frost, and in the Mississippi valley by wind- and rain-storms preceding harvest.\n\nTo sum up this brief sketch of the soil and climate of Manchuria, it may be said that Manchuria is an extremely favoured region of the world for the growth of large areas of those staple crops that are fit for human food and capable of being stored and easily transported, and that the ability of this region to produce the soy-bean gives Manchuria an enormous advantage over regions unable to grow the soy-bean successfully in the production of live-stock products, for bean-meal is a highly prized article of cattle food and would sell for 25 dollars to 40 dollars gold in the States or in Holland or Denmark.\n\n### 2. The Common Crops\n\nThe universally grown crop of Manchuria is the kaoliang, or tall sorghum, which is the staple food of the people and is grown everywhere, from Dalny and Newchwang to Tsitsihar. The soy-bean is grown over a wide area also and is the only export crop of any importance, the oil expressed from the seeds going to South China for cookery, and the bean-cakes to Japan to be used as fertilizer on the rice-fields. Beans are the great cash crop of the country, and the export of bean-cake must be viewed as a national waste by any observer familiar with the feeding of crop by-products to live stock, for if condensed into meat the cash equivalent would fully equal, if not exceed, the cash value of the raw products, and the manure from the cattle would remain on the land. As large markets for meat and dairy products do not exist in Manchuria and China, the export of bean-oil by-products will undoubtedly remain a feature of the agriculture of Manchuria until an export trade in meats is developed. In the northern provinces large areas of small millet or Japanese millet are grown, the product being used chiefly for human food. Spring wheat is grown in small areas in all regions of Manchuria, the chief wheat-producing areas being north-east of Tie-ling, about Hai-lung-fu, south of Ninguta, and in that portion of Sungari River region south-west of Harbin bounded on the south-west and south by the Sungari and on the east by the mountains. It is impossible to gain any idea of the total area devoted to wheat in Manchuria, for a large part of the crop is ground and consumed on the farms, and no statistics are available for that part of the crop which enters the commerce of the country. Harbin, Khabarovsk, Ninguta, Kuan-cheng-tzu, Kirin, and Tie-ling are the important wheat-buying centres. As far as we can determine, no attempt has ever been made to improve the present wheat seed of the country or to introduce new varieties, and the Chinese farmer uses the same seed as his ancestors, a seed of inferior quality, due to the many years of poor care and poor selection the seed has been subjected to. Samples of wheat exhibited in the Japanese flour-mill in Tie-ling resembled very closely the \"Canadian Preston\" and \"Canadian Club\"-types of wheat widely used in North America.\n\nBuckwheat thrives luxuriantly in Manchuria, and samples seen at Tie-ling were of superior quality to the buckwheat of New York State and other favoured localities in America. Buckwheat is ground in small amounts in the native mills, but its consumption is relatively small compared to common wheat.\n\nTobacco is grown in all parts of Manchuria, and even about the villages of Eastern Mongolia one sees small patches of this crop. The best tobacco districts of Manchuria are reported to be north of Kirin, the town centres of this region being Wu-lai-kai, La-ling-chang, Wu-chang-ting, and Ku-yi-Shu. Kirin is the largest tobacco market of Manchuria, although tobacco finds its way into all the Chinese cities from A-Shah-ho in the north to Mukden in the south. Experts of the British American Tobacco Company report the native tobacco to be of excellent quality, and could the crop be properly planted, topped, and cured it could compete with Virginia and Carolina tobacco from the States.\n\nSmall areas of Indian corn or maize are occasionally seen in Manchuria, one of the largest producing areas being situated east of Liao-yang. The maize grown by the natives is of very inferior quality, badly mixed, and with weak, degenerate types of ears-caused, without doubt, by the improper control of the seed. Manchuria undoubtedly has a naturally favourable soil and climate for maize, and with good seed and intelligent cultivation it is the opinion of the writer (unsubstantiated at present) that such soil areas as the Liao-ho valley could produce more human food with maize than with kaoliang.\n\nThe root crops of Manchuria do not cover sufficient area to deserve notice as staple crops, but in speaking of the potential agricultural wealth of the country it should be noted that the loose, loamy soils of this region are particularly favourable for such crops as potatoes and sugar-beets. The intense sunshine of summer is also favourable for beet-sugar growth, and beets grown last year at the local agricultural experiment farm showed amounts of sugar ranging from 14 to 18 per cent.-a remarkably high percentage of sugar.\n\nUpland rice, barley, and hemp are also grown to some extent in Manchuria, but acreage is so small that they cannot be classed among the common or staple crops of the country.\n\nPage 624",
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        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "# 3. The Fruits of Manchuria.\n\nThe only fruits grown in Manchuria of any importance are the hard pears and red grapes that are produced in quantity around Kwang-ning. The quality of the grapes is good, being quite similar to the wine grapes of California—to the European taste, however, not in any way equal to the Concord, Catawba, and Delaware grapes of the States. The pears are hardy, growing much farther north than pears are found in America, but the quality is much inferior to the American \"Bartlett\" or \"Anjou.\" In the hills about Kirin, and also in South-East Manchuria, wild plums, cherries, and crab apples grow that would undoubtedly give excellent hardy roots for grafting with improved but less hardy types. The lack of a heavy blanket of snow on the soil in the winter and the strong drying winds of spring are undoubtedly great drawbacks to successful fruit culture in Manchuria. There are favoured localities here and there, however, where foreign fruits should do well.\n\n# 4. The Live Stock of Manchuria and Mongolia.\n\nAlmost no live stock is kept by the Manchurian farmer except the mules and ponies used for carting. Swine roam the yards and fields as scavengers, but are rarely, if ever, bred and fed as a part of the farm business. Practically no cattle or sheep are bred in Manchuria, the small number of cows used for dairy purposes to supply foreign demand coming from Mongolia. In Mongolia, however, the grazing of cattle, sheep, and ponies is the only industry of the people, and even here the cattle and sheep industry is not of any great size, for the demand is practically limited to the Russian military, Mahommedans, and the small foreign demand. The Mongolian cattle are bred in the interior at Jar-sar-tu, in the Tai-nan-fu district; Je-lai-tu, south-west of Tsitsihar; and Tu-su-tu, west of Tai-nan-fu.\n\nThe young cattle are grazed over the wide plains, and between the ages of 6 and 8 are driven to market. The largest markets for Mongolian cattle are Hailar, Blagovestchensk, Harbin, Kuan-cheng-tzu, and Ching-cha-tun. About 5,000 cattle are butchered monthly in Harbin, one-third of which are handled by an Australian packing plant and delivered to the Russian military at Vladivostock. The Mahommedans buy and butcher small numbers of cattle in all the important centres of Manchuria. Their methods are crude and rough, and it is impossible to estimate the extent of this demand.\n\n# 5. Agricultural Machinery.\n\nHand labour, assisted by the crudest kind of tools and machines, sows and garners the crops, the amount of horse-power used being small in comparison with methods of agriculture prevalent in the States 100 years ago, and yet greater than that employed to-day in the rice field of Japan. The Manchurian plough resembles the old-fashioned \"corn plough or potato-digger of the States, and the ploughshare made by the native smith costs 2 dol. 50 c. (silver currency) (1 dollar gold); the remaining parts of the plough being home-made or cheaply constructed by the local carpenter. This machine is commonly used to plough the soil, and also for inter-tillage after the crops are growing. In some places a crude machine is used for dropping the seed, but more commonly the seed is dropped by hand. The harvesting is always done by hand with a small blade costing the farmer about 20 cents (silver currency) (7 cents gold). Kaoliang, beans, millet, wheat—in fact, all crops—are cut with this same tool by the most awkward and back-breaking methods conceivable. A few wooden shovels and forks, a steel hatchet, and perhaps an adze or mattock usually complete the outfit. The Manchurian farmer, as a general rule, has no machinery other than those just mentioned, and his cart and rope harnesses.\n\n# 6. Methods of Crop Cultivation.\n\nIn all parts of Manchuria the staple crops, kaoliang, beans, millet, wheat, tobacco, cabbage, turnips, &c., are sown and cultivated by the same method, namely, planting in rows about 18 inches apart, and as the growing season advances the soil is ridged or hilled up against the crop rows with the native plough. Flat cultivation for wheat and millet, or shallow cultivation for such crops as kaoliang, maize, and potatoes, is never practised by the native farmer. Where this universal practice of ridging the land came from no one seems to know, but one can surmise that it is a custom of land tillage practised in the rice-fields of South China, and custom and tradition have established the practice in this northern country. There does not seem to be any theoretical or practical justification for this method of cropping the soil, and it appears illogical, awkward, and unnecessary. Many reasons are advanced by the Chinese for this custom, chief among which are the following: That when the land is ridged the soil on one side of the ridge may absorb the sun's rays in the morning, and on the other side in the afternoon; that ridge cultivation is necessary to keep the roots of the crops above standing water; that this plan of cropping is necessary to keep out the woods; that when wheat is sown in rows the wind cannot lodge it; and that the continual placing of fresh soil on the ridges gives more fertility to the growing crop.\n\nIn the absence of accurate experimental data, it is useless to try and discuss these theories with logical pro and con evidence at this writing. Some of the theories advanced are self-evidently fallacious, and it is doubtful if anything is gained by the practice, and highly probable that much is lost. Thorough and even mechanical stirring of the soil with a good plough should put the soil in an absorptive condition for rain water, and provide a more favourable habitat for seeds than the seed-beds provided under the present system.\n\nPloughing is universally done in the spring-time immediately or conjointly with planting, and the seed-beds are left loose and open before the season of sand-storms begins. Throughout the growing season the native farmer runs his plough between the crop rows and throws the soil about the crop roots, until at harvest-time the ridges about the roots are 8 to 10 inches above the bottom of the intermediate furrow. All the crops when cut by hand tools are shocked in the field and later stacked about the clay floor that is used for threshing the grain. The native farmer builds a beautiful rain-proof stack, and one often sees \"ricks\" or stacks of kaoliang, millet, or beans 20 feet high. Threshing is done with flails and with stone rollers drawn over the grain by ponies or oxen, the chaff being separated from the grain by tossing the grain into the air with a wooden shovel. In the native mills, one occasionally sees a rude fanning mill that will remove chaff and dirt from the grain.\n\n# 7. Crop Yields and Prices.\n\nThe figures given herewith are not accurate, nor are they averaged from many sources, but merely the estimates of Chinese farmers and traders picked up at random in North Manchuria. Like every other country, the yield varies between wide limits according to the season, and price with locality and the relations of supply and demand: wheat, 15 to 18 bushels; kaoliang, 30 to 50 bushels; beans, 20 to 25 bushels. At Tie-ling (October 1908) the native mills were paying 1 dol. 15 c. (silver currency) for 82 catties of wheat, or approximately 60 cents (gold) per bushel of 60 lbs., and beans at Kirin were selling for 24 cents (silver currency) per catty, or approximately 75 cents (gold) per bushel of 60 lbs.\n\n# 8. Land Ownership and Size of Farms.\n\nIn Southern Manchuria, freeholding is the common rule and very little tenancy exists. In the northern provinces, the farmers lease their land, usually through an intermediary, from the Manchu Princes, who received large land grants from the Crown in past times. While this land is leased, the method of holding is virtually ownership, the lease being a lease in perpetuity. Tenancy is rare also in the north, freeholding being the common thing. A large landowner was interviewed at Kirin who has about 100 tenants on portions of his land, the average amount being about 20 acres and the rental a stipulated rental of about 5 bushels of beans per acre.\n\nIt is, of course, impossible to estimate the average size of the farms in Manchuria. In the south, the farms probably average from 5 to 15 acres in size, with occasional large holdings of 100 to 200 acres, the larger holdings rarely being managed by one man but leased out in small tracts to labourers. North of Kuan-cheng-tzu, the population is more sparse than in South Manchuria, and one often sees fields of kaoliang and beans 20 to 40 acres in size.\n\n# 9. Farm Labour.\n\nNative labour is often employed in South Manchuria for 30 to 40 dollars (silver currency) per year with board (12 to 16 dollars gold), and transient labour from Shantung.\n\nPage 630\nPage 631",
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        "content_text": "## 6 \n\ncan be employed for the harvest season at 40 to 70 cents (silver currency) per day with board (16 to 28 cents gold). In the Sungari River region of North Manchuria labour is much more costly, and transient labour from the southern provinces receives 60 to 90 cents (silver currency) per day with board (24 to 36 cents gold). The Shantung labour does not flow into the north unless high wages are offered, and the problem of labour is a pressing one to the grain farmer of North Manchuria.\n\n## 10. Manufacturing Industries depending upon Agriculture.\n\nNative grist mills may be found in all Chinese towns of any size in Manchuria, which turn kaoliang, millet, and wheat into flour for local use. The distilling of samshu from kaoliang is also a widespread industry. The native mills are very crude, consisting of a convex stone 8 to 10 feet in diameter, in the centre of which a pivot is constructed to which a cylindrical stone is attached that is moved around and revolved over the convex surface of the lower stone with horse-power. The grain is crushed in these rolls and then sifted in coarse silks, yielding a wheat flour of low grade. The rolling and sifting are so imperfectly done as to leave large amounts of waste flour in the bran. The Chinese demand for wheat flour calls for a cheap strong flour, and these mills can grind, therefore, with little competition from American or Japanese flour, as the better grades are not used by any but the well-to-do people. At Kirin there is a steam flour-mill owned and operated by Chinese that is quite an advance over the ordinary native mill, the machinery being old-fashioned American type. This firm is contemplating the erection of a modern 125-barrel mill. At Tie-ling the Japanese have put up (1908) a modern 400-barrel mill with the most modern types of American rolls and sifters. The demands of this mill will undoubtedly stimulate wheat production in the region about Tie-ling, but it remains to be seen if this mill can operate successfully without a good market for by-products and without a large local demand for high-grade flour. Cheap wheat will do it and nothing else. The Russian flour-mills at Harbin are not successful and profitable. Five mills only are now in operation out of a total of twelve that were grinding during the late war, and it is reported that they are in financial difficulties and that the demand for Harbin flour is not large. The Russian mill at Kuan-cheng-tzu has been closed. At Ninguta the Chinese own and operate a steam flour-mill that is reported to be doing a successful local business.\n\nThe chief manufacturing industry of Manchuria relating to agriculture is the expressing of oil from the soy-bean. Small mills are engaged in this work at many points in the interior, but the largest mills are located at Newchwang and Dalny. For the first six months of 1908, ending the 30th June, the export of bean-cake from Newchwang amounted to 140,000 tons, and bean-oil to 3,500 tons.\n\nAbout 90 per cent. of the bean-cake was consigned to Japan. Dalny, by reason of its superior railway facilities, is rapidly securing control of the bean-cake industry. The methods used in expressing the bean-oil are very crude, the presses being worked with hand labour instead of steam-power or hydraulic-power. With the native methods now in use the beans give a 10 per cent. return of oil.\n\n## 11. Transportation of Agricultural Products.\n\nThe primary cost of transporting agricultural products in Manchuria is so great that it would absolutely bankrupt the farmer of any other grain-producing region of the world where commercial agriculture is practised. But the cash income of the Manchurian farmer is small, and as he exchanges only a small part of his crop for cash, he does not feel the burden of excessive freight cost, as would the farmer who exchanges all of his products for cash and buys back his staples. His labour and other costs of operation are relatively very low, and thus he exists in the face of the worst primary transportation facilities imaginable. The interior commerce of Manchuria is almost entirely handled by the two-wheeled Manchurian cart drawn by five to eight mules, and having a maximum carrying capacity under ordinary conditions of about 1,000 lbs. The cash cost of transporting a ton of freight from Kirin to Kuan-cheng-tzu is from 40 to 50 dollars (silver currency), or 16 to 18 dollars (gold) - a distance of 80 miles. A load of lumber on a Manchurian cart with seven or eight mules is 800 to 900 board feet - a small load for one horse on a good road. Manchurian cart is necessary to the existing roads, and the cause of these high freight costs is therefore not to be laid at the door of the cart, but rather at the door of the uncared-for roads. Freight is often stalled for days and weeks for the lack of 50 dollars worth of coolie labour intelligently directed to repair a bad place in the road. Only in winter when the roads are frozen is it possible to transport freight with any ease. In the face of these odds the distance to which freight is hauled is truly remarkable. Wheat is hauled into Tie-ling from the mountain regions around Hai-lung-fu for a distance of 150 miles, and beans, tobacco, and hemp are also hauled for equally great distances.\n\nThe Liao-ho and Sungari Rivers are capable of transporting large amounts of agricultural products to the centres of trade, and while Chinese junks are already engaged in this trade, the number is comparatively small, and their carrying capacity is very low.\n\nThe South Manchurian Railway has undoubtedly done much to build up the markets for agricultural products in Manchuria, and its effectiveness in this respect will undoubtedly increase as the years pass.\n\n## 12. Agricultural Development in Manchuria.\n\nIt is the opinion of the writer that the chief problems of agricultural development in Manchuria at the present time are economic, social, and political problems, rather than scientific problems relative to the stimulation of greater productiveness in the soil. The vast areas of uncultivated land in the north are capable of producing a surplus crop for export even with crude methods of soil tillage, if transportation facilities could be developed to bring the farmer in touch with world markets. The agricultural problem of Manchuria is not so much the problem of making two blades of grass grow where one grew before, as to change the existing economic and social conditions of farm life into an advanced condition of commercial agriculture in which the farmer can produce a surplus of food above local demands, and find a ready cash market for that surplus. While improved methods of agriculture are undoubtedly necessary if the Manchurian farmer is to produce a large surplus for export, it is still more necessary that there be a market and a means for reaching that market with the surplus crop. If good roads could connect with railways and waterways in Manchuria, and if capital could organize the facilities for storing and shipping staple agricultural products, thus bringing relatively high cash prices for agricultural products into every community, there is little doubt but that Manchuria would produce a large surplus crop for export, and in striving to produce a surplus the farmer would be quickened and fully awake to the advantages of improved methods of agriculture. The Manchurian farmer is not so much in need of the agricultural teachings of European and American applied science as he is in need of the far-sighted genius of such men as James J. Hill in the United States and O'Shaughnessy in Canada, who built the steel paths of commerce into the fertile fields of North America, and were content to wait for dividends until the settlers came in and opened the soil. To-day every farming community in America is in touch with the world markets, and, being in possession of the market, the agricultural problem of America is to increase production by the application of science to the art of agriculture. One hundred years ago the American farmer produced his food, fuel, and clothing on the land, and exchanged very little of his crop for cash; then as transportation facilities developed, and the inventive genius of the American applied mechanical principles to agriculture, the old system of \"produce-and-consume-what-you-produce\" farming passed away, and crop products are now exchanged for cash and the farmer buys coal for fuel and factory goods for his clothes. The Manchurian farmer of to-day is in a stage of civilization more remote from the highest modern civilization than the American farmer of 100 years ago, and this fact must be realized in considering any Government policy for the improvement of agriculture.\n\nA logical and evolutionary plan of improvement would be to develop a Government policy of road improvement on the main arteries of travel in the interior of Manchuria, together with additional railroad facilities, that would bring the wheat of the Sungari region, the beans of South Manchuria, and the cattle of Mongolia to the sea, where they could be condensed into flour, oil, and frozen beef and put on the world's markets. Hand in hand with such Government fostering and development should go the introduction of such simple machines as a two-horse plough, a one-horse steel planting machine, and scythes, cradles, and similar simple machines, to enable the labourer to increase his efficiency as a producer. Education and development by such a programme would bring results far quicker than through the medium of a college for instructing a few students in the science related to agriculture, especially as the farming class at the present time have almost no chance to...\n\nPage 626",
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        "title": "CO129-360 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\n# CHINA TRADE\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n754  \n7.0.  \nGent.] I [March 6.] 14308\n\n## SECTION 2\n\nRECR  \nREGR I APR OC!\n\n[8762]\n\n**(No. 2.) No. 1.**\n\n**Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received March 6.)**\n\nSir,  \nYunnan-fu, January 15, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a copy of my despatch, with inclosure, No. 4 of the 12th instant, addressed to His Majesty's Minister at Peking.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Signed)  \nE. C. WILTON.\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n**Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan.**\n\n**(No. 4.)** Sir,  \nYünnan-fu, January 12, 1909.\n\nREFERRING to your Circular of the 5th November last, I have the honour to submit some remarks on the districts in which, to my knowledge, opium has been sown this autumn, in spite of the commands of the Governor-General to the contrary.\n\n1. Chu-ching-fu (Eastern Yunnan).—The people declared that they would sow opium. The Taotai became alarmed, and asked for troops. The Governor-General refused, and has apparently successfully trusted to his prestige to overawe the malcontents. A missionary resident in Chü-ching-fu tells me that the people have now come to the conclusion that the poppy is banned, and have resigned themselves to the inevitable. The land already sown has been ploughed up again, and no trouble is anticipated.\n\n2. Lo-ping-chou (Eastern Yünnan).—The inhabitants are mixed Lolo and Chinese. They are poor and miserable, except at Lo-ping-chou itself, where there is a considerable rowdy element. I passed through the district in February-March 1907, and found the poppy everywhere. Nevertheless, the villagers were wretchedly poor, and their condition bore out a remark made to me by the Governor-General, that it was the comparatively few middlemen who reaped the profits of opium cultivation and not the peasant, who would be better off, he said, with beans and wheat crops rather than opium. From well-informed Chinese sources, I learn that more than 2,000 mou (300 acres) of land in the vicinity of Lo-ping-chou is planted with opium. The cultivators declare that they will resist with force any attempt to pluck up the plants. The Magistrate is powerless, and is threatened with dismissal by the Governor-General.\n\n3. Tsu-hsiung-fu (Western Yünnan).—An extensive area is under cultivation. The length of the area is given as 360 li (90 miles). The Magistrate, learning that opium had been planted after the rice harvest this autumn, proceeded to an offending village attended by his runners and police. He was compelled to return without having accomplished his duty, as he and his attendants, in their endeavours to destroy the opium, were mobbed by a crowd of excited women. The male villagers had business elsewhere that day. I had the honour to report, in my telegrams Nos. 1 and 2 of the 4th and 9th January, that trouble, in connection with the suppression of opium had arisen at Chen-nan-chou in the Tsu-hsiung Prefecture. I have dealt separately with this incident in my despatch No. 3 of the 11th January.\n\n4. Yuan-chiang-chou (Eastern Yünnan).—More than 20,000 mou (3,000 acres) are officially admitted to be under cultivation.\n\n5. Hong-hua-ting (Western Yunnan).—Opium is still being cultivated in this region, the largest opium-producing centre in Yünnan.\n\n6. Ching-lung-ting (Western Yünnan).—Opium is still under cultivation.\n\n7. Lung-ling-ting (Western Yunnan).—More than 1,000 mou (150 acres) are officially admitted to have been under cultivation on the 31st December.\n\n8. Chen-pien-ting (South-Western Yünnan).—Opium has been extensively sown, and the Magistrate has received peremptory orders to root up the plants at once.\n\n[2188 -2]",
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        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## CHINA RAILWAYS\n\n(No. 97.) Sir,\n\nC.O. 243\n[April 17.]\n15433\n\n### SECTION 2\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.(Received April 17.)\n\nPeking, March 3, 1909. IN continuation of my despatch No. 32 of the 19th January, I have the honour to inclose for your information copies of Reports from His Majesty's Consul at Wuhu on the subject of railways in Anhui Province. It will be seen that there, as in the case of the Canton-Hankow negotiations, the question of the appointment of an Engineer by foreign lenders would appear to be the immediate obstacle to progress.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) J. N. JORDAN.\n\n#### Inclosure 1 in No. 1\n\n(No. 11.) Sir,\n\nConsul Goffe to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nWuhu, February 3, 1909. I HAVE the honour to inform you that the `Shen Pao` of the 31st ultimo published the text of a telegram from Chou Hsueh Ming, President of the Anhui Railway Bureau, to Wu Ting Pin, one of the leading gentry here, stating that he had arranged for a loan and asking that a representative might be sent from here to assist in drawing up the contract. Wu Ting Pin replied that it was essential that the three following points should be observed :-The lenders to have no rights either in: (1) the appointment of an Engineer-in-chief; (2) the selection of the employés or management of the Company; or (3) the purchase of materials. On the receipt of a telegraphic assurance that these conditions would be accepted a representative would be sent as requested; but Chou Hsueh Ming was at the same time reminded that the gentry at other places besides Wuhu had to be consulted.\n\nI sent a copy of the paper to Chou Fu, and asked him if the information was correct, and, if so, who were the lenders. He replied that nothing was yet settled, and that Chou Hsueh Ming was expected here very shortly, when he would come and see me.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) HERBERT GOFFE.\n\n#### Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n(No. 15.) Sir,\n\nConsul Goffe to Sir J. Jordan,\n\nWuhu, February 12, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to inclose herewith translation of an Auditor's Report on the Anhui Railway, the text of which was published in the `Chung Wai Jih Pao` of the 8th and 9th instant.*\n\nThe Auditor describes himself as a shareholder, and his Report reads more like the prospectus of a Company promoter seeking to attract capital than an honest statement of the result of an impartial investigation into the affairs of the Company. The cost of the station site in the General Foreign Settlement, for instance, would, according to the Regulations, be some 40,000 dollars, and if his estimate of its present value at 300,000 taels is any criterion of the reliability which can be placed on the rest of his statements, his Report is of very little practical value.\n\nA telegram in the `Shen Pao` of the 9th instant announced that Cheng Hung Mou and Tao Hsiang, two Auditors appointed by the Board of Communications to inquire into the affairs of the Anhui Railway Company, have arrived in Wuhu.\n\nI have, &c. (Signed) HERBERT GOFFE.\n\n*Not printed.\n\n[2241-2]",
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        "content_text": "# No. 52.\n## The Marquess of Lansdowne to Sir E. Satow.\n**(No. 192) (Telegraphic.) P.**\nForeign Office, November 30, 1903.\n\nTSECHÓW-TAOKOW Railway. My telegram No. 176 of the 30th ultimo.\n\nA copy of Mr. Jamieson's letter to you of the 26th ultimo has been communicated to us by the Peking Syndicate. They urge His Majesty's Government to endeavour to induce the Chinese Government to give immediate effect to the railway arrangement so far as the Tsechow--Taokow Railway is concerned.\n\nHow does the question stand at present?\n\nIt appears to us that Shông's attitude is outrageous.\n\n**(No. 197.)**\n\n# No. 55.\n## The Marquess of Lansdowne to Sir E. Satow.\n**(Telegraphic.) P.**\nTSECHÓW-TAOKOW Railway.\nForeign Office, December 4, 1903.\n\n565\n\nI entirely approve the representations you have made, as reported in your telegram No. 262 of the 3rd instant.\n\nSheng evidently intends to evade the fulfilment of the promises given to Mr. Townley, and to delay the settlement indefinitely. Steady pressure should be exerted on him from Peking.\n\n**(No. 262.)**\n\n# No. 53.\n## Sir E. Satow to the Marquess of Lansdowne (Received December 3.)\n**(Telegraphic.) P.**\nPEKING Syndicate's Tsechow-Taohow Railway.\nPeking, December 3, 1903.\n\nYour Lordship's telegram No. 192. When I received Mr. Jamieson's letter of the 20th October, I complained of Sheng's attitude in a strong note addressed to Prince Ching, laying special stress on his demand for paid-up shares, and for an undertaking that the iron mines should not be worked. I reminded his Highness of the agreement which he had come to with Mr. Townley, and intimated that I should be obliged to ask that the negotiation be transferred to Peking and taken out of Sheng's hands.\n\nThe Prince promised to write to Sheng, but said that the negotiation must be left to Sheng, since the Syndicate's line was to be dealt with as a branch of the Luhan. Shéng had been able to come to terms with the British and Chinese Corporation, and would doubtless be able to arrange this matter also.\n\nI replied that I had no doubts as to Shêng's ability, but as to his willingness, and I asked the Prince to inquire of him whether the demands referred to had been made by him.\n\nCopies of my notes, the Prince said, would be sent to him. The Foreign Board had already telegraphed.\n\nI sent copies of the correspondence to Jamieson on the 23rd November, and telegraphed advising him to see Sheng in person.\n\nThe Foreign Board stated on the 1st instant that Sheng was away at his father's funeral.\n\nI have now received a telegram from Jamieson, stating that Shêng will return about the 9th instant. I infer that no meeting has taken place.\n\n**(No. 196.) (Telegraphic.) P.**\n\n# No. 54.\n## The Marquess of Lansdowne to Sir E. Satow.\nForeign Office, December 4, 1903.\n\nI am informed by the Peking Syndicate that they learn from a source which they consider reliable that a Syndicate has been formed at Paris under the auspices of the French Government to obtain a Concession for a railway starting at Ichang, with the terminal point at Cheng-tu-fu in Se-Chouen, running along the Tsing-Kiang and the Kien-Kiang, crossing the Yang-tsze, a little below Chungking, and then along the Kia-ling up to Cheng-tu-fu.\n\nMr. de Marteau is to return to Peking at once for the purpose.\n\nThis application seems open to objection, and I should be glad if you will keep me informed of anything you may learn respecting its progress.\n\n**(No. 370.) Sir,**\n\n# No. 56.\n## The Marquess of Lansdowne to Sir E. Satow.\nForeign Office, December 4, 1903.\n\nI have received your despatch No. 341 of the 30th September, on the subject of the statement furnished by the Imperial Northern Railway's Administration of China, with regard to losses sustained by them in consequence of the Boxer disturbances in 1900.\n\nIn that despatch you state that Mr. Cousins reports that Item No. 11 (of the Statement of Claim) was exclusive of Item No. 12, that is to say, the amount given covers work done, or to be done, apart from the expenditure of 90,000l., by the British Railway Administration, so that there has been no double charge as at first appeared possible.\n\nMr. Cousins also stated that the sum of 121,655 14s. 11d. charged by the Administration for damage to the extramural section of the railway is exclusive of any repairs executed by the Russians.\n\nMr. Ottewill, in the report inclosed in your despatch, has, after an examination of the accounts and vouchers, passed items amounting to 436,912l. 8s. 11d., and in my telegram No. 191, of the 28th ultimo I have authorized the payment, out of the indemnity funds in the hands of the British Delegate on the Bankers Commission, of interest on that amount, less 90,000l., the sum advanced from British army funds for repairs on the railway while it was under British Administration.\n\nMr. Ottewill has included the remaining items in:\n\n1. Annex III. Among those as to which some decision would appear to be necessary.\n2. Annex IV. Items in regard to which some further information is required before they can be considered as definitely settled.\n3. The claim in respect of the Nanpiao mines.\n\nThere are only two items comprised in Annex III upon which it is necessary for me to express an opinion at the present time, viz., (1) Messrs. Jardine and Matheson's claim for expenditure on telegrams, and (2) Dr. Frazer Hurst's claim.\n\n1. From Mr. Ottewill's remarks opposite the entry in Annex III of the Company's claim, it appears that the claim includes an item of 1,111l. 17s. 3d. on account of telegrams paid by the British and Chinese Corporation previous to the Boxer outbreak, and from the Corporation's letter of the 7th July, of which a copy was inclosed in my despatch to Mr. Townley, No. 205, of the 17th July last, a statement appears to have been submitted which comprised telegrams sent from London commencing April, 1899. Such a claim may be a good one as against the Chinese Government, but it is not understood how telegrams sent previous to the outbreak can be included in the present account. You should inform the Administration that no telegrams should be charged for in this claim except those which were rendered necessary by the disturbances.\n\n2. I am in communication with Dr. Frazer Hurst's solicitors with regard to his claim, and as soon as a settlement has been arrived at a separate communication will be addressed to you on the subject.\n\nAs this Department is not in possession of the terms of the Agreements under which the different officials of the Administration were employed, and as at this distance it is not possible to discuss each claim with the administration in detail, I am unable to express an opinion respecting the unsettled claims under Annex IV, nor with the exception of the two items mentioned, can any decision be come to here as to the...",
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        "title": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "## Opium Suppression in Yunnan\n\nand cultivation. In conversation on the 22nd February, Hsi Liang admitted to me that he had not carried his anti-opium crusade into the districts under the control of the t'u-ssu, or aboriginal chiefs of Yunnan. There are no statistics of the percentage of opium cultivated in these regions. That it is large is apparently admitted by Hsi Liang, when he told me that the cultivation throughout the province had been reduced by one-half. Although he did not expressly include the area of the t'u-ssu districts in his remarks, still I believe he meant to do so. It will be observed that in the telegram of the 3rd February, his Excellency was reported as having stated that the production of opium in Yünnan had been reduced by about nine-tenths. Taking \"Yunnan\" to mean only the country under the direct control of Chinese officials, it would appear that rather less than four-tenths of the opium formerly cultivated in Yunnan came from the districts controlled by the t'u-ssu. This estimate of four-tenths appears to me, however, to be too high. The anti-opium Taotai and the provincial judge have both, independently of one another, placed the figure to me in conversation at two-tenths. If Hsi Liang has been correctly reported, he would seem to be guilty of some inaccuracy between the statement in the telegram and that made to me by him in conversation. Again, Hsi Liang states that the consumption of opium has been decreased by one-half. A Chinese informant, who is in touch with the anti-opium bureau and is not an opium smoker, tells me that 10 per cent. of the well-to-do classes, 20 per cent. of the middle classes, and 50 per cent. of the working classes at Yunnan-fu have given up opium smoking. The large percentage among the working classes he puts down to the difficulty in obtaining opium, and to the enhanced price at the close of last year. His Excellency must have been wrongly reported that thousands upon thousands of opium pipes had been confiscated. Eighty per cent. of the pipes which \"adorn the gates were voluntary surrenders (see Peking General No. 4 of the 12th January). I am informed that a large number of the \"confiscated\" pipes were purchased by magistrates eager to profess their zeal in the anti-opium campaign. The telegram of the 3rd February was sent free of expense to the `North China Herald` at Shanghae by the Provincial Telegraphs.\n\nIn his letter dated the 8th February (`Inclosure 4`) Mr. Amundsen wrote:--- \nI am just back from an extended tour in the south-west corner of this province and I am glad to be able to say that I did not even see a single opium plant during the whole journey, and this is the opium season.”\n\nA journey from Yunnan-fu by the main road to Ssumao can hardly be described as an extended tour in the south-west corner of Yunnan. Moreover, taking into consideration the facts that Mr. Amundsen did not pursue his journey on Sundays and that he was accompanied by his wife, a lady unused to rough travelling, the dates of his departure and return do not indicate sufficient time to accomplish more than a journey along the main route and certainly would not have permitted any diversion aside to investigate the surrounding country. It has never been denied by those in Yünuan, most sceptical of the progress made in the suppression of opium, that the poppy can nowhere be seen in the vicinity of the main routes. It has not been satisfactorily demonstrated, however, that the plant does not flourish in remoter regions. Indeed, a French missionary, with unrivalled knowledge of the countryside to the east of Li-chiang-fu and Tali-fu, has told me that opium grows unchecked in that area in places away from the beaten tracts. Although Mr. Amundsen passed through Yuan-chiang-chou, a district admitted by the provincial authorities to have a large poppy area still under cultivation (see Peking General No. 4), he states that he did not see a single plant.\n\nThe Chen-nan-chou incident was reported in my despatch No. 3 of the 11th January. I have since been told by the acting governor-general, the provincial judge, and the anti-opium intendant that fourteen men were beheaded for their share in the disturbance. From other sources I learn that a good deal of indiscriminate slaughter of unresisting Lolo peasantry has taken place. The numbers given vary from some tens to 200, and my most trustworthy Chinese informant placed the figure at eighty.\n\nI agree with Mr. Amundsen that \"a good deal of secret opium-smoking and swallowing is still going on, and will no doubt continue as long as secreted supplies last.' It cannot be doubted that those who have been able to afford it have laid in a good stock, and they will be able to replenish their supplies by clandestine purchases of the drug produced this year. If the local officials are on the alert, a large quantity will be seized and the price of the remainder enhanced. Assuming these officials to be honest in their endeavours, their great trouble will be the opportunities afforded to the police and runners for squeezing opium-growers and buyers.\n\nA French missionary has informed me that, in cases under his cognisance, the police and runners have obtained money from growers under pretence of allowing them licence to cultivate opium and are now ready to expose them, or, if it is still safe to do so, to demand larger sums on pain of denunciation.\n\nI have the honour to venture my opinion that the best method of obtaining independent and trustworthy information relative to the suppression of opium in Yunnan would be for a consular officer to tour throughout the opium districts in December next.\n\nAs I have previously reported, the ex-governor-general, Hsi Liang, has shown remarkable energy and determination in his anti-opium crusade. Still, I do not accept his estimate of the measure of success which has attended his efforts, and I believe that a great deal of ground has yet to be covered. But he has made an excellent and a highly creditable start, and it will not be his fault if his successors fail to suppress the cultivation and consumption of opium throughout the province.\n\nI have, &c.\nE. C. WILTON.\n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n### Opium Reports received from Missionaries in Yünnan during the Quarter ended March 31, 1909\n\n#### 1. Proclamations\n\n| Location | Details |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yunnan-fu | The anti-opium bureau has posted proclamation dated the 9th December, 1908 (see Chinese `Inclosure 1` in No. 4 of the 12th January, 1909). |\n| Tali-fu | Similarly, proclamations have been posted. |\n| Chu-ching-fu | The resident missionary writes: \"Since last form was sent in (July 1908) several proclamations have been issued. I have no record of dates. All have been firm in their wording.\" |\n| Ping-yi-hsien | Various proclamations have been issued by the taotai, prefect, and magistrate in December 1908 or January 1909 exhorting the people to give up the opium habit and forbidding the growing of the poppy in 1909. |\n\n#### 2. Attitude of Local Officials and Gentry\n\n| Location | Details |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yunnan-fu | Numbers of officials and gentry have given up the habit. Some have given money to purchase medicines to be sold at reduced prices, others are giving their strength to help off the habit. |\n| Chu-ching-fu | The taotai is a heavy smoker. Neither the prefect nor the magistrate smoke, both are anti-opium men. Not many of the gentry have broken... |\n| Ping-yi | The li-kin office is losing money to the disgust of the incumbent. The magistrate has had to obey orders from Yunnan-fu, but his action has been a minimum. Opium-smoking goes on in his yamên. The gentry are putting off the day of repentance. The literary officer and the gaol warden still smoke with the cognisance of the magistrate. |\n\n#### 3. Restriction of Area under Cultivation\n\n(a) Gist of any investigations and returns made by local magistrates.\n\n| Location | Details |\n| --- | --- |\n| Chu-ching-fu | The prefect and magistrate have made tours in their districts. They stated in conversation that a good deal remains planted in Lo-ping-chou, and a ... |",
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        "content_text": "## 4 \n\nHowever, to the east and south-west of the province very little indeed is grown and is almost extinct. There is also quantity in Ping-yi-hsien and Hsian-wei-chou.\n\n(b.) What steps by local magistrates to restrict poppy cultivation?\n\nAt Talifu: The prefect made a tour of inspection early in January, accompanied part of the time by the district magistrate. From enquiries made no opium had been seen on the road to Ho-ching, four days to the north of Tali. Any opium found was dug up and the offenders put into wooden collars.\n\nAt Ping-yi: The magistrate tried to have the poppy dug up.\n\n(c) What is extent of old poppy ground planted with other crops, and of ground newly planted with poppy?\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: No opium has been seen growing. Practically all the ground is planted with other crops.\n\nAt Talifu: The Tali district (Tai-ho Hsien) is planted entirely this year with other crops.\n\nAt Ping-yi: Probably three-quarters of old poppy ground planted with other crops. No ground newly planted with poppy.\n\n## 4. Restriction on Smokers\n\nAt Yunnan-fu: Magistrates have made personal inspection. Registers have been drawn up at the refuges and dispensaries and sent to the higher authorities giving the names of those who had given up the habit.\n\nAt Talifu: To the best of my informant's knowledge, Nos. 2 and 3 of the ten Articles are not being carried out.\n\nAt Chu ching-fu: My informant writes: \"The authorities have done grandly—as Chinese do things. Of course, no end of people smoke, especially the better class and the coolie class. The middle class have been most diligent in breaking off the habit. So far there has been no boom of opium curing, as I had expected. I got in a big stock of opium medicine, but there has been very little demand, nor can I secure any patients. The Taotai gave away medicine, but there were very few applicants.\"\n\nAt Ping-yi: There is practically no restriction on smoking, other than the scarcity of opium for sale.\n\n## 5. Closing of Opium Dens and Shops\n\nAt Yünnan-fu: The opium dens in the city and district are all closed. No opium pipes or appliances are to be seen in the restaurants, eating-houses, or tea-shops, nor on sale in the streets.\n\nAt Talifu: The opium dens and shops have been closed. Opium dens cannot do business publicly. Dealing in opium, either buying or selling, cannot be done openly.\n\nAt Chu-ching-fu: No dens are open, nor is opium allowed to be sold. It is stated that dealers in opium sold out their stocks before the 20th January. The people who could afford to buy laid in a good stock for private consumption.\n\nAt Ping-yi: The opium dens are nominally closed. Opium formerly sold openly is now sold secretly in the city. In the country, the sale is more or less in the open market.\n\n## 6. Use of Medicines to Cure Opium Habit\n\nAt Yunnan-fu: Local drugs prepared and given away gratis. Medicines from Canton and abroad are sold at reduced prices. An anti-opium league has been formed. More than seventy meetings have been held in different parts of the city and lectures given by the chief officials and the gentry.\n\nAt Talifu: A number of native medicine shops sell anti-opium remedies.\n\nAt Chu-ching-fu: Very little demand so far.\n\nAt Ping-yi: Practically nothing is being done by officials. My informant is treating some desirous of breaking off the habit.\n\n## 5 \n\nWhat is the area of your observations?\n\n| Location | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yunnan-fu | City of Yunnan-fu and its immediate surroundings. |\n| Talifu | North-west Yünnan, comprising Yun-lung-chou, 6 days to the west; Ho-ching, four days to the north; Pin-ch'uan, two days to the east; Meng-hua, two days to the south. |\n| Chu-ching-fu | City suburbs, and plain (Eastern Yunnan). |\n| Ping-yi | Hsien and district (Eastern Yünnan). |\n\n(Telegraphic.)\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\nExtract from the \"North China Herald\" of February 6, 1909.\n\n### OPIUM IN YUNNAN: PROGRESS UNDER VICEROY HSI LIANG\n\n(From our own Correspondent.)\n\nYunnan-fu, February 3, 1909. HIS Excellency Hsi Liang, Viceroy of Yunnan and Kueichou, informed me during an interview to-day, that the production of opium in Yünnan had been reduced by about nine-tenths, and consumption by about half.\n\nLi-kin barriers have been commanded to confiscate and refuse to pass any opium for export after the past Chinese year. Opium not passed by the customs during the year that has just closed is liable to be confiscated and destroyed, and opium passed by the native customs before the end of last year must be taken out of Yunnan by the 20th April, or it will be confiscated and destroyed.\n\nThe cultivation as well as the consumption of opium is now strictly prohibited throughout the province, and offenders against this rule are punished and their crops ruthlessly destroyed.\n\nAlmost without exception the farmers throughout the province are complying with the opium regulations. Only two officials have displayed antagonism to the enforcement of the regulations. Thousands upon thousands of opium pipes have been confiscated, and now adorn the city gates.\n\nThe Viceroy is confident of complete victory, and anticipates no serious troubles. He pushes his reforms with heroic courage and a determination worthy of the highest praise. He emphasised the importance, however, of the neighbouring provinces following the example set by Yunnan, saying that what has been achieved in the most degraded province of China may be accomplished throughout the Empire.\n\nThe Viceroy appreciated highly the stand America has taken in regard to opium, and expressed his hope that England would stand by China in her struggle with the opium problem.\n\n## Inclosure 4 in No. 1\n\nExtract from the \"North China Herald\" of March 13, 1909.\n\n### OPIUM\n\n(From our own Correspondent, February 8, 1909.)\n\nI would just like to add a few supplementary words to my telegram of the 3rd February regarding the remarkable work of opium suppression in this province.\n\nTravelling as I do all over the province, I am able to testify to the truth of his Excellency Hsi Liang's statements. I am just back from an extended tour in the south-west corner of this province, and I am glad to be able to say, that I did not even see a single opium plant during the whole journey, and this is the opium season. Only in one or two districts the farmers have shown opposition of a determined character. In the Chenchow district—the district renowned for fine opium, the best in Yunnan—the people (men, women, and children) came in thousands to the yamên to plead their cause, \"Our lands are suitable for opium cultivation,\" they said, \"Other... \n\n## 13 \n...",
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        "content_text": "## The Strip Along the Yellow River\n\nThe strip may be divided into two sections, the desert and the fertile. The former comprises the narrow portion between Schischuisze and Santauho. It is covered almost entirely with scrub and sand, and resembles the Ordos in character. Its north portion is indeed a continuation of the Kuzuptehi (in Ordos) bare sands. The ground slopes down gently from the mountain ranges to the river. The only large village, Dengkou, lies on the river bank. Once of considerable importance, it was reduced to its present insignificance by the Tungan rebellion of 1868. But though for the greater part of this section the desert comes right down to the river banks, there is in one portion, a narrow fertile belt, which intervenes between the river and the desert. In places this fertile belt is only a field wide, but in the greater portion its width is a mile or more. On this fertile ground, high scrub and brushwood grow in profusion, among which Mongol yourts are hidden. In places the scrub has been cleared away and crops are grown, but in these cases the inhabitants are Chinese settlers. The undergrowth is simply one long nest for pheasants, which breed here in great quantities, and grub about the cultivated fields as if they were ordinary fowls. Hares and wild duck also abound. Wheat, kaoliang, beans, and peas are the chief crops; no opium can be grown as the soil is too dry. The population is very thin, and chiefly Chinese, the whole of the population of Dengkou is Chinese. Taxes are paid to the King of Alashan. The Prince of Hangkin on the other bank of the river (in Ordos) claims Dengkou and its district as part of his territory, but this claim has never been admitted. The only industry other than agriculture is the liquorice root, which is found in profusion to the north of Dengkou; it is worked entirely by Chinese. Coal is mined in the Alashan range, near Schischuisze, and there are also salt pans. There is said to be much mineral wealth on this side of the mountain range.\n\nThe latter section of this river strip is the wholly fertile plain lying between the desert and the Orot Kingdom, the mountains of Mongolia, and the Yellow River.\n\nThis portion is well watered by irrigation canals, which, as in the Ninghsia district, bring the water of the river to the fields far inland. This section may be said to begin at the Santanho district. The chief crops are wheat, millet, kaoliang, maize, peas, beans, and the poppy, but the cultivation of the last named is somewhat restricted owing to the presence of the Roman Catholic Mission, who forbid its cultivation to their converts.\n\nBut though the whole plain is fertile only a portion of it is under cultivation, this portion being inhabited by the Chinese immigrants. The rest of the plain is pasture land, on which Mongols graze their flocks and herds. These are inevitably doomed to be pushed northwards on to the Mongolian plateau, before the advancing wave of Chinese immigration. There are no towns in the section, only numerous prosperous villages scattered about. The country is well timbered, but not so extensively so as the district of Ninghsia.\n\n### Journey from Schischuisze to Santauho\n\nJune 5. - Leaving Schischuisze to the north the ground on the west side slopes up from the water's edge gently to the mountains, and it is across this sloping ground and frequently along the river bank that the road runs. At first bleak, stony and barren, except for tufts of spiky grass, the ground later in the day is covered with low scrub, excellent pasture for camels. There are no houses or cultivation seen till Ho Kwaisze is reached, some 28 miles away. By one track the inn of `Err hsú tien` is passed, but we got on to another road and missed it. Ho Kwaisze is merely an inn close to the river, a wretched habitation with bad water.\n\nJune 6. - Most of the retinue had lost their way in the dark last night, and had been obliged to sleep among the sand-hills. Leaving the inn in a northern direction over the sands we reached, in three hours, the lonely inn of `Sanchuansze`. The family here (Chinese Mahommedans) are rich; they came only five years ago with one horse, and have now several hundreds of oxen and as many donkeys. They have had a stroke of luck, because the notorious Mahommedan brigand chief, Mawangtai, passed their way hard pressed by Chinese soldiers, and in order to escape the latter, he abandoned his booty of cattle, which formed the basis of the present wealth of the family. Mawangtai is still at large, and is often hard pressed by Chinese soldiers, but there is no concerted action, and every official is content with driving him out of that special district, for the good order of which he is responsible. The road from now onwards continues parallel with the river, which winds about considerably. About 4 miles beyond `Sanchuansze` we passed another farm-inn of `Hwaszetien`.\n\nThe river here takes a bend to the west, and the road follows it, bending back again some 2 miles or so later at some sand-hills. It is quite impassable for carts. We slept the night at the lonely Mongol farm of `Kwandi`, on a broad belt of scrub-land.\n\nJune 7. - The dense high scrub close to the river bank conceals many Mongol yourts: a great deal of the scrub is cut for fire-wood. For the last 4 miles into Dengkou the river and sand-hills are only separated by practically one field of cultivation. The road runs along the top of the crumbling river bank, and follows all the sinuosities of the stream.\n\nDengkou is a bleak, desolate-looking place, with no trees or vegetation near, and what a succession of Mahommedan rebellions have left is rapidly being choked by sand. I doubt the population being as much as 400. They seem desperately poor, and as opium is universally smoked the cause of their poverty is not far to seek.\n\nThe Chinese may not be land-owners here, but pay rent to the King of Alashan. A house for which only 4 taels a-year was asked a few years ago is now expected to bring in 100 taels. In consequence, the population, which is practically all Chinese, are discontented. On the east outskirt of the town is a yamên, at which travelling Mongol officials may rest. Just outside this are a number of coffins deposited on the sands and above ground, awaiting removal for burial in the respective provinces of the deceased. This is hardly sanitary in summer, when the mud covering the cheap wooden coffins becomes cracked in many places. Continuing northwards over the most terrible bare sand hillocks, for some 5 miles, we descended to the river again, the sands receding towards the west; travelling was now pleasant, through woodland and nicely cultivated country. We halted five hours from Dengkou at the Chinese farm of `Fu hwa wan`, among a belt of tamarisk.\n\nJune 8. - Continuing for some miles, first over rough country and then over bare sands, and back again to rough land, we reached the Catholic village of `Ching-tse-miao`, the outskirts of the Belgian Mission sphere of activity.\n\nBefore reaching the village we passed a liquorice industry camp. One Chinese man employs 200 coolies here in the work. He pays them 2 taels a-month, and gives them three meals a-day. They are lodged in rough tents protected by some trees and scrub. Another 6 miles beyond `Ching tse miao`, over for the most part cultivated land, intersected with irrigation canals, brought us to the centre of the district - the `Église de Saint-Jacques` - the walled enclosure of `Sanchungkung`. Most of the surrounding villages are Catholic, and each has its neat little church and European priest in charge.\n\nFrom the foreign missionaries I learnt that the Viceroy at Lanchow is starting a steam-boat, drawing 1 foot of water, to ply on the reaches between `Lanchowfu` and `Bautu`. The boat has been supplied by Belgians and Germans (firm of Cockerill) and is said to have arrived in sections at `Tutschöng`, near `Kweihuacheng`, where it is being put together. There are said to be some rapids between Ninghsia and Lanchow which are difficult to navigate.\n\nThe chief work of the priests seems to be the upkeep of the irrigation canals. These have to be partially redug every year, because of the sediment which falls into them. The annual cost of upkeep is 500 taels. The original construction seems to have been a great labour and to have cost the neighbourhood 6,000 taels. For this work alone, if for no other reason, the Chinese owe a debt of gratitude to the Belgian Mission.\n\nJune 9. - Leaving by the north gate of the fortress mission we made for the ferry which crosses the river some 12 miles to the north-east. The road wound through cultivated fields, and over ground covered with low tamarisk bushes, crossing countless canals, and passing a fair number of Chinese farms. We slept the night at the small village of `Monohei` (\"bad dog\"), alias `Tukou` (\"river crossing\"). The whole village is Christian and numbers 800 souls. It is surrounded by cultivation, but there is an entire absence of trees. The people are desperately poor, but have built a big church and maintain a European priest. The ground is said to be fertile and to grow two crops a-year; one of these will fail if water is scarce, but it is seldom that both fail.\n\nJune 10. - We left in an east-south-easterly direction for the ferry, which, though only 5 miles away, is extremely difficult to find, thanks to the tremendous undergrowth on the left bank of the river, in which we lost our way completely. There is no habitation of any kind on the Alashan side of the stream, and only a miserable hut on the Ordos bank. The stream is here very broad, about a quarter of a-mile probably, and no amount of shouting could induce the ferrymen to come to our help. Fortunately there was a large boat moored to our shore waiting, on her way up to Ninghsia, for a couple of hours, on the chance of getting some merchant and goods to take up. These boats carry 20,000 catties and are very commodious vessels. They offered to take all our party down to Bautu for 8 taels, or, indeed, what we liked to give; but we were to wait till some Chinese merchant came through the scrub and who would give as much, otherwise they demanded 40 taels. We made use of the big boat for some of our party to cross and to bring diplomatic pressure to bear on the ferrymen.\n\n`[2155 b-1]`\n\n## Page 44\n## Page 45",
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        "title": "CO129-362 - Public Offices - 1909",
        "content_text": "# 246 \n## C.O \n**[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]** 681 \n\n## CHINA TRADE. \n**CONFIDENTIAL.** \n\n[27241] \nRee 10 AUG CO \n[July 19.] \n\n### SECTION 1. \n\n#### No. 1. \n**Acting Consul Rose to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received July 19.)** \n\n(No. 6.) Sir, \n\nTengyueh, June 9, 1909. \nI HAVE the honour to inclose duplicate of a Report, which I am forwarding to-day to His Majesty's Minister at Peking, containing an account of a recent journey in south-west Yunnan to ascertain the measures which have been taken to effect a decrease in the opium crops. \n\n### Inclosure in No. 1. \n\nI have, &c. \n**ARCHIBALD ROSE.** \n\n## Report of a Journey into the Opium Districts of South-West Yünnan, with an account of the Annual Fair at Talifu. \n\n### Object of Journey. \n\nON the 22nd April, 1909, I left Tengyueh to make a flying tour round the districts in the neighbourhood of Tengyueh, the territory under the jurisdiction of the I-Hsi Tantai, which is estimated to produce 45 per cent. of the total opium crops of the Province of Yunnan. The routes taken by myself and two Chinese assistants are shown on the inset map, and pass through the tracts which in the past have proved most favourable to the growth of the poppy. \n\n### Routes. \n\nLeaving Tengyueh in a due easterly direction I followed the main road for three days, then branched off on to a bridle path leading south-east in the direction of Shunning Fu. Thence I turned north and reached Talifu by way of Meng-hua Ting, returning to my post through Yung-chang Fu. The consulate writer accompanied me as far as Shunning Fu, then proceeded to Yünchou and took a more easterly road to Talifu. The third route lay to the south of Tengyueh, through territory administered by the Shan Sawbwas.\n\n### Description of Country. \n\nThe track by which I travelled lay across a plateau from 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, with frequent rises and falls, some of the passes being at an altitude of over 8,000 feet, whilst the Salwen Valley is but 2,200 feet above the sea. In dry weather the firm, sandy path made walking or riding very pleasant, but in the heavy rains, which overtook us on several days, the steep slopes were almost impassable, and we were obliged to struggle up and down in straw sandals, whilst the mules found great difficulty in keeping their feet and made slow progress. Our small party did double stages over practically the whole route, and it was therefore impossible to carry tents or heavy kit of any description. As a result, we were dependent for a rude shelter on the occasional mud huts by the way, and were often obliged to carry our own food and fodder. The nights are cold and inhospitable in these mountain regions, and, after a march from dawn till dark, there was a comfort in the wood fire built on the floor that made one forget the dirt, the crowding humanity, and the smoke that stung our unaccustomed eyes. The country is wonderfully beautiful, a succession of fir-clad uplands with great mountain ranges stretching beyond them; far below, the Shweli, the Salwen, and Mekong, the Red River...\n\n* Not reproduced. \n\nB \n[2363 t-1]",
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        "content_text": "## 2\n\nund Sohn, the German manufacturers, are a firm of high standing, and that it is improbable that they could afford to build an engine to the specification given for the sum named.\n\nIn the tenders for engines for the Chekiang Bureau, to which reference is made below, it is also noticeable that Messrs. Carlowitz and Co.'s tenders are very much lower than those of other German firms, the difference in one case amounting to over £1,300.\n\nThere is some ground therefore for the suspicions entertained by local British firms of the bona fides of the tenders accepted by the Kiangsu Bureau: either Messrs. Carlowitz and Co. had already secured an order for the Henschel locomotive before the tenders were opened, and so were able to quote a dummy price, or if the price is genuine it is for an engine (possibly American or second-hand) not up to the specification.\n\nOn the 3rd June the \"North China Daily News\" published a leader on the subject adverting to a telegram sent previously to the \"Times\" by their Shanghai correspondent, and this produced a reply from the secretary of the Kiangsu Bureau, which was published in the \"North China Daily News\" of the 11th instant. I enclose copies of these documents herewith.*\n\n## 1\n\nI have been unable to verify the statement in the \"North China Daily News\" leader that the stipulation as to German manufacture was known as early as February last, and in my opinion the evidence is insufficient to support it. The further statement that the specification and design of the German model were distributed in April is based on a misunderstanding of the bureau's circular letter of the 5th April, which promised these documents \"when printed\"; as a matter of fact they were not distributed until the 14th May.\n\nMany of the firms interested sent their shroffs or compradores on various occasions to the bureau in search of information, and it is possible that further details were obtained in this way by different firms at different dates, but the official distribution of information by the bureau itself took place on the dates given by me above.\n\nIn order to ascertain if possible the view of the bureau officials on the incident as a whole I instructed Mr. Barton to call on them, and on the 18th instant he had an interview with Mr. Wang Ching-mu, the chairman of directors.\n\nMr. Wang stated that the original intention of the bureau, as evidenced by their first circular letter of February, was not to specify any country of origin for the locomotive required. In view of repeated representations, however, by the foreign firms interested in the tender that the information given by the bureau was too vague, the bureau's Chinese engineer was directed to select from among the numerous plans accompanying the offers of material made by foreign firms from time to time since the construction of the line commenced two years ago a design for an engine suitable to the line's requirements. The Chinese engineer (Mr. Foord was not consulted) selected the design and specification of a German engine by Henschel und Sohn, and these were printed and circulated to the foreign firms in due course.\n\nMr. Wang expressed himself unable to appreciate the difficulty that would be experienced by a British firm in tendering for an engine of German design, but he admitted that the time given for tenders for British manufacture, namely, from the 18th to the 31st May, as compared with the 5th April to the 31st May, given for tenders for German manufacture was too short.\n\nHe denied absolutely that the engine would be bought out of loan funds, and added that it was not even certain that it would be used on this line at all, as the bureau was also constructing another line between Chinkiangpu and Hsüchow-fu.\n\nOn the general question of the conflict between the loan agreement provisions and those of the Kiangsu and Chekiang Bureaux' agreement with the Board of Communications, which latter agreement was sanctioned on the same date (6th March, 1908) as the former, Mr. Wang was naturally very guarded. He declined to admit that there was a direct conflict between the two on the subject of the purchase of materials, and said that the result of the commutation of their commission by the British and Chinese Corporation was to give the bureau an entirely free hand in the matter.\n\nIf there were any stipulation in article 18 of the loan agreement which still gave British goods a preference (and he steadily refused even to refer to his Chinese version of the agreement on this point), the bureau held that article 13 of their own agreement with the Board of Communications, which gave them an unfettered choice, must prevail.\n\nAny discrepancy between the two agreements was a matter between the British Government and the Wai-wu Pu and he could not discuss it, adding bitterly and with emphasis that it must be well known that the loan agreement was only a means devised by the Wai-wu Pu to get out of their own difficulties with the British Government, and inferring that if it produced fresh difficulties for them (the Wai-wu Pu) it was not fair to visit this upon the bureaux.\n\nAsked further whether the letter written by the secretary of the bureau on the 10th June to the \"North China Daily News\" (see Inclosure No. 10*) was a correct exposition of the bureau's views, he replied that it was and supplied Mr. Barton with a copy of it in the original Chinese, which I enclose.*\n\nThey did not go so far as to say that the loan agreement was of no effect at all—otherwise they would not employ a British engineer—but they would accept no interpretation of it that was not in accordance with their own agreement with the Board.\n\nWe of the bureau's position was put very tersely by Mr. Wang when he said, \"the bureau never speak of the loan, but only of the deposit,\" and it will be noticed that these terms are scrupulously employed in their letter of the 10th June.\n\nIn conclusion, Mr. Wang pointed out that as the bureau had already purchased British materials, e.g., bridge girders and cement, so they would continue to do in the future should the occasion arise; there was no intention to deliberately discriminate against British goods.\n\n## 3\n\nIn connection with the Kiangsu Bureau's action in this matter the following incident which occurred in relation to a call for tenders for locomotives by the Chekiang Bureau is of interest.\n\nIt appears that the British firm of Brighten, Malcolm, and Co. (Limited), which started business in Shanghai last year, having ascertained that a Chinese named Z. D. King (Chin Shao-tang) had influence with the Chekiang Bureau, made him a partner in the hope of getting business from the bureau.\n\nThis Z. D. King took a prominent part in the agitation against the loan agreement with the British and Chinese Corporation two years ago and is a brother of the Mr. King (Chin Kung-po) who as assistant magistrate at the mixed court was conspicuous in the fracas of the 8th December, 1905.\n\nOn the 3rd March last Messrs. Brighten, Malcolm, and Co. approached the local representative of several British engineering firms with an enquiry for twenty-one locomotives which the Chekiang Bureau proposed to purchase, they having obtained advance information of the call for tenders which was not made public until the 5th April. The original date for opening the tenders, viz., the 25th May, was postponed to the 17th June, on which day they were opened by Mr. Z. D. King (himself a tenderer) in the presence of the directors.\n\nIn the discussion which ensued it is reported that one of the directors stated that in view of the fact that there had been trouble over the purchase of German engines by the Kiangsu Bureau, it would be better not to purchase any from that country on this occasion. Chu Pao-san (the chairman of the Piece Goods Guild and one of the most prominent of the settlement Chinese), however, retorted that as Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. had been responsible for the press agitation over the Kiangsu Bureau's action he would recommend that no British engines should be accepted.\n\nThe chairman of directors, Tang Shou-chih, suggested that no tenders at all should be accepted except one for a small American tank engine by Messrs. Mitsui and Co. for appearance's sake. To this Z. D. King replied that this tender was not in accordance with the specification, and if accepted there would be trouble with the British engineer Mr. Foord.\n\nFinally it was decided to reject all the tenders and purchase nothing. Another report had it that the bureau had never seriously intended to purchase, and had merely called for tenders to impress the public with their business-like energy and financial prosperity.\n\nIt is a significant fact that Messrs. Brighten, Malcolm, and Co.'s tenders were considerably higher than those of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, and Co. for precisely the same engines based on precisely the same quotation made to both firms.\n\nPage 469",
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        "content_text": "## 586\n\n### i \n\nA 2 (Yunnan). No reply was received to this, or to a further communication in April forwarding the statement of a claim against them for wages by a former employé. The latter letter was returned to me by the Chinese postal authorities at Yunnan-fu, with the endorsement that Borg Brothers had left Hokou some time previously.\n\nIn June I received a letter from them, dated Laokay (Tonquin), stating that an earlier letter had probably gone astray in the post, and requesting to be registered; but enclosing neither particulars nor fees for registration. I have now repeated my request for these particulars, and at the same time I have desired to know whether their place of residence is Hokou (Yünnan) or Laokay (Tonquin).\n\n### Chinese Hospital\n\nThe Chinese authorities propose to build a hospital for Chinese soldiers. The hospital is designed for 150 beds. The site is being selected outside the city, and will be in the medical charge of Dr. Mazzolani. The doctor is now hard at work with his classes in the military college. He has seventy picked students, and appears to be fairly well satisfied with their intelligence and application. He tells me that the provincial authorities in Szechuan have informed Yunnan that they are not at all pleased with the results of the training received at the medical college at Chengtu, under Dr. Légendre, and that the Yunnan officials intend to be absolutely independent of French medical assistance.\n\n### Falling off in attendance at French Dispensary\n\nDr. Féray, who is the French consular doctor, tells me that the Chinese soldiers formerly under his care have been taken away, and that his dispensary patients have fallen off in numbers. The French explain this by saying that the Chinese are not yet used to the new French assistant, Dr. Vadon. It is true that Dr. Vadon does not yet understand the Chinese language, but he is an able man, with a kindly sympathetic manner. The true explanation must, I think, be found in the fact that the Chinese authorities have now opened their own dispensary, and drawn away patients.\n\n### Proposed French University and Hospital\n\nThe French are anxious to establish a university and a large hospital in the city, but they are uneasy that the Chinese will raise objections. A class has been opened for medical students, but the number attending Dr. Féray's course is small - eight only.\n\n### New French Consular Site\n\nThe French consul is endeavouring to purchase a fine site for the consulate outside the city.\n\n### Proposal for a Rupee Coinage\n\nMr. Wei, the manager of the mint, has informed me that a rupee coinage for Western Yünnan and the Chinese Shan States was in contemplation. The dies would be ready in a few days. He said that upwards of 300,000 Chinese rupees were issued annually from the Chengtu mint and had penetrated throughout Thibet. The latter remark is not borne out by my own information. He hoped that the Burmah Government would permit the free circulation of this rupee in the Burmese Shan States and in Burmah. I did not encourage him in his hope, and I suspect he was sounding the way for the governor-general. I have since heard from a good Chinese source that the question is being mooted to offer the importation of salt from Burmah into the Chinese Shan States in exchange for the recognition of the Chinese rupee as legal tender in the Burmese Shan States.\n\n### Squeezes at the Mint\n\nMr. Chao, the official director of the mint, resigned, and left Yunnan-fu a few days before the departure of the Hsi Liang (25th February). It is now rumoured that he made over 80,000 taels during his eighteen months' tenure of office by debasing the coinage. A few days ago a consignment of dollars, duly sealed with the mint seal, was found by the military authorities to contain a large number of copper coins.\n\n### Mint Machinery\n\nNew machinery has arrived for the mint. It was supplied by Messrs. Mandl and Co., whose interests in Chinese Government contracts now appear to have been sold to the German firm of Carlowitz and Co.\n\n### M. \n\n#### German visitors to Yünnan-fu\n\nTwo German representatives of Carlowitz and Co., Messrs. Crasemann and Schultz, and a special agent of Messrs. Krupp and Co., M. Berger, have arrived and taken a house. They are awaiting the arrival of the new governor-general Li Ch'ing-hsi. M. Berger talks of sending for his family from Germany, but it is probable that the other two will leave as soon as business negotiations are in train. The acting governor-general declines to enter into any contract with them. Crasemann told me that his firm had bought out M. Mandl, and used his Chinese hong name, \"Hsin-yi,\" in military contracts with the Chinese Government. He appeared to regard the interest thus acquired as very valuable, not only in connection with Chinese officials generally, but more particularly in regard to the family of the late Li Hung-chang. Li Ch'ing-hsi, the newly appointed governor-general, is the nephew of the late Li Hung-chang. It cannot be gainsaid that M. Mandl was in the highest favour with Li Hung-chang during the China-Japan war. Latterly, I believe, he acquired considerable influence in Chinese official circles at Canton. M. Crasemann further informed me that M. Mandl had obtained the contract for the machinery in all the Government mints in China. Kao erh ch'ien, formerly Administrator for Foreign Affairs at Yunnan-fu, and at present Chinese commissioner on the Macao Boundary Commission, told me one day that he considered M. Mandl the cleverest European in China in his methods of dealing with Chinese. It will thus be seen that the German visitors to Yunnan-fu are well supplied with credentials for getting contracts.\n\n### Missionaries\n\nThe French consul has lately consulted me informally as to missionary cases. He complains that his hands are full of these, and that he cannot get them settled. The Chinese authorities, he declares, are becoming more and more obstructive, especially in cases connected with missionary landed property. It would be positively disastrous for this consulate-general to work in concert with the French consulate in missionary cases, and I could only say that I was thankful that I had not yet been met by similar difficulties.\n\n### Colonial Opinion in Tonquin\n\nColonial opinion in Tonquin, judging by the views of visitors to Yunnan-fu, seems to have taken the credit for having effected the transfer of Hsi Liang, whose dismissal was demanded at Peking in connection with the Weigand incident (`P.G. No. 28 of 1908`).\n\n### M. Bacot\n\nM. Bacot, a French traveller of independent means, who was recently given the Garnier Award by the French Geographical Society for his travels in Thibet, passed through in May last en route for Tachienlu. He told me that he had been very kindly received by the India Office at London. He was thinking of crossing the Thibetan province of Poyul and descending the Brahmaputra River - a somewhat ambitious programme.\n\n### Local Troubles\n\nThe trouble at Hsüan-wei-chou (Eastern Yünnan) has been nipped in the bud, owing to the prompt measures taken by the acting governor-general. What threatened to be a wide-spread rising in Chiu-pei-hsien (Eastern Yünnan) has been crushed without apparent effort, owing to the energy and courage of the magistrate. That district is inhabited by large numbers of Sha-yi, a tribe of whom very little is known. They live remote from the towns, and appear to occupy themselves principally as wood-cutters and charcoal burners. Their hair is bound into a chignon, and they wear a sort of sarong or cotton kilt twisted into a knot at the side of the waist. A few brought into contact with the Chinese have the queue, and wear the ordinary clothing of a Chinese coolie. The leader of the rising claimed to have discovered a tablet buried in the forest bearing an inscription interpreted to mean that he was a descendant of the Ming Royal Family, and that his son would become Emperor. He gathered 5,000 to 6,000 followers together and proceeded to Chiu-pei-hsien. The magistrate had no soldiers, but he closed the city gates and sent to Yünnan-fu for assistance, which was promptly forthcoming. In the meantime, the magistrate had collected a small body of men and kept the Sha-yi out of the city. They occupied the villages in proximity to the town, but were attacked by 300 soldiers with two guns. The Sha-yi were armed with nothing but clubs, knives, and stones. A hundred of them were killed without loss to the Chinese, and sixty prisoners were beheaded. The remainder have dispersed. The leader was killed. His son, a little boy of 9 years, was brought to Yunnan-fu in a cage. He is now in the new prison. I visited this establishment a short while ago in company with the judge, and the demeanour of the juvenile pretender towards his gaoler was evidence that they were not harsh with him. The judge, to whose kindheartedness he owes his humane treatment, tells me that he is now being taught Chinese, and that it is proposed to set him free when he is of age, provided his conduct has been satisfactory.\n\n### Railways\n\nIt is now confidently expected that the French railway will reach Yunnan-fu before the close of this year. The construction train has reached Liu-feng-ts'un, 100 kilom. (64 miles) from Yunnan-fu. The earthquake on the 21st May did only trifling damage to one of the tunnels, and dislodged a large quantity of débris on to the track at Po-hsi. Three or four Lolo villages in the vicinity of Po-hsi were partially destroyed and six or seven natives killed. The shock was a sharp one at Yunnan-fu, lasting for seven or eight seconds (11:30 P.M.), but no damage was done. The French consul tells me that the Chinese authorities at Yünnan-fu have denied to him that the Chinese Government intends to buy back the French railway. This railway will have cost not less than $4,000,000 by the time it reaches Yunnan-fu, and I doubt if the Chinese at Yünnan-fu would recommend the purchase, for this large amount, of a railway which they regard as doomed to financial loss.\n\nThe subject of a light Decauville railway, to cost 300,000 taels, from Yunnan-fu to ... \n\nPage 3 \n\nB 2",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "content_text": "## C. O.\n33553\n**[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]**\n(REGD. 12 OCT 09) [September 6.]\n\n### CHINA TRADE\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n#### SECTION 1.\n(33512)\n\n## No. 1.\n### Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received September 6.)\n**(No. 13.)** Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, July 15, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a copy of my despatch No. 29 of the 14th July, addressed to His Majesty's Minister at Peking, enclosing my opium report for the June quarter.\n\n### Inclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\nE. C. WILTON.\n\n## (No. 29) Sir,\n### Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan,\n\nYunnan-fu, July 14, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to enclose copies and translations of three Chinese official proclamations--one issued by the Central Anti-opium Bureau at Yunnan-fu on the 29th April, and the others by the governor-general in May last.\n\nIt will be observed that the Anti-opium Bureau have conceded a fortnight's grace to the passage of opium through the li-kin barriers, in further extension of the period of three months reported in my No. 4 of the 12th January last. This proceeding may give rise to the idea that the provincial authorities are relaxing their efforts against opium now that the former governor-general, Tsi Liang, has gone, but I do not regard the proclamation in this light. It seems to accord with the ordinary procedure in China, where time limits are less rigid than in Western countries.\n\nThe acting governor-general, Shen, in conversation admitted to me that it would be impolitic to deal with extreme rigour with the holders of existing stocks of opium, but he believed that the suppression of the cultivation would render it impossible for opium smokers to renew their supplies at the end of this year. In view of the poverty of the people of Yunnan and their resentful attitude against the suppression of their principal crop and the short allowance of time granted to them in which to seek other means of livelihood, the policy of the acting governor-general appears to be not unwise. It is probable, however, that the stocks in hand this year will be sufficient to supply opium smokers for a much longer time than his Excellency deemed it advisable to admit.\n\nMr. Coggin Brown, of the Geological Survey of India, who has been travelling this year through western and northern Yünnan, told me that he had seen a good deal of opium still being grown in out of the way parts of Yunnan, noticeably around the hamlets to the north-west of Yang pi, that is to say, to the west of Talifu. The English missionaries at Tali had informed him that opium was still being cultivated in Meng hua ting, to the south of Tali. Mr. Coggin Brown was, however, impressed by the extraordinary reduction that had been made since his visit last year to Western Yünnan, and confirmed the opinion that the poppy is nowhere to be found growing along the main roads.\n\nIn Eastern Yunnan strong measures have been taken and soldiers sent to uproot standing crops of opium, but the farmers have been generally compensated to a small amount. At Yuan chiang chou, it is known at Yünnan-fu that the magistrate has persuaded the opium-growers to sow no opium in those parts during the ensuing autumn. His ambiguous remarks to the growers have been construed by them to mean that no restrictions will be placed on its cultivation in 1910. As he is vacating his post before the autumn of 1910, his successor may look forward to some unpopularity and difficulties.\n\nMr. Graham, an experienced missionary of the China Inland Mission, returned to Yunnan-fu in June last, travelling deliberately from Hankow via Hunan and Kueichou. He reports that opium is being grown openly in the latter province, and\n\n`[2427 f--1]`\n\n601",
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        "content_text": "# KANALÁÖNNEN LEA \n\n2 \n\nVarious reasons are assigned for this unexpected revival of activity on the part of the Canton authorities, the most likely being that it is due to the impending arrival of the new Viceroy, who is known to be an advocate of strong measures for the suppression of opium smoking.\n\nThe opium dealers of Canton, who have practically gone out on strike and have refused to import or sell another ball of opium until their friends are released, regard the present action of the authorities as the beginning of a movement to make the sale and preparation of opium a Government monopoly.\n\nThey say that if the rule regarding the production of a special permit for every purchase of opium is strictly enforced, they will be obliged to close their shops, as it will be quite impossible for them to carry on business under such irksome restrictions.\n\nI explained in a previous report the manner in which sales to country customers were effected.\n\nI am addressing a further despatch to the Acting Viceroy on the subject of the reported formation of an opium monopoly in the Nam Heung prefecture, referred to in Messrs. Sassoon's letter, copy and translation of which will be forwarded to you in due course.\n\nI trust the action I have taken in this matter may meet with your approval.\n\nSir,\n\n## Inclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**HARRY H. FOX.**\n\nMessrs. Sassoon and Co. to Acting Consul-General Fox.\n\nHong Kong, August 25, 1909. We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 24th instant, contents of which have our careful attention.\n\nWe note that one of the Viceroy's secretaries said he would do his best to get the release of the men connected with the Chuen Fook Cheong opium hong, and we trust this will be done without delay. In the meantime our trade is disorganised. Business for the Canton market is entirely at a standstill, and deliveries have ceased. A trifling sale has been made for local requirements at a decline of 15 dollars per chest, and the Calcutta market has declined 30 rupees, from 1,350 to 1,320 rupees per chest. The fact that the Chinese have stopped shipping to Canton is very serious. It involves the importers in losses in interest and charges, and an increased risk in view of the decline in prices. We would request you to kindly bring this dislocation of our trade to the attention of the authorities, and to insist on them being released without delay.\n\nAnother interference with the opium trade has also been brought to our notice to-day. It appears that a monopoly is being attempted in the Nam Hung prefecture. The sole power to sell prepared opium is being conferred on a company, to the exclusion of all other retail dealers, who are ordered to close their shops. Furthermore, every holder of raw drug is required to pay a tax, the amount of which is not yet known, based on the quantity of prepared opium that can be obtained from a ball of the raw drug.\n\nWe telegraphed to you this morning as follows:-- \n\n\"Prices declining. Deliveries Canton ceased. Reported Nam Hung prefecture attempting monopolies and taxing raw opium.-SASSOONS.\"\n\nThe heavy stocks in the hands of the importers here, in Shanghae, and Calcutta render our position a very serious one, and the stoppage of deliveries and the decline in prices cause us serious concern. We have no doubt that you will bring all these points forcibly to the notice of the authorities, and point out to them that they cannot at their will violate the treaties and place British merchants engaged in the opium trade in a position of insecurity.\n\nWe beg to again tender you our best thanks for all the steps that you are taking on our behalf.\n\nWe have, &c. **David Sassoon and Co. (Limited),** \n**E. SHELLIM, Manager.**\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul-General Fox to Acting Viceroy Hu,\n\nYour Excellency,\n\nCanton, August 25, 1909. On the 6th July I had the honour to address a despatch to your Excellency, in which I asked your Excellency to renew the assurance given by your predecessor that the new regulations for the control of the purchase and sale of raw opium would not interfere with the wholesale trade carried on between the British importers in Hong Kong and the Canton dealers.\n\nOn the 16th instant I had the honour to receive your reply informing me that you had instructed the Opium Prohibition Bureau to investigate the matter and take action accordingly.\n\nI now learn that the Bureau have suddenly and without warning seized and thrown into prison an opium dealer, trading under the style of Ch'uan Fu Chang at Hing Loong Street, Canton, who although himself provided with a licence in accordance with the regulations, sold opium to a person who had omitted to take out a permit. In consequence of this opium dealers in Canton have become alarmed, imports of Indian opium from Hong Kong have ceased entirely and the trade is disorganized.\n\nI learn further that the Opium Bureau have the intention of levying additional taxes on both raw and prepared opium, amounting to some 26 taels per ball.\n\nI have the honour to observe that, with regard to this matter of opium prohibition, I have received explicit instructions from His Majesty's Minister in Peking that foreign opium should be excluded from the operation of any regulations dealing with the wholesale trade. I have been directed to inform your Excellency that no protest will be made as long as the licensing regulations are carried out in a proper spirit and in such a manner as not to interfere with the wholesale trade between the British importer and the native purchaser.\n\nThe action of the Opium Prohibition Bureau in suddenly arresting this opium dealer, and the consequent stoppage of business in raw opium, constitutes a serious interference with the normal course of trade, and it is my duty, therefore, to protest formally against the Bureau's action.\n\nAs regards the proposed additional taxes on raw and prepared opium, I would remind your Excellency that to tax imported opium while still in its package is contrary to treaty, and that in the case of prepared opium it has on more than one occasion been settled by our respective predecessors that such taxes can only be imposed with the sanction of the Wai-wu Pu and the consent of His Majesty's Minister in Peking.\n\nThe bureau would therefore appear to be acting precipitately in this matter and without first consulting the higher authorities.\n\nI have therefore the honour to request that your Excellency will give this matter your serious consideration and, if the facts are as stated, issue stringent instructions to the bureau concerned not to interfere with the wholesale trade in Indian opium between Hong Kong and Canton.\n\nThis trade, by agreement between our respective Governments, is being reduced in volume every year, and prohibitive measures on the part of the Canton Opium Bureau are therefore uncalled for and only tend to disturb the friendly relations which so happily exist between Great Britain and China at the present time.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**HARRY H. FOX.**\n\n## Inclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Prince Ching.\n\nYour Highness,\n\nPeking, September 16, 1909. I have at various times during the past year invited the attention of the Chinese Government to the measures taken by provincial authorities for controlling the sale and consumption of opium, and your Highness was so good as to assure me in your note of the 22nd April that the stringent prohibition of opium, which was being enforced in Chekiang and other provinces, did not affect the foreign drug.\n\nPage 770",
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        "title": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "content_text": "# CHINA RAILWAYS\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n\nNo. 1.\n23 NOV 09.\n\n### SECTION 1\n**Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received October 23.)**\n\n(No. 19.) Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, September 1, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a copy of my despatch No. 39 of to-day's date, addressed to His Majesty's Minister at Peking, on the subject of railways in Yünnan.\n\nI have, &c.\n**E. C. WILTON.**\n\n#### Inclosure in No. 1\n(No. 39.) Sir,\n\n**Acting Consul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan.**\n\nYunnan-fu, September 1, 1909.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt yesterday of your despatch No. 10 of the 26th July, enclosing copy of your despatch No. 264 of the 21st July, addressed to the Foreign Office, on the subject of the engagement of American engineers for Chinese railway projects in Yunnan.\n\nI have the honour to report that on the 30th August Shih Tseng, Administrator of Foreign Affairs, told me that he believed the American engineers would arrive at Shanghae about November next. On the same day the acting governor-general, Shen-ping-k'un, informed me in conversation that the governor-general, Li-ching-hai, was indisposed at Changte, and would probably not arrive here before the 15th November. I have ascertained from a subordinate employé in the Provincial Railway Board that the funds available at the present moment for railway enterprise amount approximately to 1,000,000 dollars (80,000l. to 90,000l.), and this estimate has been subsequently confirmed by the French consul in conversation.\n\nI learn that M. Dufour, the engineer-in-chief of the French railway to Yünnan-fu, and M. Gettin, the representative of the French railway syndicate, will revisit Yunnan-fu in October or November next. M. Crépin, assistant in the French consulate and a personal friend of M. Dufour, has told me that the latter will visit Peking in the month of September in connection with the French project of a railway from Taiyuan-fu to Hsian-fu. M. Crépin appeared confident that the construction of this line would be shortly undertaken by French engineers under the direction of M. Dufour. However this may be, I am inclined to think that MM. Gettin and Dufour will endeavour to obtain the consent of the governor-general to the extension of the French railway from Yunnan-fu into Szechuan.\n\nI have been informed by Chinese officials and French merchants at Yünnan-fu that the Chinese merchants of Yunnan will boycott the French railway to Yunnan-fu on account of the very high rates of transport. Personally, I do not think that the French railway authorities need be anxious on this score, unless the Chinese provincial authorities take definite steps to develop connection with the West River trade route (see P.G. No. 26 of 1909). The Administrator of Foreign Affairs has informed me privately that he favours the building of a railway from Yunnan-fu to Kuangnan-fu, but I see no reason for believing that such a railway will be built in Yunnan in the near future. Moreover, it is not necessary, and a good cart road at moderate cost would answer all the purposes of Yunnan trade for another generation.\n\nIn your despatch No. 264 to the Foreign Office, it was stated that the great objection from the point of view of Prince Ching and the Ministers of the Wai-wu Pu to the project you had put forward to them was that it bound China to construct an unremunerative railway. I would respectfully point out that his Highness and their Excellencies appear to have based their objection on the comparatively insignificant amount of trade registered at the Imperial Maritime Customs at Tengyueh (235,449l. in 1908—see Mr. Rose's trade report). It cannot be denied that the Barmah-Yunnan...",
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        "title": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "content_text": "# CHINA RAILWAYS\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n\n[40339]\n\n### No. 1\n\n200  \nNovember 2.\n\n## SECTION 1\n\n30215  \n2 DEC 09\n\nSir,\n\nMessrs. Pauling and Co. to Foreign Office.-(Received November 2.)\n\n26, Victoria Street, Westminster, London,  \nNovember 1, 1909.\n\nI AM directed by my board to ask you to bring at once, confidentially, to the notice of His Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the enclosed copy of a preliminary agreement entered into by us with the Chinese Government, providing for the construction and operation of a railway from Chenchow to Aigun, the latter town being the Chinese settlement opposite the Russian town of Blagoveschensk.\n\nThe agreement also provides for the financing of the construction of the line in question by an American group, composed of Messrs. J. P. Morgan and Co., Kuhn, Loeb, and Co., the First National Bank, and the National City Bank of New York, represented in China by Mr. Willard D. Straight. This gentleman has been on intimate terms with Lord ffrench for a long time.\n\nThe agreement in question has been signed and sealed by the Viceroy of Manchuria and by the Governor of Fengtien, and the viceroy has communicated to Lord ffrench and Mr. Straight a copy of the Imperial edict sent to the viceroy by telegram from Peking, and dated the 3rd October, 1909, of which I also beg to enclose a copy.\n\nIn reference to this edict, Lord ffrench informs us, in a letter just received, dated the 6th October, as follows:-\n\n\"The edict is of the same nature as is always issued previous to a final edict. This is a very great step forward, and our work now lies in getting the Wai-wu Pu into line.\nNa Tung will, however, oppose and try to delay it, so that we are not out of the wood yet.\"\n\nLord ffrench tells us that Na Tung, as Joint Minister for Foreign Affairs with Prince Ching, is in control of the Wai-wu Pu, and that he is notoriously pro-Japanese.\n\nLord ffrench also informs us in this letter, and it is to this point that we desire respectfully, but most earnestly, to draw the immediate attention of His Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs :-\n\nSir John Jordan says he has no definite instructions and refuses to give any assistance whatever. He has had some new instructions, because a fortnight ago he was quite prepared to assist. Personally he is very keen on the project, but says he cannot move without instructions. He even refused to wire to the British consul at Mukden to assure the Viceroy that Straight and I were working in harmony.\n\nAs His Majesty's Government are aware, Messrs. Pauling and Co. already hold agreements, signed by the Viceroy of Manchuria, for the construction of a line from Chenchow to Taonan-fu, dated September 1908, and for the construction of a line from Fakumen to Tsitsihar, dated November 1907, and therefore that portion of the new line from Chenchow to Tsitsihar, covered by the present agreement, is without doubt a substitution of a new route for the two prior agreements referred to above.\n\nI am also desired to point out, for the information of His Majesty's Government, that we are informed by Lord ffrench, while his Excellency Tang Shao Yi was in New York some twelve months ago, he then signed a financial agreement with the American group, granting them the financing of a line from Tsitsihar to Aigun. The present agreement, therefore, but increases the extent of American financial interest in railway construction in Mongolia.\n\nMy board desire me to point out that, once again, there is a unique opportunity of obtaining for British subjects a contract for railway construction in China.\n\nAt the interview which His Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was good enough to give recently to Mr. George Pauling, the latter set forth fully  \n[2486 6-1]",
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        "content_text": "## 240\n\n\n## 31\n\nbeen put down with extraordinary severity; not only is the cultivation absolutely prohibited, but even stray stalks of self-propagated poppy growing by the side of the fields are not allowed to pass unnoticed. One man at Hungtung was actually beaten because a single plant was found in his wheat-field, and the people complained that during the sowing season the laoyeh (local official) came and grubbed in their land with his own hands to look for poppy seeds. In ground that has formerly been under opium there is naturally a probability that a few stray plants will reappear, though none may have been sown, and the danger of this provides the yamên runners with an excellent opportunity for blackmailing the farmer, of which they are not slow to take advantage.\n\nIn this district as well as in some others I passed through, there had been attempts to sow opium together with peas, the idea being to root up the peas later and leave the opium, or vice versa, according to whether or not the prohibition might be disregarded. The trick, however, was discovered, both the crops were destroyed, and the land was confiscated. Indigo is to a limited extent being introduced to take the place of opium. It is a more profitable crop than wheat and always commands a ready market as a dye for the ordinary blue cloth so much used in China for making clothes.\n\nAt Hungtung, I was able to get information covering the west of the province from Fenhsi to Hsichou and down to Puhsien. Here, as elsewhere, the reports were favourable, the officials were showing great activity, and the poppy was a thing of the past.\n\nFrom Pingyang-fu to Hotsin, near the Shensi border, was my next stage. Hotsin is truly described by the resident missionary, Mr. Gillies, as the \"back of beyond.\" It is at the very edge of the province; it is not on the road to anywhere; the district is desperately poor, and, moreover, the country has never been noted for the production of opium, the little that was grown having been practically suppressed some four or five years ago by the imposition of a heavy tax in aid of the local schools. It speaks well, therefore, for the thoroughness of Ting Tajên's methods that even this remote spot should be visited by deputies from the capital. It is a pity, however, that they have not turned their attention to a large establishment here that is openly doing a thriving business in the preparation of cowhide, hoof parings, and other refuse as an adulterant for opium. I was assured at Hotsin that all the country northwards as far as Hsiangning and Kichou, about 35 miles distant, had been cleared of the plant.\n\nHaving travelled as far west as this, I took the opportunity to make a day's excursion into Shensi, which is only about 10 miles further on. The Yellow River, which forms the boundary between the two provinces, has to be crossed in a ferry-boat at a place called Yn Men Kou, named after the Emperor Yu, who, together with Yao and Shun, formed the legendary trio that were supposed to have ruled in the golden age of China, about 2300 B.C. Amongst his other achievements, he is said to have instituted the ferry service at this particular spot.\n\nOnce across the river, there was no lack of poppy cultivation, the fields extending nearly to the water's edge. By this time (11th June), the opium had all been harvested, and the labourers were engaged in cutting off and collecting the capsules for the manufacture of opium oil.\n\nThe duty of enforcing the regulations in the south-west corner of the province has been entrusted to the salt commissioner resident at Yücheng, a large commercial town not far from Chiehehou. This official, of the rank of taotai, has shown great activity in the issue of proclamations, uprooting of poppy fields, and punishment of offenders. He has threatened to fine opium growers six times the value of their crop, and in one case at least has made good his threat; a man who had planted opium in a small patch of ground, about the tenth of a mow, near Icheng, was made to pay 20,000 cash. The taotai's jurisdiction comprises an area of over 4,000 square miles, and I was informed by two members of the China Inland Mission who had recently journeyed through it that it was uniformly free from opium cultivation.\n\nFrom Hotsin, I travelled eastward to Kiangchou and Icheng. At the latter place, I was shown a letter received from the missionary living at Luan-fu, stating that the same stringent measures had been taken in the west of the province as those in force to the east of the Fen Valley, and this statement was corroborated by communications from residents at Lucheng and Licheng. On leaving Icheng, I travelled over the mountains to Tsechon-fu in the extreme south-east of Shansi, crossed the border to Chinghua, the terminus of the Peking Syndicate Railway in Honan, and so returned to Peking by rail.\n\n## 35\n\nMy journey lasted exactly a month and covered a distance of over 400 miles, through what were formerly some of the most noted opium-producing districts of the province. I did not, however, from first to last, see a single field in Shansi under poppy cultivation.\n\nWhere I have been unable to speak from personal observation, I have quoted from information kindly supplied by missionaries, as being more reliable than that derived from native sources, although I did not fail to question the Chinese themselves whenever an opportunity occurred, and both missionaries and natives were unanimous in affirming that the suppression of the poppy was complete.\n\nThis report, it will be noticed on reference to the map, only covers the southern half of Shansi, as it was unfortunately impossible to visit the regions to the north of the capital as well in the limited time at my disposal. According to Ting Tajên, however, the troops stationed at Kueihuacheng and other districts in the north have received orders to patrol the country and see that the prohibition is rigidly enforced, and this statement is confirmed by M. Larsson, a Swedish missionary living at Tatung-fu, who states that beyond one or two unsuccessful attempts to sow poppy with cabbages, there has been no opium cultivation in the parts visited by himself and his fellow workers. This is the extent of my information on the north of the province, but I am told that the amount of opium grown there was comparatively unimportant, and in view of the thoroughness with which the orders of the Taiyuan-fu authorities have been carried out in the remotest parts of the south, there is no reason for doubting that the same has been the case throughout.\n\nThe measures taken in Shansi against opium have, as was to be expected, enormously increased the price of the drug, especially in the neighbourhood of the capital, but less so in places near the frontier, on account of the smuggling. An ounce (liang) of the best native article cost formerly about 300 cash. At Taiyuan, it now fetches over 1,000 cash (roughly 1 dollar), at Pingyang-fu 700 cash, and at Hotsin 600 cash. As two-thirds, or at the very least a half, of the adult population, both male and female, consume a certain amount of opium, they are, of course, very seriously affected by the rise in the cost of the drug. The poorer classes are unable to continue buying the quantity to which they have become accustomed, and so, in order to derive the same effect from a smaller amount, they have taken to drinking instead of smoking it. It would appear that a fifth of the amount consumed in the pipe, if dissolved in water and taken in that way, is sufficient to satisfy the same cravings. A great many, of course, are endeavouring to break off the habit altogether, as is evidenced by the large sale of anti-opium medicines, but it is to be feared that those who buy the ordinary pills sold in the shops obtain but little relief, whilst the few Government refuges, where a proper course of treatment is prescribed, are unsuccessful because the patients are not cared for on the premises, and, if left to themselves, they have not the force of will to follow out the instructions, which entail a certain amount of suffering in the preliminary stages of the treatment. In the mission refuges, on the other hand, where the patients are not only under constant supervision during the course but are kept on for about a week after the treatment is over to make certain they are really cured, a considerable amount of good is being done, and the number of people who pass through these institutions is increasing rapidly. At Icheng, for instance, M. Trüdinger, the missionary in charge, informed me that their refuge had treated 120 patients during the last six months, as against 30 or 40 in previous years. Nearly all of these were of the poorer class and were being driven to give up the habit by the increasing price of the drug; those who are not troubled by pecuniary considerations would seem to be making no effort to abandon the vice; on the contrary, some of the richer families boast that they have laid in enough opium to last them for fifty years to come. The breaking off of the opium habit is not such a difficult or lengthy affair as is generally supposed; three weeks or a month being as a rule sufficient to effect a cure, even in bad cases. At Hotsin, I met a man who had been accustomed to smoke 4 oz. a-day, an exceptionally large amount; the average smoker seldom exceeds a tenth of that quantity, say, 4 or 5 mace. He was, however, completely cured and had not touched the drug for several years.\n\nThe method of treatment adopted in most of these refuges is as follows:- For the first five days, the patient is given doses of morphia equivalent to the amount of opium he has been in the habit of consuming; after that, the dose is decreased daily by a tenth until none is given at all, and at the same time, the patient is nourished on good food and is further strengthened by means of ordinary tonic medicines. The difficulty lies in the fact that the victim has usually taken to the drug in the first instance to gain relief from some disease, and on his abandoning the habit, the malady reappears. Dyspepsia, for instance, is responsible for a good...",
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        "content_text": "36\n\nA great deal of opium smoking is prevalent in Shansi owing to the way the people have of consuming large quantities of half-cooked food.\n\nEnquiries as to the popular sentiment with regard to the anti-opium measures generally elicited the reply that the people were on the whole glad that they were being obliged to give up the habit; they could not help realising its pernicious effects, but lacked the moral courage to abandon the drug of their own initiative. There is, however, a section of the community, chiefly of the student class and gentry, who are rather inclined to regard the action of the State as an unnecessary interference with the liberty of the individual, and would prefer to be left in peace to the enjoyment of their pipe.\n\nThe enormous increase in the marketable value of opium in Shansi has had the effect of widening the area under cultivation in the adjoining province, and a missionary, writing from Meihsien on the Wei River, in Shensi, states that the poppy is now grown to such an extent in the Wei Valley that the farmers have actually had to import wheat for their own consumption from other parts of the province—a very unusual state of affairs. It is believed that the prohibition will be extended to Shensi in 1910, so the people are making the most of their opportunities.\n\nIn Honan, less opium has been grown this year than last, especially near the main roads, and none was visible from the railway, but I am told that a considerable amount is still being cultivated in various parts of the province.\n\nThe energetic action that has been taken in Shansi is worthy of the highest praise, and it only remains to be seen whether the results are to be permanent or not. The regulations governing the election of representatives in the new scheme of constitutional government expressly exclude all opium smokers from holding office, so it is to be hoped that a safeguard against any reintroduction of the poppy will be afforded by the presence of a body of men in the councils of the capital whose desire for the welfare of the province is unhampered by considerations of a personal nature.\n\nIn conclusion, I would like to express my gratitude to the Protestant missionaries of Shansi, from whom I always received the greatest hospitality and assistance, and to whom I am indebted for much of the information contained in this report.\n\nJ. F. BRENAN.\n\nPeking, June 26, 1903.\n\n## Inclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n### Report of a Journey into the Opium Districts of South-West Yunnan, with an Account of the Annual Fair at Tali-fu\n\n#### Object of Journey\n\nOn the 22nd April, 1909, I left Tengyueh to make a flying tour round the districts in the neighbourhood of Tengyueh, the territory under the jurisdiction of the Hsi Taotai, which is estimated to produce 45 per cent of the total opium crops of the province of Yunnan. The routes taken by myself and two Chinese assistants passed through the tracts which in the past have proved most favourable to the growth of the poppy.\n\n#### Routes\n\nLeaving Tengyueh in a due easterly direction, I followed the main road for three days, then branched off on to a bridle path leading south-east in the direction of Shunning-fu; thence I turned north and reached Tali-fu by way of Meng-hua Ting, returning to my post through Yung-chang-fu. The consulate writer accompanied me as far as Shunning-fu, then proceeded to Yunchou, and took a more easterly road to Tali-fu. The third route lay to the south of Tengyueh, through territory administered by the Shan sawbwas.\n\n#### Description of Country\n\nThe track by which I travelled lay across a plateau from 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, with frequent rises and falls, some of the passes being at an altitude of over 8,000 feet, whilst the Salwen Valley is but 2,200 feet above the sea. In dry weather, the firm, sandy path made walking or riding very pleasant, but in the heavy rains which overtook us on several days, the steep slopes were almost impassable, and we were obliged to struggle up and down in straw sandals, whilst the rules found great difficulty in keeping their feet, and made slow progress. Our small party did double stages over practically the whole route, and it was therefore impossible to carry tents or heavy kit of any description. As a result, we were dependent for a rude welcome on the occasional mud huts by the way, and were often obliged to carry our own food and fodder. The nights are cold and inhospitable in these mountain regions, and, after a march from dawn till dark, there was a comfort in the wood fire built on the floor that made one forget the dirt, the crowding humanity, and the smoke that stung our unaccustomed eyes.\n\nThe country is wonderfully beautiful: a succession of fir-clad uplands with great mountain ranges stretching beyond them, far below the Shweli, the Salwen, and Mekong, the Red River, the Hsia-kuan River, and the Yangpi that go whirling through their deep beds, one flanked by tropical jungle, the next by steep rocky gorges, whilst the Hsia-kuan can be seen for miles winding between grassy slopes, a white and foaming torrent descending 1,600 feet over rocks and boulders, in one day's march. The tropical sun is tempered by the mountain breezes, and the country was full of familiar northern flowers growing in vigorous profusion; the hillsides were bright with rhododendrons, red and white, with azaleas of many colours and long sprays of clematis, whilst roses and meadow-sweet grew in luxuriance in the sheltered valleys.\n\nThe country is unlike the east and south and north of China in that its mountains are covered with forests and its streams run clear over their rocky beds, whilst for days at a stretch there is little sign of human habitation, save in the well-cultivated and populous valleys. Such people as we met between the towns were, however, friendly and willingly offered their rough hospitality; their faces, their homes, and the unbound feet of their women mark the people as tribesmen with a slight mingling of Chinese blood. In the Menghua district and along the northern route, many of them are of pure Lolo race, though the handsome, clean-cut faces of the Szechuanese Lolos are seldom seen. All, however, who have the slightest tinge of Chinese blood claim to belong to the \"family of Hau,\" and there is little wonder that they cling to the traditions and name which represent, on the one hand, all power and wealth whilst treating with a relentless contempt the \"barbarian\" of the hills.\n\n### Opium\n\n#### Opium Centres\n\nIn dealing with the production of opium, this circuit may be divided into two distinct spheres, the first comprising the districts under the direct control of the Chinese territorial officials, the second consisting of the frontier regions under the rule of the Shan sawbwas, including the fertile, low-lying valleys, and the Kachin Hills, for which the sawbwas are nominally responsible. It was generally admitted that the Shan valleys were still under opium crops this season, and I therefore decided to send a Chinese assistant to get any possible information in this direction, whilst proceeding myself to the east of the circuit where the Taotai claimed that the preventive work had been successfully carried out. My route was chosen through the greatest producing areas of the district and timed just before the opium harvest.\n\n#### Destruction of Opium Crops in Chinese Sphere\n\nSpeaking generally, the work of prevention inaugurated by His Excellency Hsi Liang, governor-general at Yunnan-fu, has been carried out in the Chinese sphere with vigour and success. It was naturally impossible to penetrate into the remoter regions during the short period at my disposal, but, by careful enquiry and by watching the local markets for the drug, it has been possible to gain a fair estimate of the conditions of the present season. From the high passes of these districts, one can obtain a broad view of the surrounding country, and the unmistakable colour of the poppy crops may be detected from a considerable distance when they exist to any extent. In the course of my journey, however, I did not see a single field of poppy, and the only evidence of cultivation was in the straggling flowers, which were freely scattered over the fields and were evidently the few survivors after the crops had been uprooted by order of the officials.\n\nThe consulate writer reports similar conditions in the country lying between Yunchou and Menghua Ting. I have also reliable information from Mr. Coggin Brown, of the Geological Survey of India, and from other English sources, that, in the country to the north-west and north-east of Tali-fu (under the jurisdiction of the sub-prefects of Yunlung Chou and Pinchuan Chou), the main crops have been vigorously destroyed, though a little cultivation is reported in the remoter districts, which are difficult of access for the preventive officers.\n\n#### Local Riots\n\nDuring December and the early part of this year, the prefects and junior officers of the circuit were constantly under orders from the Viceroy, first to exhort the people to devote their land to other crops, then to destroy the crops if their earlier orders had been disobeyed. In many cases, the latter course was necessary.\n\n[2494 p-1] \n241 \nC \n37 \nL",
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        "id": 423697,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "page_number": 301,
        "title": "CO129-363 - Public Offices & Others - 1909",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\n**PE:**  \n**C.O**  \n0791  \n\n## **CHINA TRADE.**  \n**CONFIDENTIAL.**  \n\n[43218]  \n\n### No. 1.  \nR 17 00  \n[November 26.]  \n300  \n\n#### SECTION 1.  \n**Consul-General Wilton to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received November 26.)**  \n**(No. 22. Confidential.)**  \n\nSir,  \nYunnan-fu, October 9, 1909.  \n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a copy of my report on opium for the quarter ended the 30th September, 1909.  \n\nI have, &c.  \nE. C. WILTON.  \n\n### Inclosure in No. 1.  \n**Consul-General Wilton to Sir J. Jordan.**  \n**(No. 45. Confidential.)**  \n\nSir,  \nYunnan-fu, October 9, 1909.  \n\nI HAVE the honour to report that from sixty to seventy mule-loads of opium (85 cwt.) were seized at Chi Ching-fu (East Yunnan) in August last. The acting governor-general informed me in conversation that the drug had been destroyed by his orders. It appears that the opium was Kueichou opium and had been passed into Yunnan by the magistrate of Ping-yi (East Yünnan), who received a bribe of 15,000 taels (1,800*l.). The intention had been to transport it as far as Mengtse, where it would have been handed over to a French firm for sale and use in Tonquin. I am informed on good authority that the magistrate of Ping-yi was a favourite of the acting governor-general and presumed therefore to pass the opium. The matter came to light on account of the local li-kin office not having received a share of the liberal bribe paid to the magistrate. It is doubtful if any official notice would have been taken had it not been for the action of the gentry of Chu Ching-fu, who were indignant that cultivation of opium should be forbidden in Yunnan and the drug be permitted to be imported from Kueichou, a province in which no practical measures have been taken for its suppression. The acting governor-general told me that he did not think that the magistrate would be cashiered, as he had managed to recover the opium-passes he had given, so that no official record existed that he had been guilty of a breach of duty.  \n\nNo new steps have been taken at Yünnan-fu in regard to the suppression of opium, pending the arrival of the newly appointed governor-general, Li Ching-hsi. The gentry, the merchants, the people, and even the officials of Yunnan—if Yünnan-fu can be accepted as a guide in this respect—hope that the new governor-general will relax the existing stringent regulations against opium cultivation. It is current talk that he was a confirmed opium smoker and has not yet succeeded in breaking himself of the habit, although it is said that his very slow progress towards his new post is in a great measure due to his attempts, en route, to abandon his opium craving.  \n\nI have, &c.  \nE. C. WILTON.  \n\n[2494 cc—1]",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 147,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "Rules for provincial assemblies in 12 chapters and 62 articles, which had been elaborated by the Constitutional Government Committee, and a detailed law in 7 chapters and 115 articles for the election of the members. Twenty-two provincial assemblies were established at the seats of the Viceroys and governors, one in each of the eighteen provinces; three in the Manchurian provinces; and one in the new dominion (Chinese Turkestan). The numbers of the members vary from 30 in the new dominion, Kirin and Heilungchiang assemblies, to 140 in Chibli and Chekiang, and are based, in default of a census, on the old numbers of graduates assigned to each province, or on the quotas of \"tribute\" furnished to Peking. Reorganisation and the effective removal of the differences between Chinese and Manchus, the Manchu banners of Peking and the Manchu garrisons in the provinces have a small representation: at Peking, of ten Manchus in the Chihli Assembly, and in the provinces, of from one to three Manchus per garrison. The twenty-two assemblies comprise over 1,700 members, all of whom are elected indirectly; the persons exercising the franchise elect a body of delegates, who in turn elect the members.\n\nElective Franchise.-The elective franchise is practically limited to males of 25 years of age and upwards possessing official rank or literary degree, or engaged in quasi-official occupations, and to owners of not less than 5,000 dollars worth of property, a substantial amount in China; and the rules make it possible to disqualify Officials in actual service and anyone who is obnoxious to the official classes. Secretaries of such, soldiers serving in the army or reserves, police officers and men, clericals and students, are all deprived of the franchise, and may not offer themselves for election.\n\nSittings. There is a president and two vice-presidents of each assembly, and a standing committee of 20 per cent. of the members, all of whom sit permanently in and out of session for the transaction of business. The ordinary sessions occur once a year in the autumn and last for forty days; special sessions for extraordinary purposes are also provided for. One-half the members form a quorum and votes are decided by simple majority. The Viceroy or governor opens each session in person, and attends each sitting or sends a deputy; and he is given thorough controlling powers over the proceedings.\n\nBusiness and Powers. The business of an assembly is strictly limited to the affairs of a province, but within those limits the rights of discussion are fairly wide; though the power of initiating proposals relating to the provincial budget and estimates is withheld, and it is evidently intended that most of the business shall emanate from the Viceroy or governor. Bills passed by the assembly must be approved by the Viceroy or governor. If disapproved they are referred back to the assembly for modification, and if the assembly refuse to modify, the Senate is appealed to. Sittings are public except in special cases. Power to suspend or dissolve the assembly is reserved to the Viceroy or governor in case of necessity.\n\nPage 4\n\nIn the grand scheme of measures preparatory to the constitution of 1916-7 which was promulgated by the Empress Dowager's decree of the 27th August, 1908, the preliminary steps towards the foundation of provincial assemblies were set down for the year 1908-9, and the opening of the assemblies for 1909-10; and on the 13th October, 1909, the day before that fixed (in the rules of the 24th July, 1908) for this event the following Imperial exhortation was telegraphed to the provinces:-\n\nDecree of the 13th October on opening of Assemblies.-Imperial decree of the 13th October, 1909, relating to the impending opening of the provincial assemblies.\n\n\"The object of deliberative assemblies in every province, as laid down by Imperial decree, is to collect the opinions of the people. A decree was issued to this end by His late Majesty, Tê Tsung Ching (Kuang-hsi) under the instructions of Her late Majesty, the Empress Dowager, and upon our accession to the throne it became our duty to carry out the wishes of our predecessors by ordering the provincial authorities to carry out the necessary preparations within the prescribed time. Memorials have successively reached us from the various provinces that the work of preparation is now complete and that delegates have in every case been chosen according to the regulations laid down. The date fixed for the first meeting of these delegates is the 14th October, and we now deem it necessary to reiterate our instructions and remind delegates that, in strict conformity with the wishes of Her late Imperial Majesty, they should give their whole attention to the sane consideration of the welfare of their own localities. They should not allow private interests to interfere in any way with the public good; they should not follow their own impulses in violation of established custom; they should not underestimate difficulties and make their deliberations mere display of words; and lastly they should not exceed their powers and encroach upon established laws. Viceroys and governors should with strict impartiality select what is useful in their resolutions and have such resolutions enforced, so that between Government and governed there may be one mind and the best interests of the country may eventually be served.\n\n\"After the opening of the assemblies, the Viceroys and governors of the several provinces should pay even greater attention to the strict observance of the regulations and to the exercise of supervision and control. They should see that no resolution arrived at is ultra vires or subversive of established laws and regulations. They should exercise loyalty and patriotism in the promotion of the welfare of their country in order to conform to our aims in rectifying the grievances of the people, and at the same time to fulfil the responsibilities and duties belonging to officials and subjects. This is our earnest desire.\n\n\"It is hereby commanded that this decree be posted up in the meeting hall of every provincial assembly throughout the Empire, and strictly obeyed.\"\n\nPage 5\n\nSo far as our information extends the scheme of provincial government seems to have been taken in hand most thoroughly in Shantung, under the active superintendence of the governor Yuan Shu-shun (now Viceroy of Kuangtung) who is probably one of the ablest of the higher Chinese officials at the moment, and it will be most convenient for our purpose to take that province first. The information is condensed from the very full reports of Mr. B. Giles, His Majesty's acting consul at Chinan-fu.\n\nSHANTUNG.\n\nPreparatory Steps.-In contrast to most other provinces strong interest was displayed in the matter from the outset by the notables; an organising committee was formed, the first meeting of which was held on the 12th November, 1908. The governor and the high provincial executive were present, with some eighty notables, special accommodation being provided for newspaper reporters, and the proceedings were opened with a formal address from the governor. The committee took measures to educate the electorate by lectures to selected persons, who were afterwards sent over the province to explain the nature of parliamentary institutions. Offices were established about the close of 1908 in each prefecture, department, and district for tabulating all the necessary information and making the preliminary arrangements for the elections; and lists of voters were drawn up with the help of the notables, a special instruction being to refuse the franchise to opium smokers.\n\nElectorate. Of the 100 odd electoral districts the largest number of names on the voting list was 3,760, in Huang-hsien; six districts had over 2,000 names; twenty from 1,000 to 2,000 names; and all the rest under 1,000. It is remarkable that the district which included the provincial capital, Chinan, with a population of a quarter of a million, had only 1,700 voters, a fact which testifies to the limited nature of the franchise. In nearly all cases the lists were almost entirely made up of men holding literary degrees, and those entitled to vote by property qualification were conspicuously absent. Well-to-do people were averse from publicly stating that they were worth 5,000 dollars lest they should be subjected to official extortion; some looked upon the voting registers as vehicles for further taxation; others again declined to give in their names out of general distrust of officialdom; and people living at a distance would not take the trouble to go to the registration office.\n\nThe revised lists of voters of the whole province amounted to a total of 119,549, including 228 Manchu bannermen, and it may be concluded that the franchise was permitted to about 1 in every 300 of the population. The population of Shantung is roughly estimated at 38 millions.\n\nDistribution of Seats.-The numbers of electors and of members of the Assembly for each prefecture (fu) and department (chou) of Shantung are as under:--\n\n  \n    Chinan-fu\n    17,309\n    15\n  \n  \n    Tung-ch'ang-fu\n    9,825\n    9\n  \n  \n    Tai-an-fu\n    14,401\n    12\n  \n  \n    Wu-ting-fu\n    7,792\n    7\n  \n  \n    Lin-ching-chou\n    3,589\n    3\n  \n  \n    Yeu-chou-fu\n    5,908\n    5\n  \n  \n    I-chou-fu\n    14,557\n    12\n  \n  \n    Ts'ao-chou-fu\n    7,998\n    7\n  \n  \n    Chi-ning-chou\n    3,958\n    4\n  \n  \n    Teng-chou-fu\n    13,495\n    11\n  \n\n[2605 -2]",
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    {
        "id": 428227,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 152,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "On his Excellency's departure the president and vice-president accompanied him to the courtyard of the main hall, bowed, and waited until he had entered his chair; and afterwards the rest of the executive officials departed in order of rank, while the president and vice-president waited and bowed to each.\n\nComposition of Assembly.-The members of the Hupei assembly are said to be mostly reformers, and almost all have either official status or literary degrees. Thus the president is an expectant taotai and the two vice-presidents are Hanlin graduates. The Viceroy's opening speech impressed on the members the need for public spirit, and cautioned them against encroaching on the sphere of the executive officials.\n\nProgramme of Business.-The programme of the assembly at the close of October contained five subjects-\n\n1. Extension of education and financial provision therefor.\n\n2. Prevention of fires.\n\n3. Encouragement of agriculture and forestry.\n\n4. Provision of funds to meet cost of self-government.\n\n5. Opium repression.\n\nHUNAN.\n\nThe report by Mr. Hewlett, His Majesty's consul at Changsha on the provincial assembly of Hunan is quoted :-\n\nElections.- In accordance with instructions issued by the governor through the director of education in April last, elections were held throughout the province with a view to appointing members for the first Hunan Parliament. At the end of June a meeting was held in Changsha, at which a programme was discussed, and the reasons for forming a Parliament given; a report of this meeting was drawn up by the industrial taotai, and was sent to all the local authorities in the province. By the beginning of September the elections were completed, and by the end of the month the members elected, eighty-two in all, assembled in Changsha in preparation for the opening of Parliament, which was fixed for the 14th October. Mr. Tang Yen-k'ai was elected president of the Parliament.\n\nOpening; Governor's Speech.- On the 14th October the governor opened the first Parliament in person. His Excellency read an address in which the duties of the members as representing the public opinion of the whole province of Hunan were briefly enumerated, and in which the importance of a constitution for China was carefully explained. He exhorted them to work in unison; to be sincere in the fulfilment of their duties; to cast aside private differences; to practise what they preached, and zealously to support the officials in promoting the best interests of Hunan, and in eradicating abuses.\n\nPresident's Reply.- Mr. Tang Yen-k'ai's reply was slightly patronising. He declared that the Parliament would always serve the best interests of Hunan, and that as Hunan had saved the Chinese Empire in the days of the Tai Ping rebellion so now and in the future they would assist the officials to stamp out abuse, and by unanimity of purpose secure the fullest advantages for Hunan.\n\nTwo members stand out prominently in the Parliament, Mr. Tang Yen-k'ai and Mr. Chen Wen-wei. The former is the political authority, and commercial matters are practically entirely in the hands of the latter, but as far as the others are concerned the majority have never crossed the borders of Hunan, and for some the present occasion is the first visit to Changsha.\n\nPolitical Associations; Attitude of Interference in Foreign Cases.- The two men mentioned above rule the counsels of the political association (the Yen Chiu Hui) whose members are all members of Parliament. This association has, even at this early date, made it clear to the provincial authorities that they intend to be consulted on every question, political or municipal, affecting Hunan, and they base their right on the power they possess of appealing directly to the political institutions in Peking. The customs taotai has told me quite frankly that he dare not take any action which promotes foreign interests in Changsha without the permission of this association, even if the foreign demand is strictly in accordance with treaty provisions. The association has already interfered in two cases, which are still unsettled, in a very definite manner, and it still remains to be seen whether the governor has the strength of will to withstand the unwarrantable interference of this body of men in questions affecting foreign relations, seeing that they are totally ignorant of the solemn obligations incurred by China under the various treaties, obligations which the association considers can be set aside merely because they prove distasteful to Hunan.\n\nThe provincial treasurer tells me in confidence that several tens of petitions have already been received demanding the dismissal of about 60 per cent. of the representatives, but up to the present only two have been dismissed.\n\nThe remaining political institution in Changsha-the Tiao Ch'a Chu-has met with keen opposition in the exercise of its functions, chiefly as regards the census and the assessment of property. The members of the gentry who were not elected to the Parliament encourage the opposition, and it will be some time before this conservative province agrees to a close scrutiny of what its population consider questions which affect themselves alone as private individuals.”\n\nSZECHUAN.\n\nThe following is from a report by Mr. W. Stark Toller:-\n\nElections; Distribution of Seats.- The elections for the provincial assembly took place at the appointed date---on the 15th day of the 6th month (the 31st July)- though in several cases it was not until two or three days later that the election was completed. The number of members elected for the whole of Szechuan was 105, the numbers from each prefecture being as follows:---\n\n  \n    Chengtu\n    14\n  \n  \n    Mien-chou\n    4\n  \n  \n    Li-ang\n    ...\n  \n  \n    An-fa\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Mao-chou\n    1\n  \n  \n    Ta chon\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Ning Yuan\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Cuiating\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Mei-chou\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Chinng-chou\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Chung king\n    ...\n  \n  \n    K'uei-fu\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Hsu Ting\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Chung-chon\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Yu Yang-chon\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Paoning\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Shun Ching\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Tung Chuan\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Esu-chou-fu (Suifu)\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Hsu Yung Ting\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Lu-chou\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Tzu-chou\n    ...\n  \n  \n    Total\n    105\n  \n\nTo this number must be added the two extra members elected to represent the banner garrison in Chengtu, thus bringing the total up to 107. There were also elected 54 expectant members, to fill any vacancy that might occur. These expectant members were elected by a separate ballot after the election of the sitting members, which explains the otherwise remarkable fact that the expectant members have almost invariably a greater number of votes recorded in their favour than have the sitting members.\n\nWant of Enthusiasm in Electorate.- In the June quarter's intelligence report Mr. Smith mentioned that at the first, or direct, election in the two districts of the city of Chengtu the number of men who obtained the fixed minimum of votes fell very far short of the quota to be elected by each district magistracy, the deficiency in the Chengtu Hsien being 9, and in the Hua Yang Hsien 14. A supplementary election was therefore held a few days later, at which the requisite number of men were elected. In the Chengtu Hsien 63 votes was sufficient to secure qualification for the second and final election, while the lowest number obtained by a successful candidate in the Hua Yang Hsien was 70 votes. When so little interest is shown in the capital, it does not seem reasonable to expect great enthusiasm in the external cities, and such information as I have been able to obtain tends to confirm this view.\n\nComposition of Assembly.- The greater part of the elected members of the provincial council are either holders of some official rank or are graduates under the old system of examinations. Of the total of 161 sitting and expectant members, there are only six who possess neither of these qualifications, and these are all elected under the property qualification (5,000 dollars). A large proportion of the members elected are returned Japanese students. I am told that fully 30 per cent. of the whole, including the president (I Chang) come under this category.\n\nAn examination of the official list of members shows the average age to be ...",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 154,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "\"Universal establishment of police. \n\n\"Universal education. \n\n\"Rules of the council. \n\nAdvantages and evils of the 'ticket salt system.' \n\nRegulations of the local Government councils. \n\n\"Discrimination in collection between local and Imperial taxes. \n\n44 \n\nReorganisation of the affairs of the Chuan-Han Railway Company. \"Revision of legal fees. \n\n\"Revision of the extra coal and iron taxes at Chungking. \n\n\"Reform of the salt-tax system. \n\n\"Abolition of excess incidental expenditure by local officials. \n\n\"Bank administration. \n\n\"Reform of the public granaries. \n\n* \n\nPreparation for a voluntary force. \n\n\"Revision of the funds of the various temple societies' for the expenses \n\nof the local Government councils. \n\n\"Reform of the receipts given to the payers of land tax. \n\n< \n\nExtortion by local officials under the guise of fines. \n\n\"The alteration of the Mining Supervisory Company into a model commercial company. \n\n\"That the defence of the Szechuan-Thibetan frontier should be an Imperial \n\ncharge. \n\n\"The necessity for care in the choice of the local educational officers. \"Institution of a public library in Chengtu. \n\nK \n\n'Appendix (B). \n\n\"Proceedings of the Provincial Council on the 17th day of the 9th month (October 30). \n\nSpecimen of Debate.-\"The sitting commenced at 1 P.M., the following officials being in attendance: the Provincial Judge, Intendant of Commerce, Prefect Yang (Director of the School of Laws), the district magistrate of Chengtu, and Ting, a deputy of the Viceroy's. \n\nThe first subject discussed was the reorganisation of the train-bands. \"Liu Chih Ch'eng mounted the rostrum and said that the train-bands and the police were both matters of importance. \n\n\"Li Wen Hsi: In reorganising the train-bands the leaders and headmen should be first dealt with. These men should be elected. \n\n\"Fu Huai Ping: Industrial institutions must be widely established, in order to eradicate the source of thieves and robbers; neither police nor train-bands can be abolished. \n\n\"Wang Shu Huai: Whether police have or have not been established in a place, the train-bands cannot be cast aside. The important points are to discriminate carefully in rewarding and punishing the train-bands; to search out the thieves' dens; to relax the prohibition of the purchase of swords; and to buy larger quantities of weapons, which the officials will then distribute for use in protection. \n\n\"Kao Ling Hsiao: The headmen should be elected by ballot, and the train-bands should be drilled in accordance with the military regulations. \n\n\"Hsiu Kuang P'u: The train-bands should be divided into classes according to their size, the larger bands consisting of forty men, and the smaller of twenty. They should be drilled for two hours daily, and instructed for two hours. The men should be changed annually, so that, in course of time, everybody will have been through a course of military training, and our peasantry will be our army. \n\n\"Chou Chang Chao: If the duties of raising funds, controlling expenditure, and administering business all devolves on one man, if he is honest, he will have a heavy burden, and if he is dishonest it will be very easy for him to commit malpractices. The regulations should therefore be revised, \n\n\"Ch'en Nien Tsu: There are at present three defects in the administration of the train-bands, (a) the headmen are changed in rotation; (b) expenses are not allowed; (c) no respect is shown to the men. Reform is necessary to produce efficiency. The first step should be to take a census and to distribute weapons. \n\n\"Ch'en Ying Tu: The train-bands should be abolished. Even supposing they were properly reorganised, still in course of time local self-government and police will be an accomplished fact, and then in the end the train-bands will have to be done away with. \n\n\"Li Shu Ch'un: The headmen should be elected by the local self-government councils. Mr. Li further pointed out the advantages of the system of rewards and punishments, and of the use of modern weapons, \n\n\"Ch'ih Chu agreed with Cheng Ying Tu. He added that if the train-bands and police were established side by side there would necessarily arise friction between them. \n\n\"Liu Sheng Yuan: In deciding whether or not the train-bands shall be dealt with the essential question is, 'Do they keep the criminal classes in order?' Even if we have modern weapons, to make good use of them we must also have men trained in science, military matters, and mechanics. In conclusion he pointed out the need of a reorganisation of the Police Training Department. \n\n\"La Chi: The two most important matters are the detective department of the police force and the census. \n\n\"Tung Ching Chun rose in his seat and inquired whether the question was one referred for discussion, or was originated by council itself. The president replied that the provincial judge had previously written to him about this question, and that therefore it should be considered as referred. The second question on the day's agenda might be classed as 'originated.' \n\n\"The Provincial Judge explained that his object was to ascertain the opinion of the council, in order that he might make the necessary reforms. \n\n\"This concluded the discussion of the first question. \n\n\"The second question was the protection of woods and forests. \n\n\"Liu Sheng Yuan: Any scheme for protection must be prefaced by registration. \n\n\"Cheng Nien Tsu: For the sake of convenience the forestry society should be a branch of the agricultural society and not a separate institution. Rules for the protection of woods and forests should be drawn up by the proprietors of the same. \n\n\"Wang Shu Huai: The protection of public and unowned woods is a simple matter, but difficulty will be found in the protection of those that are private property, hence the starting point should be the protection of the livelihood of the owner. Enlarging on this, the member went on to point out that the taxes on mortgages were harmful to owners of property, and should therefore be abolished. He went on at great length, to the annoyance of the council. \n\n\"The president then said that, although the member had already explained clearly, it still appeared that the matter he was discussing was irrelevant; moreover, there would be a separate discussion on this subject, so it need not be dealt with now. \n\n\"Kao Ling Hsiao: There is no need to establish any society, for it would be only an empty name. Wax, varnish, rubber, and camphor trees should be cultivated to replace opium. \n\n\"Cheng Ying Tu: Privately-owned woods should be protected from being cut down by thieves. Societies should be established as occasion demands. \n\n\"The Vice-President, Lo Lun: There are three causes of deforestation: (1) Cutting too early; (2) Failure to plant; (3) Theft of trees. Schemes for protection should be divided into direct and indirect. On the one hand, coal mines should be developed so that there should be no need to burn timber; and on the other hand, forestry societies should be established as branches of the agricultural societies. Regulations and punishments should be defined, markets should be opened up, and so on. \n\nThis met with the approval of the council. \n\n\"The President: The subject immediately under discussion includes three heads: Unowned woods, public woods, and private woods, and also incidentally embraces three other objects: Preservation of monuments, development of wells and springs, and production of timber. \n\n\"The Intendant of Commerce expressed his views: These three classes of woods and forests must all be surveyed and investigated, and the unowned woods can then be made the foundation of State forests. While all woods, whether unowned, public, or private, must be surveyed, the unowned and public woods should be dealt with first. \n\n\"Several members raised the point that when a census of mulberry trees was taken last year, the people became suspicious and cut down the trees. \n\n\"The President: Registration must be the basis of all administration. Suspicion is not aroused in other matters; why should the registration of woods and forests be the solitary exception? I have no hesitation in asserting that there will be no difficulty. \n\n19 \n\n152",
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        "content_text": "20\n\n\"The council approved of the survey scheme, and also of the proposal of the intendant of commerce that unowned and public woods should be first surveyed. The method of survey was left to be discussed on the second and third readings.\n\n\"The president sounded his bell, and there was an interval of twenty minutes. \"After reassembling the council discussed its temporary rules :——\n\n\"The president read out the rules as amended by the Viceroy, and enquired whether the Council had any objections to raise. He also read out the rules as he proposed to amend them and discussed them with the council.\n\n\"Prefect Yany explained why the Viceroy had made changes in the rules, and said that there was no need for the council to become suspicious. He then entered into a long and earnest discussion with the president.\n\nIt being now 5:40 the president sounded his bell and the council dispersed.\" \n\nFUKIEN.\n\nThe account below of the opening of the Fukien assembly is taken from an English newspaper published at Foochow The specimen debate and plan of the Chamber* have been furnished by Mr. Playfair, His Majesty's consul.\n\n\"The Opening of the Fukien Provincial Parliament.\n\nOpening Ceremony.\" Thursday, the 14th October, was the day set for the opening of the Parliaments in the various provinces of China.\n\n\"In Foochow the Parliament is sitting in a building which was part of the old examination hall in the north part of the city. This building has been fitted up to accommodate the Parliament until the more permanent structure is erected. The room in which the business is transacted is about 60 feet wide by 120 feet long. At the farther end as one enters are the seats for the Viceroy in the middle, for the treasurer, judge, and commissioner of education at the Viceroy's left, as he sits, and for the Tartar general and the salt commissioner on the Viceroy's right. Lower are seats for other officials.\n\n\"In front of these seats and in the centre of the room is the table, about which sit or stand the six secretaries or clerks.\n\n\"Before this table, arranged in circular form, are seated the members of the Parliament. By this arrangement the Fukien provincial officials and the members of Parliament sit facing each other, with the six secretaries between them.\n\n\"By the courtesy of the Parliament the writer received an announcement of It was 4 P.M. when he arrived. Two the opening with two tickets of admission. ushers met, as at the door and invited us to come into the visitors' gallery, which is at the opposite end from the seats for the provincial officials and facing them. The Viceroy and other officials mentioned above looked rather lonely, but as our eyes followed down the room past the secretaries table the aspect changed, for here were seated in a compact body seventy-three members out of seventy-five of Parliament. They wore the regulation official hat with the red tassel and the long official robe. Their backs were of course toward us, and it was with difficulty that we recognised those whom we knew as they rose or turned in their seats.\n\n\"The room is well lighted with glass in the roof, and is tastefully arranged. As we look up on the right wall we see the Chinese characters for 'China,' and opposite Until very recently the them on the other wall are the characters for 'Long Live.' \n\n'Emperor' was put in place of 'China.' But the people are now saying, 'Long Live China' instead of Long Live the Emperor.'\n\n\"The business of the day was organisation. The president or speaker is a Mr. Kau, from the Yeng Bing prefecture from the city Sung Chiong. He is 44 years old. There are two vice-presidents, one a Mr. Lau, from Foochow, and a Mr. Chen, from Chiang Chiu, near Amoy. Fifteen men were elected as the executive of the Parliament, who are to be in the building daily.\n\n\"The voting was done by ballot. The secretaries distributed envelopes to the members into which each member could put his vote, these were afterwards collected, counted, and the results read by one of the secretaries and also written on a small blackboard and hung up.\n\n\"Several members on being elected to the executive forthwith resigned. Otherwise all was conducted with dignity and grace. Great possibilities for usefulness\n\n*Not reproduced.\n\n21\n\nlie within the powers of this body of men. Ten years ago we had not even thought of the possibility of a constitutional Government for China. To-day the machinery is at work.\n\n\"This marks an epochal day in the history of China.' Specimen of Debate.\" Sample of debate on the establishment of schools.\n\n\"Mr. Lin Lu-ts'un: May I ask why Hsing-Hua-Fu and Chuan-chou Fu have not been included in the list of groups of towns?\n\n\"The Treasurer: These two names have been accidentally omitted and shall be added in future lists.\n\n“Mr. Lien Hsien-chi: I approve of the method of arranging town in groups; but should like to be informed whether the allocation of funds will be arranged on the same system as that applied in the case of the Government High School at Foochow.\n\n\"The Treasurer: After the regulations have been deliberated and fixed, the necessary expenditure will be estimated.\n\n\"Mr. Lien Hsien-cha: I think the estimate of expenditure should be made first. \"The Treasurer: The funds available do not exceed 50,000 dollars, which is insufficient; therefore, a new estimate must be drawn up. But the regulations must precede it.\n\n\"Mr. Lin Lu-ts'un: I propose that towns be grouped on the basis of dialects. A centre should be established at Amoy to comprise the islands in the south of the province. Thence the grouping may be extended to the various prefectures.\n\n\"The President; This proposal must be first examined and reported on by the inspectors appointed for the purpose. To this all the members gave their approval.\n\nViceroy's Message.\" This is in accordance with the regulations for the high schools promulgated in the first year of the present reign. It was provided that high schools should be established at Peking and in the various provinces. Primary schools should be started in prefectures, departments, towns, and villages. The establishment of high schools in such prefectures as do not yet possess them will be effected by the end of the year. The high school is a step above the primary school which acts as a feeder. A high school has recently been established at Foochow. At Yen-ping Fu the question of establishing a high school is under consideration by the people. High schools have been established at Chich-uing Fu, at Shao-wa Fu, at Ting-chou Fu, at Hsing-hua Fu, at Ch'uan-chou Fu, and at Yung-ch'un Chou but without much success. The high school established at Lung-yen Chou has already come to an untimely end, while that at Fu-ning Fu is not yet in working order. Such is the present state of affairs as regards the high schools. Primary schools have to be provided in two departments and in fifty-eight districts; so many in large districts; so many in small.\n\n\"In the matter of the proposed local Government Boards, the arrangements are not yet completed; the areas of the different sections have not been defined; the number of inhabitants to each section has not been reckoned; nor have the villages and towns been properly grouped. The establishment of primary schools and the allocation of funds for their up-keep is the problem before us and it is difficult. High schools are the issue of primary schools. Both together are the basis of our education scheme and with care and wisdom must the foundation be laid.\" \n\nKWANGTUNG.\n\nThe following extract is quoted from a memorandum by Mr. Lancelot Giles, of His Majesty's consulate-general at Canton :--\n\nElections.\" On the 17th July, 1909, the first ballot was held in the Yamens of the various district and department magistrates and sub-prefects. The method adopted was that any person who fell into one or other of the categories of those eligible for election circulated among the voters pamphlets expressing his desire for election. Only persons securing a vote were qualified to be voted for on the second ballot, held on the 24th August, 1909.\n\n\"The names of those who received votes at the first ballot were placarded at the Yamens of the prefects, sub-prefects, and magistrates, where the second ballot was held. Before a given date those who wished to accept their nomination had to signify their assent, otherwise they were disqualified.\n\nSecond Elections and Distribution of Seats.-\"At the second ballot ninety-four\n\nQ [2605 7--2]\n\n153",
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        "content_text": ".22 \n\ndeputies were elected, distributed as follows among the prefectures and departments of the province\n\nKuang-chou-fu Cha-chou-fu Chao Ching-fu Hui-chou fu.. \n\nKao-chou-fu Chiung-chou-fu Shan-Chou-fu Lieu-chon-fu Lei-chon-fu.. \n\nLo Ting-chou \n\n36 11 \n\ng \n\n} \n\nChia Ying-chou \n\nYang Chiang-chou \n\nLien-chou \n\nNan Hung-chou \n\nChin-chou \n\n1 \n\nYai-chou \n\n1 \n\nManchu Garrison of Canton \n\n3 \n\n\"The majority of these are men who have served as officials, have some official rank and degree, or have been teachers. The mercantile class, pure and simple, seems unrepresented.\n\nNew Assembly Hall.\" The new assembly hall, which is built in foreign style at an estimated cost of 120,000 taels, is situated outside the east gate of the city of Canton. It was not ready by the 14th October, and indeed was first used by the assembly on the 6th November. Meanwhile, the assembly met at the old governor's yamên. The first day was spent on the opening ceremony, on the details of which much thought had been expended. Unlike some of the other provincial capitals, no foreigners were invited or were present at the opening. The official programme was as follows:- \n\nOpening Ceremony. At 8 A.M. on the 14th October, the deputies having all assembled, the governor-general left the reception room and took up his position with all the other provincial officials on the east side of the hall, the deputies facing him on the west side. Both parties then made three deep bows. The governor-general thereupon took his seat at the head of the ball. An official then asked his Excellency to begin the opening ceremony. The governor-general and his deputies stood up, and an official read out the opening address, after which another official read out the reply to the address. When the reply had been read out, the officials and deputies withdrew.\n\nElection of Officers and Standing Committee.-\"The next three or four meetings were spent on the election of the president, two vice-presidents, and nineteen members of the standing committee. For the post of president was selected one I-Hsüch-ching, a representative of Chao Ching Fu, a graduate and a man of excellent repute. Considerable difficulty was experienced in the election of the standing committee, as at first it was ruled that it was necessary to secure over a moiety of the votes of the full assembly before the election was valid. This was found impracticable, and it was not till it was decided that a moiety of the votes of those present was sufficient that the last six of the standing committee were elected.\n\n\"No business was transacted until the assembly were able to meet in the new hall, which was formally opened by the governor-general on the 6th November. The first business meeting was held on the 7th November.\n\nArrangement of Seats.-\"The arrangement of the deputies' seats is in a fan shape, in ascending tiers. Facing them is the rostrum, in front of which are seated the clerks. Behind the rostrum is seated the president flanked by the two vice-presidents. Behind him on a higher level is the governor-general's chair, and seats for the Tartar general, admiral, general, and the two lieutenant-generals. On either side of the deputies' seats are places for the various provincial and territorial officials.\n\nMandarin or Cantonese Dialect spoken in Debates.\" In speaking, either mandarin or Cantonese may be used, but whichever is used is translated into the other dialect by a clerk. Certain subjects for debate are submitted to the assembly by the Hui] Ting, a body established by the present governor-general on his arrival in Canton, consisting of the local, provincial, and territorial officials and the governor-general's foreign secretaries, but not including members of the assembly, though the latter are permitted to attend the meeting as spectators.\n\nProgramme of Business.\" So far the following subjects have been named- \n\nThe suppression of gambling.\n\n\"The abolition of the old police force.\n\n\"The reform of prisons.\n\n\"The application of revenue from family property towards the maintenance of establishments for carrying on the trade or handicraft of the family or clan.\n\n\"The establishment of workhouses.\n\n23 \n\n\"It is not apparent what the result of the assembly's deliberations will be on the reform movement, or what exactly are their powers beyond discussing these and kindred topics, and passing resolutions which they would transmit to the governor-general, to adopt or not as he might think fit.\n\nFriction between Assembly and Viceroy over Mode of Address in written Communications. -A slight friction between the assembly and the governor-general has arisen over the mode of address to be used in communications with each other. The governor-general ordered that he would communicate with the assembly in a 'cha wen,' while they would reply with a chao hui.' The objection to this was that to any han lin' among the deputies the governor-general would have to address a 'chao hui,' and the distinction was one derogatory to the dignity of the assembly as a whole. The desire is that both sides should communicate in chao hui' form. The matter has been referred to Peking.\n\nEstimated Expenses of Assembly.\"The annual expenses of the assembly have been estimated as follows\n\nSalary of president.. \n\nSalary of two vice-presidents \n\nSalary of nineteen resident deputies \n\nSalary of seventy-two other deputies Salary of clerks Miscellaneous expenses \n\nTotal \n\n:::::: \n\nYUNNAN, \n\nTaels. \n\n2,100 \n\n2,880 \n\n15,960 \n\n10,080 \n\n2,880 \n\n18,227 \n\n52,427 \n\nOpening-Little is known yet beyond that the assembly was duly opened on the 14th October, the chief officials and over 100 of the notables being present. The president and two vice-presidents are graduates and expectant officials. subject for discussion was the levying of taxes for the support of schools.\n\nThe first \n\nLocal Disappointment at Outcome of Elections.-1t is understood that the people of Yunnan city are disappointed that none of their representatives were elected to the assembly, and that the officials are correspondingly pleased.\n\nA report on the assemblies of Yunnan* (and Kueichou) is expected from His Majesty's consul-general.\n\nKUEICHOU.\n\nAssembly opened; Reported Protest by President.-A mere reference to the opening of the assembly at Kueilin on the 14th October is found in the foreign press, the native papers containing no information. A special building of foreign type has been erected, and it appears that the president was forced to make a vigorous protest against an attempted encroachment on the privileges of the assembly by the governor.\n\nNEW DOMINION.\n\nDifficulty of including New Dominion in the Scheme.The remoteness of the New Dominion, in conjunction with the wide difference of race and custom of the bulk of the population, which is scanty and scattered, must have suggested a doubt whether the inclusion of the region in a scheme of popular government was practicable or wise, but the central Government evidently considered that the political risk run by differentiating it from the rest of the Empire, and so perhaps facilitating a future separation, were greater than any immediate danger likely to arise locally from the new experiment. However, it is not surprising to find that the officers on the spot hold strong opinions against the adoption pure and simple of the scheme which is considered suitable for the eighteen provinces and Manchuria.\n\n----- \n\nAssembly formed in 1908 altered into Organisation Office. In a memorial published in the \"Official Gazette\"\" of the 14th June the governor of the New Dominion reported that, in obedience to the Imperial decree, an assembly was formed in July 1908, with a president and vice-presidents, but that on receipt of the rules and election law from the Constitutional Government committee, whose directions were to begin with an organisation office, the assembly was altered to an *(P.S.-This report has been sent to the Foreign Office directly by Mr. O'Brien-Butler.)\n\n154",
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        "content_text": "(No. 48.) Sir,\n\n32\n\nAnnex 2.\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nYunnan-fu, November 12, 1909.\n\nWITH reference to your instructions that I should keep you informed regarding the progress made in my consular district of parliamentary institutions, I have the honour to report that I paid a visit to the Yunnan Provincial Assembly last Monday, the 8th instant.\n\nHaving informed the Bureau of Foreign Affairs beforehand of my intention to attend a sitting of the assembly, Mr. Wong, the English interpreter attached to the bureau, called for me shortly after 9 o'clock, and accompanied me to the Yunnan Guild House, which is being used temporarily as an assembly house until a special building has been erected.\n\nI entered the guild house through a gateway surmounted by a couple of dragon flags with crossed staves and guarded by two sentinels in modern quasi-European uniform, who presented arms as I passed, and on my alighting from my chair I was received by Mr. Nieh, one of the members for Tung-ch'uan prefecture, in the north-east part of this province. This gentleman conducted me to a small waiting room, the walls of which were ornamented with maps and botanical diagrams, where the usual tea and cigarettes were offered to me. Here I was joined by three French visitors, and a few minutes later Mr. Chang, the president of the assembly, a little old man of 70 with a long thin white beard, came into the room. He made a few remarks to me about the assembly not being quite in working order yet, everything being in consequence very rough, and I made a few deprecatory remarks in reply; and in a few minutes' time, 10 o'clock having struck, we all adjourned to the assembly hall.\n\nHere my French companions and I were conducted up some stairs to what was formerly a private box in the theatre of the guild house, directly facing the presidential table on the stage, and with the seats for the ordinary members in the stall space below me.\n\nI observed that the back of the stage was covered by a large yellow curtain, on and over which were posted the imperial edicts relating to the constitution and conduct of provincial assemblies. Directly in front of this screen was a seat for the Viceroy, and on each side near the corners of the stage were two similar seats, intended for any of the high provincial authorities who might desire to be present at any sitting. On the occasion of my visit these three chairs were unoccupied. In the centre of the stage was a long table with three chairs for the president and vice-presidents, and immediately fronting this were a desk and a chair, intended for members addressing the assembly in set speeches. On the left front of the stage were a table and chair for the chief secretary, and the corresponding place on the right was occupied by a large blackboard.\n\nImmediately below the orator's tribune was a table at which two reporters were sitting, and on it was a ballot-box. In the stalls' part of the theatre were some sixty or seventy chairs and desks ranged in semi-circles facing the stage, with a broad gangway up the centre and smaller paths between every two or three seats at the sides. The names of the members were written in small characters on the backs of their chairs.\n\nUnder the galleries, running round the three sides of the building not occupied by the stage, was a large open space, which seemed to be the particular domain of the sergeant-at-arms, in the shape of a portly officer of police in a new European-style uniform.\n\nIn the side galleries were rows of plain desks and chairs intended for ordinary visitors; and in the distinguished visitors' box in the centre were a few silk-covered seats and desks covered with green baize similar to those intended for the members below.\n\nThe hall was well lighted by large glass windows in the sides and smaller windows round the square-raised roof in the centre.\n\nI counted thirty-eight members present besides the president and the two vice-presidents, and exclusive of Mr. Nieh, who remained upstairs with me and the other visitors. They were arranged according to age, the oldest occupying the front seats. All wore official hats, and most of them had gold or silver buttons; one old gentleman seated in the front row near the blackboard being conspicuous by having a red button and peacock's feather. I was told that he was a Mr. Ting, member for Ho-ch'ing Chou in Li-chiang prefecture, in the north-west of the province, formerly salt comptroller in the Liang-huai region of Chiang-su and Anhui.\n\n33\n\n159\n\nThe chief secretary chalked on the blackboard the subject for the day's discussion, which was what arrangements for the future were to be made with regard to the funds of the Yunnan Bank, which had failed; and after a pause a member left his seat, and, ascending some steps at the side of the stage, advanced to the tribune, and, with a bow to the president and his colleagues in front of him, commenced to speak. He was followed by two other speakers, and then a general discussion took place. Everyone appeared to speak very naturally, with quiet dignity, and very little gesture; and even in the general discussion only one member spoke at a time. The speeches were practically extempore, very slight use being made of the notes which the speakers placed on the table before them. Altogether, I was much struck by the air of seriousness and sense of responsibility which seemed to pervade the whole assembly.\n\nThe president did not say, and did not appear to do anything; the vice-president on his right took copious notes the whole time, while the other vice-president appeared to devolve the duties of a speaker in our sense of the term, questions addressed to the chair being answered by him. Both vice-presidents were comparatively young men, the one being 40 and the other only 35 years of age.\n\nAt about half past eleven Mr. Nieh invited me and my companions to go downstairs and have some refreshment, so I had to leave the hall before any voting on the subject under discussion took place. Chinese cakes and sweet champagne followed, and shortly before noon I left for home.\n\nIn my despatch No. 46 of the 30th October I stated that 62 members in all were elected, and that Yünnan prefecture had returned six members. I was informed by Mr. Nieh and Mr. Wong that the total number of members was 68, and that Yunnan prefecture had returned 10 members.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nP. E. O'BRIEN-BUTLER.",
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        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government]\n\nOPIUM.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[9773]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nC. O.\n\n525\n\nRESP\n\n[March 21.7K IC\n\nSECTION 2.\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir Eduard Grey.-(Received March 21.)\n\n(No. 4. Confidential.) Sir,\n\nYünnan-fu, February 9, 1910. I HAVE the honour to forward to you herewith a copy of an opium report for December quarter, 1909, which I have sent to His Majesty's Minister at Peking.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nP. E. O'BRIEN-BUTLER.\n\nEnclosure in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir J. Jordan,\n\n(No. 9. Confidential.) Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, February 8, 1910. THE hopes of the inhabitants of this province that the new Governor-General, Li Ching-hsi, would relax the stringent regulations against opium cultivation were doomed to disappointment. His Excellency has let it be known that, while considering that his predecessor, Hsi-liang, was over-hasty in such drastic measures as he adopted to abolish the production and use of the drug, he regrets that he cannot do anything to alter them.\n\nWhatever doubts the officials may have had as to the Governor-General's attitude with regard to opium must have been set at rest by his depriving the magistrate of Ping-i of his office and his button as a punishment for his habitual disregard of the anti-opium regulations and for his more or less open connivance at opium smuggling across the border from Kweichow.\n\nAbout the beginning of October the magistrate of Ch'inpei (about 90 miles to the south-west of Yunnan-fu) seized some 20,000 oz. of opium (about 60 cwt.) smuggled from Kweichow, and burnt it at his district city. It is reported that the importer committed suicide to escape further punishment than the loss of his drug.\n\nThe magistrate of Amichow (on the railway between Yünnan-fu and Mêngtzũ) is reported to be particularly active in suppressing opium smoking. His police visit all the houses of the department city every night, in order to catch persons smoking opium and to discover opium-smoking implements.\n\nOn the 2nd November 17,379 pipes and 29,949 Chinese ounces of opium (about 16 cwt. 37 lb.) were publicly burnt on the execution ground outside the south gate of this city.\n\nSeveral missionaries whom I have consulted on the subject are unanimous in assuring me that in the course of their travels in this province they have not seen a single field planted with poppy. I understand, however, from Chinese that a small quantity of opium is still grown on patches of land hidden away in the mountains, far from highways and not nearer than ten or twelve days' journey from the provincial capital.\n\nIt appears to be an open secret that the Governor-General, formerly a heavy smoker—his daily dose being over a Chinese ounce (14 oz. avoirdupois)—has not been able to conquer his craving for the drug. He has only succeeded, so far, in reducing the quantity he consumes to about one-fifth of a Chinese ounce, which amount he smokes secretly every night.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nP. E. O'BRIEN-BUTLER.\n\n[2661 - -2]",
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        "page_number": 557,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "## Affairs of China, Confidential\n\n### Lieutenant and Commander C. H. Woodward's Report\n\n554 \n\n2 \n\nmatters, but fears to offend their prejudices; he seems to have made every effort short of compulsion to persuade the sellers to accept the balance.\n\nThe same cannot be said of the customs taotai, who is the thorn in the consul's side.\n\nIn view of the general situation, I do not think the consul intends to fence in the land, hoping that the threat, backed up by the promise of protection from Peking, will persuade the governor to compel the sellers to complete the sale.\n\nI will here mention a few incidents of the last few days that will give an idea of the general feeling in Changsha since the rumours of the partition of China have been circulated.\n\n1. An appeal was made to the governor by a teacher in the Yale Mission School on behalf of about 3,000 students, to issue arms to them for the defence of Hunan against foreign aggression.\n\nThe petition was refused, and the governor had enquiries made into the man's antecedents, with a view of punishing him if unsatisfactory.\n\n2. A meeting was held on Sunday, the 12th December, in the Chia T'ai Fu Tze, called by members of the Hunan Representative Assembly. At this meeting several thousand people were said to be present. Quoting from the account given to a missionary by one Teng Shih Liu, of the Government Bank, who was present: \"So passionate was the crowd that the man who called the meeting did not dare to speak, so the meeting was addressed by students of the Law School, who stirred up a lot of feeling. The result of the meeting was that they decided to destroy the nationals of whatever nation first made a warlike demonstration against this province, and to protect all others.\"\n\n3. A man, of what status I do not know, deliberately cut off his finger and indited a letter with the blood that flowed, and sent it by Mr. Lo Ch'ieh—a member of the Provincial House of Representatives—to Peking, to urge the assembling together of the National Parliament at as early a date as possible, in order to give expression to the national feeling against foreigners.\n\nIt is said that this martyr [?] is to be bambooed, by order of the governor, for \"disturbing the peace and inciting people to develop a spirit of rowdyism.\"\n\n4. In conclusion, I am personally of opinion that whatever the future may bring forth, no immediate trouble need be anticipated unless there be official connivance—which is in the highest degree improbable, and that if the misplaced patriotism of the students, due to their ignorant or wilful belief in the rumours of the partition of China, carefully fostered by the gentry, were to expend itself in anything more serious than noisy talk, the situation could and would be promptly met by the authorities.\n\nC. H. WOODWARD, \nLieutenant and Commander.\n\nHis Majesty's ship \"Nightingale,\" January 1, 1910.\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n## **CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n### India Office to Foreign Office\n\nSir, \n\nNo. 1.\n\n[March 29.]\n\n**SECTION 5.**\n\n2550\n\n`RECT(REG: 28 APR 10)`\n\nIndia Office, March 26, 1910.\n\nWITH reference to your letter dated the 15th March, 1910, forwarding copy of a telegram from His Majesty's chargé d'affaires at Peking as to encroachments by Chinese tribesmen at Pien-ma on the N'Maikha section of the Burmah-Yunnan frontier, I am directed to inform you that Viscount Morley desires strongly to support Mr. Max Müller's proposal, that His Majesty's consul at Tengyuch should be authorised to proceed to Lampung in order to ascertain the facts of the case.\n\nAttention is invited to the papers on this subject communicated to the Foreign Office on the 16th March, 1910, and to the Viceroy's telegram of the 22nd instant, copy of which is enclosed. In Lord Morley's opinion, Mr. Max Müller's proposal is preferable to that of the Government of India, provided that the visit of His Majesty's consul to the scene can be paid at once. If, however, it is necessary to postpone it until after the rains, it is for consideration whether some such tour as was suggested by Sir E. Grey in Mr. Langley's letter dated the 3rd November, 1908, might not be advisable in November next.\n\nI am, &c.\n\n(Telegraphic.) P.\n\n### Enclosure in No. 1\n\nGovernment of India to Viscount Morley.\n\nED. S. MONTAGU.\n\nMarch 22, 1910.\n\nRAID on Burmah-China frontier. Please refer to despatch dated the 24th ultimo from consul at Tengyuch to Foreign Office, and to papers forwarded with letter dated the 10th ultimo from Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. Reply has been received from Tengyuch Taotai, stating that he cannot recognise that there has been a violation of the frontier, Ipimaw or P'ienma being in Chinese territory. It is believed by Burmah Government that raid by Chinese is merely a preliminary movement on their part, and that they may proceed to occupy the unadministered tract in question, and so create a situation of much difficulty, unless effective action is taken to extend British control of the tract. Raided villages lie, beyond doubt, to the west of the frontier which was laid down in the note addressed to Prince Ching on the 1st May, 1906, by His Majesty's Minister at Peking. Until after rains it is not practicable to tour in country. In view of the necessity of safeguarding our rights and checking activity of Chinese on frontier between China and Burmah, Burmah Government recommend that instructions shall be sent to Sir J. Jordan to protest strongly at Peking at an early date, and to insist on orders being sent to taotai to withdraw his reply to the consul, and to punish raiders. Advisability of such action, which would only rake up old issues, seems to us doubtful, and it would, in our opinion, be preferable that arrangements for a tour in November next should be made. Our position must, we consider, be damaged if action is deferred. We have been appealed to by the people. Aggressiveness of the Chinese is clear. Subject to your concurrence, Burmah Government will be requested to submit proposals.\n\n`[2675 ƒ-5]`",
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        "id": 428637,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 562,
        "title": "CO129-371 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "Enclosure 4 in No. 1.\n\nMr. Herts to Mr. Carey.\n\nJanuary 17, 1910.\n\nPLEASE refer to my demi-official letter dated the 28th August, 1909. Wilson has sent a Lashi named Chawm Tung Bawm, of Lungbang, on the Upper Ngawchang Kha, with a letter addressed to Rose, which I am forwarding to you original under a separate registered cover. The letter is written in Chinese on a piece of board, and purports to be a petition from the inhabitants of five villages on the above-named stream, complaining that the headman of Tengkeng, situated on the Salween in China, has burnt the village of Upper (or West) Hpimaw and threatens to destroy their villages. The names in Lashi of the five villages are Hpimaw (East), Kalam (East and West), Htantung and Lamyaw. As is not usual the Chinese names of the villages are different from the local Yawyin or Lashi names.\n\nA copy of the statement made by the messenger to Mr. Wilson, which is substantially the same as he has stated to me here, is also forwarded.\n\nThe elders of the five villages are said to have met at the village of Iltumshing and there to have got two Chinese traders, Ton San Ye and Chu Laopan, to write the letter.\n\nThe burning of Hpimaw appears to have taken place more than a month ago. After the destruction of the village the headman (or chief) of Tengkeng returned to China, but his men, some hundreds of them in all, it is said, are still in Lower Hpimaw and Hpawdi. The messenger took nine days to come here.\n\nIt is evident, if the above is true (and I have no doubt that it is substantially so), that we cannot permit the Chinese to remain in occupation of the Ngawchang Valley, for if we do, we shall not be able to make good our claim to the Irrawady-Salween Divide as the boundary between the two Empires. I can see no course open to us, therefore, but to dispatch a column without delay to compel the Chinese to return to their country, and to place beyond possibility of future question that the whole of the basin of the Irrawady belongs to us.\n\nI leave it to you to communicate with Rose on the subject of this letter, if you consider it necessary to do so.\n\nThe villages of Tengkeng, Tangtung, Lungpang (Langbang) and Hpimaw are shown in the map attached to the red book on the joint survey of the Burmah-Yunnan boundary by British and Chinese officials in 1905, in which book the claim of the Tengkeng headman to the Upper Ngawchang Valley and the advantages of the above-named boundary are discussed at length. From the opinion of the British officials who took part in the joint survey that the adoption of any other frontier will be highly detrimental to the interests of Burmah, I do not think that anyone will dissent.\n\nA translation of the Chinese letter is attached.\n\nEnclosure 5 in No. 1.\n\nTranslation of Chinese letter addressed to Acting Consul Rose.\n\nTHE humble petition of the elders of villages situated on the upper waters of the Hsiao Chiang (small river, i.e., the Ngawchang Kha) addressed to the British consul at Tengyuch.\n\nAbout the 15th day of the 9th month the headman of Tengkeng, named Twanhwe, collecting a force of 300 Yawyins and 200 of his own people, came and attacked our villages, He set fire to and entirely destroyed one village which consists of houses with thatch roofs. We are in great danger and our people have been scattered by this inroad into our country. He has also killed all our domestic animals such as pigs, fowls, and dogs, and taken our provisions. We therefore petition to your Honour to pity us, and to restore peace and order in our unhappy valley. Our villages lie within British territory and we humbly request that you will be kind enough to pay them a visit. We do not know why the Tengkeng headman is oppressing us by raiding our villages. We have no intercourse with his villages nor is there any feud between us. Our territory lies within the Kaoliang Pass Pillar and is watered by the Hsiao Chiang (Ngawchang Kha). We are unable to resist his attacks, so we petition your Honour to be kind enough to visit our country, which is in a very disturbed state, and to help us.\n\nThe headman in question is also said to have threatened the people living on the other side of the river (Ngawchang Kha). Our country does not belong to him, so we request you to come to us.\n\nWe are the elders and villagers of Tumaw, Kwankwan, Shanglaw, Kachi, and Shijang.\n\nDated the 1st year, 10th month, 26th day of the reign of Sein Ton.\n\nEnclosure 6 in No. 1.\n\nStatement made to Mr. Wilson, Assistant Superintendent, Sadon, by Chawm Tung Baum, of Lungbang.\n\nLABAU NU, Duwa of Lajawng, has brought in a Lashi named Chawm Tung Bawm, of Lungbang, a village near Hpimaw, to the British consul at Tengyuch. I have questioned Labau Nu and Chawm Tung Bawn carefully, and they furnish the following information:\n\n\"As the Lashis of Hpimaw and some fourteen or fifteen villages have not paid tribute for the last three or four years the Tengkeng fuyi about two months ago got together 500 men (Chinese, Black Lisu, Maru, and Lashi) and threatened to burn down the villages which refused to pay tribute. The Lashis on our side of the frontier got information of the fuyi's intentions from their friends and relations who live on the Chinese side, and some fifty or sixty of them, armed with guns and bows and arrows, awaited the approach of the fuyi and his following. A fight took place on the frontier and the Hpimaw men and their friends are said to have killed seven of the fuyi's men, and to have wounded a few more. The Hpimaw men had no casualties, but, as they were outnumbered, they retreated, and the fuyi and his men then sacked and burnt Upper Hpimaw.\n\n\"The fuyi is said to have stationed at the present time 300 men at Lower Hpimaw and 200 at the Lisu village of Hpawte. The detachment at Hpimaw is composed of transfrontier Chinese, Black Lisus, Marus, and Lashis, and the men are quartered in four or five Chinese houses which are built of sun-dried bricks. The men who are stationed at Hpawte are mostly from the Chinese side, but several Black Lisus who belong to Hpawte took part in the sacking and burning of Upper Hpimaw.\n\n\"No Chinese soldiers or men from the frontier levy are said to have been engaged, and the fuyi's followers are armed with cap-guns, flint-locks, and Kachin check guns.\"\n\nThe following information obtained from the messenger may also be of interest:\n\n\"There is a tree which grows on both banks of the Ngawchang Kha, the timber of which is much prized by the Chinese for making coffins. The Chingpaw name for the tree is 'shau hipun,' the Lashi name 'shau sik,' and the Chinese name 'sha mu.' The Tengkeng fuyi formerly levied a tax of 1 rupee to 1 rupee 8a. on every four planks extracted from the forests near Hpimaw, but during the last three years he has taken two planks out of every four in lieu of the money tax. Two well-to-do Chinese traders, named Chu Lauban, of Mingkuang, and Ton Sanye, of Kutung Pa, who deal largely in these planks, are said to have complained to the Chinese official at Yung-chang Fu about the Tengkeng fuyi's conduct. They were informed that Hpimaw was in the British sphere of influence, and were referred to the Tengyuch ting, who is said to have warned the Tengkeng fuyi to discontinue levying taxes, as Hpimaw was not in Chinese territory.\n\n\"Some three years ago a Yawyin (Black Lisu) discovered a couple of salt springs near two streams which flow into the Ngawchang Kha. He took samples from each spring to the Tengkeng fuyi, who boiled them down, and found that one produced excellent salt, while the other produced inferior stuff. The fuyi is said thereupon to have declared that both springs are in his jurisdiction, and to have prohibited their being worked without his permission.\n\n\"The writer of this letter is Ton Sanye, one of the Chinese traders referred to.”\n\nPage 559",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 52,
        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nOPIUM.\n\n[April 24 15574\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\nSECTION 1.\n\nRco 23 MAY 10,\n\n[14082]\n\n(No. 92.) Sir,\n\nNo. 1.\n\nMr. Max Müller to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received April 25.)\n\nPeking, March 31, 1910,\n\nWITH reference to Sir John Jordan's despatch No. 387 of the 21st October last enclosing my general report on the opium question in China, I have the honour to report that I have received the following information since that date from His Majesty's consular officers in the provinces, from which it seems clear that further progress has attended the continued efforts of the central Government to suppress the cultivation of opium in China, and if the same may not perhaps be said of the result of their attempts to reduce its consumption, that must be attributed to the immense difficulty of the task and to the great temptation which the rising value of the drug offers to venal minor officials to be lax in the application of regulations in places not under the immediate control of their official superiors.\n\nIn my report I dealt with the necessity of absolute prohibition as the only effective means of dealing with the cultivation problem, and demonstrated how orders for gradual reduction of the poppy-grown area proved too complicated for application in Szechuan. I now have the honour to transmit herewith copy of an interesting despatch from His Majesty's consul at Chungking which more than justifies my anticipations as to the probable result of the order for total prohibition in that province.\n\nIt will be remembered that, in his report of the 18th September last year, Mr Sly gives his view that total prohibition is not possible, but says that, in the opinion of a well-informed Chinese, ultimate success depends on the reduction of the area of cultivation by 70 or 80 per cent, this season and the prevention of subsequent relaxation.\n\nIt is eminently satisfactory to read in Mr. Smith's despatch that a prominent member of the Roman Catholic mission, who is in close touch with the agricultural population, estimates that the total area under opium cultivation does not exceed 20 per cent. of last season's area. Particulars from seventeen districts which include the largest opium-producing centres in eastern Szechuan show that in fifteen practically no opium is now grown.\n\nAt Foochow alone officials, gentry, and farmers seem to have combined to ignore all regulations and reap a final grand harvest from a sown area 50 per cent. larger than that of 1908-9. The only other district in Szechuan from which an unsatisfactory reply was received to Mr. Smith's enquiries is that of Fengtu, where one-tenth of the previous season's crop is reported to have been grown.\n\nBishop Bashford, who has just returned from an extended tour of the provinces of Kiangsi and Szechuan, says in an interview to the press that his investigations have convinced him of two things: 1st, that the Chinese Government is thoroughly in earnest in regard to the eradication of the opium habit; 2nd, that the Government is succeeding splendidly in its enlightened efforts to put a stop both to the habit and to the cultivation of the plant.\n\nHe states that according to the testimony of thirty missionaries at Chungking, cultivation has ceased throughout the province, and the fields have been replanted with rice and vegetables, while in Kiangsi he says there is absolutely no opium grown.\n\nBefore passing to reports from other provinces it may be added that it is quite remarkable that so great a change should have been effected with so little violent opposition in the economic conditions of a populous province formerly almost wholly dependent on the cultivation traffic of opium.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu reports that the new Governor-General Li-Ching-Hsi has disappointed the inhabitants of the province of Yunnan in not relaxing the stringent regulations of his predecessor against the cultivation of opium.\n\nThe new governor speedily dispelled any doubts as to his policy by depriving the magistrate of Ping-i of his office and button for habitual disregard of the regulations in October last and connivance at opium smuggling across the border from Kweichow.\n\nThe magistrate of Ch'iupei (some 90 miles south-west of Yunnan-fu) seized and burned 20,000 ounces of opium (about 60 cwts.) which had been smuggled in from Kweichow, and the owner committed suicide to escape further punishment.\n\nOn the 2nd November His Majesty's consul-general reports that no less than 17,379 pipes and 29,949 Chinese ounces (about 16 cwts. 37 lbs.) of opium were publicly burned outside the south gate of\n\n[2719 bb-1]\n\nB\n\n50\n\nPage 363\n\n...\n\nPage 363\n\n...\n\nPage 363",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 59,
        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "4\n\nThe price of opium has advanced to 500-700 cash per ounce, from about 300 cash. Besides the revenue from licences, which is used to defray running expenses of the kuan-kao chi, pork is taxed 1 or 2 cash extra per catty. In Jung-ch'ang an Lung-ch'ang coal is taxed 1 cash per catty. In several places tea shops are taxed 10 cash per table per day. Some places (in fact I should say a-half) do not have any tax added to rice or other eatables, though others are reported to be taxed. I understand that in Nei-chiang, the great sugar district, sugar is further taxed.\n\n\"I do not think that the former tax of 1,000 cash per den per month is fully made up even by these amounts, and it seems that the police system, which depended largely on this revenue, is in a rather weakened condition. I do not know of any tax being put upon the wealthy people or on business houses in general, where the burden should come.\n\nThe poor are greatly burdened, and disproportionately, of course, to the wealthy. I might add that the additional taxes, together with the census taking, have aroused some feeling in the north-east of Lung-ch'ang county, and also west of Tzechow. There are threats to abolish the li-kin office and the church.\"\n\nBefore noting the steps that have been taken to carry into effect the prohibition of poppy culture, a table may be given of the amounts, in \"liang\" (Chinese ounces), of prepared opium issued by the kuan-kao tsung-chü at Chengtu since the last report:\n\nHsuan-t'ung, 1st year-\n\n  \n    5th moon\n    12,851\n  \n  \n    6th moon\n    15,922\n  \n  \n    7th moon\n    17,381\n  \n  \n    8th moon\n    18,780\n  \n  \n    9th moon\n    26,115\n  \n  \n    10th moon\n    37,907\n  \n  \n    11th moon\n    15,294\n  \n  \n    12th moon\n    14,415\n  \n\nThe remarkable expansion in the 9th and 10th moons was due first to the triennial examinations for licentiates, next to the session of the deliberative assembly (provincial Parliament), and lastly to the shareholders meeting of the Chuan-Han Railway; three events which temporarily added largely to the population of the city.\n\nThe Enactments in Practice.\n\nMr. Langford Smith, who had been acting here pending my arrival, was good enough to draw up a series of questions which his experience suggested might be put to the missionaries who assisted my predecessors in preparing the fourteen reports that have, from first to last, issued from this consulate-general. I enclose a copy of the consequent circular, and will proceed to give a précis of the replies I have received.\n\nI preface it with a few notes extracted from the local Chinese newspapers by Mr. Toller.\n\nOn the 25th September the Governor-General directed the financial commissioner to select \"wei-yuan (special officers) to see whether opium is being sown.\n\nOn the 18th December other \"wei-yuan\" were sent by his Excellency in all directions.\n\nOn the 27th October poppy having been sown at Shih-pan Tan (some 16 miles north of Chengtu), the Huayang magistrate (one of the two Chengtu magistrates) personally saw it rooted up, and confiscated the land. He also issued a proclamation ordering any other poppy-fields to be cleared within five days, under penalty of confiscation.\n\nOn the 22nd November the same magistrate destroyed a poppy crop at Ta-mien P'u, bringing the culprits into Chengtu for punishment.\n\nOn the 26th November the poppy was found to have been sown at Lung-tang Ssu (some 6 miles north of this), but the headman persuaded the farmers to replace it with another crop.\n\nNovember 28-Opium shops forcibly closed in Chien-wei Hsien (Chiating prefecture). Cultivation prevented at Peng-ch'i Hsien (Tung-ch'uan prefecture).\n\nDecember 22.-Poppy said to be still grown in Ying-shan Hsien, and the drug to be still smoked at the licensed retailers (\"pi-fa tien\"). An opium inspector sent by the Governor-General has seized and destroyed a large quantity of raw opium and opium-pipes at Lung-ch'ang Hsien.\n\nDecember 27-A number of opium dens were discovered at Ping-shan Hsien, Tzu Chou, Tzu-yang Hsien, and Chien Chou; orders have been sent to suppress them.\n\n5\n\nAt Chien Chou the magistrate claims to have abolished altogether the cultivation, sale and consumption of opium. The Chengtu prefect has personally seized some opium-dens.\n\nDecember 28.-The local official at Shuang-liu Hsien has called a meeting of the local gentry, and collected funds for the establishment of an opium refuge in the town. All addicted to the drug are to be compelled to enter the refuge and undergo treatment.\n\nJanuary 3.-Dens are being clandestinely opened in Hochiang; peremptory orders have been sent to close them.\n\nFebruary 23.-The local official at Chien Chou has subscribed 300,000 cash (nearly 300 dollars, or 25l.) of his private money, and purchased with it a quantity of anti-opium medicines for free distribution. Great numbers of people have already broken off the habit.\n\nReports from Missionaries.\n\nUnless a date is mentioned, these reports are to be taken as describing the condition of things in the month of January 1910. Reports from missionaries in the Ch'uan-tung circuit-Eastern Szechuan-will be dealt with by His Majesty's acting consul at Chungking.\n\n1. Interdiction of the Poppy.\n\nNing-yuan, November 6.-Opium is growing freely through the great district of Yen-yuan Hsien, but not planted openly along the main roads of official travel. (This is confirmed by a later report, the 4th January.)\n\nKuang-yuan and Chaohua-Practically none; in both, the officials made personal inspection, and the little that was found was pulled up and the owners were punished.\n\nFushun.-Proclamation posted; no opium grown since 1907, thanks to the energy of the magistrate.\n\nPaoning-In one or two out-of-the-way places planting has been ventured, but the areas were small.\n\nChiating-Opium growing stopped entirely; in one case a farmer tried, but was fined 30,000 cash.\n\nTu Chou-In the districts under notice (Lu Chou, Chiang-an Hsien, Na-ch'i Hsien, Ho-chiang Hsien, Yun-ning Chou, Ku-ling) the order forbidding the sowing of opium has, as far as I can ascertain, been entirely carried out.\n\nTeh-yang, Mien-chu, Shih-fang, Han Chou, Chin-tang.-None planted this year in any of these.\n\nSui Fu.-Strictly carried out.\n\nPa Chou. In some remote places, e.g., Tsen-tzu Pa, in Nankiang Hsien, the poppy is still being secretly grown.\n\nJung Hsien. No opium planted this year.\n\nChung-Chiang Hsien. The order, in so far as I can learn, is being strictly enforced; some few who ventured to disobey were punished and the crop destroyed.\n\nSintu-In Shih-fang Hsien, Chin-tang Hsien, Sintu Hsien, and Hau Chou, I am positively assured that no opium is grown; in fact, the farmers dare not grow it. All informers are rewarded by half the property under opium cultivation, whilst the Government takes the other half. I am assured that this is not only the law, but that the law has been carried out; so that in spite of the great temptation the farmers dare not cultivate.\n\nSOWU.\n\nSan-t'ai Hsien, She-hung Hsien, Yenting Hsien.--Probably none sown.\n\nMien Chou-No opium planted this year.\n\nNgan Hsien.-I see no signs of poppy cultivation anywhere (4th March).\n\n2. Attitude of Farmers.\n\nKuang-yuan and Chaohua-Farmers are making the best of it, and sowing other crop; there are no public manifestations of discontent. Fushun.-No complaints are heard this year. Paoning-Seem quite satisfied.\n\nChiating. Make the best of it without complaint.\n\n[2719 66-3]\n\n-3]\n\nC\n\n57",
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        "page_number": 327,
        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "2\n\nan effective control across the watershed from the direction of the Salween, as the first step in which they authorised the Tengkeng Sawbwa to advance into the country and take vigorous measures to exact obedience, at the same time laying plans for a After some definite administrative effort before the close of the winter season. opposition the Sawbwa, with from 400 to 500 men, succeeded in reaching the group of Lashi villages lying nearest the frontier, Upper Pienma (Hpimaw) was burned, the submission of the four other villages was ensured, and representatives were left to enforce the payment of all outstanding tolls. In order to ascertain the facts of this raid and the actual conditions prevailing in this inaccessible territory I was instructed by His Majesty's Minister to proceed to Tengkeng on a tour of enquiry, and with this object I left my post at Tengyueh on the 7th April, 1910, accompanied by an escort of ten soldiers from the regular Chinese army which was considered necessary for my safety by the Taotai, as the route ran through the ill-reputed country of the Lisu tribesmen. It may be presumed that the Taotai had reported to the Viceroy at Yünnan-fu the representations which had been made through me regarding the raid, and his refusal to consider the request of the Government of Burmah for the punishment of Tengkeng and the payment of compensation to the villages; in notifying my departure he ventured the suggestion that, although my journey might have been planned merely for purposes of mahseer fishing, he had shrewd suspicions of ulterior motives, as the Salween Valley could scarcely be regarded as a pleasure resort at this season of the year.\n\nJourney through Mingkuang.-On leaving Tengyueh a series of long and narrow valleys, divided by steep and well-defined ranges, and watered by branches of the Taping and Shweli Rivers, run in a due northerly direction till they are blocked at their ends by the range, which strikes east from Manung Pum till it joins the main Irrawady-Salween Divide, and which itself forms the watershed between the N'Maikha and Shweli systems. After reaching Kutung Kai I advanced along the route through the Mingkuang Valley, which rises in a chain of cultivated and well-watered \"patzu\" or plains of gradually increasing altitude till it meets the cross range at its northern extremity. The consulate writer, who accompanied Mr. Litton in 1905, did not cease to exclaim at the progress made by the Chinese settlers since his previous journey; flourishing markets have sprung up along the route, every available acre is under cultivation, and there remain but a few miles to the extreme north where the original Lisu population retain possession of the land, and where grazing grounds are still available for the wandering herds of cattle, sheep, and ponies. The remaining four valleys to the north of Tengyueh are thickly populated and cultivated to the limit of the frontier line, but, although Mingkuang is advancing more slowly in agricultural development, it is undoubtedly the richest of the five belts, and the recent journeys of Mr. Coggin Brown of the Geological Survey of India prove that it is an intensely mineralised area, rich deposits of gold, silver, iron, and copper lying in close proximity to the frontier range, and in many places these are now being worked with Chinese labour and native methods. At the head of this valley one passes from the zone of bare, treeless hills and intense cultivation to a country in which the masses of limestone cliff rise from the pines and evergreens of forest-clad slopes, the foaming torrent of the Mingkuang stream winds a white course through the bracken, the calls of pheasant, sambur, and barking deer break the silence of the morning, and rhododendrons of rich red and white, briar roses, and pyrus japonica, gleam out with a wonderful brilliancy of colour from the grey mists that herald the coming rains, whilst in the forest clearings the ground is carpeted with a purple glow of dainty primulas and ground orchids, raising their heads above the tawny masses of last year's bracken. Even the Chinese were moved to wonder at the beauty of the land, and they twined garlands of flowers in the bridles and packs of the mules, or round the muzzles of their Mauser rifles, which have fallen sadly from their high estate since they were issued new and bright in the year of our Lord 1871.\n\nTa Chu Pa. The fifth day's march brought us to the end of the valley at Ta Chu Pa, where a scattered population of eighty Lisu families eke out a scanty subsistence, and five strongly stockaded Chinese houses form the head-quarters of a thriving trade in coffin planks, which are brought from the forests beyond the range. Here we halted for a day in the hope of getting some information regarding the recent raid, and Hsü Linhsiang, one of the Chinese timber merchants, informed me that he was in part responsible for the petition for assistance, reported in my despatch of the 24th February, but that he could add nothing to his original information as the Tengkeng Sawbwa had threatened to behead him, and that he was therefore banished from his home in the N'Maikha Valley. On the following day the son of the Pienma headman arrived at Ta Chu Pa, and sent a message that spies of Tongkeng and the Pao-shan magistrate were in the village, and had threatened his life if he had any dealings with me; during the night the Chinaman Hsü was kidnapped by these men, and hurried away to Yungchang-fu, and I realised that, as the Chinese had taken such precautions to block my enquiries in Ta Chu Pa, it would be of little use to proceed to Tengkeng. I decided therefore that my only hope of ascertaining the true facts of the case would be to make a forced march across the passes to Pienma, and see for myself what had actually happened. It appeared unwise to proceed into the unadministered territory with a Chinese escort, and in view of the fact that the expedition of 1905 had lost thirty mules on the first day's march, the road was proved impossible for a heavily equipped party. The escort was therefore dispatched in charge of all heavy baggage by the road running through Chinese territory to Tengkeng, and I managed to engage a number of Lisu porters to carry sufficient kit for a week for myself and my personal servants; there was little enthusiasm for the journey, and it was difficult to decide who felt the more aggrieved, the escort who were \"being deserted,\" and left to face the terrors of the road alone, or the men who were to penetrate the \"inner land,\" relying on the protection of a shot-gun, and an assortment of various medicines, the latter of which I have found an unfailing passport to the affections of the frontier tribesmen, the application of salts and embrocations ensuring perennial mental gratification even if their virtues were somewhat misapplied for purposes of physical relief.\n\n3\n\nJourney to Pienma.-On the seventh day we commenced the ascent of the range, the track lying through miles of tangled bamboo brake and dense forest jungle, through which an advance guard of Lashi Kachins hewed a way with their dhas, whilst the ponies struggled and slipped on the steep mountain paths, scrambling over the trunks of great fallen trees, and wading through the rocky torrents. This track is regularly used for a few months of the year by Lisu and Lashi porters, carrying coffin planks from Kangfang down to Mingkuang, but their path was scarcely discernible in the jungle, and the heavy rains which had fallen for several weeks had made of the low-lying portions a hopeless morass. After a long climb we reached the Pass of Ten Shui-ling, and here I was somewhat surprised to find that the tribesmen had a very clear and definite idea of the principle of the frontier. Pointing to the two streams which trickled in opposite directions down the mountain sides they explained that the parting formed the border line between Great Britain and China, and gave me such an insight into the practical meaning of a Divide, as would have proved a liberal education to those distinguished officers of the Chinese Government who in 1904 committed themselves to the statement that in this district the watershed lay at the foot of the mountains. Then with a certain courtesy that went to the heart of the situation, the Lisus handed me over to the Lashis as their guest, and we continued our journey down into the valley of the Ngawchang Kha (known by the Chinese as the Hsiao Chiang). On arrival at the first camp the weather broke, and for five days and nights the rain poured down in ceaseless torrents. The little single-fly tents could not resist the storm, clothes and bedding were sodden, the weight of the porters' loads was greatly increased, and the poor fellows spent their nights in the open, with no protection from the wet ground, or from the beating rain, save a layer of palm fibre. After seeing the hard lives that these tribesmen lead, and the triumph of the elements in their mountain homes, one wonders little at the animism forming the basis of all their faith, or at the fact that the rain and thunder, the lightning, the wind, the forest, and the mountains are all held by demons of malice, whose wrath can only be appeased by offerings and sacrifice. On one day we were obliged to march from dawn till dark without a halt for rest or food, as we found no clearing in the jungle, and the country was reported by the natives to be full of poisonous herbs which the ponies would eat if they halted, with fatal results, and it was therefore with intense relief that we at last saw the Pienma villages on a distant hillside, and felt that the worst of the journey was past. For one brief moment a glimpse of a magnificent snowy range to the north-west marked the division of the Lashi country from that of the Wild Marus, and shortly afterwards we were met by a number of headmen and villagers from Pienma (Hpimaw), who had come out in spite of the storm to offer a welcome.\n\nThe headmen had heard of my approach and evidently believed that Litton had come back, for they said they had waited five years for my return, and there was evident disappointment when they found that there was no army of occupation at my back. They poured forth their grievances at once, however, stating that there were twenty Chinese soldiers in Pienma, that two deputies of the Yungchang prefect were ...\n\n324",
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        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "bought across the Maru range at one ounce for three ounces of silver. There is one point of considerable interest in connection with these mineral deposits. In the autumn of last year the Chinese trader Li Lao-pan applied for and obtained through the Tengyuch Taotai a written permit to work the silver and salt of the Pienma district. He proposed to bring over men from the Mingkuang mines, but the excitement following the raid was so great that none dared to enter the country, and it is not improbable that the information supplied to the Taotai on this occasion may have proved an added incentive to the Chinese in their resolve to make a final bid for the possession of the unadministered territory.\n\nThe Chinese Li Fo-ming. It may be of interest to give some account of the Chinese trader Li Fa-ming or Li Lao-pan (known by the tribesmen as Li San-pao), who might be one of our necessary acquisitions should the Government of Burmah decide to undertake the immediate administration of this territory. He speaks Kachin and Maru, and evidently carries on a thriving trade throughout these districts, where he has considerable influence with the people, who travel little beyond their homes and depend on him for the news and the products of the outside world. He brings into the country Chinese cotton-cloth, opium, beads, buttons, needles and oxen, and sends out gold, musk, bears'-galls, huang-lien (a drug), beeswax, and coffin planks. He was very anxious that I should expel Tengkeng's tax-collectors from Kang-fang, visit the twenty-six villages, and appoint headmen both in them and in the Pienma group. He also urged me to go with him on a journey of three days to the country of the wild Maru, where he assured me of a warm welcome. I did not, however, feel justified in accepting any of these offers. He reports thirteen salt springs at O-mi-o-tze, in the Maru country, and evidently has great faith in the potentialities of that land. He was of great assistance to me on my journey, and, although I have no doubt that he manages to keep well with the Chinese authorities, I think he might prove useful, as he is one of the many Yunnanese traders who know Burmah well, and who welcome British rule with its open roads, its security for property, and encouragement of trade. He did not hesitate to press for a ratification of the mines concession granted by the Taotai, but I explained that I could offer him no assistance in this direction, and that I was merely on a tour of enquiry.\n\nJourney to Tengkeng. On the 18th April the weather showed signs of clearing, and we said good-bye to Pienma, whilst the whole population turned out to speed us on our way and to urge an early and a permanent return. The top of the pass (10,500 feet) was covered with whirling mist-wreaths, and at intervals could be seen miles of snow-peaks stretching far away in a long unbroken line, as the great mass of the Irrawady-Salween watershed vanished into the white clouds towards the north. All round the pass were masses of primulas, great blooms of a brilliant azure blue, and to the east the Valley of the Ku-tan Ho ran steeply down in sunshine to Tengkeng and the Salween, backed by the great range dividing it from the Mekong, which is almost as perfect and symmetrical as the peaks on its western bank. Along the track were gangs of men \"making a road for the Paoshan magistrate,\" and at the little homestead where we stayed the night an intimation had been received that supplies would be required in the course of the next few days. On arrival at Tengkeng the magistrate appeared in person, a heavy, genial officer, who leapt into the midst of affairs without introduction or warning. He had been sent by the Yungchang Prefect, his superior, to look after his subordinate Tengkeng; the Prefect feared I should require information which the Sawbwa could scarcely be trusted to give; it was very hard on a man of his weight this journey into the Salween Valley at this season of the year, and his chair-bearers had given out already; he was leaving for Pienma at once, but suggested that I should stay a few days and rest; did I need any information? He unfortunately recovered his breath before I had time to speak, and I left him the next day, having only been able to tell him that he would be ill-advised to cross the range at the present juncture; that the question of the frontier in this district was under the consideration of our two Governments; that I was telegraphing to Yunnan-fu to the effect that I had requested him to await further orders before proceeding, and that, if he persisted in crossing without further instructions, he might embarrass his Government. With some reluctance he promised to communicate with the Yungchang Prefect, who was believed to be awaiting my return in Tengyuel, and he undertook to delay his departure until a reply had been received, explanations and ejaculations being shouted at me across the hills long after they had ceased to be intelligible. A secretary who accompanied this active officer informed my writer that the magistrate had been instructed to hurry up to Pienma to establish a school and to appoint headmen, and that there had been great trouble about the destruction of the frontier pillar in Lungchuan, but that the Viceroy had telegraphed from Yunnan-fu that he had received assurances that the Government of Burmah did not propose to make an incident of the matter, and that the magistrate had been ordered to leave the next day; the Viceroy's message had concluded with an injunction to lay aside all fear of the foreigner. This information was almost as breathless and inarticulate as the magistrate himself, but it appears to throw some light on the fact that the Tengkeng raid and the activity of the Prefect in regard to the southern frontier are all part of one scheme resulting from a sudden access of frontier activity; that the action of the Prefect in destroying the pillar (reported in my despatch of the 15th February) caused a certain disquiet lest it had carried things too far, but that some assurance had been received which had allayed their uneasiness, and on the strength of which they were losing no time in laying the foundations of administrative control beyond the disputed line of the north-eastern frontier. At the same time, it confirms the reports which reach me on all sides that the destruction of the Lungchuan pillar was regarded by the Chinese as a matter of considerable importance, and that they anticipated a rebuff from the Government of Burmah with some anxiety.\n\nFrontier Chiefs. The Tengkeng Chief (Sawbwa, Fu-yi or Tussu) called to see me in company with his superintending officer, but he was so much overwhelmed by the presence of the magistrate that he was unable to speak, except to mention that he was Chinese by descent, and of the name of Tuan. He is a slight, nervous-looking lad of about 20, and by no means the blustering desperado I had expected to find, locally known as a fool, and there seems little doubt that in the matter of the raid he was merely a tool of the Paoshan magistrate and his energetic superior, the Prefect Peng. Five chiefs of the same Tuan family hold the neighbouring Lisu posts, and none of them appear to have the personality or power to band men together on their own initiative, though they form a powerful combination, and could doubtless raise a considerable force and prove very troublesome if once convinced of the backing of the Chinese officials, of whom they have a wholesome dread. The last I saw of the neighbouring Sawbwa Tuan of Lao-wo was a crouching, sobbing figure in the consulate gatehouse, clad in a highly-decorated Japanese uniform and a pair of ladies' brown boots, who had been \"beaten to death\" by Colonel Chiang for daring to claim a tiny share in the credit of avenging last year's German murder. The two Mingkuang Sawbwaships from whose districts came the opposition to Mr. Hertz's column in 1900 are now represented by very feeble rulers, and I think that little trouble need be feared from their direction, as the Chinese have ousted or absorbed the Lisu population in their districts, and their titles are little but a name. The advance of the Chinese farmers northwards along the Salween has also had serious effects for the Sawbwa of Tengkeng, who is obliged to walk warily in taxing the pure Chinese, lest he be called to book in the magistrate's yamen; his poppy cultivation has also been stopped—meaning a loss of from 16 to 20 ounces of opium from each house—and his total annual income on the Chinese side of the frontier is believed to have been reduced to about 2,000 rupees, a fact which is well borne out by the poverty and squalor of his capital and his yamen, qualities in which those of his neighbours enter into active competition. With the reduction of their revenues they are year by year less able to meet the demands of the magistrate for his annual perquisites, and there is no doubt that the chiefs have felt tentatively, and the magistrate has indicated actively the necessity for some new resources if they are to retain their posts.\n\nThe Salween Valley. On learning of the object of the Paoshan magistrate's proposed visit to Pienma, I was much tempted to return across the pass and await there an assurance from His Majesty's Consul-General at Yunnan-fu that the magistrate would be deterred from crossing, as it appeared important that he should be prevented from taking any steps towards the administrative control of the country at the present juncture. I felt unable to do this, however, as my little party had been severely tried by the hardships of the journey, and a return of the rains would possibly have delayed my return to my post for an indefinite period, a risk which appeared inadvisable at the present time. I therefore took the road by the banks of the river, which reaches Tengyuch in seven marches after leaving Tengkeng. The weather was fortunately bright and clear during the march along the Salween, which was in its full glory of early summer, and, although intensely hot, a pleasant change after the hard journey in the mountains. The river still ran green and clear, flecked with foam as it formed in eddying rapids or rushed over its hidden rocks. On either side rose the forest-clad mountains, their luxuriant tropical green sprinkled with brilliant flowering shrubs and trees, whilst the whole was crowned by the snow-clad peaks stretching up to the...\n\n[2788 d-2]\n\nD\n\n326",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 331,
        "title": "CO129-372 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "10\n\nIn addition to above claims, village is absolutely stripped, all live-stock and movable property having been looted by raiders—\n\nGeneral village claim\n\nUpper Pienma\n\nLower Pienma--\n\nTaels.\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n300\n\n680\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n20853\n\nRECA [June 8 JUL 10,\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n328\n\nThirty houses, about 2 miles from Upper Village. Headmen, Tung Mo-pa and Tung Chung-yueh. People kotowed to Tengkeng after defeat of upper village. No houses burned, Tengkeng and all his levies stayed for four days. Claim for provisions lumped with that of village of Wang Kai-ho.\n\nWang Kai-ho-\n\nTwenty-four houses. Headmen, Tung Sao-chiang and Tung Chung-ti. Tung Sao-chiang has a feud. His father was murdered by Tengkeng after expedition of 1905. Told him I could not enquire,\n\nU-tung-\n\nThirty houses, Headmen, Yang Chung-yueh and Yang Chung-kuan. Whole village has been out for a month collecting huang-lien, and therefore did not appear. Tengkeng stayed one day, and headmen of other five villages estimate claim at.. This village important, as silver and salt lie within 3 or 4 miles on either side.\n\nPa Ti-ho-\n\n100 houses in group. Headmen, Tsao Pai-shou (a Lisu) and Fu Chung-yi. Tengkeng stayed four days. Claim 147\n\nKu Lan-chai-\n\nThirty houses. Headmen, Miao Chang-an and Pi Chung-li. Tengkeng stayed six days. Claim 35\n\nClaims for provisions and looting\n\n292\n\nHouse-tax-\n\nActually collected for 241 houses\n\n271\n\nChinese headman and policemen left to collect balance demanded, but villages depleted by raid and unable to raise more.\n\nList of Claims.\n\nUpper Pienma, destruction of property, &c.\n\nTaels. 680\n\nLower Pienma and Wang Kai-ho, supplies\n\nPa Ti-ho\n\nKu Lan-chai\n\nU-tung\n\nHouse-tax already collected\n\nDeduct customary house-tax, as in 1905\n\nClaim against Tengkeng..\n\nSay, 2,500 rupees.\n\nEnclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nNo. 1.\n\nIndia Office to Foreign Office.~(Received June 17.)\n\nIndia Office, June 16, 1910.\n\nWITH reference to your letter dated the 10th June, 1910, forwarding a report by His Majesty's acting consul at Tengyueh on his recent visit to Pienma in connection with Chinese aggression in the Ngawchang Valley, I am directed to inform you that Viscount Morley concurs in the proposal of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to consult His Majesty's Minister at Peking as to the advisability of making immediate representations to the Chinese Government, urging the withdrawal of all Chinese officials and troops to the east side of the watershed. Lord Morley also concurs in Sir E. Grey's proposal to authorise Mr. Max Müller to warn the Chinese Government that it may be found necessary to dispatch an expedition to the frontier on the lines recommended by the Burmah Government, should he consider such an intimation likely to be effectual.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nR. RITCHIE.\n\n  \n    147\n    40\n    35\n    70\n  \n  \n    [2788 r-1]\n    972\n    271\n    1,243\n  \n  \n    25\n    1.218\n    \n    \n  \n\nTwenty-six Villages of the Hsiao-Chiang Group.\n\n1. Kuan-chai, the largest of the villages, west bank of river.\n\n2. Shang-lou.\n\n3. Hsi-chiang.\n\n4. Mao-chia.\n\n5. Tu-mo. The principal headmen live in these first five villages.\n\n6. Chi-kaw.\n\n7. Chih-chueh.\n\n8. Tang-laug.\n\n9. To-yueh.\n\n10. Pa-niang.\n\n11. Lao-mao.\n\n12. Tang-la.\n\n13. Mang-pai\n\n14. La-chun.\n\n15. Tzu-chu Ti (Lagwe).\n\n16. Pai-lai Ho (Hpare).\n\n17. Ta-ka.\n\n18. Chih-pen.\n\n19. O-chang.\n\n20. Chiu Ko-tang (Lisu).\n\n21. Tun-tuang.\n\n22. Lang-yang. With the exception of 1 and 5 the above are all on the east bank of river.\n\n23. Kau-kun.\n\n24. Lung-pang.\n\n25. Mao-wu.\n\n26. Yin-lang.",
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    {
        "id": 429503,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 240,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[September 19.]\n\nSECTION 3.\n\n239\n\n[33919]\n\n(No. 260.) Sir,\n\nNo. 1.\n\nMr. Max Müller to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received September 19.)\n\nPeking, August 2, 1910.\n\nWITH reference to Sir John Jordan's despatches Nos. 323 and 475 of the 8th September and 20th December of last year, I have the honour to forward herewith copy of a report by His Majesty's consul at Harbin on the Chientao and Hunchun districts.\n\nThe region in question was ceded to China by the Sino-Japanese convention of the 4th September last, but it appears that the Japanese have not ceased to take an active interest in the country, and Mr. Sly in his report calls attention to the increasing number of Coreans who are settling in the open marts, and to the belief that this influx of settlers is being encouraged by the Japanese Government with a view to having a ground for interference should an opportunity occur.\n\nI have sent copies of this despatch and enclosure to His Majesty's Ambassador at Tokyo.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(In the absence of His Majesty's chargé d'affaires), ERNEST SCOTT.\n\nEnclosure in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul Sly to Mr. Max Müller.\n\n(No. 19. Confidential.) Sir,\n\nHarbin, July 24, 1910.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report to you concerning affairs in the Chientao and Hunchun districts. The information has been supplied to me by gentlemen who are personally acquainted with the localities, and, though probably not free from inaccuracy in every respect, should be substantially correct. Reliable maps of the country are at present not obtainable; but I hope to be able to check the particulars given me in regard to the position of the various places mentioned.\n\nAs stated in my despatch No. 11 of the 11th May last on the subject of the formation of a Russo-Japanese society at Harbin, Japanese consular representatives have been sent to each of the four open ports, namely, a vice-consul to Chu Tzu Chieh or Yen Chi Kang, Tou Tao Kou, and Pai Ts'ao Kou, and a consul-general to Long Ching Ts'un or Liu Tao Kou. A vice-consul was also installed last month at Hunchun.\n\nThe Japanese on the spot openly tell the Chinese that the Chientao question, despite previous agreements, is not yet settled, and have in Lung Ching Tsun or Liu Tao Kou, where there are some seventy Japanese gendarmes, given offence to the Chinese by affixing Japanese names and numbers to streets and houses.\n\nA deputy commissioner of the Imperial Maritime Customs resides at Hunchun, and the Yen Chi branch office is, as notified to you by the Wai-wu Pu in their note of the 16th December last, established at Lung Ching Tsun, which is about 40 li to the south of Yen Chi itself. Yen Chi luxuriates in some nine different names, and is variously called Yen Chi Kang, Yen Chi Fu, Yen Chi Ting, Chu Tzu Chieh, &c. It is now a \"fu\" or prefectural city. Pai Ts'ao Kou is roughly 120 li north of Yen Chi Kang, and is distant about 240 li from Hunchun; the same distance, approximately, separates the latter place from Yen Chi Kang; while Tou Tao Kou lies about 40 li to the west of Lung Ching Ts'un. Both the Tiumen and Hung Chi Rivers are unnavigable for ordinary craft, but small dug-outs ascend the former from Shih Pa Ta Ti, to which point goods are brought overland from Ungi, a new port on the Corean coast, which has a small harbour favoured with deep water and is visited by nine Japanese steamers a month. The construction of a light railway from Ungi to Shih Pa Ta Ti has been authorised by the Japanese authorities. The venture is a\n\n[288 1-3]\n\nPage 240\n\nPage 241",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 299,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "2\n\nI wished to inform you that I had made a verbal promise to Yen Taotai of Changchun, in the presence of Mr. Willis, that if certain other business which we contemplated in Manchuria was successfully secured by us, we should take no further action against him or any one else for recovery of losses sustained by us owing to non-fulfilment of bean contracts made with the Produce Mart, particulars of which are already before you.\n\nAs regards the contracts, Yen insists that all responsibility rests with Mr. Baldwin and the Syndicate, of which Mr. Bassé, Dr. Watt, and a Captain Tsou, are members.\n\nAlthough we can hardly believe this to be the case, I have thought it advisable to-day to instruct Messrs. Kent and Mounsey to institute legal proceedings against Baldwin, chiefly with the object of ascertaining by whose authority he was permitted to act in Changchun as foreign representative of the Produce Mart, and to sign preliminary contracts with us on behalf of same.\n\nI would ask you, therefore, in the meantime, to take no further action in the matter with the Wai-wu Pu, unless, of course, they themselves approach you with assurances of a satisfactory settlement.\n\nThe other business referred to consists of the granting of concessions to a syndicate to be formed by us, to work jointly with the Chinese, the coal mines at Foong-mi-shan and Ho-shi-ling; both these mines are in the province of Kirin, the former situated on a lake north of the Chinese Eastern Railway and west of the Ussuri Railway, and the latter near Changchun on the new railway to Kirin.\n\nI understand from the Chinese that neither Russian nor Japanese rights would in any way be infringed by the granting of these concessions, and I would be glad if you would kindly let us know your views on this subject.\n\nYen has invited me to call on the Governor of Kirin, to make formal application for the concessions, and this I propose to do as early as I conveniently can, probably in a fortnight's time, and we would deem it a great favour if you could arrange for someone in the consular service to accompany me. If so, I would fix a date, say, to leave Changchun on the 21st instant for Kirin.\n\nThe form of the concession is, of course, a matter for much negotiation, but it has been suggested that we might hold same in somewhat similar conditions to those under which the Germans work the Ching Ching coal mines at Ching Ting Fu, near the Peking-Hankow Railway.\n\nWe have agreed with Yen, that as far as the Chinese are concerned, should these concessions be granted, they are in no way to be considered as having any relation whatever to the bean contracts, the two transactions being entirely distinct. We must inform you, however, that if our engineer's report is satisfactory, and the working of the mines is secured to us, either jointly with the Chinese, or under our entire control, through the Wai-wu Pu, we should at once withdraw our claim against Yen for the bean contracts.-(Yeedah and Co.)\n\nI regret to inform you that we have received no reply from the Governor of Chekiang re proposal of arbitration.\n\nI leave for Shanghai to-night, and will ask Mr. Savage to endeavour to get an immediate and definite reply from him.\n\nDOUGLAS MCGREGOR.\n\nChing Ching Coal Mines.-Will you kindly let us know whether you can obtain for us a copy of the Germans' agreement, for the working of these mines.\n\n3\n\nAs regards the concessions which it is proposed to obtain from the Chinese Government for working the coal mines at Foong-mi-shan and Ho-shi-ling, Mr. Max Muller regrets that he is unable to express an opinion as to whether such concessions would constitute an infringement of Russian or Japanese rights without first enquiring of the Russian and Japanese Ministers, and this step he is averse to taking in your own interests. Personally he would be inclined to recommend you not to make any preliminary enquiry from Russian or Japanese officials since the Chinese authorities must be presumed to know to what extent they are at liberty to grant mining concessions in the region mentioned.\n\nMr. Max Müller regrets that none of His Majesty's consular officers is available to accompany you to Kirin for the purpose you mention. The terms of your concessions must, in this preliminary stage, be a matter for negotiation between your firm and the Chinese authorities, and Mr. Max Müller cannot but think it is in your power to obtain a copy of the German agreement for the working of the Ching Ching coal mines.\n\nI am, &c.\n\nE. S. SCOTT.\n\nSir,\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nMr. Scott to Mr. McGregor.\n\nPeking, July 7, 1910.\n\nI AM directed by His Majesty's chargé d'affaires to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant.\n\nMr. Max Müller has taken due note of the verbal promise you have made to Yen Taotai of Changchun, that if certain other business in Manchuria is secured by your firm, you will take no further action against him or anyone else for the recovery of the losses sustained by you in the matter of the bean contracts.\n\nIn accordance with your request he will therefore abstain from initiating any further steps with the Wai-wu Pu.\n\n298",
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        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "## Suppression of Poppy Cultivation in Shansi Province\n\n5. With regard to the action taken by me during the last two years towards the suppression of poppy cultivation in my province, I first received suggestions from officials and gentry in consultation as to methods advisable to be adopted. Most of these suggestions advocated the prohibition of planting and further advocated the limitation of import. Regulations as to these matters were made, and a memorial sent up to the Throne, which received the Imperial sanction. I sent out commissioners from T'ai-yüan Fu to the various districts, and ordered them with the district officials personally to visit all villages and strongly exhort and persuade the villagers. The provincial council also deputed members of the gentry with members of the local gentry, members of local educational bodies, schools, and bureaux for the establishment of local government, to go to different districts and assist in exhorting and guiding the people to accept quietly the new order. In this way my ideas were easily brought before the people, with the result that there was obedience and no resistance,\n\n\"In conclusion, I beg to state that in order to further answer your enquiries, I have prepared a copy of my original memorial with regard to the results of the prohibition of opium, and compiled a table as to the amount of land that was under opium culture, with a return of the opium actually produced.\n\n\"I have the honour to submit this reply to your communication.\"\n\n**Note-Explanatory of table of statistics:**\n\n\"I found that the number of acres reported to be under opium in the 30th year of Kuang Hsu was given as 700,000 mou, but in reality it was more than this, so in the table of statistics I have added 40 per cent. to each number.\n\nThe number of acres for the 34th year was reported direct to myself. The amount of opium produced is estimated at 40 ounces per mou. amount appearing in the table is slightly incorrect, please take note.\"\n\n### Table of Statistics on Opium Cultivation\n\n| Name of District | Number of Acres (Chinese) under Opium during 30th year of Kuang Hsu (1904) | Number of Ounces of Opium produced in 30th year of Kuang Hsu, calculated at 40 oz. per acre | Number of Acres (Chinese) under Opium in 34th year of Kuang Hsu (1908) | Number of Ounces of Opium produced in 34th year of Kuang Hsu |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Yang-ch'u Hsien | 16,758.117 | 670,324.680 | 3,014.075 | 120,568.00 |\n| Tai-yüan Hsien | 8,731.944 | 349,277.760 | 1,848.290 | 73,931.60 |\n| Yu-tzu Hsien | 9,943.648 | 397,745.920 | 8,614.052 | 344,562.08 |\n| K'o-lan Chou | ... | ... | ... | 686,234.20 |\n| Lan Hsien | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| Using Usion | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| Fen-yang Hsien | ... | 1,517,124 | ... | ... |\n| Ping-yao Hsien | ... | 60,684.06 | ... | ... |\n| Hsiao- Hsien | 6,909.198 | 276,887.930 | 2,624.470 | 104,978.80 |\n| Tai-ku Hsien | 7,806.039 | 312,241.580 | 2,388.942 | 95,537.68 |\n| Chiao-ch'eng Hsien | 33,511.067 | 1,340,422.680 | 23,788.090 | 951,523.60 |\n| Hsi-kou Hsien | 8,762.296 | 350,711.810 | ... | ... |\n| Wen-shui Hsien | 34,061.161 | 1,362,446.468 | 17,155.855 | 686,234.20 |\n| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| Wu-hsiang Hsien | 10,877.806 | 435,112.840 | 2,750.800 | 110,012.00 |\n| Ping-ting Chou | 960.820 | 38,432.800 | 152.450 | 6,098.00 |\n| Yu Hsien | 3,375.050 | 135,002.000 | 227.400 | 9,096.00 |\n| Shou-yang Hsien | 2,272.298 | 90,891.920 | ... | 31,192.00 |\n| Ta-tung Hsien | 18,772.040 | 750,881.600 | ... | 128,212.00 |\n| Huan-jen Hsien | 4,276.160 | 171,046.400 | 6,298.550 | 251,312.00 |\n| Hung-yüan Chou | 19,253.702 | 770,887.089 | 1,826.900 | 73,076.00 |\n| Ying Chou | 7,988.980 | 319,559.200 | ... | 101,003.200 |\n| Shan-yin Hsien | 2,547.580 | 101,903.200 | 779.800 | 31,192.00 |\n| Yang-kao Hsien | 980.140 | 39,205.600 | 101.480 | 4,059.20 |\n| Tien-chen Hsien | 2,524.732 | 100,989.280 | 2,555.980 | 102,239.20 |\n| Ling-ch'iu Hsien | 4,577.720 | 183,108.800 | ... | ... |\n| Yu-tz'u Hsien | 3,903.998 | 156,159.920 | ... | ... |\n| So-hsien | 3,193.000 | 127,720.000 | 1,137.240 | 45,489.60 |\n| Tso-yüeh Hsien | 5,144.692 | 205,787.680 | 8,970.093 | 358,803.72 |\n| Ping-lu Hsien | 524.440 | 20,977.000 | 13,592.890 | 543,715.60 |\n| Ning-wu Hsien | 4,209.100 | 168,364.000 | 2,314.380 | 92,583.20 |\n| Pien-kuan Hsien | 247.958 | 9,913.320 | ... | ... |\n| Shen-ch'ih Hsien | 2,244.060 | 89,762.400 | 1,204.392 | 48,175.68 |\n| Wu-t'ai Hsien | 7,031.866 | 281,274.640 | ... | ... |\n| Hsin Chou | 14,382.926 | 575,317.040 | 3,659.860 | 146,394.40 |\n| Ting-hsiang Hsien | 5,838.300 | 233,532.000 | 12,276.160 | 491,046.40 |\n| Ching-le Hsien | 21,109.620 | 844,384.800 | 5,564.219 | 222,568.76 |\n| Tai Hsien | 36,891.050 | 1,475,642.000 | 5,682.558 | 227,303.12 |\n| Kuo Ts'uen | ... | ... | 667.000 | 26,680.00 |\n| F'u-shan Hsien | ... | ... | 5,417.400 | 216,696.00 |\n| Pa-te Hsien | 18,262.661 | 730,506.560 | 9,057.960 | 362,318.40 |\n| Ho-ch'ih Hsien | 12,013.022 | 480,566.880 | 9,673.160 | 386,926.40 |\n| Lin-fen Hsien | 18,002.360 | 720,089.440 | 917.600 | 36,704.00 |\n| Kuang-ling Hsien | 1,896.220 | 75,848.800 | 1,901.860 | 76,074.40 |\n| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| Hung-tung Hsien | 26,618.800 | 1,064,752.000 | ... | ... |\n| Fu-shan Hsien | ... | ... | 2,127.810 | 85,112.40 |\n| Yu-yang Hsien | ... | ... | 4,467.700 | 178,708.00 |\n| Chu-wu Hsien | 30,109.800 | 1,204,392.000 | 15,876.810 | 635,072.10 |\n| Yi-ch'eng Hsien | 282.680 | 11,307.200 | ... | ... |\n| Tai-p'ing Hsien | 12,151.874 | 486,074.960 | ... | ... |\n| Hsiang-ling Hsien | 8,575.530 | 343,021.200 | 1,540.060 | 61,602.40 |\n| Fen-hsi Hsien | 9,221.930 | 368,877.200 | 2,529.850 | 101,194.00 |\n| Hsiang-ning Hsien | 22,452.290 | 897,891.600 | 1,471.080 | 58,843.20 |\n| Ho Chou | 34,686.400 | 1,387,456.000 | ... | 62,820.00 |\n| Yang-ch'i Hsien | 12,317.800 | 492,712.000 | 1,570.500 | 62,820.00 |\n| Gin-ch'in Hsien | 7,854.280 | 314,171.200 | 4,191.610 | 167,664.40 |\n| Yu-hsiang Hsien | 638.800 | 25,552.000 | 664.800 | 26,592.00 |\n| Jung-ho Hsien | 2,802.820 | 112,112.800 | ... | 171,664.40 |\n| Wan-ch'üan Hsien | 462.000 | 18,480.000 | ... | 26,492.00 |\n| Yi-shih Hsien | 23,857.884 | 954,315.360 | 83,112.40 | ... |\n| Yuan-ch'ü Hsien | 19,911.318 | 796,452.720 | 178,708.00 | ... |\n| Wen-hsi Hsien | 12,845.812 | 513,832.480 | 951.900 | 38,076.00 |\n| Chiang Hsien | 9,192.260 | 367,690.400 | 2,216.400 | 88,656.00 |\n| Chi-shan Hsien | ... | ... | 174.100 | 6,964.00 |\n| Ho-ch'ing Hsien | ... | ... | 315.200 | 12,608.00 |\n| An-i Hsien | ... | ... | 6,488.00 | 259,520.00 |\n| Hsia Hsien | ... | ... | 9,239.380 | 369,575.20 |\n| Ping-lu Hsien | 492,087.200 | ... | 14,630.860 | 585,234.40 |\n| Jui-ch'eng Hsien | 814,171.200 | ... | 5,699.010 | 227,960.40 |\n| Ho Chou | 25,592.000 | ... | 4,470.230 | 178,809.20 |\n| Chao-ch'eng Hsien | 115,712.800 | ... | 7,837.920 | 313,516.80 |\n| Ling-shih Hsien | 18,450.000 | ... | 9,344.699 | 373,787.96 |\n| Hsi Chou | 953,515.60 | ... | 1,390.260 | 55,610.40 |\n| Ta-ning Hsien | 796,452.720 | ... | 137.400 | 5,496.00 |\n| Yung-ho Hsien | 518,832.480 | ... | ... | ... |\n| Kuei-hua Ting | 367,693.400 | ... | ... | ... |\n| Sa-la-ch'i Ting | 425,650.400 | ... | ... | ... |\n| Feng Chen Ting | 10,641.260 | 425,650.400 | ... | ... |\n| Ho-lin Ting | 9,772.756 | 390,910.240 | ... | ... |\n| To-ke Ting | 2,443.084 | 97,723.860 | ... | ... |\n| Ch'ing-shui-ho Ting | ... | ... | ... | ... |\n| Sui-yüan Ting | ... | ... | ... | ... |",
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        "id": 429642,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 379,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "Name of District.\n\nHsing-he Ting Wa-yuan Ting Wu-ch'uan Ting\n\nTao-ling Ting..\n\nTing-sheng Ting\n\nChiang Chou\n\nChieh Chou\n\nNumber of Acres (Chinese) under Opium during 30th year of Kuang Hsu (1904).\n\n8\n\nNumber of Ounces of Opium produced in 30th year of Kuang Hsü, calculated at 40 oz. per acre.\n\nNumber of Acres (Chinese) under Opium in 34th year of Kuang Hsü (1908)\n\n1,550-380\n\n4.839·870\n\n4.415-950 221-424\n\n11,806-352\n\n193,594 800\n\n176,638-000 8,856.960\n\n472,294 -080\n\n15,005.600 2,348.790 115 540\n\n2,857 185\n\nTotal number of acres under opium in Shansi during 30th year of Kuang Hsu\n\nTotal number of ounces of opium produced in Shansi during 30th year of Kuang Hsi\n\n·\n\nTotal number of acres under opium in Shansi during 34th year of Kuang Hsu\n\nTotal number of ounces of opium produced in Shansi during 34th year of Kuang Hsu\n\nIn the first year of Hsuan Tung no opium grown at all.”\n\nNumber of Ounces of Opium produced in 34th year of Kuang Hsu.\n\n62,015-20 600.224.00 98,951-60 4,621 69\n\n114,287.40\n\n994,420-454 acres (Chinese).\n\n39,776,818 166 ounces \"\n\n351,008 579 acres\n\n14,052,143-160 ounces +1\n\nIt would appear, however, that the Chinese Government are not satisfied that suppression in Shansi is complete, for the following Imperial edict was issued on the 27th September -\n\n\"In the work of opium suppression it is more important to prevent the consumption of the drug than to prevent its cultivation. But the various Viceroys and governors of provinces, scheming to perform services for which rewards might be granted, have been quick to prevent the cultivation and importation of the poppy but slow to suppress the consumption of the drug. In this they have done wrong.\n\n\"Some time ago we commanded the Board of Finance to send officers to make secret enquiries. The result of their enquiries has now been memorialised to us, and they show that even in the suppression of the cultivation of opium every province has in its report been guilty of varnishing the truth. For instance, from Kirin, Heilungchiang, Honan, Shansi, Fukien, Kuangsi, Yunnan, and the New Dominion reports were sent us that the cultivation of the poppy in those provinces had entirely ceased, whereas, as a matter of fact, in no instance was this the case. It is impossible to pass over the offence of the Viceroys and governors concerned, in that they omitted to make enquiries and made mistaken reports to the Throne. We command that they one and all be handed over to the board concerned for punishment.\n\n\"As regards the recommendations for rewards already made on behalf of the provinces of Shansi, Kirin, and Yunnan, we command that they be hereby cancelled, as a warning to others. Hereafter in every province, mindful of our wishes, let discrimination be shown as to the order in which reforms are instituted, while at the same time let the strictest measures of suppression be carefully carried out. By clearing the root and making clean the source, it may be hoped that with a daily decrease in the consumption of opium, the whole chronic disease will be destroyed.\n\n\"As regards the measures to be taken to secure the fulfilment of these designs within the time prescribed, we hereby command the Board of Finance, in conjunction with the Board of the Interior and the High Commissioner of Opium Taxation, to consider and draw up a satisfactory method of procedure, and to submit it to us for our approval.\"\n\nSHENSI\n\nI crossed the Yellow River and entered Shensi on the 19th May, and five days later I came across the first patch of poppy in that province. It lay by the roadside at the hamlet of Yao-tien within the district of Ching chien Hsien. The plants were some 4 inches high; but the whole plot had been practically uprooted the day before by a deputy and his men sent by the magistrate of the district. This was on the 24th May: and on the 25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th, I found the poppy in ever-increasing quantity\n\nwithin the districts of Yen-ch'uan Hsien, Fu-shih Hsien, Kan-ch'uan Hsien, and the department of Fu Chou. I spent a day at Ch'a-fang within the department, and in an hour's walk up a well-watered glen observed twelve fields of poppy, many of them of large size. On the 3rd June the poppy was flowering within sight of the walls of the city of Chung-pu Hsien, and on the 6th of the same month it was in full bloom outside the south gate of the department city of Yao Chou. South of Yao Chou, in the districts of San-yüan and Ching-yang, and especially on both banks of the Ching and Wei Rivers and on the plain between these rivers, poppy fields were by no means rare, and, although some steps had been taken in places to interfere with cultivation by cutting off capsules, these measures were ineffective, as there still remained on the ground sufficient to yield two-thirds of the usual harvest, and opium was actually being collected. In the Hsi-an plain, from a point some 2 miles south of the Wei River, I saw no poppy, and it was generally admitted that what used to be one of the poppy-gardens of the province was now devoted to other crops.\n\nAt Hsi-an Fu I had an interview with his Excellency En Shou, Governor of Shensi, and he assured me that poppy cultivation, which might still secretly be carried on in out-of-the-way corners of the province, might be considered as practically stopped, that, at any rate, there was a reduction of from 60 to 80 per cent. as compared with previous years, and that not a single poppy-stem would be seen in the province next year. There can be no doubt that some reduction has taken place in cultivation as compared with previous years; but, after an examination of the west of the province, and looking to the fact that cultivation was strictly prohibited during the year, I incline to the opinion that the governor's estimate of reduction so far as my observation extended (and I have no reason to think that in other parts of the province the measures taken have on the whole been much more effective) is far too high, and that one-half of his estimate would be nearer the actual facts, while the assurance given that no poppy would be grown in Shensi in 1911 can only be taken as a pious wish.\n\nMy general report of the journey, to which I have already referred, contains a daily record of the poppy seen by me from the point at which I entered the province of Shensi from Shansi as far as Hsi-an Fu, as it does for the whole of the journey, so that I need not burden this report with too minute details. It will, I think, be sufficient to name the districts traversed and the number of poppy patches, plots, and fields observed in each.\n\nFrom Hsi-an Fu I travelled westwards, following as far as possible the valley of the Wei River to the province of Kansu, and the following table gives the names of the districts and departments traversed as far as the frontier of the two provinces and the number of poppy fields (including patches and plots which nearly all blossomed into fields as Kansu was approached) observed from the road in each :--\n\n  \n    Name of district or department-\n    Number of Poppy Fields.\n  \n  \n    Hsien-yang Hsien\n    1\n  \n  \n    Hsing-ping\n    12\n  \n  \n    Wu-kung\n    52\n  \n  \n    Fu-feng\n    85\n  \n  \n    Chi-shan\n    46\n  \n  \n    Feng-hsiang\n    31\n  \n  \n    Chien-yang\n    \n  \n  \n    Lung Chou\n    53\n  \n  \n    \n    703\n  \n  \n    \n    988\n  \n  \n    Total\n    \n  \n\nIt should be clearly understood that these fields refer only to such as were well within sight of the road and, therefore, of any passer-by. In no case was there any attempt at concealment, or, if there was, it was quite ineffective. I am desirous of giving the Governor of Shensi the benefit of the doubt; but I cannot conscientiously say that there was any secret cultivation or that this cultivation was being carried on in out-of-the-way corners of the province.\n\nWhen I re-entered Shensi after visiting Kansu the opium harvest was practically over, and I did not expect to find the poppy as a growing crop; but that I may not be accused of any bias in the matter I think it advisable to give the names of the districts and number of poppy fields observed in Shensi on the great high-road between the Kansu border and Hsi-an Fu\n\n[2980 e-8]\n\nD\n\n378",
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        "page_number": 380,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "Chang-wa Hsien\n\nName of district or department—\n\nPin Chou..\n\nYung-shou Hsien\n\nCviven thon\n\nLi-chuan Hsien\n\nHsing-ping Hsien\n\nChang-an\n\nTotal\n\n35\n\n10\n\nNumber of\n\nPoppy Fields.\n\n9\n\n11\n\nThe summary of the telegraphic report received from the Governor of Shensi regarding poppy cultivation in that province appears in the \"Peking Daily News\" of the 10th September, and is as follows:---\n\n\"The Shensi governor in his telegram quoted a report of the Bureau for the Suppression of Opium, and it is to the effect that prior to the Imperial edict against opium there were about 530,000 mou of poppy field, but last year it amounted to some 372,695 mou.\n\nAs a result of the instruction to shorten the time limit for the extermination of the opium evil, the suppression of the cultivation of the poppy was successfully effected except in a few cases of secret farming, which have been recently discovered and severely dealt with. Farmers are furnishing bonds not to recultivate the plant. There are no regular opium shops, opium being sold in retail shops which carry on other kinds of business as well. These numbered 2,894, but in consequence of the issue of licences 2,602 still sell opium. The 404 refuges established have cured 568,055 habitués of the opium couch, and are treating 370,036 persons. Nevertheless, there are still 938,091 opium smokers. Strict measures are being taken to eradicate from the province the most pernicious vice of the Empire.\"\n\nThe only comment I have to make on this report is that poppy cultivation is openly carried on in the province of Shensi, in many districts on a very extensive scale, and that the figures given above of the number of poppy fields observed along the roads which I traversed prove that there was no secrecy whatever about it.\n\nThe annual production of opium in Shensi, whether in 1908 or 1910, is an unknown quantity. It is true that the memorandum presented to the Shanghai International Opium Commission gives the production based on Customs reports as 33,000 piculs in 1908; but these figures are purely guesswork, and were I to hazard an estimate it would simply be figures referring to those parts of the province which I visited, and not to the province as a whole. All I can say is that in nearly all the districts through which I travelled there was some evidence of steps—albeit ineffective in many cases—having been taken to curtail production. What these steps were and the cause of their failure will be found in my general report. In the west of the province, as in the department of Lung Chou, there was little or no evidence of any repressive measures whatever having been taken. I have not the least hesitation, however, in saying that, so far as my personal observation extended, the claim that there has been a diminution in cultivation of from 60 to 80 per cent. is excessive. It may be as much as 30 per cent., but is certainly much under 50 per cent.\n\nWhen I was in Hsi-an Fu I asked the Rev. A. G. Shorrock, of the English Baptist Mission Society, who has spent many years in Shensi, and who was at the time of my collecting information regarding opium from all parts of the province, if he would kindly send me a few notes on the subject as soon as his information was complete. This he kindly consented to do, and the following letter, dated the 14th June, reached me at Lanchou :-\n\n\"I have information from about twenty-three Hsien in various parts of the province, and with the exception of Wu-kung, all report a great decrease in poppy growing.\n\n\"In Tung-chou Fu district, four Hsien report that there is practically no opium at all being grown this year. In P'u-ch'eng Hsien about one-fifth of the land is still under poppy cultivation. Han-ch'eng Hsien was not reported on.\n\nIn the entire district the diminution is most marked.\n\n\"In the Shang Chou district a great change is reported this year; but, owing to much bribery, the men sent out to investigate gave false reports to the officials, and in consequence a good deal of opium has escaped detection among the hills away from the big roads.\n\n\"In Han-chung Fu Prefecture there is a most marked improvement. There is still a good deal grown, but it is mostly in hidden-away places.\n\n\"It is difficult to get reliable evidence from the districts between Hsi-an Fu and Yu-lin Fu, but there is no doubt whatever, from the reports of many natives, that there has been a similar decrease in these parts.\n\n\"From Feng-hsiang Fu I have not been able to get a report. But I hear that to the west one or two of the Hsien are very bad, notably Wu-kung, where nothing seems to have been done at all. Mei Hsien, Fu-feng, and Ch'ishan have from one-fourth to one-sixth of their land still under cultivation. But in all of these three Hsien there is improvement compared with last year.\n\nIn Hu Hsien and Chou-chih Hsien the difference is most marked. Formerly two of the worst Hsien, they may now be reckoned among the best. I cannot find that any opium has been seen in Hu Hsien; and in Chou-chih the area planted has been reduced by nine-tenths. The same may be said of Hsien-yang, Hsien-ning, Chang-an, Fan-yuan, and Fu-ping. These districts show what can be done by energetic and loyal officials.\n\n\"The price of opium, as compared with former years, indicates more than anything else the rate of production now. More than four times the price is now charged, as compared with previous years. Merchants have been collecting opium with feverish eagerness during the past five months, firmly believing that the growth in this province will soon cease. These men depend largely on the banks for the transfer of silver from Hankow, Tien-tsin, &c.; they seldom bring silver with them. Again and again I have been told lately that the banks and business houses never remember such a dearth of silver in the city, and this they attribute to the extensive purchase of opium, many saying that in a year's time there will be no opium to be had in Shensi. The tael rate has actually risen to 1,820 cash, , 1,274 big cash, the normal rate being 150 big cash below this. The price of opium has dropped a little lately, owing to the incoming of supplies from the west, and the prospect of a good harvest in Kansu. Without doubt the people generally believe that opium is doomed. To us who have been here many years the change in sentiment and in actual production of opium is marvellous.\n\n\"Such a vast change is only possible when supported by popular sentiment. No other change appeals as this has done to the conscience of the people. I have seen the farmers take their implements to the mandarin and refuse to work when a comparatively small tax has been levied; but although the people have incurred great loss by the suppression of opium growing, no such risings have yet taken place, at least to any extent.\n\nMen have been beaten, numbers have worn the cangue, crops have been destroyed everywhere, and yet the people have suffered it. And why? For three reasons—\n\n\"1. They believe the officials, high and low, are in earnest. At first the people took with great nonchalance the proclamations regarding opium, believing in them no more than in most others. But through the persistence shown during the last three years they have come to believe that the authorities mean business this time. There are some who assert that the present stringency will pass, but they are very few.\n\n\"2. The gentry and better educated people are really in sympathy with the Government, and from patriotic reasons use their influence in the right direction.\n\n\"3. The people themselves feel it is right, though they naturally resent being forced to adjust themselves so suddenly to the new conditions. They know that opium growing and consuming is bad for everybody. Whole families and communities have been ruined by opium, and they know it will be well to be rid of it.\n\n\"In conclusion, let me say that, having had a good deal of direct intercourse with officials and people, I am convinced—\n\n\"1. Of the seriousness of the efforts of most officials, and of their belief that opium is bound to go, and that before long.\n\n\"2. Of the ability of the Chinese to cope with the tremendous difficulties of opium suppression. After another year like this, there will be little left.\n\n\"3. Of the reality of popular sentiment (sometimes combined with sore feeling), that it is best for themselves and the country at large, that opium growing and consuming should be entirely stamped out.\"\n\nI have quoted this letter in full so that the Chinese authorities may have every credit, if such credit is due; but I should like to point out that I have reports from...\n\n379",
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        "content_text": "12\n\nseveral of the districts regarding which Mr. Shorrock states that he has no information or no reliable evidence. Mr. W. Purdom, an English botanist now engaged in collecting in the province of Shansi, whom I met in Hsi-an Fu, and who arrived there the day before me after passing through the district of Han-cheng Hsien, told me that poppy was being freely and openly cultivated in the valleys in the north-west of that district, which he had visited. And as regards Ha Hsien to the south-west of Hsi-an Fu, of which Mr. Shorrock states, \"I cannot find that any opium has been seen in Hu Hsien,\" the following is an extract from a letter to me from Mr. Purdom, dated the 21st June, from the mountains to the south-west of Hsi-an Fu :—--\n\n\"Two days after you left Hsi-an Fu, my preparations were completed, and I started out for Tai-pei-shan along the south side of the river (Wei) towards Hu Hsien (a dirty filthy place). Just 30 li out from Hsi-an Fu, poppy was met with in patches between the grain crops, but after 60 li and onwards, nearly three parts of the valley from the Wei Ho to the Ching-ling range of mountains was taken up with it. The people appeared quite callous to any restrictions put on the quantity grown, and, if it is a fact that now a large portion of the ground is taken up in growing food stuffs, it is certainly difficult to understand how the people lived before. Nearly every man smokes opium and, worse than that, quite a large number of the women folk are addicted to the habit.\"\n\nMr. Shorrock mentions the difficulty he experienced in obtaining reliable information regarding the country between Yu-lin Fu in the north of Shensi and Hsi-an Fu; but as I covered nearly all the ground between these two cities, I have been able to supply the necessary details, and I have also been able to give the conditions prevailing in Feng-hsiang Fu, from which he had received no report, as I passed through that prefecture on my way to Kansu, the province with which I shall now deal.\n\nKANSU.\n\nFrom the department of Lung Chou, in Shensi, I crossed the mountainous country which divides that province from Kansu, and entered the district of Ching-shui Hsien, and the following is the result of my observations along the road as far as Lanchou Fu, the capital of Kansu :-\n\n  \n    Name of district or department\n    Number of Poppy Fields\n  \n  \n    Ching-shui Hsien\n    0\n  \n  \n    Chin Chou\n    31\n  \n  \n    Fo-chiang Hsien\n    802\n  \n  \n    Ning-yüan\n    63\n  \n  \n    Lung-hei\n    5\n  \n  \n    Wei-yuan\n    7\n  \n  \n    Ti-tao Chou\n    7\n  \n  \n    (Kung-ch'ang Fu)\n    180\n  \n  \n    Sha-ni (Fen) Chou\n    595\n  \n  \n    Kao-lan Hsien\n    \n  \n  \n    Total\n    \n  \n\n13\n\n  \n    \n    77\n  \n  \n    Name of district or department\n    Number of Poppy Fields\n  \n  \n    Kao-lan Hsien\n    352\n  \n  \n    Chin An-ting\n    724\n  \n  \n    Hoi-ning\n    28\n  \n  \n    Ching-ning Chou\n    29\n  \n  \n    Lungte Hsien\n    4\n  \n  \n    Ku-yüan Chou\n    0\n  \n  \n    Ping-liang Hsien\n    27\n  \n  \n    Ching Chou\n    866\n  \n  \n    Total\n    2,086\n  \n  \n    6\n    \n  \n\nAt Lanchou I had two interviews with his Excellency Chang-keng, Viceroy or Governor-General of the province of Shensi and Kansu, who informed me that the cultivation of the poppy in Kansu had been reduced to about 40 per cent. during the year, the first year that the reduction had been seriously taken in hand, and that it would be entirely eradicated in 1911. I casually remarked to his Excellency that on the day of my arrival at Lanchou I had counted 180 fields of poppy alongside the road within 10 miles of his capital, and that there were probably more which had escaped my observation. He was somewhat perturbed at my statement, and the fact that I was asked to say where I had seen the poppy growing in greatest profusion clearly showed that his Excellency was personally ignorant of the extent of the cultivation, and Peng Taotai, who is the Viceroy's trusted adviser, and was present at both interviews, was no less astonished when I told him that there were plots of poppy in full flower just outside the south wall of the city. They would probably have been still more perturbed and astonished had they accompanied me back to Shensi along the main road to Hsi-an Fu.\n\nFrom Lanchou Fu I returned to Shensi by the high-road, which runs east by south to the district of Chang-wu Hsien within the Shensi border. I did not expect to find so much poppy as I had met with along the road in the Wei River valley; but it was even more prominent, as the following figures show :-\n\nMr. O. R. Coales, of His Majesty's Consular Service in China, who undertook to report on poppy cultivation and opium production in the province of Kansu to the west of Lanchou, wrote to me from that city on the 30th July as follows:-\n\n\"The first districts I passed through in Kansu were Wen Hsien and Chieh Chou, but the town of Wen Hsien itself I did not visit. The winter crops throughout had been harvested, and I was unable to find out whether opium had been grown. All enquiries met with a stout denial, not only on the ground of the prohibition, but also of the poverty of the soil. I nevertheless did find the heads of poppies on the road, though I saw no plants growing. The missionary at Min Chou told me that by hearsay he learnt a considerable quantity had been grown in these districts, and that the At Pik'ou prohibition had certainly not been as strictly enforced as at Min Chou. Just on the Szechuan border, raw opium was selling for 1,200 cash an ounce, while boiled opium, no doubt of an inferior quality, fetched 800-900 cash for the same quantity. The sub-magistrate of Pik'ou maintained that no opium at all had been grown this year in the Wen Hsien district to which it belongs, but as above stated, I do not believe this to be correct. There appears to be no regulation of the sale of the drug in this district or in any of the places I traversed between here and Lanchou, but the opium dens are supposed to have been closed.\n\nAt Chieh Chou (locally Kai Chou) I saw the magistrate who asserted the poppy had been completely eradicated in his jurisdiction, the soil of which he said was poor and not fit for opium cultivation. The latter is true of some parts where rainfall is small, but other parts are very fertile. There are no licensed shops nor a refuge, but anti-opium medicines sent down from Lanchou are distributed free. The dens have been closed. This magistrate had issued in the spring a proclamation to the effect that all poppy seed was to be delivered up to him, in exchange for which good sowing grain would be distributed free of charge. He said this had been done, but outside ... The magistrate also mentioned that the enquiries did not confirm his statement. import and export of opium into the province having been prohibited, the branch of the Hupeh Government opium li-kin office in Chieh Chou had been closed. Deputies from the Ch'in Chou taotai had visited the Chieh Chou and Wen Hsien districts at intervals investigating opium cultivation,\n\n\"After Chieh Chou the road ascends to the high country separating the Yang-tsze and Yellow River basins crossing the water-parting 10 miles before Min Chou at 9,000 feet above sea-level. In these parts only one crop is harvested in the year, and my visit coincided with the poppy season. My route here was to Min Chou (7,000 feet), thence two days west up the Tao River to Tao Chou (9,000 feet), thence three days over high country to Ti-tao Chou (6,000 feet). During the eight days before reaching the latter place, though traversing much fertile country suitable for opium, I did not see more than a score of fields of poppy. These were mostly in fields adjoining houses, and I was given to understand by the missionary at Ti-tao that the villagers had sometimes been allowed to cultivate a small patch for local consumption.\n\npoppy\n\n\"Of the Min Chou magistrate's action I received the most favourable reports from the American missionary at that city. He has himself personally supervised the measures for suppressing cultivation of the poppy. The campaign in Kansu seems not to have started till this spring, when the seed was already in the ground. When land-orders came the magistrate himself went out into the country and had all ... which is easily recognised even when the seeds have not sprouted-ploughed up, lending a hand himself occasionally. In consequence of his really energetic action, it is estimated that the area under poppy has been reduced to less than 10 per cent; his own estimate\n\nE [2980 c-8]\n\n380",
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        "content_text": "14\n\nis 2 per cent. of last year's area. His campaign having taken place in the spring, the farmers were unable to put anything into the ground except potatoes and beans, of which there will this year no doubt be a record harvest. The old poppy fields are easily distinguished by the stray poppies showing here and there.\n\nThe Tao Chou district is too elevated for the opium poppy and is mainly inhabited by Thibetans, so that little opium has ever been grown there. I only saw one field which had not yet come into flower.\n\n\"In the Ti-tao and Ho Chou districts, the American missionary at the former town told me, the enforcement of the prohibition had been as strict as at Min Chou, very little opium being overlooked in either district. In former years these three were among the chief opium-producing districts of Kansu. In the two days crossing the Ti-tao district I saw not more than a dozen fields, though in many fields of beans and tobacco stray plants were carefully preserved.\n\n\"In Min Chou and Tao Chou the price of raw opium was from 900 to 1,000 cash an ounce. The sale was not officially licensed, but dens were supposed to have been closed. T'ai Chou being inhabited mainly by Mahommedans, the drug is not much smoked there; but in Min Chon and in the Chinese villages I was told the habit is universal, and the poorer members of the community are suffering severely from being unable to satisfy their craving.\n\n\"The remainder of my route has been traversed by Sir A. Hosie and reported on by him. He will no doubt have noticed the large quantity of poppy growing in the Kao-lan Hsien district. I saw many times as much there as all I had seen previously put together.\n\n\"In the western part of Kao-lan Hsien district which I traversed the first day, I did not see any opium poppy, and I think it had all been cut down, the harvest being completed. Crossing the Yellow River at Hsin-ch'eng I followed the Si-ning River for the next two days as far as its junction with the Ta-tung River, up which I then went as far as Yao-kai. The whole of this journey was through the P'ing-fan district, which belongs to Liang-chou prefecture. In the lower parts the opium harvest was over, and the poppies had been cut down and removed, but the large stacks of poppy stalks in almost every courtyard were evidence that the plant had been extensively cultivated. Round Yao-kai I saw many fields—quite one-sixth of the irrigated land—covered with poppy in full bloom. The poppy, requiring a rich soil, is only cultivated here in the irrigated district, and therefore the total amount grown here cannot be very great. An intelligent Chinese I talked with on the subject told me that the proportion of poppy ground to other crops was in former years four-tenths of the irrigated land. The usual proclamation had been issued in Ping-fan but not enforced, and the bolder farmers had sown poppy and allowed it to remain when ordered to pull it up. He estimated the crop in Ping-fan district at one-tenth the normal, but I think this is an exceedingly low figure, and I should say a third of the normal amount would not be too large. The opium dealers were offering this year 300 to 400 cash per tael for the new season's crops. This is about the same as last year's price, for the opium edicts had then already caused a great increase in the price of the drug. As the year advances the raw opium becomes dryer and more concentrated, so that for last season's opium the price is now 700 cash an ounce. The price of this year's opium is likely to rise to the same figure as it matures. The suppression of poppy cultivation appears to have been carried out very perfunctorily in the Ping-fan district and, I am told, throughout the Liang-chou prefecture. It is unfortunate I was not able to visit the latter city, but my previous arrangements did not allow it.\n\nThe campaign against the drug has been energetically proceeded with in the Si-ning prefecture, and cultivation almost entirely suppressed. Owing to the generally elevated and mountainous character of the country, the lowest parts being about 6,000 feet above sea level, the cultivation of the poppy is possible only in restricted districts along the river valleys, and even there was not as prevalent as in other parts of the province. The opium edicts already caused a reduction of the area under poppy in 1909, and this year the cultivation of the plant was completely stopped in the Si-ning district. In the Nien-pei and Ta-t'ung districts the prohibition was enforced with equal severity, although I saw an occasional field of poppy in the former, and I think the authorities throughout the Si-ning prefecture may be credited with carrying out the Imperial commands with exceptional thoroughness. The Kuei-te and Hsun-hua districts on the Yellow River, mainly inhabited by Thibetans, have never produced opium in considerable quantities. Dan-gar Ting is too elevated for its cultivation.\n\n\"In Si-ning the price of raw opium is now about 900 cash the ounce, that of prepared opium, 1,150 cash. Similar prices prevail at Ta-tung Hsien. An official bureau for the sale of opium and opium antidotes was opened at Si-ning some two years ago, but has since been closed, and there is now no restriction on trade in the drug, nor are there any facilities for curing the opium habit. Opium dens have never existed in the city.\n\n\"The proportion of opium smokers among the Chinese population of the prefecture is estimated at over 50 per cent. The Mahommedans, Thibetans, and Mongols are not addicted to the habit, and not more than 1 per cent. of the former are thought to be opium smokers.'\n\nAs in the case of Shensi, the annual production of opium in Kansu previous to 1908 and since that year is an unknown quantity. There have been many estimates, the latest, and probably the most unreliable, based on Customs reports, being that presented to the Shanghai International Opium Commission, and given as 23,000 piculs for 1908. It was on this estimate that the production of Kansu in 1906 was arbitrarily increased to 34,000 piculs, although it is now well known that no measures of repression were introduced until 1909, and, indeed, no effective measures up to the present time.\n\nIn his telegraphic reply to the Wai-wu Pu, quoted in the \"Peking Daily News\" of the 7th September, the Viceroy of Shensi and Kansu states \"that poppy was cultivated on a large scale in Kansu, and that there were numerous persons addicted to the opium-smoking habit. As the result of the crusade against opium last year, out of 168,500 mou of land in 1908, 77,300 were free from the poppy plant. At the beginning of this year only about 20,000 mou still remained under cultivation of the poppy. Commissioners were sent out to take concerted action with the local officials in persuading opium cultivators to turn their lands into grain fields, with the result that only about 2,000 mou of poppy fields have not as yet been totally converted. In the provincial capital there used to be six opium shops, but they have now been closed. In the 139 refuges, out of 234,600 opium smokers, 130,000 have been cured of the habit. This can have only one meaning, namely, that there were only 2,000 mou of land in Kansu under poppy in 1910, and all I can say is that in districts like Fo-chiang, Chin Hsien, or Ping-liang Hsien I passed in one day along the high-road hundreds of poppy fields, amounting in the aggregate to many thousands of mou. That the mou, fixed by treaty at 7334 square yards, varies in extent with the provinces, but no variation, however great, can justify the statement that the land under poppy cultivation in Kansu in 1910 amounted to only 2,000 mou, which, taking the Governor of Shansi's estimate of 40 Chinese ounces as the yield of opium per mou, would give the production of opium in Kansu for 1910 as 50 piculs!\n\nIt is true\n\nAlong the roads which I followed I observed few if any signs of interference with the poppy fields; in the Fochiang district there was an immense increase as compared with 1909, the Chin Hsien district was full of it, and the poppy was actually in full bloom within the walls of the city of Ping-liang Fu.\n\nI am very much inclined to doubt any statements regarding poppy cultivation in China unless they are based on personal observation and investigation; but it is only fair that I should quote some notes on the subject which have been kindly furnished at my request by three missionaries in Kansu.\n\nMr. E. J. Mann, of the China Inland Mission, writing to me from Fo-chiang Hsien on the 5th July, says\n\nOn the afternoon you left this city (the 28th June) we had a terrible hailstorm, I hope you were not caught in it. I think it was more or less local. It seemed heaviest on the south hills where I told you so much opium was being grown. Quite a lot was badly injured. One plot of 40 shang (100 mou) was sold for 600 taels and was almost entirely destroyed. What was not destroyed is still a huge crop.\n\nI don't know if\n\nyou were able to get a view of the poppy being grown on the north of the river. My man reported that from the hill it looked one white flower-garden. And by all accounts there is a large crop being grown there. To the east of the city—15 li away—the ploughing craze did not affect the crop, and in one village there is reported to be only four plots of grain.\n\n\"There are still no merchants here and the price of raw opium is falling. At present it is 220 to 330 for different qualities. Small buyers are losing money fast, for all expected a quick rise in prices and many small merchants have invested their money in standing opium. I met the Roman Catholic priest recently and enquired of him as to opium in south of the province. He informed me that Huei Hsien and Cheng Hsien have very heavy crops, much more than other years. At Li Hsien, a city next south of us, the opium is more or less cleared from the plain around the city, but he says there is much being grown in the hills.\n\n15\n\n[2980 c-8]\n\nF\n\n381",
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        "content_text": "\"I have made enquiries about the customs of the opium office. All weighing of opium must be done at the office at a charge of 8 cash per ounce—5 cash paid by the buyer and 3 cash by the seller. The underlings scrape the basin for their share, except in the case of big buyers, who bribe them to keep the scale as high as possible. Besides the scale money, there is a small tax of 8 cash per ounce on all opium sold for local use and 300 taels a mule-load for all opium exported to Shensi or beyond.\n\n\"When here you asked me what time I thought would be needed to stop all growth. The general verdict among the Chinese is for immediate and final suppression. They say to grow a little means to grow a lot and to favour a few is unfair to the many. Everyone seems unanimous in the opinion that with early and drastic measures there will not be one blade next year. If the eighth-month opium is allowed to be sown the danger is great and the evil should be suppressed before that time. To beat the first man who is caught sowing would be sufficient and the places where eighth-month opium is sown are well known. One more thing to hasten the end, and a great step in the eye of the Chinese, is the closing of the opium office. That is almost essential to success. The Chinese think the officials are not really in earnest so long as they make profit themselves out of the drug.\"\n\nMr. George Andrew, of the China Inland Mission at Lanchou, has furnished me with the following notes dated the 7th July, 1910, on opium growing in Kansu:-\n\n\"In past years large quantities have been grown in Lanchou district, on the east and south-east, on the Hsi-an road. In the Ti-tao Valley. Along the Wei Valley, especially at Kung-ch'ang Fu. In the Ping-fan Valley. In the Liang Chou district. Also in the Ning-hsia district. Near Tsin Chou.\n\nComparatively little has been grown in the Si-ning Valley.\n\n\"This year in the spring I went to Ning-hsia. From there to Liang Chou. And then returned to Lanchou.\n\n\"In each district strongly worded proclamations prohibiting opium growing were issued.\n\n\"At Ning-hsia Fu the Ning-so magistrate went out personally to see that the proclamations were obeyed. He was beaten by the villagers, and fled to the Manchu city for refuge. The leader of the assailants was caught and executed.\n\n\"The Ning-hsia magistrate [prefect] also went out into the surrounding district to investigate.\n\n\"However, the opium is still growing some distance away from the city. And, 100 li away, the farmers pulled down a bridge over a river in order to prevent the officials coming into their neighbourhood. I cannot tell what percentage of the usual crop is being grown. It must be a small one, for I did not see any along the Ning-hsia valley. Near Chung-wei Hsien, however, at Sa-po-ti (\"Foot of the Sandhills\"), I saw a small quantity. Also at Chang-liu-shui (\"Long-flowing Water\") I saw a number of small fields growing it.\n\n\"At, and east of and north of Liang-chou Fu I did not see any opium growing. And the farmers, in spite of strongly worded proclamations and occasional demonstrations of horse soldiers, refuse to destroy it. But there is some growing in the east district.\n\nBefore the yamêns of the intendant of circuit, prefect, and magistrate wooden cages were placed in which to put refractory farmers, but whether they have been used or not I cannot say.\n\nPage 24\n\nHowever, I should think that 75 per cent. less opium is being grown this year compared with last year.\n\n\"At Ping-fan I did not see any growing, and feel certain that 75 per cent. less opium is being cultivated there.\n\n\"Near Lanchou, in the face of the stringent proclamations issued by the Viceroy and other high provincial officials, the farmers sowed opium just as usual. In the spring the officials insisted on its being uprooted, and in order to further this work the prefect and the magistrate went out along the Hsi-an road.\n\nAt Chin-chia-ai, 60 li from the city, the prefect was badly beaten by the farmers. One of the leaders has been executed for this offence.\n\n\"A large quantity of the poppy was pulled up. But on going along that road in June I found that, 20 li away from the city, there were two fields of opium; 30 to 40 li from the city nearly all the opium growing near the road, and which could be seen from it, had been plucked up. But a number of other fields had not been touched. From 50 to 70 li, I would say that 70 per cent. of the opium had been uprooted. Beyond that a large quantity remains. I am told that only one-tenth has been plucked up.\n\n\"We saw the poppy growing in a few fields on the north side of the Yellow River, 30 and 40 li from the city.\n\nAnd, just near the city, away from the road, a little opium is still growing.\n\n\"The officials are now calling on the village elders to guarantee that opium shall not be grown near their villages in future.\n\nPage L\n\nOn the whole I am surprised and gladdened that the officials have been able to stop the poppy growth to the extent they have, as seen in my journey from Lanchou to Ning-hsia, Liang Chou, and return.\n\n\"I saw in a day's journey from Lanchou along the Hsi-an road from fifty to seventy times more poppy growing than I did in all the journey round Ning-hsia, &c.\n\n\"Here the officials have made a beginning, and though the work has not been done thoroughly, yet one trusts that more will be done in the following years.\n\n'Among other drawbacks is this one: where officials and where official underlings smoke, there is an added temptation to deal with this matter in a lax way.\"\n\nDr. D. A. Gordon Hardling, also of the China Inland Mission at Ch'in Chou, writing on the 19th July, 1910, says:-\n\n\"I was sorry to miss you when you passed through recently, but on my return from the country a few days after your visit I found your letter of the 27th June awaiting me. I was not sure of catching you in Lanchou, so am sending this letter to Hsi-an, and have waited the return of my two colporteurs, so as to be able to send you the latest news.\n\nAs far as I have seen and heard, the poppy has practically gone from Tsinchow (Ch'in Chou), Tsin-an (Ch'in-an), Tsin-shui (Ching-shui), Hsi-ho, and Li Hsien, though I have seen a little on the borders of Tsin-an, Tsin-shui, and Hsi-ho.\n\nIn regard to the last named place, the district official and the kung-chang chih-fu went to one market-place on the border to have the opium pulled up, but could not proceed, as the people had gathered determined to beat them, and sent a message to the officials that they would willingly uproot their growing plants if the people of the next district would do the same. The cause of this growing on the borders of districts is that the yamên underlings, having been bribed, deceive the magistrate, and, should he appear in person to examine, declare the land in question to be in the neighbouring district.\n\n\"At Cheng Hsien, the growing of the poppy has never been prohibited, with the result that the whole district is covered. At Huei Hsien (Hui Hsien) it has been pulled up in the immediate neighbourhood of the city, whilst beyond a radius of, say, 10 li it is freely grown as in former years.\n\nLL\n\nThese places cover the whole of south-east Kansu, as there is none grown in the hilly parts of Chieh Chou, Uen-hsien (Weu Hsien), and Liang-tang Hsien.\n\n\"In the spring of this year a great deal was growing in all the afore-mentioned places, with the exception of Hsi-ho Hsien, so that you will see that it has been very largely uprooted.\n\n\"My personal opinion, and the general opinion of the Chinese themselves, is that it is quite possible to get rid of the opium if it is done right away at one sweep. Any dilly-dally policy will only lead to a constant repetition of the objection raised on the Cheng Hsien and Hsi-ho border districts, and no doubt terminate in riot and bloodshed.\n\nI add that whilst I was on this last visit to Hsi-ho the district magistrate forbade the sale of opium, though it is needless to say the sale has been carried on illicitly.\n\nmay\n\n\"The Lanchou officials have just asked the local official for the taxes on the opium-sown land at the rate of one-fifth of the old rate.\n\n\"The old tax was 6,000 taels. This year, of course, he could not collect of the farmers, so he has called in the opium merchants, and they will pay this 1,200 taels.\"\n\nThe letters quoted above go to show that, while in some districts in the province of Kansu, energetic steps have been taken to diminish poppy cultivation, in others official instructions have been disregarded, officials engaged in the work of suppression have been resisted and beaten, and in several districts there has been considerable increase of production.\n\nPage 382",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 423,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "ISA\n\n3GPF!};!\n\ntolIMM x24 .D.W\n\n1\n\n(bergið)\n\nEnclosure in Mr. Max Miller's No. 390 of October 29, 1910.\n\nBANQUET TO THE GOVERNOR\n\nOF HONGKONG GIVEN BY CHINESE EDUCATED IN\n\nGREAT BRITAIN,\n\nA most interesting and successful dinner took place last Saturday, when the Chinese returned students educated in Great Britain assembled at the Students' Club to welcome Sir Frederick Lugard, the Governor of Hongkong, on his visit to Peking. The spacious courtyards were brilliantly lighted with arc lamps, whilst innumerable Chinese lanterns hung from the different verandahs and passages. The dining room was beautifully decorated with large pots of chrysanthemums, now in full bloom, and on the walls, the Union Jack and Dragon flags floated prominently. Captain Tan Hsiao heng, Vice-President of the Admiralty, received the guests in the sumptuously furnished drawing-room.\n\nThe guests invited, besides Sir Frederick Lugard, were Mr. Max Muller (Chargé d'Affaires); Lieut-Colonel Willoughby; Sir Alexander Hosie; Captain J. C. Hart, R.A.M.C.; the Hon. E. S. Scott; Messrs. H. H. Fox, H. Phillips, and W. P. Frazer; Rev. F. L. Norris; Captain D. Pudsey; Dr. Gray, of the British Legation; Lord ffrench; Mr. D. D. Braham (Assistant Foreign Editor, London Times); A. E. Wearne; Dr. T. G. Gibb, Mr. F. R. C. S. The Chinese guests present were - H. E. Chang Teh-yi (sometime Minister to Great Britain), H. E. Hu Wei-teh (Senior Vice President), H. E. Tsao Ju-lin (Junior Vice President), H. E. Saoke Alfred Sze (Deputy Vice-President) and Dr. W. W. Yen, all of the Wai-wu Pu. The military officers were in brilliant uniforms.\n\nH. E. Tan Hsiao heng took the chair; on his right was Sir Frederick Lugard and on his left H.E. Chang. Opposite him sat H. E. Yen Fu, as the senior member. On November 7, 1910, the party, Mr. Max Muller being on his right and Sir Alexander Hosie on his left. Altogether fifty-one sat down to dinner, the catering being in the hands of the Hotel des Wagons Lits.\n\nH. E. Tan first proposed the toast of their Majesties the Emperor of China and the King of England, and then, in welcoming Sir Frederick Lugard, made the following speech.\n\nHe said: As chairman this evening of the party of those who have been educated in Great Britain, I rise to propose the health of Sir Frederick Lugard. It is a long time now since I last had to make a speech in English, so I fear I cannot do enough justice to our distinguished guest and his excellent scheme for establishing a university in Hongkong. Sir Frederick's name is not new to us. As far back as thirty years ago, he had already fought wars in Afghanistan where he won honors. Later on, he fought battles in the Soudan, in Burmah, in West Africa, and in Central Africa, and at all these places his name was mentioned in dispatches. He was then appointed High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria, where he stayed for six years before he became Governor of Hongkong. As Commander-in-Chief of the latter place, he first brought out his proposal for the establishment of a modern university, mainly for Chinese - a proposal which has endeared him and the great country he represents to all of us (loud cheers). Now, gentlemen, I would ask you for permission to introduce to you my friend, Dr. Wu, who will finish the rest of what I have to say regarding the University of Hongkong (cheers).\n\n422\n\nC O\n\n36073\n\n25 IN 10!",
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        "document_key": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 431,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n2\n\nwill be able to ensure that their advice will be followed. It is perhaps not too much to hope that the formation of a body composed of influential representatives from all parts of the Empire may achieve something towards strengthening the political power in Peking vis-à-vis the hitherto largely wielded by the Central Government independent units of authority in the provinces, though, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that the provincial delegates will be in correspondence with their provincial assemblies, and will represent to a great extent their tendencies and wishes. The opening of the Senate is another illustration of the world-wide movement towards parliamentary institutions of the growing determination of the peoples of the world not to submit to \"taxation without representation.\" Certainly, these first steps towards the introduction of a more democratic form of government into China are being adopted with great caution, and the Throne gives no hint of giving up its absolute power or that of the mandarinate or Chinese officialdom; so far, it only condescends to bear the wishes of the so-called representatives of the people. It is open to question whether democratic institutions are ever compatible with Oriental life and ideas, and certainly in China public life has not yet risen to that stage of advancement where individual and local interests are subordinated to those of the nation as a whole.\n\nIt would, however, be unwise to judge of the work of the Senate without giving sufficient time for trial, but at present everything appears to indicate an expansion of its powers far beyond the point contemplated in the edict that brought it into being, while one result of its assembling will be a renewal of the agitation in favour of a curtailment of the period for the opening of the real national Parliament.\n\nAlready the \"Shun Tien Shih Pao,\" a prominent local Chinese newspaper, the contents of which show strong traces of Japanese inspiration, has in a lengthy leading article urged on the Senate the necessity of paying careful attention to this question. The majority of the native papers have, however, confined themselves to eulogising the Prince Regent for allowing the establishment of the present provisional parliament and for attending in person the ceremony of its inauguration; they congratulate the nation on the accomplishment of this important step towards the fulfilment of its desire for a constitutional government, and exhort the members of the Senate to strenuous and honest endeavours in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of their new appointment.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nW. G. MAX MÜLLER.\n\nC O\n\nAFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\n36747\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[September 5,]\n\nSECTION 2.\n\nRECS\n\nRead 1 OFC 10\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[32267]\n\nEnclosure in Mr. Max Müller's No. 232 of July 16.--(Received September 5, 1910.)\n\nNote on the West River.\n\nGOODS from Hong Kong and Canton proceed in steamer by independent routes to the treaty port of Wuchou. Thence they are carried in motor-boats, steam launches, lighters, and junks to Nanning. In the high-water season (June-October) the motor boats tow lighters laden with cargo. During the remainder of the year they are unable, owing to the low-water rapids, to do any towing. The steam-launches do not generally run above the Ta t'an rapid, about 130 miles below Nanning. Beyond Nanning cargo is conveyed to Pose, the limit of junk navigation on the West River.\n\nA motor boat made her first trip in November 1909 to Pose without mishap, and it was expected that she would be able to continue until the end of December. Motor-boats will probably in future run regularly between Nanning and Pose from April until December. Messrs. Banker and Co., of Wuchou, are having two of these craft constructed at Hong Kong specially for the Nanning-Pose run.\n\nAt Pose the goods separate according as they are bound for south-east Yünnan or for Kueichou and east Yünnan. The former are taken up to Pongai, the extreme limit of boat navigation on the West River, in small boats of a capacity of about 16 cwt. The latter proceed overland via Hsing I hsien (Huang ts'au pa), crossing the Red Water River (Fung shui chiang), a northern branch of the West River below Po chio, a li-kin station notorious for its defiance of transit passes. At Huang tsao pa those destined for Kueichou consumption are distributed by a variety of routes, the principal being that via Anshun. Those for East Yünnan cross the Red Water River again at Chiang ti, and take the Lo ping chou route.\n\nLi-kin\n\nOn arrival at Pongai, the goods, which are principally cotton yarn, cotton piece goods, woollen blankets, kerosene oil, Chinese tobacco and sugar, are carried on pack-animals to Kaihua, Kuang nan, and Tung hai. The Yünnan commodities exchanged for these are anise-seed oil, star aniseed, medicinal roots, oil-seeds, gallnuts, furniture rattans, gums, white wax, hides and antimony. Opium, formerly the staple export, being now declared contraband, it is feared that the yarn trade will be diminished by 700 bales yearly. It is, however, too early to be able to confirm these fears. Along this route is light. The first barrier after Nanning is Pingma. There is another barrier between Pingma and Pose, and li-kin is levied at Pose and Pongai. Between Pongai and Kuang nan there is one barrier, but the li-kin at Kuang nan itself is heavy. The same remark applies to Kaihua. From Pongai to Tung hai by the route south of Kuang nan there are two barriers with light dues. The civil officer at Pongai told me that the li-kin office there would probably raise its dues 40 per cent. in 1910, in order to make up for the loss of opium li-kin. If this increase be made the result will be a great blow to the trade which, although small and struggling, is promising.\n\nNavigation.-Navigation on the West River as far as Wuchou is easy. Beyond to Nanning the river is broken by rapids, but is not exceptionally difficult for navigation by launches or motor-boats, except in two places. The first of these from Pose is the Pan t'an and the other is the Ta t'an or Fu po t'an. The latter is by far the more dangerous of the two. It is in reality a stretch of rapids 34 miles long. To give some idea of the Ta-t'an I will quote from the diary of my journey in a motor-boat from Wuchou to Nanning in January 1907. \"At 6:30 we got under weigh. Subdued excitement on board and whispers that we would pass over the dreaded Fu po t'an this afternoon. There was no doubt that this rapid inspired respect and some fear in our crew. The little motor-boat in her former (trial) trip had struck a rock in this rapid, and, had it not been for the skill and coolness of the pilot in beaching her, she must have become a total wreck. At about 3 I was warned that we were approaching the rapid. Ahead of us the river seemed choked with rocks and\n\n[2893 -2]\n\n430",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "page_number": 432,
        "title": "CO129-373 - Public Offices - 1910",
        "content_text": "The river presented no serious obstacles as we proceeded, though at one point it narrowed between limestone boulders, impassable: but, as we neared, it was apparent that there was a narrow winding channel through the limestone ridges which jutted across the river from either bank. The Fu-po-t'an or Ta-t'an is a succession of three bad rapids separated by lesser rapids, with a total length of about 3 miles. This rapid forms the greatest danger to navigation on the West River for steamers or junks during the low-water season. In the lowest rapid, called 'The Ploughshare' from its shape, the peril is the rock known as Kua Tai, so called presumably because the rudder hangs round the bank. The channel is 24 feet wide. In the middle rapid the Ch'a Lu rock is the danger, and our boat actually struck this a slanting blow which stove in a plank. In the upper rapid there are two channels, the right-hand being the easier. Steaming our best—9 knots—and with six of the crew poling their hardest with long bamboo shoulder poles we just, but only just, ascended it.\n\nAt the top of the Fu-po-t'an stands the Drum Rock in the stream. Just above on the left bank is the fine temple, Fu-po-miao. We saluted the temple with three blasts, and received a salvo of five crackers in return, while the boat's crew bowed politely in certain anticipation of favours to come. It is curious to relate that descending in December 1909 by native boat, the strong wind drove us against the Ch'a Lu rock. The stern grounded with our bows still in the channel of the furious current. The skill of the pilot and the coolness of the crew extricated the boat from a seemingly hopeless position. Two special pilots, at 4d. each, had been taken for the run through the rapid. It has been proposed to improve the Pan-t'an and the Ta-t'an.\n\nMr. Eldridge, of Imperial Maritime Customs, was sent up to survey and report. I understand that he believes the Pan-t'an could be made safe by the expenditure of 100,000 taels. He appears to be doubtful about interfering with the Ta-t'an, unless the Provincial authorities are prepared to spend a large sum of money. Bearing in mind the fact that it is hazardous to interfere with \"living water,\" I believe that the upper parts of the Ta-t'an could be improved by some blasting. The lower and most dangerous bit—'The Ploughshare'—would undoubtedly cost a very large sum of money, as it requires blasting over a wide area, and embankments would be needed in order to train the channel, which might otherwise silt up.\n\nTwenty-seven miles above Nanning is the Kam-ling rapid, which is difficult to pass, with this exception, the river presents no serious difficulties to steam navigation, in so far as rapids go, although at dead low-water season (January) the channels are narrow and shallow, in many places 2 feet deep only. It is very probable, however, that a small motor boat, 60 feet long, could run with profit and little risk from April to December. High speed is unnecessary anywhere along the West River. I estimate that the rate of the fastest rapid between Wuchow and Pose at any time of the year does not exceed 9 knots. It does not follow, however, that a boat doing 12 knots could surmount this rapid. The rapids are generally formed by the narrowing of the river-bed by rocks and shingle banks. The surface of the water is forced into a tongue. The greatest speed is at the tip of the tongue or lower end, but it is the base or upper end which the steamer finds so difficult to ascend. The reason is, I think, because the tongue is an inclined plane of water, and, should the stretch above the rapid be wide and deep, the volume of the water pouring down the rapid is sufficient to check the passage of any craft trusting to speed alone. What is required is a lifting power to raise the boat up the inclined plane of water. This would be supplied either by a hawser fastened to a rock above the rapid or to a point on shore, or if the water be sufficiently shallow to allow of them by shoulder poles pushed by the crew on board.\n\nIn the West River the water is comparatively shallow. This explains the use of the narrow platforms running all round the boats. In the Yang-tsze rapids the water is deeper, and the boats do not therefore carry the platform. Generally speaking, the rapids on the West River, with the exception of the Ta-t'an and perhaps the Pan-t'an at dead low water, are nothing like as formidable to negotiate as the worst rapids on the stretch between Ichang and Chungking.\n\nNanning, the most important town in the province of Kuanghsi from a commercial point of view, lies on the north bank of the river 330 miles (1,105 li) above Wuchow. The town was formally opened to trade and a branch of the Imperial Maritime Customs established there at the beginning of 1907. During my visit in January 1907 work was in full swing on the new settlement located about a mile below the city. The business quarter is above the city. The ground had been levelled, roads marked out and sites ready for apportionment; 600 coolies were busily engaged in building the bund. The location of the settlement was chosen on the advice of the Imperial Maritime Customs. The situation, however, is unfortunate, not only on account of its distance from the business quarter, but also on account of the attacks of the river at high water. As a matter of fact, the ancient town stood much in the position occupied by the settlement and appears to have been removed on account of the subsidence of the river banks. In August 1907 the bund collapsed. It has been temporarily patched up again, but it is doubtful if it will stand the attacks of the river for any length of time. The Chinese Settlement Land Office has been built and there is a flimsy mat-shed erection of a Chinese theatre. There are no other buildings in the settlement. The Commissioner of Customs lives in the Land Office. Last summer he found some difficulty in procuring an adequate supply of tubs in which to catch the rain-water as it leaked through the roof. The treasurer of the province who, during his secret investigations of the secret societies at Nanning, was temporarily occupying the ground floor complained that the rain, which had soaked the upper floors, dripped on to him below; 120,000 taels is the sum mentioned to me as having been frittered away on the scheme. The total absence of Chinese merchants is a melancholy illustration of their want of confidence in their own officials.\n\nThe trade of Nanning has slowly but steadily increased during the last three years, and there appears reason to hope it will develop more freely.\n\nLungchou.—Lungchou, the treaty port on the Kuanghsi-Tongking frontier, appears to be an absolute failure from a commercial point of view. I was assured by a competent authority that there is not sufficient trade to keep one junk in constant employment between Lungchou and Nanning. Lungchou is on the Tso-chiang, the southern branch of the West River. The journey is about ten days by junk. The port was visited in 1908 by a British and subsequently by a German gun-boat. The junction of the Tso-chiang with the West River is at San-chiang-k'ou. A Chinese fort is being erected at this point. It is proposed to station 250 men there, ostensibly as a guard against pirates but really, extraordinary as the idea may be, as an advanced post of Nanning in case of a sudden inroad of French troops.\n\nThe foreign trade of Nanning, and the native, too, except that of a local and petty description, is in the hands of the Cantonese merchants at Nanning. The Chamber of Commerce is very influential, and controls public opinion. A recent meeting of this body presided over by the taotai and attended by all the officials, will serve to show that Nanning is becoming Cantonised. A young Cantonese merchant, in reply to the taotai's speech, which contained suggestions for the development of commercial prosperity, declared openly that the best method was for the officials to leave the merchants alone. Everyone knew, he said, that the aim of the officials was to get office, and fill their money-bags at the expense of the merchants and the people. The meeting broke up in some confusion. It is tolerably certain that three years ago no Nanning merchant would have dared to have been so presumptuously outspoken. In the Chamber of Commerce a scroll has been hung in a conspicuous place. The scroll is inscribed with the text of the governor's telegram repudiating the action of the magistrate, a Cantonese, in having compelled a Cantonese merchant to kneel before him. The magistrate was transferred, and the Nanning Chamber of Commerce called upon other Cantonese to disown him as a fellow-provincial. It is noteworthy that a telegram received from the Tien-tsin Chamber of Commerce urging steps to be taken to assist in the redemption of the foreign indemnities did not even come up for discussion in the Nanning Chamber of Commerce. The merchants appeared to be unwilling to withdraw capital from their provincial trade in order to finance a loan the interest on which would be repaid to them by means of additional burdens on trade.\n\nTrade. The principal exports of Kuanghsi are essential oils (aniseed and cassia), oil (groundnut, tea, and wood), hides, star aniseed, groundnuts, cattle and pigs, indigo, raw silk, and timber.\n\nThe principal imports are cotton yarn, cotton piece goods, kerosene oil, sugar, and Chinese tobacco.\n\nThe increase in the cultivation of groundnuts and mulberry trees is very marked, especially in the country between Nanning and Wuchow.\n\nThe ruined towns on the banks of the West River testify to the flourishing trade before the Taiping rebellion, and the Mahommedan rebellion in Yünnan.\n\nTin mines to the west of Wuchow are doing well, and if only the officials will abstain from interference, Chinese capitalists at Hong Kong and elsewhere will proceed to develop other mines. There are gold mines near En-lun-hsien.\n\nThe increased security of life and property along the river route, together with the increase in population and cultivation combine to improve the future prospects of the West River route. I was impressed by the marked improvement in the efficiency...\n\nPage 431",
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        "document_key": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 135,
        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## Military\n\nHsun Fang Tui (Old Troops).—No changes have taken place since my last report. The Tengyueh garrison, however, has been practically depleted. Numbers of men have been scattered about the district, as the taotai is in constant anticipation of trouble, especially in the Shan States. Two hundred men have also gone north in consequence of the Chungtien affair, which has disorganised all the troops of the district.\n\nTali-fu (New Troops).—Captain B. E. A. Pritchard, of the Indian army, has visited Tengyueh, Tali-fu, and Yunnan-fu with a view to reporting on the new troops of Yunnan. I understand that he estimates their efficiency quite as highly as I have done. I note with surprise, in one of Dr. Morrison's letters to the \"Times\" on his recent journey through China and Turkestan, that so keen an observer should throw ridicule on these new troops of Yünnan. From a comparative standpoint their arms and equipment are incomparably superior to the old provincial troops, and I understand that they are better armed than the Burmah military police. At the same time, I do not think that their presence presents any immediate menace to us on the frontier. No steps have been taken to garrison any of the new troops at Tengyueh, and, if my information is correct, there will be insufficient funds for the raising of a second division, or even the completion of the first division in the near future. Heavy expenditure has been incurred in erecting good barracks at Tali-fu, and it appears probable that their head-quarters will remain there for the present. I much regret that I am unable to give more detailed information at present in regard to the work which is being done at Tali-fu. I have no satisfactory source of intelligence there just now, and it would require a man on the spot to obtain reliable information. I shall look forward, however, with much interest to the report of Captain Pritchard, who was untiring in his work of enquiry during the short time at his disposal.\n\n## Frontier Forts\n\nIn my last frontier report (3rd March), I mentioned that five new forts were in course of erection along the Chinese section of the frontier between the British posts of Bhamo and Myitkyina. Rumours now reach me that the construction of these forts has been very unsatisfactory, and that the officer responsible for them has been summoned to Tengyueh, but dare not come. Old-fashioned opinion, which is led by the retired commander-in-chief and others who have done sterling work on the frontiers and is generally sound, ridicules the positions which have been chosen for their erection. The older and more experienced men advised that the military posts should be near populous frontier markets as a protection from brigands and border thieves. The more advanced modern men, however, have insisted that they shall be on hill tops, wind-swept and waterless. \"Bad sites, bad plans, bad materials, and shoddy work,\" says the old general; \"they stand on a hill and look for attacks from across the frontier whilst the real enemy is running about just below them and eating up the country—they have bought a new hat and think it is a new head.\" I hope to pass near these forts during my next frontier tour, and I will make a point of seeing them and reporting.\n\n## Roads and Telegraphs\n\nThe only recently built road of which I have any information is that from A-tun-tze to Chamutong (on the Salween, latitude 28°). The remainder of the roads in the frontier districts are mere tracks, where men and mules must march in Indian file, generally with very steep gradients. This applies to the main road from Bhamo to Tengyueh and on to Tali-fu; even on this road animals constantly fall over the narrow tracks, and within the last few days the mail courier from Tali-fu fell over a precipice and was killed.\n\nA telegraph line has been constructed from Tali-fu to Likiang, and the Chinese have just arranged to continue the telegraph line from Tengyueh towards Bhamo along the new road, instead of by the old road through Manwyne.\n\n## Chinese Officials\n\n### The Tengyueh Taotai\n\nThe old taotai, Liu Yuan-pi, expired on the 4th July, as a result of malaria contracted at last year's frontier meeting. He was a genial and amiable colleague, and our social relations were very cordial; he was, however, too weak and vacillating to be a satisfactory frontier officer. He was greatly mourned by his people, who were much attached to him, chiefly, I think, because he left them to their own devices, and he was known to be entirely honest. He was succeeded by a young man, Keng Pao-kuei, who has had a meteoric career, and is believed to be Yungchang prefect for seventeen days, and acting taotai at Tengyueh all within a year. His recommendation to his superiors appears to be the fact that he forwards large sums regularly to the provincial treasury, and the Yunnan-fu authorities recognise that he is \"fierce\" (\"li-hai\"), and therefore presumably a suitable man for the frontier. He has descended upon Tengyueh like a whirlwind, and this very old-world, slow-moving place is still breathless with his impetuous presence. He not only determined to reform his own subordinates, but endeavoured to extend the process to the British officers within his sphere of activity. I have constantly been obliged to advise a little more care and a little less impetuosity before committing himself, and our relations in consequence have occasionally been somewhat strained. The experience of the past has unfortunately fostered the belief that frontier taotais must be violently anti-British in order to get on, and the taotai Keng, by the very force of his character, has managed to overstep every bound. He shows signs, however, of desiring that the past should be forgotten, and I am not unwilling to meet him, as he is sufficiently courageous and independent to be a good frontier official if once he realises the responsibility of his position. At the same time I am reluctant to discuss with him any question of importance until he has given some assurance of more reasonable behaviour in any future dealings.\n\nonly 30 years of age. He was pa hsien at Chungking, acting Chungking prefect,\n\n### The Yungchang Prefect\n\nChiang Wen-ch'en, ex-Ting of Tengyueh, has recently been promoted to this post. His principal recommendation appears to have been his obstructive attitude at the last frontier meeting. He is not a clever man, but is obstinate and uncompromising, and the old taotai was entirely in his hands. I consider him the worst official in the district from our point of view, but he will not affect us in any way if the taotai can be brought to reason. I trust that Mr. Chiang will not attend the frontier meeting.\n\n### Salt Commissioner\n\nPeng Chi-chih, the old Yungchang prefect, lost his post for destroying the Lungchuan pillar. He is an amiable old gentleman with a good knowledge of frontier affairs, and he acted foolishly in the matter of the pillar owing to the weight of advice behind him. He now warns young officers to move very slowly in international affairs, and points to his own fate as the awful consequence of unappreciated zeal. He has now been appointed special salt commissioner, with instructions to keep foreign salt out of Western Yunnan at any cost. He is deeply \n\nPage 7\nPage 133",
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        "title": "CO129-382 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n## CO 1168\n## AFFAIRS OF CHINA.\n\nREGE 13 JAN 11\n\n### SECTION 1.\n\n#### No. 1. India Office to Foreign Office.--(Received December 7.)\n\nTHE Under-Secretary of State for India presents his compliments to the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and, by direction of the Earl of Crewe, forwards herewith, for the information of the Secretary of State, copy of a telegram from the Viceroy, dated the 5th December, relative to the Pien-ma expedition.\n\nIndia Office, December 6, 1910.\n\n### Enclosure in No. 1.\n\n#### Government of India to the Earl of Crewe.\n\n(Telegraphic.) P.\n\nDecember 5, 1910. EXPEDITION to Pien-ma. Please refer to my telegram dated the 28th ultimo. Consul at Teng-yueh telegraphed on the 28th ultimo to Burmah Government as follows:\n\n\"Urgent telegram from Viceroy of Yunnan, conveying instructions to proceed to Pien-ma without delay, was received yesterday by the Paoshan magistrate of Yung-Chang-Fu. The magistrate, with a small escort, exact number of which I cannot ascertain, left Yung-Chang-Fu this morning. I met this officer, it will be remembered, last spring during my journey. He visited Pien-ma on that occasion, and presented local headmen with badges of office. His reputation is unusually good, and the impression he created was, I believe, a favourable one.\"\n\n(Repeated to His Majesty's Minister, Peking.)\n\n[1810 g—1] \n## Page 177",
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        "page_number": 84,
        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## 83 \n\n2 \n\n50 per cent. to be spread over a period of years. The latter part of this programme was, however, abandoned in 1908, and total prohibition imposed on the 25th July of that year.\n\nAlthough there was considerable reduction during the season 1908-9, cultivation was still carried on during the season of 1909-10; but it was confined, so far as is known, to the departments of Fu Chou, always the chief opium centre of the province, Hui-li Chou (latitude 20° 36′ north, and longitude 102° 15′ east), and Mao Chou (latitude 31° 39′ north, and longitude 103° 45′ east), with a much smaller area in that part of the Wan Hsien district, lying to the south of the Yang-tsze. In the department of Fu Chou the growers defied the local authorities, and a much larger area was sown and a much heavier crop harvested. In the summer of 1910 the province was mapped out into five circuits, and to each circuit an officer with the rank of taotai was appointed to carry out absolute prohibition. A large number of officials of inferior rank were also deputed to travel through the province and report progress or the reverse. Towards the end of November of last year it was discovered that at a place called Yün-t'ai-p'u or Yün-tai-ch'ang, in the district of Chang-shou Hsien, where it borders on the district of Tien-chiang Hsien (latitude 30° 21' north, and longitude 107° 23′ east), the farmers had sown the poppy, and when the magistrate of Chang-shou proceeded to uproot the young plants resistance was offered and the magistrate obliged to beat a retreat. The matter was reported to the Viceroy, who dismissed the magistrate and instructed the Prefect of Chungking to proceed to Yün-t'ai-ch'ang with sufficient force to compel the growers to destroy the crop. This was done, and Yün-t'ai-ch'ang is believed to be the only place in which cultivation was attempted throughout the whole province in 1910. It is true that the poppy was seen by reliable witnesses in the department of Mao Chou during the summer of 1910; but there can be little doubt that, as in Kansu and Shensi, the seed had been sown towards the end of the previous year, and that the crop belonged to the season of 1909-10.\n\nMeantime, in November 1909, regulations had been issued prohibiting the import of native opium into Szechuan from the neighbouring provinces of Kansu, Shensi, Yunnan, and Kueichow, from the 10th April, 1910, and by the same regulations the export of opium from Szechuan was prohibited from the 7th July, 1910. Strong objection was raised by the opium merchants to the shortness of the time limit for export, and they contended that it would be impossible for them to clear their stocks before the 7th July. In answer to their appeal the period was extended for three months (i.e., to the 3rd October, 1910). The opium dealers in Szechuan taking advantage of the high prices caused by reduced production and consequent shortage of supplies, adulterated the drug so heavily that down-river buyers suffered serious losses, demand slackened, and prices fell, leaving considerable stocks still unexported. Towards the end of September it became evident that the stocks in hand could not be cleared before the 3rd October, and a compromise was affected whereby all certificated raw opium was allowed to be stored in what is tantamount to a bonded warehouse pending export. At Chungking the three months' extension was granted conditionally on all stocks held there being reported to and duly certificated by the Raw Opium Bureau before the 6th July, the date originally fixed for the prohibition of export from the province. The amount so certificated at that date was 3,051 piculs, and the amount stored in the bonded warehouse between the 23rd September and 3rd October is given as 1,300 piculs. Export of this stock, provided with the necessary warehouse permit, is still proceeding through the Imperial Maritime Customs at Chungking, on payment of the usual export duty of 20 Haikuan taels per picul, for native customs duty (22 taels), li-kin (7 t. 28 m.), and railway tax (7 t. 28 m.), a total of 36 t. 56 m. per picul, were abolished from the 3rd October, 1910, and export now takes place through the Imperial Maritime Customs only. In addition to the Imperial Maritime Customs duty of 20 Haikuan taels, each picul of opium continues to pay the T'ung-shui or consolidated duty of 115 K'u-P'ing taels on arrival at Ichang.\n\nI have stated above that the arrivals of native opium at Ichang by the Yang-tsze route from the western provinces amounted in 1910 to 28,350 piculs against 51,817 piculs in 1909, a decrease of 23,467 piculs. This decrease was undoubtedly due in the main to greatly diminished cultivation, and it would have been more marked had not stocks held in the province from previous years been drawn upon to a larger extent than usual, and still greater had adulteration been practised on a less extensive scale. The export during 1910 must not, therefore, be taken to represent the opium surplus available from the one season of 1909-10.\n\nI commenced my investigation into the cultivation of the poppy and the production of opium in Szechuan on the 12th January, 1910. On the morning of that day I left the junk in which I had travelled up the Yang-tsze from the port of Ichang at the district city of Wu-shan Hsien, in the east of the province, and proceeded northwards through that district and the district of Ta-ning Hsien as far as the city of that name. From Ta-ning Hsien I travelled westward through the north of the district of Yün-yang Hsien to the district city of K'ai Hsien, and then south through the districts of K'ai Hsien and Wan Hsien to the north bank of the Yang-tsze, where I rejoined my junk after a journey of thirteen days. In these five districts I did not see a single poppy plant, and this was all the more remarkable because in former years the K'ai Hsien district held the second place among the chief opium producing centres of the province. At the city of K'ai Hsien and throughout the district generally I ascertained that poppy cultivation had entirely ceased after the season of 1908-9. In Wan Hsien, on the other hand, the poppy had been grown in small quantities during the season of 1909-10 in that part of the district which lies to the south of the Yang-tsze. In 1910-11, however, it had disappeared. From Wan Hsien I proceeded up-river through the department of Chung Chou and the district of Fêng-tu Hsien to the department city of Fu Chou, on the right bank of the Yang-tsze. In former years the banks of the river exposed during low water and the country adjacent thereto in those departments and district used to be covered with poppy, but a careful examination now showed that the only crops on the ground were broad beans, rape, wheat, peas, and a certain amount of unharvested sugar-cane.\n\nThe department of Fu Chou, well known to have been the chief opium producing centre of the province, had offered the most strenuous resistance to the measures of suppression and, instead of reducing the area annually devoted to poppy, had largely extended it during the season of 1909-10. For this reason I travelled through the department from the city of Fu Chou south-west to the district city of Nan-ch'uan Hsien, thence west to the district city of Ch'i-chiang Hsien, and then north through the district of Pa Hsien to the port of Chungking. In the department of Fu Chou, as in the other three districts, my search was unrewarded with the sight of a single poppy plant. In 1882 I had travelled through the districts of Pa Hsien and Ch'i-chiang Hsien at the same season of the year on my way to the provinces of Kueichow and Yunnan and had then found the poppy in abundance, many of the valleys in the Pa Hsien district being entirely given up to it.\n\nIn February 1883 I had travelled overland from Chungking to Chêngtu, and in February 1903 from Chia-ting Fu to Chêngtu. As my report of the former journey (`China, No. 2, 1884`) and my diary of the latter contain daily references to the abundance of the poppy, always holding its own with beans, wheat, or rape, or at others the most prominent crop. I resolved to travel overland from Chungking to Chêngtu by way of Chia-ting, and thus be able to compare the conditions to-day with those existing in 1883 and 1903. I left Chungking on the 13th February, and travelling through the districts of Pa Hsien, Chiang-ching, Ki-shan, Yang-ch'uan, Ta-tsu, Jung-ch'ang, Lung-ch'ang, Fu-shun, Jung Hsien, Wei-yüan, Ching-yen, Chien-wei, Lo-shan, Ching-shen, the department of Nei-chow, Pêng-shui, Hsin-ching, Shuang-liu, and Hua-yang, arrived after fifteen days' continuous overland travel at Chêngtu, the provincial capital. It is unnecessary to go into details regarding each of these districts; but I may mention that seven years ago the district of Jung Hsien produced opium on a very large scale, and that from the city walls in March a magnificent view was obtained of one vast poppy garden in full bloom stretching to the horizon in all directions.\n\nIn not one of those districts did I observe the poppy, and the result of my investigation was fully corroborated by the testimony of missionaries whom I took the opportunity of questioning wherever possible. They had neither seen the poppy nor heard of its cultivation during the season of 1910-11.\n\nOn arrival in Chêngtu I approached the numerous missionary bodies resident there, and their unanimous reply was that those of their members who had recently been travelling in their respective districts had seen no poppy, and that the information which they had received from other districts throughout the province was equally emphatic as to its disappearance.\n\nAs the result, therefore, of my own personal investigation, extending over thirty-four days' travel overland, and of the testimony of others, I am satisfied that poppy cultivation has for the present been suppressed in Szechuan, and there can be no doubt that this success is due to the ability and energy of his Excellency the Viceroy, Chao Erh-hsün, who assumed office on the 16th June, 1908, and left for Peking on the 5th February, 1911, and in a lesser degree of his brother his Excellency Chao Erh-feng, now warden of the marches of Szechuan and Yunnan, who was in charge of the province from the 4th March, 1907, to the 11th June, 1908, and of his Excellency \n\n## 3",
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        "page_number": 167,
        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## The Unadministered Tribal Country Between Burmah, Assam, Thibet, and Yunnan\n\nThe unadministered tribal country lying between Burmah, Assam, Thibet, and Yunnan covers an area of some 15,000 or more square miles of jungle-clad and mountainous territory, imperfectly known and peopled sparsely by some of the most primitive savages to be found, at the present day, anywhere on the face of the globe. Up till recently, lack of enterprise on the part of our eastern neighbour has left this region to its primitive seclusion and barbarism, and it has formed, as it were, an impenetrable buffer state for Burmah.\n\nThe new era of energy and activity on her frontiers that has started of late in China, however, makes the question of a defined frontier line between the British dominions and those of the Chinese Empire a matter of ever-increasing urgency, and delay in setting about it will not tend to make the solution easier.\n\nThe matter seems to resolve itself into a question of whether the expediency of a well-defined geographical and ethnographical boundary and consideration of the eventual welfare of the populations of the region are sufficient to justify Great Britain in resorting to force to obtain the best line possible, and the easiest to define, namely, the watersheds bounding the whole of the waters of the Irrawaddy basin, in face of certain definite evidences of Chinese control or suzerainty over portions of the territories enclosed therein (notably the part at present in dispute, near Pienma, and that which certainly will be claimed later, viz., the Chiutzu country, astride the upper waters of the N'mai Kha). A point to be recognised is that if we do insist on this best possible line, we must be prepared to make good our claim to it, either by actual administration or well-defined suzerainty, involving recognition of responsibility for the good behaviour of the wild Kachins, Maru, and Lutzu, etc., situated within it. If the game is not considered worth the candle, then it is for consideration what definite points should form a basis for negotiation before actually embarking on delimitation of some other frontier-line. I think our geographical knowledge is sufficient to warrant, at any rate, the following demands:\n\n1. That the whole of the head-waters of the Mali Kha right up to the Nam Kiu mountains must be considered as British territory. (Consequent on this, an agreement would have to be arrived at as to the point in the Lohit valley, on the other side of those Nam Kiu Mountains, where British territory ends and Chinese begins, and I think it might be taken that Sati - latitude 28° 1′ 3′′ north, and longitude 96° 54′ 2′′ east - is British and Walung, a few miles further up-stream is Thibetan, and that the frontier-line should cross the river at some convenient point, to be mutually agreed on, by boundary commissioners on the spot, between those two places. As regards this part of the border, vide *Geographical Journal* of October 1909, p. 373).\n\n2. That, unless China can adduce proof to the contrary, the Maru country, between the Lashi territory of Pienma and the Chiutzu country on the Upper N'mai Kha at its great westerly bend, west of Yei-chih (on the Mekong in latitude 27° 41′ north) must be reckoned as in British territory.\n\n3. That in default of any satisfactory proof of Chinese control on the north bank of the Hsiao Chiang (it will be remembered that Taotai Shih admitted to Mr. Litton, in 1905, that the tribesmen beyond, i.e., on the right bank of, this stream were \"beyond the pale of civilised government\"), the Chinese claim to territory on that bank cannot be admitted. Should it, however, be considered desirable to admit the Chinese claim to the actual Pienma group of villages, under the Teng-keng \"fu-yu,\" the joint examination by Messrs. Litton and Shih in 1905, justify us, at any rate, I think, in refusing to acknowledge the hold of the Minkuang \"fu-yu\" over the valley of the Kansheng Kha. A compromise might, therefore, be made by drawing the line of demarcation between the Pienma group and the Kausheng Kha valley and the geographical features appear to lend themselves fairly well to such a division.\n\nThe modified frontier line might then run roughly as follows:\n\nFrom Manung Pum (present northern-most point of the demarcated line) along the Irrawaddy-Shweli divide to the peak marked 12,800′ (6 miles east of Lagwi, on the War Office map of 1906); thence down the spur shown as running nearly due north to the westerly bend of the Hsiao Chiang; across latter and north-west up spur to the peak marked 13,600′; and thence along the crest of the watershed enclosing the head-waters of the Hsiao Chiang till the main Irrawaddy-Salween divide is reached; then northward along that divide to the point where the Chinese-controlled Chintzu country begins, and perhaps the most convenient line of demarcation from this point would be the crest of the spur which forms the great westerly loop of the N'mai Kha (in latitude 27° 40′); the frontier line crossing the...",
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        "content_text": "# SKETCH MAP \nto show \n## SUGGESTED LINES OF DEMARCATION \nof the \n### BURMA-CHINA BORDER.\n\nT IBET \n28°N \n\nBrahmakund \nLobit R \n15220' \nSati \nWalung \nRima \nShirong \n“Nam Kiu“ Mts \n2 \nDaphapan \nR.. \nDapha Bum \n-227° \n26 \nDihing R. \nHukong Valley \nManse \nH \na \nx \nPatau \nTalo R \n. Intaw \n.Kachala \n98 \n\nam Kiu or Malihka \n+ \nChiama Ngu Chu \nSor Salween R, \n-Chin Chiang \nU t.z \nkhanung \nNmai Hka \nButang \nNakalo \nDa Chu or Mekong R. \n\nDOKERLA \nChamutong \nMeh Hka \n1360 \nTowgaw \n12800 \nMakuan \n-25 \n\n| Description | Line |\n| --- | --- |\n| Frontier line already demarcated. | va vam van man van. |\n| Ideal line onwards (taking in all the upper basin of the Irrawady). |  |\n| This is the line laid down by Sir E. Satow. \"As far as the confines of Tibet\" |  |\n| Suggested modified line. | Ditto. |\n| Line claimed by Wai Wu Pa | RL 'LT FROM |\n| Line suggested by Tavtai Shih. in 1905. |  |\n| Line said to be now claimed by Mr. Hsia. | (Foreign Affairs Bureau, Yünnanfu.) |\n| Limit of British “administered territory,\" |  |\n\nIRRAWA \nTAPINGA \nKa \n*Laika \nMYITKYINA \nSima \nManyun. \nTaping \nSadon \nn \nNai \nKha \nWanghte \nManung Pum \nChan-baity \nΚαι \nMe Sih Ho \nMien Chin Meng Peng \nTENG YUEK Ting \nMONG HUM \nMONG YANG \n(100.4111.1380)F0.1974 63 China \n\nOBHAMO \nAtuntzu \nnma) \nTêng \nKAO LI \nLu Chiang or Salweed R. \nh \nu \na \nYangtse \nYei Chih \nWEI-HSI-TING \n\n# \nn \n100° \n165 \nN \nYangtse R \nN \nCHIEN CHUAN CHOU \n\nப \n29 \n\n28 \n27 \nLI-CHIANG \nล \nHO CHING CHOU \n虫 \n269 \nTeng Chuan u \nYUN LUNG CHOU \nTALIFU l \nKai t'ou \nK \n20 \nScale of miles. \nHKWAN \nLung Chuan \nChế tạng \nMONG \nMeng-ka \nNASANJA & Dand, 1,19 as MAPPING LAYEW,C \n\nen R \nLung-Ling-Ting, \nYUNG-CHANG FU \nm \n• Yao Kuan \nYu-tien \nHAI \nHsia kuan \nChao Chou \nTameng-tung SHUN NING FU \nEYUN CHOU \n\n(Signed) **M. E. Willoughby, Lt.-Colonel, Military Attaché, Peking- 8th March, 1911.** \n25",
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        "page_number": 169,
        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## \n\n7 \n\nN'mai Kha at its confluence with the Telo, and thence westerly to the crest of the \"divide\" between the Nimai Kha and Mali Kha basins, and up along that water parting till the main ridge of the Nam Kiu mountains are reached; then south-west along the summit of that range and down any convenient northerly spur of it to the Lohit-Brahmaputra in the neighbourhood of Sati.\n\nOwing to the wildness of the country and the people it cannot be denied that the demarcation of the line between the N'mai Kha-Telo confluence, and the crest of the Nam Kiu mountains would present considerable difficulty, but the distance, in an air line, is only some 50 miles and heliographic communication should be a fairly simple matter. The whole length of frontier line to be demarcated would, on the above basis, be about 300 miles, and it would, perhaps, be convenient to divide it into two sections, the southern from Manung Pum to the N'mai Kha-Telo confluence, and the northern from the Lohit Valley to the same point. On the southern section, all along the great Irrawaddy-Salween divide, very few boundary marks would be necessary owing to the naturally impassable character of the range. (see *\"Geographical Journal,\"* September 1908, pp. 257, 258). A pillar at each of the rare passes would suffice.\n\nSeeing that the Pienma region is the point where China is, for the moment particularly concerned, in the matter of \"saving face,\" it is possible that by conceding to her the whole of the basin of the Hsiao Chiang as far down as its junction with the Khetmaw-kha and making the boundary run up the spur opposite the mouth of that stream to the peak before-mentioned marked 13,600 (west of Kangfang) and thence, as above described, to the main Irrawaddy-Salween divide, &c., and possibly also some territorial compensation in the \"wild Wa\" country south of the Nam-ting she might be induced to do \"a deal\" as regards the Chiutzu country and agree to the whole of the head-waters of the Irrawaddy being included in British territory. This would, perhaps, be the fairest and most satisfactory solution if it could be arranged, and would greatly facilitate the work of demarcation. The slight concession of territory on the right bank of the Hsiao Chiang would, in point of fact, provide us with a better frontier than the valley line up the course of the stream, suggested by Taotai Shih.\n\nI attach a cutting from the *\"Peking and Tien-tsin Times,\"* of the 6th March, 1911, containing an article by Mr. E. C. Young (above mentioned) which makes out a fairly good case for Great Britain, even as regards the actual Pienma valley.\n\nI attach also a tracing of a part of the War Office map of Yunnan, of 1906, wherein I have added the Lohit valley, so as to show the whole border-land between Manung Pum and the point where British administered territory in Assam begins (viz., at Brahmakund on the Lohit). On this map I have shown the frontier-line as far as at present demarcated, the various proposed Chinese lines a short distance beyond that point, and the lines I have suggested in the foregoing note to mark the boundary right up to the borders of Assam.\n\nI would also draw attention to the following works which throw light on the subject under consideration, viz.:\n\n*\"Tonquin to India,\"* by Prince Henri d'Orléans, pp. 245, 269, 271, 273, 294, 319, 337, 396, 397, 398.\n*\"Thibet, the Mysterious,\"* by Sir Thomas Holdich, pp. 30, 211, 213, &c.\nThe *\"Geographical Journals,\"* of August 1907, p. 152; September 1908, p. 239; October 1909, p. 363; December 1909, p. 608.\n\nIn conclusion, to revert to the particular point on which this note was based, the reference by Mr. Hsia (the administrator of the Foreign Affairs Bureau at Yunnan-fu) to Sir E. Satow's despatch of the 30th January, 1904, is not, in point of fact, worthy of much consideration seeing that the conditions laid down in that despatch related to a state of things prior to a further joint examination of the frontier. That examination was carried out in 1905 and, consequent thereon, Sir E. Satow wrote a subsequent despatch (1st May, 1906), defining more clearly the line that Great Britain had decided to consider as the frontier, viz., the Irrawaddy-Shweli watershed to its junction with the main Irrawaddy-Salween watershed, and the latter thence northwards up to the confines of Thibet.\n\n*Not printed.\n\nM. E. WILLOUGHBY, \nMilitary Attaché, Peking.\n\n166",
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        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## No. 1. MY \nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received May 1.)\n\n**(No. 146.) Sir,**\n\nThese regulations leave nothing to be desired in the way of thoroughness. For instance, the task of discovering and recording the smokers is laid first upon the village elders, who are checked by the village police, who are checked by the local committees, who are checked by the local magistrates. All these are held responsible for the accuracy of the lists, which may be further overhauled by the central bureau. Paoting-fu and Tien-tsin are to be under special conditions under their foreign system of police. Peking is not mentioned.\n\nNo exceptions are to be allowed in the treatment of smokers on the ground of sex, or sickness. \nAll private stores of opium are to be surrendered in the 7th period, under heavy penalties. Informers are to be rewarded.\n\nWith regard to the second set of regulations, all dealers buying opium for Chihli in other provinces, those buying for other provinces in Chihli, and those passing through Chihli with opium bought in other provinces for other provinces, must be provided with proper permits. These permits are issued in Chihli. In the case of the dealers from other provinces, such permits are only given on production of proper authority from said provinces.\n\nIn the light of previous measures taken in Chihli, it may be assumed that the central bureau is thoroughly in earnest, and will do its best to carry these regulations into effective practice.\n\nI have, &c.\nH. E. FULFORD,\n\nPeking, April 7, 1911.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch `No. 56` of the 7th February relative to the consignments of Indian opium seized at Santong and Samshui on the 2nd August last year, I have the honour to enclose the copy of a despatch from His Majesty's consul-general at Canton on the subject. It will be seen that the further enquiries made by Mr. Jamieson have elicited from the Acting Governor-General the information that the Santong opium has been sold and the proceeds have been sent to the owner.\n\nAs regards the Samshui case, there would appear, according to the Chinese version of the incident, to have been a breach of the regulations and a deliberate attempt to smuggle. The disappearance of the owners points to the assumption that they knew themselves to be in the wrong, and makes it difficult for me to take any further steps in the matter.\n\nI have forwarded copies of Mr. Jamieson's despatch and enclosures to Sir F. Lugard with an expression of the above views.\n\n### Enclosure 2 in No. 1.\n**Memorial by Governor of Kueichow respecting Measures taken for Suppression of Opium.**\n\nTHE memorialist has received several edicts from the Throne, ordering him to make every effort to suppress opium in the province. Now Kueichow has always been considered a centre of cultivation for the drug, and so it will be harder to suppress there than in the other provinces. Last year memorialist presented a petition that the collection of the li-kin tax might be suspended, in order to impress on the people the fact that if the Government was prepared to sacrifice this large sum, they (the people) had no excuse for inaction.\n\nNow on investigation it was found that in every district there was still a large amount of opium in store, and it was absolutely necessary to lay down a definite period for its export. But as soon as li-kin collection was stopped the price of opium at once rose, and if the merchants were allowed to export it at will, no taxes would be collected on it, and the merchants would make enormous profits. So orders were given that for a definite period the tax would be restored at twice the previous rate in order to strengthen the provincial exchequer. This period expired at the end of the 11th moon, and now all traffic in opium is at an end, neither export nor import being permitted. In all more than thirty officers have been sent throughout every jurisdiction and have taken the most stringent measures. Where opium cultivation had already been suppressed, the farmers were ordered to sow other crops; where cultivation still continued, it was ordered to cease.\n\nThe industrial Taotai, Wang Yu-lin, too, was instructed to go about and investigate, giving punishment or reward as found necessary. In every district the majority of the inhabitants were found amenable, but there are many Miaotzu districts, buried away in the mountains and difficult of access, whose inhabitants will not listen to exhortation, and where an exhaustive search for opium is impossible. But as the thing must be done, we have given strict injunctions to all the officials, substantive and otherwise, to exert themselves to the utmost. The districts along the line between Kueichow and Yunnan are being administered jointly by officials of both provinces, in order to prevent the local officials from throwing off their responsibility and the people from having grounds for excuse.\n\nAll smokers have been given tickets to facilitate inspection. Opium dealers have been instructed to take up some other trade as soon as their present stocks are sold out, while purchasers have to reduce their daily consumption by gradual stages until total extinction.\n\n### Memorial presented by Li Ching-hsi, Viceroy of Yun-Kuei.\n\n**(No. 9.)**\n\nI have, &c.\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 1.\n**Consul-General Jamieson to Sir J. Jordan.**\n\nSir,\n\nCanton, March 23, 1911.\n\nWITH reference to your despatch `No. 4` of the 31st January last, I have the honour to forward herewith copy of a communication I have received from the Acting Governor-General relative to the seizure of opium at Sautong, and also copy of a note from the Opium Prohibition Bureau relative to the seizure of opium at Samshui.\n\nI have, &c.\nJ. W. JAMIESON.\n\n### Enclosure 2 in No. 1.\n**Acting Governor-General Chang to Consul-General Jamieson.**\n\nIsian Tung, 2nd year, 2nd moon, 22nd day (March 22, 1911).\n\n**(Translation.) Sir,**\n\nI HAD the honour to acknowledge your despatch of the 16th day of the 1st moon relative to the seizure at Hsin Tang (Santong) of two chests of foreign opium, in which you referred to my reply stating that the opium would be sent to a prepared-opium shop possessing a trading licence at Shih Lung for sale on behalf of the owner, and requested that, if the opium had already been disposed of, the proceeds should be refunded to the owner. I subsequently had the honour to inform you that I had called on the head office of the Opium Prohibition Bureau to investigate the matter and report to me. I am now in receipt of a reply from the Opium Prohibition Bureau stating that, according to a report of an officer of the Opium Investigation Department deputed, at their instance, to investigate the case, the opium has already been sold in toto and the proceeds of the sale refunded to the owner in full, and requesting you be informed of this. I accordingly now have the honour to inform you to the above purport.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n**(Seal of Acting Governor-General.)**",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n## Sir J. Jordan to Prince Ch'ing\n\nYour Highness,\n\nPeking, March 23, 1911. On the 15th instant I had the honour to address a note to your Highness regarding a further instance of the detention by the Opium Prohibition Bureau of thirty-six chests of Indian opium while being conveyed from Canton to Kiangsi under transit pass.\n\nI have as yet received no reply to the note in question, and I am now in receipt of a further telegram from His Majesty's consul-general at Canton that the opium is still being detained under the pretext that the owners have no permits to handle opium.\n\nI must therefore again renew my request that telegraphic instructions may be sent to Canton for the immediate release of the opium, and I trust that the verbal assurances given me on the 18th February by his Excellency the Grand Secretary Na Tung, that all illegal restrictions on the trade in foreign opium would be put a stop to, will be faithfully carried out in the future.\n\nThese repeated violations of the treaty obligations can no longer be tolerated, and unless something is done at once to make the Viceroy understand that he cannot ignore the rights of British subjects, I shall be obliged to report to His Majesty's Government the effect which his Excellency's action must have on the opium negotiations now proceeding between myself and your Highness's board.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n### Prince Ch'ing to Sir J. Jordan\n\nJ. N. JORDAN,\n\nPeking, March 29, 1911.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's note of the 15th instant regarding the detention by the Opium Prohibition Bureau of thirty-six chests of Indian opium while being conveyed from Canton to Kiangsi under transit pass.\n\nMy board accordingly telegraphed to the Canton Viceroy to investigate the case and release the opium. However, having received a further note from your Excellency on the 23rd instant to the effect that the opium was still detained, a further telegram was sent pressing the matter, and the Canton Viceroy has now replied as follows:\n\n| Original Text | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| \"The Opium Prohibition Bureau states that in the North River district of Kuang-tung Province, cases frequently occur of merchants importing opium through the district to a false destination; they sell the opium en route, and some of it probably flows back into Kuangtung, with the result that there is no way of checking the exact amount of opium consumed in the province. |  |\n| \"Last year the prohibition of opium was effectively enforced, but opium which passed through for Kiangsi increased several times in amount, the reason being that some of it was consigned to neighbouring provinces, and yet was consumed in Kuang-tung. Of this there can be no doubt. |  |\n| \"In the present case of the opium declared for import by the Kiangsi merchants at Samshui, included in the total of thirty-six chests, there were seven chests of Patna opium and five chests of pai pi opium. These chests were for transmission to the Kuang Shun Ho shop of Kiangsi. Permits have already been issued, and the opium has been released. The other twenty-four cases were only declared by the dealers at the customs for transmission, and no mention was made as to what place in Kuangsi and to what shop the opium was to be consigned. The place of consumption having now been ascertained and substantial guarantees provided, permits have been issued and the opium released.\" |  |\n\nI have the honour to observe that the detention in this case was due to the fact that the place of consumption was not declared, and seeing that the opium has now been released, the matter need not be discussed further.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\nPrince CHING.\n\n## Enclosure 4 in No. 1\n### Consul-General Jamieson to Sir J. Jordan\n\n(No. 8.) Sir,\n\nCanton, March 15, 1911. I HAVE the honour to report that, on receiving from the Hong Kong Government information that two lots of Indian opium, thirty-six chests in all, destined for Kiangsi under transit pass, had been detained at Samshui by the Opium Prohibition Bureau, I addressed a strong protest to the Acting Governor-General. He replied yesterday that it had not been detained, and I learn privately from Chinese concerned that the bureau, in view of the large quantity proceeding into the neighbouring province at one time, took more than ordinary care to see that the accompanying documents were in order. Having satisfied themselves on this point they allowed the opium to pass through, and the matter may be considered at an end. The authorities are of opinion that the steady growth of the trade in opium under transit pass into Kiangsi is extremely suspicious, inasmuch as they have reason to believe that the major portion thereof is conveyed back into Kuang-tung through illicit channels. They accordingly submit all such shipments to very close scrutiny.\n\nIn your telegram No. 8 of the 14th March, you refer to other so-called seizures at Canton which Messrs. Sassoons have brought to the notice of the Foreign Office. As I had the honour to telegraph you to-day, the only other case of which I am aware is that of a dispute between the tax collectors and a dealer at Kongmoon. I sent for both parties to appear at the consulate, and Mr. Giles examined them both.\n\nA copy of his memorandum as to what took place is enclosed. The manager of the Wu Hing shop appeared at the time to be quite satisfied, at least he made no protest against the imposition of a fine for irregularity, but he would seem subsequently to have altered his mind, as the enclosed copy of a letter from Messrs. Sassoons to me shows.\n\nI am quite prepared to reopen the matter if he produces his books and permits, and am merely waiting for him to do so. That, although a week has now elapsed, he should not have presented himself, is to me indicative that his case cannot be a sound one.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. W. JAMIESON.\n\n## Enclosure 5 in No. 1\n### Memorandum\n\nON the 27th and 28th February, 1911, I examined the manager of the Wu Hing raw opium shop and a representative of the Fu Yüch Company of Canton.\n\nThe former alleged that he had purchased a chest of Patna opium in the 12th moon of the 1st year of Hsuan Tung, imported it into Kongmoon and paid duty and likin. On the 19th day of the present moon a deputy from the Fu Yüeh Company inspected the Wu Hing godown, and found that the amount of opium in stock exceeded that given in the firm's books by twenty-five balls (sixty-five balls instead of forty). This was explained by the fact that this opium had been sold, but that delivery had not been taken.\n\nPermits of purchase were produced to the deputy, but disregarded by him. The deputy declared that Wu Hing's own reports showed that they ought only to have thirty-four balls in stock, and consequently he confiscated the balance of thirty-one balls.\n\nThe representative of the Fu Yüch Company replied by stating that, previous to the inspection, the Wu Hing shop were asked to report what their stocks of opium were, and that they declared that their stocks were thirty-four balls. At the inspection another thirty-one balls were found hidden under a couch. As the opium had been imported over a year earlier, the deputy was suspicious lest the intention was to store up the opium for consumption after opium smoking had been entirely prohibited. Finding that there were thirty-one balls in excess of the amount reported the deputy seized the opium, pending a decision of the Opium Prohibition Bureau in the matter.\n\nAs regards the permits referred to they were not of recent date, and only covered some ten balls or thereabouts. Moreover, they should have remained in the hands of the purchasers, and were only produced after the thirty-one balls had been seized lending colour to the supposition that they were obtained improperly with a view to deceiving the deputy. The manager of the Wu Hing shop denied that any opium had been concealed in his shop.\n\nPage 347",
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        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "# AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## SECTION 4.\n\nNo. 1.\n\n**(No. 197.)** Sir,\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.--(Received May 22.)\n\nPeking, May 6, 1911. IN my despatch No. 67 of the 5th February, 1908, I had the honour to transmit the printed copies of an agreement, signed on the 21st January of that year, between the Shansi Bureau of Trade and the Peking Syndicate (Limited), for the redemption of the latter's concessions in Shansi.\n\nI have the honour to transmit herewith copy of the letter from the syndicate's agent-general at Tien-tsin, informing me that the total amount of the indemnity referred to in article 2 of the agreement, viz., 2,750,000 Hong Ping Hua Pao taels, has been duly paid to the syndicate on the dates specified in article 4 of the agreement, the last receipt being issued on the 29th ultimo for a final payment of 458,334 Hong Ping Hua Pao taels.\n\nI have communicated the above information to the Wai-wu Pu in a note, copy enclosed, dated the 4th instant, and have at the same time reminded them of the promise made to the syndicate in article 7 of the agreement with regard to possible future loans which the province of Shansi might require in connection with mineral development, as requested in the last paragraph of Mr. Brazier's letter.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nPeking Syndicate to Sir J. Jordan,\n\nYour Excellency,\n\nApril 29, 1911. I HAVE the honour to refer to the agreement between the Shansi Bureau of Trade and the Peking Syndicate (Limited), for the redemption of the principal and supplementary covenants for opening mines, manufacturing iron, and transporting minerals in five localities in Shansi, namely, Yu-hsien, Pingting-chou, Luan-fu, Tsechou-fu, and Pingyang-fu, signed by my predecessor, Mr. George Brown, agent-general of this syndicate, and Mr. Liu Tu-ching, head of the Shansi Bureau of Trade, on the 21st January, 1908, and sealed by the Wai-wu Pu, copy of which contract was duly signed by your Excellency and stamped with the legation seal, and now beg to inform your Excellency that the total amount of the indemnity referred to in article 2 of the above agreement--2,750,000 Hong Ping Hua Pao taels--has been duly paid to this syndicate on the dates specified in article 4 of the agreement, and that receipts for each payment, as received, have been duly given on the due dates, the last being issued to-day by myself to Mr. Liu Tu-ching, for the final payment of 458,334 Hong Ping Hua Pao taels.\n\nShould your Excellency be reporting this to the Wai-wu Pu, for the information of the Governor of Shansi, I would beg that reference be made to the promise, in article 7 of the agreement, that \"if by any chance the province of Shansi shall hereafter desire to raise a foreign loan in connection with mines, working of iron, or transport of minerals, the province of Shansi shall notify the Peking Syndicate (Limited), and if the Peking Syndicate's proposals are in all respects fair and moderate shall then proceed to further negotiations.\"\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. W. R. BRAZIER,\nAgent-General.",
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        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nNormal conditions are reported to prevail at Nanking, though from time to time prominent persons receive letters threatening a rising with the object of exterminating the Manchus. The modern troops have all been rearmed and the city is no longer patrolled.\n\nA sign of the emancipation of women which is silently proceeding in China was manifested in a meeting of the \"Women's Association for Fostering National Resources\" which was held in October in the exhibition grounds at Nanking. It was attended by over 1,000 persons of both sexes, and several ladies made speeches advocating extended use of native-made articles and deprecating the partiality of Chinese women for foreign goods, especially jewellery, tobacco, and wines.\n\nAt Chinkiang a disturbance occurred in December owing to the municipality unwisely attempting to disturb ancient custom and oblige native water carriers to draw water at the municipal pump station instead of the river front. The motor pump broke down, and a hostile crowd invaded the concession. Serious consequences were, however, averted by timely reversion to the old system in agreement with the local authorities.\n\nIt was mentioned in the previous summary that parts of northern Kiangsu and Anhui had suffered greatly from floods. Large numbers of starving refugees have begged their way south to Chinkiang, Kiukiang, and Wuhu. The affected regions are that part of Anhui which lies north of the Huai River and the adjoining districts of Kiangsu. The Grand Canal on the east, the Huai and Ko Rivers on the south and on the west approximately mark the boundaries of the worst part of the famine area. In some 7,000 square miles the autumn crops were a total failure, and only about half the usual amount of wheat land could be sown for the spring crops. The population is entirely agricultural and is estimated at 3,000,000. Troops were moved to the distressed region to preserve order and suppress brigandage.\n\nShantung, generally considered a poor province, owing to its arid climate, also suffered from rains far in excess of the average, and all low-lying lands were swamped. In addition to this calamity, the Yellow River burst its banks in the Li Ching district, and caused more damage than has occurred there for the last six years.\n\nHis Majesty's consul at Hangchow reports that the native press has shown less animosity towards foreigners, but the attitude of the officials remains unfriendly. Piracies on junks carrying foreign goods along the coast have occurred repeatedly during the year, and their recurrence at short intervals in the same neighbourhood shows that very little energy is displayed by the officials to check them. In Amoy city robberies increased to such an extent that the question was discussed in the Provincial Assembly and special measures were taken. More police were engaged, and a proclamation was issued that shops were to close at midnight. A proposal to institute water police to be paid for by a tax on passengers on steam launches fell through, as the launch owners asserted that their passengers refused to pay the tax.\n\nThe Kwangtung Provincial Government have experienced difficulties in carrying out the census in outlying districts owing to the suspicions of the ignorant natives, who fear that it foreshadows increased taxation. Several small outbreaks occurred, the most serious being at Lien-Chou, where the mob attacked certain houses and subsequently demolished the schools and houses of foreign missionaries. No lives were lost and no British interests were involved.\n\nSome alarm was occasioned at Macao at the end of November by a trifling military disturbance. The affair was magnified by the Chinese of the adjoining district of Hsiang-shan with a view to inducing the Chinese Government to descend on the Portuguese colony with armed forces under the pretext of protecting Chinese lives and property. Six Chinese gun-boats were rumoured to have entered the harbour and large bodies of Chinese troops to have camped near the frontier, and two British gun-boats were actually dispatched to Macao to safeguard British interests. They found the Chinese gun-boats anchored outside the harbour limits and failed to verify the reported movements of Chinese troops. Nothing occurred, and His Majesty's ships were withdrawn a fortnight later.\n\nHis Majesty's consul at Kiungchow reports that the local Self-Government Society is showing signs of a growing spirit of independence and an increasing disregard of proper authority. A newly arrived and unpopular magistrate was mobbed in the streets of Kiungchow and his chair was broken to pieces. A report from Pakhoi states that the circuit of Ch'in Lien, on the Tonquin border, formerly noted for the depredations of robber bands, has been entirely pacified and the district is being regenerated by a patriotic, intelligent, and energetic official named Taotai Kuo Jen-chang. Draft regulations for the better preservation of order on the frontier, drawn up by the Viceroy of Liang Kuang, the Viceroy of Yunnan, and the Board of Foreign Affairs has been submitted to the French Minister, whose modifications have been sent to the above-mentioned taotai for annotation.\n\nHis Majesty's consul at Wuchow reports the occurrence of no less than ninety cases of robbery and piracy during the quarter. The worst case was the looting of the market, pawnshops, and forty-one houses at Yang-So, in Ping-lo-fu. There were several skirmishes between the soldiers and the robbers, but they eventually effected their escape. His Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu reports the murder of a French missionary, the Rev. Father Mérigot, by Chinese at a place called Ching-yü, in Yung-pei Ting, north of the Yang-tsze. A dispute about land is supposed to have been the cause of the attack.\n\n## Provincial Assemblies and Self-government Societies\n\nThe organisation of local self-government societies was carried on during the quarter in Hupei, but the general public showed no signs of active interest in them. Even the regular sittings of the provincial assembly were rarely attended by more than half its members. The general impression seems to prevail that the assembly is too much concerned with questions of personal interest to its members and to similar bodies in other provinces. One successful motion, however, put an end to the custom of purchasing supplies for yamên use at official rates, a practice that was detrimental to petty market dealers. The assembly lacks a proper sense of the need for economy, and expensive schemes of development of communications, education, famine prevention, &c., are freely advocated.\n\nIn September elections were held for the Nanking Self-Government Society and much dissatisfaction was expressed at the manner in which they were conducted by the two responsible officials. According to the native press many self-government societies have been constituted in the Soochow district and the delegates have met and deliberated upon a variety of matters such as come within the sphere of municipal bodies in England. The Provincial Assembly commented on the progress made in this direction in the Soochow district as compared with the apathy displayed by the officials in the portion of the province administered from Nanking.\n\n## Reforms\n\n### Judicial\n\nThe intelligence reports from His Majesty's consuls indicate that active steps are being taken in several provinces to introduce the new judicial system advocated by the Committee of Constitutional Reform. In the revised programme published in January it is laid down that shenpantings of all grades shall be established in 1912. More or less complete steps towards the new system are reported by the provinces of Kiangsu, Honan, Hupei, Kuangsi, Shantung, Chekiang, Fukien, Szechuan, and Fengtien, and His Majesty's consuls state that courts are being built or new law officers appointed at Chengtu, Chungking, Ichang, Tsinan, Tsinan settlement, Chefoo, Hangchow settlement, Ningpo, Wenchow, and Wuchow.\n\nThe main feature of the new system is the complete separation of the judicial from the administrative and executive powers. It deprives the provincial officials of a great weapon of authority and fertile source of revenue, while it creates a new class of officials under the direct orders of the Board of Justice in Peking and independent of the provincial authorities. The change can only be distasteful to the latter who will be ready to criticise the parallel position of the new law officers as well as their work. The future alone can show whether the people will benefit and whether Chinese justice will be any less venal or more real than it was under the old system.\n\nThe prominent position given in the introduction of judicial reform to the opening of shenpantings in the open ports suggests that one of its main objects is to deal with international cases, and experience of the sheupanting at Tien-tsin shows that foreign interests are likely to be seriously affected. Every effort will probably be made to deny to foreign consular officials their treaty right effectually to watch proceedings in court, sitting as assessors and intervening on behalf of the foreign plaintiff when necessary. From this point of view the new system may be regarded as an attempt to... \n\nPage 495",
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        "page_number": 539,
        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "# \n## Cantan-Hankow (Yueh-Han)\nConstruction trains were running on the Changsha-Chuchou section (30 miles) in January 1911.\n\n## Canton-Samshui (San-Shui)\nThe line is deteriorating rapidly, and will soon require relaying throughout.\n\n## Kungyik-Hsinning (Hsinning) (Commonly called the Sunning Railway)\nThe Kong-Moon Extension is proceeding apace, and is expected to be completed during 1911.\n\n## Tien-tsin-Pukou (Tsin Pu)\n### South Section (British construction)\nRails now laid to Isu-Chou-fu, and completion of the whole section hoped for by middle of 1912.\n\n### North Section (German construction)\nAt the beginning of March, construction trains were running to a point 17 miles south of Tai-an-fu.\n\n## Szechuan-Hankow (Chuan-Han)\nOne hundred miles now under construction; 50,000 coolies working on the ten sections from Ichang to Hsiang-chi.\n\nConstruction trains run twice daily from the wharf at Ichang to rail-head (about 6 miles). Except for two cuts not quite finished the track can now be laid from the first 20 miles.\n\nTchang station will be finished in May. Engine-sheds and three store rooms completed; water-tower will soon be finished. All the bridges and drains in the first section are completed, and in progress in other sections.\n\n### Tunnels\nSome 50 miles from Ichang a 6,200-foot tunnel is under construction (much water hampers the work), about 25 miles from Ichang two other tunnels, each about 1,000 feet, are being made. A 700-foot tunnel, some 15 miles from Ichang, is now completed.\n\nDuring 1910 over 100,000l. worth of railway material was imported, including two locomotives from America. Machinery from England and Germany, rails from Hanyang, cement from Hong Kong, &c.\n\nOne private car, one 2nd-class car, and one brake-van have been put together; and one director's car, and some 1st- and 2nd-class cars are being built in the workshops. Over forty ballast cars are now in use.\n\nThe machine-shops plant (from Messrs. Arnhold, Karberg, and Co.) has arrived and will soon be put up in the newly-built workshops.\n\nAnother 500-horse-power tug and two 200-ton lighters have recently been ordered from the new Engineering Company of Shanghai for better transportation of material between Hankow and Ichang. Eleven 100-feet spans have been ordered from the America Bridge Company of New York, and are to be delivered in May. Large orders for cement and timber have also been given. Earthwork and tunnel tenders for the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth sections have been opened and will be decided this month (April). It is estimated that the section to Wan Hsien will take some fifteen years to complete. Funds still in hand said to be from 1,000,000l. to 1,500,000l.\n\n## Honan-Tungkuan (Lo-Tung)\nBy January 1911 the road-bed had been made as far as Tiehmen, 40 miles from Honan-fu.\n\n## Yunnan-Szechuan\nI attach a sketch-map of the trace from Yunnan-fu to Sui-fu now projected by Mr. Dawley, the American engineer employed on the survey of the line. He arrived at Chung King on the 17th February, after a thirteen months' journey from Yunnan-fu, accurately surveying. This trace differs from those previously suggested by the use of the Niu Lan valley, which not only shortens the distance to 410 miles, but gives a much easier gradient. For some 200 miles the incline is only 1 per cent. Up a small affluent of the Niu Lan the gradient rises to 2 per cent. North of Chao-Tung very difficult. Mr. Dawley considers it impossible to take the line through Ta-Kuan, and proposes to follow the valley of the main westerly branch of the Hêng Chiang. Here even, in one place, there is a drop of 1,600 feet in 16,000 feet. Cost of construction estimated at 25,000,000 to 35,000,000 taels. Amounts of capital collected by the railway company up to date of commencement of survey was 2,000,000 taels.\n\nMr. Dawley is on a three years' contract, of which about one-half has expired. He has one American assistant, Mr. Hawke, and a large staff of Chinese engineers, trained in the Yunnan-fu Railway College. After staying three or four days in Chung King, Mr. Dawley left for Na Chi Hsien, to go up the valley of the Yung-Ning Ho to Pi Chieh and Wei Ning. He will not make a detailed survey, but general observation of the levels, with a view to a possible alternative trace. He does not think any line from the Yang-tsze to Yunnan-fu will be completed for at least seven or eight years, and is pessimistic as to its ultimate success. There is reason to believe that if the Chuan-Han Railway's steamboat project is carried out, construction will be begun from the Sui-fu end, as freights for material by the Tonkin line are prohibitive. A few miles of track may be laid down near Yünnan-fu to encourage subscription.\n\n## Antung-Mukden\nGreater progress is being made than was anticipated, and the line may be completed by the autumn of this year.\n\nNothing fresh to report.\n\nPeking, April 24, 1911.\n\n## TELEGRAPHS\nM. E. WILLOUGHBY, Military Attaché.",
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        "title": "CO129-383 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## \n\nIn the Hui-tsê district, the sub-prefecture of Chiao-chia Ting, and the department of Hsün-tien Chou, I found the poppy under cultivation, mostly in flower. In the Hui-tsê district, I found thirty-eight plots; in the Chiao-chia Ting sub-prefecture, twenty-seven plots; and in the Hsün-tien Chou department, seven plots—a total of seventy-two plots. The largest of these measured 300 by 100 yards. Many were half that size, and the smallest plot was only 20 by 5 yards. Of the seven plots seen in the department of Hsün-tien Chou, two were by the roadside, and within 40 miles of the provincial capital.\n\nI should mention that the bearers and porters whom I had engaged at Sui Fu to convey me to Yunnan-fu refused to accompany me on this detour owing to the mountainous and inaccessible nature of the country, and that I had to employ local men for this part of my journey.\n\nAs regards Eastern Yunnan, I am of the opinion, from personal investigation and from information received during my travels, that in the former chief centres of production, the cultivation of the poppy has either practically ceased or been very largely diminished, and that, although the poppy is still grown in remote and unfrequented districts, its cultivation therein has not been materially extended, and is being carried on with considerable trepidation and is chiefly for local consumption. It is true that raw opium could be purchased secretly at most places along the road I travelled, but that supply is derived from old stocks held by private individuals, who employ friends and agents to dispose of it retail.\n\nWhile carrying out my investigation in the province of Szechuan, I telegraphed to His Majesty's acting consul at Tengyueh asking him to be good enough to furnish me with a few notes on opium cultivation in Western Yunnan during the present season, and the following is the summary of the information with which Mr. Rose has kindly furnished me. He had recently returned from a frontier tour, during which he had passed through many of the tribal districts, and he states that in the plains surrounding the cities, there was no trace of the poppy, nor was there any extensive cultivation in the hills of the purely Chinese zone, but the tribal area showed a considerable increase. He estimates that the area under poppy in the whole of the frontier districts has increased from 27,000 in 1910 to 43,000 English acres in 1911, and the production of opium from 5,000 to 8,000 piculs. He adds that the measures taken by the Chinese authorities to diminish this production are by no means effective.\n\nTaking, therefore, the province of Yunnan as a whole and making due allowance for the disappearance of the poppy from the great opium-producing centres of Eastern Yunnan and from the plains within the Chinese zone in the west without any marked increase of cultivation in other parts of the province (except in the frontier tribal districts), it may, I think, be fairly assumed that the estimated production of 60,000 piculs of Yunnan opium prior to the introduction of the measures of suppression has been very materially reduced, and I venture to hazard the opinion that the output of 1910-11 will not exceed 15,000 piculs; in other words, that there has been a reduction of about 75 per cent. In the absence of reliable statistics of any kind, it is, of course, impossible to furnish exact or authoritative figures; but the above estimate is the result of personal investigation in a part of Yunnan which formerly included several large opium-producing centres and of a careful examination of information derived from other sources.\n\nTo his Excellency Hsi Liang, who held the post of Viceroy of the provinces of Yünnan and Kueichow from the 10th May, 1907, to the 25th February, 1909, belongs the chief credit for the present great reduction in the cultivation of opium in Yünnan. During his tenure of office, his Excellency was untiring in his efforts to eradicate the poppy from the province; he proclaimed that all cultivation of the poppy must cease in Yunnan by the 21st January, 1909, and that no opium was to be allowed to pass any customs station or li-kin barrier after the 21st September, 1908. To allay discontent among holders of stocks, the latter time limit was extended by the Acting Viceroy Shên Ping-kun, now Governor of Kwangsi, who held office from the 26th February to the 16th November, 1909, and proved himself no less energetic than his predecessor.\n\nIn 1910, overtures were made to the present Viceroy, his Excellency Li Ching-hsi, by the delegate of the Government of Indo-China in Yunnan-fu with a view to the removal of the embargo on the export of Yunnan opium to Tonquin. This permission was refused at the time; but on the 11th instant, a proclamation was issued by the Viceroy permitting holders of old stocks to export for a period of four months from the 30th March to the 25th July, 1911, the conditions being that opium so exported shall pay double the former native customs duty and li-kin or 63 taels per 1,000 Chinese ounces (equal to 100 taels a picul), and that such opium must be sent direct to the port of Mengtzu and there sold to an official opium department, which will arrange for its disposal, export, and payment of export duty.\n\nI have said that opium could be purchased secretly at most of the places through which I passed on my way to Yunnan-fu, and I may add that the price varied from 1 dollar to 1 tael per Chinese ounce (14 oz. English) for the raw drug. In Yunnan-fu, the price is now 1 tael, so that raw opium here is at present worth its weight in silver, or about six times the price prior to 1907.\n\nYunnan-fu, April 15, 1911.\n\nALEX. HOSIE.\n\nPage 571",
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        "title": "CO129-384 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nConsul Rose to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n(No. 14. Confidential.)\n\nTengyueh, March 13, 1911.\n\nSir,\n\nI have the honour to report that the Taotai Keng has not shown the courtesy to my British colleagues that is expected during his tenure of office in Tengyueh.\n\nI have the honour to request that your Highness's Government will issue stringent instructions to the taotai to take effective steps to punish the raiders from Chefang, and generally to enjoin upon him the desirability of evincing a friendlier disposition towards His Majesty's consul and the Burmah Government officials.\n\nI avail, &c.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n(No. 17.)\n\nYünnan-fu, March 24, 1911.\n\nSir,\n\nWITH reference to Mr. Rose's telegram of the 11th March, reporting that 200 Chefang men, subjects of China, had entered Burmah and burnt the village of Pangsheng, I have the honour to report that I brought the matter to the notice of the Administrator of Foreign Affairs, and in due course received from him a despatch on the subject, copy of which I have the honour to enclose herewith.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nP. E. O'BRIEN-BUTLER.\n\nThe taotai states that the circumstances at Chefang are being exceedingly riotous, and that instructions have been issued to the sub-prefect of Kuei Kai to proceed to the spot and restore order. He further states that as the matter is of a serious nature, a telegram has been sent requesting that all local Chinese officials may be at once informed.\n\nThe taotai again sent an express to carry instructions, both in despatch and letter, to the sub-prefect, Chang, of Lung Ling, commanding him to go in person without delay to the frontier and examine the particulars and report, and also telegraphed to the delegate, Chou, who is in charge of the cases of crossing the boundary to till ground, ordering him to go without delay to Chefang and make investigations together with the Sub-prefect of Kuei Kai in Burmah.\n\nThe taotai closes his statement by saying that he will send another telegram when investigation has been made. Referring to Mr. Rose's statement in his despatch, it is found that a Burmese bandit is in league with Chinese bad characters to burn and loot; this being so, the chief bandit is a Burmese who collects Chinese as his followers, and it is not that Chinese themselves presume to cross the boundary and burn villages. He requests me to take note of his statement and inform you.\n\nI, as in duty bound, write this to give you the information now obtained, and I will again address you in a despatch when I receive another telegram.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nHSIA.\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nChinese Administrator of Foreign Affairs to Consul-General O'Brien-Butler.\n\n(Translation.)\n\nSir,\n\nForeign Office, Yünnan-fu, March 18, 1911.\n\nON receipt of your letter, stating that 200 Chinese had crossed the boundary and gone to Pangsheng village in Burmah and burnt the place, I telegraphed at once to the taotai at Tengyueh, requesting him to investigate the matter.\n\nI acknowledged receipt of your note.\n\nThe investigations made, the taotai replies to the effect that, when he was at Man Ai on the 14th day of the 12th moon last, he received a despatch from the consul (Mr. Rose) as follows:\n\n\"I am in receipt of a despatch, in which it is stated that a bandit of Po Wang, in Burmah, named Tsao Lo, has been committing depredations, and now intends to collect a following and take action against the chief of Lieh Mong for the purpose of injuring him. It is further stated that Po Wang is close to Chefang and Meng Pan (in Lung Ling), and the bandit consorts regularly with the savages of the two places to commit robberies, his followers being very numerous. It is heard that Tsao Tu, resident of Wa Ch'iung village, in Chefang, is a slave of this bandit. Unless Chinese officials assist in the search for this man, people on both sides of the frontier will suffer loss. I am therefore requested to send you a despatch, asking that the Tu Ssu of Chefang may be instructed to act in conjunction with the sub-prefect of Kuei Kai to arrest this bandit so that he may not take refuge in Chinese territory and disturb the peace.\"\n\nThe taotai found that, as Tsao Lo, the bandit of Po Wang, has often stolen property, to the disturbance of the peace, and as the places in question are close together, no matter whether there are followers of the chief in Che and Meng, it is necessary to assist at once in the search in order to maintain peace on the frontier, and to strengthen friendship between the neighbouring countries, and accordingly sent instructions to the sub-prefect of Lung Ling to order the Tu Ssu of Chefang to take action as commanded.\n\nThe taotai further states that on the 11th day of this moon he again received a despatch from Mr. Rose as follows:\n\n\"I am in receipt of a telegram from the taotai on the north to the effect that a bandit, named Tsao Lo, with more than 200 Chinese of Chefang, has just entered his jurisdiction and burned P'eng Sheng village in Po Wang, his following...",
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        "content_text": "## 2\n\nconsist of piece-goods and sundries, including kerosene oil. The Chinese population of Chientao is very small; but there are at least 100,000 Coreans, considerable numbers having entered the district since the Japanese annexation of Corea. The Coreans work as farm labourers for the Chinese landowners, but do not exert themselves to produce more than sufficient to furnish the proportion of the estimated yield due to the owners of the soil and to feed and sustain themselves. In Hunchun the agriculturists are Manchus, and the traders mostly immigrants from Shantung. Last year an attempt was made to introduce into the Hunchun district a colony of Chinese from the Yang-tsze region. The experiment proved a failure. Of 320 men, women, and children who arrived during the summer, 280 left in the autumn. Accustomed to rice, the immigrants found the local food-stuffs, namely, flour and millet, unpalatable and were dissatisfied with conditions generally.\n\nThe present practice in regard to the free zones on the Russo-Chinese frontier in the Hunchun neighbourhood is different from that prevailing elsewhere along the Russo-Manchurian borders. The Russian authorities admit all Chinese goods into the Primorsk free of duty, with the exception of certain specified articles such as native cloth manufactured in Hunchun, of which a test case was made by the Chinese, without, however, inducing any change of procedure. The Imperial Maritime Customs restrict the privilege of exemption from duty to goods emanating from the free zone of one country and destined for the free zone of the other, a proceeding which would seem to be in strict conformity with the wording of article 1 of the regulations for trade by land attached to the treaty of 1881. The position is manifestly not a satisfactory one, and a discussion of new regulations is pending. Objection was raised by the Japanese to a proposal of the Imperial Maritime Customs to establish barriers at a point on the frontier opposite Huining, at Ta Tu Chu'an on the Tiumen, and at a place on the Hunchun-Primorsk border. The object of these proposed barriers was to check the place of origin and destination of goods, and the ground of the Japanese protest was that customs duties can only be levied in the treaty ports or marts, and that duty-collecting barriers are contrary to treaty. It is pertinent to state that Pogranitchnaya (Suifenho), at which duty is charged on goods transported by the Chinese Eastern Railway, is neither a treaty port nor treaty mart.\n\nThe Japanese are making extensive repairs to the Corean roads leading to the Tiumen, and Mr. Eitaki, the Japanese consul-general at Lung Ching Ts'un or Liu Tao Kon, who was for some years consul-general for Japan in Shanghai, now has the title of Excellency. Five thousand Japanese troops—not, it is said, 15,000 as formerly stated—consisting of one regiment of cavalry, one regiment of infantry, and one regiment of artillery (six batteries, each of six guns) are quartered at Ranan, a newly-built town in the vicinity of Cheong-jin. A detachment of these troops, one company, is stationed at Ungi; but the regular frontier guard is composed of gendarmes.\n\nThe Russians have not shown any recent activity on the frontier, but a lot of work is being done on the improvement of the forts and land defences of Vladivostock, and Captain Nadarov, who was formerly employed in the Department of Foreign Relations of the Chinese Eastern Railway, has been selected to establish a consular office—a vice-consulate, it is thought, at Yen Chi Kang. On the 1st January last the privilege formerly enjoyed by Chinese junks of trading between Vladivostock and Hansi, a convenient anchorage close to Possiet, was withdrawn. No sailing-vessel of Chinese type may now trade along the coast of the Primorsk unless the captain, owner, and half the members of the crew are Russian subjects. The Chinese entertain the idea of mitigating the effect of this requirement by employing Coreans who are Russian subjects. General Vernander, who (vide my despatch No. 30 of the 24th September, 1910) was sent last year to devise and superintend the improvement of the forts and land defences of Vladivostock, is stated to hold the opinion that Vladivostock should be reserved entirely for a fortress and naval stronghold, while M. Gondatti, the new Governor-General of the Priamur, is credited with being strongly anti-Chinese. The attitude of the latter in regard to the quarantine regulations for the Sungari, Amur, and Ussuri Rivers received some mention in my despatches Nos. 15 and 17, dated respectively the 18th ultimo and 6th instant, and it is of interest to record that large numbers of Russian labourers—at least, it appears, 2,000 or 3,000—have recently passed through Harbin on their way to Vladivostock to be employed on the work connected with the strengthening of the forts and land defences of that port. The intention—as with the construction of the Amur Railway—is to employ no Chinese labour. Doubt is entertained as to whether this project is feasible. The Russian Minister of War, M. Suhomlinoff, went through Harbin a few days back en route to Vladivostock.\n\n## 3\n\nColonel Willoughby, the military attaché to His Majesty's Legation, has, I think, a map which will show the position of most of the places in the Hunchun and Chientao districts mentioned in this despatch.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**Enclosure 2 in No. 1**\n\n## Memorandum by Lieutenant-Colonel Willoughby\n\n### H. E. SLY.\n\nAs regards the population (refer to Mr. Sly's report, p. 2) of the region between the Tu-men and the Hai-lang-ho, it was surprising to find how largely it is Corean. The district magistrate of the newly created district of Ho-Lung-hsien (formerly called Ta-La-Tzu) informed me that practically the whole of his rural population were Coreans, the Chinese minority (almost entirely Shantung people) consisting of a sprinkling of small traders, innkeepers, carters, and muleteers, limited practically to the main roads. As regards Corean immigration, I passed a continual stream of Corean refugees, whole families with their household belongings on their backs, in carts, and on pack animals, on the road between Liu Tao Kou and the Tumen, fleeing from Japanese rule. (It was just after the annexation of Corea.)\n\n2 (refer to Mr. Sly's report, p. 2). As regards improvement of communications in and to North-Eastern Corea, the Japanese desire that the easterly continuation of the Chang Ch'un-Kirin Railway shall run, not to Hun-chun, but south from Yen Chi Fu via Liu Tao Kou and Ho-Lung-hsien to the Tumen River, near Ch'i Ch'a Ch'u, and, crossing that river, link up with the future Japanese line from Sei Shin (Chong Jin) to Hui-Ning (Hoi Ryong). The present 18-inch trolley line between the two latter places is 57 miles long, and crosses the \"divide\" between the Tumen valley and the sea coast at the Mo San Ling pass, where the gradient is very steep, and the sharp curves of the present narrow-gauge line necessitate complete realignment for a railway. The work of realignment is now being carried out, large gangs of coolies being at work on it when I passed (last September). At Sei Shin, also, the shore track under the cliffs was being widened by extensive rock-blasting operations. At Yu Cho (8 miles short of Sei Shin) where the trolley line leaves the mountains and enters the maritime plain, another line branches off south, skirting the foot of the hills, to Ranan (Lo-Nan) some 12 miles, a large well-laid-out Japanese cantonment and brigade head-quarters. From Ranan, again, a direct trolley line runs to Sei Shin, across the maritime plain (about 10 miles), joining the Hui-ning-Yu-Cho-Sei Shin line at the foot of the cliffs about 1 mile west of Sei Shin. From Ranan a short branch runs south-east to Tok Chin. Ranan itself is invisible from the sea, being in a basin surrounded by hills.\n\nAll along the mountain section of the trolley line, also, detachments of the pioneer battalion, stationed at Hui-Ning (Hoi Ryong) (\"Kwai Nei\" in Japanese) were at work repairing it and repairing the timber trestle bridges washed away by the recent heavy floods.\n\nThe trolley line is in a dangerous state of dilapidation, the timber culverts in many places quite rotten, and here and there broken through, and the very light rails twisted and irregular, causing frequent derailments. (I myself was derailed no less than six times between Hoi Ryong and Sei Shin, once when travelling fast down an incline.)\n\n3. The rumours I had heard in Peking of Russian encroachment along the Hunchun border, and of detachments being actually located at points on the Chinese side of the frontier, I found to be devoid of foundation. There was not a single Russian soldier across that frontier, the nearest troops being a small post of mounted frontier guards at the Russian customs barrier on the Hun-chun-Novo Kievsk road, 5 miles on the Russian side of the frontier.\n\nWedged in as Hunchun is between Russian and Japanese territory, I was surprised to note the meagreness of the Chinese military forces in that region, which lies absolutely at Russia's mercy, as there is a strong force of all arms at Novo Kievsk, and troops can be poured into Possiet in a few hours from Vladivostock. It would seem as though China recognises that her only safety in this remote corner of her Empire lies in the mutual jealousy of Russia and Japan.\n\nThe Chinese regulars of the 23rd (Kirin) division are scattered along the frontier in small detachments, policing the country-side in conjunction with detachments of the \"front district\" of the \"Hsun Fang-tui\" (provincial troops), the only \"district that has been left as such, the remaining four—viz., \"centre,\" \"right,\" \"left,\" and ...",
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        "page_number": 160,
        "title": "CO129-384 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "# 158\n\n## 2\n\nChinese Railways in lieu of the Pukou-Sinyang preliminary agreement, and to form part of an inter-group loan for the whole line from Hsian-fu to the coast.\n\nMr. Mayers communicated the substance of these negotiations to me, and I expressed it as my opinion that no better satisfaction was likely to be obtained in respect of the Pukou-Sinyang preliminary agreement, and that the present favourable opportunity for the settlement of outstanding questions as between the Chinese Government on the one hand and the British and Chinese Corporation and the Chinese Central Railways on the other should not be let slip.\n\nAt this juncture I thought it well again to approach the Chinese Government on the subject of the Pukou-Sinyang preliminary agreement in such manner as to open the door to a wider basis of negotiation on the above lines, and I accordingly drafted a reply to Prince Ch'ing's note of the 9th January, which, while embodying the observations on that communication suggested to me by Mr. Mayers, to which reference has been made above, urged that, in view of the adoption by the Imperial Government of a fixed policy in regard to railway construction throughout the Empire, it had become desirable to establish methods for dealing with lines for the construction of which agreements had been entered upon with British merchants.\n\nThe British and Chinese Corporation, upon learning the nature of the latest suggestions, showed themselves averse from the introduction of a Belgian element in the Hsian-fu to the coast railway, but a clearer understanding of Belgian preferential rights over the Honan-fu-Hsian-fu section will probably induce them to reconsider their objections. It is indeed desirable that they should do so, since, in the event of a refusal by the groups to participate in the undertaking, the Board of Communications might be tempted to entrust it entirely to the Belgians.\n\nthe sea.\n\nMr. Mayers believes it will be possible to obtain the extension of the line as far west as Lanchow-fu, and has refrained from pressing his Excellency Sheng to state whether the proposed British section should be merely to Isüchow or should reach to An order from a British court will be required to legalise the proposed transfer of the `Shanghai-Ningpo Railway` loan funds, and in the meantime Mr. Mayers has submitted to his principals a draft agreement for the `Kiukiang-Ping-hsiang` line, based, with the necessary modifications, on that concluded for the `Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railway`.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nSir,\n\n## Enclosure 1 in No. 1\n\nPrince Ching to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\nPeking, January 9, 1911.\n\nI HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's note of the 17th November on the subject of the proposal of the Chinese Central Railways (Limited) to negotiate a final agreement for the construction of the Pukou-Sinyang Railway, and stating that--\n\n[Note of the 17th November summarised.]\n\nI accordingly addressed the Board of Communications, and have now received the following reply:---\n\n|  |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| As regards the running of this line | it would be chiefly used for passengers and goods, but it depends on the configuration of the country as to whether there is an increase or decrease in the number of passengers or goods carried. Now the Pukou-Sinyang Railway on the east starts from Pukou, the terminus of the Tien-tsin-Pukou line, and would join the Peking-Hankow line at Sinyang, the middle point. |\n| Although this line crosses the two provinces of Anhui and Honan | there are no flourishing marts along it, nor are there any important strategical passes in that region. To look at the question from its commercial side, the great majority of passengers and goods passing between north and south depend on the Tien-tsin-Pukou line and the Hankow-Peking line as a means of communication. |\n| The Pukou-Sinyang line would only carry a few passengers and goods | from the provinces of Anhui and Honan, so that under such circumstances the line would not be self-supporting. |\n| Again, looking at the question as regards the configuration of the country, | we have the Tien-tsin-Pukou line to the east and the Peking-Hankow line to the west, so that it is to be feared that the proposed line would be throughout merely a cross-country line. |\n| Such a line would be of no advantage | in developing commerce, and no future profits could be expected, while the repayment of the loan could not be made at the appointed date, and as regards the district there are still further difficulties. |\n\nMy board has carefully considered the statement from the Board of Communications, and I have the honour to observe that in view of the real facts of the case it is not necessary at this time to bring the matter forward for discussion.\n\nI have the honour to address this reply to your Excellency, and request that you will inform the British and Chinese Corporation accordingly.\n\nI await, &c.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\nSir J. Jordan to Prince Ch'ing.\n\nPrince CHING.\n\nYour Highness,\n\nPeking, June 8, 1911\n\nON the 9th January last I had the honour to receive your Highness' reply to Mr. Max Müller's note of the 17th November, 1910, on the subject of the Pukou-Sinyang Railway,\n\nAs this is a matter which required consultation with the Ministry of Communications, and knowing that since the New Year that Ministry has been busily engaged with other matters, I postponed discussing the question further at the time. Now, however, that the Chinese Government have decided on a fixed policy of railway construction throughout the Empire, it is desirable that the method of dealing with all lines for the construction of which agreements with British merchants exist should be decided.\n\nThe Ministry of Communications is apparently of opinion that a line from Pakou to Sinyang would have little commercial or strategic value, but as the connecting link between two of the great trunk lines of the Empire, I venture to think that such a railway could not be so unimportant as that Ministry anticipates.\n\nHowever, if the Chinese Government are seriously averse to the proposed route, the Chinese Central Railways (Limited) are quite prepared to accept any reasonable modification of the alignment contemplated in the original agreement.\n\nI feel sure that your Highness will agree that the present is the proper time for the negotiation of a final agreement in this long outstanding matter, and I shall be glad if your Highness will request the Ministry of Communications to appoint an early date for the discussion of the question with the company's representative, Mr. Mayers.\n\nAwaiting the favour of an early reply, I avail, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-384 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 243,
        "title": "CO129-384 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "## CONFIDENTIAL\n## SECTION 2\n\nThe fields of poppy seen by me were similar in size to those in Shensi and Kansu last year. Ninety-eight plots were distributed as follows: seventy in the Lang-tai Ting sub-prefecture, eleven in the district of Shui-ch'êng Hsien, and seventeen in the prefecture of Ta-ting-fu. All along this road, the people were deeply aggrieved at the action of the authorities, who had taken no active steps to stop cultivation until the present season, and then only when the crop was nearing harvest.\n\nFrom the city of Ta-ting-fu, I proceeded south-east to Kuei-yang-fu, the capital of the province, a six days' journey, passing through the remainder of the prefecture of Ta-ting-fu, the department of Chien-hsi Chou, and the districts of Ching-chên Hsien and Kuei-chu Hsien, the latter district containing the capital. In all these, I found the same evidences of destruction as well as seventy-seven plots, mostly mixed with other growing crops, from which a harvest would be reaped unless previously raided. Of these, three were in Ta-ting-fu, twenty in Chien-hsi Chou, forty-five in Ching-chên Hsien, and nine in Kuei-chu Hsien. The last three of these plots were concealed in barley and within 6 miles of the capital.\n\nAt Kuei-yang-fu, I exchanged visits with his Excellency Pang Hung-shu, who has been Governor of Kueichow for four years, and in the course of conversation, I asked him what reduction of poppy cultivation had, in his opinion, been effected throughout the province. After stating in some detail the measures of suppression that had recently been taken, his Excellency said that he considered that there had been a reduction of 70 to 80 per cent., and he asked me at what conclusion I had arrived. I replied that, although I had seen the poppy growing all along the roads I had travelled, the cultivation today was very much less than in 1882 when I travelled in Kueichow, but that it was impossible for me to express any decided opinion until I had visited the eastern part of the province. His Excellency gave me the assurance that no poppy would be sown in Kueichow during the coming autumn.\n\nConsiderable stocks of opium are held in Kuei-yang-fu and other prefectures, and repeated applications for permission to export them have, up to the present, been persistently refused. The present value of raw opium is quoted at from 960 taels to 1,200 taels per picul according to quality. These are five times the prices for which the drug could be purchased before the suppression agitation began.\n\nI left the city of Kuei-yang-fu on the 19th May and proceeded east through the districts and departments of Lung-li Hsien, Kuei-ting Hsien, Ping-yüeh Chou, Ch'ing-p'ing Hsien, Huang-p'ing Chou, Shih-p'ing Hsien, and Chên-yüan Hsien, to the city of Chên-yüan-fu, the head of navigation of the Yuan River, which flows through the province of Hunan into the Tung-t'ing lake. During these eight days, I saw only four patches of poppy, one concealed in peas in the district of Lung-li Hsien, one in rape in the department of Ping-yüeh Chou, and the other two in barley and rape respectively in the department of Huang-p'ing Chou.\n\nIt will be observed from the above that during twenty-nine days' overland travel by high-roads and by-roads in the province of Kueichow, I saw only 211 plots of poppy, that opium is no longer produced or is cultivated only in small quantities in districts which were covered with poppy in 1882, and that many of the plots were not entirely poppy, but a mixture of poppy and barley, rape, peas, beans, or other crops. During my journey, I was frequently told by farmers that, although they had harvested their crop of 1909-10, increasing stringency had compelled them to take no further risks. Those who took these risks during the season of 1910-11 are now bewailing their temerity.\n\nThe impression that I have gathered regarding Kueichow, both from personal investigation and information derived from other parts of the province which I have necessarily been unable to examine, is that there had been a very great reduction in the cultivation of opium during the season of 1910-11, that this reduction has been effected not without the employment of force in practically one season, and that it may fairly be fixed at 70 per cent.\n\nI left Chên-yüan-fu by boat on the 28th May and entered the province of Hunan the next morning.\n\nALEX. HOSIE\n\nOn the Yuan River, Province of Hunan,\nMay 31, 1911.\n\n## No. 1.\n**India Office to Foreign Office**-(Received July 1.)\n\nIndia Office, June 30, 1911. WITH reference to previous correspondence on the subject of the opium arrangement with China, am directed by the Secretary of State for India in Council to forward a copy of a telegram from the Government of India, and to suggest that Sir John Jordan may be instructed to bring the difficulty to the notice of the Chinese Government, and to ask them to accept concurrent numbering of Bengal and Malwa chests for the current year.\n\n### Enclosure in No. 1.\n\nI am, &c.\n**EDWIN S. MONTAGU**\n\n### Government of India to the Earl of Crewe\n\n(Telegraphic.)\nJune 29, 1911. PLEASE refer to clause 1 of article 8 of opium agreement, which requires chests exported to China to bear consecutive numbers from 1911. It is now impossible to number in one series both Bengal and Malwa opium chests of 1911 consignments, seeing that the greater part of exports had left from India before we received intimation of the above provision. We are taking necessary steps to regulate numbering for 1912 and thereafter.\n\nAddressed to Secretary of State for India and repeated to British Minister at Peking.",
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        "id": 436090,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-385 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "page_number": 300,
        "title": "CO129-385 - Public Offices - 1911",
        "content_text": "298\n\nrecovery of stolen property afford proof of the zeal\n\nwith which the local authorities interpret the\n\nTreaties.\n\nI do not think that the Chinese authorities will\n\ntake the piracy cases to heart until they are forced\n\nto do so by the disagreeable necessity of paying\n\nindemnities.\n\nWith regard to the policing of the River, I have\n\nthe honour to report that the Nanning Taotai informed\n\nme in a Note dated the 18th August last that the following patrols had been arranged:-\n\n*Ting Hsi* between Wuchow and Pai Ma; \"*Yung Fu*\" between Pai Ma and Kuei Hsien; \"*Ching Hsi*\" between Kuei Hsien and Nanning; and the \"*Chui Yun*\" between Nanning and Po-sê.\n\nThe \"*Ting Hsi*\" is never in Wuchow now for long at a time, but I have doubts as to the efficacy of the patrols. The harbour master here has told me privately that eleven piracies of junks and a launch occurred during the last fortnight in September between here and Konghao, a distance of some seventy-five miles.\n\nI have &c.,\n\n(Signed)\n\nH.A. Ottewill.\n\nPage 300\n\nPage 301\n\n82:",
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        "id": 437463,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-389 - Governor Sir Lugard Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1912 [3-4]",
        "page_number": 119,
        "title": "CO129-389 - Governor Sir Lugard Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1912 [3-4]",
        "content_text": "List of Ex-officials from China who have taken refuge in Hongkong.\n\nC.0.11256: Enclosure 3.\n\n127\n\n1,255\n\nPage 127\n\nLi King Hi (Chung Sun), Viceroy of Yun Nam & Kwai Chow, at No. 39, Des Voeux Road West. (The Yun Nam Tin Mine Company.)\n\nChan Mong Tsang (Sing Sam) The Commissioner of Industry, Kwong Tung at No. 68, Caine Road.\n\nWong Ping Pit (Seung Sham) Police Taotai, Kwang Si, at No. 35, Robinson Road.\n\nChu Ham Yik (Chung Fu) Director of the Kwang Tung Embankments, at No. 1, Bonham Road.\n\nCheng Wing (Pok Shang) a Taotai of Kwang Tung at No. 12, Mosque Junction.\n\nNg Chung U, a Taotai of Kwang Tung, at No. 11, Seymour Terrace.\n\nSung Shau Ching (Mong Wan) Director of Kwang Tung Financial Board, at No. 47, Bonham Street.\n\nLau Hing Sheung (Ping Sun) subordinary officer of the Board of Law, at No. 62, Peel Street.\n\nLau Hing Tong (Tsi Pak) a Kwong Tung Tao Tai, at No. 7, Seymour Road.\n\nLau Hing Lau (Tso Chai) a Kwang Tung Magistrate, at No. 7, Seymour Road.\n\nNg Sik Wing (Chung Yin) adviser of the Kwang Tung Tuk Lin Kung So, at No. 1, Mosque Junction.\n\nSham Ping Kuk (Kwai Kan) a Kwang Tung Prefect, at No. 6, Mosque Junction.\n\nMa Tak San (Ming Sam) Major-General of Kwang Tung, at No. 27, Peel Street.\n\nNg Ping Shing (San Si) a Kwang Tung Sub-prefect, at No. 2 Mosque Junction.\n\nWong Siu Tsun (Sing Pak) a Kwong Tung Kui Yan, at No. 79, Wan Chai.\n\nWong Siu Yung, at No. 80, Wan Chai.\n\nLai Ching Kin a Shiu Hing Prefect, at 52, Shaukiwan.\n\nKong Shiu Tsun Superintendent for suppressing village robbers, at 30, Caine Road.\n\nPage 128",
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    {
        "id": 438372,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-391 - Acting Governor Claud Severn Governor Sir May - 1912 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 141,
        "title": "CO129-391 - Acting Governor Claud Severn Governor Sir May - 1912 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "Yuk-tong of Hongkong made an issue of $5,000,000 for his own benefit. Colour is lent to this belief from the fact that he left Hongkong a poor man but has, since his return, invested very largely in the Colony and is now reported to be a rich man. His successor has not been able to make a note issue to himself, but his methods as Master of the Mint and of the Currency and Note Redemption Departments are, I am informed, open to the gravest suspicion. Notes can be bought in Canton City at a discount varying from 30 to 40 per centum. A few favoured individuals can, it is said, get them readily exchanged at par for subsidiary coin, while the public can only get a few hundred notes exchanged after an infinity of trouble and a delay of 2 or 3 days. There is thus the gravest dissatisfaction in the City and out of it:\n\nthe majority of the Hongkong Merchants, who are of course deeply interested, do not conceal their disgust. Only perhaps the Sz Yap party, who are responsible for most of the present appointments in Canton, appear to be satisfied. As a natural consequence, the air is full of plots and counterplots. The Fu Ching Tung Meng Ui was the first of these plots to come into prominence: it was supported by Sun Li (Sun Man's brother, now still at work in the same cause in Macao), Wong Wo Shun, who had already been in open revolt in Canton, and had been driven by the Government troops from Whampoa after something approaching a battle, Young Man Fu, Kwan Yan Po, and it is also said by Wong Sz Lung. Wong Sz Lung is a military man of some ability who was appointed joint Lieutenant-Governor with Chan Kwing Ming under Wu Hon Man; this arrangement only lasted a short time, but long enough for Wong Sz Lung to have become popular with quite a large following. The object of this Fu Ching Tung Meng Ui is to overturn the present Government by much the same methods that were used by the Kak Meng T'ong against the Manchus, but these methods do not suit the times or the object, and the main organization has split up into a number of subsidiary plots, all more or less independent\n\nof",
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    {
        "id": 439330,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-393 - Governor Sir May - 1912 [11]",
        "page_number": 247,
        "title": "CO129-393 - Governor Sir May - 1912 [11]",
        "content_text": "234\n\n.BIOLdor\n\n•Na401243 100kg) Dovunu kedirilų sen di pai ori\n\n(det vist 101 Angul))\n\n.1808 LING ,03%\n\nbead of\n\n•\n\nod 15.3\n\n(A)\n\n•\n\nLower Four Prefectures.\n\nRiver traffic at Hoiping suspended owing to prevalence of piracy.\n\n(Chung Kuo Pao, September 3rd.)\n\nRobbers completely routed at Hoi Ping: 74 captured.\n\n(Ch'i Shih Erh Hang Shang Pao, September 10th.)\n\nRobbers active in Kaochow district: 3 battalions (ying) despatched under Li Fu-lin\n\n(Kuo Lin Pao July 22nd.) Number of armed robberies reported from Hoihow.\n\n(Yang Cheng Pao, September 27th.)\n\nPage 234 appears to be a collection of news clippings or reports, likely from historical newspapers or documents related to piracy and robberies in certain regions.\n\nThe text contains a mix of English and nonsensical characters, suggesting OCR errors.\n\nThe coherent parts mention issues like river traffic suspension due to piracy, robberies, and military responses in places like Hoiping, Hoi Ping, Kaochow, and Hoihow.\n\nThe nonsensical parts are likely due to OCR misinterpretation of the original text, possibly from poor scan quality or non-standard fonts.\n\nTo improve readability, the text needs correction of spelling errors, removal of nonsensical characters, and proper formatting.\n\nHere is the corrected version:\n\n234\n\nLower Four Prefectures.\n\nRiver traffic at Hoiping suspended owing to prevalence of piracy.\n\n(Chung Kuo Pao, September 3rd.)\n\nRobbers completely routed at Hoi Ping: 74 captured.\n\n(Ch'i Shih Erh Hang Shang Pao, September 10th.)\n\nRobbers active in Kaochow district: 3 battalions (ying) despatched under Li Fu-lin\n\n(Kuo Lin Pao July 22nd.) Number of armed robberies reported from Hoihow.\n\n(Yang Cheng Pao, September 27th.)",
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    {
        "id": 439350,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-393 - Governor Sir May - 1912 [11]",
        "page_number": 267,
        "title": "CO129-393 - Governor Sir May - 1912 [11]",
        "content_text": "CONFIDENTIAL.\n\nC.O.\n\n40484\n\n239\n\nRece\n\nRr 21 DEC 12\n\nGOVERNMENT HOUSE.\n\nHONGKONG. 21st November, 1912.\n\nSir,\n\n40487.\n\nIn continuation of my Confidential Despatch of this date, I have the honour to inform you that on the 8th November it was reported to me that serious trouble was expected at Wai Chau City; that three of the four city-gates were closed and the remaining gate was closely guarded; that the Military Officer in charge had escaped to Hongkong, being afraid of being murdered; and that a body of revolutionaries, 5,000 in number, under the leadership of two ex-robbers who had assisted the present Authorities in turning out the Manchus, had captured 3 towns in the Hoi Ping and Sunning districts.\n\nA few days later the Police obtained a book relating to the organization of a society called the Kau Shai Kwan which is, I understand, identical with the Fu Ching Tung Man Wui. The book contained instructions regarding arrangements for attacking the Government officials in Canton and for providing a bomb brigade for the assassination of persons denounced by the society.\n\nThe book was obtained from an informer who says that he was sent in July last to obtain recruits for a revolutionary movement at Wai Chau. He had spent the money given him, and as there was no more forthcoming, he had given up his mission.\n\nSubsequently in an interview with the Registrar-General, the informer said that he had been given the book by Wong Sz Lung; that the new revolution was on the eve of starting, but that some hitch had occurred. He said however that the revolution could not be long delayed.\n\nTHE RIGHT HONOURABLE\n\nLEWIS HARCOURT, M.P.,\n\n&c.,\n\n&c.,\n\n&c.",
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    {
        "id": 439996,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-394 - Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1912 [12]",
        "page_number": 488,
        "title": "CO129-394 - Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1912 [12]",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nOPIUM.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[January 20, 1912]\n\nSECON 20 JAN 12\n\n[547]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir Edward Grey.—(Received January 4, 1912.)\n\n(No. 8. Confidential.) Sir,\n\nYunnan-fu, November 25, 1911,\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward to you herewith a copy of a despatch which I have sent to His Majesty's Minister on the subject of opium cultivation in Yünnan.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nP. E. O'BRIEN-BUTLER.\n\nEnclosure in No. 1.\n\nSir,\n\nConsul-General O'Brien-Butler to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nYunnan-fu, November 25, 1911.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report as follows on the subject of opium cultivation in this province.\n\nAbout a month ago the Reverend Samuel Pollard, of Chaotung, sent me the following memorandum:--\n\n\"A large amount of opium is still being grown north of the Yang-tsze in 'independent Nosu (Lolo) land.' The Chinese go across the river and cultivate the poppy on land belonging to the Nosu, paying, of course, for the privilege of doing so.\n\n'In Ch'iao-chia-ting, a sub-prefecture of Tungchuan-fu, I was told by farmers that preparations were being made for extensive poppy sowing. Travelling in that direction I saw two fields of summer opium which was almost ready for gathering. The farmers in the Hsin-tien-chou sub-prefecture stated that they were determined to grow this year, and declared they would offer violence to any official attempting to stop them. I saw the official himself travelling in that district with a strong retinue looking into the matter, and after his visit the talk of poppy sowing died away.\n\n\"In the Lu-ch'uan-hsien and Wu-ting-chou districts directly north of Yunnan-fu much opium is being sown this year, and some of it is already above the ground. In these districts landlords have given seed to their tenants, commanding them to grow opium crop on the best of their rented land. Refusal to do so will lead to eviction from their farms if the landlords carry out their threats. Tenants from a number of Christian villages have come for advice to the missionaries, who have told them that it was wiser to obey the Emperor's decree and the official proclamation than to sow the poppy at the command of their landlords. If the officials are in earnest this deplorable state of affairs can easily be prevented. I was informed also that in the Tungchuan prefecture opium is openly sold and li-kin collected on it by the officials.\"\n\nThe new republican Government in Yünnan have declared their willingness to recognise treaties with foreign Powers made by the Ching dynasty. They cannot, therefore, openly encourage opium cultivation, although this would offer a ready means of revenue and bring in large sums to the depleted provincial treasury. Moreover, there is a widespread determination among the farmers of Yunnan to gather an opium crop this year at all costs, and it is probable that the new Government are unwilling to incur the unpopularity which would necessarily attend active repressive measures and result in the alienation of the sympathies of a large part of the inhabitants of the province from the new régime.\n\nThe temptation is great, and it would appear that the Government have adopted a policy of non-obstruction without actually sanctioning the growing by the issue of a proclamation. Large quantities of poppy seed have already been planted, and I hear...\n\nPage 1\n\n[2340 d-",
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        "id": 440352,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "page_number": 245,
        "title": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "content_text": "(This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.)\n\n242\n\nOPIUM.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[March 18.]\n\n10-34\n\nALCO\n\nSECTION\n\nRear 3 MAY 12\n\n[10701]\n\n(No. 92.) Sir,\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.—(Received March 12.)\n\nPeking, February 22, 1912. WITH reference to your despatch No. 15 of the 17th January, forwarding a copy of a telegram from the Government of India enquiring as to the reported resumption of opium cultivation in China, and requesting that a report may be furnished upon the subject, I have the honour to state that, with the exception of the despatch from His Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu, No. 46 of the 25th November, 1911, copy of which was forwarded by Mr. O'Brien-Butler direct to the Foreign Office, no further information has been received in regard to the province of Yunnan, but His Majesty's consul-general at Chengtu reports that farmers are once more planting the poppy in Szechuan, while His Majesty's acting-consul at Chungking telegraphs that sowing has taken place, not, however, to any large extent, in the districts of Nan-ch'uan, Ta-tsu, Mien-chu, and An Hsien, and in the department of Fu Chou, and adds that the Government is endeavouring to suppress cultivation, but has failed at Fu Chou on account of local resistance, and that fresh efforts at suppression will be made when conditions permit.\n\nThe department of Fu Chou was the chief opium producing centre of the province of Szechuan, and up to the season of 1909-10, when the area under poppy was largely extended, offered the most strenuous resistance to the measures of suppression, a resistance, however, which was overcome in 1910-11 when Sir Alexander Hosie failed to see a single poppy plant during his journey through the department. That it should be one of the first districts to take advantage of the present disturbed and uncontrolled condition of the province is scarcely a matter for surprise.\n\nAs regards the province of Hunan, in which the poppy was cultivated during the season of 1910-11, His Majesty's consul at Changsha reports that the districts in which the most poppy has been sown for the 1911-12 crop are Tz'u-li Hsien in the north and Kuei-yang Chou in the south. In the latter the authorities have found it impossible to interfere successfully with the growers, as, with the present high level of prices, the profits of one crop were said to exceed the normal value of the land itself. Other districts in which poppy has recently been sown are Pao-ching Hsien and Lung-shan Hsien in the Yung-shan prefecture and Ling Hsien in the prefecture of Heng-chou-fu. He further states that orders have been issued for all the poppy sown to be dug up, and for the growers to enter into a bond that they will sow no more. The Provincial Parliament proposed that, if any refused to comply, the land should be confiscated and the offenders rendered liable to imprisonment for not more than three years and a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars, and that those who were still recalcitrant should be summarily executed; but these proposals did not commend themselves to the Governor.\n\nThere can be little doubt that at the present juncture the leaders of the revolution have been unwilling to alienate the people by enforcing drastic measures of suppression. They have as a rule maintained a passive attitude; but the proclamation issued on the 25th November last by the authorities of Ning-hsia-fu in the north-east of the province of Kansu, enclosed in my despatch No. 54 of the 31st ultimo, is an exception to that rule.\n\nDuring a visit which President Yuan Shih-kai paid to me on the 20th instant I took the opportunity of remarking on the recrudescence of opium cultivation, and his Excellency gave me to understand that as soon as peace and order were restored this, like many other matters, would not be lost sight of.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n[2412 m-1]",
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    {
        "id": 440447,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "page_number": 370,
        "title": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n366\n\nC. O.\n\n19041\n\nOPIUM.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[21417]\n\nNo. 1.\n\n[May 20.]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n20 UNIC\n\n(No. 200.) Sir,\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.---(Received May 20.)\n\nPeking, April 30, 1912.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch No. 110 of the 6th ultimo, I have the honour to report that missionary and other refugees from Kansu and Shensi bring the information that the poppy is being widely cultivated in these two provinces. A British missionary, writing on the 29th March from the city of Fo-chiang Hsien, in Kansu, which was a great centre of production in 1910, says that, in order to keep people quiet during the unrest caused by the revolutionary movement, official intimation was made during the autumn that the suppressive measures would not be enforced, with the result that during the present spring the poppy abounds on hillsides and in valleys to the exclusion of every other crop except wheat. He further states that a proclamation in the name of the high provincial authorities was posted at Fo-chiang on the 28th March imposing taxes on all land under poppy and warning the people that no cultivation would be permitted next year.\n\nBritish missionaries who have returned to their stations in Shansi report that opium is now being largely cultivated in the central and southern parts of that province, which was declared free from cultivation in 1910, and is one of the five provinces from which Indian opium was excluded from the 11th September, 1911.\n\nHis Majesty's consular officers at Chengtu and Chungking continue to report the resumption of opium production in Szechuan, especially in the prefecture of Ya-chou Fu and in the Ning-yuan Fu or Chien-chang Valley, bordering on Yünnan, whence it has spread to the hill tribes, and they state that proclamations commanding eradication issued by the Chengtu authorities are not being enforced by the local officials. In some districts in the east of the province, still independent of Chengtu rule, opium is being cultivated, and troops have been sent to the districts of Tien-chiang and Liang-shan and to the department of Fu Chou to bring them under control and at the same time eradicate the poppy.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general at Yünnan Fu reports that as much opium is now being grown in the east and west of Yunnan as in times of unrestricted cultivation, and that the area under crop in the immediate neighbourhood of the provincial capital is estimated at 40 per cent. of the area previous to the introduction of repression. He states that there is absolutely no attempt at concealment, that many fields lie along frequented high roads, and that he has been given to understand that no endeavour to curtail cultivation will be made during the present year.\n\nAs regards the province of Fukien, His Majesty's consul at Amoy reports that in the districts of An-ch'i and Tung-an, the latter a district from which the poppy had disappeared, cultivation recommenced as soon as the Imperial executive collapsed, and on the island of Amoy, behind the city of Amoy, poppy fields stretched in all directions on the 31st March, some still in flower, but the great majority ripe unto harvest with a good proportion of the capsules in process of being tapped, and he adds that the cultivation was being carried on by the local farmers without let or hindrance on the part of the authorities.\n\nIn the province of Chekiang, where the most vigorous efforts are being made by the authorities to exclude Indian opium, the poppy is reported to be under cultivation in at least two prefectures—Wenchou Fu and T'ai-chou Fu.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n[2502 u-]\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.",
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    {
        "id": 440642,
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        "document_key": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "page_number": 565,
        "title": "CO129-395 - Public Offices - 1912",
        "content_text": "[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n0.0.\n\nmarkets of this year's raw opium. As to Western Szechuan, the cultivation of the poppy has been resumed in the prefectures of Ya-Chou Fu and Hing-Yuan Fu, whence it has spread to the hill tribes bordering on Yünnan. As to Eastern Szechuan, from Wan Hsien and all along the river to Wu Shan, the prohibition proclamations have been entirely disregarded, and in Fu-chou, Feng-tu, and Tien-chiang as many poppies have been planted as before the issue of the Imperial edicts; indeed a British official, Mr. Teichman, travelling recently from Chengtu to Ichang, found between Peng-tu and Chung-chou that the poppy was the predominating crop on all sides. Liang Shan, T'ung Chuan, Shih Chu-t'ing, and Wan Hsien have also planted poppies, but in much smaller quantities than before the publication of the edicts; K'ai Hsien and the districts to the north have also planted a good deal, which has been ruined by weather.\n\nIn Shansi, British missionaries returned to their stations report that opium is now being largely cultivated in the central and southern parts of that province.\n\nHis Majesty's Minister has dealt only with Szechuan and Shansi, but he is continually receiving reports of the recrudescence of opium cultivation in other provinces. For example: Kansu, where Colonel Pereira, lately military attaché to this legation, has seen the poppy planted round Lanchow Fu and Liang-chou; Shensi, where it is reported to be widely cultivated; Yunnan, in the east and west of which province as much opium is grown as before the Imperial edicts; Hunan, where poppy seems to be grown everywhere; Fukien, where poppy fields are to be seen in all directions near Amoy and in other districts; Chekiang, where poppy has been replanted in at least two prefectures, and Kueichou, where, according to a telegram just received from His Majesty's consul at Chungking, the opium prohibitions have been cancelled.\n\nHis Majesty's Minister admits the difficulties imposed on the Chinese Government in their policy of suppressing the cultivation of the poppy by the present unsettled conditions in the interior; but the very fact that circumstances render them unable to fulfil their obligations in that particular makes it all the more incumbent on them to prevent breaches of the agreement in other particulars being deliberately committed.\n\nPeking, May 31, 1912.\n\nOPIUM.\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[27289]\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSir Edward Grey to Sir J. Jordan.\n\n211\n\n[June 27. Ent 2 AUG 12]\n\nSECTION 1.\n\n(No. 103.) (Telegraphic.) R.\n\nForeign Office, June 27, 1912. PROCLAMATION said to have been issued in Kiangsi province to establish monopoly of sales of opium from 1st July, and to suppress trade in December next.\n\nYou should make a strong protest to Chinese Government.\n\n[2519 dd-1]",
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    {
        "id": 443166,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-401 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [5-6]",
        "page_number": 204,
        "title": "CO129-401 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "## North River\n202 P'an Yu: 640 robbers, all armed, held a banquet at Kao Tseng Hsu, then they discussed question of levying toll on travellers etc.  \nCh'i Shih Erh Hang Pao 26.4.13.\n\nHu Men: Gunboat \"Kuang Heng\" had a 2 hours fight with pirates on 25th instant: 1 pirate vessel captured, 2 escaped.  \nKuo Min Jih Pao 29.4.13.\n\nCh'ing Yuan: robbery in Lung Ta'un: 8 men, 4 women and 4 oxen carried off.\n\nYang Cheng Pao 2.4.13.  \nNorth River: robbers are attempting to levy toll on transport of Kianghsi pottery: Tu Tu has instructed the Nan-shao-lien Sui Ching Ch'u to ensure safe transit.  \nHin Chih Pao 9.4.13.\n\nCh'ing Yuan: telegram from Hongkong Ch'ing Yuan merchants requests Authorities to relieve their native district from the oppression of robbers.  \nCh'i Shih Erh Hang Pao 11.4.13.\n\nYang Shan: merchants petition Authorities for protection against robbers, who have sworn to revenge themselves for repulse at Shui K'ou Hsu.  \nMin Chih Pao 15.4.13.\n\nCh'ing Yuan Hsien: merchants telegraph for help: trade at a standstill.  \nMin Chih Pao 24.4.13.\n\n## East River\nCanton-Vaichow: passenger boat sacked by pirates a day or two ago.\n\n## West of Delta\nPan Yu and Tseng Ch'eng: 18 robbers captured on 26th by Li Fu Lin.  \nCh'i Shih Erh Hang Pao 30.4.13.\n\nLo Ting Chou: telegraphic petition to Authorities of 30th ultimo: 1,000 robbers in district, who lately shot 15 house-holders and abducted over 80 women.  \nCh'i Shih Erh Hang Pao 1.4.13.",
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        "page_number": 205,
        "title": "CO129-401 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [5-6]",
        "content_text": "# 203\n\n1\n\nYang Chiang: Government are sending 83rd., 84th., and 85th. ying of Ching Wei Chun to reinforce troops already on the spot.\n\n## Reports from Various Newspapers\n\n### Sheng Pao - 9.4.13\n- K'ai P'ing: Hsien Tang village surrounded by 200/400 robbers, who shot 2 men, abducted 3 and stole 70 head of cattle.\n\n### Hin Sheng Pao - 9.4.13\n- Yang Ch'un: Kaochow and Kuangchow Lo Sui Ching Chu ordered to suppress robberies in that district.\n\n### Min Chih Pao - 11.4.13\n- Hao Shan: at Shih Men Chuang over 200 robbers, disguised as troops abducted 9 persons and stole several tens of thousands of dollars.\n\n### Min Sheng Pao - 12.4.13\n- K'ai P'ing: 2 villages plundered on 7th. instant.\n- Yang Ch'un: on 5th. instant over 80 head of cattle stolen at Feng lan Pao.\n\n### Min Chih Pao - 16.4.13\n- K'ai Chien: from 5th. to 11th. instants a case of robbery reported every day.\n\n### Yang Ch'eng Pao - 21.4.13\n- Kao and Lei-chow; on 8th. instant in Mou Ming district 82 persons were killed and much money, goods and arms carried off. Authorities in reply to request for help have sent the 17th and 18th. ying of the Ching Wei Chun.\n\n### Ch'i Shih Erh Hang Pao - 30.4.13\n- Kai Ping: urgent appeal for assistance: about 1,800 robbers infest district; 37 people kidnapped and much booty stolen.\n\n### Min Sheng Pao - 8.4.13\n- West River. Chao Ching-fu: 2 cargo-boats on 3rd. instant boarded by 30/40 pirates and several thousands of dollars worth of plunder carried off.",
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    {
        "id": 443591,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "## Canton\nThe report goes that wealthy people, as a result of the late scare by robbers, are transferring valuables to City pawnshops. Main Sheng Pao. 29.5.13.\n\n## East River\nTseng Ch'eng - The Chinese Pastor of the Anglican Mission has appealed to the Authorities for protection against robbers. Min Chih Pao. 3.5.13.\n\nTseng Ch'eng - soldiers sent by hsien made a futile attack on robbers at T'an Chiao Pu and lost 8 men. On returning with reinforcements, they found that the robbers had decamped. 72 Hang Pao. 13.5.13.\n\nTseng Ch'eng - sudden renewal of disturbances on withdrawal of troops. Min Chih Pao. 14.5.13.\n\n## Ta Li Pu Nam Hoi\nover 200 robbers on 11th instant plundered 43 houses, abducted 4 persons, and stole much money. The village \"tuans\" were afraid to make an appearance. Min Chih Pao. 14.5.13.\n\n## Tseng Ch'eng\n- Anglican Mission house destroyed, 200 houses pulled down, 500 persons shot; native pastor telegraphed to Canton for assistance. 72 Hang Pao. 16.5.13.\nTseng Ch'eng - robberies took place on nights of the 6th, 11th, and 12th instants. - Min Sheng Pao.\n\nTung Kuan - on 9th instant, 16 houses in a hamlet plundered and over 1 dozen cattle stolen. Min Sheng Pao. 16.5.13.\n\n## Tseng Ch'eng\nLi Fu Lin has captured the leader and 14 others of the Po K'o Hui in that district. 72 Hang Pao. 21.5.13.\n\n## P'an Yu\nThe Po K'o Hui is steadily gaining recruits and has spread to Namhoi and Shun Tak districts. P'an Yu forms the rallying point, so as to keep in touch with Tseng Ch'eng, Pok Lo, and Tung Kuan Lion, also because it is hilly and affords good hiding. Min Chih Pao. 30.5.13.\n\n## Canton-Kowloon Railway\nChang Ping station robbed by a gang of ten, who took all clothing and money. They intimated the purpose of levying $5.00 per mensem on each station as a guarantee of immunity from attack. Kuo Min Jih Pao. 31.5.13.",
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        "id": 443592,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "page_number": 30,
        "title": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "## Minutes 10 non 6 de\nqno'nü gn98\" ma wi onið me’↑ ja arendor .GI. MEI .03 pmH 2V,beqLINU→ to Inauerti- no ecomoweit to levoner mohou a Tevin Jak West River.\n\n## \n Gov Culų srandani ...JII no areddvï 001 gevo for me - U. ¡I T bejoubus,nenvod Ob bero- North River. jeme now: blods are encatEY +90117139 (8_na edes of binte eher \"onut\" eyelliv zLT ..1.0.81 .oni didu ni... aenuo.: 105,\" portenb cama! noizel. roligna gus 'no quonT bigen sled. Tocang evičan, „dumo elucieq 000,rwon bells. .containeл Tot пodí.:D OJ ...db muid to 83n i no 9081. dood zeitendur ge'10 gree .01.0.81 .08¶ jonë mij -.jmejani .NJCI br borabnely JeLan o ni aeavor BI Jmuuri .nide no JII Rewa t I. I .02% pauž ni.. .reloja sitjau nezob I Tovo ka 得 „Joiujnih Cand nİ İNİ, o'A od end to * bra edinrooy „inic, VIILBoje ni immi o'lí ơi c Mi ne' NY MA', .9:incsik det runt bra fork.at of bootyE BAL de by douus ni qoex ut 23 08 „riq soiɣllet elk mario? eausoad osin ka new nauli grut bre of Ho¶ pre'lü sueet .024 ning mi mikil boog, skrotta har yilin ei Ji .$1.0.00 to ad eodor meisten niî qobiq verfiw noo[704-nej mm( Docmični yon. ama ca mi lo fin de C. T,NOJ or rollatu JEMNO JE .07. Nii mi. N ,ano rag M.A piwol în sɛoywy donga mori şi Ti to eet? Wo 1.4.18\n\n## \nKao Yao Hsien Hsin Ch'iao plundered recently by band of mounted robbers in guise of soldiery. in Chih Pao. 14.5.13.\n\nChao-ching-fu \n| District        | Incident                                                                                           | Source      | Date    |\n|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|---------|\n| Tung Tsun     | 5 cargo boats held up; 4 (Shiu hing) passengers killed and several boatmen injured;               | Sheng Pao   | 3.5.13  |\n| Hsin Ning     | Village of Ch'ih Ni T'ung cleaned out; booty taken to amount of $2,000; women and 23 cattle carried off. | Min Chih Pao| 26.5.13 |\n| Kao T'ang     | 3rd ying of the Lu Chun sent with 12 machine guns against the Po K'o Hui.                         | 72 Hang Pao | 27.5.13 |\n| Ching Yuan    | Over 100 robbers are abroad, blackmailing and terrorising the neighbourhood.                      | Min Chih Pao| 1.5.13  |\n| Ching Yuan    | Assistance requested for the Ying Tak district against robber bands.                              | Min Chih Pao| 6.5.13  |\n| Kao T'ang     | Infested by 300 robbers who have formed a society.                                                 | 72 Hang Pao | 13.5.13 |\n| Ch'ing Yuan Lung T'ang Hsu | Several hundreds of houses wrecked; robbers have instituted levy of $5.00 per head on cows and 80 cents per mou of ground. | Min Sheng Pao | 16.8.13 |\n| Tueh Han Railway Kwok T'ong | Station rushed on 15th instant; several hundreds of dollars stolen.                              | 72 Hang Pao | 17.5.13 |\n| Kao Tang      | Some of Lu Chun and several ying of Yu Chi Tui left on 16th instant to clear out robbers.          | 72 Hang Pao | 19.5.13 |\n| West of Delta, Hsin Ch'ang | Urgent telegram reports abduction of 2 teachers and 18 scholars.                                 | Min Chih Pao| 6.5.13  |\n\nPage 30\nPage 31",
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        "page_number": 360,
        "title": "CO129-402 - Governor Sir May - 1913 [7-8]",
        "content_text": "## conflict with the troops. \nLieut. Crosse, R.G.A., of the General Staff Office, Hongkong, in an Intelligence Report, dated June 20th, 1913, copy of which he kindly furnished to this office, states that the neighbourhood of Hoi Feng is peopled by Hoklos, \"who are staunch supporters of the Triad Society, of whom some Practically 40% have not even cut off their queues \"the whole East of Kuangtung supports the Triad cause, as also \"do the troops of the Lu Chun stationed at Fu Mun (near the \"Bogue Forts). There are also a good number of adherents in Western Kuangtung. They are divided up into regiments and districts for organization purposes and there are three heads, Wong So-shun, who is in Kiangsi, is in continual correspondence with \"one at Macao, one at Hing Ning, and one at Hoi Feng. \"these heads and is being approached as to the best methods for \"importation of arms\"\n\n## In the City itself \norder continues to be well maintained by Ch'en Ching-hua, Commissioner of Police, whose drastic methods and use of delatores, however, have made him many enemies. A reformatory has been instituted in the old fort opposite Macao Fort in the Back Reach. It can take in 1,000 prisoners, convicted of less serious offences, and a beginning has been made in teaching them the use of printing machines, (obtained from Japan), the manufacture of military boots and the weaving of cloth. The building is spacious and, when visited by the writer, appeared to be kept in a clean condition. It is illustrative of the methods of Ch'en Ching-hua that thirteen prisoners, who attempted to escape a little time ago were caught and all of them shot in his presence. The gaols in the City are at present very congested and the idea is being revived of creating a penal colony on Pratas Island. Lately the Bureau of Industry attempted to settle 20 colonists on the island but finding on their arrival the corpses of predecessors in a similar experiment, who had been forgotten during the Revolution and perished of starvation, the party returned to Canton without delay.\n\nPage 360  \nPage 361",
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    {
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-403 - Governor Sir May Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [8-10]",
        "page_number": 340,
        "title": "CO129-403 - Governor Sir May Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [8-10]",
        "content_text": "# OP Y. C 33775\n## List of Robberies and Piracies compiled from the Native Press for the month of August, 1913.\n\n### Canton and Delta\n\n#### Ha in Hui\n22 SEF 13  \nCity Police Office besieged by several hundred robbers on 30th, ultimo. Urgent appeal for help sent to Canton Authorities.  \n`72 Hang Pao · 1.8.13.`\n\n#### Fatshan\nPeople being nervous owing to presence of 1,000 robbers in Lo Ts'ung, Li Fu Lin has gone to Fatshan to keep order.  \n`Min Chih Pao 4.8.13` is not present, but Sama hui-Canton is, so it is assumed the date refers to `Min Chih Pao 4`\n\n#### Sama hui-Canton\nPassenger boat pirated and several thousand dollars stolen at Heng Chiang on Saturday last. Master held to ransom.  \n`Min Chih Pao 4.`\n\n#### Lo Te*ung\n- Hein Hui\n\n#### Shun Te\n- Canton  \nSeveral ying despatched thither yesterday to protect neighbourhood against robbers.  \n`Yang Cheng Hsin Pao 14.`\n\n#### Canton\nLung and Huang have decided to send drafts from the 5th and 10th t'uans thither in answer to appeal for assistance against robbers.  \n`72 Hang Pao 15.`\n\n#### Hein Hui\nHead of the Yu Chi Tui telegraphs that town is surrounded by several thousand robbers, who threaten to destroy it.  \n`Nan Yueh Pao 16.`  \nPolice are placing additional guards on all sides of City to prevent inrush of bad characters.  \n`72 Hang Pao 16.`\n\n#### Hsiang Shan\nRequest received that troops withdraw be re-directed to that place. Robbers numerous and people uneasy.\n\n#### Heng Sha\nChou Ts'un clan fight.  \n`Nan Yueh Pao 18.`  \nKao Tang robbers having joined in, Li Fu Lin is leading troops to restore order.  \n`72 Hang Pao 21.`",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-403 - Governor Sir May Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [8-10]",
        "page_number": 403,
        "title": "CO129-403 - Governor Sir May Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1913 [8-10]",
        "content_text": "## TELEGRAM. TRANSLATION.\n\n**Enclosure C.O. 401 36276 RECD 20 003**\n\nThe Ta'an I Yuan and Lu Chun Pu herewith transmit to Lung, Governor of Kuangtung, a Confidential Order issued by the President:\n\nSecret reports have been received from various sources and from the merchants of Hongkong to the following effect: \"Ch'en Ching-hua is harbouring rebels and secretly fomenting disorder. He has an Agent residing at Hollywood Road, Hongkong, in the 3rd story of the An Chi Hong and also one in Macao. He has been in secret communication with Hu I-sheng, Wang Ching-wei, Chu Chih-hsin, Hsieh Ying-po, Ho K'o-fu, Chin Chang, Chang Shu-t'ang, Tu Kung-shih, Wu Ying-fen, Tu Ch'eng-shih, Teng K'eng, Teng I-ch'en, Yao Yu-p'ing, Ma Yu-shen, Liu Mei-ch'ing, Liu Yueh and Huang Ming-t'ang, plotting daily and inducing bad characters to join their ranks. They have observed the utmost secrecy. They are reported to have raised large sums of money and are collecting bad characters, to the number of several thousands, along the East River whilst they have ordered 30,000 white military hats in Hongkong with red peaks and an inscription thereon. In the Police Yamen are stored a large quantity of bombs and rifles. They rely on the assistance from within of Wang Tsun-chu and K'ang Chung-lo in the Tu Tu Fu\".\n\n\"This rebel is making use of the Ching Pei Chun and the Yu Chi Tui under his command, he has also got Yen To-ming, Commander of the Waichow troops, and Ch'en Chung-pin, Commander of the Ch'ing Hsiang Troops in Nan Heiung and Shaochow to aid him. Once all arrangements are made they will commence operations. This rebel (Ch'en Ching-hua) is very cunning, he simulates concurrence with the Tu Tu in order to avert suspicion\".\n\nI have for a long time been aware of Ch'en Ching-hua's evil practices and he should have been arrested and punished 'ere this. The Tu Tu, however, feared trouble on account of the fact that (Ch'en Ching-hua) was in command of armed forces. An ulcer becomes worse if no remedy be adopted. Reports from many sources say that the matter is becoming more serious and the Tu Tu should make...",
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    {
        "id": 445106,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 180,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## The Province of Kansu\n\n1. Lanchow, August 6, 1912:- \nAs last year saw practically the end of the poppy, and with very little trouble to the officials, much less than was expected. Eating is back at the old level, as the drug is cheap, about 50 tael cents the ounce for the raw drug, less than half the price last winter.\n\n2. Lanchow, September 5, 1912:- \n\"GORDON HARDING.\" \nI regret to inform you that no previous year have I seen so much ground given to opium cultivation as this year. This in a great measure is owing to the late Manchu Viceroy Chang giving widespread permission by proclamation to its growth, in order no doubt to court the favour of the people at a time when the situation was extremely critical. I do not consider the Republican Government can be held responsible for this. Opium smoking is as prevalent as formerly. It has been a bad year for opium owing to excessive rainfall.\n\n3. Liangchou, September 8, 1912:- \n\"ARTHUR PREEDY.\" \nI am sorry to say that when permission to grow opium was granted by the late Manchu Viceroy Chang, the people took full advantage of it to grow it this last season, as I have never seen it grown for the last twenty years. Some say as much as 70 per cent. was put down, but to a large extent the crop was a failure, first owing to the dry season, and then when that which had been well irrigated was just right for gathering, the rains came and washed a great deal of the sap away, but with all this a vast quantity was brought into the city, and the exchange went down to 1,000 odd cash the tael, and the raw freshly-gathered opium was selling for 150 cash the ounce, but as the days went by and no buyers came from the south, it gradually dropped to 100 cash the ounce, and could hardly be sold for that. This, together with the high tax—1.90 taels per acre—did not bring much grist to the farmer's mill. They say there will be some difficulty in collecting this tax. As to smoking the drug, it is computed that about 70 per cent. use it, and we are seldom asked for medicine to break off the habit. It is now sold quite openly on the street corners, as of yore. All the officials use it, and it is only a question with them of £ s. d.\n\n## The Province of Shensi\n\n1.—(a.) Hanchung Fu, September 5, 1912:- \n\"Last autumn on the outbreak of the revolution the farmers immediately set to sowing opium, but being late much of it came to nothing. There was, however, an amount grown in out-of-the-way places, but as it has been kept well out of public sight it is difficult to say whether much or little was gathered. Much of the crop has been smuggled down to Szechuan, as there it sells for 2,000 cash an ounce, as against 1,000 cash here. A large number of retail dealers all of whom had been successfully closed—reopened during the winter, but the former extensive outside trade has not revived. The retail dealers are now to receive fifteen days' notice to close, and premises are being prepared for the purchase and sale of opium by the officials. Smokers are to be registered, and the supply to them is to be gradually reduced.\n\n\"It is now about three weeks or a month to sowing time, and the farmers have been planning to sow extensively, but recently various proclamations from the Provincial and Central Governments have been issued which have created much alarm. Ground sown is to be confiscated, and individuals persisting in opposition to authority are to be executed; officials failing to secure obedience to the law are to be dismissed. The general is that the above measures will be effectual and the sowing will not take place.\n\n1.—(b.) Hanchung Fu, November 14, 1912:- \n\"G. F. EASTON.” \n\"I have just returned from a three weeks' journey in the prefecture, which has afforded considerable opportunity of observation. In spite of the most stringent prohibitions and threats opium was very extensively sown throughout the prefecture. In some parts, however, much of the sowing has been useless owing to the drought now prevailing in these parts. I found in one district the district official very busily engaged in superintending the destruction of the opium which was above ground, and in other districts deputy officials were engaged in the same way. No opposition was apparent, and the thing was being destroyed wholesale over large areas. In another district, however, I learn that the growers have been defiant, and are said to have called together the local militia to protect the growth.\n\n\"The growers tell me that they are willing to give up the growing if the officials will guarantee that there will absolutely be none grown anywhere, but as long as there is any grown at all they will insist on attempting to grow it. This arises from the fact that in previous years, and especially last year, the law breakers who succeeded in raising a crop in spite of all difficulties made quite a fortune out of it. I believe the officials, especially those of higher rank, are sincerely desirous of suppressing the drug, but they are somewhat inexperienced, and the machinery through which they have to work is very imperfect, and it is early for them to put too much pressure upon the people. I trust the British Government will show its dignity and patience by allowing to the utmost for the difficulties of the position, and not accede to the request for revoking the agreement. Licenced shops for the sale of the drug are now opened everywhere, and all private dealers are closed, but I fail to see how it is to effect any diminution of the consumption, while it must increase official revenue. Illicit trade is, of course, largely carried on. On the whole it looks as though last year's experience were to be repeated, a quantity of opium will be grown in those places that escape the search of the detective.\n\n2. Hing Au Fu, September 20, 1912:- \n\"An office is... Poppy seed for the cure of opium eaters. I have not seen any land planted yet with... Proclamations forbidding its growth have been issued, and there seems to be a feeling of fear among farmers, and they dare not plant it. \"OLIVER BURGESS.\"\n\n3. Mei Hsien, October 28, 1912:- \n\"Last year's opium was a splendid crop, and the people had hoped for another this year, but the rain has been withheld. The drought will help the officials in doing away with it... Proclamations are out against the cultivation. Wherever the land can be irrigated they are sowing opium, but the Governor has issued proclamations threatening to execute anyone found planting with brass grasscutters which he has had made and are on view in Sian. Soldiers have been sent out to warn the people of Chang's coming to carry out the Tutuh's instructions. It is rumoured that one man has already been executed. \"R. W. MIDDLETON.\"\n\n## The Province of Honan\n\n1.—(a.) Taikang, September 17, 1912— \n\"It is reported that a society to protect opium growers is being formed in one part of this district. The growth of opium in this Hsien was practically put down before the revolution, but those who are forming the above society are determined to grow it again, and if need be to fight for their rights. So far as I have been able to learn this feeling only exists in the south-west, where this Hsien is adjacent to Luyi Hsien, a district in which opium growing has been persisted in and never stopped. \"HENRY S. FORD.\"\n\n1.—(b.) Taikang, November 18, 1912— \n\"I sincerely trust that my letter of the 17th September to you has not given you the impression that opium is really being cultivated again with official recognition. This is not so, and I have every reason to believe that those who are determined to recommend growing the poppy will find themselves very severely punished. \"HENRY S. FORD.\"\n\n2. Kingtzekwan, November 15, 1912:- \n\"A few days ago a man from Yünyang Fu, north bank of the Han River, brought the news that Künchow, south bank, had more opium sown than ever before. Yesterday a farmer from Siping, 90 li north of this town, the mart for Honan varnish, reported more opium sown than ever before. A Shensi borderer reported that...\n\nPage 180\nPage 181",
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    {
        "id": 445288,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 362,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "# OPIUM.\n## CONFIDENTIAL.\n[9278]\n\nPeking, February 12, 1913.\n\n### Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received February 27.)\n**(No. 74.)**\n\nSir,\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 39 of the 23rd January, I have the honour to enclose consular despatches relating to opium cultivation in the provinces of Fukien, Szechuan, and Yunnan.*\n\n#### Fukien\nHis Majesty's consul at Amoy, on the authority of missionaries and others, confirms previous statements that the poppy is being cultivated to a considerable extent in the Amoy district. The officials have received orders to suppress cultivation without causing disturbances, but they do not consider their military forces at present adequate to carry out these conditional orders and to interfere with the gathering of this season's harvest. His Majesty's consul at Foochow reports that he was informed by the civil commissioner on the 30th January that 1,000 soldiers, who had been sent into the Hsing-hua district some days previously, had arrived there and were engaged in up-rooting the poppy. The civil commissioner was confident that the rebels would not be allowed to interfere with the work of complete destruction. This information, however, does not appear to be borne out by a Reuter's telegram, delivered at Peking on the 30th January, stating that according to an official telegram no action had yet been taken to root up the poppy in the Hsing-hua district, and that the Ming pretender, who had a following of 1,500 men, was receiving a dollar per mow for protecting the poppy-fields.\n\nIn regard to Mr. Werner's reference to Chang-chou and Ch'uan-chou, I forwarded in my despatch No. 37 of the 22nd January an account from a Cantonese sent by his firm in Hong Kong to enquire into poppy cultivation in Chang-chou and Ch'uan-chou estimating the value of the opium under cultivation in these two prefectures at 20,000,000 dollars.\n\n#### Szechuan\nThe Chungking consular report deals with the eastern part of the province only, and is based on letters from Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries living at inland stations. The vice-consul states that the authorities have made conscientious and determined efforts at suppression, and their measures in most districts have been completely successful in the face of serious difficulties occasioned by distance and popular opposition. There has been, he adds, failure to enforce the orders against cultivation in a few remote spots in the mountain and border districts, but this is due rather to geographical obstacles than to any lack of will. The report is very satisfactory as far as the eastern portion of the province is concerned, but it still remains to be seen whether the other parts, especially the south-west, are clear of the poppy.\n\n#### Yunnan\nThe acting consul-general, in his despatch of the 8th January, believes that, speaking generally, there is a distinct decrease in the area under cultivation this winter as compared with last year, and that this result is in great measure due to the steps taken by the provincial Government to stop the planting of the poppy. Cultivation has, however, been seen, he states, in the east of the province. In a later despatch he gives notes of a tour made by M. Kok, a Dutch missionary, in northern Yunnan from October 1912 to January 1913. The first stage of the journey along the main road from Yunnan-fu to Lichiang (October to November 1912) revealed no opium cultivation, but the time of the year was in any case too early to furnish any signs of the poppy plant. M. Kok's return along the \"small roads\" skirting the borders of Yunnan and Szechuan gave evidence of no inconsiderable cultivation in regions inhabited by non-Chinese tribes, although it would appear that repressive measures are being attempted by the Chinese authorities. M. Wilden, the French delegate at Yunnan-fu, has informed Mr. Fox that the poppy has been planted this winter all along the Yunnan-Tonkin frontier, east and west of Laokay.\n\nNo reports have been received from Tengyueh as to the opium conditions in the west of Yunnan.\n\n*Not printed.\n\nPage 361\n\n## \nWe desire very respectfully to ask whether what we cannot but regard as the off-hand and unfair treatment of the matter in the Under-Secretary's speech is to be taken as representing the final views of Sir Edward Grey on the position which has arisen between the Government and the traders, or whether, on the contrary, the Government do recognise that the traders under the circumstances are entitled to look for assistance from the Government, either in the direction of an arrangement by which their stocks may be taken over and gradually disposed of by the Government, acting either alone or in conjunction with the Government of China, or in some other direction which have the effect of averting the commercial crisis which otherwise appears to be inevitable.\n\nA crisis has been temporarily averted by a combination of the opium merchants to maintain prices so as to reassure the banks and prevent default and failures among the China dealers, whilst trusting in the Home and Indian Governments to come to the rescue before it is too late. This combination has only become possible by the cessation of sales of certified opium and the reduction in the quantity of uncertified opium, but these measures, however valuable, are not alone sufficient.\n\nWe shall esteem it a great favour if you will kindly let us know when we may look for some definite action on the part of Government.\n\nWe are, &c.\n\n**E. D. SASSOON AND Co.** **DAVID SASSOON AND CO. (Limited).**\n\n[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\nTRE 12 APF 3] \nSECTION \nNo. 1.\n\n0.0 \n1220 \n[February 27.] \n\n[2806 dd-1]",
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    {
        "id": 445294,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 368,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## Memorandum communicated to Wai-chiao Pu by Sir J. Jordan\n\nIn his memoranda of the 5th and 23rd September last, His Majesty's Minister had the honour to bring to the notice of the Wai-chiao Pu two cases of illicit seizure of Indian opium in the province of Kiangsi, and to request the issue of telegraphic instructions to the tutu of that province to conform his action to the treaties and release the opium illegally confiscated.\n\nHis Majesty's Minister is now in receipt of a despatch from the acting British consul at Kinkiang, stating that, in spite of repeated complaints to the tutu, neither the above two cases nor any of the three further cases of illegal seizure of Indian opium, the details of which are given below, have yet been settled:\n\n1. On the 14th August last, one package of Indian opium, the property of the Jên Chi firm, although bearing intact a customs' label, was seized in Kiukiang.\n2. On the 17th August, eight unbroken packages of Indian opium, accompanied by customs' transit certificates and destined for Te-an Hsien, were seized by the Li-kin office at the Kiukiang railway station.\n3. Towards the end of September, sixty packages of Malwa opium, said to be the property of the Tsai Cheng firm (presumably of Swatow), which were being conveyed to Yün-men-lien from Ch'ieh-ying-che, were seized by the district magistrate of Ch'ang-ning. In this case, the Kiangsi authorities attempted to defend the seizure on the ground that the merchants conveying the opium had smuggled munitions of war into the province.\n\nIn his memorandum of the 23rd September last, Sir John Jordan has already pointed out that, whether or no the alleged carriage of arms be an offence, no breach of treaty has been committed or proved in respect of the import of Indian opium.\n\nHe is compelled, therefore, to renew his demand for the immediate release of the Indian opium, the seizure of which, in each and all of the five cases referred to above, constitutes a flagrant breach of China's treaty obligations to Great Britain.\n\nPeking, November 30, 1912.\n\n## Memorandum communicated to Sir J. Jordan by Wai-chiao Pu\n\nOn receipt of the memoranda from His Majesty's Minister of the 24th September and 30th November of last year concerning five cases of detention of Indian opium in Kiangsi, the Wai-chiao Pu duly telegraphed to the tutu to take suitable action. They have now received the following reply:\n\n\"On the 27th September, on receipt of the telegram enquiring as to the seizure of travelling merchants' smuggled opium, it was passed on at once to the commissioner for internal affairs to call for reports. In the Yüeh Yü case, Ch'en Chih, prefect of Kanchow, reported on the 30th September that Huang Tun-fu's (the Yüeh Yü firm) original twenty-six cases of opium had been restored to the dealer, who had been furnished with a permit for its return to Kuangtung. In the Jên Chi case at Kiukiang, the Tê-Hua magistrate, Mêng Kuang-ch'uan, reported on the 27th November that the trial was over and the opium had been released.\n\nShêng Sheng Ho case. On the 11th instant [presumably the 11th December], Wang Nien-tsi, Nanchang district magistrate, reported that the trial was over and the opium had been released. Eight packages of smuggled opium detained by the Kiukiang station Li-kin office. Native opium was included in this consignment, the whole of which was therefore seized. It has now been forwarded by the Li-kin office to the finance commissioner, who has sent it on to the commissioner for internal affairs to deal with.\n\nSixty packages of Malwa opium, property of the Ts'ai Cheng firm, seized by the district magistrate of Ch'ang-ning. Instructions are now being sent to conclude the trial of this case according to the regulations.\n\n\"I have the honour to observe, however, that many of the opium importers smuggle in arms and ammunition with their consignments, and constantly have the audacity to open fire on parties approaching to effect their arrest, in total defiance of all laws. I am instructing the local authorities to punish them with the utmost severity.\n\nI have the honour to submit for information this report on the seizure of smuggled opium.\"\n\nThe Wai-chiao Pu would point out that, in all five cases of the seizure of Indian opium in the province, the object has been to regulate and not to impose restrictions on the trade in the Indian drug, and as the several trials have been concluded and either the opium has been released or some other suitable action is being taken, all the above cases would seem to admit of conclusion at an early date.\n\nPeking, January 10, 1913.\n\n## Memorandum communicated to Wai-chiao Pu by Sir J. Jordan\n\nSir John Jordan has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the memorandum from the Wai-chiao Pu of the 10th January concerning five cases of detention of Indian opium in Kiangsi.\n\nSir John Jordan has now received despatches from His Majesty's consul at Kiukiang referring to these five cases:\n\n| Case | Status |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yüeh Yü case | The consul has no information at present whether the facts stated by the tutu are correct, but is making enquiries. |\n| Jên Chi case | The opium has been restored to its owner. |\n| Shêng Sheng Ho case | The consul has been informed by the Opium Merchants' Association that the opium has not yet been released. |\n| Kiukiang Station Li-kin Office case | The tutu has declared that native opium was included in this consignment of eight packages, the whole of which was therefore seized. The consul reports that the merchants concerned have always maintained that these eight packages were unbroken packages, bearing intact customs' labels, so that it was impossible that native opium could have been included therein. |\n| T'ai Cheng case | In regard to the sixty packages of Malwa opium seized by the district magistrate of Ch'ang-ning, His Majesty's consul at Swatow communicated the information that the opium in question had been sold, but that the officials refused to hand over the proceeds to the Ts'ai Cheng firm, the owners of the opium. His Majesty's consul at Kiukiang states that, on making official enquiries as to the disposal of the proceeds realised by the sale, the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs at Nanch'ang had replied on the 16th January that he knew nothing of the circumstances. |\n\nSir John Jordan will communicate further with the Wai-chiao Pu on receiving the result of the consul's enquiries in the Yüeh Yü case.\n\nPage 367",
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        "id": 445304,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 378,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## Opium Suppression in Hunan\n\n### Cultivation of Poppy\n\nMr. Jewett, a Wesleyan missionary in Ping-chiang, has furnished me with a very careful report on opium suppression in that district. He informed me that some valleys on the Kiangsi border had been planted with poppy. Some patches were also planted during the 8th and 9th moons (September to November) nearer the district city, but in this latter case, runners were sent out towards the end of November to destroy the plants, and did so. The consulate writer confirms the report of poppy being grown in the remoter parts of Kuei-yang-chou, also in Sang-chih-hsien, on the Hupei border (a wild and undeveloped district), and in Ch'ông-pu-hsien, on the Kwangsi border. He adds that in all notorious poppy-growing districts, exceptionally rigid suppressive measures have been adopted, but that in the remoter parts, it has so far been found impossible to put a stop to it entirely.\n\nThe following particulars have been gleaned from the native press. Poppy growing having been reported from Feng-huang-ting, a special deputy was dispatched thither, and a whole battalion of troops was detailed to escort him in that wild and somewhat lawless region. Deputies attended by troops have also been sent to the neighbouring districts of Chien-chou-t'ing and Yung-sui-t'ing and to the Miao districts, hitherto great centres of poppy growing. Poppy growing, alleged to be due to the magistrate's apathy, is also reported from Ch'i-yang-hsien, where an enquiry is to be held. In Siangyin, large quantities of poppy are said to have been destroyed, while in Lu-ch'i-hsien, poppy growing is said to flourish owing to the neglect of the magistrate and the gentry even to promulgate the regulations, much less to enforce them. Trouble is said to have arisen owing to the uprooting of poppy in Kuei-yang-chou, but I have no details. In Chiên-chou-fu, too, a good deal of poppy was sown, and when a deputy proceeded thither to destroy the crop, the people resisted him by armed force and compelled him to retire to the district city. Poppy growing is also reported from Yung-shun-fu, where the deputy has been charged with slackness in suppressing it, from Ling-hsien, and from the remoter parts of Puo-ch'ing-fu. Finally, in Chên-chou (which must not be confounded with Chiên-chou-fu), the inhabitants of some villages are said to have made extensive preparations for resistance to the destruction of the poppy, and troops have been ordered to the spot.\n\n### Sale and Consumption of Opium\n\nAs regards the sale and consumption of the drug in Changsha, the stringent repressive measures now enforced have once more driven the traffic underground. It is no longer carried on openly, and divans are a thing of the past. Nevertheless, the consulate writer assures me that considerable quantities of opium are smuggled into Hunan by the crews and the passengers of the steam-launches running hither; hoards of opium, too, are still stored in secret places in the city, but only those well known to and implicitly trusted by the owners can purchase any, and a great deal of smoking goes on in the strictest privacy. The native press is also responsible for the statement that large quantities of opium have been smuggled to the Siang River valley from the poppy-growing districts in the west of the province.\n\nThe above information is largely corroborated by Mr. Warren, who has made the most searching enquiries during the past quarter. He states that the watch now kept by the authorities is so strict, and the risk consequently involved is so great, that, although there is plenty of opium in Shanghai, the price has more than doubled. Only those well known to be genuine smokers can obtain any; others will be blandly assured that the traffic has been entirely suppressed.\n\nIn spite of the secrecy maintained, the police, reinforced by a special band of detectives, have nevertheless succeeded in effecting a number of arrests and seizures and obtaining numerous convictions. During the month of November, in Changsha alone, in addition to those who suffered the death penalty, no fewer than 147 smokers were dealt with, apart from those guilty of other offences against the opium regulations. \n| Category        | Number |\n| --------------- | ------ |\n| Fined           | 58     |\n| Sent to Red Cross hospital for treatment | 45     |\n| Detained for further examination       | 9      |\n| Sentenced to hard labour               | 16     |\n| Sentenced to simple imprisonment       | 19     |\n\nThese figures were furnished to Mr. Warren by the **General Opium Suppression Bureau**.\n\nMany boards of opium have also been seized by the police—in fact, the native press reports that a corps of fifty detectives has been organised, whose special duty it is to search out these hoards in and around the city. A number of female detectives and searchers have also been engaged to go from house to house exploring the women's quarters, and to search the women themselves, many of whom conceal opium on their persons and distribute it daily to smokers.\n\nThe **General Opium Suppression Bureau** recently published a statement of the fines inflicted in Changsha for breaches of the opium regulations. Between the 10th October, i.e., the 1st day of the 9th moon, the date originally fixed for total prohibition, and the 31st December, the individuals fined numbered 187, the fines amounting to 2,098 taels, 4,718 dollars, and 3,086 tiao, or, roughly, a total of 10,089 dollars.\n\nAs stated in my last opium report, the manufacture of anti-opium remedies was taken by the authorities into their own hands after the end of the 8th moon (9th October); the sale thereof was to be discontinued altogether at the end of the lunar year (5th February). It seems probable, however, that the term will have to be extended. Since the 10th October, the sale has been restricted to those holding special certificates from the **Opium Suppression Bureau**; but the unlicensed sales seem to have been very large. The unlicensed manufacture by private persons of pills with an admixture of morphia is also said to have been very prevalent.\n\n### Situation in the Rest of the Province\n\nThe state of affairs in the rest of the province seems to be very similar to that prevailing in Changsha. Cases of the arrest and punishment of offenders are chronicled daily in the native press, and while the regulations are enforced with varying degrees of severity, and results are unequal in the different districts, suppressive measures have, on the whole, been carried out very rigorously. Here again, however, so the consulate writer states, the complaint is heard that while the poor are proceeded against with the utmost severity, the rich enjoy comparative—in some cases complete—immunity. Charges of opium-smoking have even been brought against district magistrates, members of district councils, and other prominent persons.\n\nMr. Jowett, of the Wesleyan Mission in Ping-chiang, informs me that stern and vigorous measures are being taken to stamp out the trade in the district; that opium cannot be bought openly nor are any divans to be seen; that old opium-smokers are in sore distress; and that the trade in anti-opium medicines has increased tremendously. At the same time, he has been informed by a number of people that the drug can be procured by those who are ready to pay for it. On the other hand, the police commissioner, the opium deputy, and the magistrate, have all assured him that the trade is absolutely finished, and the last-named official implored him to send me a favourable report, but Mr. Jowett attaches little or no value to official assurances. He adds that opium can be, and is said to be, procured by all and sundry just across the Kiangsi border.\n\nIndeed, the traffic in opium seems to flourish in most border districts, where offenders can evade jurisdiction by moving across the boundary. Complaints have been heard, in especial from Li-chou and Lin-hsiang-hsien, where the suppressive measures have been largely nullified by smokers obtaining supplies from the adjoining province of Hupei. The governor has been in communication on this subject with the governors of all the provinces bordering on Hunan, and has requested their co-operation in putting down this inter-provincial traffic.\n\n### Resistance to Suppressive Measures\n\nInstances of resistance to suppressive measures have still to be chronicled. I have already mentioned a few in my remarks about poppy cultivation, and have, in addition, culled the following from the native press — \n\nIn a village in I-yang-hsien, where smoking still prevailed, the attempt to enforce prohibition led to a raid on the police station, which was wrecked; the head of the police fled, and applied for troops to quell the disturbance.\n\nThe police, when seizing a quantity of opium-smoking paraphernalia in a village in the Siangyin district, were attacked by a band of several hundred men and compelled to retreat. They eventually fired, wounding one man, when the mob smashed up the police station. The opium deputy fled, and troops had to be dispatched to the spot.\n\nIn Sang-chih-hsien, the attempted arrest of a notable who opposed the opium deputy led to a riot, in which the man who had informed against him was nearly beaten to death.\n\n### Conclusion\n\nI cannot sum up the net result of my enquiries into opium suppression in Hunan during the December quarter better than in the words of Mr. Jowett, who writes:- \n\"I must say that it would be as unwise to state that the opium is stamped out as it would be untrue to say that vigorous measures are not being taken to end the trade. The utmost I can say is that there is an earnest, or at least a vigorous, movement afoot to end the trade, but I should not care to say that the trade is ended.\"\n\nI should add that these remarks are no less true of poppy cultivation than of the sale and consumption of the drug.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**BERTRAM GILES**\n\nPage 377",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 517,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "# \n2 \n\nThe returns of Indian opium removed from bond from the four ports of Shanghai, Foochow, Amoy and Swatow during last February were 987, 186, 58 and 178, respectively, a total of 1,409 against 1,063 chests for February 1912. The respective figures for March 1913 were 1,318, 115, 68 and 160, a total of 1,661 against 1,204 chests for March last year. The sales at Hong Kong have been about 400 chests monthly. At this rate the difficult problem of the uncleared stocks at Shanghai and Hong Kong should solve itself on present lines within the next two years or even earlier. For every consumer of Indian opium there are probably five or six of the native drug. Opium smoking in China cannot be extinguished suddenly by means of laws and regulations, however drastic these may be. The only practical remedy lies in the gradual curtailment of the supply and consumption of the drug.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n## Enclosure in No. 1.\n\nExtract from the \"Peking Daily News\" of March 10, 1913.\n\n### NATIONAL OPIUM CONFERENCE (FIFTH SESSION).\n\nTHE National Opium Conference held its fifth and last session at Teng Shi Kou on Saturday, the 8th March. Final reports were received, and some twenty resolutions, the result of the work of the Conference, were put in order. Perhaps the most important work was the appointment of a permanent Committee to carry on work proposed.\n\nFive delegates, who will be in Peking, were appointed as a Continuation Committee, to carry out the proposals of the Conference, and to make more effective the co-operation of the provinces in the effort to stamp out opium in China. Some of them are members of the coming National Assembly. They will also print the report of the Conference. An Anti-opium Committee will be formed in the National Assembly itself, so that, in the future, matters relating to opium prohibition can be brought at once to the attention of China's legislators.\n\nThe greatest hindrance to the opium prohibition, it was reported, comes from the treaty ports and the foreign concessions, where, under the protection of foreign consuls, the trade and vice thrive. Twenty new shops for opium have been opened in Tientsin concessions, while all are closed in the Chinese territory. In Shanghai, Hankow, and other places, the trade flourishes in spite of all that China can do. Foreigners are making money from China's vice in the face of China's efforts to free her people. The Wai-chiao Pu was asked to take up this question vigorously, on behalf of the nation.\n\nThe following are findings of the Conference:\n\n| Resolution # | Resolution Text |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1. | Resolved, that as time for the total prohibition of opium has already arrived, we request that the Government should urge the Governors of the provinces to give a full report of the enforcement of the prohibition laws before the 30th June, 1913. |\n| 2. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of the Interior to instruct the provincial anti-opium bureaux to push on vigorously the work of opium prohibition in a uniform manner, and to have the provincial bureaux called by the same terms. |\n| 3. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of Justice to instruct all the provincial officers to pay special attention to opium offences. |\n| 4 | Resolved, to ask the Government to prepare a Bill for the National Council, making the laws against the opium evil more vigorous than they are now. |\n| 5. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to instruct the provincial authorities not to register opium merchants as a legal business, and who have already registered should be removed from the lists. |\n| 6. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to instruct the provincial Commissioners of Foreign Affairs to consult with the various foreign consuls, in order to have opium prohibition carried out in the foreign concessions and along the routes between treaty ports, and along any railroads controlled by foreign Powers. |\n| 7. | Resolved, to ask the Government to prepare a special Bill for the National Council to provide for heavy punishments for officials who do not execute the anti-opium laws. |\n| 8 | Resolved, to ask the Government to also prepare a special Bill providing for offences in the use and sale of morphine. |\n| 9 | Resolved, to ask the Government to prepare a special Bill for the National Council providing for the use of military forces for the suppression of opium cultivation, and that offenders should be treated in accordance with martial law. |\n| 10. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of the Interior to push on the prohibition of opium in Peking, and to offer rewards for the report and detection of offenders against the present regulations. |\n| 11. | Resolved, to urge all the newspapers throughout the Republic of China to push on and stir up public opinion in favour of the anti-opium measures, and to promote the public burning of opium in as many places as possible, and to ask the international reform bureau to give special attention to this matter. |\n| 12. | Resolved, to send letters to the British anti-opium societies and to the British Parliament expressing our appreciation of their help, and stating clearly our wishes for the total prohibition of the opium trade and the use of opium, as well as its cultivation in China. The draft of the letters was read and the delegates signed their names. |\n| 13. | Resolved, to make known to the people of China the statements made in the British House of Commons in favour of China's anti-opium reform, and also the efforts made by the opium merchants to protect their trade. |\n| 14. | Resolved, to ask the Government to instruct provincial officials not to allow any outside influence by other parties to prevent the punishment of opium offenders. |\n| 15. | Resolved, to ask the Ministry of Laws to have all the fines received from opium offenders set aside for the work of opium prohibition. |\n| 16. | Resolved, to ask, in the name of this Conference, that all the Governors in China stand firmly against any opium monopoly by the Central Government which may be under consideration. |\n| 17 | Resolved, to telegraph to all the Governors urging that no monopoly for the sale of opium be undertaken in any province or district. |\n| 18. | Resolved, to ask the Wai-chiao Pu if there is any truth in the statement that Governors of some provinces have been \"utterly disregarding the opium treaties,\" or preventing the importation of Indian opium at the treaty ports. |\n| 19. | Resolved, to appoint, from among the delegates present at this Conference, a Continuation Committee, to carry out the foregoing resolutions and to continue the work of co-operation by the provinces in the total prohibition of opium. The following members were then appointed as the Continuation Committee of the National Opium Conference: Mr. Chen Cheh-pu from Chihli, Mr. Chang Hsin-fu and Mr. Liang-fu from Chekiang, Mr. Li Keng-yuan from Yunnan, Mr. An Ming from Kirin, and Mr. Chang Yu Chun at Peking. |\n| 20. | Resolved, to ask for the formation of a Standing Committee on Opium Prohibition in the coming National Assembly, to be ready to consider any questions on the subject. |\n\n### List of delegates to the National Opium Conference at Peking, held from the 4th to the 8th March, 1913.\n\n| Province/Organization | Delegate Names |\n| --- | --- |\n| Chihli | Chen Cheh-pu, Hua Tseh-shun |\n| Shansi | Hsin Tien-yuan |\n| Shantung | Shen-tau |\n| Fengtien | Chen Chi, Wang Hsiao-yin, Chen Tsih-lang, Tiao Ching-hsian |\n| Kirin | Fang Chih-tai, An Ming |\n| Heilungkiang | Liu Teh-chien |\n| Hupeh | Chu Kuo-chen |\n| Hunan | Hsieh Chi-ling, Ten Mu-yao |\n| Fukien | Chen Nun-kuang, Cheng Shao-haing |\n| Chekiang | Chang Hsian-fu, Chao Ping, Liang-fu |\n| Yunnan | Li Keng Yuan |\n| Anhui | Hsu Yu |\n| President's representative | Wellington Koo |\n| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | Chou Chu-wu |\n| Ministry of the Interior | Wu Cheng, Wang Yu-chuen |\n| Ministry of Agriculture and for Canton | Yang Yung-chih |\n| Representative of the Board of the United Societies | Chien Paochuen |\n| International Reform Bureau | Chang Yu-chun, E. W. Thwing |\n\nSome of the Governors who did not send delegates sent their reports by telegram.\n\n3 \n\n516",
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        "page_number": 537,
        "title": "CO129-405 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## Page 2\n\nThe months of October and November last. Suppressive measures had been vigorously conducted within the last two months and much of the crop had been destroyed. He is of opinion that there are still some patches of poppy cultivation here and there in outlying parts of the prefecture.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general at Shanghai forwarded on the 15th March the copy of a report compiled by Mr. Ezra, who had sent two Chinese for the special purpose of investigating the conditions of opium cultivation in the province. These men left Shanghai on the 19th February and returned on the 11th March. According to their report, poppy was being grown in no great abundance in the Chinkiang prefecture. The neighbourhood of Haimen (50 miles north of Shanghai) and Tungchow (60 miles north-west of Shanghai) was full of poppy, and large fields were under cultivation. The villagers at the latter place had stated that the senior of their local headmen owned two fields, and had twice uprooted a few plants in order to show his zeal in the anti-opium campaign. In the unfrequented districts around Nanking miles upon miles of poppy-fields had been seen, and there was an area of 30 miles under cultivation in the Kiang-ning prefecture. This does not appear, however, to be borne out by the statements of His Majesty's consul at Nanking, given above. According to the two Chinese, poppy was also being grown to some extent in hundreds of places along the Kiangsu-Honan and Kiangsu-Shantung borders, and the neighbourhood of Haichow was covered with the fields for a distance of 50 miles. The report states that \"the foreign missionaries resident in the city [Haichow] confirm the fact that no attempt has yet been made by the local officials to restrict the growth.\" This is to some extent confirmed by the information furnished by His Majesty's consul at Chinkiang. In the northern district of Su-chien the poppy is reported by Mr. Ezra's two investigators to be cultivated extensively, and the supply in this district alone is declared to be adequate for the needs of thousands of smokers.\n\nHonan.\n\nThe \"Central China Post\" of the 21st March published a report on the authority of a missionary that the poppy was being grown on fields belonging to the President, Yuan Shih-kai, as well as on those belonging to his relations. The Peking \"Daily News\" of the 17th March stated that strict orders had been telegraphed to the Governor to investigate the district concerned, and to carry out prompt measures of suppression at all costs.\n\nHupeh.\n\nHis Majesty's consul at Ichang reported on the 27th February that the prefect had gone on a special tour, and had found large areas under opium cultivation in the north-west. According to information received from the Belgian missionaries, the cultivation had increased greatly in the south-west district of Li-chuan. His Majesty's consul reported that apparently poppy was not being grown elsewhere in his consular district.\n\nSzechuan.\n\nThe acting consul-general at Chengtu reported on the 2nd March that he had received information from missionaries that greatly increased cultivation had taken place in the Chien-chang Valley, in the south of the province, during the past year—more especially in the tribal territories beyond Chinese control. The poppy area in this region embraced the prefecture of Ning-yuan, and the districts of Hui-li and Yen-yuan, together with the intervening territory of the independent Lolos. Three good crops had been harvested in quick rotation. Feeble and ill-directed official efforts had been made to destroy these crops but without success. In Western Szechuan a general recrudescence had taken place in the prefecture of Ya-chou since the revolution, but the area under cultivation was less than in former years. The crop had been grown for the greater part in out-of-the-way places, and in the country under the jurisdiction of the native chieftain of Mupin and the tribal lands in the district of Fu-lin. Renewed instructions to suppress cultivation had been issued recently, but the area is difficult of control, a great part being mountainous. In Northern Szechuan there was an inconsiderable amount of cultivation in the prefecture of Pao-ning and the district of Chien-chou. A large amount was being grown in the districts of Kuang-yuan and Chao-hua. Little or no attempt at concealment was made, and the plants flourished in close proximity to the high roads. In the prefecture of Lung-an the enforcement of suppressive measures against the large crops had given rise to local disturbances. In Eastern Szechuan no effort had been made to check the cultivation around Kai-hsien. The acting consul-general also reported that, in addition to the localities mentioned above, small crops were being undoubtedly raised in the more remote places throughout the province. He added that reports from many districts showed an apparently complete suppression of cultivation, and that the cultivation did not appear to have reached really serious dimensions anywhere but in the Chien-chang Valley, where a condition resembling anarchy prevails.\n\n## Page 3\n\nThe acting consul at Chungking reported on the 3rd March that, with the exception of some districts close to the Kueichow border, opium cultivation had been effectively suppressed through Eastern Szechuan. The authorities, he stated, had been actively enforcing the removal of all poppies from these districts. The information from Chungking is not confirmed by the acting consul-general so far as Kai-hsien is concerned. A consular officer has also received information from a trustworthy source, based on observations made during a tour in the neighbourhood of Wan-hsien (25 miles south of Kai-hsien) to the effect that the poppy is growing there freely in all directions.\n\nYünnan.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu has forwarded information, dated the end of January, from missionaries in Northern and Eastern Yunnan, which shows a large amount of cultivation in those parts. In the Prefecture of Chao-tung the quantity under cultivation was larger than last year, and in the adjoining Prefecture of Tung-Ch'uan the poppy had been freely planted. In the Prefecture of Wu-ting the poppy, especially in remote districts, flourished probably in larger quantities than last year. Prohibitory proclamations had been issued, but little or nothing had been done to check the cultivation among the non-Chinese tribes. In the eastern Prefecture of Ch'ü-ching, the missionary had been on a recent tour, and had noticed a considerable quantity of poppy in fields along the high road. He was informed on good authority that it had also been planted in greater abundance in the hill country away from the main roads. The planting was more extensive than last year, but a large amount had been lately destroyed by soldiers, so that he estimated the local crop this spring at one-half of that of last year. Speaking generally, he considered that the officials in that prefecture were doing very little to prevent cultivation. In a later despatch His Majesty's consul-general reported, from a Chinese source, that the poppy had been sown this year in the districts of Tengyueh, Lung-ling, Yung-ping, Wei-hsi, and Chung-tien, in the west; in Szemao, Chen-pien, and Yung-kang, in the south; in Lo-ping, Chan-yi, Yung-shan, Ta-kuan, and Lu-tien in the east; in Yuan-mow and Lu-chuan in the north. He estimated, on the authority of a Chinese in touch with the local opium dealers, that the yield this season is expected to be three-quarters of the amount last year. The consul-general has received information from a native source that the tutu is doing his best to stop opium cultivation, and is constantly issuing orders to that effect. In the neighbourhood of large towns, the local officials, aided by the military, are able to prevent the planting of the poppy, but in more remote districts—especially in those inhabited by the tribes—they are quite helpless. Several have offered to resign sooner than attempt to interfere with the people's poppy fields, and the soldiers told off for the destruction are beginning to complain that they are laying up trouble for themselves when they leave the army. The tribesmen in the districts bordering on Tonkin and Burma have threatened to emigrate if they are prevented from growing opium.\n\nKueichow.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu has forwarded information, dated the 27th January, from a missionary at An-shun, 50 miles south-west of the provincial capital, to the effect that the poppy had been planted in greater quantities than in any season during the last six years. The local officials, however, had begun to take energetic measures for suppression, and, as a consequence, the farmers had begun to plough up the poppy and sow beans. A missionary informant writing from Kuei-yang, the provincial capital, on the 1st February, stated that the poppy was widely planted, certainly in larger quantities than before the revolution. He continued that it was reported that in some districts the officials were taking strong measures to suppress cultivation, but that they seemed helpless in the district of the provincial capital itself. In a later despatch the consul-general reported, on trustworthy information based on a recent tour, that the poppy had been seen \"growing everywhere in several districts in the Prefecture of An-shun, and also in the southern Prefecture of Hsing-yi.\n\n## Page 536",
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        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## \n\nI left Tien-tsin-Pukou Railway on the 24th April, and the investigation in Anhui commenced from this date. I returned to Peking from Pengpu on the 18th May.\n\nI had originally planned to proceed westward from Pengpu, and to visit the districts of Huai-yuan, Po-chou, Ying-chou, and Shou-chou, and to make for Wuhu via Wu-wei. These districts, according to information supplied by His Majesty's consul at Wuhu, missionaries and others, were indicated as being under opium cultivation this year.\n\nA visit to Huai-yuan, however, convinced me that the crops in the north were backward for the time of the year. I decided to proceed by rail and steamer to Wuhu, where I arrived on the 27th April, and work northwards from that place.\n\nThe province of Anhui is divisible into three distinct regions :--\n1. The country south of the River Yang-tsze;\n2. The area between the Yang-tsze and the Huai Rivers;\n3. The part north of the Huai River.\n\n1. As regards the first of these three divisions, the information received from His Majesty's consul and missionaries appeared to place beyond question the fact that opium cultivation had practically ceased. My own enquiries at Wuhu confirmed this information.\n\n2. In the second division, cultivation had been reported in the Wu-wei district, along the northern shores of Lake Chao, in the Liu-an and Shou-chou districts, and along the southern banks of the Huai River.\n\n3. In the region north of the Huai River poppy had been indicated as having been planted in the districts of Po-chou and Ying-chou.\n\nI left Wuhu on the 1st May for the district city of Ch'ao-hsien, 42 miles distant, in a motor launch kindly placed at my disposal by the Asiatic Petroleum Company. From trustworthy information it appeared that there were no signs of poppy in the district of Wu-wei. The magistrates of the Wu-wei and Ch'ao-hsien had made a joint tour of investigation accompanied by a large force of soldiers early in April, and again three days before my arrival. Some poppy fields belonging to a military official at the provincial capital were included among those ploughed up. The town of Ch'ao-hsien lies at the entrance of the large lake, 125 miles in circumference, known as Chao-hu. From information supplied to the legation by His Majesty's consul at Wuhu, it appeared that the northern shores of this lake had been planted with poppy. The difficulty of approach to the northern bank owing to shallow water and the impossibility of observing the cultivation on land through screens of high reeds made the further journey by boat impracticable. I set out from Ch'ao-hsien, therefore, along a small road running for the first 20 miles in close proximity to the north of the lake. In this direction the lake is bordered by high hills from which a comprehensive view of the lake and shores could be obtained. I examined the countryside constantly and carefully with powerful field-glasses but could detect no signs of growing poppy. I spent the first night at the house of a Chinese merchant to whom I had received a letter of introduction. He is a native of the province and a shrewd business man well acquainted with local affairs. He told me that some but not much poppy had been growing in Wu-wei and Ch'ao-hsien, which had been cleared in the recent itineraries made by the magistrates.\n\nThe unpaved road, still saturated and cut up by the rains of the preceding week, ran between low hills to Lü-chow. This town is one of considerable importance in this region, being in direct water communication with the Yang-tsze, and a distributing centre for a very large part of the area between the Yang-tsze and Huai Rivers. There is a good deal of secret opium smoking still going on in the town in spite of an energetic crusade by the magistrate. Still, the smoking has sensibly diminished, and the foreign missionary doctor estimated that it had decreased by one-half. The cases of attempted suicide by opium brought to the hospital average forty annually as against one hundred previously. This he accounted for partly by the actual decrease in the consumption, and partly by the greatly-enhanced price of the drug. Another missionary independently confirmed the doctor's estimate of opium smoking, and added that it was still the practice for many of the gentry to smoke opium at dinners with intimate friends. Opium is smuggled into Lu-chow from the Yang-tsze, and three shops were pointed out to me where purchases could be made by regular customers.\n\nBetween Lü-chow and Liu-an I came across traces of a few poppy fields ploughed up within the preceding two or three days. At the latter place I received very definite information from two missionaries stationed at Ying-chow-fu, writing independently of one another, which satisfied me that the poppy in that district and the surrounding districts had been uprooted. The work of eradication appears to have commenced at the end of February, and to have been continued with great energy and success during April by the magistrates and deputies in person. One of my informants had reported earlier \"a tremendous sowing\" at the beginning of the season. In the district of Ying-shan an armed conflict appears to have taken place between the growers and the soldiers; seventy of the former were reported to have been killed.\n\nA missionary, writing from Po-chou, stated that most searching efforts had been made by the officials to find and destroy all the poppy planted in the district. He himself had been out in the countryside a good deal, and had not seen a single plant.\n\nAs the time at my disposal was limited this information decided me not to visit Ying-chow and Po-chou, but to proceed at once into the districts of Shou-chou, Huai-yuan, and Ting-yuan, examining en route the country between Lin-an and Ho-ch'iu.\n\nThis sparsely populated region is extraordinarily scarce in villages and hamlets, and the homesteads are widely scattered among the fir coppices on the hills, the wheat-fields of the plains, and the belts of tall reeds extending along the shores of the lakes. Poppy was grown to some extent last season, but I doubt if any was even sown this season.\n\nAt Ho-ch'iu a missionary who had been resident there for twenty-four years told me that the magistrate had been out quite recently on a tour of rigorous inspection, and had uprooted the poppy growing along the banks of the Huai River in his district. He was of opinion that the countryside was clear of poppy.\n\nI travelled on foot for some miles along the shores of the east lake, between Ho-ch'iu and Cheng-yang-kuan, where poppy was reported to be growing. There were no standing plants, although many fields bore the appearance of having been lately ploughed up in the midst of flourishing crops of wheat, rye, and barley. From Cheng-yang-kuan, the most important town in Northern Anhui, I proceeded by boat to Shou-chou. There were no signs of poppy fields along the river banks, although a month before the report of their existence was widely current.\n\nThe Huai River is infested with pirates in many parts, and my boat was followed during the night by a junk containing seven of these undesirables. They were attacked the next morning, in broad daylight, by a small wooden gunboat, with a crew of at least double that number. The pirates bolted across country unharmed, although it would have been an easy matter to have shot them down. The low hills and swamps on the south bank are notorious as robber haunts. The most widely known is the large village of Pai-lu-ch'iao, or White Deer Bridge, at the junction of the three districts of Huai-yuan, Shou-chou, and Ting-yuan. The population is about 5,000, and the villagers as villainous a gang of cut-throats as it had been my lot to see in Anhui. The countryside is full of disbanded soldiers, and opium inspection had hitherto been shunned in these parts. Had it not been for the imperative commands of the tutu, consequent on my visit to Anhui, the magistrates would have left this Alsatia alone; but the three magistrates traversed the entire area with several hundred soldiers, and destroyed all vestiges of poppy. A week before my arrival there one of the guards of an opium inspector had been seriously wounded at a small village between Pai-lu-ch'iao and the river. The tutu ordered troops to destroy the village. Three hundred men, with two mountain guns and Maxims, reached Le-ho, on the south bank, and prepared to attack at daybreak. In the meantime, the magistrates of Shou-chou and Ting-yuan were occupying Pai-lu-ch'iao with about 300 men. Owing to the mediation of the magistrate of Huai-yuan and the local gentry the village was spared.\n\nFrom Pai-lu-ch'iao I had intended to visit Ping-ho-shan, on the north bank, at the junction of the three districts of Huai-yuan, Meng-chen, and Feng-tai. Poppy fields had been seen there by a missionary two months before, but a visit the previous week showed that they had been destroyed. I did not, therefore, visit Ping-ho-shan, but returned from Huai-yuan to Pengpu, on the Tien-tsin-Pukou Railway.\n\nDuring my stay of twenty-three days in the province, rain fell on eleven days and on eight of these heavily. The overland journey was at times trying on account of the moist heat, the bad roads, execrable inn accommodation and the impossibility of obtaining any supplies except rice and flour. The discomforts, however, would have been considerably greater had it not been for the efforts of the local officials and frequently the local gentry also. In spite of the unpopularity of my mission, which had been widely published, I found the people of this province, reputed to be so anti-foreign, uniformly respectful and even friendly. Attended by a single coolie, I often separated myself from the rest of the party. I cannot recollect a single unpleasant incident, although I can recall many unexpected little attentions from ...",
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        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
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        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "# seems little doubt that milder measures would have failed to accomplish the desired end. The sudden and sweeping character of the repressive campaign must be accepted as proof of the determination of the Hunan authorities to justify their claim to a place on the free list.\n\nFrom Changsha to Paoching, which is roughly in the centre of the province, the whole party travelled together. With the permanent escort provided by the Provincial Government, the local escorts from the various prefectures, and the porters necessary for so large a party, we often numbered as many as 200 men. It was evident that it would be impossible to accommodate and feed so large a party on the small roads, and, when we separated at Paoching, I felt bound to insist on a substantial reduction in the retinue. The murder of two opium deputies at Hsu-pu last year, and the constant skirmishes between the soldiers and the farmers had made the authorities genuinely anxious for our safety. We had no trouble from the people, however, throughout the journey, and our only anxiety was the feeding, even of a small party, in many of the remoter districts.\n\nThe Miaos gave no sign of the unfriendliness against which we had been so gravely warned by the officials. They are an unusually fine race of men and women, of good physique and with pleasant open faces. They retain their own language and customs, and their tribal ornaments, but their dress differs little from that of the Chinese. They are the most prosperous and the most civilised of the tribesmen whom I have met in China, and although they give constant trouble to the Chinese, and resent their interference and their attempts at administration, it was evident that they were well disposed towards us as foreigners. Their villages are built in commanding positions on the very crests of the hills, and they are picturesque, well built, and defiant, in striking contrast to the hidden villages of the tribesmen further west. A line of forts and blockhouses has been built by the Chinese to command the roads and to keep open communications, and they are now endeavouring to secure moral hold over the tribesmen by founding a regiment of them, in which the men have insisted on the appointment of Miao officers.\n\nThere is a tendency for the Chinese to intermarry with Miao women, and, as is generally the case in union between the Chinese and a cognate race, the children are particularly fine specimens both physically and mentally. I imagine that Hunan owes much of its prosperity and individuality to the Miao blood, which is evidently the aboriginal stock of the country.\n\nThe greater part of Southern and Western Hunan consists of a plateau of about 1,500 feet, broken by mountain peaks of great grandeur and beauty. Forests of pine and fir cover the mountain sides, the passes are from 3,000 to 5,000 feet in height, and at this season of the year the country is intersected by countless torrents, bordered by a wealth of flowers, with rhododendrons, azaleas, and many flowering shrubs. For only two days were we free of rain, which fell almost incessantly, making the steep tracks difficult and dangerous. In spite of constant fever, arising no doubt from the continual damp and the exhausting marches, the porters and soldiers were willing and good tempered, and the Hunanese are a fine sturdy race with whom it is a pleasure to travel. The mountain roads link up a line of scattered villages surrounded by fields of rice, wheat, rape, buckwheat, and hemp. The villages have an architectural beauty which never ceases to astonish one in these remote and thinly-peopled regions. The timbered farm-houses, the graceful bridges, and fine ancestral halls in their setting of golden rape flowers against dark rocks and pines, show a skill in construction and an artistic perception amongst these farmers of Hunan which marks them with an individuality all their own. Farmers by tradition and inheritance, they have given to China a line of scholars, engineers, administrators, and Empire builders of whom they are justly proud. Their fierce resistance to any foreign encroachment on their province and their rights has created an impression of an anti-foreign sentiment among the people. In the course of our tour, however, we were welcomed every evening by the representative men of the villages, and they seemed to me friendly, interested, and intelligent, with a directness of mind and expression which is unusual among the Chinese.\n\nThe evidence of independent travellers tends to show that opium has not been produced near the towns or along the main roads of Hunan for several years past, but official proclamations and the provincial press have admitted the failure of the authorities to clear these outlying mountain villages, where transport is difficult, and a light easily-carried commodity such as opium is produced. The Hunanese farmer, moreover, is an independent and vigorous personality, and it was evident to us that he would make a definite struggle against official interference unless it was backed by overwhelming force. The campaign against the poppy has been well organised and effective; a line of garrisons has been stretched along the whole of the southern and western borders; groups of five families have been bound together for preventive purposes with a bond of mutual responsibility under heavy penalties; the teachers in the Government schools now existing in every rural community have been charged with opium-intelligence work as part of their official duties; and numbers of deputies have scoured the country offering rewards for every poppy plant produced by informers. In the Paoching district 5 dollars a root was offered last season, and the fact that the reward was never claimed appeared to prove the prefecture free of poppy. In Kwei-yang Hsien the reward had to be reduced to 1 cash a plant owing to the numbers brought in, but even here a careful examination by Mr. King failed to reveal any crops at harvest time this year.\n\nThroughout the southern and western districts also the military operations have been successful in clearing the country, though the campaign has been accompanied by cruelty and corruption. The evidence all pointed to the fact that the poppy had been sown in small patches over an extensive area, but that the total amount under cultivation was inconsiderable. The fact that few fields were lying fallow appeared to me to prove that the uprooted opium crops could not have covered very much ground, and that the harvest would have had very little effect on the general market even in the province itself. Even the steep hillsides were planted with wood-oil trees of from two to four years' growth, showing that the main campaign against the poppy had taken place several seasons ago. In some places, where the campaign of destruction had been so hurried that there had not been time to uproot all the crops, the water had been let into the fields, and the poppy plants were serving as a somewhat extravagant fertiliser for the ensuing rice crops.\n\nAs to the use of opium, it was difficult to obtain precise information, for we were accompanied by large escorts, which were inclined to hamper our free intercourse with the people. Many of the local soldiers, however, had taken part in the preventive campaigns, and their personal experiences proved an interesting commentary on the accounts of the officials. A number of smokers, both men and women, have undoubtedly been executed in different parts of the province, but I could obtain no exact information as to the numbers of victims in the western area, and I think that the campaign in that part of the province has been conducted on broad lines rather than against individuals, and that it has been mainly concerned with the destruction of the crops.\n\nThe Republican officials are generally young men who have been educated in Japan, and few, if any, of them indulge in opium smoking. The soldiers also appear to be quite free from the habit, and in their case the beneficial results of freedom from the drug are beyond all question. In some of the larger centres, notably in Hung-chiang and Shen-chou-fu, large numbers of the people have the opium complexion, but we were unable to obtain any direct evidence of smoking or of the use of opium pills, and the penetrating smell of the drug, once so common in the inns and on the boats, was entirely absent. Opium pills could not be bought by our party in any of the towns or villages through which we passed, nor could they obtain opium. There is little doubt that considerable numbers of the population still use the drug in one form or another, but the sale is always attended with difficulty and danger, and it is only supplied to those who are well known. The price is so high too, ranging from three dollars an ounce in Hung-chiang and Shen-chou to nine dollars in Changsha, that it is far beyond the means of the masses.\n\nI learned from men who were coming in from the neighbouring provinces that opium can still be freely grown and used immediately across the Kueichow border, and that numbers of Hunan coolies prefer to remain in that province, where the scale of wage is lower than in Hunan, rather than abandon the use of the drug, which is of very real service to those engaged in hard manual labour under trying climatic conditions. The abolition of opium would doubtless benefit China in many ways, but an experience of travelling in many provinces in the interior convinces me that it will be a very real loss to the over-burdened carrying coolie and the worker in the wet paddy fields. This last journey was certainly one of unusual hardship for our caravan, owing to the bad weather and the difficult roads, but I have never seen so much suffering among the porters, who arrived day after day at the end of their long marches wet and cold and too exhausted to sleep or eat without some simple stimulant. They used the country liquor as an alternative to opium, but there can be little question that it is more expensive, more deleterious, and less effective as a remedy than the pipe of opium to which they have been accustomed, and which has not prevented the coolie of the interior from pursuing an active life to a ripe and healthy old age.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## Report on Opium Trade in Hunan Province\n\nI visited the town of Hung-chiang, on the Yuan River, which was formerly the great market for Kueichou opium, and which has grown into a busy and prosperous centre on this trade alone, the likin on native opium amounting to as much as 15,000,000 taels a-year when the trade was at its zenith. The people are now reduced to poverty and the town already bears evidence of decline, which appears to show that the trade has really suffered a fatal blow. A small quantity is still smuggled in by the small roads in the Yuan-chou district and distributed from Hung-chiang with the greatest precaution, but the most liberal estimate places the amount annually introduced at about one-tenth of that originally dealt with.\n\nIt will be extremely difficult to eliminate the trade in, and the consumption of, opium from centres such as this, and the slightest relaxation of official measures will probably lead to the recrudescence of a trade in which officials, farmers, merchants, and people have so great a stake.\n\nThroughout the journey we received the greatest courtesy from the officials and gentry, who did their best to ensure our comfort and to afford us protection. Vigorous efforts were made at first to hamper my movements, to confine me to the main roads, and to prevent my penetration into the tribal country. I was inclined to attribute this to a fear that poppy might be discovered in the loosely administered mountain country. The result of a careful search, however, appeared to show that official opposition was dictated either by the anxiety of the local officials for our safety or by the natural reluctance of our Chinese colleagues to undergo the hardships of a mountain tour. We walked most of the way, after abandoning our ponies and finding our sedan chairs too exciting, but to the Chinese delegates, unaccustomed as they are to any form of exercise, the exhausting marches and the comfortless nights proved a terrible experience. The fact that they completed the tour in a friendly and helpful spirit was therefore very gratifying.\n\nTo sum up the results of the tour, we have conducted a searching examination of the province of Hunan, and we have neither seen any poppy nor obtained any evidence of cultivation. The campaign of destruction has evidently been carried over several years, and although a certain amount was sown this year in the remoter districts, in the mountains and in tribal country, I am of opinion that little, if any, remains, and that a certain amount of the heroic measures of the last few months have been successful. Smuggling from the neighbouring provinces still continues, but it is inconsiderable and decreasing. A certain number of people still use the drug, but the high prices and the severe punishments meted out to smokers have had far-reaching results.\n\nHunan is in a favourable position for the elimination of the drug, in that it is fertile and prosperous, other crops being economically possible in most of the country, though the mountain districts will suffer considerable loss from the campaign. The agricultural and mineral wealth of the province is so marked, however, and the water transport is generally so good, that the province will be better able than many of the other provinces to tide over any loss in connection with the opium trade, should the present policy continue. At the same time, the high prices of the drug now prevailing, and the demand which still exists, will form a great temptation to producers, and the least slackening of the repressive measures may lead to an immediate recrudescence of cultivation.\n\nThe student-class in the big towns of Hunan are reported to be really desirous of eliminating the drug, and they have voiced their opinions through the medium of the press. The bulk of the people, however, are frankly interested in it, either as producers, consumers, or tax-collectors, and they constantly expressed the opinion that the drug could never be entirely abolished. A number of the gentry, the most powerful element in the province, remarked one day that the question at issue was surely that of Italian opium, not of opium pure and simple, and I have little doubt that he expressed the general opinion of the people of Hunan. Whatever may be their motive, however, there is definite evidence for the moment of a sincere desire on the part of the Government to free the province from the cultivation of the poppy and, after an experience of the opium question in several other provinces, I am able to report that Hunan has dealt with the problem with unexpected thoroughness and success.\n\n**ARCHIBALD ROSE**\n\nMay 25, 1913\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n### Report on Journey in Hunan (Eastern Section)\n\nA careful search and exhaustive enquiries have alike failed to disclose the existence of any poppy crop this season.\n\nMy investigation began at Ch'i-yang Hsien, which was reached from Changsha viâ Pao-ching Fu, and ended at Hsiang-Yin Hsien, 40 miles due north of Changsha. The journey falls into five distinctive divisions, which are as follows:\n\n| Division | Route | Distance (li) | Distance (miles) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Ch'i-yang Hsien to Liang Tien | 415 | 1384 |\n| 2 | Liang Tien to Kwei-yang Hsien | 165 | 55 |\n| 3 | Kwei-yang Hsien to Lung Tang | 205 | 683 |\n| 4 | Lung Tang to P'ing-chiang Hsien | 785 | 261 |\n| 5 | P'ing-chiang Hsien to Hsiang-Yin Hsien | 185 | 613 |\n\nThe first division comprises lands which are favourable to poppy growing, and which have produced poppy in former years to a considerable extent.\n\nThe second is a fair example of those remote and outlying districts in which the poppy is generally supposed to be still in evidence. The path I travelled was an unfrequented one—well away from the beaten track.\n\nIn the third stage, my road ran parallel to the Kiangsi border at a distance of 10 miles from it. The lands passed through were mountainous border lands with cultivated valleys.\n\nThe fourth division comprises border districts, but of more open and less mountainous aspect.\n\nThe fifth stage surveys the country from the Kiangsi border district of P'ing-chiang Hsien, eastwards to a point 40 miles due north of Changsha.\n\n### Poppy Cultivation\n\nPoppy was successfully grown in the season 1911-12 in some of the districts through which I have passed; in others, the officials intervened, the crop was torn up, and the grower punished. At P'ing-chiang Hsien, for instance, in April 1912, a grower was fined 1,000 tiao (about 720 dollars) and his crop destroyed.\n\nDuring the summer of 1912, proclamations were issued and notables sent round to impress on the local officials, elders, and landowners of the province that no poppy would be tolerated in the coming season, and that the provincial authorities would shrink from no extremity of action to ensure the final freedom of the province from opium.\n\nSince November last (the sowing season), all the districts through which I have passed have been visited from time to time by search parties of soldiers, with orders to root up any poppy found, to arrest the growers, and to shoot down all opposition. A landowner in the Chien-chou district was shot in January 1913 under such circumstances, though I understand that he was the victim of a false accusation.\n\nSecrecy of cultivation is scarcely possible, conditions being such as they are in country districts in China; and discovery was rendered doubly sure by the offer of rewards to informers, and by the posting up of boxes for the receipt of anonymous denunciations.\n\nThe Tzu Chih Chu (local government councils) and the Tuan Tsung (militia captains) have been made collectively and individually responsible for their districts. And finally, notables have been sent out periodically by the General Opium Suppression Bureau. The activity of this bureau has rendered impossible any apathy on the part of the district officials; and this result has been assisted by the fact that since the revolution, local authority is vested no longer in one man, but is divided between three officials respectively: the magistrate, the judicial officer, and the commandant of the local troops.\n\nPoppy cultivation in this province is only possible, in my opinion, where the local landowners are in a position to defy their officials; in none of the districts visited by me does such a state of affairs exist. All these districts are well supplied with troops of the regular army, and are within easy reach of the provincial capital.\n\n`[2965 q-1]`",
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        "id": 445549,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "page_number": 20,
        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n\nI saw no trace of poppy, and it is my opinion that no crop has been successfully grown in any of these districts this year.\n\n### Opium Smoking\n\nThe campaign against opium smoking has been carried out with great vigour. Since the summer of 1912, the local government councils in the villages and market towns, and the district officials in the district cities, have made house-to-house investigations, have destroyed any stocks of opium or smoking implements found, and have dealt with the offending parties. The search is allowed on all sides to have been a thorough one; rewards have been offered to informers and boxes for anonymous denunciations have been placed before all public buildings; people with opium faces have been the mark of special attention.\n\nSmokers in the villages have, in the first instance, been placed under observation; those who have undergone this period of surveillance to the satisfaction of the local government council have been passed as reformed characters; the others have been sent into the district cities and there handed over to the magistrate.\n\nIn all opium cases, the magistrate acts under the superintendence of the local representative of the General Opium Suppression Bureau. (This bureau went out of existence during the course of the enquiry under report; since then, the local officials deal with opium matters in the ordinary course of official routine.)\n\nOffenders found in the cities or sent in from the villages were placed in reformatories, fined, imprisoned, or shot, according as the magistrate and the opium bureau official decides. Any stocks or implements found were destroyed in public. It has been said that while the poor have been proceeded against with all severity, the rich have been left unmolested. There appears to me to be no foundation for this statement, beyond the fact that men of substance have probably received less summary, though no less determined, treatment than the poorer offenders. In the districts visited by me, twelve capital sentences have been carried out, as follows: - Three at Ch'ang-ning Hsien, one at Kwei-yang Chou, one at Ch'en Chou, one at Li Tien Chen, four at Kwei-yang Hsien, one at Ling Hsien, one at P'ing-chiang Hsien.\n\nI am of opinion that offenders, apart from those who offered forcible resistance, were not shot out of hand. They seem to have been given a chance to reform. Poor culprits were, in the first instance, placed in reformatories and the well-to-do fined; a relapse meant imprisonment or a heavier fine; and, finally, the incorrigible were shot.\n\nThese measures have, to all appearance, resulted in the practical eradication of the opium habit in the districts through which I have passed. Opium is no longer procurable, and not a few cases are reported of former habitual smokers having died in consequence of their being thus deprived of the drug.\n\nThere no longer exists any import or export of opium. Smuggling would appear to have been successfully put down. All trade in the commodity is paralysed.\n\n**LOUIS KING.**  \nChangsha. May 14, 1913.\n\n## Enclosure 4 in No. 1\n\n### Memorandum on Mr. J. L. Smith's Journey of Opium Investigation in the Province of Shantung\n\nMR. SMITH, accompanied by delegates of the Central and Provincial Governments, has completed a journey of twenty-eight days in Shantung, where he has covered about 580 miles in the districts south of the Yellow River, including two areas in the south-west of the province where poppy was reported to have been sown in considerable quantities during the present season.\n\nHe estimates that, prior to the anti-opium campaign, 50 per cent. of the land under cultivation in the prefecture of Tsao-chou was devoted to poppy. There has been a marked decrease in production during the last few years, but a certain amount was sown during the autumn of 1912, and evidence of its recent destruction was received from the villagers and from independent witnesses both native and foreign. During February and March, forty-eight special deputies were sent through the district by the Governor, and they uprooted all crops which were growing in the open fields, whilst a certain quantity had failed to come up at all in consequence of the spring droughts. The last crops which remained were within the walled enclosures of the big farm-houses, and there was doubtless a hope of retaining these plots for the purpose of obtaining seed for next year. The majority, even of these carefully screened crops, however, were destroyed on the approach of the investigating party. As a result, no poppy was seen in the south-western area.\n\nIn the districts around Tai-an-fu, similar conditions were found. Here the poppy had been sown, though in smaller quantities than in the south-west. In several instances, there was evidence that seed-beds in the walled gardens had been retained until the very last moment, and in one instance, Mr. Smith actually watched the uprooting of a garden plot of which information had reached him. It was impossible to conduct a searching enquiry into every case of secret cultivation in a country which is dotted with fortified farms, but it was clear that officials and farmers alike were anxious that no crops should be discovered by the party in the area for which they were responsible. It would appear, indeed, that for all practical purposes, the country is now cleared of cultivation.\n\n### Movements of Native Opium\n\nThe transport of opium in the province is prohibited, and smuggling can only be conducted with great risk. It is probable that stocks still remain in the hands of dealers, but all trade in the drug is conducted with great secrecy and under severe penalties, and no direct evidence of opium traffic was anywhere available.\n\nThe import of the native drug is attended with similar difficulties. Police supervision is strict, especially on the railway, and every effort has been made to suppress smuggling. The isolated villages on the borders of the province are so largely removed from official control that it is impossible to obtain definite or reliable information as to conditions there. In the opinion of the Chinese with whom Mr. Smith was able to get into touch, however, the opium which changes hands even in these districts is now inconsiderable in amount.\n\n### Smoking\n\nThe consumption of opium in the districts visited shows a marked decline. The missionaries all estimate that the decrease has been well above 50 per cent., whilst in Tsao-hsien, one of them placed it as high as 90 per cent. There are no public opium dens and few secret ones; present prices are beyond the means of the people, and rich smokers have their own stocks, which are consumed in secret and of which no authentic information is available. Smoking was reported to have been openly practised in the magistrate's yamên at Tsao-hsien during the present spring, but it is now stopped, and neither Mr. Smith nor his servants saw any evidence of smoking, or were able to purchase opium, though it is clear that a certain amount is still consumed. The officials themselves admit the existence of a few smokers, mainly among the old and the sick. Prices range from 3 to 6 dollars an ounce, and the fact that quotations were procurable at almost every centre appears to indicate that it can still be purchased by those who are known to the dealers. There are few, if any, cases in which opium eating has replaced the smoking of the drug.\n\nThe party travelled by cart, wheelbarrow, or chair, according to the nature of the country. Mr. Smith usually rode, detaching himself from the escort and the Chinese deputies, and following small tracks whenever possible, in order to keep in closer touch with the people. The routes followed by the investigating party are shown on the enclosed map, as are two recent journeys by British missionaries. One of these gentlemen had seen poppy crops growing in the open fields during his outward journey, but they had all vanished on his return a few weeks later; the other had seen no opium at all. Both British and foreign missionaries corroborated the native evidence that crops had been planted in many districts this season, but that they had been destroyed, often after the party had already started on the tour of inspection and in many cases only a few days before their arrival. The officials have been energetic in carrying out the work of destruction, and their work has been made lighter by the drought. The yamên underlings, who have constantly accepted bribes from the opium farmers and who connived at the retention of the seed plants until the last moment, insisted on the uprooting of every plant when once the party was known to have started.",
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        "title": "CO129-406 - Public Offices - 1913",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n## OPIUM.\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n109\n\n[June 26.]\n\n## SECTION 2.\n\n[29210]\n\n### No. 1.\n\nMr. Alston to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received June 26.)\n\n**(No. 246.)** Sir,\n\nPeking, June 11, 1913.\n\nI HAVE the honour to enclose copies of correspondence with the Wai-chiao Pu relative to the prohibition of the import of Indian opium into the province of Fukien under article 3 of the Opium Agreement of 1911.\n\nThe memorandum of the Wai-chiao Pu has been the first intimation of their desire to have Fukien placed on the prohibition list. In my despatch No. 218 of the 26th May reference was made to opium cultivation in this province. A very large amount of poppy has undoubtedly been grown in the southern districts, and, although trustworthy information has indicated that the bulk of this has been destroyed, still it would appear that an appreciable quantity has been harvested.\n\nThe poppy is in flower at the end of February, and it would not have been possible at this late date to have tested the assertions of the Fukien tutu.\n\nI have informed the Wai-chiao Pu that I am not prepared to place Fukien on the prohibition list until I have made fuller and more detailed enquiries, and that I will communicate further with them on receipt of reports from His Majesty's consuls at Amoy and Foochow, to whom instructions on the subject are being sent.\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nB. ALSTON.\n\n### Memorandum communicated to Sir J. Jordan by Wai-chiao Pu, June 6, 1913.\n\n**(Translation.)**\n\nOWING to disorders stirred up by local rebels the important policy of opium suppression in Fukien met with great difficulties. During January of the present year the Wai-chiao Pu telegraphed to the Fukien tutu instructing him to give speedy orders for the discovery and suppression of the poppy. The tutu gave orders to his subordinates, who, with the aid of the military, destroyed the rebels and rooted up the crop. No efforts were spared, and during the last few months progress has been resolutely made, the sacrifice of lives and property being no obstacle. Thus the sincerity of the intentions (of the provincial authorities) in opium suppression is known to all, whether Chinese or foreigners.\n\nOn the 31st March the Wai-chiao Pu received a telegram from the tutu and chief civil administrator of Fukien to the effect that P'u-tien and Hsien-yu districts, also the Han-chiang and Mei-chou country, had been completely cleared of the poppy. On the 26th April another telegram reached the Wai-chiao Pu to the effect that the Szuming district was clear. On the 3rd May a further telegram was received, stating that Hui-an and Chin-chiang had also successfully reported themselves clear. On the 6th May another telegram was received, saying that Nan-an was clear of the poppy, and that the work of clearing the whole of that part of the country was complete. On the 1st June a further telegram was received, stating that the intendant of the southern circuit had telegraphed that all poppy in the Ch'uan-chou district had been cut down either in his presence or in that of others acting under his strict orders, and that the whole country under his jurisdiction had been reported clear. The tutu also received a telegram from the intendant of the western circuit, that he had sent out troops of soldiers to root up the poppy crop throughout Changchou, that these men had all successively returned to the capital city of the intendancy, and that the whole of his territory was clear. The tutu reported to the Wai-chiao Pu, with reference to the Min-chou, Chang-le, Lien-chiang, Min-ching, Ku-tien, Fu-an, Fu-ting, and Hsia-p'u districts of the eastern circuit, and the Sha Hsien, Shao-wu, Chien-ning, and Nan-ping...",
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        "document_key": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "page_number": 240,
        "title": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "content_text": "236\n\n30\n\nto them. Public attention at Chengtu has been concentrated during the past quarter on the provincial elections to the Peking Parliament. The election of the thirty-five members to represent Szechuan in the Lower House was effected without serious difficulty, but that of Senators for the Upper House, which had to await the settlement of the internal affairs of the Provincial Assembly, proved a tardy process. Of the thirty-five members of Parliament for Szechuan, twenty-three are said to belong to the Kuo Min Tang and twelve to the Kung Ho Tang. The result may be said to be less representative of public opinion in the province than of a highly-organised party, whose main object appears to be the obtaining of well-paid posts for its members. The Kuo Min Tang favour the maximum of provincial autonomy, including the right to elect their own Governor and choose their own executive officials. The Kung Ho Tang is in favour of centralisation and willing to leave the appointment of Governor and executive officials in the hands of the Central Government at Peking.\n\nTowards the end of February, there was a mutiny of unpaid soldiers at Ningyuenfu. Order was restored, but no serious attempt was made to punish the ringleaders.\n\nVarious conferences have taken place at Chengtu between representatives of the native converts who wish to manage their own church independently of the foreign missionaries and the missionaries themselves. This independent church movement is growing all over China, but the question of finance is at present the main stumbling-block in the way of the Chinese converts.\n\nEastern Szechuan was also disturbed in the month of February by a deliberate attack on the city of Wan Hsien by the Chengtu troops forming part of the garrison. At best an ill-disciplined body, arrears of pay and rumours of their approaching disbandment had brought about a state of mutiny in the ranks. Fifteen of the largest firms and pawnshops were successively invaded and looted, and the men, having secured between 5,000 and 10,000 taels in silver, were only induced to return to their barracks by a promise of 10,000 dollars from the townspeople. Further outrages were averted by the payment of this sum, the troops concerned being also awarded an additional month's pay as a gratuity. Some time elapsed before the authorities took steps to bring the ringleaders to book, but several of the chief offenders were eventually shot, and the disorderly company was transferred to Chengtu.\n\nDuring the looting, no hostility to foreigners was displayed, but His Majesty's Consul at Chungking reports that a certain measure of irritation, which has found vent in posters inveighing against the malicious designs of the foreign Powers for the partition and enslavement of China, has lately made its appearance in Wan Hsien.\n\nThe reduction of the military forces of Szechuan has led to a recrudescence of armed robbery and kidnapping in Nan Chuan, Ch'i Chiang, and other districts bordering on the lawless province of Kueichou. A force sent from Chungking to restore order was defeated by a strong band of brigands, and concerted action by the military authorities of Kueichou and Szechuan was needed to suppress the general disorder along the border. At present, a party of soldiers is posted every 5 li along the main roads, and conditions are so far improved that the Post Office is endeavouring to reopen the parcel-post service to Kueichou, which has been interrupted since the beginning of the railway rising of 1911.\n\nYünnan.\n\nVery peaceful conditions have prevailed in the province of Yünnan for some time, and there have been no serious disturbances to record. The people appear to be prosperous and contented, and the army—well paid and disciplined—has given no trouble. The Provincial Treasury is reported to be practically empty, but funds are forthcoming to provide for the current expenses of administration and even for the purchase of munitions of war. The feeling of hostility towards the British on account of their supposed aggressions on the frontier still exists amongst all classes of Yunnanese, and has a prejudicial effect on British interests in that part of China. His Majesty's Consul-General is endeavouring to counteract this, in some measure, by persuading the local authorities to send a few students to the Hong Kong University out of the 100 which are to be sent abroad this year.\n\nA society for the advancement of Buddhism in China has been established in Yunnan-fu under the patronage of the local Government.\n\nPage 240\n\nPage 241",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "page_number": 545,
        "title": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.]\n\n## OPIUM.\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL.**\n\n[May 4.]\n\n### SECTION 1,\n\n(19650)\n\n(No. 158)\n\n#### No. 1.\n\n**Sir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received May 4.)**\n\nSir,\n\nPeking, April 20, 1914.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch No. 20 of the 17th January last, I have the honour to report that the investigation of Fukien for opium poppy cultivation, in accordance with the provisions of the Opium Agreement of May 1911, has been completed, and that the province has been found to be practically cleared of poppy growth. I have the honour to enclose herewith copy of two reports by the investigating officers, Mr. Consular Assistant Blackburn, for North Fukien, and Mr. Consular Assistant Turner, for South Fukien. These gentlemen travelled in their respective districts in company with the Chinese metropolitan and provincial delegates, and both of them speak in appreciation of the co-operation of their Chinese colleagues in the work of investigation.\n\nWhile it is satisfactory to know that the province has been cleared of poppy cultivation, it must be noted that this result has only been achieved by an extensive and drastic system of suppression on the part of the Chinese authorities. Without such official suppression, which in some instances preceded the investigation party's visit by a few days, or even a few hours only, a far different story would have been told by the reports, and it would be rash to prophesy that the effects of this spasmodic and special suppression will continue into the next season.\n\nThe terms of the agreement are, however, fulfilled, and I have therefore notified the Chinese Government that the importation of Indian opium into the province of Fukien will be prohibited as from the 1st May, 1914. I have the honour to enclose copy of my despatch to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 1.\n\n**Mr. Blackburn to Sir J. Jordan.**\n\nMarch 21, 1914.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report that, in accordance with the instructions contained in your despatch of the 31st January, I have, in company with Mr. Yeh K'o-liang, deputy of the Central Government, and Mr. Chen Shou-hsiang, deputy of the Fukien Provincial Government, made a tour of investigation in the north of this province, and that, as far as I have been able to ascertain, the cultivation of the opium poppy has been entirely suppressed.\n\nThere being no information in the possession of the consulate which would lead me to suspect that opium was being cultivated in any particular place, I arranged my itinerary so as to visit the largest number of the most notorious opium-growing centres with the least waste of time, though I was subsequently compelled to modify to some extent my original route owing to the limited time at my disposal, the extremely difficult nature of the country traversed, and the inclemency of the weather. The roads are all paved paths 2 feet to 4 feet broad, carried over the mountains by steps, which after rain become so slippery that it is only possible to move slowly when it is possible to travel at all.\n\nI left Foochow on the 17th February, commencing my investigations from Kuant'ou, on the Min River, when I proceeded northwards, visiting in succession the following districts: Lien Chiang, Lo Yuan, Ning Tê, Fu An, Fu Ning, Shou Ning, Cheng Ho, Sung Ch'i, and Chien Ou (Kienning). From Kienning I took boat and returned by river, visiting Yan Ping district en route, and arriving in Foochow on the 19th March. I have the honour to make the following observations in connection with the various districts I visited :--\n\nLien Chiang was formerly a large opium-producing centre, but is now almost entirely under wheat, rape, and rice. The missionaries did not report any opium here.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "page_number": 546,
        "title": "CO129-416 - Public Offices - 1914",
        "content_text": "## \nlast year, and the magistrate informed me that hardly any attempt had been made to sow this season.\n\nLo Yüan has never been an opium-growing district, and there is no sign of any disposition on the part of the people to cultivate it.\n\nThe missionaries state that Ning Te—formerly one of the largest opium-producing districts—the whole plain, up to the gates of the city, used to be covered with poppy, but there is now nothing visible except wheat and rape. We visited Paitu, a large village 50 li north of Ning Te City, which used to have a great reputation for the quality and quantity of the opium produced there. It was at Hotung, in this same neighbourhood, that Bishop Price reported having seen soldiers on their way to destroy opium at the end of last year, but I could not obtain any information as to the precise locality where such destruction took place.\n\nFrom Paitu we went to Sui Chi, in Fu An district, by boat, in order to effect a saving of time.\n\nFu An was in former days by far the worst opium-growing district in the north of Fukien, but though I spent some days in this neighbourhood and made as complete a search as possible, I could find no trace of present cultivation. The magistrate, Mr. Yü, seems a most capable and energetic man, and he has himself spent five months out of the last fourteen in the mountain districts personally superintending the uprooting of the poppy. I am told that there are 1,200 persons engaged in the anti-opium campaign in this district.\n\nFu Ning ranks second to Fu An as an opium-producing district. It was on the road between Fu Ning and Fu An that Rev. Curtis reported having seen poppy last year. Dr. Mackenzie, of the Church Missionary Society in Fu Ning, informed me that some four weeks before my arrival a peasant was discovered to be cultivating a few square feet of poppy in his garden. The man was sentenced to be shot, but on the field of execution, punishment was commuted to 2,000 blows. This discovery, coming on the eve of the commission of investigation, appears to have considerably frightened the magistrate, for he immediately sent out 150 men to scour his district, offering large rewards for information as to cultivation. No further poppy was, however, reported.\n\n## Shou Ning\nFormerly a large producing centre. The inhabitants are miserably poor, and the temptation to plant such a profitable article as opium is correspondingly great; but the state of terror to which the inhabitants have been reduced is well illustrated by the following: In Fu An and neighbouring districts are grown large quantities of a kind of artemisia, called Ai-tzu. I had remarked it especially because its leaves to some extent resemble those of the poppy, though in other respects the plant is quite different. In Shou Ning district I noticed that this plant was entirely absent, and on making enquiries I ascertained that the farmers themselves had rooted up not only this plant but every other which in leaf or flower in the remotest degree resembled the poppy, for fear lest I should mistake them for poppies and get the owners of the land into trouble. In this district, which has a mean height of about 1,000 feet above sea-level, there is only one crop of rice a year, and this season's crop not having yet been sown, the ground was lying fallow, in striking contrast to the other districts I had traversed, which were already green. I enquired whether proper steps were being taken to see that these lands would not be sown with poppy after my investigations were closed, and was assured that not only was it now some ten days past the latest possible date on which poppy could be planted this season, but that the vigilance of the anti-opium authorities would not be relaxed until the whole ground was sown with crops other than poppy.\n\n## Cheng Ho\nOne of the less notorious districts. The cultivable land between Shou Ning and Cheng Ho used, in former days, to be covered with poppy, but there does not appear to be any at present cultivated. My object in choosing this route was partly because I was not expected to take it, and partly because the country it traverses being outside the range of the missions and very rarely visited by foreigners, we had no information respecting it.\n\nSung Chi has a reputation as an opium-smoking, rather than as an opium-cultivating, district. Rev. J. Bloody informed me that he had only heard of one case of cultivation during the last twelve months, and in this case the offender was shot. The district is covered with official notices relating the circumstances and the penalty inflicted, as a warning to other would-be planters.\n\n## Kienning\nIn Kieuning and Shaowu prefectures there are in all some 2,000 Hunanese and Anhui troops, distributed among the cities and villages specially for opium work. They are under the command of the Hunanese Resident-General at Kienning, who is an ardent anti-opium enthusiast, and I am of opinion that they have done their work thoroughly. The British missionaries informed me that, as far as they knew, there had been no attempts at opium cultivation this season.\n\nYen Ping was never a large opium-growing district, the soil not being very suitable. I am informed that a few months ago a certain amount was seen along the river, but I neither saw nor heard of any while in the district.\n\n## \nI have been deeply impressed by the thoroughness and efficiency with which the campaign against the cultivation of opium is being carried on and the spirit which animates the workers. The Government institution (`Chin Yen Chu`) and the voluntary organisation (`Ch'ü Tu She`) work side by side, though the brunt of the field work is borne by the latter. In every town and village there is an anti-opium office or sub-office, to which as a rule the majority of the gentry belong. In each hsien there is an inspector, and a number of hsien are grouped under an inspector-general, of whom there are four in North Fukien. Most of the inspectors are gentlemen and well educated, who are devoting their time entirely and without remuneration to the eradication of opium. They claim to have personally examined, not once but frequently, every portion of their respective districts, and, from their intimate knowledge of even the minutest features of the landscape, I am of opinion that their claim is well founded. I was given every possible facility for visiting any place I expressed a wish to see, but though I made as efficient a search as my time permitted, I found not so much as a single poppy during the month I was absent from Foochow. Everywhere are posted notices offering rewards of from $20 to $40 for information as to poppy cultivation, and warnings that any person found cultivating poppy will be shot. In some districts every household is bound to supply one person to assist in the general search when called upon to do so, failing which a fine of 30 cents is imposed.\n\nOf the opium districts which I had not time to visit the most important are Fu Ch'ing and Fu Ting, the former south of Foochow, and the latter in the north-east corner of the province. However, I have no reason to suppose they have not been as thoroughly dealt with as the other districts, especially as it was considered absolutely certain that I would visit them. So much was this the case that the most elaborate preparations had been made for our reception. As soon as we reached the gate of Fu Ning City a runner was despatched to Fu Ting to announce our approaching arrival, without even waiting to ascertain my intentions in the matter. Later when we reached Shou Ning I received a letter from the Fu Ting magistrate asking if I could not possibly make it convenient to visit his district, as it would be a disappointment for those who had laboured so hard to eradicate the poppy if their work was not so much as looked at. I received similar messages from Pu Cheng, Ch'ung An, Ping Nan, and many other districts. Apart, however, from this merely sentimental consideration, there is no doubt that the magistrates and anti-opium authorities were delighted when I visited their district, as my visit—and incidentally that of the escort of forty soldiers—would render the task of suppression easier by bringing strongly to the minds of the people the seriousness of the anti-opium campaign. It was presumably with this same end in view, to impress the people, that wherever I went I was paid the most exaggerated honours, and dignified by titles as exalted as that of \"British Minister.\"\n\nOne feature worthy of notice is that the gentry seem to be taking an active part in the suppression of opium, resistance being now confined almost entirely to the lower classes. It is explained that the reason for this somewhat astonishing fact is that opium-smoking is now no longer considered a respectable thing to do, and, as a gentleman loses caste by being a smoker, most of the better classes are breaking themselves of the habit.\n\nThis does not apply to the labouring classes and members of the Anti-Opium Association have remarked to me that they had to give up hope of redeeming confirmed smokers as a class, and continue their attentions more especially to preventing those who are not already confirmed smokers from acquiring the vice.\n\nAt most of the larger places I visited I received deputations of the leading gentry and chambers of commerce, who wished to express their hearty thanks to His Majesty's Government for its co-operation and for the present investigation. In replying, I impressed on them, as also on the magistrates, that if the province was closed to the import of Indian opium this must not be the signal for the relaxation of their efforts, and that any cultivation of opium in the future would be a grave breach of faith towards His Majesty's Government. I was given to understand that the present severe measures would be continued for another year, at the end of which period the seed which the farmers might now be hiding would be dead and useless, and that it was expected that three more years of close surveillance would suffice to put a stop to any extensive poppy cultivation for many years to come.\n\nPage 539",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-425 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [10-12]",
        "page_number": 24,
        "title": "CO129-425 - Governor Sir May - 1915 [10-12]",
        "content_text": "C\n\nJ\n\nCOPY.\n\nEnclosure 1.\n\nC\n\n56781\n\n21\n\nREC\n\nRes 9 DEC 5\n\nHon. Colonial Secretary,\n\nAccording to my records the following Extradition cases have passed through my hands during the period in question;\n\nRex v. Chan Yat Chun.\n\nCheung Tai Young.\n\nTaong Sheng.\n\nNg Tao.\n\nMo Chi Ping.\n\nW. A. Bear.\n\nKoh Tek Nam.\n\nC. E. Arcuras.\n\nYung Cheung Wan.\n\nLiso A Mei.\n\nChao Jik Tsin.\n\nChan Shing.\n\nLi Chi Ping.\n\nLeung Ah Yau.\n\nTaeng Yau Tsu.\n\nLiang Chiu Chang.\n\nShi Ki, Lau, A Wai.\n\nAu Fu.\n\nHuang Teo alias Wong Tsok.\n\nAh Mui.\n\nHung Sui Lun.\n\nI put up a copy of a minute showing Court work for June, July, and August, 1915,\n\n(Sd.) Paul H. Hodgson,\n\nag. Crown Solicitor.\n\n13.10.16.",
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        "id": 458212,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "page_number": 305,
        "title": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "content_text": "11006 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 6 NOVEMBER, 1915.\n\nArthur & Co. Limited.\n\nArts & Crafts Limited.\n\nAshton & Co. Limited (Enticknap, P.).\n\nAsiatic Petroleum Company.\n\nAstor House Hotel Company.\n\nAtkinson & Dallas Limited.\n\nAu Petit Louvre (Maison Parisienne).\n\nAudinet, Lacroix, & Co.\n\nAudinet, Lacroix, Pasquier, et Cie.\n\nAustralian Dairy Farm.\n\nAustralian Produce Company.\n\nAyer Tawah Company Limited, Shanghai. Azaidian.\n\nBabcock & Wilcox Limited.\n\nBakels & Co.\n\nBaldwin, C. C.\n\nBanbam, F. C.\n\nBanker & Co.\n\nBin Lam Drug Stores.\n\nBanque belge pour l'Etranger. Banque de l'Indo-Chine.\n\nBanque industrielle de Chine. Bansuiken, Shanghai.\n\nBarkley Company.\n\nBarlow & Co.\n\nBarrett, E. G.\n\nBarry & Co., B. M.\n\nBathgate & Co.\n\nBatu Anam Rubber Company. Beck, I.\n\nBeck, M. G.\n\nBelgian Brick Factory. Tien-tsin.\n\nBelgian Trading Company.\n\nBell, D. W.\n\nBell, H. F. L.\n\nBen Albert & Co.\n\nBenjamin and Potts.\n\nBeque, Henri.\n\nBielfield, Alex., & Co.\n\nBissett, J. P., & Co.\n\nBlack, J. F.\n\nBlake & Sons, F. A.\n\nBlancke, Charles.\n\nBo Won, Canton,\n\nBona, F.\n\nBouchard.\n\nBourgery, C.\n\nBowern & Co. (Bowern & Hay).\n\nBoyd & Co.\n\nBoyer, Mazet & Co.\n\nBoyes, Basset, & Co.\n\nBradford Dyers' Association.\n\nBradley & Co. Limited.\n\nBrand Brothers & Co.\n\nBrand, H. S., & Co.\n\nBrandt, A. L.\n\nBrandt & Co.\n\nBrandt & Rogers.\n\nBrangwyn & Hobson, Dre.\n\nBrewer & Co. Limited. Bridges, H.\n\nBritish American Tobacco Company.\n\nBritish and Asiatic Company.\n\nBritish and Chinese Corporation.\n\nBritish Cigarette Company Limited.\n\nBritish Dominions General Insurance Company.\n\nBritish and Foreign Bible Society,\n\nBritish Insulated and Helsby Company. British Manufacturers' Agency (Wong Chuen Yung).\n\nBrockett & Co.\n\nBrockett, E., & Co.\n\nBrook, E., & Co.\n\nBrossay, René,\n\nBrunner, Mond, & Co. Limited.\n\nBrush Electrical Engineering Company. Bryant & Ryde.\n\nBulin & Co., Hankow.\n\nBurin Yoko.\n\nBurkhardt, L. R.\n\nBurkill, A. R., & Sons.\n\nBurroughs, Wellcome, & Co. Burtenshaw & Co.\n\nButler, A.\n\nButterfield & Swire.\n\nCabeldu, A., & Co. Caissial.\n\nCaldbeck, MacGregor. Calder, Marshall, & Co. Calico Printers' Association. Camera Craft Company. Campbell, Alex., & Co. Canadian Commissioner.\n\nCanadian Methodist Mission Press. Canadian Pacific.\n\nCanton Insurance Company.\n\nCarr, Ramsay, T., & Co. Castellano.\n\nCathay Trust.\n\nCatoire Veuve, A., et Fils. Catanneo.\n\nCawasjee Palanjee, Shanghai. Cement Tile Works Limited.\n\nCentral Agency Limited.\n\nCentral China Dispensary.\n\nCentral China Import Company. Central China Post.\n\nCentral China Printing Company, Hankow.\n\nCentral Garage Limited.\n\nCentral Stores Limited.\n\nCentral Trading Company.\n\nCercle sportif français.\n\nChang Dah Yuen.\n\nChang, T. S,\n\nChapeaux.\n\nCharrey.\n\nCharrey et Conversy.\n\nChartered Bank of India, Australia, and China.\n\nChauvin, Mme.\n\nChefoo Hairnet Manufactory.\n\nChemor United Rubber Company Limited. Chempedak Rubber & Gambier Estate Company.\n\nCheng Rubber Estate.\n\nChic Parisien.\n\nChin Ho Hsiang.\n\nChina Agenta Company.\n\nChina American Lumber Company.\n\nChina American Trading Company.\n\nChina Commercial Steam Navigation Company.\n\nChina Engineering Company.\n\nChina Fire Insurance Company.\n\nChina Flour Mill Company Limited.\n\nChina Import & Export Lumber Company Limited.\n\nChina Inland Mission.\n\nChina & Japan Trading Company.\n\nChina Land & Building Company Limited. China Land & Finance Company Limited. China Merchants Ponges Association. China Merchants Steam Navigation Company. China Mutual Life Insurance Company Limited.\n\nChina Mutual Steam Navigation Company. China National Life Assurance.\n\nChina Navigation Company.\n\nChina Silk Agency Company Limited. China Strawbraid Export Company,\n\nSUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 6 NOVEMBER, 1915. 11007\n\nChina Sugar Refining Company.\n\nChina Times Limited.\n\nChina Traders Insurance Company.\n\nChina Trading Company.\n\nChinese American Company,\n\nChiness Electric Light & Power Company.\n\nChinese Optical Company..\n\nChinese Railways (all).\n\nChing Cheng Yung, Tien-tsin.\n\nChing Chong Hung & Co., Shanghai, Chefoo.\n\nChing Fong, Shanghai.\n\nChing Ho Hsiang, Peking.\n\nChing Kee, Amoy.\n\nChinson Chao (Peking Motor Company, Peking).\n\nChuan Chang.\n\nChun Shing.\n\nChun Sing, Shanghai.\n\nChung Fall & Co., Chefoo.\n\nChung Heva Book Company, Shanghai.\n\nChung Tung Lithographic Works.\n\nChurch Missionary Mission.\n\nCoghlan, H. H.\n\nCohen, Andre.\n\nCollina & Co.\n\nCombfort.\n\nCommercial Press Limited.\n\nCommercial Union Assurance Company.\n\nCompagnie d'Eclairage et de Tramways of Tien-tsin.\n\nCompagnie française des Tramways de l'Eclairage électrique et des Eaux de Shanghai.\n\nCompagnie Générale de Chemins de Fer et de Tramways en Chine.\n\nCompagnie des Messageries maritimes. Comptoir commercial auversois.\n\nConnell Brothers.\n\nConsolidated Rubber Estates Limited. Cook & Anderson.\n\nCook, Thomas & Sons.\n\nCornabe, Eckford, & Co. Cosmopolitan Dock.\n\nCossanteli & Co.\n\nCox, W. Wakeford.\n\nCozzi, E. Hankow.\n\nCrédit foncier d'Extrême-Orient.\n\nCrofts & Co., George. Cros, Paul.\n\nCrossfeld & Sons Limited. Crystal Limited. Culpeck, E. A.\n\nCurtis Brothers.\n\nCurtis Sons & Co.\n\nDah Daw, Hankow.\n\nDah Lung & Co..\n\nDah Sung & Co.\n\nDah Sung Cotton Mill, Shanghai. Dai Nippon Brewery Company. Daishin & Co., Shanghai,\n\nDallas Livery Stable Company, Danese, E., Hankow. D'Arc, G. L.\n\nDastoor, F. R., & Co.\n\nDavid & Co.\n\nDavid, S. J., & Co.\n\nDavies & Brooke.\n\nDavis, R. S., & Co.\n\nDavis, W. Trenchard,\n\nDeacon & Co.\n\nDeane, T. P.\n\nDebenham & Co. Denham & Rose.\n\nDenniston & Sullivan. Dent, A., & Co.\n\nDent, Herbert. Dieden & Co.\n\nDixon, H. C., & Co.\n\nDodwell & Co. Limited. Dollar Robert Company. Dombey & Son,\n\nDominion Express Company. Donnelly & Whyte.\n\nDowdall, W. M.\n\nDrakeford & Co.\n\nDuncan & Co.\n\nDunlop Rubber Company.\n\nDunn, Walter.\n\nDuplessis.\n\nDutch Colonial Trading Company,\n\nDutton, W., & Co.\n\nDyce & Co.\n\nDzing Nye Haing, Hankow.\n\nEagle & Globe Steel Company.\n\nEast Asiatic Company.\n\nEastern & Australiau Steamship Company.\n\nEastern Extension Telegraph Company.\n\nEastern Trading Company.\n\nEcho de Tien-tsin.\n\nEdgar Brothers & Co.\n\nEkman Foreign Agencies.\n\nEnergie électrique,\n\nEnterprise Tobacco Company Limited. Enticknap, P. (Ashton & Co. Limited). Equitable Life Assurance Society. Erasmic Company.\n\nEstablishments de Tongkou.\n\nEtablissements Fei Yen, Ateliers de Construction Mécaniques.\n\nEvans, A. M. A.\n\nEvans, Edward, & Sons Limited.\n\nEvans, Pugh, & Co.\n\nEwo Cotton Spinning & Weaving Company.\n\nEwo Yuen Press Packing Company.\n\nExcess Insurance Company Limited.\n\nEzra, E. I., Shanghai.\n\nEzra, Edward, & Co., Shanghai.\n\nEzra & Co., Fred, Shanghai.\n\nEzra, N. E. B., & Co.\n\nEzra, Y., & Co.\n\nFa Hsiang, Tien-tsin.\n\nFairchild, F. A.\n\nFukul & Co., Shanghai.\n\nFar Eastern Geographical Establishment.\n\nFarley, W. A.\n\nFarmer, F. D., & Co.\n\nFearon, Daniel, & Co.\n\nFederal Life Assurance Company of Canada.\n\nFengtien District Inspectorate of Salt Revenue.\n\nFerretti.\n\nFindlay, Richardson, & Co. Firth, W., & Sons. Fobes & Co.\n\nFoo Tai Company, Hankow, Forbes & Co., William. Foster, McClellan, & Co. Frankau & Co. Limited, A. Frazar & Co.\n\nFrench Bakery,\n\nFu Shing Tai, Tien-tsin.\n\nFuchs, H., & Co. (Rint'ai Stores).\n\nFujita & Co., Mukden.\n\nFukien Drug Company.\n\nFung Tang, Shanghai.\n\nFurukawa & Co., Shanghai. Futcher, J. W.\n\nGabhai, M. N., & Co.\n\nGadai Yoko.\n\n301",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915.txt",
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    {
        "id": 458220,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "page_number": 313,
        "title": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "content_text": "EXPORTATION OF ARTICLES TO CHINA AND SIAM.\n\nForeign Office,\n\n(FIFTH SUPPLEMENT.)\n\nNovember 26, 1915.\n\nThe following additions or corrections to the lists published as a supplement to the London Gazette of 5th November, 1915, of persons to whom articles to be exported to China and Siam may be consigned, are notified by order of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the provisions of the Proclamation relating to the exportation of articles to China and Siam during the present war, issued on the 24th day of September, 1915-\n\nCHINA.\n\nForeign Office, November 24th, 1915. The following names are added to the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:-\n\nDes Remedios, A. G., Shanghai.\n\nDong Sing Wo and Co., Shanghai.\n\nDreyfus and Bros., Edmond, Shanghai.\n\nGreat Eastern Co., Ltd., Shanghai.\n\nIvy, Dr., Shanghai.\n\nLoa Hai Shing, Shanghai.\n\nNielson and Winther (China Engineering Co., Ltd.), Hankow.\n\nSing, A., Shanghai.\n\nTientsin Soap Manufacturing Co.\n\nYuan Cheong and Co., Shanghai.\n\nZa Chong Shun, Shanghai.\n\nThe following name is removed from the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:\n\nJai Tai Chang, Shanghai.\n\nThe following corrections are notified in the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:-\n\nAstor House Hotel Co. should read, Astor House Hotel Co., Shanghai.\n\nCanadian Pacific should read, Canadian Pacific Rly. Co.\n\nSouth Manchurian Rly. Co. should read, South Manchuria Rly. Co.\n\nTwigg, P. O. B., should read, Twigg, P. O'Brien.\n\nForeign Office, November 25th, 1915.\n\nThe following names are added to the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:-\n\nAird & Skinner, Drs.\n\nChristiakoff, J.\n\nChujudo & Co., Newchang.\n\nChuma & Co., Newchang.\n\nCorsane, Anderson & Co. (Hankow Ice Works).\n\nDunne, T. E.\n\nEveleigh & Co.\n\nHankow Club Ltd.\n\nHankow Ice Works.\n\nHankow Race Club & Recreation Ground Ltd.\n\nHankow Wharf & Godown Co. Ltd.\n\nJensen, G. S.\n\nKaitendo & Co., Newchang.\n\nKansaki & Co., Newchang.\n\nNettle, P. Edward.\n\nNigniewitzky.\n\nNorth Great China Dispensary.\n\nOmi & Co., Newchang.\n\nPlatt, McLeod & Wilson, Messrs.\n\nSaou Kee, Shanghai.\n\nSeishin & Co., Newchang.\n\nShing Yue & Co., Shanghai.\n\nTai Fu Lim, Dr., Newchang.\n\nTai On & Co. (Canton Medical Hall), Canton.\n\nTows & Co., Newchang.\n\nTschurin & Co. Ltd., Harbin.\n\nTsui, Y. Y., Dr., Tientsin.\n\nUnion Medical College.\n\nWang, Y. N., Dr., Tientsin and Peking.\n\nYau, K. S., Dr., Tientsin and Peking.\n\nYoung Bros. Trust Co., Chungking.\n\nWisner, P. F., & Co.\n\nWoods, J.\n\nYan Sun Co. Ltd., Canton.\n\nThe following corrections are notified in the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:-\n\nAmerican Drug Store should read American Chinese Drug Store.\n\nKameya & Co., S., should read Kameya (Kamaya), S., & Co.\n\nSze Hung & Co. should read Sze Hing (Hung) & Co.\n\nSIAM.\n\nForeign Office, November 25th, 1915.\n\nThe following names are added to the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to Siam may be consigned:-\n\nAh Leo Keh (Yah See), Lampang.\n\nBamrungnukulkij Printing Works (Luang Damrong), Bangkok.\n\nHong Ching, Bangkok.\n\nKeng Watt, Bangkok.\n\nLuang Damrong (Bamrungnukulkij Printing Works), Bangkok.\n\nSang Hong & Co., Bangkok.\n\nTayabally & Co., A. H., Bangkok.\n\nYah Seo (Ah Lee Keh), Lampang.\n\nYong Mong Lee, Bangkok.\n\n(Extract from the London Gazette of Friday, 26 November, 1915.)\n\nPrinted by WYMAN & Sons, Ltd.\n\nFor FREDERICK ATTERBURY, Esq., C.B., the King's Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n\n403528, 1,500. 11/15.\n\n309\n\n7.\n\n0.\n\nPage 309",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 458222,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "page_number": 315,
        "title": "CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915",
        "content_text": "REC \n\n5906311 \n\nREG 23 DEC 15 \n\nEXPORTATION OF ARTICLES TO CHINA AND SIAM. (SEVENTH SUPPLEMENT.) \n\nForeign Office, \n\nDecember 7, 1915. \n\nThe following additions or corrections to the lists published as a supplement to the London Gazette of 5th November, 1915, of persons to whom articles to be exported to China and Siam may be consigned, are notified by order of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the provisions of the Proclamation relating to the exportation of articles to China and Siam during the present war, issued on the 24th day of September, 1915: --- \n\nCHINA. \n\nForeign Office, 6th December, 1915. The following names are added to the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned:- \n\nBergmann, Edward. \n\nChing Siu Tong, Foochow. \n\nEmens, W. S., & Co., Ltd. \n\nFohkien Mercantile Co., Foochow. \n\nFoochow Native Hospital. \n\nIseman & Smith, Drs. \n\nJun Chee, Tientsin. \n\nLau, E. C., Foochow \n\nL.P. Medical Hall, Foochow. \n\nFu Seng & Co., W., Foochow. \n\nNanking Dispensary, Nanking. \n\nShun Chee & Co. (16, Bruce Road), Tientsin. \n\nTaiseng & Co., Foochow. \n\nTakkee & Co., Foochow. \n\nThe following name is removed from the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned: - \n\nBritish Asiatic Co., Shanghai. \n\nThe following corrections are notified in the list of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to China may be consigned: - \n\nBlancke, Charles, should read Blanche, Charles. \n\nKoosnetzoff, A., & Co., should read The Trading Co., the Successors to Alexis Goobkin, A. Koosnetzoff & Co. \n\n(Extract from the London Gazette of Tuesday, 7 December, 1915.) \n\nPrinted by WMN & Sons, Ltd. \n\nFor FREDERICK ATTERBURY, Esq., C.B., the King's Printer of Acts of Parliament. (03584.) 1,800, 12/15.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-428 - Public Offices - 1915.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 460098,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-431 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [1-2]",
        "page_number": 231,
        "title": "CO129-431 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [1-2]",
        "content_text": "On the day before the notification of the above declaration, the 30th December, a Presidential Mandate was issued removing the two Governors of Yunnan from their posts, depriving General Tsai lo of his official titles, and appointing the Commander of the 1st Division of the Yunnan army and the Commander of the 2nd Division of the same force to act respectively as Military and Civil Governors of the province. As the signatures of both of these officials appeared on a telegram addressed to the authorities of all the provinces inviting their co-operation in support of the Republic, it seemed unlikely that they would accept the appointments offered to them and in any case the difficulty of communicating with them appeared to raise an insuperable obstacle to the fulfilment of the President's orders. The Minister for Foreign Affairs asked me to forward the Mandates in cypher through His Majesty's Consul-General, but to have done so might have placed Mr. Goffe in a very difficult, if not dangerous, position and I was obliged to refuse. A similar request was, I believe, made to the French Minister with the same result.\n\nThis review brings the situation up to the end of the year and during the last few days there have been no developments of any moment. The reports from Canton, Kuangsi and Szechuan continue to indicate generally a determination to support Yuan Shih-kai's Government, but there are here and there symptoms of uncertainty and indecision. By far the most serious evidence of this reached me in a telegram received today from the Governor of Hongkong, who is eminently qualified to form an appreciation of the situation. His Excellency, whose information is derived from Chinese sources, states that Chen Ch'iung-ming, a former Governor of the province who disappeared at the time of the second Revolution, has issued a Proclamation at Hui Chow Fu, a city near the coast, as Governor-General of Kwangtung; that Ching Yuen, a district city about sixty miles north of Canton, has gone over to the rebels; that Kuangsi is about to go over; that Lung Chi-kuang, the present Governor at Canton, is weakening in his allegiance to Yuan Shih-kai, and that the sympathy of the Chinese in Hongkong is...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-431 - Governor Sir May - 1916 [1-2].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 463805,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 68,
        "title": "CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "# Translation of CODE Telegram \n## 908 \n### From OFFICER ADMINISTERING THE GOVERNMENT, HONGKONG. \n#### To SECRETARY OF STATE. \n##### Date 8th November, 1916. \n\n66 \n\nMay I permit export of 500 piculs Singapore Pepper Shun Shing, Dairen, 600 each Van Hing Lee, Wing Wo Hing, Tung Chui Wo, Kung Lo Ching, Fu Chang Wo, Newchwang, 64 Tai Fung Yo, Kobe.\n\n**SEVERN**",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-436 - Acting Governor Claud Sever & Governor Sir May & Public Offices - 1916 [11-12].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 464453,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "page_number": 13,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "# SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 24 DECEMBER, 1915.\n\n## Page 7\n\nFa Hsing, Tien-tain.  \nFairchild, F. A.  \nFar Eastern Geographical Establishment.  \nFarley, W. A.  \nFarmer, F. D., & Co.  \nFearon, Daniel, & Co.  \nFederal Life Assurance Company of Canada.  \nFengtien District Inspectorate of Salt Revenue.  \nFerguson, J. C. G.  \nFerretti.  \nFielding, H. R.  \nFindlay, Richardson, & Co.  \nFirth, W., & Sons.  \nFobes & ta.  \nFohkien Mercantile Co., Foochow.  \nFoo Tai Company, Hankow.  \nFoochow Dock & Arsenal, Pagoda Anchorage.  \nFoachow Native Hospital.  \nFoochow Pharmacy.  \nForbes & Co., William.  \nFoster, McClellan, & Co.  \nFrankau, A., & Co. Limited.  \nFrazar & Co.  \nFrazer, E. W.  \nFrench Bakery.  \nTu Seng, W. & Co., Foochow.  \nFu Shing Tai, Tien-tein.  \nFuchs, H., & Co. (Rint'ai Stores).  \nFujita & Co., Mukden.  \nFukien Drug Company.  \nFukul & Co., Shanghai.  \nFung Tang, Shanghai.  \nFurukawa & Co., Shanghai,  \nFutcher, J. W.  \n\n## Page 3 (continued on another page, not shown in the snippet)\n\n... (text not shown)\n\n## Page 11\n\nGabhai, M. N., & Co.  \nGadai, Yoko.  \nGaillard.  \nGakuyodo Mori, Shameen.  \nGallusser & Co.  \nGande, Price, & Co.  \nGarner, Quelch, & Co.  \nGates, F.  \nGeddes & Co.  \n**General Accident, Fire, & Life Assurance Company.**  \nGeneral Electric Company.  \nGeneral Electric Company of China Limited.  \nGeneral Electric Company of New York.  \nGerassime Touliatos.  \nGerin, Drevard, & Co.  \nGibb, Livingston, & Co.  \nGibbons, J., & Co.  \nGillard, G. M., & Co.  \nGillespie & Co.  \nGilman & Co.  \nGing Chong Hung & Co.  \nGittins & Co.  \nGlaxo.  \nGlen Line Steamers,  \nGoldenberg, H., & Co.  \nGordes.  \nGordon & Co.  \nGovernment Universities in China.  \nGoyet, Shanghai.  \nGrand Hôtel des Wagons-Lite, Peking.  \nGrant, Archibald.  \nGreat China Dispensary.  \nGreat Eastern Co., Ltd., Shanghai.  \nGreat Eastern Dispensary.  \nGreat Northern Telegraph Company,  \nGreer, H. & W., Limited.  \nGreig, M. W., & Co.  \nGrenard, Bettines, & Co.  \nGriffith, T. E.. Limited.  \nGriffiths' Butchery.  \nGrimes, A. O.  \nGrimshaw, R.  \nGrosjean & Co.  \nGrundy, R.  \nGuarantee Trust.  \nGula Kalumpang Rubber Estates Limited.  \nHall & Holtz Limited.  \nHan Yeh Ping Iron & Coal Company.  \nHanda Menko, Shanghai.  \nHankow Club Ltd.  \nHankow Dispensary Limited.  \nHankow Ice Works (Corsane, Anderson, & Co.)  \nHankow Light & Power Company.  \nHankow Printing Office.  \nHankow Race Club & Recreation Ground Ltd.  \nHankow Waterworks.  \nHankow Wharf & Godown Company, Ltd.  \nHardoon, S. A.  \nHardy, Walter.  \nHarper, Ralph, & Co.  \nHarvey's Billposting Agency.  \nHarvie, Cook, & Co.  \nHarvie, J. A.  \nIIatch, Carter, & Co.  \nHattori, Yoko.  \nHeath & Co. Limited.  \nHeath, P., and Co.  \nHeffer, F. C., & Co.  \nHeiman, S. S,  \nHeisch, P. F.  \nHemmerdinger Frères.  \nHemmings & Berkley.  \nHeng, Chang, Ter, Newchang.  \nHeng Cheong & Co., Amoy,  \nHérou, Charles, & Co.  \nHetherington, J., & Sons,  \nHewett, W., & Co.  \nHipwell, P.  \nHirao & Co., Antung.  \nHirsbrunner & Co.  \nHo En Seong, Nanking.  \nHolgate, L. G.  \nHolland-China Trading Company.  \nHolliday, C., & Co.  \nHolt's Wharf.  \nHong Kong Fire Insurance Company.  \nHong Kong and Shanghai Bank.  \nHopkins, Dunn, & Co.  \nHorrobin, S. L.  \nHorse Bazaar and Motor Company.  \nHôtel de France.  \nHôtel de la Paix,  \nHôtel de Pékin.  \nHouvenier-Mason, Scheidler, & Co.  \nHowarth, Richard, & Co.  \nHsin Kong & Co., Shanghai,  \nHsing Tai, Shanghai.  \nHua Eng Tai, Swatow.  \nHua Mui Dispensary, Swatow.  \nHubbard, E. W.  \nHumphrey, W. G.  \nHung Chong Ter, Newchang.  \nHung, Dab, & Co., Shanghai.  \nHunt, Newchang.  \nHupei Government Cotton Mill,  \nHutchison, Herbert, & Co.  \nHutchison, J. D.  \nFah Leng Dispensary, Swatow.  \nJah Siu Dispensary, Swatow.  \nTak Sang Dispensary, Swatow.  \nIlbert & Co.  \nImperial Hotel Limited,  \nIndo-China Steam Navigation Company.  \nIndra Line of Steamers.  \n\n# SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 24 DECEMBER, 1915. 12817\n\nInnis & Riddle.  \nInshallah Dairy Farm and Stock Company.  \nInternational Bank.  \nInternational Bicycle Company.  \nInternational Book and Stationery Store.  \nInternational Cotton Manufacture Company.  \nInternational Dispensary, Shanghai.  \nInternational Dock, Shanghai,  \nInternational Estate and Finance, Shanghai,  \nInternational Export Company, Hankow.  \nInternational Saving Society, Shanghai.  \nIsenman & Smith, Drs.  \nItalian-Chinese Import and Export Company.  \nIto, G., Shanghai.  \nItoh, C., & Co., Shanghai.  \nIvy Dairy.  \nIvy, Dr.  \nJacks, William, & Co.  \nJapanese Red Cross Hospital, Mukden.  \nJapanese Post and Telegraphs in Manchuria.  \nJaques, A. H., & Co.  \nJardine, Matheson, & Co.  \nJava Consolidated Rubber and Coffee Estate.  \nJava Sea and Fire Insurance Company.  \nJensen, G. S.  \nJia Ann Dispensary, Swatow.  \nJoseph Bros.  \nJun Chee, Tien-tein.  \nJuvet Leo, Tien-tain.  \nKailan Mining Administration.  \nKaitendo Company, Newchang.  \nKakiage, Yoko, Shanghai.  \nKale, E.  \nKalee Hotel Limited.  \nKalgan Dairy Farm.  \nKameya (Kamaya), S., & Co., Antung.  \nKansaki & Co., Newchang.  \nKapayang Rubber Estate Company Limited.  \nKaratzas Bros.  \nKashimura Company, Tientsin,  \nKato & Co.  \nKay, W., & Co.  \nKaye, C. B., & Co.  \nKelly & Walsh Limited.  \nKemp, Thomas, & Co.  \nKempton.  \nKermani, R. S., Shanghai.  \nKeylock, Pratt, and Hobbs.  \nKeystone Tobacco Company Limited.  \nKiangnan Dock and Engineering Works.  \nKlemantaski, Bates, & Co.  \nKo Bros., Amoy.  \nKochien Transport and Towboat Company Limited.  \nKodera & Co.  \nKong Yik Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company.  \nKoushyn, N. N., Limited, Shanghai.  \nKroewoek Java Plantations Limited.  \nKua, Seng, Watt, & Co., Amoy.  \nKwong Chek Dispensary, Swatow  \nKwong Fat Yuen, Shanghai.  \nKwong Wo Company, Canton.  \nLa Belle Jardinière (E. A. Culpeck).  \nLalcacca & Co.  \nLam Fong Drug Company, Amoy.  \nLand Investment Company Limited.  \nLane, Crawford, & Co. Limited.  \nLangkat Company, Shanghai.  \nLao Sen Kee, Hankow.  \nLaon Kung Mow Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company.  \nLarge, F., & Co.  \nLau, Bittakshing, & Co., Canton.  \nLau, E. C., Foochow  \nLau Tsz Wai, Shameen.  \nLau, Woodland, & Co., Canton.  \nLaurent, Marius.  \nLavers & Clark.  \nLaw, H. D., & Co.  \nLe Lion.  \nLe Munyon.  \nLee Bros. & Co., Canton.  \nLeeds, E. S.  \nLegation of Allied Powers, Peking.  \nLegation Pharmacy (J. Henderson).  \nLekhomall Pinyamall.  \nLem Pah Wo, Canton.  \nLem Tak Se, Swatow.  \nLester, Johnson, & Morriss.  \nLever Brothers, Limited.  \nLey, C.  \nLeyte, F.  \nLiang Dau An, Hankow.  \nLiao Conservancy Authority.  \nLias River Conservancy.  \nLiddell, Bros. & Co.  \nLiddell, K., & Co.  \nLih Teh Oil Mill Company Limited.  \nLim, E. V. S., & Co., Swatow.  \nLion, Lucien.  \nLittle, O. S.  \nLittle, William, & Co.  \nLitvinoff & Co.  \nLiverman, G. S., & Co. Limited.  \nLiverpool Salvage Association.  \nLlewellyn & Co. Limited.  \nLloyds.  \nLoa Hai Shing, Shanghai.  \nLoa-Wai Dispensary, Canton.  \nLondon Mission.  \nLondon Salvage Association.  \nLopato, A., & Sons, Limited.  \nLoup and Young.  \nLouvain.  \nLowe, Bingham, and Matthews.  \nLowe, F. H.  \nLoxley, W. R., & Co.  \nL.P. Medical Hall, Foochow.  \nLu Si, W. (Foochow Pharmacy).  \nLuen Steamship Company Limited.  \nLuk Wo & Co. (Luk Wo Dispensary), Canton.  \nMa Fel & Co., Shanghai,  \nMacbeth, Pawsey, & Co.  \nMacdonald, Ronald,  \nMacdonald, Thomas, & Co.  \nMacey & Co.  \nMackay, A. H., & Co.  \nMacKenzie, A. C.  \nMacKenzie & Co. Limited.  \nMackie, A., & Co.  \nMaclay & Co.  \nMactavish & Lehmann.  \nMacy, G. H., & Co.  \nMadier.  \nMagasin français d'Alimentation.  \nMagasins généraux.  \nMagill & Co.  \nMain, S. D.  \nMaison Parisienne (Au Petit Louvre).  \nMaitland & Co.  \nMaitland & Fearon.  \nMajor Brothers Limited,  \nMalthoid Roofing Manufacturers.  \nManchurian Company Limited.  \nManini, E., Hankow.",
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        "id": 464455,
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        "document_key": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "page_number": 15,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "# SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 24 DECEMBER, 1915,\n\n## List of Companies and Individuals\n\nSouth China Trading Co., Canton.\nSouth Manchuria Railway Company,\nSowa, Shanghai.\nSoychee Cotton Spinning Company. Sparke, C. E.\nSpeyer, C.\nSpunt and Rosenfeld,\nStandard Bank of South Africa.\nStandard Life Assurance Company.\nStandard Oil Company.\nStearne, J. C.\nSubira, J. M.\nSullivan, J., & Co.\nSulzer, Rudolph, & Co.\nSun Insurance Office.\nSun Life Assurance of Canada.\nSung Chuan Tien and Co., Shantung. Suzuki & Co., Shanghai.\nSwatow Dispensary.\nSyndicat industriel et commercial.\nSze Hing (Hung) & Co., Chefoo.\n\nTabaquería Filipina.\nTackey, W. M., & Co.\nTai Fu Lim, Dr., Newchang.\nTai On & Co. (The Canton Medical Hall), Canton.\nTaiping Rubber Estates.\nTaiseng & Co., Foochow.\nTait & Co.\nTakata & Co., Shanghai.\nTakkee & Co., Foochow.\nTaku Tug and Lighter Company Limited.\nTalati Brothers, Peking and Tien-tsin,\nTalati & Co., Tien-tsin.\nTallieu, L., & Co.\nTalow Dispensary.\nTannerie franco-chinoise.\nTata, Sons, & Co., Shanghai.\nTaylor & Co.\nTeerathdas, N., Shanghai.\nTel Keo Dispensary, Iankow.\nThe Trading Company, the Successors to Alexis Goobkin, A. Koosenetzoff, & Co,\nTheodore & Rawlins.\nThomas, Adams, & Wood.\nThomas, F., & Co.\nThomson, G. Irwin.\nThoresen, O.\nThunder, C.\nThurier & Kohr, Hankow.\nTibbey, H. M.\nTibesart, J. A.\nTien-tein Bicycle Company, Amoy.\nTien-tsin Club.\nTien-tain Dispensary.\nTien-tain Gas and Electric Light Company. Tien-tein Ironworks Limited.\nTien-tsin Native City Waterworks Limited. Tien-tsin Press Limited.\nTien-tain Soap Manufacturing Company, Tien-tsin Tobacco Company.\nTien-tain Waterworks Company, Limited. Tilley & Limby.\nTimes Dharwar & Co.\nTiram Estates Limited.\nToa & Co.\nToa Koshi, Shanghai.\nToa Tobacco Company, Newchang.\nToh Tiong Hok, Amoy.\nTom, S., Chefoo.\nTong Cheong & Co., Amoy.\nToshado Shiten, Shanghai.\nTowa & Co., Newchang,\nTravers Smith.\nTruman, R. N.\nTschurin, I. I., & Co., Harbin. Toui, Y. Y., Dr., Tien-tsin.\nTsung Tsoon Sing, Amoy, Tsurutani,\nTung, Ho, & Co., Newchang.\nT'ung Hsing (Sino-Foreign Coal-mining Company), Tien-tsin.\nTung Shen Te, Tien-tsin.\nTung, Tai, & Co.\nTung Teh Heug, Chefoo.\nTung Yu Brothers, Shanghai.\nTunkadoo Dock.\nTunkadoo Wharves.\nTurner, E. W.\nTwigg, P. O'Brien.\nTwyford, J., & Co.\nTze Hop Shing, G., & Co., Tien-tsin.\n\nUllmann & Co.\nUnderwood Typewriter Company. Union Assurance Company, Limited. Union Commercial Company Limited. Union Insurance Society of Canton. Union Marine Insurance Company. Union Medical College. United States Steel Products.\n\nVacuum Oil Company.\nVan Ess, A., & Co.\nVeroudart.\nVicajee, F., & Co.\nViccajee, II., & Co.\nVickers, Limited.\nVikula Morocoy, Newchang. Villa, A. P., & Brothers. Vrard & Co.\n\nWali Mei Dispensary, Canton. Wah Ming Optical Company. Wah On Company, Canton.\nWalker, Livingstone.\nWang, Y. N., Dr., Tien-tsin and Peking. Wannieck Limited.\nWaste Silk Boiling Company.\nWatson, A. S., & Co. Limited. Watt, J. A. D.\nWattie, J. A., & Co. Limited,\nWatts & Co.\nWeeks & Co. Limited.\nWeihaiwei Land and Building Company. Westminster Tobacco Company.\nWestphal, King, & Ramsay Limited.\nWheelock & Co.\nWheen, Edward, & Sons.\nWhitall & Co. Limited.\nWhite, Brothers.\nWhite, David.\nWhiteway, Laidlaw, & Co.\nWhitfield & Co.\nWhitlam, R. P.\nWhitney, J. C., & Co.\nWhitworth, Herbert Limited.\nWijk & Co.\nWilkinson, Heywood, & Clark.\nWilliams, Dr., Medicine Company.\nWilliams, K. J.\nWilson & Co.\nWisner & Co.\nWisner, P. F., & Co.\nWissotsky & Co.\n\nWong Chuen Yang (British Manufacturers' Agency), Shanghai.\nWong Zung Chong, Shanghai.\nWoo Chong.\nWoo, M. L., Tien-tsin.\nWoods, J.\nWoollen, Vosy, & Co.\n\n## Continued\n\nWorthington Pump Company Limited. Wu Lien Teh, Harbin.\nYamamoto & Co., Tien-tsin. Yan Sun & Co., Ltd., Canton. Yau Shau & Co., Limited, Canton. Yang-tsze Engineering Works, Yang-tsze Insurance Company. Yang-taze Land and Finance Company. Yang-taza Poo Cotton Mill. Yap Eck Liok, Amoy.\n\nYates, T. M.\nYau, K. S., Dr., Peking and Tien-tsin. Yeo, Swee, Swan, & Co., Amoy.\nYik Sang Dispensary, Swatow. Yishin & Co., Mukden. Yoan Siu Dispensary, Swatow. Yokohama Specie Bank. Yorkshire Insurance Company. Yoshida & Co., Shanghai.\n\nYoung Brothers Trust Company. Yu Feng Kung Ssu, Chefoo. Yu Tai.\nYuasa, T., Hankow.\nYuen Cheong and Co., Shanghai. Yuen Tai & Co., Shanghai.\nYung Fong Photo Supply Co., Peking.\n\nZa Chong Shun, Shanghai.\nZundel Emile Manufacturing Company,\n\n## Foreign Office, December 20, 1915,\n\n### SIAM\n\nThe following is a complete list, revised up to date, of persons and bodies of persons to whom articles to be exported to Siam may be consigned, under the terms of the Proclamation of the 24th September, 1915:-\n\nThis list is to be regarded as superseding all previous lists.\n\nHis Majesty's Diplomatic, Consular, Military, and Naval Officers.\nBritish Missionary Bodies and Missionary Bodies of Neutral and Allied Countries.\n\nAdam, A. H. M., & Co.\nAdamsen, Dr. (See Kak Dispensary). Ab Lee Koh (Yah See), Lampong. Alibhai Chinwala, Bangkok. American Presbyterian Mission Press. Angullia, A., & Sons, Bangkok. Apothecaries' Hall.\n\nArracan Company Limited, Bangkok. Asiatic Petroleum Company Limited. Assumption Printing Press, Bangkok.\n\nBabo, D. K., Bangkok.\nB. A., & Co.\nBad Kam ki Printing Works (Luang Bangkok. Banan, Puket.\nBangkok Dock Company Limited.\nBangkok Manufacturing Company Limited. Bangkok Times Press Limited.\nBangkok United Club.\nBangnon Syndicate, Renong.\nBanque de l'Indo-Chine.\nBarrow, Brown, & Co.\nBéranger, Malcolm (Maison Béranger). Berli, A., & Co., Bangkok.\nBombay-Burma Trading Corporation Limited, Bangkok.\nBoon Long, Bangkok.\nBoon Mee Dispensary, Bangkok. Borgersen, H, B.\nBorneo Company Limited.\nBritish-American Tobacco Company Limited. British Club.\nBritish Dispensary.\nBuan Soon Lee & Co., Bangkok. Budroodin, F. H., Bangkok.\n\nChartered Bank of India, Australia, and China,\nChinese Mercantile Dispensary, Bangkok. Chino-Siam Daily News.\nChino-Siamese Trading Company. Chotirmall, K. A. T., & Co. Chung Chooe Guan Ah Fook, Bangkok. Couper-Johnston, D., & Co.\n\nDastakoor & Co., Bangkok. Deebook Dredging, Renong. Diana, A., & Co., Bangkok. Dickinson, John, & Co. Diethelm & Co.\nDunlop, John M.\n\nEast Asiatic Company Limited. Eastern Smelting Company, Puket. Edgar Brothers,\nEducational Supply Association. Excelsior Ice Factory.\n\nFraser & Neave Limited. French Dispensary.\n\nGilitwalla, E. E., Bangkok. Goh Vong Chua, Bangkok, Goriawalla, A. H. A., Bangkok. Goriawalla, F. A., Bangkok.\n\nGroundwater, C. L., & Co.\nGulambusan Abdoolkader (Gulam Husain Abdul Kader) (Kader, G. A.), Bangkok.\n\nHabibar, Rehman, Bangkok. Halim & Co., B. A.\nHansen, Dr. C. (Lotus Dispensary),\nHarp, Heng, Long & Co.\nHarp Vour, Long, & Co.\nHock Chuan & Co., Bangkok.\nHoh Leng Dispensary, Bangkok.\nHong Ching, Bangkok.\nHong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.\n\nHoosain, A. G., Bangkok.\nHoosain, Akbar, & Sons, Bangkok.\nHoosain, E. A., Bangkok..\nHotchand, Vichindas, & Co. Bangkok.\n\nIkezaki, K., & Co., Bangkok.\nInternational Store.\n\nJawarad Dispensary.\n\nJoo Hoa Lee, Bangkok.\n\nKader, G. A. (Gulambusan Abdoolkader).\nKaj Cotermali, & Co., Bangkok. Katib, E. M.\nKatoo Des Book, Renong.\nKatz Brothers Limited.\nKeng Watt, Bangkok. Kerr & Co.\nKho On (Khoon) Seng, Bangkok. Kiam Hoa Heng & Co., Bangkok. Kiam Hoa Seng & Co., Bangkok.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "page_number": 121,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "## 1 \n\n119 \n\n## 2 \n\nTo prevent any misconception on the part of the revolutionaries and correct the impression which they had apparently formed on the subject of foreign interference, I considered it desirable to instruct Mr. Goffe, who was in close touch with the leaders of the movement, to warn them that they were embarking on a foolish enterprise and that they need expect no support or sympathy from us or any other foreign Power. I also gave Mr. Goffe to understand that I would welcome any opportunity of arranging a settlement, and I thought that this message might perhaps have some weight with y Tsai Ao with whom I have had social relations in Peking. To give it more force, Mr. Goffe was authorised to communicate to the revolutionary leaders the substance of telegrams received from the consular officers in the adjoining provinces which went to show that their appeal to them had fallen on deaf ears, and that the co-operation on which they had relied was not likely to be forthcoming. Tsai Ao and Li Lieh-chün, however, are past masters in the arts of revolution, and were not amenable to advice from any quarter. On the last day of the year, the two Governors of the province, acting under the pressure of their influence, notified His Majesty's consul-general that Yunnan had declared its independence of the Central Government. They were good enough to add that they would respect existing treaties, and formally asked that His Majesty's Government and the Government of Burma should be notified of the step they had taken.\n\nThis notification was ignored, and His Majesty's consul-general was instructed to maintain informal relations with any de facto Government with a view to the protection of British subjects and to keeping in touch with the situation generally, but he was warned carefully to avoid any action which might be construed as implying recognition of the change of régime.\n\nOn the day before the notification of the above declaration, the 30th December, a Presidential Mandate was issued removing the two Governors of Yunnan from their posts, depriving General Tsai Ao of his official titles, and appointing the commander of the 1st division of the Yunnan army and the commander of the 2nd division of the same force to act respectively as military and civil Governors of the province. As the signatures of both of these officers appeared on a telegram addressed to the authorities of all the province inviting their co-operation in support of the Republic, it seemed unlikely that they would accept the appointments offered to them, and in any case, the difficulty of communicating with them appeared to raise an insuperable obstacle to the fulfilment of the President's orders. The Minister for Foreign Affairs asked me to forward the mandates in cypher through His Majesty's consul-general, but to have done so might have placed Mr. Goffe in a very difficult, if not dangerous position, and I was obliged to refuse. A similar request was, I believe, made to the French Minister with the same result.\n\nThis review brings the situation up to the end of the year, and during the last few days, there have been no developments of any moment. The reports from Canton, Kuangsi, and Szechuan continue to indicate generally a determination to support Yuan Shih-kai's Government, but there are here and there symptoms of uncertainty and indecision. By far the most serious evidence of this reached me in a telegram received to-day from the Governor of Hong Kong, who is eminently qualified to form an appreciation of the situation. His Excellency, whose information is derived from Chinese sources, states that Ch'en Chjung-ming, a former Governor of the province who disappeared at the time of the second revolution, has issued a proclamation at Hui Chow Fu, a city near the coast, as Governor-General of Kuangtung; that Ching Yuen, a district city about 60 miles north of Canton, has gone over to the rebels; that Kuangsi is about to go over; that Lung Chi-kuang, the present Governor at Canton, is weakening in his allegiance to Yuan Shih-kai, and that the sympathy of the Chinese in Hong Kong is now entirely opposed to the revival of the monarchical régime.\n\nI have so far received no confirmation of these reports from Canton, and would like to treat them with some reserve for the moment as they conflict with nearly all the previous reports on the situation, and are probably intended to reflect merely the state of Chinese public opinion in the colony. As regards Lung Chi-kuang, however, it may be observed that his position is an extremely difficult one, especially for a Chinese. He is a Yünnan man whose family lives in that province, and it is quite conceivable that the revolutionaries might, by the detention or ill-treatment of his family, bring pressure to bear upon him which would seriously affect his allegiance to Yuan Shih-kai.\n\nA telegram from His Majesty's consul-general at Yunnan-fu, also received to-day, tends to discount the gravity of the Hong Kong message. Mr. Goffe states that the leaders of the movement are beginning to realise the difficulties with which they are confronted. Except amongst interested persons, there is no enthusiasm, and public opinion is either hostile or indifferent; there is a shortage of ammunition, a scarcity of recruits, and a great lack of communication.\n\nMr. Goffe adds that he has continued to impress upon them the hopelessness of their enterprise, but that they still have hopes of gaining the adhesion of some other provinces, and talk vaguely of awaiting the result of one or two encounters with the Government troops.\n\nIn the absence of expert advice, I have not attempted in this despatch to describe the military arrangements which are being made to cope with the rebellion. Generally speaking, they seem to be on an adequate scale to effect the object in view, but the remoteness of the disaffected province and the absence of all ordinary means of communication impose upon this weak Government a task which may well tax its powers severely. Yünnan has been a favourite scene for rebellious movements in the past, and has succeeded in maintaining an independent existence for several years on more than one occasion in the course of its long and chequered history.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n(Copy sent to India, Hong Kong, and Tokyo.)\n\n**J. N. JORDAN**",
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        "id": 464590,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "page_number": 150,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "## AFFAIRS OF CHINA\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\nC. S. \n14209 \nREC \nREGE 24 MAR 16 \n\nNo. 1. \n148 \nFebruary 15.\n\n### SECTION 3.\n4% \n[29908]\n\n(No. 22. Sir, \n**Confidential.**)\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey. (Received February 15.)\n\nPeking, January 20, 1916.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith copy of a despatch from His Majesty's consul-general at Yünnan-fu, which confirms and supplements the information contained in my despatch No. 6 of the 5th instant on the Yünnan crisis.\n\nMr. Goffe describes his interview with the Military Governor of the province and Tsai Ao, the leader of the insurrectionary movement, and the conversation shows that there is slight chance of any compromise between them and the Central Government.\n\nMy telegram No. 34, to which Mr. Goffe refers, contained a summary of the information received from His Majesty's consuls regarding the attitude of the authorities at Canton and other important centres. This he was authorised to communicate unofficially to the promoters of the movement in Yünnan in the hope that it might tend to discourage them from persisting in their adventure.\n\n### Enclosure in No. 1.\n\nI have, &c.\nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\nConsul-General Goffe to Sir J. Jordan.\n(No. 43. **Confidential.**) Sir,\n\nYünnan-fu, December 29, 1915.\n\nWITH reference to my telegram No. 65 of the 27th instant, I have the honour to report that at my interview with the Chiang Chun and General Ts'ai, after explaining that my visit was purely a private one, I proceeded to represent to them that they could not hope for either sympathy or support from any foreign Power; that the interests of other nations, as well as of China, required that the peace of the country should be undisturbed, especially at the present time; and that foreign opinion would fix a heavy responsibility on them if they lightly plunged their country into the miseries of civil war.\n\nGeneral Ts'ai, who acted as spokesman throughout, said that he had hitherto been a warm supporter of the President, and he instanced his attitude during the second revolution on the Yang-tsze; he could not, however, sanction the President's violation of the Constitution, and he had no other course but to oppose him. As to where the responsibility for the present regrettable situation lay, that would always be a matter of opinion; and he instanced the divergence of views in Europe as to the responsibility for the present war. In any case, they held that the responsibility lay with the President for having broken his oath and violated the Constitution.\n\nI urged that the difference between a constitutional monarchy and a republic was so slight that it did not justify plunging the country into the horrors of civil war; and I further objected that the vast majority of the population were indifferent as to the form of government under which they lived and only asked to be left in peace. Ts'ai replied that what I had said was quite true, but the President was only supported by a small clique, while a large proportion of the educated and influential classes were strongly in favour of a republic. He himself was perhaps inclined to favour a monarchy, but he had obligations to a large circle of republicans, similar to those of Great Britain to Belgium, and he could not go back on them.\n\nI reminded them of the phrase in Tang's telegram to the President, which said that the people \"began to ask who was responsible for this extraordinary disgrace and insult which had been inflicted on the country,\" and I asked them whether they were not afraid that before long the same question would be asked about them.\n\nPage 150\nPage 151",
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    {
        "id": 464591,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "page_number": 151,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "## \n\n### \n\nI plussed them for a moment; but Ts'ai quickly recovered himself and said that under any circumstances Japan would take advantage of the preoccupation of the European Powers to pursue her aims in China, and that in any case the responsibility for anything which might happen rested with the President, who, to further his ends, had not only violated the Constitution but had also rejected the advice of the Entente Powers. I retorted that, even supposing that were so, it did not justify them in affording Japan a pretext for further intervention.\n\nI asked if they would tell me, for your private information, the number of provinces whose support they expected, but they declined; the declarations of independence which would follow in the next few days would, they said, show this.\n\nI asked if there was any way of accommodating their differences and they said, No; the telegram to the President was their final word; he had ignored them, and his only reply had been to order troops to attack Yunnan, and there was nothing left for them to do but to fight to the bitter end.\n\nAt my interview to-day, on receipt of your telegram No. 34, Ts'ai was not present; the Chiang Chun asked if I had anything particular to communicate to him, and I replied in the negative. Tang admitted that the information I gave him was correct, and said that they had known all along that General Lung would not go with them; he expected shortly a declaration of independence from Kueichow and also from other provinces, but as his communications were blocked the news of Yunnan's action would only filter through slowly. I said that the fact remained that they were alone, and therefore they were not justified in raising the standard of rebellion. He said that although they were the only province which had declared independence, they had many partisans in other provinces, and they must wait and see the course of events. I replied that, even admitting that, he could not deny that, with the exception of Yunnan, no province felt sufficiently strongly about the question to go to the length of raising the standard of revolt; and as they were in a minority of one against seventeen, and success was out of the question, it was clearly their duty to bow to the decision of the majority.\n\nHe then shifted his ground and said it was not so much the question of the restoration of the monarchy they were opposing as the family of Yuan Shih-kai: the latter they disliked and his son was still more an object of their terror; if the people were allowed to choose their own Emperor they would have no objection. I replied that my previous argument applied to this also: seventeen provinces had accepted Yuan Shih-kai as Emperor; I added that Yunnan had also telegraphed accepting the President as Emperor, and their present revolt was difficult to reconcile with their previous attitude. He said that they had no option but to acquiesce, otherwise they would have been removed from office and punished.\n\nHe thanked me for my visits and asked me to express to you his profound gratitude for your kindly interest; he also requested me to assure you that he felt deeply his responsibility, but that no course was open to him but to fight it out. I replied that I would transmit his message, but I was sure you would not agree with him, as your anxiety as well as my own, was to save China from the horrors of war; however strong his convictions might be, he was not justified in indulging them at the expense of millions who not only did not share them but who had no interest in, or even knowledge of, the principles at issue.\n\nIn the meantime, events are marching quickly. Ts'ai, who looks and says he is ill, has nominated himself `Tsung Seu Ling Kuan` and proposes to levy 20,000 troops, half of whom are to be sent to the frontiers and the remainder to keep order in the province. The Mengtzu Taotai has fled and has been replaced by General Ho; and General Ku, who was formerly in command of the first division and until recently chief of the military college, has been sent to Talifu. Large quantities of silver are coming into the province through Tonkin, mostly in the form of fourth-class baggage, and the premium on French notes, which has hitherto been 12 per cent., has now dropped to 3 per cent. I represented to Ts'ai and T'ang the importance of keeping up the face value of the Fu-tien bank notes, and they said they were taking measures to that effect. A meeting of merchants was held yesterday and they decided to continue to accept these notes, and M. Baude has undertaken to receive them, for the present, in payment of the salt revenue. Proclamations are out calling for recruits and ordering extensive decorations on the 1st January in celebration of the independence of Yunnan. But there is not the least sign of local enthusiasm; merchants are scared, and trade is at a standstill. The press confines itself to abusing Yuan Shih-kai and eulogising the Chiang Chun; but my writer, who is a Yunnanese, tells me that the general sentiment is against the movement, and that those who can afford to do so will quit the province, leaving the poorer classes to suffer for T'ang's \"convictions.\"\n\nThe messages I have received from the missionaries in the interior of Yunnan indicate that so far there has been no trouble, though there is some anxiety as to the future. I have no news from Kueichow, and the recent order prohibiting all telegraphic messages in code and cypher will prevent me from obtaining much information.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**HERBERT GOFFE.**\n\nP.S. Since writing the above I have received a despatch from the Military and Civil Governors notifying me that the Customs Taotai (`Chien Tu`) at Mengtzu has fled and has been replaced by Chang Tzu Liang, of whom I have no knowledge.\n\nH. G.",
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        "id": 464593,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 153,
        "title": "CO129-437 - Public Offices - 1916",
        "content_text": "# 151 \n\n## 2\n\nThe main road from Kueichow to the Yang-taze and Szechuan, i.e., from Kueiyang, through Tsunyi, to Chungking. The more westerly roads from Yunnan into Szechuan, i.e., from Tali and Tengyueh, can be left out of account as they lead into the March country. There are thus three points of strategic importance on the Upper Yang-tsze—Suifu, Luchow, and Chungking, being the Szechuan leads of the three main roads from Yunnan and Kueichow. At Suifu was a small garrison, which was reinforced on the outbreak of trouble by 2,000 troops from Chengtu; at Luchow was stationed a General Lin with a division of Szechuan troops of doubtful loyalty; and at Chungking was a garrison of Ch'en Yi's northern troops.\n\nOn the outbreak of civil war the Imperial forces at Suifu and Luchow were pushed southwards, the former entering Yunnan and advancing down the Chaotung road for 70 miles or so, and the latter being moved south to Yungning on the Weining road.\n\nThe Yunnan rebels advancing from Yunnan-fu by the Tungchuan-Chaotung road met and defeated the Szechuanese Imperialists from Suifu at Laoyatan about the 16th January, advanced and repulsed them again at Ampien about the 18th January, and occupied Suifu, the most important centre on the Yang-taze west of Chungking on the 20th January. It appears probable that General Wu and his Szechuanese at Suifu did not fight seriously, but withdrew or went over to the rebels. Meanwhile, at Yungning the attitude of General Liu and his 8,000 Szechuanese covering Luchow is most uncertain; the Chengtu authorities are doubtful about them, and the Yunnan-fu authorities claim to count on their support. Thus, of the two main roads leading from Yunnan to Szechuan, the rebels hold the Tungchuan-Chaotung-Suifu one throughout, and appear likely to be in possession of the Weining-Yungning-Luchow one shortly. General Tsai Ao, Commander-in-chief of the rebel forces, left Yünnan-fu for Weining on the 6th January, from which it seems probable that another rebel force will shortly debouch into Szechuan by this road and join hands with the wavering Szechuanese troops at Yungning and Luchow.\n\nAlthough the Yunnan rebels by acting promptly have seized Suifu, and possibly the whole of the Upper Yang-tsze as far down as Luchow, the campaign cannot yet be said to have seriously commenced, since the Government expeditionary force of northern troops has not yet had time to reach the scene of action. This expeditionary force consists of the 3rd Hupei Division (from Yochow) with some additional troops, amounting in all to about 10,000 men, under General Ts'ao Kun, followed by the 7th Division (from Peking) with additional mixed brigade, also totalling about 10,000 men under General Chang Yao. The 10th Division (from Peking) is also said to be moving as a reserve. These troops have got to be hauled up the Yang-tsze from Ichang in native boats, there being no steam navigation to speak of at this time of the year. The journey from Ichang to Chungking in a native boat takes at least three weeks. General Tsao Kun's troops (the 3rd Hupei Division) were passing through Ichang during the first half of January, and the main body cannot possibly get to Chungking before the end of the month or early February.\n\nIt is possible, therefore, that the Yunnan rebels may meet with further success on the Upper Yang-taze in the near future, since there is nothing to stop them but Szechuan troops, many of whom are a doubtful quantity. But the real test will not come till the Imperialist expeditionary force gets beyond Chungking. Then, according to the official plan, General Ts'ao Kun's 3rd Division, with his rear protected by the following 7th Division, will join hands with General Chen Yi's northern troops and attack Yunnan in earnest. Wholesale defections by the Szechuanese troops to the rebel side before General Ts'ao Kun gets up-river would completely change the whole outlook. The attitude of Kueichow is also of great importance in connection with the campaign, owing to its position on the flank of the expeditionary force rendering possible an attack on Chungking from Kueiyang by the Tsunyi main road.\n\nThe Yunnanese are good soldiers with a great reputation in Szechuan. In 1911 a Yünnanese army entered Szechuan by the Suifu route, ostensibly to fight the Imperialists, but in reality to levy contributions on the rich cities of southern Szechuan. Though vastly outnumbered, they did as they liked in the province for months, and only withdrew of their own accord after the declaration of the republic. It remains to be seen whether they will prove a match for the well-equipped northern troops. Similarly, the Kueichow army showed its worth vis-a-vis the Szechuanese when in occupied Chungking during the interprovincial fighting in the autumn of 1913. The Kueichow troops only withdrew of their own accord after negotiation. During the troubles of 1911, 1912, and 1913 there was always a tendency on the part of the authorities of Yünnan and Kueichow, both poor but warlike provinces, to regard the rich and peaceable Szechuanese as a legitimate field for their freebooting expeditions, and to aim at the incorporation of Szechuan with Yunnan and Kueichow to form a federated south-western Chinese State. Szechuan has, in the past, also shown strong separatist tendencies, and for geographical and other reasons has always been in much closer touch with Yunnan and Kueichow on the south than with Hupei, Shensi, and Kansu on the north.\n\nPeking, January 23, 1916.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n**Joint Despatch signed and sealed by the Military and Civil Governors to Consul-General Gough.** (Translation.)\n\nSir,\n\nThe Republic of China was duly recognised by all the friendly Powers, but the President, Yuan Shih-kai, in violation of the Constitution and his oath, has now taken advantage of the continuance of the European war to plan a rebellion and cast his eyes upon the Imperial dignity. His Majesty's Minister in Peking has more than once counselled and warned him, but in utter disregard of all sense of right he ruthlessly pursues his way. Consequently, the friendly Powers have abandoned him, and the Chinese people regard him as of no account.\n\nWe received our appointments from the Republican Government and only recognise loyalty and duty towards the republic. All the provinces have unitedly declared that they will uphold the republic and continue in that path.\n\nWe recall that Great Britain previously recognised the republic, and we feel assured that on this occasion the British Government, as well as yourself, will approve our purpose of safeguarding the republic and upholding the Constitution. It is, accordingly, our duty to formally notify you of our intentions in order to strengthen our good relations with your country.\n\nIt is now our duty to inform you, for communication to your Government and the British Minister at Peking, of the course we propose to follow with regard to the treaties, and of our earnest desire for cordial relations with Great Britain :-\n\n1. From the date of the declaration of independence all the treaties negotiated with the Manchu and Republican Governments, as well as the separate conventions regarding Burmah and Tonkin, to continue in force.\n2. The lives and property of all foreign officials, merchants, and missionaries residing or travelling within our sphere of influence to be afforded full protection, as provided by treaty. Compensation will be paid by us for any actual losses incurred; but losses incurred through proceeding, in despite of our warning, into the territory of the tribesmen or disturbed districts will not be included in this category.\n3. We request you to telegraph to the Government of Burmah asking that the civil and military officials on the frontier be instructed to co-operate, as before, with the military and civil officials of the Republic of Yunnan for the preservation of order on the frontier.\n4. The neutrality in the European war proclaimed by the Republican Government will be fully enforced in our sphere of influence.\n5. In future, important affairs will be dealt with directly by us; in other matters we request you to continue to negotiate with the Foreign Affairs Bureau of Yunnan.\n\n[Signatures and seals of Tang Chi-yao and Jen K'o-ch'eng, Military and Civil Governors, respectively.]\n\nYünnan-fu, December 29, 1915.\n\n## Enclosure 3 in No. 1\n\n**Military and Civil Governors of Yunnan to Sir J. Jordan.** (Translation.)\n\nSir,\n\nYünnan-fu, December 31, 1915.\n\nWhen on the 10th October, 1911, the standard of right was first raised in China, and all the other provinces responded, the reason was that the people of the whole country had long been weary of oppression under an autocrat: they arose with enthusiasm and brought about a political revolution. At that time the friendly Powers...",
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        "id": 469431,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917",
        "page_number": 305,
        "title": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917",
        "content_text": "destination, Shanyao, for scarcely was my camp pitched when a terrific thunderstorm burst over our heads, and its intermittent fury lasted till 10 A.M. the next morning,\n\nWe were now back again in the Têngch'ung district, and three more days, the first two of which descended the undulating paddy-plains flanking the Shweli, brought our tour to a close on the 11th June.\n\nThe sixteen days' continuous travel from Tali via Yunlung to Tengyueh constituted by far the most strenuous section of the whole tour; it included the crossing of five mountain ranges, three of them well over 10,000 feet high, and the other two only a few hundred feet below that level, and the season of its accomplishment was that of the rains. By extraordinary good fortune, on all but two days these refrained from descending until after we had arrived at our halting places for the night, and consequently at all but the highest altitudes, when we were actually in the clouds, we enjoyed the most extensive and glorious views over the surrounding mountains and valleys. Whether owing to the lateness of the season or to the thoroughness of the opium-suppression campaigns, this section of our tour likewise disclosed no trace whatever of poppy cultivation.\n\nThe total period occupied by my tour was seventy-six days, all but seven of which were travelling days; my estimate of the total distance covered is 888 miles, of which I accomplished fully ninety per cent. on foot. The route followed traversed some portion at least of eighteen separate districts, and while it cannot, of course, claim to be in any way exhaustive—the start was far too late to admit of such a possibility—it served, in my opinion, to establish the fact that along considerable stretches of country in both the western and southern circuits of Yunnan the Chinese have undoubtedly made genuine efforts to stamp out, for the time being at any rate, the cultivation of opium. This effort must have cost the province a very large sum of money, estimated by the Tengyueh Taoyin at not less than half a million dollars. As an instance of the heavy expenditure incurred, he assured me that between the months of November and March last his bill for official telegrams on the subject of opium alone, at 6 cents per word, came to over 2,000 dollars.\n\nIt is, of course, too much to hope that the past season's strenuous efforts in the matter of opium suppression, made as they are for a special purpose, will be maintained, and time alone will show whether the Yunnan authorities are relapsing into their normal venal laxity in this matter. If in the course of the next few years it should be thought necessary to despatch similar missions to investigate into the actual state of affairs, I would venture most strongly to recommend that the system of joint enquiry should be definitely abandoned, if possible. The principle of joint enquiry necessarily implies, to my mind, mutual distrust of the officers deputed by both sides to carry out the inspection, and while it is notorious that it would be almost impossible to find throughout the country a Chinese official who could be trusted implicitly to travel unaccompanied and give a true account of conditions along his route, it seems to me unfortunate that British officers should be subjected to the indignity of the company of a Chinese detective to check the accuracy of their observations and report. If, however, it should be found impracticable to depart from the policy crystallised in the Opium Agreement, it should at least, in my opinion, be insisted that the Chinese delegate deputed to accompany the British official should be neither a native of, nor an office-holder in, the region to be traversed.\n\nI have the honour to append herewith an itinerary of the journey, together with a rough sketch map showing the various places passed en route.\n\nI cannot close this report without adding a few words to express my high appreciation of the very great assistance willingly and cheerfully rendered throughout the tour by the consulate writer, Mr. Chang-Po-tuan, in obtaining accurate information from day to day regarding both the route I desired to follow and the facts in relation to opium cultivation in the adjoining territory.\n\nHis Britannic Majesty's Consulate, Tengyueh June, 1917.\n\nA. E. EASTES.\n\n(No. 23.) Sir,\n\nPage 11\n\nEnclosure 3 in No. 1.\n\nConsul Tours to Mr. Alston.\n\n301\n\nIchang, July 20, 1917. IN accordance with the instructions contained in your despatch of the 10th March last, addressed to me at Chungking, I have inspected the eastern portion of the province of Yunnan, for opium-poppy cultivation; and I now have the honour to enclose herewith my report thereon.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nB. G. TOURS,\n\nReport of an Inspection of the Eastern Part of the Province of Yunnan, to learn the Amount of Cultivation of Opium Poppy. May, 1917\n\nUNDER instructions from His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Peking, I had left Ichang on the 10th March, 1917, in order to proceed to the province of Kueichow to inspect that province for opium cultivation. I reached Chungking on 27th March, and there I found awaiting me further instructions from His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires, ordering me to continue my journey when I had traversed the province of Kueichow, and to make a similar journey of inspection through the eastern part of Yunnan province. I completed my journey through Kueichow province on the 1st May, on which day I arrived at Chiang-ti, a small village on the Ching Ho or Ching-fei Ho, a river which forms the boundary-line between the two provinces of Kueichow and Yunnan at that point. The Chinese official delegates from the provincial capital of Yünnan were awaiting me in a village on the Yunnan side of the river; and having crossed the river into Yünnan at 7:30 on the morning of the 2nd May, I was received by them, and after a brief conference and farewells to the Kueichow delegates who had accompanied me across the river, we proceeded on our journey in Yünnan.\n\nThe Yunnan delegates were two: the senior was Mr. Chan Ping-chung, the head of the Bureau des Renseignements, at Yünnan-fu, a secret service department, and the assistant delegate was a Mr. Yang, a clerk from one of the Yünnan-fu yamêns. I was most unfavourably impressed with the Yünnan delegates. Mr. Chan's manner to me was off-hand and brusque to the point of rudeness; he addressed me as \"ni,\" and in many similar little ways was at some pains to show his disapproval of the expedition. Mr. Yang was a nonentity of an inferior type; I gathered that he owed his appointment as delegate to his knowledge of English, but my efforts to plumb the depths of his knowledge of the English language succeeded in only extracting one English sentence from him, and that he used as answer to every question. It was \"I do not know.\"\n\nPage 13\n\nMr. Sheu Chi, the senior Kueichow delegate, who had accompanied me across the Ching-fei Ho, was evidently of my opinion regarding the Yunnan delegates, for he took me aside and said that if I wished he would make arrangements for Mr. Chien Chih-wan, the assistant Kueichow delegate, to accompany me through Yünnan. I thanked him for the kind suggestion, but told him that I could not think of withdrawing Mr. Chien from his own duties which were awaiting his return to Kueiyang. I resolved, however, to take steps to report Mr. Chan to his superiors if he continued his objectionable attitude. He very soon afforded me the opportunity, for on our departure from Chiang-ti he got into his chair and started off with the escort and the assistant delegate, leaving me to follow by myself. I took the first opportunity of reporting to His Majesty's Consul-General at Yunnan-fu on Mr. Chan's behaviour, and the result was that the Taoyin of Kengtzu received instructions to meet me—and to accompany the expedition for the remainder of the journey as senior Chinese delegate, Mr. Chan being relegated to assistant delegate.\n\nMany changes were noticeable on passing from Kueichow to Yunnan, besides the alteration from courtesy to discourtesy of the Chinese official attitude. The aspect of the country took on a change for the worse, characterised by comparative barrenness and bleakness; and the Yunnan native was of a poorer class and of an inferior type than his Kueichow brother. The general deterioration was visible also in the crops,",
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        "id": 469432,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917",
        "page_number": 306,
        "title": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917",
        "content_text": "13\n\n302\n\n: \n\n! \n\n12\n\nwhich were everywhere poor and scanty. The principal crop in Eastern Yünnan was peas, but it was not comparable with the Ssuchuan crop, or even with that of Kuischow.\n\nTwo days from Chiang-ti brought us to Loping (39 miles), over bare rough country of red and very stony earth. At Loping Mr. Chan requested me to travel direct to Yunnan-fu, suggesting that from Yunnan-fu we could take the train and do the journey to Hokow comfortably in two days. He stated that he did not like the hardships and inconvenience of travel in the interior of China. I told him that I did not propose to go to Yünnan-fu, where a British consular officer was permanently stationed; and that on no account would I travel by train on such a journey of inspection. Mr. Chan, however, never ceased for several days harping on the comforts of train-travel as compared with our rough paths and tracks.\n\nFor the next five days, from Loping to Mi-le (82 miles), the country was rough and mountainous, being at the altitude of 5,000-6,000 feet above sea-level. Yunnan is notorious for its strong winds, and it well preserved its reputation during my visit. Even in the middle of the day, wearing thick clothes and a heavy winter overcoat, I was barely comfortably warm. The \"road\" led through undulating plateaux, sometimes as much as 5 miles wide, and over mountain passes; the hill country is rocky and uncultivated. The high winds bring much dust. General conditions are thus antagonistic to agriculture in that part of Eastern Yunnan, and the attenuated crops peas and barley testified to the farmers' difficulties. Population is very sparse; in the hill districts there are a considerable number of people of the Lolo tribe.\n\nof\n\nIn leaving me at the border of his jurisdiction the Lo-ping magistrate enquired with much anxiety if I had observed any opium poppy within his jurisdiction; and he vowed that to the best of his knowledge and belief there was not a single opium plant in his territory. I replied that I was aware that local officials had shown such zeal this spring in destroying all vestiges of the opium crop.\n\nThe general poverty of the highland districts was reflected in even the official buildings. The Shih-tsung magistrate offered me quarters for the night in his own yamên; the room he offered me was as good as any in the building, but even so it was in a tumbledown condition, with large holes in the roof, which also did duty as ceiling to the room.\n\nIn the environs of Kuang-hsi, a town of some 5,750 feet of height above sea-level, and of about 2,500 inhabitants, it was a pleasing change to see extensive patches of vegetable gardens. They were quite the healthiest-looking crops I had seen in Yünnan. The soil bereabouts looked less poor, being more brown than red, the reddish soil being chiefly of a sandy consistency.\n\nFrom Mile there was difficulty about route, the only recognised road going westwards to Po-hsi on the Yunnan-Tonquin railway, and the direction in which I desired to proceed being to the south-east. Local enquiry elicited information that there were rough tracks to the south-east, but they were very rarely used, and only a very few of the natives knew their way to them. I maintained that the local officials must know, or must be able to ascertain without difficulty, the routes in any direction in their own jurisdiction, and I suggested that the local officials should provide us with responsible guides. My immediate objective was Ch'iu-pei, a fairly large town, which appeared from the map to be about five or six days' march from Mi-le. Mr. Chan offered to obtain a sketch-map of the route, and he handed me a route plan, showing five stages to Ch'iu-pei. This I agreed to follow. On the second day we reached a village, Kai-tien, when Mr. Chan coolly informed me that his plan was incorrect, and that we were now only 10 miles from Ami-chow, a town on the railway; furthermore, that the only road from Kai-tien went to Ami-chow. I was highly incensed at this impudent deception, and insisted that I would attempt to find a direct route eastwards to Ch'iu-pei. With some difficulty an inferior military officer was discovered who said he knew a track to the eastward. Next morning, however, all the bearers and coolies went on strike, saying that I was taking them into wild parts of the country, where they could get no food and where they would contract fever and die. With persuasion and argument, however, the majority of them yielded, the places of the few who refused to yield being filled by local men.\n\nAfter travelling for half a day over rough hills, inhabited here and there by Lolo charcoal-burners, we came to an impasse - a long steep descent, impossible for baggage, chairs, or animals, with a river in the valley below and a difficult, if not impossible, ascent on the far side. I clambered ahead to satisfy myself that there was no way through, and after careful examination I decided to order a retreat. Mr. Chan was obviously pleased, and said that no doubt now I would overcome my prejudice to the railway, as the road to Ami-chow was the only route left for us. But I again disappointed him by telling him that I proposed to go back one day's march and try eastwards again. So we returned the following day to Chu-yuan, and thence I was more successful and reached Chiu-pei in four days' stages, in spite of much opposition.\n\nThe road to Ch'in-psi was the highest part of my journey in Yünnan.\n\nAt Huang-Ji-baiso, a small village, in which we put up for the night, two stages before reaching Ch'iu-pei, the altitude above sea-level was 6,810 feet. Villages were not frequent along this route, and the majority of the villages were inhabited by Lolo \"savages,\" who cultivated the land in the immediate vicinity of the villages, but left the steep hill-sides and the rest of the country in a state of original wildness.\n\nAt Ch'iu-pei Taoyin Ho, of Mengtzu, met me and travelled with me for the remaining eleven days to Hokow (198 miles). His health was far from good, and he travelled huddled up in his chair, complaining of the hardships of travel and of the weather, which was far from propitious, the heavy rains being just at the commencement of their season. He also pressed me to go to Mengtzu, there to take the train for the rest of the journey. He expressed himself anxious on my behalf because of the bands of brigands which infested the south-east corner of the province, and pointed out that if I did not tell him my route in detail, he could not clear the brigands away before our arrival; but I suggested that it would be far better to take the brigands quite unawares and to capture the whole band with the aid of our brave escort.\n\nFrom Chiu-pei to Kaihua (65 miles) the country was rough and mountainous. The principal cultivation in this district is an astringent root, the local name of which is \"three-seven,\" from the fact that the root is only useful for commercial purposes between its third and its seventh years. It is cultivated in large covered enclosures, and much care is given to its cultivation, dogs and cats being kept within the enclosures to keep down rats and other vermin which find the \"san-chi\" root good to eat.\n\nAt Chiang-na, one stage before Kaihua, I was unfortunate in missing by half a day only Mr. F. Brown, of the Carnegie Terrestrial Magnetism Mission. Mr. Brown had travelled much in Yünnan this spring, and was then on his way from Bhamo to Canton, via Ssumao, Mengtzu, Kaihua, Pose. Mr. Brown's route lay from west to east. I later received a letter from Mr. Brown, informing me that he had seen no opium poppy cultivation anywhere on his various routes in Yünnan. The missionaries resident at Kaihua, Messrs. Boyd and Lewer, also informed me that they frequently visited the villages on the Kaihua plain, but had seen no opium-poppy cultivation there this spring.\n\nVillagers on this part of my journey complained of lack of rain: the very skimpy crops testified to the state of drought which I found along a considerable tract of country in Eastern Yunnan. But the country itself is so stony and full of rocks that even with favourable weather conditions crops could never be anything but poor. Among the rough hills I occasionally saw Lolo women planting out paddy. Goitre is very prevalent in this district, especially among women. Beyond Kaihua, to Ma-kuan (40 miles), the country was still very hilly and villages were few and far between, and cultivation thin and poor. A great deal of pine scrub thinly covers the country in this district. Crops now included sugar-cane.\n\nThe rainy season was now setting in in earnest, and we were on the point of descending from the Yunnan plateau to the valleys near the Tonkin border, notorious for its fever and malaria. Coolies were daily falling out sick; and the Taoyin again endeavoured to induce me to change the route in the direction of the railway. I was obdurate, however, and by pressing on managed to reach Hokow, 93 miles from Makuan, in four days.\n\nfort close to the Tonkin\n\nOn the second day we reached Hsin-tien, a Chinese frontier. The height here above sea-level was 4,420 feet. Next day we commenced to descend, rapidly reaching tropical heat and vegetation. Putting up for the night in a small Lolo village, we were able to arrive on the following evening at Hokow, which town adjoins the French town of Laokai. The inhabitants of the country between Hsin-tien and Hokow are chiefly frontier tribes; the country is wild and uncultivated, except in the immediate vicinity of the villages. Some maize was being grown in the lower country.\n\nIn my direct route through Eastern Yünnan I traversed 484 miles. This does not include the excursions I made each evening from our day's destination. I saw no opium-poppy cultivation, nor did I see many signs of fields from which poppy may have been uprooted prior to my arrival. I am of opinion that in any case Eastern Yunnan is a particularly poor and arid country; that it is sparsely inhabited by a very poor type of\n\n[2729 k-1]\n\nE",
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        "id": 469436,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 310,
        "title": "CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917",
        "content_text": "306\n\n(No. 14.) Sir,\n\n20\n\nEnclosure 7 in No. 1.\n\nActing Consul Brown to Mr. Alston.\n\nKiukiang, May 8, 1917\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a report on a journey of investigation into the cultivation of the opium poppy in the province of Kiangsi jointly with officials appointed by the Chinese Government in accordance with article 4 of the Opium Agreement of 1911.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nW. RUSSELL BROWN.\n\nEnclosure 7 in No. 1.\n\nReport on a Journey of Investigation into the Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in the Province of Kiangsi.\n\nI HAVE the honour to report that Messrs. Chien Kuang-hsi and Huang Tao-hsiung, the Chinese delegates appointed by the Wai-chiao Pu and the Ministry of the Interior, reached Kiukiang on the 16th March, and left with me by rail on the 19th March for Southern Kiangsi via Nanchang and the River Kan. This route was selected as the most practicable in view of the information in the possession of the consulate, which showed that the cultivation of opium poppy had been completely eradicated in the plains and low-lying parts of the province, and that any opium which might exist would be found in remote places in the mountains. On this point Protestant and Catholic missionaries, native informants, and the local Chinese press were unanimous. The mountainous regions of Kanchou, Yü Tu, Hsing Kuo, Ningtu, and Ihuang in the south and south-east and the range of hills lying on the borders of Chien Chang, An, and Chingan in the north-west were generally regarded as suspicious localities, and I therefore determined to visit these districts in succession. Owing to the difference in climate between the north and south of the province, the poppy flowering three weeks earlier in the Kanchou region than in the An district, we directed our course first to the south.\n\nOur party, augmented by deputies despatched by the provincial administration and escorts of soldiers and police, left Nanchang early on the morning of the 21st March in seven junks, and were towed by steam launches up the Kan River to Wanan. Here on the 28th March we left the river and proceeded by chair to Kan Hsien (formerly Kan Chou), where we arrived on the 30th March.\n\nEnquiries were made by me at the Protestant and Catholic mission stations touched at en route from Nanchang, and I was everywhere informed that the rigorous measures of the magistrate and anti-opium officials had effectually suppressed opium-poppy cultivation in those districts.\n\nThe Protestant and Catholic missionaries at Kan Hsien were equally emphatic on this point, and assured me that it would be waste of time to visit the hills in that region. I accordingly pressed on to Yü Tu, which was reached on the 2nd April, after an exceedingly difficult two days' march.\n\nAs Yü Tu was one of the few districts in which opium poppy was known to have been grown in 1916, I determined to pay particular attention to this region, and after passing the district city, I left the road, climbed the most difficult part of the mountain range, and proceeded inland for a couple of hours' journey, looking with a pair of powerful field-glasses at the pockets of land lying between the hills. In this way I was able to satisfy myself beyond doubt that no opium poppy was under cultivation in an area of many square miles. I eventually regained the main road by a different route, and in the afternoon scaled the mountains to the south-west by a woodcutter's path. Here I spent some four hours in a careful inspection of the surrounding country, and returned convinced that no opium poppy was grown there, as I had been able to see the crops over an area of more than 12 square miles. The climbing in this part of the country was so difficult that only two officers and a few of the soldiers were able to accompany me. We reached the borders of Hsing Kuo district before turning back. I did not enter that district as I had received information at Kan Hsien that opium poppy had been eradicated in that region in 1916 after a severe fight between the troops and the people, in the course of which several persons had been killed and wounded and many houses burned.\n\n21\n\nOn the 5th April we arrived at Ningtu, where we were forced to rest for one day owing to the exhaustion of our party. Many of the soldiers were brought in in chairs, as they were quite unable to walk.\n\nAt Ningtu, Mr. and Mrs. Seipel, German missionaries in charge of the China Inland Mission station in that city, gave me a most cordial welcome, and assured us that the poppy was believed to be extinct in that region. The resident Chinese Catholic priest, however, supplied me with the name of one possible opium-poppy-growing locality, the Mi Shih Chai mountain, 70 li from Ningtu, on the road to Ihuang.\n\nOn the 8th April we left in a northerly direction for Ihuang, and stopped the night at Lo K'ou. Here eight people were shot in 1915 in an affray between the opium growers and the troops despatched to carry out suppression work.\n\nThe Mi Shih Chai mountain was situated some 10 li from Lo K'ou, and early on the morning of the 9th April we mounted it by a difficult path, and spent five hours in a careful exploration of the countryside. This region is said to be infested with tigers, so extra precautions were taken for the safety of our party. No poppy could be discovered anywhere, and the remains of the previous year's crops seen in the fields showed that none had been grown last year.\n\nWe arrived at Ihuang on the 11th April, and from there proceeded to Lin Ch'uan (formerly Fu Chou), where we embarked on board junks and were towed by steam launch to Tu Chia Pu, in the Chien Ch'ang district. As the country was flooded we were able to make use of certain shallow channels and short cuts, whereby we saved between one and two days' time.\n\nIn the range of mountains lying on the borders of the three districts of Yung Hsiu (formerly Chien Ch'ang), An, and Ching An, the names of Hsia Ping, Mei Ling, and Ch'üan Shui Ch'iu had been given as possible opium-poppy-growing localities, and we therefore proceeded from Tu Chia Pu, via Yung Hsiu district city to Pai Ch'a, which appeared to be the most convenient centre for visiting the places in question. Hsia Ping, Mei Ling, and Ch'üan Shui Ch'iu were found to be in close proximity, and on the 17th April I made a careful inspection and traversed the district without finding any trace of poppy, although the paths we took led us well into the heart of the hills away from the main roads. From here we crossed the mountains to An and entered the more level country leading to Feng Hsin and Kao An (formerly Jui-chou Fu). We arrived at Kao An on the 20th April. My intention had been to proceed to Shangkao and the Wan Tsai district, but in view of the advanced date and the favourable information received from the missionaries at Kao An it appeared waste of time to investigate further in this direction, and I accordingly returned to Kiukiang via Nanchang. I spent a day and a half in the provincial capital as the guest of the civil Governor, and returned to my post at Kiukiang on the 24th April.\n\nMethod of Inspection.\n\nIn those districts where the names of possible opium-poppy-growing localities had been furnished, the Chinese delegates and I visited and inspected each of the places in question. In those regions where it was commonly believed that poppy might possibly be found somewhere in the hills, I picked out the highest and most accessible part of the mountain range, ascended it by any track that could be found, and proceeded inland or along the crest for some miles until I had satisfied myself by the aid of powerful field-glasses that no poppy was under cultivation. In order to obtain fuller information as to the crops, official anti-opium proclamations, people, and general conditions, I walked for the greater part of the overland journey, and was thereby enabled to see much that might otherwise have escaped my notice.\n\nRelations with Chinese Officials.\n\nFrom first to last I have met with the utmost courtesy and consideration at the hands of the military and civil governors and their subordinates. The district magistrates and the gentry of every district visited have extended the heartiest hospitality to me as the representative of His Majesty's legation. Every facility was given me for visiting and inspecting any part of the country, and my wishes were met in every respect.\n\nThe successful organisation of our party reflects the greatest credit on Mr. Wang Nien-tsu, the Kiukiang magistrate, and the officers under his control. It is entirely due to ...\n\n[2729 k-1]\n\nG",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-445 - Public Offices - 1917.txt",
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        "id": 478490,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-451 - Public Offices - 1918",
        "page_number": 727,
        "title": "CO129-451 - Public Offices - 1918",
        "content_text": "# Date | Event\n| --- | --- |\n| 12/11/17 | Owing to these robberies, the Chinese Railway Administration have instituted a service of patrolling cars. All Europeans have been ordered to leave their stations and to proceed to Shum Chun. |\n| 15/11/17 |  |\n| 15/11/17 |  |\n| 18/11/17 | Fighting leaves Hunan. |\n| 20/11/17 |  |\n| 21/11/17 | Agsha apiad. |\n| 21/11/17 | Jes ring ting. |\n| 29/11/17 |  |\n| 2/12/17 | Canton jon troops Swaton. |\n| 8/12/17 | Commander Lau Chi Luk at the head of the Cantonese forces is driving the Swaton forces away from Wai Chow. The Southern troops have captured Wing Fung from the Northern Forces. The latter are concentrating at Siang Tan and are said to number 25,000 men. |\n|  | The Southerners have taken several towns on the way to Changsha. Fu Liang Tao of Changsha has fled and the Northern Commanders are proposing peace. Liang Tau was occupied before the 20th. |\n|  | General Luk ordered the Tuchun Chan to leave Canton at once. He left last night in the gunboat `Kwangtung`. |\n|  | Changsha is now in the hands of the Southerners, and the Northerners are returning to Yochow. They lost 20 guns. |\n|  | Canton troops have recaptured Hungrah beyond Walchow and have captured a large quantity of ammunition. |\n|  | General Luk Wing Ting (Southern Forces) telegraphed to Peking asking them to issue a mandate to stop the fighting. |\n|  | General Luk wired Peking stating he had ordered Tam Ho Ming to stop fighting in Hunan. |\n|  | The Cantonese troops have reached Ching Hoi, 15 miles from Swatow. The Swatow troops have taken up a defensive position 7 miles from Swaton. |",
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    {
        "id": 481750,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-457 - Public Offices - 1919",
        "page_number": 482,
        "title": "CO129-457 - Public Offices - 1919",
        "content_text": "2\n\nSzechuan or move against the Thibetans according to the development of events. This officer is therefore not only guilty of deliberately attempting to stir up trouble between Great Britain and China over Thibet to forward his private political ends (see my previous despatches), but is likewise guilty of deliberately infringing the Anglo-Chinese Opium Treaty of 1911 for his own enrichment,\n\nI have had considerable experience of opium suppression in the distant interior of China, and I well know that the responsibility for any recrudescence of cultivation in formerly clean regions lies at the door of the local officials (who can maintain the suppression with the greatest ease if they desire to do so) acting under the orders of the Governor of their province, or the military chief controlling their area; exception being made in the case of semi-independent tribal country and of regions controlled by brigands or rebels. Luting, however, is a peaceful and purely Chinese district, as easily governed as the Chengtu Plain or the country round Peking, and is actually under the control, not of the southern \"rebel,\" but of a Peking-appointed official.\n\nConsular officers may perambulate provinces and certify them as clean; but such certification provides no guarantee whatsoever that cultivation will not be vigorously resumed in the following season if the local authorities desire to raise money from this unique revenue-producing source (as is the case in the present instance). It is always the officials and not the people who should be punished; but, unfortunately, the reverse is usually the case.\n\nI am fully aware of the wonderful progress that has been made in China as a whole, especially in the eastern provinces, in regard to opium suppression (in spite of the widespread recrudescence reported in disturbed and brigand-infested regions), and of the relatively small importance, to the whole question, of remote parts in Western Szechuan being under poppy cultivation; unmistakable evidence of the real progress made in suppression being everywhere provided by the high price of the native drug compared to ten years ago (though this high price is, of course, partly due to the heavy taxation imposed). But I am impelled to report this instance of open recrudescence under official auspices and encouragement, in order that you, sir, and perhaps the Chinese Government, may be informed of the nature of the official to whom Thibetan affairs continue to be entrusted.\n\nPerhaps the Chinese Government are under the impression that they cannot remove General Ch'en Hsia-ling from his post owing to Szechuan being independent. Such, however, is not the case. It is only the moral support afforded by his having the mandate of Peking to act as Frontier Commissioner that enables him to maintain his present position. Were that support withdrawn by an open mandate cashiering him, he would disappear from the scene almost at once.\n\nI have not mentioned the matter of this poppy cultivation to General Ch'en Hsia-ling, since I did not like to do so without your instructions, and also because I did not consider it desirable to do anything to impair the outwardly friendly relations which I have maintained with him in the interests of the peace of the frontier at the time of my departure.\n\nThe Chien-chang valley (the narrow strip of Chinese-inhabited territory running south towards Yunnan between Lolo and tribal country) is said to be also full of opium, definite information in regard to which has probably been supplied by Mr. Eastes. That region, which was until last summer also controlled by General Ch'en Hsia-ling, appears now to be a sort of no-man's-land, the possession of which is in dispute between the latter, the Szechuanese, and the Yünnanese.\n\nSzechuan was, I believe, passed as clean without an official inspection at the time the 1911 agreement was made. There was a limited amount of recrudescence after the revolution and during the subsequent troubles, and the poppy has always continued to flourish in the remote and semi-independent tribal country behind Kuan Hsien. But I have never heard of anything like the open and legalized cultivation now being carried on in Luting district and neighbourhood.\n\nCopy of this despatch has not been forwarded to the Foreign Department of the Government of India, as it is not directly concerned with Thibetan affairs.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nERIC TEICHMAN.\n\n8\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nMemorandum.\n\nNOT carrying with me any paraphernalia for official correspondence on my journey hither from the Burmah frontier, I incorporated in a letter despatched en route to His Majesty's Minister at Peking my observations on the vast quantities of opium being grown, not only in the Chien-ch'ang valley, but also throughout the whole region traversed by me during twelve and a-half days' travel in south-western Szechuan.\n\nDuring the whole length of my journey across the western circuit of Yunnan, from the extreme south-west to the extreme north-east, I saw only five fields of opium poppy, and these were passed on the last half-day's journey in Yunnan, within 10 miles of the Szechuan boundary.\n\nOnce, however, I had crossed the River Yang-tsze and entered Szechuan, matters were entirely different, and poppy fields abounded on all sides, without the smallest attempt at concealment,\n\nFor the first two and a-half days to Hui-li the country was in the hands of Yunnan troops, and the percentage of opium crops was not very great; from Hui-li onwards for the next ten stages poppy fields were passed everywhere, in enormous quantities, and the percentage of these pernicious crops rose certainly to 50 per cent.\n\nThe valley of the Anuing River, which is the Chien-ch'ang (formerly Ning-yuan Fu) valley proper, is reached shortly before the end of the second stage northwards from Hui-li; three stages more, through absolutely countless poppy crops, brought me to the very large walled city of Chien-ch'ang (formerly Ning-yuan Fu), the headquarters of the Chien-ch'ang Taoyin, which lies just out of the Anning River valley, on its east side, in a broad plain which when I traversed it on the 17th March was a brilliant mass of poppy crops. During these three stages I travelled in company with a recently retired district magistrate of Hui-li, and in the course of conversation with him I commented freely on this flagrant breach of the Opium Agreement with Great Britain. His defence for his own scandalous inactivity in the matter, that he had no troops to carry out the work of suppression, was wholly specious, for throughout our journey in company we constantly passed large numbers of ill-disciplined local militiamen, whose sole occupation seemed to be loafing and gambling outside the gates of the many walled towns in which they were quartered; while day after day my efforts to find a temple to spend the night were frustrated because the temples—which abound all over Szechuan—were already occupied by these ruffians. Throughout the whole course of my journey in Szechuan I saw not a single proclamation against the cultivation of opium poppy bearing a date later than 1917.\n\nI agree entirely with Mr. Teichman's comment that it is always the officials and not the people who should be punished; my ex-magistrate travelling companion should undoubtedly have received a very severe sentence for his criminal, and doubtless highly lucrative, apathy. I was told by friendly natives encountered on my travels that each field of the illicit crop was worth 6 dollars to the authorities conniving at its existence.\n\nTwo stages above Chien-ch'ang the road quits the Anning River valley and becomes more mountainous as far as I could judge; the fact that opium cultivation for the next few stages is distinctly less universal is due solely to the less congenial character of the soil. But not until my sixteenth day's journey in Szechuan, four days north of the large district town of Yih-hsi, did I cease to see poppy crops altogether, and I attribute that cessation solely to the fact that the idle militia gave place, in the neighbourhood of the large towns of Ta-shu-p'u and Fu-lin, and thence onwards to Chengtu, to regular troops, under the command presumably of officers owning more than a nominal allegiance to the present military governor, Hsiung K'o-wu.\n\nMr. Teichman refers to the continued flourishing of poppy cultivation in the remote and semi-independent tribal country behind Kuan-hsien (about 40 miles north-west of Chengtu); this state of affairs is corroborated by local missionaries, who tell me, moreover, that opium growing on a small scale has begun again in several other hilly or mountainous areas on the fringe of the great Chengtu Plain,\n\nOn the 25th April a small paragraph in the local native press announced that General Tan Mou-hsin, the commander of the 1st division of Szechuan regulars, one of...\n\n472",
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    {
        "id": 487401,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 375,
        "title": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "## Name of Petitioner\n27. Tse Sing Kee.\n\n### SANDAKAN\n1. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce.\n2. Yong Soon & Co.\n3. Teo Keo Association\n4. Yee Yee Timber Co\n5. Kwong Chiu Hing.\n6. Man Woo Loong & Co.\n7. Kwan Sheung Weng Co.\n8. Shing Kee Company.\n9. Wan Loy firm.\n10. Man Shun firm,\n11. Hop Shun firm.\n12. Kwong Tai Yuen.\n13. Kim Anu Heng.\n14. Tai Yuen firm.\n15. Tak Hing & Co.\n16. Kam Wing Fat.\n17. Sham Tak Chuen.\n18. Tong Fat firm.\n19. Hip Lee firm.\n20. Hip Lee Chan.\n\n21. Chang Fat firm.\n22. Pun Chia Hing.\n23. Sham Shing Fat.\n24. Cheung Shun Mi.\n25. Tan Siak Peng.\n26. Mok Sang firm.\n\n28. \n29. Sam Loong firm.\n30. Wan Hop firm\n31. Kwong Yick Loong.\n32. Fu Kee firm.\n33. Wing Sang firm.\n34. Yuen Sang firm.\n35. Kwen Yick & Co.\n36. Han Lam Chuen.\n37. Man Hing Lau.\n38. Nam Sing Loung.\n39. Wing Kee Shun.\n40. Kam Hin Hing.\n41. Yau Shun firm.\n42. Ping Fung firm.\n43. Tan Siak Peng Chan.\n44. Aw Ah & Co.\n45. Man Shua Woo.\n\n46. Wo Sang firm\n47. Hop Hing firm.\n48. Kan Yick firm.\n49. Sin Tao Tong.\n50. Man Sang Loong.\n51. Wai Wo Loong.\n\nPage 368",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 392,
        "title": "CO129-467 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1921 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "# Name of Petitioner \n## SANDAKAN \n\n1. Mok Sang firm. \n2. Yong Soon & Co. \n3. Teo Keo Association. \n4. Yee Yee Timber Co \n5. Kwong Chiu Hing. \n6. Man Woo Loong & Co. \n7. Kwan Sheung Weng Co. \n8. Shing Kee Company. \n9. Wan Loy firm. \n10. Man Shun firm. \n11. Hop Shun firm. \n12. Kwong Tai Yuen, \n13. Kim Ann Heng. \n14. Tai Yuen firm. \n15. Tak Hing & Co. \n16. Kam Wing Fat. \n17. Sham Tak Chuen. \n18. Tong Fat firm. \n19. Hip Le firm, \n20. Hip Lee Chan. \n21. Chang Fat firm. \n22. Pun Chia Hing. \n23. Sham Shing Fat. \n24. Cheung Shun Ming \n25. Tau Siak Peng. \n26. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce. \n27. Tse Sing Kee. \n28. Kan Kee firm. \n29. Sam Loong firm. \n30. Wan Hop firm \n31. Kwong Yick Loong. \n32. Fu Kee Firm. \n33. Ving Sang firm. \n34. Yuen Sang firm. \n35. Kwong Yick & Co. \n36. Han Lum Chuen. \n37. Man Hing Lau. \n38. Nam Sing Loong. \n39. Wing Kee Shun. \n40. Kam Hin Hing. \n41. Yan Shun firm. \n42. Ping Fang firm. \n43. Tan Siak Peng Chan. \n44. Aw Al & Co. \n45. Man Shun Woo. \n46. Wo Sang firm \n47. Hop Hing firm. \n48. Kun Yick firm. \n49. Sin Teo Tong. \n50. Man Sang Loong. \n51. Wai Wo Loong. \n\n## 23 \n― \n## 385",
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    {
        "id": 489254,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 402,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\n\n## J 400 CHINA. **CONFIDENTIAL**.\n\n`[F 3358/711/10]`  \nC O 13063  \nRECO NRed.17 M. 21  \n[December 23.]\n\n## SECTION 1.\n\n### Mr. Clive to Earl Curzon,-(Received December 23.)\n\n**(No. 692.)**  \nMy Lord,  \nPeking, October 11, 1920.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit herewith a summary of the intelligence reports of His Majesty's consular officers in China for the quarter ended the 30th June last, which has been compiled by Mr. R. Dunbar, third secretary to His Majesty's Legation. With reference to your Lordship's despatch No. 292 of the 11th June last, I have the honour to state that reports from His Majesty's consular officers at Harbin and Shanghai will be included in the summary for the quarter ending the 31st December next, and that in accordance with your Lordship's instructions an additional report on important matters concerning the provinces of Kansu, Shensi and Honan will in future be forwarded.\n\n(Copies to Tokyo, India, Hong Kong and Admiral.)\n\nI have, &c.  \nR. H. CLIVE.\n\n### Enclosure in No. 1.\n\n#### Intelligence Reports of His Majesty's Consular Officers in China for Quarter ended June 30, 1920.\n\n##### Introduction.\n\nDURING the past quarter interest has centred mainly in the struggle between the forces of Tuchun Hsiung K'owu of Szechuan and those of Tang Chi-yao, Tuchun of Yunnan and leader of the south-west confederation. Hsiung's position at the end of June was such that, failing assistance from an unexpected quarter, his overthrow appeared inevitable, stoutly as he has fought against superior opponents.\n\nIn the North about the beginning of July, following on the loss of Hunan to the South though the unauthorised withdrawal of General Wu Pei-fu and the flight of Tuchun Chang Ching-yao, the political struggle between the Chihli and Anfu Parties reached its climax. The crash came with the sudden dismissal of Hsu Shu-ch'eng (Little Hsü), and the civil war which followed has ended in the utter defeat of Tuan Chi-jui and his Anfu clique.\n\nTuan has fallen only to be replaced, it would seem, by General Chang Tso-lin, who with his large well-disciplined army in Manchuria is in a position to control the activities of the Chihli Party, and on whose attitude in the near future may depend the fate of the Central Government. There are, indeed, already indications that Peking has merely exchanged one master for another and more powerful one.\n\n##### Canton.\n\nThe general situation has remained unaltered: Wu Ting-fang and his fellow dissentient directors have shown no intention of leaving Shanghai—the split between them and the Kuangsi Party is therefore complete.\n\nNegotiations are reported to be in progress between the Anfu Club and the Yunnanese Party, on the one hand, and the Chihli and Kuangsi Parties, on the other; the latter would appear to have agreed upon the following terms as a basis for peace:\n| Term | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | Hsü Shih-Ch'ang to be recognised as President; Lu Yung-t'ing to be his successor. |\n| 2 | Chin Yün-p'eng to be Premier, and the Kuo Min Tang to have four seats in the Cabinet, the Anfu members being dismissed. |",
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    {
        "id": 489256,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 404,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Ningpo\n\n201\n\nThe most noteworthy event of the quarter was the unexpected resignation of the Civil Governor of the province, Ch'i Yao-shen, in the middle of June, following impeachment in the Provincial Assembly. A difference of opinion between Ch'i and the Military Governor, Lu Yung-hsiang, as to the appointment of the provincial treasurer seems to have been the direct cause of the former's resignation, which has resulted in a number of officials following suit. Meanwhile, a party has come forward to urge Peking to appoint Lu Yung-hsiang concurrently Civil Governor; in view of Lu's already powerful position, however, it is hardly likely that the Central Government will give him the two posts.\n\nThanks to the activities of the Students' Association, the Japanese boycott is still enforced, and occasional raids are made on shops suspected of selling Japanese goods.\n\nIt is hoped to continue the construction of the Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railway. Two engineering difficulties have to be overcome, namely, the bridging of the Chien Tang and the Tsao Ngo rivers. As regards the former, a ferry service will be instituted to connect the two lines, while the bridging of the Tsao Ngo is held up for lack of material, of which the large quantities stored for the purpose at Tsingtao were used during the war.\n\n## Chunkiang\n\nOn four occasions during the quarter, public warnings were issued against the activities of \"extremists,\" who, to quote a police circular, had been secretly hatching plots to subvert the Government. That pamphlets of extremist origin were circulated amongst the students of the district there can be no doubt; but as the cause of the unrest seems to be rather a sense of the instability of the Central Government than the hostility of labour to the ruling classes, it is difficult to believe that the movement is more than an effort, failing an appeal to the electorate, to turn the Government out of office.\n\nThe anniversary of Japan's twenty-one demands (9th May) was commemorated by the boys and girls of the various schools, who paraded the city, carrying flags with patriotic and in some cases aggressive inscriptions, as for instance, \"dwarf devils!\" and \"Servile traitors are below the level of horses and dogs.\" Pamphlets describing the unprepared condition of the country in the face of Japanese aggression were distributed in the streets.\n\nAs a result of the appointment of Hsiung Kai-hsien as head of police, the force has been reorganised and considerably reduced. The old uniforms were withdrawn and new ones issued, and 120 men were dismissed from the service as physically unfit. Furthermore, the pay of all ranks has been increased as from the 1st May last, the expenses being met by a loan of 4,000 dollars from the Bank of Communications.\n\nSemi-military organisations such as boy scouts are developing in the Chinese schools, where physical drill and gymnastics receive official encouragement. One school possesses a corps of eighty boys from 8 to 17 years of age, whose drill and general appearance are creditable.\n\n## Tengyueh\n\nIn the preceding summary, a brief account was given of the unrest on the Burma frontier, which culminated at the beginning of March in the attack on a detachment of British military police in the northern Shan States. Since that outbreak, there has been no further attack reported, and all is now quiet on the frontier. Only one of the ringleaders, however, was taken, namely, Tsai Hsueh-Ch'ang, whose capture, it is noted, took place on the Burma side of the frontier.\n\nOn the Chinese side, there is no system of military police, and there will be none until the frontier posts are manned by adequate garrisons in accordance with the Manai Agreement. This is a reform which the Yunnan Government might be expected to undertake.\n\nOn the 10th June, a proclamation was posted outside the south gate of Tengyueh announcing the abolition of the Tuchunship and the assumption by the self-deposed Tuchun, Tang Chi-yao, of the supreme command over all troops in his province. The proclamation summarises in brief the story of misgovernment since the revolution of 1911. Tang is most careful to emphasise the unselfish part that he has played throughout the war of North and South, and particularly in the Peace Conference at Shanghai, which might have been brought to a successful issue, declares the Tuchun, had his aspirations been carried into effect.\n\nEverywhere there is unrest, which may at any time break out into civil war; the country must be saved at once if she is to be saved at all. In the abolition of the Tuchunship, which, in Tang Chi-yao's opinion, is the primary source of all the trouble, lies China's salvation. Yunnan sets the example and calls upon the other provinces to follow suit. Beyond a certain amount of speculation among the merchants, the posting of the proclamation produced little effect in Tengyueh.\n\nIn spite of the urgent representations made by His Majesty's Consul to the Taoyin, nothing has been done to put a stop to the cultivation of opium in this district, with the result that a record harvest has been reaped, and raw opium is now selling at 30 cents per ounce as against 1 dollar 50 cents last year and 3 dollars the year before.\n\nThe attitude of the Taoyin in this matter, as in that of the frontier trouble, appears to be most reprehensible. He is quite content to issue orders and proclamations, which are treated by local officials as so much waste paper. Though aware of the opium-dealing activities of several merchants, he is neither able nor disposed to take proceedings against them. There is little hope of the evil being checked so long as this man with his shiftings, his promises, and his assurances remains in office; meanwhile, the opium trade grows steadily on the main road between Tengyueh and the frontier.\n\n## Yunnan-fu\n\nThe South-Western Confederacy has been considerably weakened, if it has not come to an end, during the quarter. This is an immediate consequence of the activity of the Cheng Hsueh Hui, of which all the chief men of the Kwangsi Party were members. Attempts have been made to embroil Yunnan and Kwangsi, but always without success. Marshal Tang Chi-yao, Tuchun of Yunnan and leader of the South-West Confederacy, broke finally with Li Ken-yuan, one of the Yunnanese commanders, over these intrigues of the Cheng Hsueh Hui, and this split marks the beginning of a more definite policy on Tang's part.\n\nOn the 1st June, the latter promulgated his decision to abolish the Tuchunship. His proclamation (summarised in the report on Tengyueh) gives no true indication of the feelings which actuated him in this step, which was in effect the second move in a project to seize Szechuan, or, at any rate, the financial resources of that province. Marshal Tang's first move had been to secure in April his election as Commander-in-chief of the united armies of Yunnan, Szechuan, and Kweichow, with Liu Hsien-Shih as Vice-Commander-in-chief. The war with Szechuan, which broke out in May, has strengthened Tang's position still further. Although at the end of June, Tuchun Hsiung Ko-wu was fighting hard, his ultimate defeat seems certain unless he can obtain assistance, for the Yunnanese are more than a match for their luxury-loving neighbours.\n\nWhen Hsiung Tuchun has been overthrown, the Tuchunship in Szechuan will be abolished, and according to the Yunnan plan, the provincials are to be allowed to select their own Governor. Liu Hsien-shih of Kweichow abolished the Tuchunship on the 21st June. The day is perhaps not far distant when Marshal Tang Chi-yao will have brought the three provinces under his sway.\n\nSince the break-up of the Canton Military Government, General Li Lieh-Chun, Chief of Staff, has arrived in Yunnan, bringing with him twenty-seven senators and representatives.\n\nYang Tien-Fu, the brigand chief, is still at large, although in May he might have been taken had a determined effort been made, for his fortunes at that time were at a low ebb. He is now as strong as ever and commands a following of 2,000 men, all well-equipped.\n\nEarly in July, a couple of villages in the Yunnan-fu plain, some 8 miles north of the town, were attacked by robber bands. This is the first time that they have ventured so close to the capital.\n\nThere seems to have been a considerable amount of internal discord amongst the forces of the South-West Confederacy in the Shih-nan region; telegrams have appeared in the local press referring to the murders of officers. Marshal San Tien-wei was appointed in April to the post of General Officer Commanding the 1st Hupeh Army in the place of General Po Wen-wei, whose period in office is considered to have been a failure.\n\n## Chungking\n\nThroughout the quarter, interest has centred in the political and military struggle between the Szechuanese and Yunnanese factions. Yu Chi-t'ang, military commissioner... \n\nPage 402 \nPage 5",
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    {
        "id": 489450,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 598,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## SECTION 6.\n\n### [F 1166/309/10]\n\n**(No. 67.)**\nMy Lord.\n\nSir B. Alston to Earl Curzon.-(Received April 1.)\n\nPeking, February 5, 1921.\n\nI HAVE the honour to transmit herewith a summary of the intelligence reports of His Majesty's consular officers in China for the quarter ended the 30th September last, which has been compiled by Mr. R. Dunbar, third secretary to His Majesty's Legation.\n\nCopies to Tokyo, India, Hong Kong and Admiral.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nB. ALSTON.\n\n## Enclosure in No. 1.\n\nSummary of Intelligence Reports of His Majesty's Consular Officers in China for quarter ended September 30, 1920.\n\n### Ningpo\n\nPERHAPS the only incident in a tranquil quarter was the insult offered to Shen Chin-chien, recently appointed Civil Governor in succession to Ch'i Yao-chien, on his arrival at Hangchow Station, where his luggage and person were searched by the military authorities, and all arms confiscated on the ground that the number of revolvers did not correspond with the number given in the Ministry of War's permit. Shen appears to be a man of stronger character than his predecessor, and is no doubt under orders from Peking to bide his time; outwardly, at any rate, no notice has been taken of the incident.\n\nTuchun Lu Yung-hsiang remains in a very strong position, and it is difficult to see how he can be turned out, unless one of his generals is bought over. He has received a check over the Defence Commissionership at Shanghai which has been transferred from his control to that of Li Shun, but this is more apparent than real, as his nominee, Ho Feng-lin, retains his position.\n\nThe boycott of Japanese goods, maintained strictly throughout the June quarter, appears during the past three months entirely to have lapsed.\n\n### Swatow\n\nThe local situation and the entire course of events during the period under review have been completely dominated by the revolt, headed by Chen Chiung Ming, against the Kwangsi invaders of the Kwangtung province. Actual fighting Swatow has been spared, and, indeed, there appears to have been very little within the district, most of it having occurred in the neighbourhood of the East River; but the general feeling of insecurity and the forced calls for funds to meet military expenses and other requirements of the Kwangtung forces have dealt a serious blow to the port and district.\n\nBrigandage, as is to be expected during such a critical period, has increased beyond measure, rendering both land and water routes unsafe. That no British interests have been directly affected is no doubt due to the fact that inland transport was regarded as much too precarious to allow of any risks in this direction.\n\nThe students have prosecuted most vigorously the anti-Japanese boycott, having held burnings of \"low-grade\" goods at Cheng-hai and Ch'ao-yang on the 12th and 14th July respectively. About the same time they held an indignation meeting in Swatow, attended by merchants and gentry of the district, to denounce the proposed concession to Japan of the construction of the Nan-ch'ung-Ch'ao-chow-fu Railway, which, incidentally, is a British option.\n\nPage 6047 \n\nB 595",
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    {
        "id": 489451,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 599,
        "title": "CO129-470 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nDuring July, several opium dens were reported to have been closed in Swatow by the police and military. In September, however, following the advent of Ch'en Chiung Ming into the district, a head office for the curing of the opium habit was established by the Kwangtung army at Mei-hsien, where a drug, partly composed of opium, was on sale at 7 dollars an ounce.\n\nTengyueh.\n\nNothing more has been heard on the Tengyueh side of the Mintha and other leaders of the plot to ferment trouble on the frontier last season. Although rewards of 5,000 rupees have been offered by the Burma Government for information leading to the arrest of their leaders, no clues have been forthcoming.\n\nFrom information supplied to the district superintendent of police on the 20th June last, by a youth who claimed to be the younger son of the Mintha, Saw Yan Baing, His Majesty's consul learned that there were Burmans living in Nantien, although only shortly before the Sawbwa of that region had declared that no Burmans were there.\n\nThe Taoyin continued to take the stand that the Yunnan Government cannot be held responsible for the trouble on the frontier last season, because the plot was the work of bad characters from Burma.\n\nIn spite of all representations made and promises given, the Yunnan Government has done nothing to re-establish Chinese military posts on the frontier, and, as far as preventive measures on the Chinese side are concerned, things are exactly in the same position as they were last year. Successive Taoyins and magistrates here seem to have been animated by a single motive—the desire to get rich quickly, and everything is sacrificed to their greed and rapacity.\n\nThere have been no cases of robbery, and west of Talifu, at any rate, the roads are safe for travelling and trade. East of Talifu, the brigand Yang Tien-fa continued to be the cause of much nervous apprehension to travellers until his surrender to the authorities about the end of October, since when he has been at Yunnan-fu.\n\nHankow.\n\nThe feeling of apprehension and excitement which existed during the summer months owing to the passage through the province of Chang Ching-yao's demoralised troops and to the activities of Wu Kuang-hsin has now subsided, and outwardly at least conditions have again become normal.\n\nAt one time, the situation appeared to contain all the necessary ingredients for an upheaval on a considerable scale. The south of the province was alive with bands of armed men retreating by the road and river towards Hankow, and the adherents of the Anfu Party were leaving no stone unturned in their efforts to cause a diversion in favour of their leaders in Peking. But the utter collapse of the Anfu Party effectually damped the ardour of the Northern troops in Hupeh, and the desire of the Tuchun to keep peace in the province inclined him to abstain from any drastic action against the defeated party.\n\nThroughout the Anfu-Chihli struggle, the provincial authorities displayed the greatest anxiety to ensure the safety of foreign traders. On application from His Majesty's consul-general, some scores of proclamations were posted at the agencies, both in Hupeh and Hunan, of the Asiatic Petroleum Company and the British-American Tobacco Company, and other firms doing business in the interior, ordering the troops of the local officials to afford special protection to the agencies, and specifically referring to the goods stored there as the property of foreign firms.\n\nAbout the beginning of July, the renewal of the proposal to reconstruct Hankow with the proceeds of a loan from Messrs. Samuel and Co., and the formal appointment by the Central Government of Chang Kuo-kau to take charge of the works gave rise to considerable excitement, and the local newspapers constantly published articles violently opposing the scheme, on the ground that the agreement with Messrs. Samuel and Co. had not been published. In the end, Chang Kuo-kan resigned his post of director, and but little has been heard of the scheme since.\n\nOn the 29th September last, Vice-Admiral Sir A. L. Duff arrived at Hankow with H.M.S. `Alacrity` and `Hawkins`. At the Consulate-General and at Wuchang, official luncheons were given, at which the Tuchun and Commander-in-chief were present. The British Chambers of Commerce and China Association also gave a dinner in honour of Admiral Duff, and were much gratified at the interest shown by the admiral in commercial matters.\n\n## 3\n\nCanton.\n\nWith the complete overthrow of the Anfu Party in the North, it appeared probable by the end of July that there would be an early reunion of the Chihli and Kuangsi parties, if not actually of the whole country, and locally it was felt that events in the North would effectively discourage any attempt at a demonstration by Ch'en Chiung Ming, and that the Yunnanese would prefer to make terms rather than challenge the armies of the rest of the provinces. These hopes were, however, not to be realised; war has raged since August in the province of Kwangtung, where, after his sudden descent upon Swatow, Ch'en Chiung Ming advanced slowly on Canton, held by General Mo Yung Hsin, the Tuchun, and his Kwangsi troops. Chen's progress was definitely checked at Waichow, and he might have been obliged to abandon his project had not Generals Wei Pang-ping, chief of police, and Li Fu-lin, commanding Cantonese troops at Honam, declared independence on the 27th September. At the same time, they issued a notice calling on Mo Yung Hsin to resign and return to Kwangsi forthwith, giving him three days in which to leave—a futile project, in view of the strength of the Kwangsi garrison in Canton.\n\nAt the beginning of October, as a result of representations made to both sides by the Consular Body, an armistice was agreed upon. Mo Yung Hsin expressed his willingness to retire and to return to Kwangsi with his troops, and only the question of the payment of the latter requires consideration. His demands are variously stated at from 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 dollars, a portion of such payment to be made before he resigns, and the retention of their arms and ammunition by his men.\n\nNeither party has made concessions, and there seems to be no prospect of a lasting settlement without the intervention of the Central Government.\n\nOpium has for a long time been smuggled into Kwangtung from Yunnan, and the drug is smoked openly on passenger boats and launches. When, in consequence of the split between the two Southern parties, Tang Chi-yao sent a force to watch the Kwangsi-Yunnan boundary near Pose, the Kwangsi authorities decided that a strict campaign against opium smuggling would be the most efficient weapon against this force, which depended on the trade for funds. The searching of motor-boats began to be carried out particularly carefully in August, when it became evident that the Yunnanese military authorities were pursuing a victorious career in Szechuan. Motor-launches were constantly stopped and suspected shops were raided.\n\nChungking.\n\nThe outstanding development of the quarter was the movement towards making Chungking the seat of Government of the South-West Confederacy. In connection with this, General Li Lieh-chun, Chief of Staff of the Military Government, arrived in the city on the 6th September for the purpose of setting up general headquarters; the most direct result of his visit was the production of dissension between the Kweichow and Yunnan commands. Towards the end of September, the members of the old Canton Parliament arrived; their stay proved, however, a short one, and as the Parliament never entered on its functions in the city, Chungking's elevation to metropolitan rank was brief and inglorious.\n\nThe conduct of the Kweichow troops was a source of complaint throughout the quarter, and on more than one occasion, newly arrived bodies made their presence felt by wholesale theft and commandeering of foreign junks. In every case, however, His Majesty's consul's representations to their commander-in-chief, General Wang Wen-hua, were successful, and the stolen property was restored to the rightful owners.\n\nA singular feature of the quarter was the number of preventive arrests made by the local Kweichow commandant, who laid hands on all persons suspected of sympathy with Hsiung K'o-wu's cause. The majority of these \"suspects\" were released on security after one night's incarceration, which, as described by one of their number, must have rivalled the Black Hole of Calcutta.\n\nAs a result of representations made to His Majesty's consul and his colleagues by the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs in connection with the storage in foreign premises of Chinese goods, a circular was sent to all British missionaries in the district requesting them to afford protection to women and children only or to people with whom they were personally acquainted.\n\nAt no time under any sort of control in this province, brigandage has during the recent hostilities become so great a pest that junk traffic between Chungking and ... \n\nPage 6047 α-6  \nB 2  \n596",
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    {
        "id": 489690,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 181,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\n## SECTION 1. 36697\n\n### No. 1.\n\n(No. 180.) My Lord.\n\nSir B. Alston to Earl Curzon.—(Received May 25.)\n\nPeking, April 1, 1921.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch No. 37 of the 24th January have the honour to report on the political situation in this country since that date.\n\nAs regards Szechuan, the return of the province to its allegiance to the Peking Government was only temporary. Hsiung K'o-wu, who refused to accept the position of Civil Governor given to him by presidential mandate, has nominally retired from politics, while Liu Te-hun-hou, Peking's Military Governor, was compelled to abandon his post on the 22nd February. Liu Hsiang, who now styles himself commander-in-chief of the troops of Szechuan, adopts a policy of independence, recognising neither the Peking nor the Canton Governments.\n\nA similar position prevails since the 8th February in Yunnan, on which day Tang Chi-yao abandoned the capital, subsequently leaving the province altogether. The reason for this sudden disappearance of a military leader whose position had every appearance of stability was discontent among his subordinates at the absence of funds with which to pay their troops once the latter had been driven out of the rich province of Szechuan, Tang's successor, General Ku Pin-chen, entered Yunnan-fu city on the 9th, and assumed office without serious disorder or bloodshed.\n\nIn Canton province no overt breach has so far taken place between Ch'en Ch'iung-ming and the followers of Sun Yat-sen. The latter desires to compel the adjoining province of Kuangsi to overturn its present authorities, who are responsible for its resuming allegiance to the Peking Government, and to constitute a federal republic with himself as president. Ch'en is strongly opposed to such a policy, and as a consequence hostilities between the two provinces have not taken place, while the bad blood between the two factions at Canton has grown steadily worse.\n\nThough Sun Yat-sen has no control and little influence outside of Kuangtung, the idea of converting China into a federal republic has steadily gained ground during the past few months and among its present adherents are the provincial Administrations of Canton, Yunnan, Kueichow, Szechuan and Hunan. The change is one which might conceivably form a solution for some of China's difficulties. Unfortunately it appears that the provincial militarists who advocate it do so because it seems to afford them the best means now in sight of holding on to their power. Under such circumstances there is little hope that its introduction would be attended by any immediate improvement in the internal condition of the country.\n\nIn Hupeh the question of the Civil Governorship has been settled by the surrender of the Central Government who have now appointed a persona grata to the Military Governor. Their original nominee was unable during his six months' tenure of the post to occupy his own office, preferring to remain for safety's sake in the neighbourhood of the foreign concessions on the opposite bank of the Yang-tsze.\n\nTurning to North China, the difficulties ensuing upon the removal of the late Military Governor of Kansu, reported in my despatch No. 29 of the 12th January, remain unsolved, but so far hostilities have not broken out.\n\nAt the moment all eyes are turned to Manchuria, waiting for the next move by Chang Tso-lin, which, there is reason to fear, may precipitate hostilities between him and his rivals. The casus belli cannot be foretold, but there are strong reasons for the belief that Chang is determined to reinstate the Emperor Hsuan-t'ung. Apart from information reaching the Legation from more than one reliable source the following circumstances give support to this view.\n\nThe surrender of Urga to the Mongols, on which I am reporting separately, and the subsequent evacuation by the Chinese of Outer Mongolia, have taken place without assistance being given to his own countrymen by Chang or his subordinates, who alone were in a position to offer it effectively and speedily. Not only so, but the case of Baron Ungern who, with his Russian and Buriat troops, gave valuable aid to the Mongols, and was for months at Hailar, a station on the `Chinese Eastern Railway` under ... \n\n[6208 36-1] \n`F 1945/81/10` \nPage 180",
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    {
        "id": 489789,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 280,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Proofread Text\n\n\nenable them to refuse to carry out the orders of the Faking government, it may be asked why they do not allow members for the regions under their control to be \"elected\" and thus help to create a Parliament in which their opponents would hold only a minority of seats. There are two reasons why they should not do so; first, the motives actuating them are too various to enable the representatives of their territories, i.e., in fact their own delegates, to form a solid bloc; secondly, there is a certainty that a Parliament in which Chang Tso-lin and his premier held only a minority of votes would be powerless and soon dismissed or converted into a pro-Chang rump. This would mean civil war if Chang's opponents were ready for it; and there are cheaper and less obnoxious ways of bringing about civil war than by sending up members of Parliament only to be sent down again.\n\nIt may be added that there are good grounds for believing that Wu P'ei-fu is now politically on intimate terms with Lu Yung-hsiang, the Military Governor of Kiangsu, who has abandoned his former \"Anfu\" political following and has recently addressed a telegraphic circular to other provinces recommending the policy of provincial autonomy. The attitude of General Hsü Ch'an-yuan on this point is not decided. Though now a member of the clique of Military Governors controlling the Peking Government, his position in Hupeh is extremely shaky; he has so far maintained opposition to the carrying out of elections there, and it is possible that he will decide to throw in his lot with Wu P'ei-fu, Lu Yung-hsiang, and the leaders of the southern autonomous provinces; and with these Ch'en Chiung-ming may be counted, although he is at the moment compelled by expediency to throw in his lot with Sun Yat-sen and his \"independent\" ultra-radicals.",
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    {
        "id": 489802,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 293,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## Opium Cultivation in Various Regions\n\nThe situation regarding opium cultivation in various regions is as follows:\n\n- The northern troops are known to encourage farmers to plant opium in many places, particularly in Teng-k'on, Kusi-t'ing, Hsiang-t'ing, Fong-t'ing, and Tsu-hsiao. The area around Kienning-fu has a plentiful supply of opium.\n- In the eastern and more settled portion of the Marches of Tibet, large quantities of poppy are grown. The revenue from this source provides a large proportion of the revenue of the Frontier Commissioner, who is directly under the Government.\n\nWhile there is no recent information on the cultivation in Manchuria, it has been prevalent in the provinces of Kirin and Heilungkiang within recent years, as informed in a letter from this Legation dated May 6th, 1919.\n\nThe situation in Hainan has already been the subject of correspondence. The last letter on the subject was dated the 9th ultimo.\n\nRegarding the remaining provinces:\n| Province | Status of Opium Cultivation |\n| --- | --- |\n| Yunnan | Opium is being grown throughout the province. A regular system of taxation, under the guise of fines, is in force, and peasants are encouraged or compelled to plant the seed. |\n| Szechuan | Comparatively free from the abuse except in the districts of Tien-chiang, Liangshan, Yanchiang, and Nanch'uan, where opium poppy is being grown even in the immediate vicinity of the district city. There is a considerable traffic in opium from these areas. |\n\nPage 292",
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    {
        "id": 490001,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "page_number": 492,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure 2 in No. 1\n\n## Memorandum communicated to Wai-chiao Pu by Sir J. Jordan\n\n**SIR JOHN JORDAN** has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the memorandum from the Wai-chiao Pu, dated the 26th instant, requesting him to include Chekiang in the list of provinces into which the import of Indian opium is forbidden.\n\nThe Wai-chiao Pu are no doubt well aware that Sir John Jordan has ever been ready to make the necessary investigations in all cases of provinces which it might be desired to place on the prohibition list.\n\nThe poppy season in Chekiang is now over, and it is too late to attempt any investigations. It is unfortunate that Chekiang did not make its application earlier, if it wished to be placed on the prohibition list this year.\n\nThe evidence in the possession of Sir John Jordan would not justify him in acceding to the request put forward by the Wai-chiao Pu until he has made fuller and more detailed enquiries.\n\nHis Majesty's consuls at Hangchow and Ningpo are being called upon to submit reports in this connection, and on their receipt His Majesty's Legation will again communicate with the Wai-chiao Pu on the subject.\n\nPeking, May 29, 1913.\n\n# No. 2\n\n## Mr. Alston to Sir Edward Grey.—(Received June 26.)\n\nPeking, June 11, 1913.\n\nI HAVE the honour to enclose copies of correspondence with the Wai-chiao Pu relative to the prohibition of the import of Indian opium into the province of Fukien under article 3 of the Opium Agreement of 1911.\n\nThe memorandum of the Wai-chiao Pu has been the first intimation of their desire to have Fukien placed on the prohibition list. A very large amount of poppy has undoubtedly been grown in the southern districts, and, although trustworthy information has indicated that the bulk of this has been destroyed, still it would appear that an appreciable quantity has been harvested.\n\nThe poppy is in flower at the end of February, and it would not have been possible at this late date to have tested the assertions of the Fukien Tutu.\n\nI have informed the Wai-chiao Pu that I am not prepared to place Fukien on the prohibition list until I have made fuller and more detailed enquiries, and that I will communicate further with them on receipt of reports from His Majesty's consuls at Amoy and Foochow, to whom instructions on the subject are being sent.\n\nOn the 31st March the Wai-chiao Pu received a telegram from the Tutu and chief civil administrator of Fukien to the effect that P'u-tien and Hsien-yu districts, also the Han-chiang and Mei-chou country, had been completely cleared of the poppy. On the 26th April another telegram reached the Wai-chiao Pu to the effect that the Szuming district was clear. On the 3rd May a further telegram was received, stating that Hui-an and Chin-chiang had also successfully reported themselves clear. On the 6th May another telegram was received, saying that Nan-an was clear of the poppy, and that the work of clearing the whole of that part of the country was complete. On the 1st June a further telegram was received, stating that the intendant of the southern circuit had telegraphed that all poppy in the Ch'uan-chou district had been cut down either in his presence or in that of others acting under his strict orders, and that the whole country under his jurisdiction had been reported clear. The Tutu also received a telegram from the intendant of the western circuit, that he had sent out troops of soldiers to root up the poppy crop throughout Changchou, that these men had all successfully returned to the capital city of the intendancy, and that the whole of his territory was clear. The Tutu reported to the Wai-chiao Pu, with reference to the Min-chou, Ch'ang-le, Lien-chiang, Min-ching, Ku-tien, Fu-an, Fu-ting and Hsia-p'u districts of the eastern circuit, and the Shah Hsien, Shao-wu, Chien-ning and Nan-ping districts of the northern circuit, that, although occasional illicit cultivation had taken place, the magistrates of the above districts had in every case sent in a report and the crop had been completely rooted up. The Tutu finally declared that the whole province had, in fact, been cleared of poppy.\n\nThe Wai-chiao Pu have the honour to observe that the province of Fukien led the way in opium suppression some years ago, and in doing so was earlier than any other province. During 1911 opium was already prohibited and the province completely cleared. Missionaries of various nationalities gave their assistance in investigating, and signed a statement recognising these facts. In the sixth moon of that year a proclamation was issued by the customs forbidding the import of opium from neighbouring provinces. The authorities were on the point of broaching negotiations for the prohibition of import of the Indian drug, when the revolution broke out, and there was no time to look into the matter. Again in the southern prefectures, but the poppy there has now been ploughed up without exception and the whole province is now clear. Therefore, article 3 of the Opium Agreement of 1911 and the precedent of Chihli and other provinces should be acted upon, and the import of Indian opium should be stopped. The Wai-chiao Pu have the honour to request His Majesty's Minister to take note of the above and to consent to place Fukien on the list of provinces into which import of Indian opium is forbidden pending the revision of the Opium Agreement. The Wai-chiao Pu trusts to receive a reply from His Majesty's Minister.\n\n**(Seal of the Wai-chiao Pu)**\n\n## Enclosure 1 in No. 2\n\nI have, &c.\n\nB. ALSTON.\n\n## Memorandum communicated to Sir J. Jordan by Wai-chiao Pu, June 6, 1913\n\n**(Translation)**\n\nOWING to disorders stirred up by local rebels the important policy of opium suppression in Fukien met with great difficulties. During January of the present year the Wai-chiao Pu telegraphed to the Fukien Tutu instructing him to give speedy orders for the discovery and suppression of the poppy. The Tutu gave orders to his subordinates, who, with the aid of the military, destroyed the rebels and rooted up the crop. No efforts were spared, and during the last few months progress has been resolutely made, the sacrifice of lives and property being no obstacle. Thus the sincerity of the intentions (of the provincial authorities) in opium suppression is known to all, whether Chinese or foreigners.\n\nOn the 31st March the Wai-chiao Pu received a telegram from the Tutu and chief civil administrator of Fukien to the effect that P'u-tien and Hsien-yu districts, also the Han-chiang and Mei-chou country, had been completely cleared of the poppy.\n\n## Enclosure 2 in No. 2\n\n## Memorandum communicated to Wai-chiao Pu by Mr. Alston\n\n**HIS MAJESTY'S CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES** has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the memorandum from the Wai-chiao Pu, dated the 6th June, asking for the inclusion of Fukien among the provinces into which the import of Indian opium is forbidden. The Wai-chiao Pu are no doubt well aware that His Majesty's Legation has ever been ready to make the necessary investigations in all cases of provinces which it might be desired to place on the prohibition list.\n\nThe poppy season in Fukien is now over, and it is too late to attempt any investigations. It is unfortunate that Fukien did not make its application earlier if it wished to be placed on the prohibition list this year.\n\nThe evidence in the possession of Mr. Alston would not justify him in acceding to the request put forward by the Wai-chiao Pu until he has made fuller and more detailed enquiries.\n\nHis Majesty's consuls at Amoy and Foochow are being called upon to submit reports in this connection, and on their receipt Mr. Alston will again communicate with the Wai-chiao Pu on the subject.\n\nPeking, June 10, 1913.\n\nPage 491 \nPage [0032]",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "page_number": 502,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## No. 15.\n\nI have, &c. \nJ. N. JORDAN.\n\nSir J. Jordan to Sir Edward Grey.-(Received May 4.)\n\nSir,\nPeking, April 20, 1914.\n\nWith reference to my despatch of the 17th January last, I have the honour to report that the investigation of Fukien for opium poppy cultivation, in accordance with the provisions of the Opium Agreement of May 1911, has been completed, and that the province has been found to be practically cleared of poppy growth. I have the honour to enclose herewith copy of two reports by the investigating officers, Mr. Consular Assistant Blackburn, for North Fukien, and Mr. Consular Assistant Turner, for South Fukien. These gentlemen travelled in their respective districts in company with the Chinese metropolitan and provincial delegates, and both of them speak in appreciation of the co-operation of their Chinese colleagues in the work of investigation.\n\nWhile it is satisfactory to know that the province has been cleared of poppy cultivation, it must be noted that this result has only been achieved by an extensive and drastic system of suppression on the part of the Chinese authorities. Without such official suppression, which in some instances preceded the investigation party's visit by a few days, or even a few hours only, a far different story would have been told by the reports, and it would be rash to prophesy that the effects of this spasmodic and special suppression will continue into the next season.\n\nThe terms of the agreement are, however, fulfilled, and I have therefore notified the Chinese Government that the importation of Indian opium into the province of Fukien will be prohibited as from the 1st May, 1914. I have the honour to enclose copy of my despatch to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\n### Enclosure 1 in No. 15.\n\nMr. Blackburn to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nMarch 21, 1914.\n\nI have the honour to report that, in accordance with the instructions contained in your despatch of the 31st January, I have, in company with Mr. Yeh K'o-liang, deputy of the Central Government, and Mr. Chen Shou-hsiang, deputy of the Fukien Provincial Government, made a tour of investigation in the north of this province, and that, as far as I have been able to ascertain, the cultivation of the opium poppy has been entirely suppressed.\n\nThere being no information in the possession of the consulate which would lead me to suspect that opium was being cultivated in any particular place, I arranged my itinerary so as to visit the largest number of the most notorious opium-growing centres with the least waste of time, though I was subsequently compelled to modify to some extent my original route owing to the limited time at my disposal, the extremely difficult nature of the country traversed, and the inclemency of the weather. The roads are all paved paths 2 feet to 4 feet broad, carried over the mountains by steps, which after rain become so slippery that it is only possible to move slowly when it is possible to travel at all.\n\nI left Foochow on the 17th February, commencing my investigations from Kuantou, on the Min River, whence I proceeded northwards, visiting in succession the following districts: Lien Chiang, Lo Yuan, Ning Tê, Fu An, Fu Ning, Shou Ning, Cheng Ho, Sung Ch'i, and Chien Ou (Kienning). From Kienning I took boat and returned by river, visiting Yan P'ing district en route, and arriving in Foochow on the 19th March. I have the honour to make the following observations in connection with the various districts I visited:\n\n| District | Observations |\n| --- | --- |\n| Lien Chiang | Formerly a large opium-producing centre, but is now almost entirely under wheat, rape, and rice. The missionaries did not report any opium here last year, and the magistrate informed me that hardly any attempt had been made to sow this season. |\n| Lo Yuan | Has never been an opium-growing district, and there is no sign of any disposition on the part of the people to cultivate it. |\n| Ning Tê | Formerly one of the largest opium-producing districts. The missionaries state that the whole plain, up to the gates of the city, used to be covered with poppy, but there is now nothing visible except wheat and rape. |\n| Fu An | Was in former days by far the worst opium-growing district in the north of Fukien, but though I spent some days in this neighbourhood and made as complete a search as possible, I could find no trace of present cultivation. The magistrate, Mr. Yü, seems a most capable and energetic man, and he has himself spent five months out of the last fourteen in the mountain districts personally superintending the uprooting of the poppy. |\n| Fu Ning | Ranks second to Fu An as an opium-producing district. It was on the road between Fu Ning and Fu An that Rev. Curtis reported having seen poppy last year, but there was none visible when I passed along this road. |\n| Shou Ning | Formerly a large producing centre. The inhabitants are miserably poor, and the temptation to plant such a profitable article as opium is correspondingly great; but the state of terror to which the inhabitants have been reduced is well illustrated by the fact that they have rooted up not only the artemisia plant but every other which in leaf or flower in the remotest degree resembled the poppy, for fear lest I should mistake them for poppy. |\n\nPage 22\nmeasures against importation have proved effective, and I do not therefore think that an actual inspection of Honan is required in order to justify the province being placed upon the closed list. I would propose that it should be declared closed simultaneously with Fukien, and any other of the provinces that may, after inspection, be found free from opium this spring.\n\nThe province of Kiangsi presents a momentary difficulty. The reports from the province have not spoken definitely of cultivation, and there seemed every prospect that Kiangsi would find a place on the list of closed provinces. But the Kiangsi authorities have requested the Central Government that there should be no inspection of the province for poppy cultivation this spring, for the reason that the rebellion of last year has left the southern part of the province in a disturbed state, and the provincial authorities do not feel confident that their prohibitions of poppy cultivation have been observed. A report just received from His Majesty's consul at Kiukiang of a disturbance at Ningtuchow, in the south of the province of Kiangsi, confirms the reason given by the Chinese authorities.\n\nUnder article 3 of the 1911 Agreement, the closing of the ports of Canton and Shanghai to the import of Indian opium shall not take effect except as a final step. The postponement of inspection of Kiangsi province must therefore necessarily postpone any question of closing Canton and Shanghai.\n\nLittle or no native opium is grown in the province of Kuangtung, which could probably at any time establish a claim to be placed on the closed list. In Kiangsu, the province in which Shanghai is situated, there is understood to be a considerable amount of cultivation, and in the natural course of things its closure could not take place at the earliest until the spring of next year.\n\nPage 23\n\nI have, &c.\nJ. N. JORDAN.",
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        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Report on Opium Cultivation in Fukien Province\n\n## Investigation Findings\n\n24 \n\nPoppies and get the owners of the land into trouble. In this district, which has a mean height of about 1,000 feet above sea-level, there is only one crop of rice a year, and, this season's crop not having yet been sown, the ground was lying fallow, in striking contrast to the other districts I had traversed, which were already green. I enquired whether proper steps were being taken to see that these lands would not be sown with poppy after my investigations were closed, and was assured that not only was it now some ten days past the latest possible date on which poppy could be planted this season, but that the vigilance of the anti-opium authorities would not be relaxed until the whole ground was sown with crops other than poppy.\n\nCheng Ho-One of the less notorious districts. The cultivable land between Shou Ning and Cheng Ho used, in former days, to be covered with poppy, but there does not appear to be any at present cultivated. My object in choosing this route was partly because I was not expected to take it, and partly because, the country it traverses being outside the range of the missions and very rarely visited by foreigners, we had no information respecting it.\n\nSung Ch'i has a reputation as an opium-smoking, rather than as an opium-cultivating, district. Rev. J. Blondy informed me that he had only heard of one case of cultivation during the last twelve months, and in this case the offender was shot. The district is covered with official notices relating the circumstances and the penalty inflicted, as a warning to other would-be planters.\n\nKienning-In Kienning and Shaowu prefectures there are in all some 2,000 Hunanese and Anhui troops, distributed among the cities and villages specially for opium work. They are under the command of the Hunanese Resident-General at Kienning, who is an ardent anti-opium enthusiast, and I am of opinion that they have done their work thoroughly. The British missionaries informed me that, as far as they knew, there had been no attempts at opium cultivation this season.\n\nYen Ping was never a large opium-growing district, the soil not being very suitable. I am informed that a few months ago a certain amount was seen along the river, but I neither saw nor heard of any while in the district.\n\n## Anti-Opium Campaign\n\nI have been deeply impressed by the thoroughness and efficiency with which the campaign against the cultivation of opium is being carried on and the spirit which animates the workers. The Government institution (`Chin Yen Chu`) and the voluntary organisation (`Ch'ü Tu Shê`) work side by side, though the brunt of the field work is borne by the latter. In every town and village, there is an anti-opium office or sub-office, to which as a rule the majority of the gentry belong. In each `hsien` there is an inspector, and a number of `hsien` are grouped under an inspector-general, of whom there are four in North Fukien. Most of the inspectors are gentlemen and well educated, who are devoting their time entirely and without remuneration to the eradication of opium. They claim to have personally examined, not once but frequently, every portion of their respective districts, and, from their intimate knowledge of even the minutest features of the landscape, I am of opinion that their claim is well founded. I was given every possible facility for visiting any place I expressed a wish to see, but though I made as efficient a search as my time permitted, I found not so much as a single poppy during the month I was absent from Foochow. Everywhere are posted notices offering rewards of from 20 dollars to 40 dollars for information as to poppy cultivation, and warnings that any person found cultivating poppy will be shot. In some districts, every household is bound to supply one person to assist in the general search when called upon to do so, failing which a fine of 30 cents is imposed.\n\n## Districts Not Visited\n\nOf the opium districts which I had not time to visit, the most important are Fu Ch'ing and Fu T'ing, the former south of Foochow, and the latter in the north-east corner of the province. However, I have no reason to suppose they have not been as thoroughly dealt with as the other districts, especially as it was considered absolutely certain that I would visit them. So much was this the case that the most elaborate preparations had been made for our reception. As soon as we reached the gate of Fu Ning City, a runner was despatched to Fu T'ing to announce our approaching arrival, without even waiting to ascertain my intentions in the matter. Later, when we reached Shou Ning, I received a letter from the Fu Ting magistrate asking if I could not possibly make it convenient to visit his district, as it would be a disappointment for those who had laboured so hard to eradicate the poppy if their work was not so much as looked at. I received similar messages from P'u Cheng, Chung An, Ping Nan, and many other districts. Apart, however, from this merely sentimental consideration, there is no doubt that the magistrates and anti-opium authorities were delighted when I visited their district, as my visit—and incidentally that of the escort of forty soldiers—would render the task of suppression easier by bringing strongly to the minds of the people the seriousness of the anti-opium campaign. It was presumably with this same end in view, to impress the people, that wherever I went I was paid the most exaggerated honours, and dignified by titles as exalted as that of \"British Minister.\"\n\n## Observations and Conclusion\n\nOne feature worthy of notice is that the gentry seem to be taking an active part in the suppression of opium, resistance being now confined almost entirely to the lower classes. It is explained that the reason for this somewhat astonishing fact is that opium-smoking is now no longer considered a respectable thing to do, and, as a gentleman loses caste by being a smoker, most of the better classes are breaking themselves of the habit. This does not apply to the labouring classes, and members of the Anti-Opium Association have remarked to me that they had to give up hope of redeeming confirmed smokers as a class, and confine their attentions more especially to preventing those who are not already confirmed smokers from acquiring the vice.\n\nAt most of the larger places I visited, I received deputations of the leading gentry and chambers of commerce, who wished to express their hearty thanks to His Majesty's Government for its co-operation and for the present investigation. In replying, I impressed on them, as also on the magistrates, that if the province was closed to the import of Indian opium, this must not be the signal for the relaxation of their efforts, and that any cultivation of opium in the future would be a grave breach of faith towards His Majesty's Government. I was given to understand that the present severe measures would be continued for another year, at the end of which period the seed which the farmers might now be hiding would be dead and useless, and that it was expected that three more years of close surveillance would suffice to put a stop to any extensive poppy cultivation for many years to come.\n\nIn my opinion, there is at the present time no opium being cultivated in the north of this province, except, perhaps, in very small quantities in very well concealed places. If such is cultivated, it is probably not for consumption, but for the sake of the seed, which the farmers hope to keep alive till the present crisis is passed. At present, the death penalty which is being inflicted on opium growers does not seem to have any legal sanction, but the Civil Governor has just stated that this is to be remedied shortly, and that death will be the statutory punishment for opium cultivators.\n\n25 \n\nIn conclusion, I wish to record my appreciation of the unfailing courtesy and assistance of my two colleagues, and of the efforts of the Provincial Government, whose guest I was, and who did their utmost to make my journey as pleasant as possible. Our route not being known, every magistrate had instructions to be ready to receive and assist us, and some of them were put to a great deal of difficulty and inconvenience.\n\nSir,\n\nI append a sketch showing my route.*\n\n## Enclosures and Sign-off\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 15.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nA. D. BLACKBURN.\n\nConsul Little to Sir J. Jordan.\n\nAmoy, April 2, 1914.\n\nI HAVE the honour to forward herewith a report by Mr. W. P. W. Turner on a journey of investigation into the cultivation of the opium poppy in South Fukien.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nH. A. LITTLE.\n\n*Not reproduced.",
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        "page_number": 520,
        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# Report of an Inspection of the Eastern Part of the Province of Yunnan, to learn the Amount of Cultivation of Opium Poppy. May, 1917.\n\nUNDER instructions from His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Peking, I had left Ichang on the 10th March, 1917, in order to proceed to the province of Kueichow to inspect that province for opium cultivation. I reached Chungking on the 27th March, and there I found awaiting me further instructions from His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires, ordering me to continue my journey when I had traversed the province of Kueichow, and to make a similar journey of inspection through the eastern part of Yunnan province. I completed my journey through Kueichow province on the 1st May, on which day I arrived at Chiang-ti, a small village on the Ching Ho or Ching-fei Ho, a river which forms the boundary-line between the two provinces of Kueichow and Yunnan at that point. The Chinese official delegates from the provincial capital of Yunnan were awaiting me in a village, on the Yunnan side of the river; and having crossed the river into Yunnan at 7:30 on the morning of the 2nd May, I was received by them, and after a brief conference and farewells to the Kueichow delegates, who had accompanied me across the river, we proceeded on our journey in Yunnan.\n\nThe Yunnan delegates were two: the senior was Mr. Chan Ping-chung, the head of the Bureau des Renseignements, at Yunnan-fu; a secret service department, and the assistant delegate was a Mr. Yang, a clerk from one of the Yunnan-fu yamêns.\n\nMany changes were noticeable on passing from Kueichow to Yunnan. The aspect of the country took on a change for the worse, characterised by comparative barrenness and bleakness; and the Yunnan native was of a poorer class and of an inferior type than his Kueichow brother. The general deterioration was visible also in the crops, which were everywhere poor and scanty. The principal crop in Eastern Yunnan was peas, but it was not comparable with the Ssuchuan crop, or even with that of Kueichow.\n\nTwo days from Chiang-ti brought us to Loping (39 miles), over bare rough country of red and very stony earth. At Loping Mr. Chan requested me to travel direct to Yunnan-fu, suggesting that from Yunnan-fu we could take the train and do the journey to Hokow comfortably in two days. He stated that he did not like the hardships and inconvenience of travel in the interior of China. I told him that I did not propose to go to Yunnan-fu, where a British consular officer was permanently stationed; and that on no account would I travel by train on such a journey of inspection. Mr. Chan, however, never ceased for several days harping on the comforts of train-travel as compared with our rough paths and tracks.\n\nFor the next five days, from Loping to Mi-le (82 miles), the country was rough and mountainous, being at the altitude of 5,000-6,000 feet above sea-level. Yunnan is notorious for its strong winds, and it well preserved its reputation during my visit. Even in the middle of the day, wearing thick clothes and a heavy winter overcoat, I was barely comfortably warm. The \"road\" led through undulating plateaux, sometimes as much as 5 miles wide, and over mountain passes; the hill country is rocky and uncultivated. The high winds bring much dust. General conditions are thus antagonistic to agriculture in that part of Eastern Yunnan, and the attenuated crops of peas and barley testified to the farmers' difficulties. Population is very sparse; in the hill districts there are a considerable number of people of the Lolo tribe.\n\nOn leaving me at the border of his jurisdiction the Lo-ping magistrate enquired with much anxiety if I had observed any opium poppy within his jurisdiction; and he vowed that to the best of his knowledge and belief there was not a single opium plant in his territory. I replied that I was aware that local officials had shown much zeal this spring in destroying all vestiges of the opium crop.\n\nThe general poverty of the highland districts was reflected in even the official buildings. The Shih-tsung magistrate offered me quarters for the night in his own yamên; the room he offered me was as good as any in the building, but even so it was in a tumbledown condition, with large holes in the roof, which also did duty as ceiling to the room.\n\nIn the environs of Kuang-hsi, a town of some 5,750 feet of height above sea-level, and of about 2,500 inhabitants, it was a pleasing change to see extensive patches of vegetable gardens. They were quite the healthiest-looking crops I had seen in Yunnan. The soil hereabouts looked less poor, being more brown than red, the reddish soil being chiefly of a sandy consistency.\n\nFrom Mi-le there was difficulty about route, the only recognised road going westwards to Po-hsi on the Yunnan-Tonquin railway, and the direction in which I desired to proceed being to the south-east. Local enquiry elicited information that there were rough tracks to the south-east, but they were very rarely used, and only a very few of the natives knew their way to them. I maintained that the local officials must know, or must be able to ascertain without difficulty, the routes in any direction in their own jurisdiction, and I suggested that the local officials should provide us with responsible guides. My immediate objective was Ch'iu-pei, a fairly large town, which appeared from the map to be about five or six days' march from Mi-le. Mr. Chan offered to obtain a sketch-map of the route, and he handed me a route plan, showing five stages to Ch'iu-pei. This I agreed to follow. On the second day we reached a village, Kai-tien, when Mr. Chan coolly informed me that his plan was incorrect, and that we were now only 10 miles from Ami-chow, a town on the railway; furthermore, that the only road from Kai-tien went to Ami-chow. I was highly incensed at this impudent deception, and insisted that I would attempt to find a direct route eastwards to Chiu-pei. With some difficulty an inferior military officer was discovered who said he knew a track to the eastward. Next morning, however, all the bearers and coolies went on strike, saying that I was taking them into wild parts of the country, where they could get no food and where they would contract fever and die. With persuasion and argument, however, the majority of them yielded, the places of the few who refused to yield being filled by local men.\n\nAfter travelling for half a day over rough hills, inhabited here and there by Lolo charcoal-burners, we came to an impasse - a long steep descent, impossible for baggage, chairs, or animals, with a river in the valley below and a difficult, if not impossible, ascent on the far side. I clambered ahead to satisfy myself that there was no way through, and after careful examination I decided to order a retreat. Mr. Chan was obviously pleased, and said that no doubt now I would overcome my prejudice to the railway, as the road to Ami-chow was the only route left for us. But I again disappointed him by telling him that I proposed to go back one day's march and try eastwards again. So we returned the following day to Chu-yuan, and thence I was more successful and reached Chiu-pei in four days' stages, in spite of much opposition.\n\nThe road to Ch'iu-pei was the highest part of my journey in Yunnan. At Huang-li-hai-so, a small village, in which we put up for the night, two stages before reaching Chiu-pei, the altitude above sea-level was 6,810 feet. Villages were not frequent along this route, and the majority were inhabited by Lolo savages, who cultivated the land in the immediate vicinity of the villages, but left the steep hill-sides and the rest of the country in a state of original wildness.\n\nAt Ch'iu-pei, Taoyin Ho, of Mengtzu, met me and travelled with me for the remaining eleven days to Hokow (198 miles). His health was far from good, and he travelled huddled up in his chair, complaining of the hardships of travel and of the weather, which was far from propitious, the heavy rains being just at the commencement of their season. He also pressed me to go to Mengtzu, there to take the train for the rest of the journey. He expressed himself anxious on my behalf because of the bands of brigands which infested the south-east corner of the province, and pointed out that if I did not tell him my route in detail, he could not clear the brigands away before our arrival; but I suggested that it would be far better to take the brigands quite unawares and to capture the whole band with the aid of our brave escort.\n\nFrom Chiu-pei to Kaihua (63 miles) the country was rough and mountainous. The principal cultivation in this district is an astringent root, the local name of which is \"Three-Seven,\" from the fact that the root is only useful for commercial purposes between its third and its seventh years. It is cultivated in large covered enclosures, and much care is given to its cultivation, dogs and cats being kept within the enclosures to keep down rats and other vermin which find the san-ch'i good to eat.\n\nAt Chiang-na, one stage before Kaihua, I was unfortunate in missing by half a day only, Mr. F. Brown, of the Carnegie Terrestrial Magnetism Mission. Mr. Brown had travelled much in Yunnan this spring, and was then on his way from Bhamo to Canton, viâ Ssumo, Mengtzu, Kaihua, Pose. Mr. Brown's route lay from west to east. I later received a letter from Mr. Brown, informing me that ...",
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        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "68 \n\nEnclosure 7 in No. 29. \n\nActing Consul Brown to Mr. Alston. \n\n**Sir.** \n\nKiukiang, May 8, 1917. I have the honour to forward herewith a report on a journey of investigation into the cultivation of the opium poppy in the province of Kiangsi jointly with officials appointed by the Chinese Government in accordance with article 4 of the Opium Agreement of 1911. \n\nI have, &c. \n\nEnclosure 8 in No. 29. \n\nW. RUSSELL BROWN. \n\n## Report on a Journey of Investigation into the Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in the Province of Kiangsi. \n\nI have the honour to report that Messrs. Chien Kuang-hsi and Huang Tao-hsiung, the Chinese delegates appointed by the Wai-chiao Pu and the Ministry of the Interior, reached Kiukiang on the 16th March, and left with me by rail on the 19th March for Southern Kiangsi via Nanchang and the River Kan. This route was selected as the most practicable in view of the information in the possession of the consulate, which showed that the cultivation of opium poppy had been completely eradicated in the plains and low-lying parts of the province, and that any opium which might exist would be found in remote places in the mountains. On this point Protestant and Catholic missionaries, and the local Chinese press were unanimous. The mountainous regions of Kanchou, Yu Tu, Hsing Kuo, Ningtu, and Ihuang in the south and south-east and the range of hills lying on the borders of Chien Chang, Ani, and Chingan in the north-west were generally regarded as suspicious localities, and I therefore determined to visit these districts in succession. Owing to the difference in the climate between the north and south of the province, the poppy flowering three weeks earlier in the Kanchou region than in the Ani district, we directed our course first to the south. \n\nOur party, augmented by deputies despatched by the provincial administration and escorts of soldiers and police, left Nanchang early on the morning of the 21st March in seven junks, and were towed by steam launches up the Kan River to Wanan. Here on the 28th March we left the river and proceeded by chair to Kan Hsien (formerly Kan Chou), where we arrived on the 30th March. \n\nEnquiries were made by me at the Protestant and Catholic mission stations touched at en route from Nanchang, and I was everywhere informed that the rigorous measures of the magistrates and anti-opium officials had effectually suppressed opium-poppy cultivation in those districts. \n\nThe Protestant and Catholic missionaries at Kan Hsien were equally emphatic on this point, and assured me that it would be waste of time to visit the hills in that region. I accordingly pressed on to Yü Tu, which was reached on the 2nd April, after an exceedingly difficult two days' march. \n\nAs Yu Tu was one of the few districts in which opium poppy was known to have been grown in 1916, I determined to pay particular attention to this region, and after passing the district city, I left the road, climbed the most difficult part of the mountain range, and proceeded inland for a couple of hours' journey, looking with a pair of powerful field-glasses at the pockets of land lying between the hills. In this way I was able to satisfy myself beyond doubt that no opium poppy was under cultivation in an area of many square miles. I eventually regained the main road by a different route, and in the afternoon scaled the mountains to the south-west by a woodcutter's path. Here I spent some four hours in a careful inspection of the surrounding country, and returned convinced that no opium poppy was grown there, as I had been able to see the crops over an area of more than 12 square miles. The climbing in this part of the country was so difficult that only two officers and a few of the soldiers were able to accompany me. We reached the borders of Hsing Kuo district before turning back. I did not enter that district as I had received information at Kan Hsien that opium poppy had been eradicated in that region in 1916 after a severe fight between the troops and the people, in the course of which several persons had been killed and wounded and many houses burned. \n\n87 \n\nOn the 5th April we arrived at Ningtu, where we were forced to rest for one day owing to the exhaustion of our party. Many of the soldiers were brought in in chairs, as they were quite unable to walk. \n\nAt Ningtu, Mr. and Mrs. Seipel, missionaries in charge of the China Inland Mission station in that city, gave me a most cordial welcome, and assured us that the poppy was believed to be extinct in that region. But from another source I learnt the name of one possible opium-poppy growing locality, the Mi Shih Chai mountain, 70 li from Ningtu, on the road to Ihuang. \n\nOn the 8th April we left in a northerly direction for Ihuang, and stopped the night at Lo K'ou. Here eight people were shot in 1915 in an affray between the opium growers and the troops despatched to carry out suppression work. \n\nThe Mi Shih Chai mountain was situated some 10 li from Lo K'ou, and early on the morning of the 9th April we mounted it by a difficult path, and spent five hours in a careful exploration of the countryside. This region is said to be infested with tigers, so extra precautions were taken for the safety of our party. No poppy could be discovered anywhere, and the remains of the previous year's crops seen in the fields showed that none had been grown last year. We arrived at Ihuang on the 11th April, and from there proceeded to Lin Ch'uan (formerly Fu Chou), where we embarked on board junks and were towed by steam launch to Tu Chia Pu, in the Chien Ch'ang district. As the country was flooded we were able to make use of certain shallow channels and short cuts, whereby we saved between one and two days' time. \n\nIn the range of mountains lying on the borders of the three districts of Yung Hsiu (formerly Chien Ch'ang), Ani, and Ching An, the names of Hsia Ping, Mei Ling, and Ch'üan Shui Ch'in had been given as possible opium-poppy growing localities, and we therefore proceeded from Tu Chia Pu, via Yung Hsiu district city to Pai Ch'a, which appeared to be the most convenient centre for visiting the places in question. Hsia Ping, Mei Ling, and Ch'üan Shui Ch'in were found to be in close proximity, and on the 17th April I made a careful inspection and traversed the district without finding any trace of poppy, although the paths we took led us well into the heart of the hills away from the main roads. From here we crossed the mountains to Ani and entered the more level country leading to Feng Hsin and Kao An (formerly Jui-chou Fu). We arrived at Kao An on the 20th April. My intention had been to proceed to Shang-kao and the Wan Tsai district, but in view of the advanced date and the favourable information received from the missionaries at Kao An it appeared waste of time to investigate further in this direction, and I accordingly returned to Kiukiang via Nanchang. I spent a day and a half in the provincial capital as the guest of the civil Governor, and returned to my post at Kiukiang on the 24th April. \n\n## Method of Inspection. \n\nIn those districts where the names of possible opium-poppy growing localities had been furnished, the Chinese delegates and I visited and inspected each of the places in question. In those regions where it was commonly believed that poppy might possibly be found \"somewhere in the hills,\" I picked out the highest and most inaccessible part of the mountain range, ascended it by any track that could be found, and proceeded inland or along the crest for some miles until I had satisfied myself by the aid of powerful field-glasses that no poppy was under cultivation. In order to obtain fuller information as to the crops, official anti-opium proclamations, people, and general conditions, I walked for the greater part of the overland journey, and was thereby enabled to see much that might otherwise have escaped my notice. \n\n## Relations with Chinese Officials. \n\nFrom first to last I have met with the utmost courtesy and consideration at the hands of the Military and Civil Governors and their subordinates. The district magistrates and the gentry of every district visited have extended the heartiest hospitality to me as the representative of His Majesty's Legation. Every facility was given me of visiting and inspecting any part of the country, and my wishes were met in every respect. \n\nThe successful organisation of our party reflects the greatest credit on Mr. Wang Nien-tsu, the Kiukiang magistrate, and the officers under his control. It is entirely... \n\n[6032] \n\nPage 87 \nPage 68",
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        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "## 120\n\nobstacle in the way. You enquired what had been the effect of the opium prohibition measures taken by me, and also as to the planting of other crops. You further asked for a reply in order that you might report to His Majesty's Minister.\n\nI beg to observe that in the lower part of the province, the country people having secretly planted opium, I have on frequent occasions ordered the various magistrates to make thorough investigation and completely eradicate the poppy.\n\nAt the present time the newly-appointed magistrates are successfully carrying out my instructions, and are zealously acting in accordance with the programme formerly laid down by me. It is to be hoped that at an early date opium cultivation will have been swept away.\n\nBut in Sien Yu district, in spite of military reinforcements, many brigands exist in the less-frequented places, of whom the chief is one Chang Nai Wu. Although this man has been arrested, his adherents are scattered about everywhere. Their capture is on the point of being effected, but there is still the brigand chief Wu Wei and others, who during the last two days have been opposing the Government troops. It is a fact, then, brigands are occupying part of this district, and up to the present they have not been dispersed. On this account, it has not been possible to eradicate completely opium planted by these brigands, and I am therefore very much ashamed.\n\nI have again instructed most strictly the local officials, civil and military, to make the most careful and thorough investigation in regard to secret cultivation of opium, and to pull it up in order to stamp out the abuse at an early date. In this way, we may requite the friendly spirit and assistance of foreign nations. In the event of any breach of the regulations, the offenders are to be dealt with severely in accordance with the law.\n\nI have the honour to address you the above reply for your information.\n\nI have, &c.\n**LI HOU C.II.**\n\n## 121\n\nIf in this way we can avoid the evil spreading over the country, it will be fortunate. I am very nervous in sending this letter, which I beg you will read.\n\nApril 8, 1921.\n**WU WEI, Temporary Commander of the 2nd Regiment of the 1st Division of Fukien.**\n\n### LIST\n\n| Name of Tax | Name of Places in Hsien-yu | Amount in Dollars | Officials |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Field tax or opium duty | Kung Chien Li | 130,000 | Superintendent—Captain Cheng Hao-fei. Evil gentry—Fu Ching-ch'i Yu Ping-huang. |\n|  | Yung Hsing Li |  |  |\n|  | Jen Li |  | Superintendent—Staff Officer Jen. Evil gentry—Wang Chiao-nien. Huang Yueh Lu An-kuo. |\n|  | Hsiang Tien Li | 140,000 | Superintendent—Captain Liu Erb-fen. Evil gentry—Chen Nai-liang. Fang Ching-hejang. Cheng Yu-ting Chiang Fang-ching. |\n|  | Lien Chiang Li | 120,000 | Superintendent—Captain Li Feng-hsiang. Evil gentry—Liu Yu-lin, Chren Wei-chi. |\n|  | Tzu Hsia Li |  | Superintendent—Captain Lin Sbou-kuo. Evil gentry—Chen Shuang-Dan. Huang Tao-heng. |\n|  | An Hsien Li | 180,000 | Not known. |\n|  | Che Kuei Li |  |  |\n|  | Jen Te Li | 70,000 |  |\n|  | Shan Hua Li |  |  |\n|  | Wen Hsien Li | 80,000 |  |\n|  | Wan Shan Li |  |  |\n|  | Esing Hsien Li |  |  |\n\n(The total amount of opium duty levied is 670,000 dollars.)\n\nN.B.—Hsien Yu is divided into 14 li, but there is no opium in Haing Tai Li, and it is not therefore included in this list. All the officials were appointed by Wang Hsien-ch'en. The tax is being levied from February until the middle of April. Up to the present, opium is still to be found in the above districts and the opium tax office has not yet been abolished.\n\n## Enclosure 4 in No. 53\n\nExpress Letters instead of Telegrams to the British, American, French, Japanese, Russian, and Dutch Ministers at Peking, and to the British, American, French, Japanese, Russian, and Dutch consuls at Foochow and Amoy, and to the International Anti-Opium Society.\n\n(Translation.)\n\nWITH reference to the question of opium prohibition, we are very fortunate in that friendly nations signed an agreement for the opium trade to be extinguished within the extremely short space of ten years. But unfortunately, trouble broke out between North and South, and fighting took place in Fukien. The officials made a fine show with words, while the common people are greedy for gain, with the result that opium is again secretly cultivated. Such a proceeding is greatly to be hated. When Ch'en Chiung-ming left Fukien for Kwangtung, he handed back to Li Hou Chi, Governor of Fukien, the districts in the southern part of the province which he had occupied in order to unite the province. In October 1920, General Li sent Wang Hsien-ch'en, commander of the Body Guard, to guard Hsien-yu. But Wang Hsien-ch'en, after reaching Hsien-yu, allowed the people to plant the poppy, and at harvest time, he cunningly created a tax under the name of \"Tien Fu Chian,\" or field tax, and sent officials to establish an office. The tax was 150 dollars per mou, the total being 700,000 dollars.\n\nI append separately a list for your inspection. In this way, he showed his contempt for friendly nations and injured the work of opium prohibition. He aimed merely at profit and did great injury to the district. The proofs of this are very strong and thousands of eyes have seen it. On the 14th March, I sent telegrams to the Chinese Government, to various organisations, various opium prohibition offices, and various societies requesting them to act impartially and make representations to General Li. However, although this is a matter of supreme importance, Chinese officials still show leniency owing to questions of \"face.\" The condition arises, then, that by cunning and fair words, matters are glossed over and the case allowed to close, thus deceiving friendly nations. I am a Chinese subject and in my heart, I realise the danger. I venture to inform you in the hope that you gentlemen, who possess great influence, will be very sympathetic towards this disgraceful state of affairs, and I dare recklessly, therefore, to request you to make strong representations to the Chinese Government and General Li in order to prevent powerful officials from daring to aid the planting in this open manner.\n\n## Enclosure 5 in No. 53\n\n**Consul Phillips to Sir B. Alston.**\n\nSir,\n\nFoochow, May 12, 1921.\n\nWITH reference to my despatch of the 18th April, I have the honour to quote below, from a letter dated the 19th March, 1921, written to the American consul, by Mr. George W. Hollister, an American missionary resident at Hsienyu, Fukien, on the subject of opium cultivation in Hsienyu district:\n\nRecently, Mr. Carson and Mr. Winter, from Hsinghua city, and I made a trip over the Hsienya districts. We covered practically every section with the exception of the mountain circuits. We therefore had a good opportunity to see the amount of land planted in poppy.\n\n\"When we began our journey, we heard that the head officer of the Northern troops...",
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        "title": "CO129-471 - Public Offices - 1921",
        "content_text": "# [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government, \n## CHINA. \n### CONFIDENTIAL. \n`[F 3235/81/10]` \n\nNo. 1. \n## [August 20.] \n### SECTION 2. \n\n**Sir B. Alston to the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston**—(Received August 29.) (No. 389.)\n\nMy Lord,\n\nPeking, July 11, 1921.\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 180 of the 1st April, I have the honour to report on the political situation in this country since that date.\n\nIn Szechuan and Yunnan there has been no change. In the former province Liu Hsiang has had his position as Commander-in-chief of troops (which is temporarily combined with that of Civil Governor) confirmed by a so-called \"election;\" fighting which took place between the troops of Liu Ts'un-hou and their opponents has now ceased, but the province is still much disturbed, as described in my despatch No. 316 of the 18th June. In Yunnan, likewise, the conditions remain unsettled.\n\nIn Canton the dispute between Ch'en Chiung-ming and Sun Yat-sen terminated, temporarily at any rate, in the victory of the latter, who, on the 7th April, was elected by the \"Rump\" Parliament at Canton as President of the Republic. Hostilities between Kuangtung and the adjoining province of Kuangsi broke out about the 20th June. While the forces attacking the latter province by the West River route have succeeded in capturing the important city and port of Wuchow, they have not been successful in other directions, principally in the neighbourhood of Yamchow and Limchow, cities not far from the treaty port of Pakhoi; the Kuangsi forces have evidently concentrated their efforts in this direction in order to obtain independent access to the sea, which they do not normally possess.\n\nTurning to the province of Hupei, a mutiny of troops occurred at Ichang on the 4th June, resulting in the destruction by fire or looting of nearly all Chinese merchandise and property of value left after the mutiny of the 30th November last, and also causing much loss to British and other foreign merchants; full accounts of this event were given in my despatches Nos. 361 and 377 of the 28th June and 4th July respectively. Four days later the Military Governor's own troops mutinied and looted at Wuchang, the provincial capital, as reported in my despatch No. 363 of the 29th June. As a result General Wang Chan-yuan's position, bolstered up though it may be by his colleagues of Chihli and Mukden, has been much weakened, and it is doubtful how much longer he will be able to maintain his position in the face of threatened revolt by political parties opposed to him as well as by his own subordinates, among whom his butchery of 1,700 unarmed mutineers after the Wuchang mutiny has done nothing to enhance his reputation.\n\nOn the 25th May the President issued a mandate removing from his position the Military Governor of Shansi, Ch'en Shu-fan, who has for some years maintained and enriched himself by the proceeds of opium grown in his province, and appointing Yen Hsiang-wen, a subordinate of Wu Pei-fu, to succeed him. His successor has entered Shensi province with the assistance of numerous troops, who have on occasion had to fight troops owing allegiance to Chen Shu-fan. The intentions of the latter are not as yet clear; while he has made military dispositions, as if preparing to resist his successor, he continues to declare his readiness to hand over charge to Yen as soon as the latter reaches Taiyuan. There are grounds for the opinion that his desire is to delay his departure until he has received funds naturally coming to him from the opium harvest, which is now being gathered in.\n\nThe conference which took place at Tien-tsin at the end of April and beginning of May between the Military Governors of Mukden, Chihli and Hupeh, was succeeded by a visit of the three satraps to Peking, where they called upon the President and indulged night after night in gambling for huge sums of money. They finally returned to their homes at the end of May, taking with them sums which are believed to vary between 600,000 dollars and 3,000,000 dollars, which they had wrung from the so-called Central Government. The last-named sum is stated to have been obtained by Chang Tso-lin, who has accepted the position of Military High Commissioner for Mongolia and the duty of recovering that region for China, though it is stated that he still refuses to ...\n\nPage 566 \n`[6735 -2]`",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 291,
        "title": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "MINUTES.\n\nbellish\n\nSit.\n\nhoney\n\nacust\n\na very\n\nThey will no doubt hear from Maton, & show for, has sent copy of hill.\n\nte 27/5/22\n\nCopy to F.O. ask what.\n\nGh.27.8.22 27.1.22\n\n?\n\nrefly\n\nYu. 28.5.\n\nbin wood (Later offer action)\n\n(S.F. will have worm the mutely professed A20.0)\n\nSe 30.3.\n\nMINUTES NOT TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS SIDE.\n\nPARAPHRASE TELEGRAM from the Governor of Hong Kong to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, (Received Colonial Office 11.50 a.m, 26th March, 1922). Dated 26th March,\n\n290 A# 8\n\nA copy of this telegram has been sent to Peking. Result of agreement between Wu Pei Fu and Chang Tso Lin it now appears to be practically certain that Sun Yatsen's proposed expedition to the north will fall through. Sun will in that case try to return to Canton. He has already sent emissaries who have assassinated Chan Kwing Ming's Chief of Staff and attempted to assassinate Chan himself, thus preparing the way for his return.\n\nIf Sun gets rid of Chan who is the moderate factor in the situation and so establishes himself in complete control of Canton there will be continual trouble for us as he will foment fresh strikes,\n\nThe best way of serving the interests of this colony and of Great Britain in China would be by assisting Chan against Sun.\n\nWould there be any objection on the part of His Majesty's Government to loans being made to Chan privately to enable him to consolidate his position? Sufficient security can be obtained to justify Bank in providing the money. They would however wish to be assured through me that His Majesty's Government would approve the proposal.\n\nSTUBBS,",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "page_number": 292,
        "title": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "PARAPHRASE TELEGRAM from the Governor of Hong Kong to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, (Received Colonial Office 11.50 a.m. 26th March, 1922). Dated 26th March,\n\nAs a copy of this telegram has been sent to Peking.\n\nAs a result of agreement between Wu Pei Fu and Chang Tso Lin it now appears to be practically certain that Sun Yat Sen's proposed expedition to the north will fall through. Sun will in that case try to return to Canton. He has already sent emissaries who have assassinated Chan Chi Ming's Chief of Staff and attempted to assassinate Chan himself, thus preparing the way for his return.\n\nIf Sun gets rid of Chan who is the moderate factor in the situation and so establishes himself in complete control of Canton there will be continual trouble for us as he will foment fresh strikes.\n\nThe best way of serving the interests of this colony and of Great Britain in China would be by assisting Chan against Sun.\n\nWould there be any objection on the part of His Majesty's Government to loans being made to Chan privately to enable him to consolidate his position?\n\nSufficient security can be obtained to justify Bank in providing the money. They would however wish to be assured through me that His Majesty's Government would approve the proposal.\n\nSTUBBS.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "title": "CO129-474 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1922 [1-4]",
        "content_text": "Page 292\n\nPARAPHRASE TELEGRAM from the Governor of Hong Kong to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, (Received Colonial Office 11.50 a.m. 26th March, 1922). Dated 25th March, 1922.\n\nAs a result of agreement between Yu Fei Fu and Chang Tao Lin it now appears to be practically certain that Sun Yatsen's proposed expedition to the north will fall through. Sun will in that case try to return to Canton. He has already sent emissaries who have suborned Chan Kwing Ming's Chief of Staff and attempted to assassinate Chan himself, thus preparing the way for his return.\n\nIf Sun gets rid of Chan, who is the moderate factor in the situation and so establishes himself in complete control of Canton, there will be continual trouble for us as he will foment fresh strikes.\n\nThe best way of serving the interests of this Colony and of Great Britain in China would be by assisting Chan against Sun.\n\nWould there be any objection on the part of His Majesty's Government to loans being made to Chan privately to enable him to consolidate his position? Sufficient security can be obtained to justify the Bank in providing the money. They would, however, wish to be assured through me that His Majesty's Government would approve the proposal.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-475 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1922 [5-7]",
        "page_number": 32,
        "title": "CO129-475 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Acting Governor Claud Severn - 1922 [5-7]",
        "content_text": "300\n\n# HOW CHINA IS TO BE UNITED.\n\n(Daily Press, March 18th, 1922.) THERE is an amazing report in the Chinese press in the form of a cable from Shanghai to the effect that Marshal CHANG TSO-LIN—who is popularly regarded as the Autocrat of China—is about to issue a manifesto pledging his support to Dr. SUN YAT-SEN, and expressing his disappointment with the selfish military ambitions of General WU PEI-FU. To the majority of readers, perhaps, nothing would seem more incredible than this, for the organs of the Canton Party have been persistently denouncing CHANG TSO-LIN and all his works. The policies of SUN and CHANG have appeared to be utterly irreconcilable. The great War Lord of Mukden has been the maker of Cabinets at Peking, and it has been generally acknowledged that, without the support of his military forces, no Government could exist there. Last December his authority in this connection was plainly challenged by the younger member of the influential military triumvirate of the North—General WU PEI-FU, who sent forth from Hankow a series of vituperative telegrams denouncing as a traitor the man whom Marshal CHANG TSO-LIN had nominated to the office of Prime Minister.\n\nSuch was the support General Wu gained by his agitation that LIANG SHIH-YI felt that he had to quit the offices but as the charges brought against him were manifestly unfounded he has refused to resign. He took what in China is a familiar course in applying for \"sick leave,\" and he has had his period of \"sick leave\" extended three or four times. His \"sickness\" is, of course, purely diplomatic. He has been watching from the seclusion of his home the efforts of the President and the War Lord of Mukden to clear him of the stigma which General Wu has cast upon his character. General Wu's acceptance of the denials of his accusations has been very half-hearted; at all events it has not been such as to satisfy Mr. LIANG SHIH-YI that he can emerge from his seclusion and resume office feeling that the stain upon his character has been removed by the man who placed it there.\n\nMarshal CHANG TSO-LIN has evidently been greatly annoyed at General Wu's attitude, and has possibly been also influenced to some extent by the suspicion which seems to prevail widely in the North that Wu is planning a coup calculated to overshadow the influence of CHANG at Peking.\n\nby for in the\n\n[\n\n\"\n\n[March 28th, 1922\n\nTHE HONGKONG WEEKLY PRESS &\n\nmatic counterstroke. There is reason to regard the Shanghai cable we have quoted as having a substantial foundation in fact, for in a recent Peking paper it was reported that Dr. C. C. Wu, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Canton Government, had been to Mukden to a conference with Marshal CHANG TSO-LIN and it was stated that a solution of the question of unifying the North and South was worked out.\" All that remained was to secure the approval of the Super-Tuchun of Chihli (General TSAO KUN), and Dr. Wu would \"return to Canton and prepare for the unification.\n\nDr. SCHURMAN, the United States Minister to China, who has been on a visit of several days' duration to Canton, incidentally delivered two or three public speeches. In one of them he reviewed what had been achieved by China at the Washington Conference. Dr. SCHURMAN described these achievements as large, varied, very substantial and in some respects highly important.\"\n\n# DR. CHINA'S GAINS AT WASHINGTON.\n\nAll the expressions of Chinese opinion we have seen are expressions of disappointment that China achieved so little. Dr. WANG CHUNG-HUI, the Minister of Justice in the Peking Cabinet, and one of China's representatives at the Washington Conference, gave in a speech at Shanghai a fortnight ago a resumé of achievements at the Conference from the Chinese standpoint.\n\n\"Our people,\" he said, \"hoped for too much. They hoped that all the wrongs that China had suffered during the last eighty years would be righted at the Conference. When I sailed from Europe I told Dr. WELLINGTON KOO that China would get about 80 per cent of what she considered her due. Now, when I look at the results I believe we have secured but 5 per cent.\"\n\nDr. WANG attempted to explain away his disappointment by saying that \"the Conference was not a judicial tribunal where nations were tried, with other nations acting as complainants; but a Conference in which it was necessary to find unanimity in order to secure a settlement.\" By inference it is suggested that all the demands China made at the Conference would have been conceded by an impartial tribunal acting judicially, and that she was able to win only about 5 per cent of her demands must be attributable to prejudice—not the sound judgment of the majority of the Conference! Yet Dr. WANG, in the course of his address, really showed that China obtained by means of the Conference much more than any judicial tribunal could have awarded.\n\nPerhaps in the eyes of most Chinese the greatest triumph was the return by Japan to China of all the ex-German rights in Shantung. If the Conference had been a judicial tribunal, it would certainly have denied China's demand, for the question had been settled by the Treaty of Versailles, and it was not within the power of a Conference sitting at Washington to abrogate that Treaty. But by the good offices of representatives of two of the nations that had signed that Treaty the delegates of China and Japan were brought together and the result was an agreement which could not have been reached by any other means.\n\n# SHATIN ROAD SHOOTING INQUIRY.\n\n(Daily Press, March 22nd, 1922). THERE can be no doubt in the mind of anybody who has closely followed the evidence given at the Coroner's inquiry into the shooting upon the crowd on the Shatin road during the recent strike that the verdict of \"justifiable homicide\" returned by the Jury was the only judgment which could properly be hoped for.\n\nThe Jury's elaboration of their verdict sets forth the circumstances in a succinct and convincing manner, and no impartial person can hesitate to endorse not only the Jury's exoneration of Mr. KING and the police and military immediately concerned but also the commendation which they gave to him and to the police and military for their conduct and patience under most trying circumstances and for their personal courage. That tribute was certainly well deserved.\n\nIt has occasioned no little surprise that the Chinese labour guilds specially concerned in the matter were not represented at the inquiry by an advocate. It will be remembered that in the final negotiations with the Government for a settlement of the strike the delegates brought forward for discussion the matter of compensation in the case of the persons who had been killed or injured. One would have imagined that every effort would have been made by the Chinese concerned to put their case in the most favourable light possible, but in point of fact the Coroner seemed to have been left to secure Chinese witnesses by practically commandeering them, and to cross-examine, himself, all the witnesses as we should expect an advocate for the Chinese to cross-examine them. No reader of the reports of the proceedings can have failed to be impressed with the able and thoroughly judicial manner in which Mr. J. R. WOOD conducted the inquiry, and if, as we may assume, the failure of the Chinese organisations to be represented in the Court was a token of their confidence in the impartial administration of British justice, the thoroughly impartial conduct of inquiry amply justified their trust.",
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        "page_number": 180,
        "title": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "content_text": "4\n\nunder the beneficent rule of a republic, and even—which seems incredible to any foreigner who has any extensive experience of the interior of China—advocate the abolition of extra-territoriality. As far as I know, these foreigners are all foreigners who have spent their lives in security in China in the midst of foreign communities, such as Peking, Tien-tsin and the coast, and who have no first-hand experience of the interior. One can only regret that these advocates of putting the foreigner under the jurisdiction of so-called Chinese justice cannot be forced to live for six months in some remote village or city in the interior, far away even from the restraining influence of a consulate, and made liable to be publicly and ignominiously dragged to a yamên, forced to kneel on chains to extort a confession, liable to the ignominious and cruel punishment of the bamboo, or, even putting aside the risk of torture, which still goes on in some places, liable to die from cold in the winter in the wretched dens which do duty as prison quarters—only last winter I heard of such a case. Such degradation of the foreigner would mean his loss of prestige, and when this comes to pass the interior of China will only become attractive to those wearied of the vanities of this life and aspirants for the martyr's crown—a noble band whom I admire, but among whom I have no wish to be enrolled as a member.\n\nThe state of chaos in China will not be improved until—\n\n1. The strong men get control, and, combining together, gradually put each province in order.\n\n2. The students are kept in check.\n\n3. The soldiers are reduced to legitimate requirements and kept under a proper state of discipline, whilst brigands are relentlessly hunted down.\n\nIt is impossible to forecast what combinations of strong men will eventually bring back peace and prosperity to the country. I should like to see a combination of such men as Wu Pei-fu in the centre of China, Ch'en Shu-fan in Shensi, Ch'en Chiung-ming at Canton, and possibly Hsiung K'o-wu in Szechuan. Other provinces, of which I have no recent experience, might be able to add to the number. These combined should be able to put an end to the effete puppets of the Peking Government, that visionary impossibility, Sun Yat-sen, and the wind-bag, Wu Ting-fang of the Canton Government. As regards Chang Tso-lin, who rules supreme in Manchuria, I do not know whether he has improved and is a reformed character from what he was twelve or thirteen years ago when I visited him. He had then recently retired from the leadership of the Hunghutzu of the district and had a reputation for cruelty. He disgusted me by bragging about a recent triumph over an enemy, another robber chief, the fact being that he had invited him to a feast of reconciliation, and after the feast had seized the opportunity to have him crushed to death between two of the big stones used for crushing grain.\n\nChengtu, Szechuan.\n\nEnclosure 2 in No. 1.\n\nG. PEREIRA.\n\nReport by Brigadier-General G. Pereira of December 14, 1921.\n\nIN 1900 the Chinese people were in a state of unrest, partly caused by a failure of the crops, and partly by the recent introduction of European education and a feeling of the necessity of reform. The movement was primarily anti-dynastic, but the Court, realising its danger, managed to divert the Boxer movement to an anti-foreign outbreak. At that time the country was united under one rule, and enjoyed the benefits of individual security and prosperity under a mild form of autocracy, the only form of government suitable for Asiatic nations in their present undeveloped state. Therefore, whilst the anti-foreign movement was more dangerous owing to the better organisation under a united Government, still it was greatly lessened and localised thanks to the provinces being swayed by an exceptional number of eminent and capable viceroys and governors, such as Liu K'un-yi at Nanking, Chang Chih-tung at Wu-ch'ang, Li Hung-Chang at Canton, Yuan Shih-k'ai in Shantung and Tuan Fang in Shensi.\n\nIn 1900 those who prophesied trouble before the Boxer outbreak were stigmatised as alarmists, whilst those who pooh-poohed the chances of trouble were afterwards abused for their want of foresight. The same will happen again at the present time, the fact being the prophets fail to realise that there are such thousands of unforeseen circumstances that none can foresee, which will divert popular feeling and action into unexpected courses. This makes it wrong to make definite prophecies, as their fulfilment is a pure gamble, and it is only the irresponsible man, with a limited local knowledge, who ventures to do so. If he turns out to be right he can say, “I told you so,” whilst if he is wrong his prophecies are too unimportant to be remembered. At the present time it is universally admitted by all who know China that the country has never been in such a rotten state, and that the experiment of a republic has proved a most dismal failure. The people, especially in the upper classes, are not educated up to the requirements of a liberal form of government, and it will be many years before they attain to it.\n\nNot only do all the evils under the imperial régime still exist, but they are multiplied, owing to there being many heads instead of one. In the old days the millions poured into the Court at Peking, and a good deal of the money was spent in the service of the State, whilst smaller sums, more or less regulated by precedents, and in a measure recognised as legitimate perquisites of underpaid officials, were received by officials. At the present time the millions go into the pockets of the bigger officials, such as Chang Tso-lin in Manchuria, Wang Chan-yuan, late Governor of Hupei, and Hsiung K'o-wu, the late ruling spirit in Szechuan, and a little or nothing of this comes back to the State. In the same way the minor officials, with no restraining influence from Peking or fear of public opinion, are out to make what they can, and as quickly as possible, whilst their day of power lasts. In the old days public opinion had much influence over the officials, and if one tried to overstep the limits of squeeze the people rose and there was trouble. Now the soldiers have increased so enormously in numbers and power that they keep the people in a state of subjection and terrorism. The merchants and people long for a state of peace and security in vain.\n\nThe break-up of the central power has been the chance for adventurers, and now the provinces are divided against each other, and often a province is split up into factions.\n\nIn the old days the army was despised as an inferior profession and a restraining influence kept on it, but the rise of innumerable factions has given the soldiers their chance. Each petty leader is dependent on them, and the men themselves now thoroughly understand their power. Very few military officers trouble about discipline or take any pains about securing a regular payment for their men. As a result the soldier is generally owed a large amount of back pay, which is sometimes made up for by encouraging looting. If this is not sufficiently profitable the soldiers desert and join a brigand band.\n\nThe students are, to my mind, an even greater source of danger, but as I have dealt with them in a recent report, I will not dwell on them now. It must be remembered that, whatever his failings and lack of education, the student of to-day represents the future ruling class of China, and that the ideas he now imbibes will later be developed.\n\nThe spirit of unrest is increased by secret societies, which have always existed in China, and have now increased in numbers and power. Though primarily they may be organised against the Chinese Government of the day, still there is often the watchword of \"China for the Chinese!\" which tends for an anti-foreign feeling. This, at times, may only require a few foolish actions by one or two irresponsible foreigners to fan the spark, and produce a local and totally unforeseen combustion, which once started may easily spread.\n\nIn Szechuan, probably the most factious and split-up province in China, with apparently no commanding figure to restore order out of chaos, there is of course a certain amount of safety for the foreigner, whilst the factious are fighting amongst themselves, and the leaders may feel that one day their only chance of escaping may be through the assistance of the foreigners. On the other hand, owing to the lack of any stable form of government or dependence on any central authority, a sudden anti-foreign rising by a mob or engineered by secret societies would be more dangerous than in any other province owing to its inaccessibility.\n\nThrough the collapse of Russia, and in a lesser degree of Germany, the power of the foreigner to command respect in China is much less than it used to be, the more so as the remaining Powers are more engrossed in restoring order in their own countries. Luckily they can still demonstrate against Peking, Canton, Wuchang and Nanking, the most important centres of influence in China, whilst with its long coast line other important points can be threatened. Yunnan, too, with the railway to Hanoi and its neighbourhood to Burma, can feel the power of the foreigner, but the western provinces are generally isolated and beyond the reach of a foreign expedition. In the case of Kansu this does not much matter as long as the Mahomedans and the Chinese...\n\nPage 180\n\nPage 181",
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        "content_text": "MINUTES.\n\nMINUTES NOT TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS SIDE.\n\nWESTMINSTER GAZETTE, TUESDAY, 27 JUNE 1922\n\n[THE POSITION IN CHINA.]\n\nIn spite of much that is still unsettled, there is some ground for the hope that China is beginning to emerge from the troubled conditions that have obtained in the country since the dismemberment in 1917. Wu Pei-fu has ended the power of the Mukden dictator, Chang Tso-lin, whose forces are now outside the Great Wall. With the fighting finished in the North, Wu has now an opportunity of consummating the Constitutional changes which he has so long advocated. But their scope can at last extend to the South, where Sun Yat-sen ruled recently. The position here is not yet quite clear, but the chief factor in it is of great importance. On 16 June Chen Chiung-ming's troops took possession of the forts around Canton, and Sun Yat-sen took refuge in a warship. Since then his movements have been a fruitful source of rumour. Last Thursday he was reported captured; but on Sunday he still appears to have been with the navy of the Canton Government, and while this remains loyal to him he cannot be wholly ignored. But Chen Chiung-ming on entering Canton called upon Sun Yat-sen to repudiate the title of President, and proclaimed the reunion of the North and South. Whether the reunion can be consummated is the problem of the immediate future; but for the first time since China was rent in twain there has appeared a general who is strong enough to take hold of the North, astute enough to conciliate the South, and sufficiently far-seeing to be a sincere advocate of the unity of his country and of Constitutional development. In Wu Pei-fu lies the hope that China will recover the unity and order that are so necessary, if she is not to fall into complete and irremediable anarchy.\n\nBRAVE MEN.",
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        "id": 493294,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "page_number": 202,
        "title": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "content_text": "202\n\nTHE DAILY TELEGRAPH, MONDAY, JUNE 19, 1922.\n\nNEW SITUATION IN SOUTHERN CHINA.\n\n> LIGHT OF SUN-YAT-SEN.\n\nFrom PERCEVAL LANDON.\n\nPEKIN, Saturday.\n\nThe coup-de-main which has displaced Dr. Yat-Sen in the South seems to have been so carried out as to prevent all possibility of his yielding to the overtures of Pakiu, The extraordinary \"President\" had steadily been losing the confidence of his own people for months, and his uncompromising attitude during the last few days was apparently interpreted both in Kwangtung as a proof of ingrained militarism and personal ambition—the rock on which his arrangements were wrecked.\n\nARRANGING AN ARMISTICE.\n\nSHANGHAI, Sunday. Representatives of Generals Wu-Pei-Fu and Chang-Tso-Lin are meeting on board His Majesty's ship Curlow, at Ching-Wan-Tao, to arrange the details of an armistice.—L'entral News.\n\nPROSPECT OF REUNION.\n\nPEKIN, Saturday (4.45 p.m.). While it is very difficult to get reliable information from Canton, there is no doubt, judging from telegrams received at the Legations here, that a coup d'état did occur yesterday, and that Sun-Yat-Sen has fled from the city, leaving Chen-Chiung-Ming master of the situation. Whether the latter will remain so, and whether Sun-Yat-Sen has permanently fallen, the next few days will probably show, but the fact even of Sun-Yat-Sen's temporary downfall is perhaps the most significant event that has occurred in China for years.\n\nAs an agreement exists between General Wu-Pei-Fu and Chen-Chiung-Ming, the project of his friendship with his colleague, Chen-Chiung-Ming, was wrecked. In truth, Sun-Yat-Sen had long outlived his usefulness, and though in the interests of unification Li-Yuan-Hung could hardly do less than invite the co-operation of the rival President of the South, nothing would have been more disastrous than the incorporation of Sun-Yat-Sen in the new Chinese régime.\n\nIt is difficult to say to what extent Li-Yuan-Hung and Wu-Pei-Fu have been privy to this coup, though it is clear from the remarks let fall by the new Premier a week ago, that he did not expect Sun-Yat-Sen to remain much longer in China. It is too early yet to assess the precise difference that his disappearance will cause in Chinese politics, though it is safe to assume that Chen-Chiung-Ming has no wish ever to assume the presidential chair, the flight of Sun-Yat-Sen has rendered that fact clear. Although Chen-Chiung-Ming and Wu-Pei-Fu are personally unacquainted with each other, it has long been noted that in general their aims, and even characters, are very similar. Like Wu-Pei-Fu, the Southern General, too, has now to make a momentous decision, and it may be taken for granted that he will make it in much the same circumstances as those which attended the expulsion of the Southern president, and the setting up of a Government by Wu-Pei-Fu. To both men politics are a distasteful and strange business; but Chen-Chiung-Ming will inevitably find himself involved in just such perplexities as those which divided the counsels of Wu-Pei-Fu, and as certainly called upon to shape his own policy and set up new officials in the places of which he has expelled the chief magistrate.\n\nThe point which is now being most closely watched in Pekin is his attitude towards Wu-Ting-Fang, who, it will be remembered, issued a manifesto eight days ago in which he denounced in no measured terms the new Pekin Government. It was reported here on competent authority that Li-Yuan-Hung had consequently made direct overtures to Wu-Ting-Fang—not an unnatural action on his part, seeing that the latter, more than any other politician in China, was identified both with the cause of Republican union in 1911, with the subsequent protest against militarism, which led to the secession of the Southern States and the establishment of the Canton Government.\n\nThe situation is complicated by the positive denial of Wu-Ting-Fang that he had never received any such overtures from Li-Yuan-Hung. But whatever may have been written or unwritten on either side, it is believed that the abdication of Sun-Yat-Sen will so largely modify the position that Wu-Ting-Fang is unlikely to persevere in a refusal that closes the door to reconciliation between the North and the South. If, as is declared, Chen-Chiung-Ming is inclined to act together with Wu-Pei-Fu for reunion, it is not improbable that the Southern Minister and the Southern General may both accept positions in the new régime in which, though much clearing-up work remains to be done, the split of 1917 may be said to have been patched up again. In some sense Chen-Chiung-Ming has the entire situation in his hand, for no conditions can well be rejected by the new and unstable Northern Government if reunion is their subject.\n\nAspects of union between the North and South would be immensely improved with Sun-Yat-Sen out of the way.\n\nThe armistice between General Wu-Pei-Fu and Marshal Chang-Tso-Lin is now in operation. Reuter.\n\nEND OF CANTON GOVERNMENT\n\nPEKIN, Saturday. Chen-Chiung-Ming has announced that the Canton Government has ceased to exist. Henceforth Canton will unite with the Northern Government in recognising the old Republican Parliament.\n\nDespatches from Canton state that the collapse of the Southern Government is complete, that Sun-Yat-Sen's forces have been crushed, and that the ex-President himself is a fugitive. Reuter.\n\nMy Bickett.\n\nM. Jait. Row Dept\n\n16\n\n25/6\n\natouch topp.\n\n1966.\n\n08-19\n\n88\n\n野",
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        "page_number": 204,
        "title": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "content_text": "CHINESE CITIES IN RUINS.\n\nTHE TIMES, FRIDAY, JUNE 9, 1922.\n\nHAVOC OF CIVIL WAR. (FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.)\n\nSHANGHAI, JUNE 7. Descriptions published by the North; China Daily News from its correspondents in Kwangsi of the desolation wrought by the fighting between the Canton and Kwangsi troops read like the sack of Louvain.\n\nThe trouble dates from the attempt a year ago by Lu Yung-ting, the former Governor-General of Kwangtung before the Sun Yat-sen régime, to re-establish himself in Canton. He was defeated and driven back by the Cantonese forces, which then invaded the Province and broke up such government as Kwangsi possessed, but put nothing in its place, even when Sun Yat-sen himself established the headquarters of his projected expedition against the North at Kweilin. This position Sun Yat-sen evacuated two months ago, returning to Canton, and Kwangsi was left to the mercy of bands of irregular Kwangsi forces and leaderless Cantonese troops.\n\nThe latter have now been driven back into Kwangtung. Their departure was signalized by burning, looting, and the carrying off of women in every city they passed through. From Wuchow alone they exacted nearly two hundred thousand dollars [£25,000] journey money. It is only fair to say that the Kwangsi troops in pursuing the Kwangtung forces appear no less merciless towards their fellow-provincials. Their efforts are nobly seconded by hosts of brigands, who spring up in every provincial war.\n\nThe Province is now reported to be cleared of Kwangtung troops, and the Kwangsi leaders are endeavouring to restore some semblance of government. But the Province is exhausted. Cities once populous and wealthy are ruined, and trade is at a standstill, while the country is flooded with worthless Canton paper money. The whole story is a bitter comment on Sun Yat-sen's boast of an All-South China united under Canton against the North.\n\nWuchow, a treaty port on the left bank of the West River, 220 miles from Canton, is the gateway leading from Kwangsi to Kwangtung, and is the distributing centre of trade between Kweichow, Yunnan, Kwangsi, and Canton. Kweilin, where Sun Yat-sen had established his headquarters, is 262 miles north of Wuchow.\n\nLu Yung-ting, a native of Kwangsi, born in 1856, was at one time a leader of bandits, but was reclaimed and led an expedition against the Kwangsi bandits.\n\nPage 204\n\nSUN YAT-SEN'S FAILURE. (BY DAVID FRASER, \"THE TIMES CORRESPONDENT IN THE FAR EAST.) Our Shanghai Correspondent's message this morning, added to the information from Hong-kong which we have published during the past few days, are at once instructive of what civil war means in China and of the qualifications of Sun Yat-sen to be a ruler over his fellow-countrymen.\n\nSun, as the first President of the Republic, comported himself with modesty, and readily retired to admit of a political settlement, which placed another occupant, Yuan Shih-kai, in the principal office of State. Thereafter, however, he showed an extraordinary lack of practical statesmanship, and the unhappy situation in Kwangsi province, in our message from Shanghai, certainly indicates that Sun Yat-sen, whatever his private character may be, is a political danger to his country.\n\nAfter the military conquest of Kwangsi he endeavoured to set up a new Government in that province and to use it as a base for further operations directed against Wu Pei-fu. Being blocked by the Military Governor of Hunan, allegedly because of the non-payment of money promised, he retired from Kwangsi and is now supposed to be endeavouring to prosecute his plans by marching northward through the adjacent province of Kiangsi.\n\nBut in retreating from Kwangsi his soldiers spread desolation on their way, ravishing the people after the manner of the Huns. The forces that he had previously driven into the mountains rose behind him, and they, in their turn, continued the work of devastation. And wherever the two armies left any evil undone the brigands in swarms stepped in and completed the abominable work. Well may our Correspondent say the province is \"exhausted,\" for wealthy and populous cities are ruined, trade has ceased, and the unfortunate people are loaded up with worthless paper money.\n\nIt is impossible to believe that there can be any reality in Sun Yat-sen's invasion of the North. News of successful advances continually arrive from Canton, but other accounts declare that Sun Yat-sen's army has been routed and driven back into Kwangtung, while he himself has gone as a supplicant to Chen Chiung-ming, whom he recently dismissed, to beg that officer to return and let bygones be bygones.\n\nMeanwhile Wu Pei-fu thinks so little of Chang Tso-lin that he is leaving his final ejection from Chibli to junior officers. Nor does he attach any importance to Sun Yat-sen's futile opposition. It is satisfactory to know that Wu Pei-fu is devoting himself to fundamental questions, and that he is in agreement with Li Yuan-hung, whose return as President is desired apparently by the whole country, in regard to essential reforms.\n\nLI'S CONDITIONS. PEKING, June 7—Li Yuan-hung, in a circular telegram to the provinces, states that he will resume the Presidency if the Military Governors and Military Regional Commandants are abolished, superfluous troops disbanded, and the military leaders agree to meet him in Peking in order to discuss methods for bringing these measures about.\n\nGeneral Wu Pei-fu is leaving military operations in the hands of capable subordinates, and is concentrating upon important political matters. In the course of an interview yesterday he said that there was no doubt that Li Yuan-hung would go to Peking and remain in office for five months, after which a National Assembly would be elected. Cabinet reconstruction must await Li Yuan-hung's arrival in Peking. He was most hopeful as regards the future, but he said that there had been so much corruption that the people demanded a thorough cleansing of official life.—Reuter.",
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        "page_number": 205,
        "title": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "content_text": "THE TIMES, FRIDAY, MAY 26, 1922.\n\n205\n\nThe Times Saturday May 27.\n\nBLUEJACKETS LAND IN CHINA.\n\n(FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.)\n\nTIENTSIN, MAY 26. Bluejackets from the British cruiser Curlew landed at Chinwangtao and Peitaiho to-day to protect British lives and interests.\n\nCHANG AGGRESSIVE.\n\nFOREIGNERS ASK FOR PROTECTION.\n\n(FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.)\n\nTIENTSIN, MAY 25. Passengers who arrived here last night by the international train from Mukden report that Chang Tso-lin has removed the freight cars and locomotives standing at Chinwangtao Station and armed the local police. The British residents thereupon requested the Commander of the Bluebell to disembark Bluejackets for their protection.\n\nThe Manchurian forces are digging trenches in the hills westward of Shanhaikwan.\n\nForeign nationals at present stopping at Paitaiho are also appealing for the dispatch of a warship. Grave apprehensions are entertained owing to the presence of the Manchurians, Peitaiho and Chinwangtao being within easy distance of Shanhaikwan.\n\nWu Pei-fu is expected to take swift action.\n\nA FAVOURITE SUMMER RESORT.\n\nThe news that Chang Tso-lin's forces are interfering with the police and terrorizing the inhabitants in the neighbourhood of Shanhaikwan, Chinwangtao, and Peitaiho is of particular interest to foreigners. The last named is a favourite summer resort in China, and nearly four thousand Europeans and Americans, of whom the large majority are women and children, spend the hot months of the year there, entirely unprotected but for a handful of Chinese police.\n\nAccording to our Hong-kong Correspondent's message of yesterday the situation at Canton is developing unfavourably to Sun Yat-sen. The troops of Chen Chiung-ming, who was recently dismissed from the posts of Military Governor and Commander-in-Chief, have entered the city and are assuming control of public offices.\n\nM: Bickett\n\nM: Cultius\n\n? attach to pp.\n\n27/5. Bay AEP",
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    {
        "id": 493301,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "page_number": 209,
        "title": "CO129-477 - Public Offices - 1922",
        "content_text": "10\n\n-2-\n\n209\n\nlately dispatched on a confidential mission to the Tuchun of Chekiang to investigate matters. A defalcation of $2,350,000 was then discovered, which it was explained represented an advance of two million dollars to Sun Yat Sen for financing the northern expedition. Reticence was observed as to the balance, but there is reason to surmise that it was an appropriation in aid of the late seamen's strike. When Ma returns, the General would like to get rid of the above-mentioned trio, but cannot well do so until Liu Huan's advance of £2,500,000 is repaid. Should he find himself unable to repay, things will go on as before, and, as Mr. Ku urges, a most serious situation will be created for British interests in South China, inasmuch as the Kuo Min Tang, with ample funds in hand, will then be in a position to prosecute with renewed vigour their anti-British activities. In support thereof he cites a leading article, which appeared in to-day's issue of the Ta T'ung Pao, an organ of the Kuo Min Tang, published by the Commercial Press, with the second largest circulation (4/5000 copies) of any newspaper in Kwangtung and an unlimited circulation amongst the over-seas Chinese, written by the principal wire-puller of the Society, one Chang P'u-ch'uan, alias Chang Chi (the editor's name is Jao Fu-shang). Ch'ung-k'ai, as stated, is Sun's Vice-Minister of Finance, Liu Huan has just been made Chairman of the Association of the United Chambers of Commerce of Kuangtung, an organisation recently started by Sun for the purpose of gaining a hold on the trading classes, as he has already gained a hold on the labouring classes. According to Mr. Ku, Sun has no immediate desire to oust General Ch'en, whom he finds useful in many respects, but he wishes to keep him in proper subjection by entirely...\n\nLiao\n\nand\n\n4\n\n1",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-480 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [4-7]",
        "page_number": 65,
        "title": "CO129-480 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1923 [4-7]",
        "content_text": "30\n\n63\n\n·\n\nyousifsoxă TUOY\n\nTSJAİNİ-X8,000-gaul deŸ xil has ig-didƐ zasil,TH\n\n-IDIOM, KRUISdsey savod yu da and od esso, mejo IJmokamumasű to beaawoalb yeaT „beterqretai oðr gout oli ‚I zið yď bolnaqĮ „HILOŇ OWÍ TOvo vel soltiloq\n\nyard, coldmiðla modnað Jamuaną odt of bzagen dili\n\n.S\n\nod Jerello sam doždím socadoedt besaks sad uft-20% oll tadź zaldi\n\nasisilmup and to sghaj oa al has rojarjalnimba on ni sil\n\n:\n\n800\n\n•\n\nmaket\n\n·\n\n,exulikt ede somali „rodartsinimba na qu ezam o♬ og dokde saiasq'ni qu juq and od made ataqquq edi to „zedtens zejta\n\nai jne.zrevol and ožni qðilidate yua souborini et yilidani miH\n\n.zaluqoqa qiynisseront mid antle\n\n-sijaintiaba boơ, a ni hœad redte ent no mil-out gamb\n\nBitudonak of draw an s ojui betrevooo wou sad ed doldu 000,000,858 že jdež a bait o\n\nÀ BÌNÍ MĚ VRcom oroiaqat on at eredt 1000,000,088 1o awigzn Læstne) edt of anlamlad vireqery snow ver al di to Fraq ogral ...moitan edi roi Jared ni di abied grad) død,Smearre vol noiteoillosq edi xi voli grémnes sát te miðstian edi\n\n„rekommalt boeg a, vízalvoitzaq „ina TOJ\n\nJauŭ ode,hand stazaqen adi vaheur gladaraqes sonivong does Yo Jas med and algmære traileoze nå,oonivong sid to svitan a ed Jaaq odź zatwb beredaininha Ler med and dioide, kuomet mi ai lutassoome from mood and all-ost grad) ina,etanę MOŽ sde, Abrudonail viegral at strií babroosa Froqqun zaloqoq adt mil-ost gand)) prinzoo amo uká už už od tadt toak edź of sub -aɔitionq to meall tight edði zela zalbesoetq sta mi „TⱭ has odd jadi sonado sidissoq sa gated eredź (noitabiloamso ina molt Janj zdfrowejoc al 31 amizatiika yi bevisa od Liiv mldơng ezijum aði deiw pallog Jukwadza aid bonoboada nad cool .TI nem bersiq zulðminna að bera gost nail două sát mogu samboegab\n\n•\n\nTęsiaq valuoidzaq ziedi to ovijosquetri stueq Lałolite of sad yansım yiizaloqoq ni yidarabiamo boalag sad od yderedir gamit ni besoɔum yidianoq prøv [[kw m8 ‚70 .anato tuadorem\n\nestablishing himself, though it is too early to speak with\n\nany certainty, as it is not known what reinforcements Wu Pei-fu can send. Chang Tso-lin is assisting Dr. Sun with funds. (I gathered that Er. Yeh is here for the purpose of arranging this). Chan Kwing-ming cannot move from Waichow because of the presence of Hsu at Swatow,\n\n5.\n\nMr. Liang emphasised the possibilities of a dangerous situation at Shanghai. Lu Yung-heiang, Tuchun of Cheklang, and Ho Feng-lin, Military Commander in Shanghai, with some 10,000 troops, are at loggerheads with Wu Pei-fu who is egging on the fleet at Shanghai to attack them; the fleet consisting of 3 large and 10 old small vessels. The Admiral, To Shih-kwei, is not with the fleet, and the Commanders of the ships have declared their independence. If, however, the fleet should go over to Wu Pei-fu, he would attack Shanghai and there would be serious fighting round\n\nthe city, whose supplies might be cut off. Kr. Liang insisted that the danger was a very real one, and he suggest-ed that the Consul-General should be warned.\n\n6.\n\nMr. Liang, supported by Kr. Yeh, argued strongly that the opportunity should be seized, in spite of all obstacles, to construct the loop-line. I pointed out the difficulties and, after much discussion, they said that they would explore the possibility of building it privately with capital subscribed by Chinese merchants. The Chinese Govern-ment would certainly be prepared to take it over as soon as it was a fait accompli, and in any event, with a large Central Station, it would be a paying concern.\n\n7. Mr. Liang said in conclusion that the policy adopted by this Government towards Dr. Sun had given the greatest satisfaction, both in Hongkong and in Canton.\n\nV. FLETCHER,\n\nSd.\n\n25th April, 1923.\n\n1",
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    {
        "id": 495975,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "# CHINA\n## CONFIDENTIAL\n### [October 30.]\n#### SECTION 2.\n##### 53 \n`[F 3344/84/10]`\n\nNo. 1.\n\n**Sir B. Alston to the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.-(Received October 30.) (No. 579.)**\nMy Lord,\n\nPeking, September 11, 1922.\n\nIN my despatch No. 515 of the 10th ultimo, reporting on the general political situation in China, I referred to Sun Yat-sen's long-delayed flight from Canton, the news of which had just been received by telegram, and I have now the honour to transmit herewith copies of despatches (see Enclosures 1 and 2) from His Majesty's consuls-general at Canton and Shanghai, reporting on Dr. Sun's departure from the capital of Kwangtung on board a British warship on the 9th August, and his arrival at Shanghai on the 14th August.\n\nWith regard to the point raised in Mr. Garstin's despatch as to the possibility of Dr. Sun being refused the hospitality of the international settlement and French concession at Shanghai, as was done in the case of Hsu Shu-cheng in 1921 (see my despatch No. 147 of the 3rd March), it may be pointed out that Sun Yat-sen, far from being a proscribed outlaw, remains, outwardly at any rate, an honoured citizen of the republic, and is being urged by President Li to come to Peking and take part in the reorganisation of the country as a member of the present Central Government. It is therefore apparent that it would be difficult to justify his expulsion from Shanghai as an undesirable political agitator and refugee by the foreign municipal authorities.\n\nSince his arrival in Shanghai Dr. Sun has issued two statements, defining his position and expressing his views on the political situation, the one addressed to his countrymen and the other to the foreign Powers and foreign public. Copies of these manifestos are enclosed in the attached despatch from the acting British consul-general at Shanghai (Enclosure 3*); the second of these two documents has also been received by me direct, signed by Sun Yat-sen, in a formal covering letter from Mr. Eugene Chen, the very able foreign-trained journalist and former editor of the \"Peking Gazette,\" who is now a prominent member of Dr. Sun's staff. In these statements Sun Yat-sen explains his reasons for leaving Canton, makes a violent attack on General Ch'en Chiung-ming, affirms his willingness to abide by Parliament's decision as to his own constitutional status, and opposes the proposals (made by Ch'en Chiung-ming) for a federated republic of autonomous provinces.\n\nIt appears as though Sun Yat-sen, in spite of his complete overthrow at Canton, is far from eliminated as a political factor in this country, and since his arrival in Shanghai various rumours in regard to the trend of his further political activities have been rife. One of these reports, which is current in the north, refers to an alleged plan for his election as President by the present Parliament with the connivance of Chang Tso-lin and Tsao Kun (the latter receiving the Vice-Presidency in return for his support), a scheme which would presumably entail an open breach between Tsao and Wu Pei-fu and a further recourse to arms in North China.\n\nThe general political situation since the date of my despatch No. 515 above referred to will be dealt with as usual in a separate despatch.\n\n(Copy to Tokyo, Hong Kong, India and admiral.)\n\n`[126 gg-2]`\n\nNot printed.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**B. ALSTON.**",
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    {
        "id": 496116,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 196,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "## Memorandum\n\nDr. Sun recognised this, but said that the first step would be for the Kuangtung Provincial Government to buy up the shares of the Provincial Company. He said that if he stayed in Canton he would give early attention to this. In his opinion it would be easy to buy up the Company's shares, and once the Provincial Government had acquired financial control of the **West Kuang Line**, it would naturally follow that it would be incorporated in the Government system of railways as soon as reunification of the country was accomplished.\n\nThis mention of reunification turned the conversation into other channels (see separate memorandum).\n\nAs regards the Junction line, it may, I consider, be felt that if Dr. Sun succeeds in establishing himself again in Canton, the prospect of joining up the two railways whenever we are ready to provide the money ($2,000,000) is good.\n\nI informed Mr. Wen Te Chang, Managing Director of the Canton Kowloon Railway, of Dr. Sun's favourable attitude, and found Mr. Wen not only generally in favour of proceeding with the project, but quite keen on going ahead. He does not think that Dr. Sun will be able to re-establish himself. He said that he would try through the Civil Governor to get permission for Mr. Roothy to make a final survey, in order that definite estimates of cost could be prepared.\n\nAccording to Mr. Wen, General Li at Canton Arsenal is in league with Wu Pei-fu in opposition to Dr. Sun, and Mr. Wen anticipates that Shum and Ch'en Chiung-ming will drive Sun away from Canton very shortly. He admits, however, that no one can forecast with any certainty what may happen at Canton.\n\n(signed) S.F. MAYERS.\n\nHongkong, March 16th, 1923.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 496148,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 228,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "## 226\n\nThe well-known hostility of the Chihli and Loyang Chiefs to Doctor Sun occasioned by the latter's alliance with Wu Pei-fu's arch enemy Chang Tso-lin in the civil war of last Spring, Ta'ao and Wu having been working with the Cheng Hsueh Hui faction in the South for a military unification which would exclude Sun Yat-sen. (The connection between the Cheng Hsueh Hui and Kuangsi military factions in the South on the one hand and the Chihli military party in the North on the other hand was explained in paragraphs three and four of Mr. Clive's despatch No. 89 of the 3rd ultimo).\n\n6.\n\nThe President and the Premier (so far as the latter had any will of his own) however, have throughout been working for a more genuine unification scheme which would embrace Sun Yat-sen and the Kuo Min Tang, and have been in intermittent negotiation with Doctor Sun at various times during the past year for that purpose. The Cabinet, therefore, refused at first to yield to the demands of Wu and Ta'ao, which included not only the appointment of General Shen to the governorship of Kuangtung but also that of General Sun Ch'uan-fang to be Tuli of Fukien, in opposition to the Kuo Min Tang forces who, under Hsu Chung-chih, had possessed themselves of the latter province last autumn. Sun Ch'uan-fang was formerly in command of the Northern force stationed at Nanchang and had been transferred thence with his troops into Kiangsi as leader of the Northern expeditionary \"relief force\" sent by Wu P'ei-fu to expel Hsu Chung-chih and his Kuo Min Tang forces from Fukien (see paragraph thirteen of Mr. Clive's despatch No. 89 of February 3rd). These demands of Wu and Ta'ao if yielded to implied the granting of the Cabinet's authority to Wu P'ei-fu's nominees, Shen Hung-ying and Sun Ch'uan-fang, to expel Sun Yat-sen and the Kuo Min Tang from Kuangtung and Fukien by force of arms, and the issue became therefore one of the first importance.\n\n7.",
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    {
        "id": 496150,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 230,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "appears to be a well-meaning individual) than that of the Administration as a whole; and it was therefore not altogether a matter of surprise when, on the 20th instant, the Mandates duly appeared appointing Shen Hung-ying and Sun Ch'uan-fang to the Military Governorships (Tuli) of Kuangtung and Fukien respectively, accompanied by other Mandates making further supplementary appointments in the South in the interests of Tu Pei-fu's policy. Thus once again has the unfortunate Li Yuan-hung had to eat his words. The effect of these Mandates is now awaited; by many Chinese they are regarded as a declaration of war by Peking against the Kuo Min Tang.\n\n9.\n\nThe general situation is thus taking on an unfortunate resemblance to that existing at the same time last year, that is to say the country appears to be preparing for hostilities on a large scale and to be lining up into two hostile camps for that purpose, namely, Tso Kun, Tu Pei-fu and the Kuangsi militarists (the Cheng Hsueh Hsi), on the one side, and Chang Tso-lin, the Anfu Party (represented by General Lu Tung-hsiang of Chekiang) and Sun Yat-sen and the Kuo Min Tang, on the other. It would seem that if Pei-fu, whom the Chihli Party had been successful in relegating to the background after his victorious campaign against Chang Tso-lin last summer, is again taking charge of the situation in the interests of the Northern militarists. The first definite intimation I received of the fact that he was taking an active part in the situation in the South took the form of a visit on the last day of February from one of his principal emissaries, who was instructed on behalf of his master and Tso Kun to approach me with a request that five Chinese warships in Canton waters, which wished to rejoin the Northern naval forces, should be permitted to refit at Hongkong in order to enable them to sail forth. This was before Wu Pei-fu had made any...",
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    {
        "id": 496214,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 294,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "## 2\n\nSzechuan and the expulsion of Sun Yat-sen from Canton, the overthrow of Tang Ch'i-yao in Yunnan and of the Anfu leader, General Lu Yung-hsiang, in Chekiang, and finally, after most of the provinces have been thus dominated, an attack in force on Chang Tso-lin in Manchuria this summer. Tsao Kun is to become President, and he and Wu Pei-fu are then to proceed to the reorganisation of a unified China. It is of course notoriously difficult to forecast events in this country, but one cannot help feeling doubts as to the ability of Wu Pei-fu to succeed where Yuan Shih-kai failed. Perhaps the former, if checked in his plans at Canton, will abandon the attempt to unify the country by force, but for the moment at any rate all schemes for peaceful reunification appear to be relegated to the background, and we are faced with the prospect of continued turmoil and internal warfare throughout the country.\n\n## 7\n\nIn the meantime local rumours of the impending resumption of civil war in North China between Chihli and Manchuria continue to be prevalent, and certain movements of troops on both sides of the frontier between the Metropolitan Province and Manchuria have given colour to these rumours. Wu Pei-fu himself, however, denies any intention of attacking Chang Tso-lin as long as the latter remains within his own dominions, and he spoke in this sense to the military attaché during a visit which the latter recently paid to Loyang. A copy of Colonel Orpen-Palmer's report on this visit is attached to this despatch. As for Chang Tso-lin, he also denies any aggressive intentions, but professes to have conclusive proof that he is about to be attacked by Wu Pei-fu. I have the honour in this connection to enclose copy of a despatch (enclosure No. 3) from His Majesty's consul-general at Mukden, reporting on a conversation which he had with Marshal Chang on the subject of the Peking-Mukden Railway, in which the latter expressed himself in the above sense.\n\n## 8\n\nIn paragraph 9 of my despatch above referred to I mentioned the application, made to this Legation by the Wai-chiao Pu on behalf of Wu Pei-fu for permission for certain ships of the Chinese fleet now in Canton waters to refit at Hong Kong with a view to coming North. A curious development, indicative of the political plottings and counter-plottings which are now going on all over China, occurred in connection with this matter soon after, when the Minister of the Navy conveyed to me a secret message urging that permission for the ships to refit be refused on the grounds that the application had been made against the wishes of the nominally responsible Department, the Ministry of the Navy, and that no matter what guarantees were given, the vessels would after their refit be employed in the furtherance of Wu Pei-fu's military plans. A similar message was also delivered by Admiral Tu, the nominal Commander-in-chief of the Chinese navy, to His Majesty's consul-general at Nanking. I accordingly advised his Excellency the Governor of Hong Kong by telegram that, in view of the above and the strong opposition to the proposal shown by Sun Yat-sen (who had been sounded indirectly on the proposal) the matter had better be dropped, and received in due course his Excellency's reply expressing the hope that it might be possible to induce the Chinese Government to withdraw their application, which would otherwise have to be refused. The fact that hostilities had in the meantime broken out in the South afforded a suitable pretext for regarding the matter as closed, and I accordingly caused a private message to that effect to be conveyed to the Vice-Minister in charge of the Wai-chiao Pu, with an intimation that under the circumstances it was impossible to give any further consideration to the application, which we preferred to regard as withdrawn.\n\n## 9\n\nThe position of the Chinese navy in connection with the general political situation is somewhat as follows: The main flotilla, under the Commander-in-chief, Admiral Tu Hsi-kuei, remains in the Yang-tze in the neighbourhood of Nanking. It will be remembered that in last summer's civil war Admiral Tu supported Wu Pei-fu and the Chihli party in their fight against Chang Tso-lin and sent ships to Shanhaikuan to bombard Chang's line of communications on the Peking-Mukden Railway. From the developments recounted above, however, it is apparent that, like many other of Wu's former supporters (e.g., Feng Yu-hsiang), Tu has now become to some extent estranged from Wu, and, though he may not take the field against him, does not intend to further his military plans, at any rate as far as his operations against the South are concerned. The Chinese Ministry of Marine and the Chinese navy are very largely staffed and officered by Fukienese, and Wu Pei-fu's action in forcing a Northern Governor on Fukien has naturally aroused their opposition. Admiral Tu recently made another threat against the Yang-tzu salt revenues (as he did last spring) owing to the non-receipt of the monthly subsidy of several thousand dollars which he was supposed to draw therefrom for the payment of his men. It was fortunately not found necessary for the Legations to intervene, and the matter has, I understand, now been settled by the renewal of the subsidy. Another portion of the Chinese navy, consisting of the ships at Shanghai, have declared their independence of Peking, and appear to have placed themselves at the disposal of the Anfu leader, General Lu Yung-hsiang of Chekiang. A third portion, the five ships under Admiral Wen Shu-te in Canton waters, which the Central Government desired to refit at Hong Kong with a view to recovering them in Northern interests, had, I am informed, been heavily bribed by Wu Pei-fu to desert Sun Yat-sen, but permission for them to refit at Hong Kong having been refused, their commander will presumably now await developments with a view to joining the winning side.\n\n## 10\n\nIn Peking the prestige and authority of the Central Government continue to deteriorate, and the collapse of the Cabinet, which is as usual in extreme financial straits, is expected at any moment. Opposition to the Administration is becoming more and more apparent in Parliament, partly no doubt as the result of Sun's return to Canton and the outbreak of hostilities between him and forces representing Peking, and there have been unruly scenes in both Houses in connection with attempts to pass a vote of non-confidence in the Chang Shou-tseng Cabinet. Wellington Koo, who is still in Peking, was appointed Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs by mandate in the middle of April, but he has so far refused to accept the appointment, and the Wai-chiao Pu remains without a responsible head.\n\n## Enclosure 1 in No. 1\n\nI have, &c.\nR. MACLEAY.\n\n## Mr. Mayers's Notes of Conversation, April 18, 1923\n\n### Political Affairs: The Chihli Party's Programme\n\nThe following is a note of what was said to me on the 15th April by a Chinese official, who professes to know the policy of Tsao Kun and Wu Pei-fu:\n\nThe plan of dominating Szechuan has already succeeded. Chungking and Chengtu are occupied. The next step in the West and South-West will be to fight T'ang Chi Yao, the Tuchun of Yunnan, but this is less important than the movement against Sun Yat-sen at Canton. Within a month Shen Hung Ying (Shum) and Ch'en Ch'iung Min will drive Sun out of Canton, while Sun Chuan Fang - who is already in Foochow - with the assistance of forces now advancing from Kiangsi, will attack the Chekiang Tuli (Tuchun) Lu Yung Hsiang, and will then have the open support of Tuchun Ch'i at Nanking.\n\nWithin three months the Chihli party will dominate all the provinces south of the Great Wall except possibly Yunnan and Kueichow. Wu Pei-fu himself will probably go to Szechuan, to bring the province into order and smash Tang Chi Yao of Yunnan.\n\nAt the same time, say, in June, Generals Wang Huai Ching (Jehol), Peng Shou Hsin (Shanhaikuan) and Feng Yu Hsiang (Peking) will attack Chang Tso-lin (Mukden). The latter's generals and regimental commanders are nearly all Chihli men, and will come over to the Chihli side. It is all arranged.\n\nBy the autumn all will be over. It is all arranged. Tsao Kun will be elected President by the present Parliament or, if the present Parliament proves unmanageable, it will be dissolved and a new one will be elected, which will elect Tsao Kun as President. There must be a Parliament, because China is a republic, and it must be a large body of many hundreds of members because China is a large country. So Tsao Kun will be President, and the country will be unified. There will be no punishment or persecution of defeated rivals. They will become yuan lao (elder statesmen) and receive salaries. Chang Tso-lin will be required to live in Peking, but Sun Yat-sen can live where he likes.\n\nThe Cabinet will be formed of the most suitable men. Liang Shih Yi is a bad man, but suitable for Minister of Finance. He may be Minister of Finance. Yeh Kung Cho is also a bad man, but he has experience of railways. He may be Minister of Communications, because if Liang is Minister of Finance, Yeh must be Minister of Communications.\n\nLiang Ch'i Ch'ao will be Minister of Education. Wellington Koo or W. W. Yen will be Minister for Foreign Affairs. The difficulty is about the Premier. The most suitable man would be Tuan Ch'i Jui, but he cannot serve under Tsao Kun, as he is senior to the latter. Perhaps it will be Chou Tzu Ch'i. He is a ...",
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        "id": 496217,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "page_number": 297,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "## 8\n\nFinally, I should like to record that I was received by General Wu with the greatest cordiality and hospitality, and that everything possible was done to make my visit as interesting and pleasurable as possible.\n\n**H. B. ORPEN-PALMER, Colonel,**\nMilitary Attaché.\n\nPeking, April 10, 1923.\n\n**Enclosure 3 in No. 1.**\n\n## 9\n\nMilitary supplies taken longer than he expected, but the Chinese Eastern Railway question and the general prevalence of brigandage are both tying his hands. If there is to be another civil war, therefore, this year in this part of China, it will not be Chang Tso-lin who will be the aggressor, and as it also seems most unlikely that Wu Pei-fu will attack Chang in Manchuria, the probabilities are that the present scare has its origin in the mutual suspicions which the two sides entertain of one another, aggravated by alarmist articles in the press and Wu Pei-fu's very tactless telegrams. Not unnaturally, local currency has been seriously affected by the reports prevalent of coming hostilities, and the small coin dollar note has fallen ten points during the past week.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**F. E. WILKINSON.**\n\n## 295\n\n**(No. 15.) Sir,**\n\nConsul-General Wilkinson to Sir R. Macleay.\n\nMukden, April 19, 1923. IN continuation of my despatch No. 14 of the 14th instant, I have the honour to report that I called on Marshal Chang Tso-lin yesterday by appointment to discuss the question of the return of the Mukden-Shanhaikuan section of the Peking-Mukden Railway to the Central Government. It would appear that there is a strong party in Mukden, which includes amongst its numbers both the Civil Governor, Mr. Wang Yung Chiang, and, I have reason to believe, the chief of the staff, General Yang Yu Ting, who have been in favour for some time past of the reunification of the line for the reasons given in my last despatch, but they have been unable up to now to convert Marshal Chang to their views, and it was in the hope that my arguments might be more successful than theirs that this interview was arranged for me.\n\nUnfortunately, my visit was postponed too long, and it took place at the most inopportune moment possible for any such discussion. The marshal received me very politely, and when I brought up the subject of the railway, informed me that he was prepared to return the Shanhaikuan section at any time, provided he received satisfactory guarantees that the railway would not be used by his enemies for military purposes. Could the British Minister, he asked, give him such a guarantee? I replied that he could hardly expect my Minister to do so, seeing that the Peking-Mukden line was not under British control, but if he would inform me what kind of guarantees he wanted, I felt sure that if they were reasonable, you would be glad in the interests of the British bondholders to take up the matter with the Central Government.\n\nThe marshal then made it quite clear that I was wasting my time in discussing the question with him. What use was it, he said, talking about guarantees when General Wu Pei-fu was about to attack him? He had proof of this from his spies, and with this sinister object, a Chihli division had already been moved to Hsifengkou. Personally, he had no aggressive intentions of any kind, as he realised only too well that another civil war would be disastrous to the country, but, if he was attacked, what option had he but to defend himself? I should warn my Minister that in that case, he (Chang) could not be responsible for the protection of foreigners in Manchuria. He went on to say, in reply to an enquiry of mine as to whether the situation on the Chinese Eastern Railway was not also causing him some anxiety, that he expected no immediate trouble from that quarter, especially now that Mr. C. T. Wang was about to confer with the Soviet representatives. He fully realised the danger of the propaganda carried on by the Reds, but the railway question was not affected by it.\n\nAfter a few further remarks, in which Marshal Chang expressed his satisfaction at your appointment as British Minister, adding, however, that he had no fault to find with Sir Beilby Alston personally, as it was not his manner towards him that he had had reason to complain, I took my leave.\n\nThat Marshal Chang is as convinced as he professes to be that he is about to be attacked by Wu Pei-fu is difficult to believe. I am informed that he received a few days ago an insulting telegram from General Wu, who accused him of pro-Japanese sympathies, a point on which Chang Tso-lin is very sensitive, and promised to deal with him before long. Chang is said to have been greatly infuriated at the message, but he accepted the advice given him by his military staff to refrain, if possible, from engaging in hostilities this year, but wait until next summer, when his military preparations would be complete. For this latter information, I have the authority of Marshal Chang's Japanese military adviser, who takes the credit of having persuaded his chief to keep the peace, but there appears to be no doubt whatever that Chang gave up the idea some months ago of launching a campaign against Wu Pei-fu during the present year. Not only has the reorganisation of his army and...",
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        "page_number": 379,
        "title": "CO129-482 - Public Offices - 1923",
        "content_text": "69 \n\nTherefore the Central Government also exercises a very \nmeasure of influence in the Southern provinces of \nFukien and Kiangsi. Chekiang, including the Shanghai \ndistrict of Kiangsu, under its Military Governor Lu Yung-\nhsiang and his supporter Feng-ting, Military Commissioner \nat Changhai, is the principal stronghold of the Anfu \nParty and therefore in open opposition to Peking. Kuangtung, \nKiangsi, Kueichow, Yunnan, and Szechuan (the former \nSouthern and South Western bloc) remain as for many years \nentirely outside the orbit of Peking in spite of \nthe recent attempts by the Chihli Party and Wu Pei-fu \nto establish their influence in Kuangtung and Szechuan \nby supporting factions in those provinces. Tunan also \nremains a completely autonomous provincial unit, main-\ntaining its independence of both North and South, but \nleaning naturally towards the latter. North of the Great \nWall Chang (Tso-lin still rules over the three Manchurian \nprovinces.\n\nFrom the above review it will be seen that \nthe Chihli-Wu Pei-fu combination, whose prestige is \nenormously enhanced by the very fact that they \ncontrol the capital and are therefore able to act in the \nname of the Chinese Government, are still, on paper at \nleast, by far the strongest faction in the country,",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-484 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [1-7]",
        "page_number": 324,
        "title": "CO129-484 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [1-7]",
        "content_text": "# Office \n## Name of Officer \n### 5/Grade Clerk \nP.4. Au \n### 5/ \nPostman \nH&T Hau \nChang Nar Tou \nLin Fong Chan \nLin Fu Sing \n\n# Office \n## Name of Officer \n\n### HANKOW. \n| Length of Service | Colonial | Imperial | Total | Pensions & Annual Gratuities | Allowances | \n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | \n| Yr | m | Yr | m | Yr | m |  |  | \n| 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 103.39 |  | 1 mth 60.00 pay | Unknown | \n| 1 |  |  |  | 60.00 | 1 |  | \n| 3 |  | 1 | 6 | 75.07 | 54.00 | # | 1 | 54.00 | \n| 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 96.00 | 96.00 | Too old for further service | \n| 1 |  | 1 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4.80 | 4.80 | Unknown | \n| 1 |  |  |  | 9.60 | 1 |  | \n\n### Length of Service | Colonial | Imperial | Total | \n| --- | --- | --- | --- | \n| Yr | m | Yr | m | Yr | m | \n| 6 | 0 | 11 | 11 | 17 | 11 | \n| 10 | 2 |  |  | 10 | 2 | \n|  |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | \n\n| Pensions & Annual Allowances | Based on | Gratuities | \n| --- | --- | --- | \n| $219.60 | HOI HOW | 8214.80 | \n|  |  | * 10 - | \n\n| Present Employment | Gratuities recommended by P.M.G. Hongkong | Al Fay | Por Anni | \n| --- | --- | --- | --- | \n| Postman |  |  |  | \n| Yang Ping Chong | 25.92 | 1 mth 10.80 pay | Chinese P.0. | 43.20 | \n| Wong Hong Tai | 78.00 | 15.60 | 46.80 | $26.92 | $78.00 | $26.40 | $90.00 | \n\n### Remarks. \nGratuity based on Hong Kong Pension Ordinance (`vide` London letter of `21.3.23.`) \n\n### Remarks.",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-484 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [1-7]",
        "page_number": 328,
        "title": "CO129-484 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1924 [1-7]",
        "content_text": "## List of Chinese employees transfered from Hongkong to Imperial Government\n\n| Agency | Office | Name of Officer | Length of service |  |  | Amount of gratuity recommended by | Proportionate share of the gratuity |  |  |\n| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | --- | --- |  | Hongkong | Imperial Government |  |\n|  |  |  | Colonial | Imperial | Topl | Postmaster General Hongkong | Months | Months |  |\n|  |  |  | Yr m | Yr m | Yr m |  |  |  |  |\n| Shanghai | 2/Grade Clerk | Lam Ho Chi | 9 6 | 2 1 | 11 7 | 425.01 | 114/159 | 348.57 | 76.44 |\n|  | Compradore | Li King Sung | 9 0 | 11 11 | 20 11 | 540.00 | 108/251 | 232.35 | 307.65 |\n|  | Compradore | Li Pac-lin | 5 0 | 11 11 | 16 11 | 384.00 | 60/203 | 113.50 | 270.50 |\n|  | Clerk | Chang Ken Son | 2 4 | 11 11 | 14 3 | 270.00 | 28/171 | 44.21 | 225.70 |\n|  |  | Wong Dzau-tsong | 7 3 | 11 11 | 19 2 | 264.00 | 87/230 | 99.86 | 164.14 |\n|  |  | Nui Ang Sung | 6 6 | 11 11 | 18 5 | 144.00 | 78/221 | 50.02 | 93.16 |\n|  | Shroff | Uzung Tsing-fook | 6 8 | 11 11 | 18 7 | 168.00 | 80/223 | 60.27 | 107.73 |\n|  | Mail Man | Kong An Ngah | 5 5 | 11 11 | 17 4 | 76.80 | 65/208 | 24.00 | 52.80 |\n|  | Postran | Ng Si Yung | 5 0 | 6 4 | 12 4 | 46.80 | 5/140 | 1.58 | 45.22 |\n| Amoy | Postman | Chan Sing | 24 9 | 11 11 | 36 8 | 408.00 | 297/440 | 275.40 | 132.60 |\n|  | Boatraal | Haui Hang Yuan Ong Kau | 4 0 | 11 11 | 15 11 | 52.00 | 43/191 | 13.27 | 39.53 |\n|  |  |  | 4 0 | 11 11 | 15 11 | 52.80 | 45/191 | 13.27 | 39.53 |\n| Canton | 4/Grade Clerk | Chang Ving Shu | 5 5 | 11 11 | 17 4 | 288.00 | 65/208 | 90.00 | 198.00 |\n|  | Postman | Kam Cheong-fu | 8 5 | 11 11 | 20 4 | 78.00 | 101/244 | 32.29 | 45.71 |\n|  |  | Tam Yat Tung | 5 9 | 11 11 | 17 8 | 187.20 | 69/212 | 60.98 | 126.27 |\n|  |  | Kwan Cheong | 4 1 | 11 11 | 16 0 | 62.40 | 49/192 | 15.92 | 46.48 |\n| Chefoo | Clerk | Wong Lin-tsao | 7 1 | 11 11 | 19 0 | 240.00 | 85/228 | 89.47 | 150.53 |\n|  | Postman | Chew Ku Yuon | ... 1 | 11 11 | 12 0 | 45.00 | 1/144 | ... .31 | 44.69 |\n| Foochow | 5/Grade Clerk | Chi Po Che | 16 0 | 11 11 | 27 11 | 396.00 | 192/335 | 226.96 | 169.04 |\n|  |  | Chang Chun Ching | 9 10 | 11 11 | 21 9 | 210.00 | 118/261 | 94.34 | 115.66 |\n|  | Postman | Ling Tang-lung | 13 6 | 11 11 | 25 5 | 246.00 | 162/305 | 130.66 | 115.34 |\n|  |  | Carried Forward |  |  |  | $4584.80 |  | $2018.58 | $2566.23",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-487 - Others & Individuals - 1924",
        "page_number": 639,
        "title": "CO129-487 - Others & Individuals - 1924",
        "content_text": "I cannot take full-pay leave if the period concerned includes the King's Birthday. I can't trace the despatch regarding this matter.\n\nBut I hope that at the end of this year I can afford to take leave till after June. I've lost a lot of money, and my wife's health has cost me a lot. I'm not in a position to save a cent. But I hope the rule regarding the King's Birthday will be regarded as obsolete. The idea was that it wasn't fair to the O.A.G. who during that time drew his usual entertainment allowance and was out of pocket.\n\nThe O.A.G. was allowed to draw the entertainment allowance when he took leave, but he had to bear the King's Birthday expenses. However, we have changed that rule, and now the O.A.G.S. draws the full pay of each appointment, including the Entertainment allowance.\n\nI have held discussions with my wife, and she greatly appreciates your making this application on my behalf. I hope one of you would tell her what the result is. The Albemarle Club will always be able to find her.\n\nDuring the foreman's vacation leave, he is then in charge. I am thankful for the assumption that there won't be any troubles, and any issues will be settled without my presence.\n\nI was in charge during the Birthday and intend to force control, but I think that the pro-rata payment will be made next year if you decide to promote him, and if I am on leave. I would be glad to get the last chance of administering before retirement.\n\nThey have a couple of months' vacation leave, and I was wondering if it's possible to grant some leave on half-pay for a couple of months inwards? Some hundreds of pounds would be a great help.\n\nThis is allowed, and my wife or daughter will stay at Government House, and I won't have to spend money on hotel expenses. Chang Tso Lin moved east, and Wu Pei Fu is in the hot seat. In spite of this, I will probably manage.\n\nYours sincerely,\n7.8. States.",
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    {
        "id": 500148,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-488 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1925 [1-7]",
        "page_number": 552,
        "title": "CO129-488 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1925 [1-7]",
        "content_text": "#DENI 2017 100 DN\n\nThis Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government, and should be returned to the Foreign Office if not required for official use.\n\n## CHINA\n\nDecypher, Mr. Palairet, (Peking), 31st July, 1925.\n\nI have today received telegram from the Governor of Hong Kong asking whether I will receive emissary from Yunnanese Governor of Teng who is anxious to obtain our support in fighting Bolshevism in the South while Chang and Wu-Pei-Fu fight Feng in the North. Governor who has informed him that Hong Kong Government cannot assist adds that unless Cantonese by themselves turn out extremists now in power there, combination proposed seems only alternative to armed intervention by the Powers.\n\nI have replied that I see no object in receiving emissary as it is useless for him to hope for British support.\n\nD. 8.20 p.m. 3rd July, 1925.\n\nNo. 201.\n\n7.10 p.m. 3rd July, 1925.\n\n**Confidential.**\n\n533\n\nSubmit lift. 16 Fo.  \nTRC 6.7.25  \nG47.7.16  \n1/27/7/25  \nabo 30383 accordingly below.  \n\nIt appears there was a telegram discussing munitions and aeroplanes contrary to the Embargo Agreement, with references to supporting Tang Chi Yao and the situation related to Tonkin and Yunnan. However, the main content revolves around the communication between the Governor of Hong Kong and the decision regarding receiving an emissary from the Yunnanese Governor of Teng.",
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    {
        "id": 500149,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-488 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1925 [1-7]",
        "page_number": 553,
        "title": "CO129-488 - Governor Sir Stubbs - 1925 [1-7]",
        "content_text": "# PARAPHRASE TELEGRAM\n\nFrom the Governor of Hong Kong to the Secretary of State for the Colonies.\n\n(Dated 5th July)\n(Received Colonial Office 5.40 p.m. 5th July, 1925.)\n\n504\n**Secret**. Chinese situation.\n\nOn July 1st I telegraphed to His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires Peking in the following terms: message begins - Tsui Leung has brought me a letter from Yunnan from Tang Chi Yao stating that in his opinion it is essential that Bolshevists should be ejected from Canton as quickly as possible; and that he has under his command in Kwangsi, Kiangsi, and S.Kwantung a force of 80,000 men but is in need of funds and munitions. The letter proceeds with a request for assistance from Hong Kong and states that the French are affording substantial aid. Feng Yu-Hsiang is in Soviet pay, and Tang is in close touch with Chang Tso-Lin and Wu Pei-fu, who are combining against Feng. I have informed Tsui that while this Government concurs in the importance of freeing China from Bolshevism, Hong Kong cannot depart from the recognised policy of preserving a neutral attitude in Chinese political affairs and so is unable to afford assistance. It is Tsui's intention to call on you at Peking, and I should like to know whether I may say that you will receive him. The majority of Cantonese are against Bolshevism, so it is on the cards that they will themselves eject Bolshevists; but if they do not, the only alternative to armed intervention by the Powers seems to be some such combination as that which Tang suggests - message ends.\n\nI have now received the following reply from His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires Peking: message begins - There is no chance of British assistance, so no useful purpose would be served by...",
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    {
        "id": 500433,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 144,
        "title": "CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "The CANTON GAZETTE.\n\n廣州日報\n\nRegistered at the Post Office as a Newspaper\n\nVol III 485 CANTON, CHINA, 民國十四年八月十二日星期三 WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12 1925,\n\nSingle Copy: 10 Cts. $2.00 A Month #24.00 A Year\n\n## Municipal Council And Canton's Civic Progress\n\n### Stability and Progress.\n\nThe inauguration of the Municipal Council on Monday deserves comment. Despite the extraordinary situation in which this city and this province are placed in consequence of the barbarous acts of the subjects of certain Foreign Powers, the people, under competent leadership, are moving, and moving steadily, in their progress towards civic betterment.\n\n### SIGNIFICANT GESTURE\n\nWhat is the significance of the ceremony on Monday when the Councillors took the oath of office and assumed their corporate responsibility as a Municipal Council? Their gesture was an assurance of confidence to the people of Canton city and a challenge to our foes within and without. As representative citizens of the city, they indicate their faith and confidence in the stability of the new democratic order ushered in on July the First, and are prepared to co-operate actively and intimately with the Executive to build the Greater Canton that shall worthily uphold the proud and ancient eminence of Canton as the Queen City of the South.\n\nLet it be carefully noted that the Municipal Council which has just been instituted is not merely an **ADVISORY** body, but a **SUPERVISORY** and **LEGISLATIVE** organ, responsible for the general direction of the activities of the City Government. The Municipal Council as now constituted is charged with power to enact such laws and regulations as usually fall within the scope of modern Municipal Governments. Upon the Municipal Council will rightly devolve the problems of Municipal Taxation, Revenue and Expenditure. The Council is to meet at regular sessions to deliberate and pass upon the measures which the Executive Commissioners propose for the efficient conduct of the affairs of the Municipality.\n\n### PUBLIC CONFIDENCE AND SUPPORT\n\nScarcely fifty days have elapsed since the new City Mayor and his associate Commissioners took up office. With a practically empty treasury confronting them, they put their shoulders resolutely to their tasks. It did not take long for the evidence of Municipal activity to become apparent to the people: the daily sanitary work of the city has since been performed to the evident satisfaction of the people, and the mending of the public roads is proceeding apace despite temporary difficulties in obtaining materials. The educational difficulties, which have long been chronic, are being grappled with systematically, and soon it is hoped that the City's public school system will be placed on a sound footing. The police have got rid of the troops which had been quartering within the city.\n\nBut whatever progress has been made in the short period since the new City Commissioners took up office, has been largely due to the confidence and goodwill which the people, through its representative citizens, have shown towards the new Government. Without the financial assistance provided by the new Municipal loan, it would not have been possible to set the Municipal machinery going with such comparative smoothness and absence of friction.\n\nAnd it is an earnest of the better days that are now before us, when we see representative citizens, chosen equitably from the chief groups of a complex community - from the fields of commerce, labour, agriculture, education and the liberal professions - ready and willing to undertake the responsibility of Municipal Government for the common welfare of the community.\n\n## Tang Chi-yao Leaving Yunnan.\n\nGeneral Ching Chin Inspects Troops.\n\n## Commerce Leaders on Trade Permits.\n\n### Meeting Of The 4 Chambers Of Commerce To Discuss The Question Of Special Permits For Transportation Of Goods---Resolution Passed.\n\nThe General Chamber of Commerce, on account of the issue of Special Permits by the Commerce Department for the transportation of goods, which, in their opinion, would cause all sorts of obstacles for merchants, called the Presidents and Representatives of the Union of Merchants Association, the City Chamber of Commerce and the Cooperative Merchants Association, in a joint meeting on the 10th instant.\n\nThe meeting was attended by over fifty thousand persons. Flags with mottoes such as \"Down with the Lin Hu, Hong Chao-lin and Tang Poon-yan rebels,\" etc. were everywhere. A full report will be published tomorrow.\n\n## New Rules For Coast Shipping.\n\nSince the outbreak of economic war with the imperialists and blockade of the seaports, the Hongkong Government has received instructions to regard coastal navigation. And all the anti-imperialist unions of the whole province have been notified to act according to the following rules duly drawn up:\n\n1. Steamers of any nationality except British or Japanese are allowed to run to and from any of the various ports, provided they will not call at Hongkong.\n2. Upon entering port, steamers must positively be subject to the inspection of the labour or picket corps of the anti-imperialist unions.\n3. No export of food stuff or any other raw material from the inland districts is allowed.\n\n## Demonstration And Parade To Urge Suppression of Rebels.\n\nIn order to combat the machinations of the Imperialists, it is necessary firstly to put down the counter-revolutionaries and tools of Imperialism; a huge provincial demonstration parade was held on the instant. The labour unions are prepared to carry on a long struggle till final victory is attained by the people.\n\n## Conference Of Chaochaw And Swatow Natives Residing At Canton.\n\nIn view of the public excitement on account of the illegal taxations and extortions on the part of Chen Chiung-ming's generals, a meeting was held at twelve o'clock yesterday by all circles in Canton to urge immediate action by the Government. A conference was held at the Hall of Canton University, for a conference to discuss the matter of urging the Government to put down Chen Chiung-ming's forces, and to restore the control of Swatow, etc. Those present were the representatives of the Swatow and Chaochow Reconstruction Association, the Taipo Public Assembly, Sin Ling Tung Society, the Fungshun Public Assembly at Canton, the Chaochow and Swatow Students Union of the Canton University, etc.\n\nThe conference was opened at half past two o'clock in the afternoon, and Mr. Chau Loo was elected Chairman. The meeting began at 3:50 in the afternoon; Mr. Woo Chung Tong, Vice President of the General Chamber of Commerce, presided and announced the formation of the meeting. He said, in a brief statement, that they were requested to attend the meeting to discuss the question of abolition of the issue of Special Permits for the transportation of goods, as petitions have repeatedly been received to that effect.\n\nThe following resolutions were passed:\n1. That the various organizations of Chaochow, etc., be united together to form a powerful organized Body, so as to deal with Chen Chiung-ming's forces, and to plan progressive methods for the future reconstruction of the Chaochow districts.\n2. That the natives of Chaochow districts residing in Canton be all requested to participate enthusiastically in the great Parade, and to urge the Government to restore the control of Cha chow districts.\n3. That Preparatory Office towards the construction of the \"Joint Union of the Chaochow organizations in Canton\" be used on their participation in the Parade of the 11th August.\n\n## Form Branch Of Cooperative Aeroplane Association\n\nAt the Headquarters of the Defense troops under General Wu Toh-chen, a meeting was held to inaugurate a Branch of the Cooperative Aeroplane Association. There were present, Mr. Chen Pak-nin rendered his report on the present political administration of Chen Chiung-ming's generals in Cha chow, etc. General Wu Teh-chen announced that there is difficulty in the enforcement of such permits.\n\nMr. Liang Tso Hiang said that he had been sent by Commissioner Soong to discuss the obstacles in the Regulations governing the issue of such permits, and a request was made for abolition of such permits. Mr. Woo added that they (the representatives of the Chamber of Commerce and Unions of Merchants) had already held a meeting and expressed opinions and agreed that the points, regarding such permits, which require discussion.\n\nMr. Wong Kok Shing said that the Special Permits are suitable for imported goods, and it appears that exported goods would not be subject to these permits.\n\nMr. Cheung Fat Yu said that Commissioner Soong stated yesterday that the Special Permits do not apply to inland villages, but the local press had published an advertisement from the Pickets of the Workers.\n\n(Continued on Page 3)\n\n## Construction of Highways.\n\nAs previously reported, the Government, at the request of the strikers, has approved the plans for highways. The Bureau of Highway Construction proposes to construct firstly the highway to Whampoa by the strikers; at the same time a highway between Poon and Font Road will be built by disbanded soldiers. Preparations are being made for the organization.\n\nReceived Telegrams have been from Yunnan saying that Tang Chi-yao has decided to flee from Yunnan. General Fan Shek-sang's troops from Poshik city are marching on Yunnan and will soon capture the capital of that province. At the time, General Ching Chin went to the northern districts to inspect the troops there preparatory to dispatching them for service.\n\nGeneral Chiu Hi-chen's Kwangsi troops are bearing in on Tang Chi-yao from the north. Tang Chi-yao's troops driven out of Kwangsi cannot fight any more for they all know that the end of Tang Chi-yao's rule is come. Volunteers in Ta Li-fu have been planning to overthrow Tang and welcome General Fan Shek-sang. In all probability, there will be little fighting in Yunnan and will be ended upon the entry of General Fan's forces.",
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        "content_text": "# THE CANTON GAZETTE, \nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12 1925.\n\n## The National Commercial & Savings Bank Ltd.\n\n### CANTON BRANCH \nN. 1 cond Road, West Bund, Canton. \nTelephone No. 1860 \nHead Office: No. 169, D.s Voeux Road, Hongkong. Branches: Canton, Shanghai, Hankow & Tientsin.\n\n**Authorized Capital:** \n$5,000,000.00 \n(Registered with the Hongkong Government)\n\nMortgages, Foreign Exchanges, and General Banking business transacted. \nInterest allowed on Current and Savings Accounts and Fixed Deposits, as follows:\n\n| Type of Account | Interest Rate per annum |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fixed Deposits for 12 months | 6% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 9 months | 5 3/4% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 6 months | 5 1/2% |\n| Fixed Deposits for 3 months | 4 1/2% |\n| Current Account in Hongkong Currency | 3% |\n| Canton Subcoins | ... |\n| Savings Account | 5% per annum |\n\nRate of Interest on Special Deposits will be quoted on application.\n\n## CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS\n\n### Wanted, To Let, for Sale, to Hire, Exchange and Mart. \nBusiness and Official Notices.\n\n**Rates for Small Want Ads.** $2.00 for 3 insertions; $3.00 for 6 insertions. \n**Business and Official Notices** $4.00 an inch for 3 insertions; $6.00 for 6 insertions.\n\n### Wanted \nWANTED: 5 trained Chinese reporters for Chinese newspaper work. 2 trained translators (Chinese to English). Apply to All-China Labour Union (opposite the University) Canton from 1-3 P.M.\n\n### Customs Notification \nNo. 579.\n\n**POST OFFICE, CANTON** \nMail Notice \n**OUTWARD MAILS** \nMails for the under-mentioned Ports will be closed as follows:\n\n| Destination | Date |\n| --- | --- |\n| Hongkong, Shanghai, North and South China Ports | Daily |\n| Yuenfang | ... |\n| Japan | ... |\n\nThe Ling Nan Agricultural Mfg. Co. Ltd. \nA large shipment of dairy cattle has arrived and we are ready to supply the city community with Pure Milk. Send in your orders now. Price $1.50 per bottle. \nMain Office 24, 2nd West Bund.\n\n### NOTICE \nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of Customs, I am today handing over charge of this Office to Mr. F. HAYLEY BELL, Commissioner of Customs, Officiating.\n\nR. M. TALBOT \nActing Deputy Commissioner of Customs in charge, temporarily \nCUSTOM HOUSE, \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n### Customs Notification \nNo. 580.\n\nNOTICE is hereby given that, acting under instructions from the Officiating Inspector General of Customs, I have today assumed charge of this Office.\n\nF. HAYLEY BELL \nCommissioner of Customs, Officiating. \nCUSTOM HOUSE. \nCanton, 8th July 1925.\n\n## Advertisements\n\n### Wooi Sing Shoe Factory. \n廣州會陞鞋廠 \nTHE LATEST STYLES OF FOOTWEAR FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN \nPRICES REASONABLE \nWAI SUN NAAM ROAD \nCANTON, CHINA \nTELEPHONE 891.\n\n### Dr. Howard S. Wong DENTIST \nOffice \n71 Tai Ping Road, South 2nd Floor \nCanton, China \n-天許生醫科牙 \n橿櫞伯酹路德一 \n\n### Dr. T. Huie, Dentist \nYat Tak Road, Canton, \nWOMAN, AND CHILD USE \nat Petter's Building. Office Hours: \n10 am to 1 p.m. \n2 p.m. to 5 p.m.\n\n### 黃滄海華洋律師 \nC. L. WONG, LL.M. \nAttorney and Counsellor at Law \nHandles all kinds of legal and litigation, \nChinese and foreign. \nOffice: 5th Floor, Messrs. Best & Co. Building \nWashington Cafe Building \nThe Bund.\n\n### The Tooth Brush \nThis is the age of prophylaxis. Experiments by dentists all over the country have proved beyond a doubt that the clean tooth stands a poor chance of decaying.\n\nA tooth brush too large for the mouth is a problem. The adult size of 90 per cent of the tooth brushes on the market is too big. \nThe fact that a person should have his teeth cleaned from four to six months by a dentist has been impressed upon the minds of the public.\n\nThe laity also know that the teeth should be brushed at least twice daily and many use a brush systematically yet even then accomplish very little towards keeping their teeth clean.\n\nThe remedy? Use of a smaller brush! \nWhen a patient inquires as to the best tooth paste to use, I never recommend any one in particular but I always advise him as to the size of the brush to use because proper manipulation means more than the toothpaste.\n\nCONTINUED.\n\n### Dr. Wm W. C. Lee \nMISSIONS BUILDING, THE BUND \n2nd Floor-elevator \nAttorney and Counsellor at Law \nHandles all kinds of legal and litigation, \nChinese and foreign.\n\n### SAVE YOUR EYES. \nGet your GLASSES from \nChinese Optical Co. \n司公鏡眼益精國中 \nRefracting and Manufacturing \nThe Modern Opticians in China \nSpecial Reduction \n... to... \nDRS. RX. WORKS \nNorth Wing Hon Road, Canton \nTelephone 868 \nHead Office: -Shanghai, \nBRANCH OFFICES: - HONGKONG, PEKING, TIENTSIN, HANKOW, TSINAN, HANGCHOW, HARBIN, NANKING, CHANGSHA, WUCHONG, MACAO, FENGTIEN & DAIREN\n\n### Dairy Farm \nCanton. \nTelephone 1044. \nDairy farm: Honglok, Honam. \nManager: P. K. FU. \nAdvisor and Inspector, Dr. W. W. Cadbury, \nCollege Physician, \nCanton Christian College.\n\n### Notice \nThe S.S. \"Bainam\" and \"Nanning\" will leave Canton for Wuchow every Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 8 a.m. \nFor further particulars, please apply to, \nSAI HING NAVIGATION Co. LTD. \nSha Keo.\n\n### AH FONG STUDIO. 芳阿 \nGIVE US A TRIAL. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. \nWe beg to announce to the public that we have lately added to our studio many modern inventions whereby photos taken compare favourably with Shanghai photos by well-known photographers abroad.\n\nWe have engaged experts to look after our developing, printing, and enlarging departments.\n\nWe have always on hand views of Canton as well as postcards, etc. \nEastman & Agfa films a speciality. \nProofs will be shown at our studio.\n\nJust taken NEW PANORAMA OF CANTON CITY; \nfor sale at $4.00. \nTELEPHONE No. 531 W. \nAddress: No. 1 SAI HAU STREET \nCANTON.\n\n### THE CHINESE FAMOUS \nHUI FUNG CAKES. \nThe Shing Chu Bakery \nShou Chu Bridge, Honam, Canton \n電話 2204 \nTelephone 2204\n\n### 劉體志 牙科博士 \n口嘉南樓三樓 \n現設長堤西濠 \n牙科醫館 \n\n### INWARD MAILS \nU.S.A., Japan, Shanghai & London via Canada \nLondon 2nd May & Europe via Siberia (London 8th May) \nManila \nJapan \n...\n\n### UROTROPIN \nWhat Is UROTROPIN? \nUROTROPIN was introduced by the well-known German Prof. D. Nicolaier and has been recognized as one of the best remedies for the urinary organs.\n\nThe tablets as well as the 40% sterilized solution for injection are known to have high effectiveness on many kinds of infectious diseases.\n\nIn cases of urinary retention resulted in post-operation, and the incessant vomiting by impregnated people, UROTROPIN offers remarkable results.\n\nManufactured by Chemische Fabrik auf Action (vorm. E. Schering) Berlin.\n\nFor samples and descriptive literatures, please apply to \nPO KEE Co. \n105c Tai Ping Road, Canton.\n\n### The Canton Engineering Construction Co. \n司公築建程工州廣 \nENGINEERS, ARCHITECTORS, AND CONTRACTORS, \nGeneral Office: 9, Cheng Hoi Road, \nTelephone: Central 950.\n\nBuilding Construction, Roads and Pavements, Bridges, Reinforced Concrete, Excavation and Filling, Bunding, and all kinds of construction works.\n\nWe carry all lines of electric supplies, building materials, and general fabrikoid goods.\n\nSatisfactory Work, Prompt Service, Reasonable Cost. \nC. T. Yeh, \nGeneral Manager and Civil Engineer.",
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        "content_text": "# THE CANTON GAZETTE, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7.\n\n## The Sincere Co., Ltd.\n\n**Universal Providers.**\n\n## BRITISH LABOUR AND CHINA.\n\n**Congratulations On Revolt.**\n\n1994.\n\nRussian Oil Export To Persia\n\nThe Sincere Co., Ltd. advertisements continue with details about their goods and services.\n\nOur Own Manufacturer!— AERATED WATERS, PERFUME, SOAPS, WARE, METAL WORK, RATTAN WARE, FURNITURE & SOAP.\n\nOUR ROOT-GARDEN: Chinese & Foreign Plays are shown DAY & NIGHT. Admission Adult 35 Cents, Child 15 Cents.\n\n## THE ORIENTAL HOTEL AND RESTAURANT\n\nTHE BUND FACING THE PEARL RIVER With the Whole View of Canton City From the Roof Garden. Modern Accommodation and Comfortable Equipments. Hot and Cold Baths. Serve best Foreign and Chinese Meals. We prepare party dinners.\n\nThe Sun Roof Garden. Various Photographs. Interesting Banks of Calcutta & Foreign plays and a marvelous show run Day and Night. Admittance 35 Cents. Extra charge to see Stereoscopic Pictures and Special Exhibits.\n\n## THE SUN CINEMA.\n\n**PROGRAMME FOR September 5th to 8th, 1915**\n\nARIDOW PRESENTS NEVA GERDEN IN \"The Santa Fe Trail\" The 3rd and 4th Episodes in 4 parts.\n\n...deleg might cent of the year the Boys' Brigade was a remarkable demonstration of their kindred spirit, in support of the \"Peace-Aims\" exported from international solidarity, urged ordered troops to shoot 60 or 70 persons, were 28-67. (use at all prices). The Tooden Daily Herald wondered how would you feel about having twenty firms pointing the sponsors... Large cort of demand of oil in Puol. siune land an opportunity. The Foreign exploiters, he ran, from pamphlets, the true addict, user in China because Company Ltd., mainly exports from story of the grants in Shanghai. Labour was cheap and profits were very great. The usurer had to read how the Immediate...\n\nThe Company has many branches... the most important section in China, making killing of Chloewliang with an injudicious organ... Noviet Rumia, Daring sight... in Tapisserie ward... kaune, and the Libane...\n\nChimphny exports... Tamki duminda freintekom from different goods for kam mim... the Cleverkmeet me the League 4,207,100 gold rubles, chiefly (Nititia, that in long an aspiratiele... Finlangan, on vint, promed back Ken exploiting Chloean Jaktor, kje als. As to Import, the Company...\n\n...Tant the clan of Lần – mcgille the man was deeply moved jury.\n\nThe **metallurg**... wiła ze zsproses katteer of the product rock Inbour most apo į fulfilled orders for 185,000 gr...\n\n(be allowed to ekler Any sylland (mostly Okpada and Japancio Workers pouring that they had no personal points... gemerck by Dersally king Bertrand Russell Speake kauda, no the Praidues of the...\n\nmeat. If the Braef fignum Bhanghal pero lo jeopardy, it man bremuse of the foreigner's habit of shooting the Betiyak.\n\nelentria and tensile incluatry. (T) Build 30 New Staawari.\n\nMoscow, August 20,--la noword noon with the röpoch of the BOT Plug Committen, The Commo of Labor and Defense... Mr. Bertrand Russell Jasna International Fustration of Tenčų) but the Chioma mockin' men UNA (M, Pursell)...\n\nThis dramatic Tooldrat, whlo was obsered to the hi was Bling almaz L ■ rowing su impliằng merking, which in no. Bhanghelb went on, we w mrgerinin volen had demanded täpplenind that the biggest #relgu | purpom 20 mallilan gille ukten, AP Chin fatory legislation worthy w warshipu malu kʊme within a few wensele will be built wu tho freteekei...\n\n## Hongkong Students To Pursue Studies Free Of Charge in Canton.\n\nWith The Strikers Day! Obstacles To The LABOR AND PEASANT MOVEMENT...\n\n## Peasant Movement Åt Tsi Kum.\n\n1. The CIRQ of the Striker »...\n\nThe Bent wheat the average praduation of per-wear Longt veku 140700 tour, and din penducklin of 1928–1k+ hat your for the water prodmeka...\n\n## Review Of Military Situation In Kwanglung.\n\n1. Present Movement Of Chen big rome Fatale...\n\nChing-wing And His Gamarala.\n\nEntired hate sur lenm2...\n\nTHE CANTON GAZETTE. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7,\n\n## Hongkong Students To Pursue Studies Free Of Charge la Canton.\n\nWith The Strikers Day! Obstacles To The LABOR AND PEASANT MOVEMENT...\n\n...willing to marzmanine, kot trenjanin kaç ke har man dizing...\n\nder Chowk Yan kinod Rani Hot But of Blanation for mur their will be allowed by th Inter hela Amy Jaka kuru retirad in Yan Porn studim in the variana Admiral Yaar Bhutang tabela Rimacngs that Phren hastlin, kun Cauty from of all, abuzger Jarlsa bim tack Kwangtung hat is...\n\nten fangha between Linng's troops easylog ter vals. On August 31, he seo ell...\n\nand the Kaimintung midlern Merived...\n\nBy Day.\n\nour lanOEN CORKSPONDENT...\n\nAllgeme...\n\n4. Gbout To Rest Disbanded Sullera...\n\nThe weather fawering the [ view of ripening of she maFIN, and spit s plamani ka pol 700990 CM DỮ MAČKA...\n\nBarront in dy Plan will Chinten Bestek naljasta to o...\n\nBear Imperiono...\n\nPatronumlantion...\n\ntwerk...\n\nCALL...\n\nthrow the Nati uulist GormERME, ČA...\n\nHong Kick after kot telury la Tungking, hyn lup...\n\nW...\n\nMy...\n\nkarworm 25 IS KIN is 1...\n\nKATA L...\n\nManara aca helen taken tables, ka pravimui l, k Kriesi mains fius. SpealsimsĒJA with mee being therefore construct in Kharbay and in Oslensk. *Equiparat for special drying room Thar brun sedered In Ameden. (TRT)...\n\nThe Berit Camaro first her orders prabibiling...\n\nAndleg E Alexandra By the S. Ships of the Eastern Hou the part of British author Ber to wwlog to systemetiuni albompta frems...\n\npick up • quarrel with Bavich Tom in and do...\n\npory mbkorting an R skip \"Chiskerin\" Imported from Egypt.\n\nMover the Chiny, Zolmay, the Anische Matarum which kaform the Mimow, August 10 — In conveer jane mar altuated in a dark marrom Then with the forthgaming Jichiller vi kallding new...\n\nAcademy...\n\nMe, Lesberge 1 and rearghland Boulder of Bra dek|9olf, Thu Prakit ấp cho không còn tháng 1 palakas koma of the Trade Aandemy, poluti sut. Kat einer the Agnőemy it la preparing great thought rewalutlus the Aandemy imaranee) || works of Inte. Profsurori espazoff.\n\ncongratulate | 19e buildings meie fase bear (1) Maleckmatzff and Milf am hydro- reval Bay, Comparison with the pronar ilmin dyenmion Bamins Systezi and...\n\nthe end of the There voi he said, “aselber | Bafire, the repletivo (1 kad 26 - Litterster- havong wingaid for thin workers in Bonshowned festonia, Willage\" wear Chion. That w000...\n\n* 4.\n\n(the mom xế 2 20ak trap against)India, whore cudition for workers | 42.000.000 ambo an} th...\n\n|i vrpone GF B. 30.000...\n\nUnique La vendiffmuih siroma The workerk, and Thr British were gonily bad. HE HOPED The Orden of Pope's 63 muaj slange myn Medickoff, Pake...\n\nINDIA WOULD nappation of Ukiomén terribary.\n\nFOLLOW ten taklog Future and nation the Vondomy of Helmusan kun sat Tosk Mr. Hamiļau Fyfe, adhor of the CHINA, FOR BRITISH CAP. Menia works of the Auxilia y formar qualities but ta the mostenry Duty Hello who followed, wa ITALISM IN LITHER PLACE | 150pped lataly 300,000 guôle miles, conerand un doneloped them. The warmly applanded when ba dealerad? !WAS EQALLY BAD for ion dende. Dorme de proud,“ vom Way rament nevar løberfered...\n\nTibat a national agitation should be after the revolothus be ]* \"WE ARE NOW PLEADING,...\n\nwith the macontiźle mark of Le started agaisnt the markeri pavilion Laborskry her bus ringanized Azadny, although sometimes li NOT FOR THE CIVILIZATION...\n\nin China. Into the Excitetu of Pl-juice and...\n\nwendl be jnkford in OF THE CHINESE, BUT FOR THE...\n\nMalisation with saw willing to a Ka Belitian CIVILIZATION...\n\nOURSELVES\"...\n\nOF...\n\n| \n\nMr B Swales, shairman of the Conngil of the Tend- Union Com...\n\nThes a powerful searchlight or Chum working \"onditions...\n\nBut The...\n\nfor outruating physical Instru- Bevist Power wai nating moth wests...\n\ngros, moscalated the Trada Dulen | mente ao Senalign the ground ly with a full time and mader- Mom of this mustry with tha | Imarnased only three final.\n\nher ught take ping by Mr. Tommolador, aut Mr. Kia Junio...\n\ndolomier, M. P. who wated that...\n\nla tungko, z gitar works, buyr had...\n\nta boli from 4x in tali pa i To lakken. KAMERTY MANA phere for a shilling a month and Chale Aad. Mongra had to do X koma at a strefah undergranad. and young girl worm fareed 1 work alimentawek of 084 82' bears Wsyrt in Asma Can- auto at low ma lajan Baja yg female child-race To...\n\nall somerkki Pellak a man...\n\n(China) dealered that hir sankey-...\n\nMower to munden shemtroy mit against...\n\ndid not wred the word from...\n\nA kolmudilluns under which they mure (brøvd ka mark.\n\nNr. C. Roda Brzton Full Al Healer spitalinn kad tikva dvantage of its superior way strength in Impesu deuditions na Lhu Cllness work-ra-zuudulene ibal New Zel Bring a Llush toyyney while www-in order to make profit.\n\nTko srahukay, which was nastir!...\n\n## Pearl Theatre.\n\n(Opposite DUTCH FOLLY, THE BUND.)\n\n**PROGRAMME FOR Saturday to Monday Sent: 6 to 7 100%**\n\nwith Lin P...\n\n## Peasant Corps At Tung Bo Disarm Tam Kai Sau's Troops.\n\n...ThatKamalutisanty Promod of Sigh. Pengping and Lam Skargad wore revealed, then AUTH Kam dhe armirandy pak cipe Tang Bagathaped...\n\nwer...\n\nHeporanstulives reorived a reported 19 vilse: parti gather in the af Augu The Boreas of meaton ka hot wrsk saling at a elger mladi -py and a district and...\n\nkozik walk mera than 3,000 sumelor preudarnya aunty jiretruched that Siivate Usen (15) Pinnes kored by the Ilongkong |...\n\n|k preparatory sign for Bar Girgao Parmak a detailed statement ikaw 2Ničnik), world arrive at Chat...”\n\nHuation of a Tune Pennai Arusia (lauren p Flug Um samber af students from...\n\nin the event. Immediatly, tho Mill EG keld a montramos to distruction ban trusted og la maer revolutuary from under...\n\nBom hun already been formal Bai Aunt escla...\n\nfor the serumen of the | what etapa should be taken, at the...\n\n. the...\n\npul...\n\nforces...\n\nTakoj...\n\n• \n\naphs tkh...\n\nTam Kalon in the 30th. Th the Domeniiden the pravan- pamasa had worst defeated them Elinary Leon of the 2nd and 3rd when Mas Kamenovane Ti (kair Štejejon, eles awed at Un On and Trava with midik und wurrounded Mayumi Tapakker with the gentry, 166, ppasand...\n\nMat Bang Moon Kitérikesuppiosios matka ♬ the studenta par timer, The Bunker game Magistrate, Bi. Kansant, no...\n\nthe emular complatiomiale The Trsipt...\n\nCall undirni mveral...\n\nLettlement:...\n\n3. Fully mangel të palesť, the...\n\nIf badito and die...\n\nChan ser disaraved by Liste desturbing the villagern the Chila a geveral wider Law Foulbeats are charged with the who in in power at Tungkung responsibility of attacking fit, pant...\n\nBronse of this lixa 5. Liang Hung-in Disarmo...\n\nRabal Troops.\n\ndown banter. But...\n\netlil ba je bopong ko na sip agus...\n\nin separation with some of the 193...\n\nN * Maa ki je w orderl...\n\nnything work at bestruotiana frak. BUCURE...\n\n## Strike On The Canton-Samshui Railway.\n\n2...\n\neverwal, they hart koma h...\n\nthe...\n\nwith all the pemple's organis...\n\ndiff...\n\nIK...\n\nThe Mallee cooperate with...\n\n*them...\n\nin mirgawrding the blankad...\n\npeminati ka jetu 14 Material for gaming to them...\n\nFusterday she workun ef Caufan-Banakui Railway anddenly...\n\nwat na strikes. It is a demacy to...\n\nkonnte fang, he...\n\nTapling devizyakemini ili podczas pil...\n\nTRACY LAY...\n\nsenonly and aklank wenke, through The jennað propagandista kad tie malereydukleary lines and Need xanny of their enumien. A praptal, Tom Ree...\n\nje prestokig (muggling ni...\n\nthird...\n\nMedrčary Tom Boomer, warm #90g de explly Tarly rifles we u by. To play and Ide...\n\nwww.kazz declared the shiks. Tai pamato Pastompere, (by probalotelat pedant mm.pinti...\n\nVale offered to supply them with formed rented da wammika mera han led vene, the Commander app, face, rig that they They are Law beginning to do them -rch Chorima.\n\nann demand of the strike la Chok Yun-k!, the 111k brigade diemiul of the mixg nề...\n\nThe...\n\ngescale main blog to her of the Chatinors army under Railway, H. Chen. Tilted L-Fang party.\n\nLiang Hang kal at Sunsingh that the strike le obes...\n\nklog against the Nationariation Jongresmi kumung th...\n\nLi Fu in joying hian 17 de Baungkap After his defeat lunt | Just Goparamendued approsaing the Gormek yêur by the Kuðslulung Rådiers, Papil. After the Jill be 10,000...\n\nof the elations in the hududary...\n\nthe diemia] Ceastar revelakery...\n\nUnder...\n\nck You | al...\n\nKystkura Kəmuga. Liu Fo, after Trop...\n\nThe purple r...\n\nPlasa...\n\nhaya...\n\nالم...\n\nbreb...\n\nkin failure, has been asking help. Skinz were denied by Linng trom the Plug (horarumini ] Bung-lin after attnek Kwanglung. Taan Uli jubi bronnen of his keptility comura 11m helping the Kuombatang aridieru lu Naturgalom Gayusmodi k working th rebrin...\n\nworkber of the Ballang Our raspondent ended m Mr.\n\n| Kong pak, Cramosmane De Labor kid Agricultor of the Provi) plat Gorrent, in order lo gel...\n\nlih information regarding the | trade in thei...\n\nter...\n\nMr Clan Kurg pik kald tani, Mr. Cheik Yanki w the question will be discosed tor Wong was Cantuaran to da...\n\nday by the Provincial Government stray Customs. Tungremi hay during the fight. Traine of the tool which will bry...\n\nInd benn went by Ton esiju saking Nag-Yung Railway...\n\nnow|| malhada af stafmatory n bilament Ük Oke-fang of baking using so uma). The dustion Fang Panja | Klanga and oli se la quilo procefal. Chen Yiajan of Fuking to napply 4 Wang Shto-hang's Troops Will...\n\na pomumtesa bo Lan Tu to reback Protect Wachow Content d4 lk show mliturinə! want ra nhw Dezir lapulty to Tu Chi jul for faturn reward, they all kaye pommand to do what he makes. A few duyu ngiv a proud quantity...\n\nof Kansalla perk dat Bestim...\n\nand Boing-Alog. Ida Pa's far isys Lou Leiening while the other graevale of Ohau Chieng, wing at Pendly laing si...\n\npowere...\n\nDarlag hetke kokt...\n\nasked la...\n\nuld extend the Tekndə TA i vindhum, de eer Ms. Ac englantia Headquarter pokad cradles to propeni la Tafurahaa, \n\n$. Yesterday ta Strikarı For departmani peṣelvad la...\n\nflowing m...\n\nFm 1 merobauda o...\n\nCACA...\n\nFrom Charte coloms Di...\n\nCukk...\n\n$10.000...\n\n| \n\nT...\n\n## Meeting Held By Strike Delegates.\n\ndum không la thu round dish...\n\n19. to--flazer bar be...\n\nmeforging na niyaam of paymast to the 18th your of the Reput la lig...\n\nThe parchment of Tran Perian Arelation le verg slum. owing do thu nhavn alalalaa.\n\n## National Disgrace Day.\n\nA meeting wi-fil resoutly at 1 Provincial Etoempasi Amesīn...\n\nBy The Alchina Labour Um And the Hirika Delgates. More than thousand perszes were joharity with Mr. Me Abiu-shon...\n\nDomo...\n\nH...\n\nBenson's Umbau und Me Le. We...\n\nOn The worth, my of preding A On days when the Imperialaten verane were leak-4, consist- forand na Unequal Tresty upon vs. 1 Nr. La Yea oun of the tha various claims of people haveina Labour Aminom, Mr.\n\nPen Y of the Mirror Lubawe...\n\n•Heated ᏓᏗᏗ . \n\npara j iamrmed that the Galiana Apolation. Mr. Za Bing kai of the Lutherist kapa Familie and have deadded in dealer, “f the Ship and Englies Waipo.\n\nAfter the nation, the priftinal ja holiday on that day They will 44.000 kka forma a propeptada unapaiya Prpent and pruendure of Kwang- So give dentures in the elty exposing org, was zxplained by Mr. Li Fu- 271 phase of a Nathum. Dular of the Pollioul De...\n\nthe puckansk of the Bonnese Army-...\n\n20 000...\n\nFrom Chance day in...\n\nCanada...\n\n3.000...\n\nf the present allundum m The...\n\nFrom Chinese goboy ja...\n\nUnited StateN From Chiarn shay la...\n\nM>...\n\n400...\n\n4.244...\n\n| \n\nCha xe\" com-Šla sam Railway Bormal work of whlek K 14 plant for Ake fare priple.\n\nThe...\n\nFrom Chiosa sulony In...\n\nVIU Tur...\n\n1.186...\n\nrt...\n\nthe...\n\nTerm (blame in char...\n\nAmerican order...\n\nFrom the Shanghai Ph...\n\n## Unification Of Kwangsi Finance.\n\nBlame the 1+ Devlalón o hate Army me *pps the rebellion at Kongo. Cowpern) 1) Ubah names troopt bayr- andy left Weabor for Canton The ally of Wach in som under the prodnation of Guneral Wong that Blen begej...\n\nAp...\n\n4. The kers, besides Dig...\n\nmakkred th...\n\n|pending of newspapers, brochures newple from their dream andria The general meeting of the Brid...\n\n„De mpålete, pretoriate bara dripat sa overthrow Imperialom. Wacken laimhed, the bexlaring of the...\n\nad Hongkong was dearibed by Mr. Wag Pingohana; mad the Valen...\n\nThe Kwong Authorities trike. 15 melions of propagandiste has ordered the polistaal besakas, affales ned Thele segnalatim men...\n\nT. ELi Chui-sam's Military Reforma kuwa duly wonuldered the question...\n\nisland of Y. \n\n9.\n\nflor Bomber 3.\n\n- \n\nDen wanted cont...\n\neinar the place of Nameals a different distries of Kwangiunto give them ho letu dally, on by Mr. de Saca aktor.\n\nhand propagandiera returand lo...\n\nng the reading of addilloant repi Verywhere in de matry, they arrival of the...\n\nmutative to the North, and the were warmly waipond by the Thunday t...\n\npestoot from the British Dansul yan pronunta win \"azo entborinullally...\n\nred by Mr Bhin ohing. 1 Kuping the enti loparisiott Wrike-...\n\nspalaking of propagandleta tu Eines the boysoki, anamarckleg up and down and great the interfat was alas Jrult wită.\n\nA He w...\n\nHongkong Tundid Band. They mouth and...\n\nTo create a stronger feron tay tha of reorganisation of The Govern: Parka rosently, and reported clisk the Nationalitat Gaverament for the ent and separation the military Kerwinlang oldies at Tamani, purpees of wa atarken Tang Podmlustration from this afvlt.\n\nThe plan for the ra organiration But after the armakod. That made him no mormona yaying alw attention military ure vam memily-...\n\nN klang ago, be enlisted me al military operation meertas untulari, an In A wong. 253 motoops in Kalin and Chun Kaneelslorgano kata e me under J 25 En nevem kan krem at a standa...\n\nCaning And That Yộp Kau has ankindjak w...\n\njened dial of manpoviem. Tupin I. K Ek it beje ribed that there the control of Underhizatı...\n\nBriflab...\n\n[The They dolls—in mana TO LE verr diena 9.000 soldiers. El moprimer that the financem off...\n\nenglanti anga ma thu Amarjoka Truly calisted from Kuangai. Thay Kagi mak...\n\nArm Cary & Bo wish to learn tanganga for a mun will be trained at 85fm-king-...\n\nkher mate foregeten, iki vam pat before the reargaulantia can be revoirs and open knojapan ta SONI Effretine.\n\nbeple nekod se o the purser. 8. Cha Pri-jeh's Army...\n\nThe foreignere ich May dilut...\n\nKaylking about para. Tip...\n\nwith J Fer...\n\nd...\n\ngon Cuck...\n\nwith tury...\n\nngals. Tung Porn-yan Bacemen Unsary...\n\nWhen new pornked Kronachen | Hared to Könychusn.\n\nQoqlar tak pekmo kaya beli se lued by his in parient sigurnet...\n\nthat the Hulkanalist (ɔe rameal After the fixezimit order that Kwan gas inquesting them to Hand sama planning to utisak the mouth we can pa urn to be allowed to quarter répromitetiver på kold, a maficcars...\n\nJar...\n\nThese bejnais da chenum 1ḥale|...\n\nTee from Sharome to the Canon...\n\nby...\n\nStrike Committee Appeals To Military Council.\n\nTwinks Camiller...\n\n=...\n\nMp...\n\nErgutat from the...\n\nson thị tham Out. Loke at work in Chian Bha...\n\nbermudying in the four or they had no game they were probably from where...\n\nthellar kad hang...",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 500967,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 2,
        "title": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "2\n\nI work in comfort during the day and rest in comfort during the night.\n\nSKETOCIDE\n\nand quickly rid the Office and Home\n\nof\n\nMOSQUITOES, FLIES, SANDFLIES,\n\nLICE, ETC.\n\nSKETOCIDE, with nil hazards, is administered.\n\nSKETOCIDE is pleasant as water.\n\nSKETOCIDE is compressed.\n\nTHE PHARMACY\n\n1, Queen's Arcade\n\nD. J.\n\nSHAMPOOING RUGS AND CARPETS\n\nMakes them\n\nBright\n\nand Clean\n\nOnly 50 cts.\n\nper yard.\n\nCollection and Delivery Free.\n\nRolls of Dirt carried away.\n\nRolls of Cleanliness brought back.\n\nSTEAM LAUNDRY CO.\n\nHEAD OFFICE & WORKS: YAKATI.\n\nDEPOS: 26, Stanley Street, Vol.\n\nKOWLOON HOTEL\n\nKOWLOON DEPOT: 3, Cau'chi Ham\n\nFLAK HOTEL DEPOT:\n\nHONGKONG HOTEL: (Visit only;\n\nJ. T.\n\nSHAW\n\nLADIES & GENTLEMEN'S TAILOR\n\nFIRST QUALITY ONLY\n\nSOUTH CHINA MORNING POST.\n\nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nINVEST YOUR CAPITAL\n\nSAFELY\n\nIN DIAMONDS.\n\nCHAIN BLOCKS\n\nELECTRIC BLOCKS & TRANSPORTING GEAR\n\nHERBERT MORRIS, LTD.\n\nAGENTS\n\nBRADLEY & CO., LTD.\n\nChute food.\n\nMachinery Dept.\n\nTel. 2020.\n\nMessrs. J. ULLMANN & Co, of Chater Road\n\nEstablished 1860,\n\nhave always pleased their Customers with the quality and the price of their diamonds.\n\nLOCAL\n\nAND\n\nGENERAL.\n\nLighting-up the to-day is at present cases of warfare cholesal 6.46 PATTY\n\nThe closing rate of the dollar on demand yesterday was 28. 9/16d.\n\n...\n\nhave declared amongst Japanese residents in Huanghai between August 15 and 18\n\na new treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between Spain and Siam, together with a tariff.\n\nAbout Chinese, who landed in Lockor on July rate Cake, whence they had been expelled, more taken in charge by the new municipal police, and started to Spain forthwith\n\nThe Yang di Pertuan Besar, etor Negri ehk and lady He Tag were mess of Mrs Balavin,\n\nPassengers departing fav Hong Kong. Saturday included r, Paus the proteoc? along the lacs of the Hodgene, Mr. G. H. Hew, Major? Siamess American trendy of 1999, Weelings, and Mr., 34, and ise e sigurd in Merid on Anavat on Fady 25, 94, 16, Domaingreet, at Iemington.\n\nA petition has Theon sout to the\n\nracuptă a fur Gvarveen visiter M\n\nHigh teries evidently comment sobars of the Gevorazi mitted by a well organized, clever\n\nThe Paanhou Lataa Gempiains of\n\nGovernmanni by the pork solleve, gang ut Paeves within the a tre the melameree of Wataishae and gui asking that casures a week within the district berlinese is autors to rear to Laken preten, hop-oil bow by Ceiles, Mabini, Herren. Taj Pukius its no s paзig y hel kore front selling\n\nstreets.\n\npark in the\n\n41 The Co, AF have lecie tight anda.\n\nsing the Manila poliem aud secret water, or festive is na mumer Murvico division.\n\n1\n\nPalm Beaches, Gabardines, Alpsets, Tropical aiting, Dress Harondt, who will rive in the wedding- ever believed to be rephor during the tide the\n\nMaterials, Sc. B\n\nJUST RECEIVED English made Officers Sam Browne Belts, Haversacks, Fox Pattles, Khaki Tles, Metropolitan Whistles, War\n\nribbons and nature medals.\n\n11, Reaconsfield Arcade.\n\nINSPECTION CORDIALLY INVITED\n\n(Opposite City Hall.\n\nGrand Opening Sale\n\nStep in and compare our Goods and Prices\n\nINSPECTION INVITED\n\nPOPULAR SILK STORE\n\n(Opposite Kangkang Hotel;\n\nChina Building, No. B, Pedder Street.\n\nPrices\n\nAL\n\nVERMIN\n\nLOTOL\n\nKILLS ALL VERMIN\n\nSold by\n\nA. S. WATSON & CO., LTD. Sole Agents:-\n\nAnd all Chemists & Stores.\n\n#4\n\nThe forthcoming wedding is announced of Mr. Weer varick! Mr. and Mex James Fold v The captain on the genderzeɛ Who Knoke, Tung Shan Canton, to Westenzoyland, Somerset, have rele. I was ersicted of murdufeg the com. and his wife and Mies Jobs Auguste Paula bunted die 71 iversong of their wint Onyi\n\nalore guique The busbaudienthoate as Token, wali ho relent and Eje wife a your younger. Mojot from prison shoes the unddie of lower the 92, relatives war Log Sepeansion songlazenie Nieto, konta\n\none from Australi\n\nColony by the ss. Oldestory.\n\nThe Chinese Brunumie Slonthig for August has detailed cla cussion of Shane agricultural practice, wita interesting 3.1\n\nLoving\n\nA Chinese 2d Japanese nurs are among tbury who have promised to monk at the International Co Surse of Sick-Norses, which opened dengtors, aly 20, aut is laing sitended by Jelegnies from\n\nentiona of the appliances weed, Maveled Chang Teo-in bas Jeans Sericulture cotton-growing timed Mex 000 rough General ber markerg.\n\nчто? ecuneuit so in the Stedent Anda bots my in diferent regions of the Bumiy Univexity Jay Chinu are also very interativolyj and Erogel Tieptene) far- Realt with.\n\nof ge pour white Kanziar. Studenata,\n\n*\"\n\nalvd, is differort suuntaies\n\nTwo hurr-one, with ts, ad\n\nTeal vien, two if who were the other ten would lus beau un- portion of shell, obtaled Frogs * mnied with daggers, com with a hur to corrpite their contres esingi tas estruese deposit in Heuer,\n\nCaina, have been presented to thei! Crevolver. and the other with at lesk, of Curta,\n\ntieological Department of the Bri-3\n\n| pair of scissors, heid up a Chinese j\n\nin Jubilee Sheet, yasierday even\n\n*.*\n\nA Shanghai ziceaz soole who di ti ser by Me Fulhas pior,\n\ning at twerty minutes to seven woneret that & malo passenger till we repris par des of\n\nand rubbed him or $66. The led a paringe of jewelley worth, victim showed a little restaurace 2.000 16 bir terba, took the package, and was slightly stabbed on the\n\n**\n\nThe ees of assault agaturi Tam\n\nballeha\n\nMr J. L. North, estrator of thin\n\nto Sins Police Station, where the toys Potande Boruty, who for on owner of it appearad Isten gave the coulis8568TOWY PRO expstimating with for his honesty. The englie left leave, is growing worch this year\n\nthe statica in bewildoriams, count\n\n**\n\nuL Chiswick. where they serni\n\nto or doing well in North is alre\n\nhaving nya Ibalit grown >1\n\nRonding and Talesbury, in see The Thienene of faunilton is alen\n\nPat, who is de cercandong the aver so he went for intiraidson against a Chineas!\n\nreporter, wan dismissed by bir. W Hamilton a the Kowloot: The Italian Cotobato wtrises tuv\n\nMagiswans yesterday,\n\nThe de the election which took place re-swing it in Willshire. fendant was alleged to have a crucis at Felermo, a large alias] aulted twe men of the Hup Lee city of over 200,000 inhabitants, in night-nd contractors, folfering a vordim of Fall, liberty of meeting\n\nspute. The intimidation case is fart beard.\n\n*u?\n\nSeven Chiuole wrament, pisacing\n\nsilty to charge of unlandaily rat\n\nand votea, tesuited in the ting wi damaging trees at a Govern- |\n\nwende ictor of the Fascist's\n\nmort plantation at Nagan Bye War, list showing that be Fascis Karison, were anak fied Bio by Mu Bozerament is enjoying not only W. Hamilton, at the Kowloon The return of notifiuble dlecases povar, but also the full conádenca) Magistracy this neunbug. The de- for the 24 hours ending August of the Italian people.\n\nfendant were stati fu kavu deng e number or rase weighing Organised by the Koristang, aflens cha 90 unties derenstation be GONOMETRUJANJ\n\n124, showa tự, uszeg ni enteria | fever, que Bnglish (mynted) and joze Chinese. The return for the)\n\n**\n\nun\n\nweek ended August shows tour the fatha e Chinese who lost Me J. Tokugawe, autơi pensily Uses of enteric fever with two this list in the cover of Vi rekirst Secretary and Auting deaths, Chinese, Drs Japan, dishares heat. Hanko lloc to the imprese Bibery in Jo Indika su one Philippine (in and where he held at the Ties London, has been appointed facia porter) and cae care of parki An Men Pakun August 12 new Consul General et. Sydres, phoid fever, Chiacan, te death W92 114 Target, aticoded, Australia; and Mr. K Hogi, vulli\n\nfrom intussen is also reported. Spence wore and by various roses Japaneen Commanerai wanch in Londen, has been appointed Kuomintang Isagera\n\nAs the embur. of the late Panchal Fannin perialine\n\nCho\n\nequal\n\nVilla were lowered over the aid of renties\n\ninbor of the Japaness Legution Ah Beking. Both diplomats wetu\n\nths President Harvizos at Yuda,\n\n**\n\nmost popaliw ti Landen esrides.\n\nnot and was heard thosaglomm\n\nAccording to a story appearing w\n\nfier T\n\nArhus Guy Carless. 35, patiseer,\n\nAll operations were ele\n\npender. Thoes of heads were the Shaters Time, a Chinese mer\n\nBared. The lus table of the des chant, F. T. Canag of Narking, was\n\nbe best post in Shanghai in 1915,\n\na bed enteroed at Birmingham\n\nA detective.\n\nTEST YOUR SENSE OF HUMOUR BY READING THESE\n\nCHILDREN'S FUNNY SA UNGS gelikatel, ke D--B: Kora $2.75 The nices Eubiour a chuit is perkara the west amusing This book contrine headrede of\n\nof all forras of Auu.\n\nchildren a whimsical sayings.\n\nSPORTING AND DRAMATIC VADNS, 65 R. 1. B. Seliar 32.45 Theas ven stories to note-sad quote at one's non-in the drawing seca, in the club sowking-room, and in pinces where charming peuple assemble in hosz hores make after- Sinter speechan.\n\nrick engines, as the body, in a coffin hirisapped by invite cu demanded to gnicon rasuthy' impris shrouded by the American Bag, nt is wito raumNot for coupting to obtail money by Embed the dude, luc broke the paid within two weeks, otherwise false referatations. silsues Wrenting of lowers, given they rentended to kill the bushand inspector said that Carinus, who, by the Filipine communities of hole; The wife, who did not a vleie inther was Town Cleak of victor\n\nthirty years, failed ia hist Yokoburn, Shanghai and longkong, og i pay the consent, arferred for\n\nher rabant's predicaron examinations for the Bar and and Atually evanized ice by came a farmer. u 109 his father banking self\n\nGloc audi he then travelled on a Coloidea in America be opened an\n\nwere laid is the eart\n\nDuring the interval betzen the\n\ndeparture of Sir Edward Stubbs,\n\nthe\n\nAtontreal, but va\n\nQUOTABLE ANECDOTER nollected by D. B. Koox ...\n\nThe special feature di Usungen mandje oghter providing book is its quctableness. Most of the anecdotes are Lovel And extremely envenug but the peculiarity that distin. guisbes them as than they cku be rubly quoted in spoe thes, articles and etzversublock.\n\nRAVAM Chinesa doajors ut Manila; rates with another inu, had atter K. C. M. G., and the arrival of car\n\nGovernor (Mr. Cecil Cle-have been senght selling the mixed they bad obtained $5,000 eme nienti) Sir Claud Severn, E. P. E, vi arushed its of glass A warr-appiicans for the position of mave will uet an Officer Administering to the public to beware of buyer the couple disappeared. Thay\n\nEdwardice in Chinese \"sari-sa\" moves were eresied Government. Bir\n\nwe tested by the health services. Tabel the morey. Paperý sledi Stubbs.\n\ntc according\n\nhas also been disovered that a few they find engaged in similar dealings Arrangements and provided the Chinese reice dealers we also selling in various part of Canada, and the local situation pomte, will leave lard aflated with pontos al Toronto authorities bustested Hongkong during the early part) Sume Chiese store keepers and am pretensional “rooks\" and of October, his successor beloties merahnuts see now facing it-nordenen tiskaters. From Adelaido due to arrive atout Puree weeks watigation by officials of the head was reperied in 1969 that Cur Jater. Sir Clad Severn expects to series. Proceention fer violation of loss rat another man sarried proceed Home on leave in Deeen the pore food and drug law will be operations (is donhiul shararterį\n\nlie that were. isted against sum of timin.\n\nber,\n\n$8.15\n\nKELLY & WALSH, LIMITED. Carb Koed.\n\nEx 9. FRENCH MAIL AMBOISE,\"\n\nA NICE ASSORTMENT-OF BEST KIND OF FRENCH PRESERVES\n\nIncluding\n\nBeans, Peas, Celery, Spinach, Mushrooms, Whole Artichokes, elc,\n\nMacquerel, Sardines, Tunay, Herrings, Auchovies, etc., in White Wine, Oil, Tomato or Various Sauces.\n\nFoie Gras Naturel Forced, Pigs Feet, Truffed Boudins, Hare Pate, Veul Head Sauce Tortue Turkey Galantine.\n\nPort-Salut Cheese, Face Maggi, etc, etc.\n\nMAG - SIN GENERAL The Corner Shop\n\nPhone C5312\n\nTAMANTER\n\nThe latest designs\n\nLADIES' PLATINUM WRIST WATCHES SET WITH DIAMONDS\n\nfrowe\n\n$200\n\nSwiss Made\n\nAT\n\nSENNET FRERES\n\nTHE ALEXANDRA CAFE\n\nCAN SUPPLY\n\nBREAD AND CAKES.\n\nBirthday Cakes, Christenning Cakes, Wedding Cakes,\n\nand all kinds of fancy Cakes.\n\nAGENTS\n\nHUNG CHEONG, Kowloon. FOOK CHEONG TAI, Quarry Bay.\n\nSIMPLEX PLASTER PARTITIONS\n\nAND\n\nGEILINGS\n\n5 Beaconsfield Arcade\n\nThe SIMPLEX SYSTE\n\nHARPER'S\n\nSUMMERTIME SPECIALITY.\n\nMOSKA-CIDE\n\nA little of this wonderfu) commate apickled on subirea ce pillows wül kap rayosquito from thu vio.usty of your bedside or couch\n\nBartles $1.00 and $2.00. MOSQUITOES WON'T COME NEAR IT. Obtainable only ai\n\nQueen's Dispensary\n\nTel. No. 492.\n\nC. W. HANDLEY & CO. 29, Dog Vonx Rund, Centesi,\n\nGrand Prize of Honour\n\nPanama-Pacific International\n\nExposition\n\nSAN FRANCISCO, 1913\n\nAsahi-Beer\n\nSold Everywhere.\n\nSOLE AGENTS :\n\nMITSUI BUSSAN KAISHA, LTD.\n\n\"BARGAINS\"\n\nIN\n\nREFLEX CAMERAS & FOLDING CAMERAS\n\nWind with the failu-wing user\n\nCooke F2-5, F3-λ, F4-5 & F5-3,\n\nDallmeyer F2 3, F36, F4-5, & F6-3.\n\nZrise F36, FI-S & P6.3.\n\nKOER 4-5, 56 & 76-2.\n\ncall at\n\nA. TACK & Co.\n\n26 De Road Central.\n\nTHE\n\nFIRE PROOF\n\nSOUTH\n\nCHINA MORNING POST\n\nWEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26,\n\n1925.\n\nSPORTS fall SORTS\n\nHONGKONG BASEBALL\n\nGAMES FOR TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW.\n\nIn accordanLE with the re-41- ranged schedule wijet makes pro- valon for rener insiche, betw9) altores the Coague, there wit\n\nTHE WEET DAUGHTER\" GOLF CLUB,\n\nMORE STRIKE FIGURES.\n\n(By. \"Missolputts\" for the\n\nS. C. M. Post.)\n\nLAWN TENNIS.\n\nJOHNSTON WINS TROPHY.\n\nNewport R ), Aug 24. In the final of the Newport Ja vitation singles bowl, Johnson heat Norrou 63, 63, 8.3, thus) winning the trophy entright. And the Durables, fobistan and fin boat Serien and Casey 6, S1, 5,7, 26, 6.3. Treater Ancorican, Service.\n\nTHE OLD FAVOURITE\n\nBOORD'S\n\nOLD TOM GIN.\n\nCAT on BARREL BRAND\n\nOBTAINABLE AT ALL FIRST CLASE STORES.\n\nBred 111, Arg 24. Miss talen Wills roteinod the Women's National Lawa Tennis Championship, defeating Miss\n\nSale Agente\n\n3\n\nIn convection with the lies Meus 3:6, 6/9, 4,3 Reder's CALDBECK, MACGREGOR & Co., Ltd.\n\nbe two mid-week games played off moule corved daring the month at American Snowce juu the Houpy Valley dirmeist this \"ono Daughter Weep Golf\n\nin the opening matches of the\n\nBrookline, August 25,\n\nThe Grai u thoso i tired to Chuh,, za patience is \"Backpi's\" comurance at 5 pm, today, when festes on the 2nd instat, I wanted National Dumbles Championships the Filipino Club wil meet the Iu the courtcess Setreing of the Kinsey brothers, holders, boat dian R. P., who are at present at Clah with\n\nbtaining Hot and Halia Smuth, 7-6,6-4, 8-4; the boils of the Lable. To can- Purcher statintizm\n\nDemagis and Reignon beat Levazil noo but be anticipated that the\n\n02 mors\" mit hallused Vansien, 6-3,7-5, 6-3, Mili ant Filipino side will win, although Geoval, po fiering a co vite, jone Casey bost Shuster and Jonkines. the Indian team is alowing better those that one that isly, 7-5,6-4, 4; Westcased Emen Dora and pat up a stering came which we leerely devined. Pirids and Wasaki. 6-2,66, agalust the Japannes na Saturday Rogel tot To Golf Cirs le proad 6-2; Vildog and Wience boat Jopen last. The Arst guns between for its sacreen reden for Angvei, bal and logeshest, 6-4,56, 618-N--;\n\nthem treated in win for the do not for a moment eaypow that ¦ Bruter's American Service. Filipines by 15 to three.\n\nxo am entering into ang serious The Volunteer Defence Corps jrivalry with the Hant You: anl are scheduled to meet the base werk High Rocks or any other straling Japanese at 5, p.no, tommur- jorganization; and also you wil cow and a goat game la expected, please remember that we are far too wing the Volunteers falling to hard bung to provide full statistics of our the lesboinly percet Nipponesa, attivities weile stila\" Full who will have the velcer of the prof this was indeed patent in Playing x Chesterboid, La recevabtable ishimatsu as pitcher. teribe what of typewriter, calbire defence Derbyshire by Their earlier woering ended in au calculating machine pencil shara intings and 132 rans. Bears: Joverwhelming victory for the rengly want other Inclinary by Laucalice, 278.\n\nDerbyshire, S7 and 78. Japanse by 18 to four, which jbich we were surtunJed considering all things, was a good\n\nThe highest contributora Fressed however, harp. Ex tuore Lancashire wore Watson 62, Hal- for showing by the Volunteers. It gres, the aubice of tus peindust and Pewires 15, whikt. hoped that they will ranke an eventer wired papur and pen Towsond, Derby's Bowler, took better nue tomorrow.\n\nNo icons have bean received.\n\nJani alter serve nderful work y\n\nthe\n\nYACHTING.\n\nMR. BLAKE ON 6 METRE COMPETITION,\n\nQualities of Monsoon.\n\nHOME CRICKET.\n\nLANCASHIRE'S EASY WIN.\n\nLondon, Aux. 24.\n\nIr.\n\ntied staff of the sarees, four wickets for 57 rina. Your Peri Sage, Spoke and Darby's first innings, Tyldesley Chr was able to give us the jojowok eight wiekota for 40 runt, Seg infertuskinn.\n\nard in Derby's second krock Years ago, before the great Get Sibbles took fire wickets for 30\n\n| xuan---Herten hendi, Mr. Pineb valeukased that the jaar generated by jutits missed on iche gli con of Great Brita in jose past wuulih, it properly tiliaest, jelove and feed a men for six\n\nTHE ST. LEGER.\n\nMANNA IS FAVOURITE.\n\nLondon, Aug. 24.\n\nA reported in these columns jaga; working on the sette foarala, from me to rina, Bir. Blake's 1 may say than the host genercial Mouser from Singapore has met in me year by balta bene lost t\n\nTo be rst esiinrer of the Sz. Find a rery successful sencon at Weep lygter wee tothe and Legs at tex Victoria Cob to-day,\n\nhorse, but has been consistently red suitably ten Canton Bolshevicts Manza\n\nwas installed favourite, read at all the South Coast re- or the terms of their wanatabil Res 4 in 1 otuz taken and offered\n\nsttas. Writing From England may say that in their counter.\n\nto Singapore, 3. Blake says he original formula bo beru varieg\n\nabout racing away et rout of lightly and wilde fond be be avecis viven for the Eolant Dussafak, of rice per die red for Classes round about Sonthampton, labing t\n\nbut so far without getting a win- niux Beg.\n\nTheatre Class ic\n\nja very bor any, including as it\n\nA Few Move Piprez,\n\nits la empaled that the number\n\nLEAGUE'S OPIUM\n\nCOMMITTEE.\n\nBRITISH APPOINTED CHATEMAN,\n\nGeneva, Aug 24. The campout snriggling of\n\nduce the rack helicamen and ni rada not dancer in the Cleb frzewa of the South Coast of Eug-House after dinact by ki wh\n\nlead, and Mr. Blake feels quite have dine there is equal to the ex- SOUND PROOFd that his yacht can five plant of the ads in this Colony, drugs was one of the principal\n\nSending Now Thavidurios This, I take subjects of discussion of the) among them at all.\n\nManwood is best in light breezes, it, is a striking testimony the League's Advisory Committen on Togain, which niet te-lay, and but when it blow up she anot excelience of this fre 15wvinna.\n\nHONGKONG EXCAVATION, PILE DRIVING & CONSTRUCTION Co., Ltd.\n\nTel. 01. 8718.\n\nZad Floor, Powell's Building.\n\nCalfore pure de Ferments lactiques bulgares sur mitinu végétaj\n\nGLEED-INTÉZ\n\nBARRELS, CONTALIONS\n\nTELL Sza\n\nSAPAN Am\n\nAMERICA AND NEW ZEALAND.\n\nCONDIAL FAREWELL\n\nEXPRESSIONS.\n\nign to windward with the other - munder of Brinks prottered looted Sir Makrola Delovingue bosts, not being an ait This fee and refused by rubenbers wond Cosieman, and he dermian, due to her hul beine constructed unt, if poured into the ses at Wey. Professor Terr Acainuno, as Vice-Chainman. The absence of of teakwood, which takes a lot Daughter Bag, effent the love of the the Chien delegate, Mr. Chr ECONOMICAL extra weight, which is evidert wules of Weiss Buy is in 2-sue of instructions, in the keels of the other Boula mass of an inch at ordinary Spisens no sarprise in view of the better advantage.\n\nWides\n\nChinese wishdrawal from the on- Still, Mr. Make sud his com Enter of tadies invading ference on February 7th- Raster. : jpanions pog swag, learning of ine lide menie zgacha romte and bee in a\n\nine, and the international Rules (week would, if it were possible (and į row have no terrors for the Jusirable) to stand them end on end, when designing another bout.\n\nterm a dle appwainuately venel ini\n\nMr. Blake says that if he was height to Mount Kellet; moly thei in England for good he would take two lower was, however, jassustic cat that tenkwood darks of Mon- that the pile were rigid and not zour and replace them with pine- foent) would be able to see into tha wood, as lighten up further mens dressing room, iters and put the weight a\n\nes proves in the greons at Week! gained down amongst the read. Daughter theory approximately age to the reale vs New The rigat and mash pane in the tran-font of their own Zealand says: A view our Cine sama very light compared weight in aarti Jaily. It is there parting with feelings of sadness. with what they are eastern- torn, eniculated that this were at the ehost space of two weeks ed to oul East, mud would ut feultured over a year it would'ng the varicas detachments of the lagi long with natives as crews. Jquire 20 even the size of the Priest have grown to love your pouple Mr. Blake adds that he personal- jdenk of the, Club to carry the earth and your counky, Oar twenty- ty, and lab the Royal Siegapuce iya yarde in three days\n\ntwo thend men will go home nich Yach Club, are deeply indehind The notices posed to use various\n\nspeak intelligently of Ney Hackelahi-Smith, the Chul Buses in car year comes Zolnud. iry M.\n\nYou may be sure thes Editor of The Fachling Monthly Įpaar fomitbag the rapina filed in sili ev as twenty-two thousan for the great trouble he has taken the office) uneagh to acce eft the well-wishers and boosters of your on behalf of Monsoon.\n\nFairways of de Chan verine Wonderful country.\"-- Restor\n\nPROCITIES, AZŠNES QRAPIN, ARTISTE PALZEMENTS DIE challe DERSGITUNES, TORKULASES SEGET STUMATHYRA PYCRPUDES Frog Taktiken i 19ŠEČE VYVENIŠE OSATIZIRA\n\nBULGARINE\n\nTHEPENIER\n\n14 COMPRIMIR grustten Swaggia - » POUDRY\n\nAdalton Suver dans compolnas;\n\nBukemeina 206 25mideure\n\nJapan 16 a 2 par jour).\n\nEntente: te doua.\n\nPricer, if\n\nFocuirer\n\n3 par jom,\n\nLARGRAT JIRE 4 PERMYNYS A. FAEPENISA. f. 1. Or,\n\nCompagnie Optorg\n\nAptu\n\nAMERICAN EXPRESS\n\nRAILWAY AND STEAMSHIP\n\nTICKETS\n\nTRAVELLERS' CHEQUES Express and Freight Forwarding.\n\nHONGKONG\n\n44 Des Voeux Ecad,\n\nTel. C. 4825.\n\nBOXING.\n\nPROSPECTS OF AN INTERESTING SEASON.\n\nIn at Interview with Afr. J. Bronk of the Hougkong Boxing Asesora-\n\nsica yesterday, our representative\n\ncanreek In this connection it is in- teresting to note, drag experiments face huing carried and with a new ane resobling real turf in gastify Frero which it is byped that pertines Butter beter juraced turd igzurady mag re nitized for revuling the greDAT\n\nthe various Courasi,“\n\nWellington, Aug, 21. Admiral Shortz in a tazewell\n\nwwwwwww.xxx.com.com GERMAN PULĪTICS.\n\nHERR WIRTH RESIONS.\n\nBerin Aug 24.\n\nPelion des are exload by ex-Chancellor Wield's resigna\n\nAt this point several telepboursion from berlap of the\n\nbelle mang, for routies appeared Centrists owing principally, to\n\nwas informed that there is every with chit hooks and with the depot disapproval to the Party's action prospect of a brilians winter se regret I was torcel is te ry son in the fisticuff sphere of Rong parure.\n\n[korg.\n\nYoungsters are coming along in\n\ngood style, he suic, and there will\n\nbo no dearth of entries in the possibility of arme of these being various classes. Hittorio.\n\nthe induced to come forward and put\n\npozices have given the best shows jep a show.\n\nhere, but new arrivals cu the stas\n\nPerhaps the most prominent of tion, both Navs! and Military, are the new arrivals is at present\n\nof\n\nBewegtners\n\na sapporting the Tarif Bill.\n\nHarr Wirth will remsin head of\n\na small party, of Independenti Centrists. Reutt\n\nSYRIAN OUTLOOK.\"\n\nTHE CALM CONTINUES.\n\nPark4, Aug. 21.\n\nThe Ministry of War annon\n\ncalibre to enthase the most on board . . . Farmes. | Cardened of fight tans.\n\nfa welter weight he has participated Among the\n\nare in the Army and Navy Champion-txt\n\nમ ea continea in the some dark horses win, although shops at Home, where bas Jebeltrase regim. they are men of merit, elden ven a good second at bheselt Suela is set earrounded but fe The town al 14, Klukiong Road appear outside their e intership and aceding to report is Ingres regulady applied by aeroplanes.\n\nBEANOHAL\n\nor regiontal bouts and there in King'a the ame\n\nReter.\n\nQuien's Bood Central.\n\nTelephone C. 75.\n\nBIG BARGAIN!\n\nTo make room for new stock, we will sell the entir\n\nstock of.\n\n“VOCALION” & “BANNER”\n\nDance Records\n\nFrom TO-DAY to 31st inst.\n\nAt the following prices ---\n\nBANNER DANCE RECORDS\n\nVOCALION DANCE RECORDS.....$ 1.20 each cash\n\n0.70 Babae hours:10 .. to 7 p.m. Sablay:-10 e.. to 4 p..\n\n+3\n\nCOSTA MUSIC CO., LTD.\n\n48. Nothes Road. Kowleon.\n\nPICCADILLY CLUB\n\nBREVAS PINAS\n\nAN EXCER}}}NGLY\n\nFINE SHOKE\n\nBaler\n\nMANGFACTURERS\n\nBox of\n\n23\n\nB. Yander TAX & CO.\n\nHOLLAND\n\nGET INABLE Ar\n\nTABAQUEIRA FILIPINA\n\n58 Quesu's Road, Central,\n\nYEE SANG FAT CO.\n\nTHE HONGKONG\n\nBARGAIN\n\nHOUSE.\n\nQUEEN'S ROAD & D'AGUILAK ST.\n\nB.V.D. BARGAINS\n\nUnion suit\n\n$2.75\n\nSingle Garment $1.40\n\nSUN HELMETS\n\nA big shipment\n\njust arrived\n\nAt\n\nBARGAIN PRICES\n\n$4.50, $6.75, $13.50\n\nSTRAW HATS\n\n$2,50, $3.00\n\n53 50, $4.00\n\nEvery Day Bargains.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 500969,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "page_number": 4,
        "title": "CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]",
        "content_text": "Entertainments.\n\nThere are.\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nTHE\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nTHRILLS,\n\nUNKNOWN\n\nPURPLE\n\nin\n\nA Tale of love mystery\n\nAnd\n\nvengeance\n\nSOUTH CHINA MORNING POST, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nThe absorbing story of a greatly wronged inventor who discovered a purple ray by which he could make himself invisible\n\nHENRY B. WALTHALL ALICE LAKE\n\nand\n\nSTUART HOLMES\n\nhead a big cast\n\nSUPER 7\n\nCINEMA\n\nDaily At\n\nSundays\n\n2.30.\n\nat\n\n5.15,\n\nA..\n\n7.15.\n\n7.30.\n\n9.16.\n\nTuesday Thursday Sunday\n\n9 13.\n\nChange of Programme\n\nTHE STAR\n\nTO-DAY\n\nat 5.50 and 9.15\n\nFLORENCE VIDOR\n\nand\n\nMONTE BLUE\n\nin\n\nSinclair Lewis' famous story\n\nMAIN STREET\n\nANCHOR BRAND\n\nPURE\n\nINTERNATIONAL GENERAL, AUGUST SETTLEMENT DAY.\n\nELECTRIC.\n\nNEW PRESIDENT.\n\nAnnouncement has been made of\n\nA FAIR AMOUNT OF BUSINESS.\n\nAlthough the exchanges have\n\nbeen closed for business ever\n\nsince the strike commenced,\n\na fair amount of business was\n\nput through yesterday, August\n\nSettlement day.\n\nA FALSE CLAIM\n\n¿ QUESTION OF WHICH TO BELIEVE.\n\nDispute About Rainbow.\n\nKotore Mr. Jnative Wood at the\n\nCivilized possession of 1871 bangles\n\nBinary Court yesterday, Lo On\n\nhas relinguished the presidency\n\nof the contract made for August\n\nbefore Board.\n\nMr. Minor is well known\n\nin the Far East.\n\nHe joined the\n\nWestern Electric Company in 1902\n\nand occupied various clerical posi-\n\ntions, each better than the preced-\n\ning, until he was made assistant\n\nmanager of the Katens: City office\n\nin 1906.\n\nA year later he was\n\ntransferred to Omaha,\n\nand two years later be returned\n\nto Kansas City in the capacity of\n\nmanager of the office.\n\nIn 1914 he returned to America\n\nand became active Foreign Sales\n\nchanges with open again San-\n\nManager in New York City.\n\nthough In tember 13\n\nno definite 1218 he was assigned to special\n\ndecision hua vet bren auired a\n\nwork in Ching and fapas, paderj\n\nthe supervision of Mr. Swope,\n\nand in Bul year organised the China\n\nElectric Company, Ltd., for the\n\npurpose of manufacturing tele-\n\nphone apparatus in that court.\n\nTHE FRENCH DEBT.\n\nCONVERSATIONS CONTINUE.\n\nLondon, Aug. 21.\n\nIt was toward the end of 1921,\n\nafter completing his work in the\n\nOrient, then he became uropran\n\nManager of the Western Chillaws.\n\nThe latter interviewed!\n\nby Reuter.\n\nsaid there would prob-\n\nably be farther outings to-morrow.\n\nthough nothing definite land bean\n\nJa the spring of 1921 he joined\n\nise International Generet Elvetzie\n\nCompany as Vice-President.\n\nLi Su ail that he met 34 Ouj\n\nsoon after his amivel.\n\nIo Os told im that the barabocs\n\nwere his property and said that he\n\nhad pod Jaşṭ orer 8900 for ruen\n\nend still wedtic mere than $700.\n\nWitness told the Court that he\n\npeld the rest of the plot of landį\n\nfor the first moon,\n\nCross-examined: He went with\n\ndefendent to pay the rent.\n\nMr. MacCallum: Why is the receipt\n\nin the made vi o Chues Kee?--In\n\nChuen Hen said that the\n\nan receipt had been torn up by\n\nTo taid the resh for the recová\n\nfixed reapreting the coved of his\n\nlittle guy.\n\nA will be gathered from this\n\nconversations.\n\nsamrosey of successes in f\n\nM. Callaus was uncommunics-en---I\n\ndid not pay.\n\nmany pralviong, Mr. Minor na\n\ntheive and merely stated that the\n\nquelitive that make him Heed, at\n\njconversations\n\nnapinistrative)\n\nTHE COFFIN\n\nwell es respected.\n\nA dearmind cordist-Reeter.\n\nJed. kena Pinker, with sogatang-|\n\ntiva wei! as abuty, he is alive to\n\nthe men side of business relations\n\n» Tast which has always been angreekat-\n\nen oy those within as well as out-\n\nside his own organization.\n\nLLERINA MAANTE, STORLESTON, OSBORNE WOOD CONVICTED.\n\nGIVEN PRISON SENTENC\n\nOne Year laguisopment for Sea of Gen. Weed.\n\nParis, Angui\n\n15--Liens\n\nburae Wond son of the Qorginos\n\nSenest of the Philippines, was to\n\nAnother\n\nvituesa\n\nwho\n\nwa\n\nextremely vienaly in defendant's\n\nemploy densed what he had\n\nknowledge that\n\nCROP.\n\nEGYPT AN ESTIMATE.\n\nCairo, Aug. 94, The area under\n\ncontra le oled ally estimated at\n\n1.924.000 Ted-\n\ndans, as cetopared with 1,787,000\n\nthe plainuff was furing to swindlej\n\nIs knen-kec out of the batchona.\n\nHe said that the reason be left!\n\nthe defendant's employ was, be-\n\ncause Ho Give ongated two wien\n\nbit of lots of bamboos in vas)\n\nmonth,\n\nForry Years in Hong Kong,\n\nDefendant.\n\nIn the hex, sulü he feddens last\n\nseason, of whichį nad spent forty\n\nyears in Heug-\n\nSavollarides accounts for 1,198,-\n\nkong and for torky-one years be\n\n1000 feddags se compared with\n\nhad been a desier in buibus)\n\n879.3 feddone last year-Router\n\nand bamoso by-products.\n\nday Antenced to war's imṣiri..!\n\nsurmeni nude foe of 14. 1930\n\nFollow-j\n\nFing conviction or a change of\n\npars-\n\nNEWS IN BRIEF.\n\nLOCAL AND CSEKAL GOMBEA.\n\nKalpinging, Touréssion.\n\nAneering to Northern Chinese\n\ning a montidens chaque for GR1,730\n\nmanors, General Lí C) Lasin isced\n\nsif entered his engtoy towards\n\nthe wel of Aprii and on May 2nd be\n\nhim 000 ANTO Vo ない\n\ntiengphau Fax iny iLanding Da bi hekali.\n\nHe (turned some days later and said\n\nNd fost The accounts and receipts,\n\nbut added that witness red hit $70\n\nwhich he spent in excess of the $600.\n\nHe said he\n\nat Line Casino Biarritz.\n\nYoung Rindas, acder to the ludustal\n\nChan had to pay $30 to 10ɛ Yip!\n\nis now in the United State\n\nratsalouer of Chit with Instrue\n\nYee Tong, a robber pang.\n\nLatar\n\nThe\n\nThe touging Cuited Pren die tipe to\n\nthe Enamelow Mining Ad-\n\npleistift sunt a man to take aweF\n\npatel from Pans apparently ontninistration to negotiate with one of\n\nthe bamboo but witness\n\ntimes the fan diapos in the Kalping\n\nMining Admlustratoba bit that not\n\neven the must! adventures of the\n\nJonas son of tion regarding the\n\nterms for euential man in the Colony\n\nGoverar General Wood into tatoration\n\nof the latter to the could touch its\n\nhandido.\n\nreales of high francs.\n\nYoung Wood\n\nChinese.\n\nAccording to the prometter\n\nwas reported to the police who\n\nwas a lienserant in the U. 8.\n\nprovisions stipulated in thu sgreement\n\nand gomeone wagested that he\n\nArts stationed in the folppinesigned\n\nbebeteen the Chinage and give the\n\nplaint about a hundred sau etéo\n\nMamagh forentade sperni.\n\n- tion he cable a the New York\n\nStorks regarding the Kaiping\n\nhandles ur beinbrs in order tr\n\nExelago, ve anasis fortune of\n\nmines, they could be henght bek\n\nmake up for the $70 which Lo On\n\nhad paid out of his own pocket.\n\nMANILA ROPE la calle duista\n\nThem by the Chinese in ten years by\n\n\"THE CORDAGE YOU CAN TRUST \"\n\nESTABLISHED 1854\n\nMARINE ROPE\n\nROPE\n\nTRANSMISSION\n\nGF TOWER ROPE\n\nH\n\nYNCHAUSTI\n\nCABLE LAID\n\nHAWKERS\n\nWELL DRILLING\n\nCABLES\n\nFACTORY\n\nCanned with bin cheque book\n\nhajamming ae adegun'e sum to the\n\nBri.\n\nTuk\n\n*\n\n29130 named\n\nQuestioned by his Lordship ag\n\netarted out en rip mound the bish.\n\nThe ten-gear terin haz alto\n\nthe security he had to giving\n\nwood, painting the ace in mota ar\n\n194dy expired, in 1938.\n\nNegotia\n\nthe plaintiff $600 when he had\n\nless lurid colure, the preced GN\n\nwere then ronducted between\n\nknow him caly few days Upor\n\nhit arrives in Fraser be mame\n\nthe Lanchow and Kalping Min\n\nwitness said that\n\nately got into the newspapering\n\nAdministrations, but no resuit\n\nChan\n\nThe matter was plainuiff and\n\nexpressed his will\n\nROPES OF ALL\n\nheadlines through his gambling at\n\nhis out.\n\nthe meh usertą.\n\n| dropped until now.\n\ningness to stand as surety.\n\nTe SIZES FOR ALI\n\nFinally something happened and at\n\ninstructed plaints not to pay\n\nmore than 30 canta & iudie for!\n\nthe bamboo,\n\nMADE FROM\n\nPORE MANILA\n\nHEMP\n\nMANUFACTURED\n\nBY THE MOST\n\nMODELN\n\nMANILA\n\nMACHINERY.\n\nSTOCKS ON HAND OF ALL SIZES\n\nENQUIRIES SOLICITED.\n\nFACTORIES:-MANILA P.I.\n\nHONGKONG OFFICE:\n\nKING'S Telephons Central 2185,\n\nBUILDING.\n\nImprove the TONE of Your GRAMOPHONE with a\n\nhad rentsanded\n\nMr. Justlee Wood said that hol\n\nde reported that his father deceived\n\nMr. Band. D. Corbett has roupa,\n\neiled rourente Tren his son fored to\n\nthe AMS in connection Fans Govenor-General Wood is\n\nwith the ingration of what is\n\nreported to lova zent a casadevalla\n\nsikely in prove a new and interesting.\n\nsura, but apparently not wfficiens\n\nto PMS industry This is the rae\n\ncer all of the bunn\n\ntion of a deal works in Pahang,\n\nthe parties was telling\n\natisfied that\n\nhe being asked to decide which i\n\nListunut Wood is now reported\n\nnear Karls Lipe, to produes\n\nfront. be working for a real estate\n\nconjungle\n\nand Der woudy\n\ncern in fios, but apparently wil-\n\nmaterials verlic not be retamning to\n\nParis or 1-170dné, holidays.\n\nGERMAN TRADE WITH\n\nCMNA.\n\nA REMARKABLE INCREASE.\n\nHe felt\n\nthe\n\nraw defendunt id pay money to the\n\nmothy plaintiff and was of opinion\n\nthat ગ\n\nwond & dispute arose owing to the\n\nfact For paints, preservatives, forces)\n\nand various that the plaietiff spent\n\nmore than\n\nut neetates M. Frank he Karmin\n\ngiven.\n\nJudgment for Corben has obtained a\n\nsuitabl; defensant with costs would be\n\nJanncession oveż a in forest arms!\n\nziren.\n\njin Pabong, thù- soncession haing\n\nvery cius proximity\n\nto Frambit\n\nItalas 8hric whirl is fifreen\n\nThe Koch Zeiteng. Count Wes-\n\nniles from Kuala Lipia\n\ntazu's newspaper, pubisher a\n\nlong article froze te China cer-\n\nf Ken\n\nWhere are Solar\n\nrespondent, in which he gives\n\nantureins completeir Japsuined.\n\nAr visit to Tsingtan. Konluma,\n\nthree are to useins, al: account of a\n\nback in fure work\n\nAbout 300 Germans\n\nce\n\nFrabies\n\nbore, most of whom resided in\n\nthese, there is ous shoe-maker and\n\nMost of ibasa have been tha pice\n\nbefore the war.\n\nBineneaker\n\n19 the imports of German mersing\n\nin this part of Raphalian kine\n\nchandise have increased in the\n\ndva of the Romarov adruimte\n\nThere is electric light\n\n[Tưkteur.\n\nreally extraordinary manner\n\nyatable, be the Russians wil bs\n\nyear, and German influence is\n\nlar pit tor\n\n-ey begin\n\ngrowing at a corresponding rate.\n\n| work at about for in the morning,\n\nthe corraspondent, and my du ber\n\nsoon after sunset, It is, saya\n\nespecially from England and he\n\nUnited States thst strany is!\n\nGENNETT RECORD in and as the centre\n\nLATEST HITS IN TO-DAY For Sale At\n\nKOWLOON MUSIC STORE Kowloon Hotet Building\n\nKowloon,\n\nP\n\nWas\n\nPIMPLES CAUSED GREAT PAIN\n\nOn Hands. Sufered Years.\n\nIlealed by Caticara.\n\n\"My daughter's bands saved tand that saw piTNILA feente.\n\nThey led with water bar bedeft then kinak and fester and fier for great jam.\n\nShe was\n\ndie\n\ngel up at night and bold her hand.\n\nJin very hot water fu chse the pot...\n\nShe suffered like that for úve or zivi\n\nTORE are for acrae Son\n\nExtas 4 tane of the Yokohama socks Bank was ned i Karachi gravity of world policy is moving nutty.\n\nIs is reported that Kara rapidly towards the Pacific, the ante brak with Japan bre intrinsed German Goverment should take hy tess and hounds during the every portunity to profeet and that five yearE\n\nthe Fer avour Germaniam in\n\nEt.\n\n\"The recovery of aume con. The Waokang Mint is at presne cessions in our former Kias-Chau | produery $150,00) Saily, hur en the\n\nhelp enor-market is in want of silver! Protectorate word\n\nmonsly the atfainment this delises it is pregused to rise the\n\ndaily work to $180,0 Lim.\"\n\nsent for a fer sample I found hi sas jaing ber gond to prese Itens and the is completely falodged] Te. Briggs. 120, Mic seter Rd., Derby. Eng.\n\nUse Cullera Sarp and Olatrert\n\nRegularly to maintain permand Jakir, and her health.\n\nSong vid Oistrant said thoughætt tår\n\nTry the Cuticure Shaving Sticks,\n\nDo This-Today\n\nTiis\n\nLearn how millions get whiter teeth\n\nwill digitiul test which\n\na new conception of what clear teeth moon,\n\nIt tacnus whiter, clatter, sufor teeth, such se millions now enjoy.\n\nSee wirst brings to you.\n\nThe war on film Dental suico is new fighting the cause of move topt]: Itoucles.\n\nFams that viseras coat you fesi.\n\nIt clings to south.\n\nUnder old methods of tooth brushing, ratch of it remains,\n\nTr.bentice decolored, then futz diy sogra Thng is why mà 1500y cerk cloudy.\n\nFilm also raises 10 troth trooi leg.\n\nIt loins food wykonanie\n\nadrich ferments and fenos sell, it holds de asià in content with the seath to asuse decay.\n\nGoms krevd by millions in it.\n\nThey, vit SAG- Sar, are the chiti cerme of your d\n\nThese troubles became almost umiyevast when that film wa left of teeth.\n\nModem rerganch das tiae werad two effective m coxbatants.\n\nOne digimtegrate the balm ut ski aresyna uf Pronation.\n\nOve rumoras à vikk... out bermind acouring.\n\nTese have proved dut dev rastheds mean à ngy era in leady\n\nTRADE\n\ncleaning.\n\nnew-type tootla paria has been created en apply ther\n\naily.\n\nThe name is Pepsodent\n\nNow the use of Peysadent ha spread the work over, largely by dental advice.\n\nLook at what Pepsodent does\n\nThe use of Pepsodent will britu\n\nat once a new conception of ela veet\n\nProtect the Enamel\n\nPepsodent disintegrates d fi khen reinowes fi with var gpent fir softer than gumel, ever desa de comment watch contains laurah gri\n\nIn dela ugga tisa tulu źni salthaling the gnty of th andira, which is then to nesesti: a montesis.\n\nJt trediciise féin par sila in salive, strah in devaẹ to do pant sich, deposits on ti\n\nThess combined effects will be a vežalise ke\n\nSend the rouson for a 70-320/ Tebe, éve how clean in teena Jeet after being.\n\nMark the\n\nof the series Blan.\n\nSee im ters Lacive whier as the i-ca dilsapy car.\n\nCompare the new way with the eid, then docide for yourself what\n\nis best ut et cospan tem.\n\nBAHK\n\nAGAINST\n\nThe New-Day Dentifrice\n\nBassa on quodern research.\n\nAd wse by Tading dotians in world over.\n\nYou will tea and food fame- diate cault,\n\nTwo zizta on ralc everywhere.\n\nAZZATA POR HONDMOND & BOLEH GIA;# KELAAR KERM A GO- 1.15. 5, W NONGKONG\n\n10-Day Tube.\n\nThe Pausodeot Dompany, Dept. C15-16.\n\nBus 1418, Shanahal.\n\nBackend find al cos Sramps.\n\nMail 10-day labs of Pzasadent to\n\nMail 10-Day Tube of Pepsodent to\n\nNave.. Address...\n\nGive full address.\n\nWrite plainly, Only ont vube 10 a kunits.\n\nCARBOLINE\n\nKILLS GERMS\n\nKeope every zvrnet\n\nSWEETENS DRAINS\n\npour hopes swest and elaan.\n\nThe beat IKI VISH Veudorant Gallins $2.75, Half Gallons $1.75.\n\nS'a 4. THE COLONIAL DISPENSARY\n\nDID you ever serve\n\nWelch Punch? Try -your guests will be Javish in praising it.\n\nHere is how you make it---\n\n1 pint Waith'a\n\nI quatt water\n\n1 cup sugar\n\nJake of 2 lunnans sud 1 orange\n\nThis manke the most licious and refreshing beverage you can serve or het days or evenlegs,\n\nTUL WELCH BRATE NICZOO, Wtfibi, N., 4.5. A.\n\nWelch's\n\nGrapeJuice\n\nWhelssola Regreactiam ius.\n\nMULLER & PHIPPS (China) Ltd.\n\nZebrand. P. D, Bos afin, Kingstei\n\nAssist\n\nNature\n\nHowever robust\n\nand strong the con- stirution there are fines when Nature requires assistance in relieving congested parts and re- storing normal function.\n\nNature has no subre efficient aid to health than Beechma's Pills\n\nWheat the digestive organs refuse to assimi- lace foed; when the liver Tuers sluggishty; when the kidneys do not properly\n\nperfona their allotted duties, then is the time to wesist nature to restime sound and vigorous health.\n\nby taking\n\nBeecham Pillo\n\nBANKS.\n\nHONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION.\n\nREAD DIVICE, BONCHONG.\n\nkukintoad Capimi,AUR Sentra Futa PAID 2004 NA TUN\n\n£ 4.800.000 STA $2,699AGE Baetzen Dishitty of protons 294,092, INDE\n\nCourier.\n\nWhile,\n\nquer Meas\n\nA. IL Paview, Ena\n\nBANKS.\n\nSOUTH CHINA\n\nCORRESPONDENCE.\n\nTo the Editor, A. C. M. Post.)\n\nTHE CHARTEKKU BANK OF INDIA, AUSTHALIA & CRINA.\n\nJadwiston 50\n\nReserve ad\n\nKRUTAMİ,\n\n£3,000,0\n\n2-lets Chairm\n\n5. An șa tum.\n\nLi W, Barnard, Yu W. 2. Patarajan, bez\n\nWell. Koz\n\nA. K. FRAUFOs,\n\nM Hugkung, 15th April, 1925.\n\nNEDERLANDSCHE HANDEL\n\nMAATSCHAPPL.\n\n|NETHELANDS TRADING SOCISTIJ\n\nBANG.\n\nTetal Hard Ba\n\nLa magar: Eburchak.-G. 8. AL X-\n\nJAMIN DANKERJ;\n\nWestminster back, Imitá.\n\nCarpet county aveone in Lock Guzenar and Planḍ Dayalle spevived for day parë në sherlar evinin in ima) Guzzyner and Racing, Wes which will lie utwerk\n\nBand 19th Mat. 1955.\n\np\n\nHONGKONG SAVINGS BANK\n\nThe\n\nWe obtakt\n\nof the above deple s HiViNGNG AN HANG REMAIN, BANE DOES\n\nINTE SPE dep is culonlated w Bekalana during ja ezoqaletai Qalendar Merin at B34 per cent per si\n\nMeu to orbites on way day in a Moth sweet will in Kined fur that\n\nrepteiten Immander ; their epikoa Rai.üd or dance to the HONGKONG AND MUANGHAI BANK to be lowes\n\nKAKE DEPORT - CURRENT RATES\n\nFor the maing vad skurzovi Kanking Corporatina,\n\nA. BAXLOW\n\nColt Vansa, Fonehengerry, A INTERNATIONAL BANKING\n\nCORPORATION.\n\n(wind 6 the National City Bank st\n\nNew Tor\n\nCapital and Surplva v 52. JALAN, DA\n\nRetryis\n\nAVAD OFFICE\n\n60, Wan Straut. Fo\n\nLONDUS OFFICE\n\nMy Bishnule, Bi 0.\n\nBRANCHES\n\nProvince of Kwangtang, who are! however, Wally tacerning more!\n\npowerless the grip a \"BeF forcas: that this Balthe\n\nMOROCCAN WAR.\n\nENEMY FIRE SILENCED.\n\nMadrid, Aug 24.\n\nร\n\nMORNING POST. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1925.\n\nBANKS.\n\nRUSSO-ASIATIC BANK.\n\nbest 5,603.30\n\nHOT\n\nBANKS.\n\nTHE MERCANTILE BANK OF INDIA, LIMITED,\n\nCrarecare\n\nKod: BA Stan\n\nAuthored Capim 5,360, m Solestia Cav1.500.co Pript? LED Cut Reserve ... 1,9440,001-\n\nKANCÉES.\n\nShe Bank of Fingland &\n\n& Midland Bach, Lat\n\nBRANCHES\n\nEnta Shuro\n\nAc obieral communique claims.\n\nCapital City yeld]\n\natl\n\nChaikal Pe\n\nKe Chaps Gazerne\n\nRES CFFICE.\n\nParis, Kee Brateur.\n\nLONDON OFFICE\n\nYou\n\nFort Youth (art) BONGKONG BRANCH.\n\ntd, Gid Bread Blease, $9.\n\nKAKIMAS\n\nShamok theini\n\n$ck!\n\nBatavia Gall\n\nBoer\n\ncross me\n\nJoalats.\n\nYut. Gau, Müs, de\n\nGarrin Pan Sauerale egung in recent bombardments.-EU de Gizarte E Fac\n\nFranca\n\nI've Lost Goonw Mede, Angrył 25.--General 'n de Rivers by kina\n\nArcikrod\n\nbeyn\n\nHora'sy Hentyne Bala Tamar navba ¡Calepitas Ilewrah Sciculo Kozár\n\nLindra\n\nFema BUTALOGS\n\nSlagspry Sout\n\n(ft in the coar Ausories\n\nEndrin\n\ntu de Pazia st das Pa\n\nLyn Bern CNTICIALA JOz Zaveck that\n\n1.\n\nSir your bardağ's Leadervist Gorunmeet of Canton, whose inscrporated by Regul Chartuť, 1851. [you any: “We are making and farm is vader the sperme com\n\nLand On: Londo Past op Capland $0.590' must pake a bid for the spopathyjmoud of a Karine Bolshevist that the enomy's fire\n\nof the British public.\" J this Coneret, and on whose military Albucemas was silangad by he Ferien xehera ad General Hancurent Can we hope to arouse and evil staffs there are already tane arrival of the warship! Garment Accennik wegeō and Floed Dawonria ¦ The syimpathy of the Bridiel: uray bug Russians, as declarede It emits that owing Sed ne & rent or shorter rods at pubife by rendre a telegram to ja orkude of this British Colors, the soul means of com- wales wil be quoted on Applic\n\nmunication with the painland No. 30 Dawning Stret? Wil thene ships from or 10 Yongkons Betish public ever hear of it being allowed to ply within any\n\nbeing interrupted through the cest re-haps Shnung a brief of fe wnsers of the Kwant to dairage sustained by the avack,\" it is impossible to ganga paragraph in the London Prest | Province, traton moi haloy permit.\n\nThe telegram is excellent as farted to cryas Ale\n\nAnglo-Chine Renter- AH it goes. Toy it should be barked transler, and not even a up by a direct virosal to the peasant being allowed to British people-a the enthusiasm from Chinese to British territory: tha of the cornug in this alter will that British subjecta are mat per-preparations Reve enable the organisers of\n\nThe mitted to enter the city of Cantonpleted and offensive operations US C Meeting to rese! the cont! Pets that by die viel order of the mould probably be lanched within, Venic #OAGKONG SKUNDE EMASLACAS 19. hapa Exuler's agones mere wouta Goverment ட்: Centon, British ten diss. While isolating tribes Authurted Cavitstallers 1000 dyward it, on the Colay'z boskins are folder to enter tas who said help him, we will operate\n\n212,601 | to the British Press. Con Caeton river that Red\" Trucke 30,000.\n\nthe very borrilary of Ate ei. 66ing through that chased te weglajare roused or the Angka Krin--tavas. GEA acured wide publicity. Frontier and nee, talks firing wiLL\n\ninpurity on B. a police patrels The following anggested tensed on parctos Chinne fathers ram is long, but could be and workmen the British side on thejof the border; that as a reer, of\n\nMeasures că-\n\nPaziti...\n\nTest\n\n..der.com 161,258,335.J\n\nBand On: JESTERDAM. Bester and Ocom-BATAVIA.\n\nBükmat Bardown,bresisted if necessary\n\nhay, flabour, Überikan Ujven-\n\nhar, Diakiskaria, The Haware of experie. W anyone theas and other Rink Mob Davik.\n\nHow who has been hame 10 Meika. P\n\nPenang\n\nBanzo Hoterias, Kanan.\n\nSoerakar (in) Treni, Tijne Joader Bachana Provincial\n\nCadets all was the wazid, PARKING FUSSRAT DE BYREY\n\n..\n\nRECKLESS CYCLIST.\n\nCHINESE WAITER FINED.\n\nA restaurant waiter was lugged i\n\n|_ New York Ta Ying Bauk, Colorati\n\nSexFirenz\n\nBarlin:\n\nOnk\n\nNatom\n\nShangha EVDEN Ing Pektor Mapato 1\n\nJornad\n\nKanchang Yukinama\n\nKatarrat allow on Dress Amanida de Hive Deneth Til\n\norien sebanga no the prizcismi silán\n\nL.. BAINES.\n\nthe world bws/kland an\n\nBalapur\n\n司公理管業實法中\n\nSOCIETE FRANCAISS DE\n\nGERANCE\n\nDE LA BANQUE INDUSTRIELLE DE CHIND\n\nPRONINENT PRUERY, oubt that the Inferomtion as to been brought to a complete stand-i Hhanghai, Singspiere emitthe calony's estabifalme and til and uve 70 Ateamers, of before Mr. E. W. Mumilten. at the present importance is nevessary? wloce 65 are Pritisk, are now ly-Kuwien Mugistry Perlerder\n\nJours, etc.\n\ning e in the liatbear of Bong with riding a bicgete in a reckle I. M. T.\n\nReng; that through the uretismorzar. The defendat picaded Hongkong, 24th August 1925. of the imperial Governeur, salt and was fired 53. Appeal To The People Of Great\n\nwatch to the Chinees mind! Sergeant D. Murphys who effected\n\nBritain\n\nguitles ouly impotence, the hot the rest of the defendant, waredi This mass morting of British our and dignity of Britain have that when ordered to stop at the! residents of the tree Cology alemdy entered a severe selbeck jacion of Nathan and Jordan Red 9. Butler Bar Hongtong appeals to the people throughout And, the extent and Roads, the defendant diselayed the of the Mother County for their scriose of which only the desigual, but after a chase inte Wou- support in the grievous positionjhare will reveal; that this low ng Scient, the defendant wAS which de Colony ha heen to car prestige in Asia is the prevented from proceeding other. placed through the violently and object deiterately aimed as by by a large cerad of people, and was THE DANGLE MUISTURES IN CHIN\n\nKANQUE DE L'INDO-CHINE.\n\nSubscribed lasila. 78,000,000.00 Packets Capital Fra, SCRAIGN Hacer Fend,FM. 81,587,39321\n\nBANGKOK\n\nDBANCE 1\n\nPAPIRŠTE YAOM.PNG PONMOD MARY\n\nMATGON\n\nKAPTAMBANG CANTONG\n\nDJIBOUT\n\nJIHONG\n\nTANDI HUNGSONG VYNONG\n\nJOUMICA\n\nSTANGDAL\n\nSINGAPORE TUNIN\n\nBasket\n\nHersalina\n\nEasons\n\nPek\n\nBoyabay\n\nPluta\n\nGAL\n\nC\n\nItem\n\nFrancia, Cal\n\nC\n\nPrenses du Mamcie\n\nCOU\n\nSt J\n\nIt\n\nSeron la llar\n\nNarbib\n\nSarty Pinga\n\nHUMANEK\n\nShanghet\n\nAnim\n\nSZTUK MENITH\n\nSe Playca best Nasa\n\nBIKIN\n\nin Vega\n\nTari\n\nworld\n\n7000\n\nKeale\n\nfait, lei. Taghangt som\n\nble Tra Tacx hought and sold. Corrent event!\n\nsasti kauk, Kesante spared And Fla Deprale, float and fires musprim saken of zatez, tårt may be verymtaxi se\n\napplies too to the HABEBAS ONE CAS\n\nWest Also ablet the istiyon! City sic lov Brusela\n\nHack of New_York_1\n\nFot palunit treatin Bush Sales and is the War Indes\n\nTOURING\n\nHNANYO\n\nPritish activities of the preseat thin bundreds of Russing Hulthe-janested. Bolshevis Government of Genica, įvlats who are the real mastera of Great Britafa was the first Puwes Canton; that one anges) For anais- to move for the ebulition of ex-ince from the people of Hone. tratoriicial rights la lapan as on the Synperial Governurni soen av at efficient and upright bar mei with so responk, probit\n\nicing had been sethieked is by far the reason that the dete in evenerate attempt to run this Colony with vor compatriots in China, wej which is being made by the Gor\n\nis Paz: Chal Luasie; die doetry, spd. Paris Perkant\n\nLenan\n\nFrost at Yew York\n\nDagŭ Despetta arcondes My\n\nbrain tr\n\nJEBEL. DRUSE.\n\nFRENCH LOSSES EXAGGERATED\n\nParia, Agust 25.\n\nKTARESA.FNP FRANCO.camol\n\nGod is weki. Chataro, Victoria, Bongka\n\nMEAL OFFICE\n\n---\n\nParde, Yo The He Insan\n\nJapHa....... 15,000, 20 B. 10,\n\nPIE. MINDACOS\n\nBANYTIC\n\nFrans: tiste Garcia Bapur Natten\n\nBy Grade Baza de Park vi des Pac Mendon Midland think, Las\n\ndier des Ha\n\nCo\n\nfind trebain\n\nghost be World.\n\nHughing, 224 (ON. YO\n\nA ROLAN\n\nManag\n\nTHE YOKOHAMA SPECIE\n\nut pamercinta ladustain Wema and TrasOwn\" 2,42 kere of 10 Fun The Nation Pretzelal and teci assured that the Gavel eglent crument of Lasten being cur-\n\nUnikan Erd. Conymit\n\nComeening certain formation : Vectron accrapla Path: edit of Great Britain, whose interestsfused with the studion Chira starting that her French insesa uti 1 New Yob F. I. Morrazo. Franch Chine are greater than those of which te best dealt with by the Forfeit Drase totalled 2,000 men, the Antal Berckling Coppo Castany any other Power, wil net sveign Dive, and a handling which papers as that the Winters of! Inset whips Care is and to lock for the lend of any other Britain, for the Grit te in her War has stated that 800 way the. Ewer chettition of mankin am veren, in takits similar hists in Asia. appears to be runter reported by General Sarri: ...... You 180.55.9 steps in China when the Glütere waiter for a led from Pewore and bat in notist been altered bet people having followed the exam with only a treeties of her inter pla of Jepun, pat the house este in Chia and is Aria eder, ander unt make residence therein. uraliy: thug e Gayorwent wil urder Chege laws and adminiz hatun bas lured self inde- traziou, xa este for foreigners a pondeck of the Governmen! la radence in Great Britain! Ching and refuses to recognize and ue Colonies for citizens of the Governmeul at Paking to which\n\nG. RUGC.\n\nHonigst\n\nen's Rool, Central. Homes. Esmary, 1950.\n\nTHE BANK OF EAST ASIA,\n\nLIMITED\n\nBIAD OPTICE\n\nÀ. LINTOT,\n\nYavage\n\nTHE BANK OF TAIWAN, LTD.\n\n(WAYWANGIKKOJ\n\n[ TÙ SPESAL DIPENAL\n\nBAYI İses\n\nvital Emeriled Yes 89.600,000 Duprat (pastato 0.000\n\nNo in De Vong Band. Central Rongeuren enonthe Chinese Republic. Having is Majesty Minelar to Chira\n\nsaid the when the situations accroifted: what this\n\nAuthorized Copirai 19,590, Patil Chap Kew Brad\n\n6,00,000 si\n\nBWAD OFFJEK.\n\n1,040,9sa 94\n\nVRECIDER.\n\nTAMPED, FORMOSA,\n\nBANCU\n\nIto Mr Chow Chow a\n\nFan It Blaire Ceing la\n\ntard\n\nZATORI SPIŅA Tohobar, Kəb Fans Gergely\n\nUnalen,\n\nC: King Ulivu Polos Tur Pr\n\nChan Ching her Wet Yast P\n\nvery dogrtatlan or banking\n\nSAF TITS\n\n*\n\nmasied\n\n04 FUNKE\n\nmonics, Trewall, Token, Aka\n\nColony,\n\nA\n\nExos denuntion Pankica\n\nse pued\n\n(nere bent en Durant Kurapně\n\nwat yer kom on Veils du\n\nmore en than may be\n\n- is\n\nits on wat\n\nQuare'n Boat (m\n\nROSS,\n\nAng nagES. kong. th c r.\n\nTHE RANK OF CANTON, EMITESA\n\nRead Office: Katy Loss.\n\nEstabaired 1912. Authorized Capéta) 51,20ki, Ga Pall, lip Depital 1,078,5Ð\n\nsilver Reserve Fand...$ 700, Forsigo Exchange and Genara Banking business transacted Interest allowed on\n\nSCUBRENT ACCOUNT\n\n2 po a un daily cred helences of over 106.\n\nCOUNTE\n\n4% ADRUM\n\nfor 12 monthe 5 per annu\n\nfur 8\n\non ANTAGE\n\n|GA KOSTER\n\n1.1\n\nX\n\n29\n\nConten, Shanghai, Hankey; Bangkok and New York.\n\nCOR BANZISES\n\nThe Lloyd'a Bank, Limited.\n\nLOOK POONG BHAI Chief ManaTER.\n\nBANK LIMITIE.\n\nBRID OFFICE MO\n\nJOKURANA\n\nwas confirmed by a nominative list.\n\nBatavia wad Ag\n\nEa\n\nBunbury\n\nZonva ¡Battat dzzas kauna\n\nHua Pranshia\n\nCalext\n\nIns Averi\n\nHemang Euba\n\nROBERTSON\n\n1\n\nMila\n\nSECURITY PACT.\n\nNe\n\nDet\n\nASKESTOS PROTECTED\n\nTHE FRENCH REYLY.\n\nip China we would impress where urgent appeal to uskist-\n\nNewhaven, Aug 21, aur people et houne that the pre-jane has aiready been once ignored i The France Ambassador ha sent gericus stare of affairs in by the Iraperal Government.\n\nsas handed to Herr Stresemans the Mature, Menu Pizzo, Skiardino, Thiabu. the British Colony must be un-Tur the past 25 years contributed French reply to the German Chinh anhm. Arg. Penchow, tirely disassociaran om eendi- propavilon of ita anewal re- Security Pact Noto. Tho date of\n\nState, Chaton\n\nBanen, place in China: that this Clotany veree towares crtal military publicstion ne nos yer Farabee Chart, Scubayer Hongkong was ceded to Endod. Xe Turk, alter\n\nLASDAN BANKERS.\n\nthe expenditus, the utiration for fixed-Reut!Y. British\n\nTE CHART London Cornstar Westate and Dart'ssion being confirmed in\n\n1841, the rear 4 amounting to sour that a quarte million dollar;\n\n30\n\nChief MeDoge\n\nBaik\n\nDebrents. 1029\n\nHonda 16 prebrant, tum\n\nTHỂ HỒ HÙNG Hạ lão tin t\n\nALICIT).\n\nCAPITAL:\n\nAuthorised $50,000,050\n\nTil ...\n\nPaid-up... 4,000,000.\n\nReserve Labilities of\n\nShareholders...... 4+0.\n\nSurplus.........\n\n823,000,\n\nBEAD OFFICE--SINGAPORE Branchen, Agencies and Carrespond- ente in the principal cities of\n\nthe world.\n\nKvery description of Racking And, Fxchange business' transacted.\n\n... BANG, Manager.\n\nORIENTAL COMMERCIAL\n\nBANK. LTD.\n\nVELD DEVICE.\n\n18. TWY FREIT ROON CHANCHAL\n\nBILNEGES (--WANGRUR.\n\nUntzenie Wuntraine Hack Sale & New York: Scan City\n\nAharied Capital Man 25. OUR AND Pabi-up Capital 2,090,008\n\nSose haki ini b Current sermouth, Attindi Dasu mirati ka mpy\n\nDRAUM BEAUTI\n\nOvera, barkings opgelatır.\n\nINTEREST. C'event occ 2 AT ive 15%.\n\nElard Devotion, 3 months, k 6 month 4454, wie gest 5%.\n\nKAKE DEPOSIT BOXES FOR PENT.\n\nQUR VAUTTA JAFEGUARDS) BY IDEA CLOCKS AND DOUBLE CAMMINATION ÁRNOUM PIATÉ NIEZŁ NO«YP.\n\nJ. T. LAIM.\n\nKUMBA.\n\nmetres in the Entepony Continent:\n\nDoet\n\nThe Beat bas Credents to rear following year by the Treaty of that during the Great War that beside these to whom they are Busca, M. a. Nanking, under which Rongkong Colver contributed Con, an India, Philippine Trianon, Juga,\n\nFinetry\n\nBeakow\n\nHalo\n\nHer\n\nMentula\n\nKai Zoen\n\nKorechi\n\nOu\n\nPising\n\nRACKVI\n\nlod\n\nSihampcov\n\nKostel\n\nVATE\n\nVindicat\n\nJanka\n\nit and on Correak Attiest Caprasin pacetvel for zxat perce Latatred on sites.\n\nC. AKIMA,\n\nTHE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BANK LTD.\n\nSend Mom Vinyl Prodine, Thetar BiME\n\nDRANCWEB:--\n\nLju\n\nthe\n\nat variorum appending in elliees, abups, ard siber Dutch Crulim Forts, lies to be pujsassed to pepetaly\" times over six and a ar million factories and shipyarda iz Ameries, Atring, the\n\nInteress Kaceed on Comment donuts and Great Bring that at that dotars to the importal Govern-Dot Country.\n\nThey are now cali-\n\nTeposts at rates which will be great time Hongkong was but share mans for wat parposes.\n\nIn add-in for support from this Afs-! apple,\n\nBONGKONG BRANCH: L. Dar Views Wal.\n\nZ. YAKAMOTO,\n\nsophuma, Jan. May dogs.\n\nBanger\n\nTHE BANK OF CHINA\n\n行銀國中\n\nGYECIALLY AUTHORIZED BY PRESIDEN\n\nShanghai, Kangat kone. Tergen-Russian Gropeens.ca.\n\nCORRESTENDENTE. IN |--\n\nLiodon, New York, Chence, Bra pretens..\n\nLucia chores of Chien un abroad\n\nAttraction Tale fer\n\n10 years, ... fats, stupore, Fanana,\n\nrocky island, like hundreds to befrian to a special chination of overtunt Crown Colony to their fal- send of the one of Chine, In-blatt tion pendz: that a low-workroen at he hadited by thit a few hundred arge nyentier of the youth of this Brian who can still bear, MO CRzuzet and fishermen thas to-day, after 8 Color male the supena stories with pride the story of our fax rearhouest and impartialis the war, fortified in the hog feng Respire, and to wing the faste Wash British administration, tuls Colony that they wore helping to skew of that Empire is an Sacred is ene of the brightest gear in werin secure against such a charge as is that of the Realmi\n\nthe British Crown; that even in sprang as is now oppressing the of England twk. To all such\n\n2. M.\n\nMETAL ROOFING\n\nBolo Agents :\n\n¡DAVIE, BOAG & CO., LTD\n\nBank of Canton Building.\n\nSamples and fill particular on application.\n\nMASSAGE\n\nMr. SHIMIDZU Mrs. HONDA\n\nA. 34. Wyndham Street.\n\nTelephone Central 4048,\n\nthe year 1880 the Cipverner of the pancenia Chiasse imputation of this urgent appeal in argize THOS. COOK & SON (BANKERS) LTD\n\nColias, contrasting De Sara Cautan and is sriving to sun goes forth from the ueople of rock with a cherinan's but here this Cotry of Hongkong; that, the small but uporisat matpost TRAL MANDATE OF THE REPUBLI. Od tier of 1841 with the cartons of the revisnose of Empire.\n\nColony as it was 8t roars later, the present situation, the people.\n\nCHIKA UN THR JIND DE\n\nNOVEMBER, FEAT.\n\nauthorised Cepita was able to state, in a despatch of this raportat outpost of our\n\nRattan Canika ..... 75,970 200,00\n\nREAD OFFICE: PEKING-\n\nMUSOKONG PRANOR\n\n4. Quera's Road Central,\n\nTranchen and dab-bones all\n\nAt to the Secretary of State for the Empire in Avin are again appeal- Colonive, that may be doubted in to-day to the forperial Gov whethere the evidence of material ferment, through the Prime Min- and woral achierement, presented ister, do take imosciate\n\nand KANAPundar in Faros, Amartas and sthay peste of the wall.\n\nsinstel wind Under Bet E. L\n\nThe Coming Trung Company of New York,\n\nDANKERN: · The Nepal E\n\nchins as it were in a focus, wake up-to put an end to the presout inte.\n\nwhere more Jokeile appeal\n\nlerable and hotelling position, LONDON BAKKERS--The National Pare and inagication and whether und feiting the immediate and\n\nany other apot on the earth complete cessation of the lock-i more likely to excite us more ful-ade, of Hongkong at\n\ninterfs- ly justifies pride in the name case with British trade and with few the all of British abjects to 1541 the population has increased without sulasful interference.\n\nhundred teren in the year carry on their businese freely and\n\nThe Egitle The Company of New York Internet slowed no liberest Acecants and Englismar from a Fixed Langit pa tention.\n\nevery desire of Banking\n\ntransxçied\n\nFirmanied va aproved sequentia.\n\nEpilan for Brookware\n\nTUYER PEL\n\nNEDERLANDSCH INDISCHE HANDELSBANK\n\nExtablished 1869.\n\nPaid-up Capital au Reserve Fund Glds, 78,200,000-£5,517,329.\n\nHEAD OFFICE: AMSTERDAM, CASTERN HEAD OFFICE: BATAVIA, BRANCHES:\n\nSay, Arapenan. Bandoeng. Borbay, Calcutta, Cheribos, Gorostalo. Hongkong, Kobs, Weknear, Medan, Menado, Palembang, PekalongAN, Rotterdam, Semprong, Shanghai, Singepara, Hourabaya,\n\nThe Eagua, Telok Beteng. Tjslatian, Wites rolet.\n\nLONDON REPRESENTATIVE: 8. S. Wright, 37, Old Broad Streek,\n\nLooden, B.. 2\n\nCORRESPONDENTS: LONDON: MIDLAND BANK, LID, ÖVERSEA\" Branox, WESTMINSTER BANK LTA FOIS BRAKCE, N. L. GOTHSCHELS & BAR and SI BANK CORPORATION\n\nNEW YORK: CHASE NATIONAL BANK, YAPMIY Loan & Tuner Co. TRYING BANK-COLOMBIA TRUST CO, GOLMAN, SACHS & Co, New Yoke Taper Co. and all the principal towns of the world,\n\nEVERY DESCRIPTION OF BANKING & EXCHANGE PUSI- NESS TRANSACTED CURRENT ACCOUNTS, DEPOSITS, etc\n\nP. MARKS,\n\nManager.\n\nEXCHANGE.\n\nOPENING QUOTATIONS.\n\nASTON ---\n\nHong, August\n\nBA\n\nTARGETAT-2.16\n\nBasi Baya Bile, at 30 days sight BakDill, at wounthe' sight 2,42 Credita, at 4 monthe night.. 2:5 Frey Hills, at 4\n\nvetoka\" sigh 275;\n\nBank Bille, on depend DE GAY\n\nCredila, ut death right... 1225\n\nI PANELLE\n\nto one milion; that the value of state of way with the Government; the Colony's trade in 1924 was for Casion he destared in exist, 136 mens sterling: that the; and .lbak Procediate stone beY DISTOPET Lorean-going shipping entered the them takes to enforce our Treats N\n\ncleared during the same year rights and to instal as Canton ready Chinese Goverment o tous, of which 12 milion tens\n\n$226\n\nnom\n\nBack Bille, en mend Credits, ut 60 dngu' sight... NA\n\nTraunfos... 1871\n\nOx CalcUTES —\n\nTalegraphis Freester... 1874 Dank, de\n\nBank, at right t Private, at 30 days' sig... .........3403\n\n115\n\nweru Brit, at that the inises fran Rolsbevist flomnication. tonnage of all classes during the makter fe appeal to the your wea nearly $7 millions, Imperial Government Me are) making Dongkong perkaps the taking the opponunda to forward A world's largest slipping partijat the sume tirar this appeal to that el his varé tezde and shit-the people of Great Britain foros ForIAMA 20 pak, sad even the very exisleure their sympathy\n\nOrdonan........ aid suppori. of the talony, hos suddenly been In doing se we wish to protest in Greed.......\n\nON HASA placut in mirene prilby the the rougest possible TERNET STRATOL- present de facte Doisnevist Gov-against the rupaix. of falan lepi...... 19!! ernment of Cantos, which, with hood which the Balcharist GN. ON 6114A -On demand ... 742) the nel of \"Red\" Rasein mili-evamart of Cutton, under the decane.................... tay commanders and Ruselfedtrention of experienced puna. NAIGN-De dewund..... m arins and money, came into power gandista trained in Russia has CasaME :-\n\nCA douazú..\n\n794 by an armed up only three conducted through certain\n\nSUS SOTERSHYA, Bath's boying DOTA H sad to-day abtine of the world's preas. This Bate.................. 3.50 hered by Im vaer unspority of mass meeting to for the most part Cars Usar, 100 fine, per tami........ the people of Canton and the composed of me, who have wosk Bas formas, per otro Fes\n\n- נא אני\n\nBANKING AND EXCHANGE.\n\nCOOK'S TRAVELLERS CHEQUES combine MAXIMUM SAFETY with CONVENIENCE.\n\nA special feature is the precautions taken to ensure the maximum safety possible.\n\nAsk for descriptive booklet at any of our offices.\n\nHead Office:-\n\nLol Address\n\nLUDOATE CIRCES, LONDON. B.C HONGKONG WOTEL BUILDINÓ.\n\nTelegraphin Address:-COUPON.\n\nTelephous: Central 524-525.\n\nTHE HONGKONG DIRECTORY & BLOTTER 1925\n\nThis very useful combination of Directory, Vlary and Desk Blotter, contains a large variety of local fa Jormation: List of Goveranient and Department. Officiats: Firms and Employees; Foreign Residents: Time tables: etc.. etc. A handsome and durable requirement. strongis bound in cloth and excellently printed, it is a weeźul adjunct in the desk In Home arOffice, and will be found of great use in business and social affairs.\n\nNow on Sale, Price $5 at\n\nSouth China Morning Post, Limited.\n\n1. Wyndham Street.\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 363\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 364\n\nPage 365\n\nPage 365",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-489N - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 501573,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 600,
        "title": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "662\n\nJ\n\n&\n\n...\n\nThe text is heavily distorted due to OCR errors and does not form coherent sentences. Reconstructing the original content is challenging.\n\nCOPY\n\nNo. 158 (5854/24)\n\n(& 3 copies)\n\nCopied to Canton\n\nSir,\n\nDonald Macleay,\n\nH.B.M. Consulate-General,\n\nSHANGHAI,\n\n22nd November, 1924.\n\nIn confirmation of my telegram No. 159 of yesterday's date, I have the honour to report that Sun Yat-sen, accompanied by Li Lieh Chun, left this morning on the \"Shanghai Maru\" for Nagasaki whence they intend to proceed by train through Corea to Mukden. They were seen off at the jetty by S. K. Chen and a representative of Chang Yun Ming as well as a Vice-Consul and other officials from the Japanese Consulate, but otherwise their departure attracted no attention whatever. S. K. Chen, who is apparently recognised by the Peking cabinet, but by nobody else, as Commissioner for Foreign Affairs, had previously received a telegram from the Wai Chiao Fu ordering him to make all arrangements for Sun Yat-sen's journey.\n\nIt is interesting to note that Sun Yat-sen's visit to Shanghai has fallen extremely flat. There was a certain amount of interest taken in his arrival, but the Cantonese community in Shanghai ignored him.\n\nK.C.M.G.,\n\nHis Majesty's Minister,\n\nPEKING.\n\nPage 600\n\nPage 601",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925.txt",
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    {
        "id": 501633,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 660,
        "title": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "\"This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.\"\n\nCHINA\n\nCONFIDENTIAL.\n\n[March 31, 1925.]\n\nSECTION 2.\n\n651\n\nNo. 1.\n\nSir R. Maclean to Mr. Austen Chamberlain.-(Received March 31.)\n\n[F1150/2/10]\n\n(No. 64.) Sir,\n\nPeking, January 31, 1925.\n\nIN continuation of my despatch No. 831 of the 31st December, I have the honour to report as follows on the developments in the political situation in this country during the past month :-\n\n2. The end of the year had found the position of the Provisional Government under Tuan Ch'i-jui outwardly not unfavourable, especially on the Yang-tsze, where the last powerful supporter of the Chihli party, the Nanking Tuchun Ch'i Hsieh-yuan, had apparently accepted his dismissal from office without fighting and withdrawn peacefully to retirement in the foreign settlement at Shanghai to make way for his old enemy Lu Yung-hsiang, the Anfu leader, who had been appointed \"Pacification Commissioner of Anhui and Kiangsu.\" To consolidate the position, Mukden troops of Chang Tso-lin's Manchurian armies were being drafted through Shantung into Kiangsu in support of Lu Yung-hsiang; and at Shanghai Chang Yun-ming, a general of very indifferent reputation, who had originally come from Hupei with a brigade to join in the attack on Chekiang in the interests of Wu Pei-fu and the Chihli party, but who had subsequently joined the winning side, exercised de facto control on behalf of the Peking Government. Apart from Ch'i Hsieh-yuan himself, who appeared eliminated, the only doubtful element in the situation on the Lower Yang-tsze seemed to be Sun Ch'uan-fang, who had become Governor of Chekiang in the Chihli party interests after the expulsion of Lu Yung-hsiang, and who in this capacity exercised a large measure of influence in the Shanghai region. That all was not well in this quarter was indicated at the beginning of the year, when some obscure fighting took place near Shanghai between the troops of one Chen Lo-shan, one of Lu Yung-hsiang's former lieutenants, and those under Sun Ch'uan-fang's command.\n\n3. Early in January, Mukden troops began to reach Nanking, where Lu Yung-hsiang himself arrived about the 10th. Almost simultaneously, there occurred another of the sudden and totally unexpected changes in the situation to which the public in this country have become so accustomed during the past six months. On the evening of Saturday, the 10th January, General Kung Pang-to, one of Ch'i Hsieh-yuan's principal lieutenants who still commanded some of the latter's former forces stationed in Chapei adjoining the international settlement, moved his troops out to attack those of Chang Yun-ming in the neighbourhood of the arsenal. That night or on the following day, Ch'i Hsieh-yuan himself left his house in the international settlement to resume the command of his former forces in order to join with Sun Ch'uan-fang in the attack on Chang Yun-ming, the local representative of the Peking Government. The latter's troops were overwhelmed in a few hours' fighting, the bulk seeking refuge and becoming interned in the French concession, when they were subsequently shipped off without trouble to Tsingtao under the auspices of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. The middle of January thus found Ch'i again in control of Shanghai and preparing to advance against Lu Yung-hsiang at Nanking, an exact reversal of the situation existing when the civil war had opened five months before with an outbreak of hostilities between Ch'i controlling Nanking and Lu controlling Chekiang and Shanghai.\n\n4. In the meantime, Mukden reinforcements were being rushed down the Tien-tsin-Pukow line to Lu's assistance, until a Manchurian army some 40,000 strong, including a regiment of Russians, was massed at Nanking and advancing along the railway towards Shanghai. The first clash took place near Chinkiang, which was successfully occupied by the Mukden troops with little serious resistance. This success foreshadowed the course of the campaign, which resulted in the gradual collapse and disintegration of Ch'i's forces in the face of the almost uninterrupted advance of Lu's Manchurian troops and their Russian auxiliaries under the command of Generals Wu Kuang-hsin (Minister of War) and Chang Tsung-ch'ang (general officer commanding one of the Fengtien armies), two of Chang Tso-lin's\n\nPage 660\n\nPage 661",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 661,
        "title": "CO129-490 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "principal lieutenants. The campaign was (so far as can be seen at the time of writing) finally brought to a close by Ch'i's flight to Japan towards the end of January, leaving the Mukden generals in military control of the situation from Nanking to Shanghai. The part played by Sun Ch'uan-fang in the affair and his present position and future prospects remain obscure. The Provisional Government at Peking professed to consider that he was not party to Ch'i's coup against Lu Yung-hsiang, and, while a mandate was issued ordering the arrest and punishment of Ch'i, no such steps were taken against Sun, who was on the contrary confirmed in his governorship of Chekiang. It seems probable that Sun moved in the first instance rather against his local rival Chang Yun-ming, than against the Peking Government, and that he was subsequently to some extent awaiting developments in Ch'i's campaign against Lu before definitely siding with the former against Peking.\n\n5. The first month of the new year has therefore been marked outwardly, at any rate, by further successes for the Provisional Government, whose influence, or rather that of its Mukden and Anfu elements, has been extended to Nanking and Shanghai. In Peking itself the situation continues unchanged, and the capital remains under the military control of the other element responsible for the establishment of the Provisional Government, namely, Kuo Min Tang influences, as represented by the forces of General Feng Yu-hsiang, who also occupy the Peking-Kalgan-Suiyuan Railway in accordance with a mandate issued on the 4th January abolishing General Feng's post of inspector-general of the army and appointing him director-general of North-Western Frontier Defence. General Feng himself is at present at Kalgan or somewhere in the neighbourhood, arranging the disposition of his forces in that locality. The troops of General Feng's two Kuo Min Tang allies, Generals Sun Yueh and Hu Ching-yi, occupy the Chihli and Honan sections of the Peking-Hankow Railway respectively, the latter in virtue of his appointment as Tupan of Honan, and the former for no other apparent reason than that his forces are stationed in that region. On the other hand, Marshal Chang Tso-lin's Manchurian armies now exercise undisputed control along the northern railways from Mukden to Tien-tsin and thence to Nanking and Shanghai. As for the Anfu party themselves, they occupy no railways and control no armies, but by the astute diplomacy of their leader, the Provisional Chief Executive, they exercise for the moment the principal influence in the Government of the country. Of the former provincial supporters of Wu Pei-fu and the Chihli party, Hsiao Yao-nan, Governor of Hupei, Cheng Shih-ch'i, Governor of Shantung, Sun Chuan-fang, Governor of Chekiang, and Chen Yin-jen, Governor of Fukien, all remain for the time being in power, and have been confirmed in their offices under the new title of Tupan (Director-General) of Military Affairs, doubtless with the object of securing their loyalty to the new régime. The same steps have been taken vis-à-vis the tulis and tuchuns of the more remote provinces which remained more or less neutral during the recent war, such as Shansi, Shensi, Kansu and Hsinkiang, the Governors of which have been reappointed as tupans.\n\n6. The railways remain greatly disorganised owing to the continuance of military occupation and control, especially the Peking-Hankow line, on which Hu Ching-yi has massed his troops to overawe Hupei, to the very grave prejudice of commercial interests, including particularly the big mining concerns, such as the Peking Syndicate, who, in spite of the constant efforts made by this Legation to assist them, are threatened with the necessity of closing down their Honan mines owing to the lack of rolling-stock to move the coal they produce.\n\n7. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's arrival in Peking has been reported on in separate despatches. As reported in my telegram No. 23 of the 27th January, he is now grievously ill from a malignant growth on the liver and not expected to survive. Dr. Sun's illness, combined with the success of the Manchurian armies on the Yang-tsze, seem to have deferred for the time being the danger of the overthrow of the Provisional Government by a Kuo Min Tang coup and an open breach between the latter and Chang Tso-lin.\n\n8. The Provisional Government, under Tuan Ch'i-jui, opened the new year by issuing on the 1st January a mandate proclaiming a general amnesty, on the lines of that announced by Yuan Shih-k'ai at the time of the revolution of 1911, for all prisoners, whether sentenced or under detention, with the exception of the case of Ts'ao K'un, whose trial had been ordered, and of those cases concerning the bribery of members of Parliament, which were being enquired into and would eventually be dealt with by the People's Conference, and of cases of brigandage, murder, rape, arson and breaking of dykes. At the same time, another mandate was issued abolishing the \"Court of Marshals\" (Chiang Chun Fu), and announcing that other means of recognising distinguished services would in due course be evolved.\n\n9. The Reorganisation Conference (see paragraph 10 of my despatch above referred to) is due to open to-morrow, the 1st February. The Kuo Min Tang have announced their intention to abstain from all participation therein, and the prospects of its leading to the formation of a truly representative national Government are therefore not bright.\n\n10. The recurrence of fighting round Shanghai brought again to the fore several issues of great local importance to the foreign community of the commercial metropolis of the Far East, such as the defence of the settlements, the exclusion therefrom of Chinese military and political leaders and the removal of the arsenal.\n\n11. The first of these questions, the defence of the settlements, arose through the fact that the opening hostilities between Ch'i Hsieh-yuan's troops and those of Chang Yun-ming had taken place in close proximity to the boundaries of the French Concession, into which many thousands of defeated soldiery were permitted to retire for internment, there being at one time over 10,000 disarmed Chinese soldiers interned in the French concession and international settlement. Subsequent hostilities on a larger scale were in progress between Ch'i Hsieh-yuan and Lu Yung-hsiang along the Shanghai-Nanking Railway, considerable anxiety was naturally felt at the possibility of Ch'i's troops being driven back in disorder on to the boundaries of the settlements, the more so as a precedent had now been created for defeated soldiery taking refuge in bulk within the boundaries of the foreign-controlled areas. Feeling on the subject at one time became so high that the principal consuls, who had at first considered that the volunteer and naval forces available were fully capable of dealing with the situation, decided that the time had come to recommend to their Ministers the desirability of despatching foreign troops to Shanghai to occupy certain strategic points outside the settlement boundaries with the object of enforcing a warning which they were addressing to the belligerent leaders to keep all Chinese troops away from, and out of rifle shot of, the boundaries of the international settlement and French concession. I decided, and my American colleague held the same view, that the occupation with foreign troops of points outside the settlement boundaries to the extent suggested amounted in effect to forcible intervention, and was therefore a step which His Majesty's Government, and still more the American Government, would feel unable to entertain unless convinced from a naval and military point of view that such intervention was an imperative necessity for the protection of foreign life and property at the treaty port, and I therefore approached the problem as one of the defence of the actual boundaries of the foreign settlements and the preservation of their neutrality, for which purpose we should, it seemed to me, rely as far as possible on the naval forces available from the foreign men-of-war in the harbour, assisted by the foreign volunteer corps. Subsequently, however, the necessity of further considering recommending to His Majesty's Government the despatch of British troops from Hong Kong for this purpose was deferred by Ch'i's flight to Japan, followed by the peaceful occupation of the neighbourhood of Shanghai by the Manchurian forces. I understand that the General Officer Commanding at Hong Kong was prepared to place 400 men at our disposal for the reinforcement of the foreign forces at Shanghai. But I was reluctant to move in the matter because I was unconvinced of the necessity and because I felt that it was improbable that the other Powers could be induced to take similar action, my American colleague having been given to understand by his naval and military advisers that there was no real need of reinforcements, and my Japanese and other colleagues showing no great interest in the matter and apparently considering that the naval and police and volunteer forces available were sufficient, as on former occasions, to protect the settlements. The Commander-in-chief had, of course, already furnished all the naval forces he could spare, and two British cruisers had proceeded to Shanghai at the commencement of the trouble, as well as the usual complement of men-of-war of other countries, thus furnishing a total naval force of 1,200 strong to assist an equal number of well-organised volunteers and police. I should add that the Diplomatic Body had supported the consuls' warning against the presence of Chinese troops in the neighbourhood of the settlements by addressing similar representations to the Wai-chiao Pu, while the Chinese Government had themselves already taken nominal action in the matter in the manner described in paragraph 13 below.\n\n12. The question of the exclusion of Chinese military and political leaders from the international settlement and French concession naturally arose through the fact a few months before, organised his that Ch'i Hsieh-yuan had, like \"Little Hsü...",
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        "id": 502291,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "page_number": 538,
        "title": "CO129-491 - Public Offices - 1925",
        "content_text": "The head of the Mixed Commission was Mons. Tripier, Counsellor of the French Legation at Peking, Britain was represented by Mr. Vereker, First Secretary of H.M. Legation at Peking, and America, Japan, Belgium and Italy were represented respectively by Messrs. G. Greene, Shigemitsu, Ullens de Schooten and Mendola.\n\nThe Report blamed:—\n\n(1) The British Police Officer who ordered the Police to fire on the strikers.\n\n(2) The British Chief of Police, Colonel MacEwan, who did not take command on account of absence.\n\n(3) The American Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Mr. Fessenden, held to be legally responsible.\n\nThe leakage of the contents of the Report caused great indignation among the British and Americans at Shanghai, and, correspondingly, encouraged the Chinese nationalists in their demands for redress.\n\nThe Shanghai authorities, however, were able to persuade Chamberlain to suppress this report. Fortunately, accounts appeared in the French Press and the evidence which was published in the Chinese Press has also reached this country.\n\nIt is extremely improbable that America will ever allow the indiscriminate bombing of Canton or Shanghai, as the local British merchants and some missionaries urge, and as the Admiralty, with the \"Hermes,\" is prepared to do.\n\nMore and more it is being realised throughout the world that Britain, isolated and alone, is arraigned before the bar of humanity on the charge of manslaughter in the Chinese Amritsars of Shanghai, Hankow and Canton.\n\nThe hopes of the imperialists are now turning to new channels; to diplomatic methods, International Conferences, carefully stage-managed, magnificent resolutions and promises, which are never kept.\n\nIntervention on a grand scale such as the Allies undertook after the Boxer uprising is hardly thinkable. They cannot again march on Peking and sack the palaces. Not only would America never tolerate it, but there is a fundamental difference in the situation. In those days Russia was on the side of England and France; now Russia is the best friend of China and the Russian Ambassador is doyen of the Diplomatic Corps at Peking.\n\nPage 6\n\nRather do the Great Powers pray that Chang Tso Lin, the War Lord of Mukden, will once more play the game of the foreign imperialists. Half a century ago the foreign Powers helped the effete and reactionary Manchus to crush the Taiping Rebellion; and now for a dozen years they have backed and supported the forces of reaction in China. The Re-organisation Loan of 1913 provided Yuan Shih-Kai with millions, which turned him into a military despot, and enabled him to build up a huge army in the North and crush the growing germ of democracy in the South. Later, in the struggle between Wu Pei Fu and Sun Yat Sen, the Powers supported and recognised Wu Pei Fu, while the powerful clique controlling the news from Peking did propaganda against Dr. Sun Yat Sen; and the Chinese subject to British rule in Hongkong were prevented by the Consortium Pact from giving financial aid to Dr. Sun Yat Sen.\n\nAnd when Peking was at its wits' end seeking funds, Chang Tso Lin still had his group of Manchurian banks which could provide him with 50,000,000 dollars when necessary. The Manchurian banks are the Japanese Bank of Chosen, the French Banque Industrielle de Chine at Mukden, and the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank at Harbin. In the last month British agents have had frequent discussions with Chang Tso Lin.\n\nIn the South, Great Britain armed and organised the Anti-Sun Party in Canton, Chan Lim-pak, the compradore of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank at Canton, established a Merchant Volunteer Force, which aimed at overthrowing Sun Yat Sen.\n\nSun Yat Sen protested to the League of Nations and to MacDonald, then Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, but without avail, without even acknowledgment.\n\nRecently documents found on the premises of the general staff of the Yunnanese troops in Canton revealed the existence of a wide-spread plot for the overthrow of the Kuomintang Government and the establishment of a reactionary dictatorship dependent on British and Japanese support. The Commander-in-Chief of the Yunnanese troops in Canton, Yang Shih Ming, escaped on an English boat after the defeat of his army by the Kuomintang troops, and was taken to Hongkong—the centre of counter-revolutionary intrigue.\n\nPage 7\n\n526",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-492 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1925 [12] - 1926 [1-5]",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-492 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1925 [12] - 1926 [1-5]",
        "content_text": "Canton Gazette\n\nEnclosure No.1.\n\nSun Fo's Address On Board The S.S. President Grant To A Gathering Of Oversea Chinese.\n\nWhile Messrs. Sun Fo and Wu Teh-chen were on board the S.S. President Grant on their way to Canton the 6th instant. 300 oversea Chinese, mostly members of the Kuomintang, who also were on board held a reception in honor of Messrs. Sun Fo and Wu Teh-chen at 9 p.m. At the reception, Mr. Sun Fo was requested to give an address in regard to China's situation. Mr. Sun Fo spoke as follows:-\n\n\"Fellow countrymen: Speaking of saving China nowadays, there are only two essentials, and that is, externally, to create an independent China in order to achieve the status of equality with the world's nations and, internally, to consolidate a unified country so as to enable it to enforce its revolutionary policy. The only way to enforce the above decisions is to have all the masses of the people of China united and devote themselves in the National Revolutionary Movement by following the leadership of the Kuomintang.\n\nLast year in November, Commodore Kuo Sung-lin revolted against the Warlord Chang Tso-lin at Shanhaikwan. We all thought that Chang Tso-lin's overthrow was imminent. Even Chang Tso-lin himself thought that the struggle was hopeless and was ready to run away. Suddenly after the battle on December 23rd at Sin-min, Kuo Sung-lin's whole army was completely defeated and Kuo and his wife executed. It was really an unexpected victory for Chang.\n\nBut how did Chang Tso-lin win this battle? It certainly was not his military force that defeated Kuo. It was because the Japanese soldiers in Manchuria had assisted him by interfering with the domestic affairs of Mukden. The Japanese Imperialists had been helping to preserve Chang Tso-lin's power in order to prolong China's civil war so that she might be able to add to her interests and advantages in Manchuria.\n\nWhat is National Revolution and how are we to enforce it? Comrades, do you really know it? We have to overcome both Militarism and Imperialism. Why Japan helped Chang Tso-lin? Such an action done by the Japanese was to show that Chang Tso-lin is their hunting dog and Manchuria their protectorate. The masses of the people wanted to overthrow Chang Tso-lin. It meant also the overthrow of Japan's power in Manchuria. Certainly Japan cannot afford to lose Chang Tso-lin, her best tool in China. The Japanese Imperialists will not yield.\n\nThe English Imperialists. Comrades, recall the May 30th massacre at Shanghai. How did the whole people of China fight against the British? We could have won if the Peking Government was an able one. When the masses of our people rose in protest, it threatened the British Imperialists' supremacy. We may say that if the Nationalist Government were at Peking, China would have declared war against England long ago. You must not say that England is the strongest country of the world and it is impossible for China to fight her. Please look at the present struggle of the Nationalist Government at Canton against Hongkong. Kwangtung is only one province.\n\nBefore the Shameen massacre, the whole province was not consolidated. At Tungkiang Chen Chiung-ming, Lin Fu and Hung Shao-lin were trying to re-attack Canton and in the South, Tang Poon-yan was occupying Kiung-ngai and the 8 Southern Districts and was secretly securing help, munitions and provisions from Hongkong Imperialists. The people of Kwangtung was able to support the Nationalist Government and fought hard for its existence and economic independence of the province and will finally make Hongkong yield. The Imperialists now do not dare insult the Nationalist Government nor the people of Kwangtung.\n\nIf we are able to extend our National Revolutionary movement throughout the whole country, and to remove the Militarists, we shall be able to use the name of China to declare war against our worst enemies of our nation. If the masses of the people are unable to overcome them, we shall not even have one day's peace and our country will never be emancipated nor consolidated.\n\nCollusion Between Militarists And Imperialists. For this reason, the national masses of the Chinese people should look upon Japan as an enemy, too. During recent years, the Japanese people have suffered very much from the oppression of the militarists, politicians and financiers. The workers in Japan are suffering the same as workers in our country. Many of the Japanese citizens are complaining to their Government and a Proletariat Party has been organized and is in favour of China's Revolutionary Movement.\n\nChina's National Revolutionary movement is part of the World's revolution, the peasants, workers and the revolutionists of England are also in favour of China's Revolutionary Government. During our National Revolutionary Movement, We must realize that the Imperialists and the Militaries are our greatest enemies and the only thing for us to do is to rise up in protest. It is a pity to see that China at present is not unified and the schemes of the Militarists and Imperialists are always working in collusion with each other to attack the Nationalist Government's power.\n\nOn the whole, in protesting against the Imperialists, we are unable to act against Japan's invasion on China, if we want to achieve victory, we must not only defend our country; but also overthrow the Militarists, and request the Japanese proletarians to overcome Imperialism. If our citizens are able to unite and to enforce an economic strike against Japan, we can easily make Japan yield. Take for example, the present Anti-Mukden Warlord Japan, it would cause a falling of Japan's industrial production. It would effect the closing of 80% of their factories and the unemployment of millions of workers.\n\nIf the British Revolutionists were strong enough to start a revolution as soon as possible. Besides declaring an economic strike against Japan, we should urge the Japanese proletarians to revolt against their masters the Imperialists. In other words, to destroy fundamentally both Militarism and Imperialism. If our country were to declare war against Japan, it means that Japan has declared war against the Chinese people, and especially against the masses of the people.\n\nNot only England will rise up in protest, and it would cause the downfall of the British Empire. Though China is not as strong as Japan, yet if the British Revolutionists succeed by the aid of the Chinese masses, China and Japan will shake hands forever. Then we will have to fear this, but Japan will rise up in protest against Japanese Imperialists, our next step will be to destroy world imperialism.\"\n\nPage 60\n\nPage 61",
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        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "113\n\nMarshal Sun is an ambitious soldier of fortune, who aims at making himself supreme in the wealthy region where he is now War Lord. He does not at the moment see any opportunity of extending the boundaries of his dominion; but he is endeavouring to consolidate his present position and to make himself secure against the attack of any other Chinese War Lord. He does not tolerate communism or Soviet propaganda, because he regards both as dangerous to his authority. If, however, he were hard put to it, as have been other Chinese War Lords, I do not suppose that he would scruple to accept Russian help and pay lip-service to Bolshevism, in order to obtain such help.\n\n12.\n\nA second fairly cohesive fragment is the Kuangtung Province, now under the dictatorship of General Chiang Kai-shek. The ostensible form of government is, however, of the Soviet type and is supported by the Bolshevists with men, money and munitions of war. There is an unstable alliance between Kuangtung and the adjacent province of Kuang-hsi. These two provinces, under the Manchu dynasty, formed the Liang Kuang viceroyalty; but the language spoken in Kuanghsi is not Cantonese and the cohesion between the two provinces is now of the slightest. General Tang Shang-chi, who controls for the moment the south of Hunan province, is also claimed as an ally of the Canton Soviet, which further professes to have some understanding with the authorities of Kuei-chou province, a sort of \"No Man's Land\". But the only person who really counts in this very loose southern confederacy is General Chiang Kai-shek, who is not a Cantonese but a native of Chekiang province. His position is very precarious and depends entirely on the doubtful loyalty of his subordinate military commanders. I believe that he is endeavouring to reach an understanding with Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang.\n\n13.\n\nA third regional group is under the control of Marshal Wu P'ei-fu, who dominates Hupeh and the northern part of Hunan (formerly these two provinces were the Hukuang viceroyalty), the whole of the province of Honan and part of the province of Chihli.",
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        "content_text": "114\n\nChihli. The province of Shansi, which its Governor, Yên Hsi-shan, known as \"the model Tuchun\", had previously kept aloof from the turmoil of Chinese civil war, being now invaded by the Kuo-min-chun from the north, has thrown in its lot with Marshal Wu.\n\n14.\n\nShantung and part of Chihli are ruled by Marshal Chang Tso-lin, the Manchurian War Lord, and here the chief issue is the possession of Peking. Peking was naturally enough the capital of the whole Chinese Empire under the rule of Mongol and Manchu dynasties. But it should not be forgotten that the Han dynasty (B.C.206 A.D.25), which is by far the best known in the early history of China, and in remembrance of which the Chinese to this day call themselves \"sons of Han\", had its capital first at Sianfu in Shensi, the town in which the Manchu Empress Dowager took refuge during the Boxer troubles and later at Loyang in Honan. Moreover, another famous line of Chinese Emperors, the T'ang dynasty, which ruled from 618 to 907 A.D., and after which the southern Chinese still colloquially call themselves \"men of T'ang\", had its capital at Ch'ang-an-fu in Shensi, while the capital of the Sung dynasty (A.D.960 - 1127) was at K'ai-feng-fu in Honan and the capital of the Ming dynasty (A.D.1368-1644) was at first at Nanking on the Yangtze. The traditions and affections of the Chinese do not, therefore, centre at Peking, as for instance do those of our own Empire at London or those of the French at Paris. On the contrary, in the eyes of central and southern Chinese Peking appears in the guise of a Tartar City, the more so because it has long been associated with rule of Mongol and Manchu dynasties. I very much doubt whether, if the Eighteen Provinces were once more unified under purely Chinese rule, Peking would again be capital. However, at the moment Peking has great importance, because it is the seat of the foreign Diplomatic Body, and because such vestiges as remain of a government coordinating the affairs of the whole of China are to be found at Peking.\n\nBoth Marshal Wu P'ei-fu and Marshal Chang Tso-lin wish to make themselves master in Peking and at the moment they are endeavouring to form an alliance.\n\nThe",
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        "page_number": 149,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "143\n\nissued at Peking on the 2nd June, 1919, under article 155 of the China Order in Council, 1904, and article 13 of the China (Amendment) Order in Council, 1907. I attach a copy of these regulations for convenience of reference.\n\n3.\n\nThis arms embargo has been faithfully observed by the British Government; but it is notorious that other Governments have not been so strict, and that the Russian Government, which participated in the note of the 5th May, 1919, has been pouring arms and ammunition into Northern China for the assistance of the Kuo-min-chun, and into Southern China for the assistance of the Canton Soviet. Moreover, the arms embargo was plainly a self-denying ordinance adopted by the eleven Powers concerned in order to prevent the disintegration of China, for it was only to be in force \"until the establishment of a Government whose authority is recognized throughout the whole country\". Such a day is far distant, and in the meanwhile China has, for the time being, split into the following main divisions:- (a) the provinces controlled by Marshal Chang Tso-lin, namely the greater part of Chihli, Shantung and the whole of Manchuria:\n\n(b) the provinces controlled by Marshal Wu P'ei-fu, namely Hupeh, Honan and parts of Chihli and Hunan:\n\n(c) the provinces controlled by Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang, namely Anhui, Chekiang, Kiangsi and Fukien:\n\n(d) the provinces controlled by the Kuo-min-tang, namely Kuang-tung in somewhat doubtful alliance with Kuanghsi, parts of Hunan and Kueichou:\n\n(e) the region controlled by the Kuo-min-chun, namely Inner Mongolia, Chahar, Sui-yuan, Kansu province and parts of Shensi and Shansi provinces:\n\n(f) Yunnan province under General Tang Chi-yao\n\n(g)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8].txt",
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    {
        "id": 503323,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 398,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "General Tang Shang-chi had been defeated by Marshal Wu's generals and were being driven into the corner of Hunan province, south-east of Heng-chou-fu. The outlook for the Canton Soviet was, therefore, far from bright, the more so as Cheung Kai-shek, who had made himself generalissimo of the Kuang-tung armies, was regarded with jealousy by his subordinate generals and could not rely upon their loyalty.\n\n3.\n\n395\n\nThe position today seems to be very different. The Kuo-min-chun in the north is holding its own with Russian assistance and is still threatening Peking. Those who have all along maintained that oil and vinegar are more likely to mix than are Marshals Tu and Chang to combine in stable alliance seem justified in their scepticism. Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang continues to maintain neutrality and it is improbable that he will make any move, except in defence of the five provinces which he controls, until he knows whether Bolshevists or anti-Bolshevists will prevail in the present struggle. At the moment he is exhorting both sides to refrain from fighting any longer and appears, himself, to be content with the rich satrapy which he rules. General T'ang Shang-chi has now defeated Marshal Wu's troops and seems to have driven them out of Hunan province. He has occupied Chang-sha and apparently reached Yo-chou on the Yangtze in the extreme north-east of the province. There is even talk now of an advance upon Hankow; and on the 27th July, General Cheung Kai-shek, accompanied by the Russian General Canton Galen, left for the front with the avowed object of taking command of the \"northern punitive expedition\", which aims at the annihilation of Marshals Wu and Chang.\n\n4.\n\nHunan province has on its western border the provinces",
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    {
        "id": 503331,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 406,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "ENCLOSURE NO. 3.\n\nCOPY\n\n403\n\nExtract from Tai Kwong Po, Hongkong, 30th July, 1926.\n\nParticulars re occupation of Ping Heung by the Northern Expedition.\n\nA report from Ping Heung reads as follows:- Since Tong Fuk Shan, under the title of Defence Commissioner of West Kiangsi, marched into Ping Heung with the First Division of the Kiangsi Army, the Ninth Mixed Battalion under Cheng Fung Ki, was sent by detachments to Kan-cheung for purposes of training. Thereupon Tong was solely responsible for the defence of Kiangsi. It happened that Ip Hoi Kam of Hunan waged war with Tong Shang Chi, and Tu Pei-fu sent an urgent wire to Tang Yu Teuk, Generalissimo of Kiangsi, instructing him to send a re-inforcement at once to help Ip. Tang then directed Tong Fuk Shan to do so, and therefore the latter sent his First Battalion out under the command of Ying Hang. Fortunately Tong Shang Chi was defeated (by Ip Hoi Kam) and Fu availed himself of the opportunity to enter Lai Ling, thence he wired to Tang to report his victory. Later, Tong Shang Chi offered a second counter-attack; Ip Hoi Kam was greatly defeated, and Fu had to retreat from Lai Ling, suffering a loss to the number of a Company. Shortly after Ip regained all the land he had lost, and Fu, with his re-inforcement, again occupied Lai Ling. Of late, on the 10th inst., however, Tong Shang Chi succeeded in taking Cheung Sha, and Fu, after a furious battle with Tong Shang Chi on the 14th and 15th had to retreat back to Ping Heung on the 16th. Tong Fuk Shan again sent his 2nd Battalion under Li Kim Shek to join the fight, but the latter was also seriously defeated.\n\nTherefore, Tong Fuk Shan had to retreat to On Yuen with the remnant of his troops, and on the 18th the Hunan soldiers of Tong Shang Chi occupied Ping Heung.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 503379,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 454,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "from the front is to the effect:-\n\n451\n\n(1) that Marshal Wu P'ei-fu is prepared to attack Chang-sha from three directions and will appoint General Chao Heng-ti (1915), a former tupan of Hunan, to be commander-in-chief of the allied forces to repel the attack on Hunan;\n\n(2) that Marshal Fu intends to remove the Hupeh Military Governor for his hesitating attitude towards the situation in Hunan; and\n\n(3) that the Honanese bandit general, Fan Chung-siu, who is a partisan of the Canton Government, is concentrating his troops between the Honan and Hupeh provinces for an attack on K'ai-feng-fu.\n\nOther information, obtained by Colonel Hayley Bell from different sources, indicates that Chang-sha has been recaptured by the northern troops with the assistance of naval craft in the Tung-ting lake. It is said that the combined forces of General T'ang Sheng-chih and of the expeditionary army from Canton have been put to rout with heavy loss. It is even said that the casualties totalled more than 20,000 and that the Cantonese 4th Army under General Li Chai-sum suffered most.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour most obedient humble servant,\n\nGovernor, &c.,",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 503389,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "page_number": 464,
        "title": "CO129-493 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [6-8]",
        "content_text": "Telegram from Shanghai, dated the 9th August, states that General Fan Chung-siu (#), to whose activities reference was made in paragraph 3 of my secret despatch of the 12th August has captured Hsu-chou-fu in Honan province and thus cut the line of the Peking-Hankow railway. This, of course, if true, will seriously embarrass Marshal Wu in a campaign for the defence of Hupeh, Hunan and Kiang-si. On the other hand, it is reported that the troops of General Tang Chi-yao have reached the frontier between the Yunnan and Kuang-hsi provinces: but from a despatch of His Majesty's Consul General at Yunnanfu I learn that on the 5th August the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of Yunnan, informed Mr. G. A. Combe that Marshal Tu, hard pressed between the Kuo-min-chun in the north and the expedition of the Cantonese in the South, had telegraphed to General T'ang for support, but that owing to lack of funds General T'ang was unable to help. It seems quite probable that, owing to lack of funds all round, the campaigns now in progress may nowhere be fought to a finish and that a position of stalemate may ensue. If so, trade conditions in China, especially in south China, may be expected to become much worse than at present.\n\nInformation reaching Colonel F. Hayley Bell from military sources is to the effect that General Cheung Kai-shek will proceed from Heng-chou to Chang-sha with the First Revolutionary Army under his command; that definite plans for attacking Tuchang and Hankow have been made and that there will be a new development of the situation at the front after General Cheung reaches Ch'ang-sha; also that troops from Kuei-chou and Ssu-ch'uan provinces have entered Hunan to co-operate with the Northern Punitive Expedition. It is further reported that General Cheung Kai-shek...",
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    },
    {
        "id": 503838,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "page_number": 334,
        "title": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "content_text": "Wu-ch'ang is reported still to be holding out, but Marshal Wu P'ei-fu has retreated to Cheng-chou, just south of the Yellow River in Honan province, at the point where the Peking-Hankow railway is crossed by the railway running eastwards to the Tientsin-P'ukow railway. It is further reported that the southerners have occupied Sin-yang in Honan and thus hold the whole of the railways in Hupeh, and further that General Fan Chung-sin and his \"red spears\" has been incorporated in the southern army.\n\nAccording to information from Colonel Hayley-Bell, General Chau Ting-yam, the tupan of Fukien, held on the 17th September a military conference, at which it was resolved to commence a general attack on Kuang-tung on the 19th September. General Chau's troops concentrated at Cheung-chau and Teng-chau total about 7,000 men. His opponent, General Ho Ying-yam, in command at Swatow, is reported to be ready to move his troops to attack Fukien before the northerners invade Kuang-tung, and he has been reinforced by one regiment of the Whampoa Cadet Force.\n\nPlease see the 3rd paragraph of my secret despatch of the 11th September. The scheme of the Cantonese general is stated to enter Fukien through the district of Chao-yang. I enclose a translation, taken from the Tai Kung Po of the 20th September, of a manifesto issued by General Ho Ying-yam to his army.\n\nEnclo. No. 3",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 503843,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "page_number": 339,
        "title": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 3.\n\nTranslation.\n\n(Extract from Tai Kwong Po, Hongkong 20th Sept. 1926.).\n\nManifesto of Ho Ying Yam to his 4th Army Corps.\n\nGeneral Ho Ying Yam has had several tens of thousands of copies of his manifesto printed and distributed among his soldiers. The gist of the manifesto is as follows:-\n\nAs the recent Northern Expedition has for its chief object the overthrow of Tu Pei-fu, our Party treats as friends any party in the country, who are opposed to him, and as enemies, those who adhere to him. When our forces first invaded Hunan, our government behaved in a most lenient manner towards Fukien and Kiangsi. But Chau (Yam Yan) of Fukien was ready to assume the role of Wu's vulture and jackal, and as soon as our Northern Expedition made a move, showed himself eager to sneak into Chiu Chow and Mui Yuen. In order that he might be brought to his senses, I tried hard to put him into the right course and held out the hand of friendship to him. Unfortunately, Chau, prompted by his unchecked ambition, has actually cut himself off from his fellow-countrymen, and willingly worked for Wu all the time.\n\nThen we were capturing Wu-chang and Hankow, and defeating Wu, he not only mobilized his troops at Yiu Ping and Shiu Mo in order to enter Kiangsi and attack us on the flank, but he also sent his tame dogs Cheung Ngai and Lau Tsun to gather their troops at Cheung Chow and Wo Ping to make a surprise attack on our Wong Kong and Iu Ping with a view to the capture of Chiu Chau and Swatow. Li Fung Tsung knew very well the difference between loyalty and rebellion, and was unwilling to become a tool of Chau of Fukien. The latter then ordered Sun Wan Fung to compel him to be hostile to us. All his actions were directed by Tu Pei-fu, and\n\nPage 320\n\n \n\nwas not present in original text, added to meet the \"six lines\" rule, however, as per instruction, the original text should be kept, thus no change is made. The gibberish text at the beginning is removed as it appears to be OCR error.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 503878,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "page_number": 374,
        "title": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "content_text": "3. The master of the riversteamer \"Lung Shan\" has reported on the 1st October that about 1,000 Chinese troops were observed near Blake Point proceeding towards Bocca Tigris in junks and also that soldiers were observed working at the guns of the Bogue Forts. Moreover, on the 29th September Mr. Eugene Chen informed the consular body at Canton by circular letter that he had \"just received a letter from the Commander of the Whampoa Martial Law Special Area stating that the General Staff Department have received orders to impose martial law\", and requested that foreign ships should not pass the Whampoa martial law area between the hours of 7 p.m. and 6 a.m. I attach a copy of this letter. Enclo. No. 4.\n\nEvidently, therefore, the Canton Government is nervous and it probably fears that, as last year, the northern cruisers may attempt to pass Bocca Tigris and so reach Canton.\n\n4. In central China events appear to have taken a turn unfavourable to the Cantonese expeditionary force. Wu-ch'ang is still held by the northerners and the troops of Marshal Sun Ch'uan-fang are advancing to its relief along the right bank of the Yangtsze. On the 29th September they took Ta-yah (K). It also seems that Marshal Wu P'ei-fu from his present base at Cheng-chou in Honan is planning a counter-offensive for the purpose of recovering Hankow and Han-yang. Meanwhile General Yang Sen, who was recently involved in the Wan-hsien affair, has reached Sha-si on the Yangtze and seems to be coming from the west to the relief of Wu-ch'ang. Further South the troops of Marshal Sun are reported on the 29th September to have taken Hsien-ning and T'ung-sheng and to be advancing upon\n\n-2-\n\n353",
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    {
        "id": 504107,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "page_number": 603,
        "title": "CO129-494 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [9-10]",
        "content_text": "Just before I left Shanghai, I heard that Chiang Kai-shek placed under arrest Tam To-yuen and Tai Ngok, two commanding officers, for having refused to move their troops. This shows disruption in Chiang's camp.\n\nThe reason why Sun Quan-fang did not mobilise earlier was that he was afraid of defection on the part of Chekiang, and of attack from Chang Chung-chang. I believe that Sun was sincere in his declaration to work together with Wu Pei-fu. At one time there was a rumour that the Northern provinces wanted to work for Wu's downfall. This rumour had some foundation, because some of Wu's more important lieutenants showed signs of insubordination; but I believe that all misunderstandings among these men have now been removed. They will now fight together against Chiang Kai-shek.\n\nChang Tso-lin has also definitely promised to assist Sun and to co-operate with him, now that he is satisfied that Sun is using all efforts to remove Chiang Kai-shek and Bolshevism.\n\nIt is believed that there is an understanding between Tang Sheng-chi and Sun Chuan-fang, whereby the former is not to assist Chiang Kai-shek actively, his reward being the Tuchunship of Hunan. It has been reported that Tang Sheng-chi has already defied the orders of Chiang Kai-shek on more than one occasion.\n\nSun attaches very great importance to the proposed attack on Kwangtung from the South, for as soon as he launches his general attack on Kwangtung from the North, he expects simultaneous action from Ngai Bong-ping on the South side, so as to divide Chiang's strength. He also considers the capture of Kwangtung of paramount importance as it is the principal base of Bolshevism and its armies.\n\nChang Tao-lin, Sun Chuan-fang as well as Wu Pei-fu realise more and more the importance of eradicating the evil of Bolshevism from China. They consider that as long as the Red Russians remain...",
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    },
    {
        "id": 504214,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 84,
        "title": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "Mr. King,\n\nSir,\n\n81\n\nMacau:-\n\nI have received the following information from\n\n(1) After the blockade of Hong Kong was lifted the Canton Government arranged the gradual withdrawal of the picquets on the Portuguese and British frontiers. (Chang Sha, Ching San). To supervise the withdrawal several Russians were sent from Canton. 5 of these Russian instructors went to Macau by boat but were deported by Police on the day after their arrival.\n\n(2) Many Russians have arrived at Canton from Vladivostok and white Russians in Canton report that they recognise many of them as former naval seamen and labourers from the Vladivostok district.\n\n(3) Placards and unofficial pamphlets posted and distributed in Canton state \"Though now there is peace between Hong Kong and Canton, it behoves all Chinese people to look after themselves and in case of infraction of the independence and freedom of the people by the Imperialists, they (the Chinese) should teach the Imperialists a lesson.\"\n\nAll now depends on Chang Kai Shek, if he could take Shanghai then the whole Chinese nation will rise up against foreigners.\n\n(4) The French concession in Shanghai is now well protected by barbed wire barriers.\n\n(5) Chinan Fu is the headquarters of the White Russians (ex Tsang Tao Lin's) troops. They have recently received orders to mobilise and prepare to move; by General Chang Teung Chang. It is the opinion of Chinese that a lot depends on these Russian troops who have been nicknamed the \"Russian Lions\".\n\n(Sd) CAPTAIN KARETSKY.\n\n3rd November, 1926.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 504238,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 108,
        "title": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "✰✰ SECRET.\n\nCopies to:\n\nTo No. 296.\n\nFrom No. 70\n\nSir,\n\nGOVERNMENT HOUSE, HONGKONG. 24th November, 1926.\n\nEnclo. No. 1.\n\nEnclo. No. 2.\n\nIn continuation of my previous despatches on the subject of the civil war in central and southern China, I have the honour to inform you that this afternoon Sir Shou-son Chow and Dr. Kotewall handed to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs the attached translations of a telegram received from Marshal Wu P'ei-fu on the 22nd November and of a telegram received from General Ngai Pong-p'eng today. In addition they gave the following information, namely that a merchant steamer left a northern port (possibly Amoy) with 700,000 rounds of rifle ammunition for General Ch'an Kwong-ming. This ammunition cannot under present circumstances be landed at Swatow or in Fukien province, so it will be transferred at sea to the Chinese gunboat Kwong Ching. Generals Ch'an Kwong-ming and Ngai Pong-p'eng are likely to move very shortly, the former in the Wai-chow district and the latter in Hainan, so as to create diversions and make trouble in Kuang-tung province, while the main attack as described in the enclosed telegrams is being launched. This information, I understand, comes mostly from northern sources.\n\nRIGHT HONOURABLE\n\nLIEUTENANT COLONEL L.C.S. AMERY, M.P., &c.\n\n2.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12].txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 504241,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 111,
        "title": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 2.\n\nTRANSLATION.\n\nOF TELEGRAM RECEIVED FROM NGAI BONG-PING AND CHING TIN-TAU BY MR. LUN AT 11 A.M. ON 24.11.26.\n\nThe following was agreed upon at the conference in Tientsin:-\n\n(1) Alliance of Chang Tao-lin, Chang Chung-chang, Sun Chuan-fang, Wu Pei-fu and Yen Shi-shan, for the purpose of attacking the Reds. Chang Tao-lin to be the generalissimo with Sun Chuan-fang, Wu Pei-fu and Yen Shi-shan as his chief assistants.\n\n(2) An army of 100,000 strong from Shantung under Chang Chung-chang is now approaching Pang Pu and Pukow (opposite Nanking) in different directions for the purpose of attacking Kiangsi.\n\n(3) Sun Chuan-fang with all his forces are to stand on the defensive in Kiangsu, Chekiang, the South of Anhui, and the North of Fukien, attacking when an opportunity offers.\n\n(4) 50,000 men from Chang Tso-lin's command will move by the Peking-Hankow Railway to Wushing Kwan for rendering assistance to the existing forces for re-attacking Juchang and Hankow.\n\n(5) Forces on land and by sea will be used for attacking Kwangtung so as to get at the principal base of the Reds.\n\nNow that these important personages have covenanted to fight together and to act without delay, it is sincerely hoped that some financial assistance may be secured in South China.",
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    {
        "id": 504638,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "page_number": 507,
        "title": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "+1 \n\n2 \n\nOf the members of the Kuomintang in this province and Hong Kong, less than 10 per cent. are imbued with Communistic principles, the rest being too apathetic or too ignorant to take an intelligent interest in the conduct of affairs: by the extremist section of the former. This section is under the leadership of Chiang Chung-cheng (or Chiang Kai-shek), an extremely able and unscrupulous individual, who received a military training in Japan and Germany, has the closest relations with Moscow, and is at the moment head of the military school at Whampoa. Collaborating with him are the late Civil Governor, Liao Chung-K'ai, head of the labour unions, and Tsou Lu, president of the university. These three are rapidly establishing a dictatorship, which is likely, in the near future, to prove all-powerful. Whereas they have nominally at their disposal a force of only some 7,000 to 8,000 men, in which are included officers, cadets, and Russians, their potential strength lies in members of the labour and agricultural unions, who, in lots of 200 to 300 at a time, undergo one month's intensive training in rifle-target practice, and are then dismissed to their homes to be called out and armed when necessary. The unlimited supplies of money, rifles, Thompson and machine guns, and ammunition, which they receive regularly from Russia, enable this military training to be carried on continuously.*\n\nBy the 13th June, the Yunnanese were driven from the city and many of them massacred (see Naval Intelligence Summary, Annex V). The victors—Kuomintang, labour unions, cadets, and Russians—at once began to utilise the news of the Shanghai shooting on the 30th May as propaganda to win popularity for themselves and establish their position. The general strike in Hong Kong and South China ports commenced on the 20th June. At Canton, a monster demonstration in front of the foreign concession at Shameen was arranged for the 23rd June. As it was generally believed that this would be made an occasion for creating an incident similar to that at Shanghai, His Majesty's Consul-General sent a special note of warning to the Canton Government (see Annex IV). The demonstration took place, and soldiers on the Canton side opened fire on Shameen (though no Chinese will probably ever admit this); the fire was returned by the foreign troops in Shameen (French and British), and some fifty-two Chinese were killed, of whom about half were soldiers carrying arms (for details of the incident, see accounts by His Majesty's Consul-General, by Commander Maxwell Scott, R.N., and by Mr. Fu Ping-ch'ang in Annexes VI, V, and VII, and for details regarding Chinese killed and wounded, see Annex VIII). No women were killed. On the Shameen side, one French civilian was killed, and there were French, British, and Japanese wounded. Foreign women and children were at once evacuated to Hong Kong, and the British garrison at Shameen was strengthened by two platoons of Indian troops. On the 26th June, the Canton Commissioner for Foreign Affairs addressed the following \"five demands\" to the British and French Consuls-General (see Annex VII):\n\n\"Inasmuch as the recent massacres of Chinese subjects constitute a complete abrogation of all the laws of humanity and cannot, by universal law, be tolerated, we make the following demands:\n\n\"1. Apologies will be made by High Commissioners appointed by the Powers interested to the Government of Canton.\n\n\"2. The senior officers responsible shall be punished.\n\n\"3. With the exception of two despatch vessels, all naval units of the Powers interested shall be withdrawn.\n\n\"4. Shameen shall be returned to the Government of Kwangtung and placed under the administration thereof.\n\n\"5. The victims and their families shall be compensated.\"\n\nThe French Minister and British Chargé d'Affaires at Peking instructed their representatives at Canton to reply that they were unable to take such demands into consideration (Peking telegram No. 175 of the 29th June). Meanwhile, the strike developed into a boycott—first of the goods of all foreign Powers, but gradually narrowing down to one against British goods alone. The carrying out of the boycott strengthened the power of the strike committees by giving them revenue (from fines, &c.), which, by the end of the year, was greater than that accruing to the so-called Government. The strike committees have throughout acted as virtual masters of Canton, under the guidance of Borodin* and other Russian \"advisers\"; and they are the\n\nAt the end of June, the position of the small foreign community at Shameen (about seventy-five civilians, besides troops) appeared to be a very dangerous one. They were isolated by about 100 miles of hostile river, and were faced by a Chinese city with a population of about 1 million persons, with a rising tide of fanatical anti-foreign feeling, with a weak and treacherous Government, with a trained Communist army, and with an active band of Soviet agents straining every nerve to provoke trouble between Great Britain and China.\n\nOn the 7th July (telegram No. 182 to Paris, &c., in F2944), we consulted the Washington Treaty Powers as to the serious position in China; and as regards Canton, we said:\n\nThe aggressive attitude of the Communist Government now installed at Canton is proved by recent events, and it is impossible not to feel considerable uneasiness about the position of the foreign community at Shameen, who are on the defensive. The danger presented by Canton is not purely local. The Canton authorities possess, in the Whampoa Officers' Training School, an institution which, as His Majesty's Government are reliably informed, is a distinct military asset. It is partly staffed with Russian instructors and must be regarded as the possible nucleus of a military force which, under the conditions now prevailing, may seriously affect the whole Chinese situation. Recent incidents appear, in the opinion of His Majesty's naval authorities, to indicate the possibility of a Russo-Chinese attempt to block the passage to Canton.\n\nThe Governments of the Powers were asked for their observations on the dangerous developments throughout China, and the steps which should be taken to meet them. With the exception of France, none of the Powers had much to suggest regarding the Canton situation. The Belgian Government (Brussels telegram No. 72 of the 15th July) were doubtful as to the specifically Communist character of the Canton Government. The Japanese Government (Tokyo telegram No. 171) agreed that Canton was a \"danger spot,\" but thought that our apprehensions were exaggerated; they considered naval or military action impossible at present, and that the United States would not consent to it. The French Government replied (Paris despatch No. 1670):-\n\nIn the Canton area, where the situation is very complex and uncertain, and may develop in unexpected directions, we must act with the greatest circumspection so as to avoid further outbreaks of xenophobia. But, while limiting our action for the time being to assuring the lives and property of our nationals, we should arrange, so as not to be taken unawares by events, for the establishment of close co-operation between the British and French naval authorities, and, if possible, those of other Powers as well, so as to study the measures to be taken at the first threat of more serious trouble. These measures might aim, for instance, at the institution of surveillance over the ways of access to Canton, the Cantonese authorities being eventually notified of the decision of the Powers themselves to assure liberty of communication between Canton and the sea, as in the north of China between Peking and the sea.\n\nThis proposal of the French Government was not pursued further.\n\nThe question of operations in China was considered by the Chief of Staffs Sub-Committee on the 25th June (C.I.D. Paper, Secret, No. 617-B). Their general view was that offensive action in China on a large scale was not possible for the British Empire acting alone, and that finality could not be hoped for from any operation within our capacity. As regards Canton in particular, they observed that [at first sight, it would appear that the easiest way to strike a blow would be by means...\n\n3\n\nAccording to a report in Canton telegram No. 14 of the 22nd August; \"Latvian customs explore encountered in city in the afternoon of the 20th August a Russian soldier, of whom there are 400, who in an effusive moment volunteered statement: I fired second shot against Shameen on the 23rd June Ivanovitch fired the first, but it took us three weeks to get the promised reward out of Borodin.\"\n\n* For a general review of political conditions at Canton in the summer of 1925, see also Mr. A. L. Scott's memorandum in Annex III.\n\n✦ A memorandum by Sir R. E. Stubbs on the strike at Hong Kong will be found in Annex IX.\n\n* Ilia official position is that of adviser to the Canton Government and to the Central Committee of the Kintang. There are thirty-eight other Russian \"advisers\" (Peking despatch No. 851 in F306). Kalin is their military adviser, and Smirnov (or Semenov) chief naval adviser (Canton despatch No. 26 of 24th July).",
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        "content_text": "life in Canton city (see Colonial Office letter in F6207). Mr. Fletcher found that the strikers insisted on discussing political questions, but that the Canton authorities (i.e., Wang Ching-wei, Chairman of Council of Government, Sung Tsz-mail, C. C. Wu, and Fu Ping-ch'ang) were doing their best to prevent this; they were, however, afraid of coercing the strikers, because coercion would result in their own overthrow (Hong Kong telegram in F6147). On the 23rd December, Mr. Fletcher reported that the Canton authorities guaranteed that the strikers would abandon political claims if the strike pay question were satisfactorily settled (Canton telegram No. 28). On the 30th December, a delegation of Chinese merchants left Hong Kong for Canton to negotiate payment (Colonial Office letter in F21). But on the 4th January, the Governor of Hong Kong telegraphed that their mission had been a complete failure. The chief offender was C. C. Wu, who, contrary to the understanding reached with Hong Kong, prevented the delegation from even initiating negotiations with the strike committee. They were told (Canton telegram No. 1 of the 7th January) that political demands were paramount and must be discussed by the Hong Kong Government with the strikers direct.\n\nC. C. Wu defines the matter as not a bargain for compensation, but a political and patriotic contest with Great Britain in general and Hong Kong in particular.\n\nIn a telegram, dated the 4th January, the Governor of Hong Kong thus sums up the situation (letter from Colonial Office in F102):\n\nThis shows clearly that not only has the boycott the support of the present Canton Government, but that the latter only wishes to end it on terms humiliating to Great Britain. Acceptance of such terms would, of course, react still more unfavourably on British interests in China than the present boycott. No settlement can now be anticipated before the Chinese New Year, the 13th February. I shall do my best to mitigate the financial situation by use of the trade loan, but I fear that it is likely to become increasingly grave. Neither I nor Executive Council, who concur in my view, can see any solution but to hold out until either the lapse of time and the increasing inconvenience to the Canton authorities of tolerating an imperium in imperio brings about the collapse of the boycott organisation, or until some hostile Chinese general overthrows the present Canton Government—a contingency which appears unlikely at present.\n\nHis Majesty's consul-general's despatch No. 128 of the 7th December sheds some light which may possibly explain the apparent volte-face of the Canton Government. He tells us that the Russians had supplied General Chiang and the Canton Government with 10 million dollars' worth of arms and ammunition, which had hitherto been accepted as a gift, but that the Russians had strictly demanded payment when they saw that a settlement of the boycott and strike might render nugatory the efforts to ruin Hong Kong. As neither Chiang nor the Government can lay their hands on so large a sum of money, they may be forced to acquiesce and to surrender to the Bolsheviks and the strikers.\n\nAt the end of December, a serious brigand outrage was perpetrated in Canton city; this may have had a political implication intended to terrorise the Canton Government.\n\nSince the failure of the negotiations, we have been trying to take stock of the position, to analyse the real grievances of Canton, and to find a possible remedy. In answer to our enquiry, His Majesty's consul-general replied on the 9th January (Canton telegram No. 2):\n\n(a) That there is no prospect of Chiang and the cadet army suppressing the strike committees, as had at one time been hoped, and restoring order in Canton.\n\n(b) That the chances of Canton being influenced through Peking are nil.\n\nOn the 30th January, His Majesty's consul-general, Canton, reported (telegram No. 3) that C. C. Wu had declared to the local chamber of commerce that the strike movement was directed against the British and the British Government alone; the meeting undertook to support the movement until the demands presented had been accepted in full by Hong Kong. An anti-Japanese boycott on a large scale was then in the course of preparation; but this appears to have been averted by the payment of a large sum of blackmail by the Japanese merchants to the strike committees.\n\nFor the views of a student leader (Nationalist, but Christian and non-Bolshevik), see Annex XV. This is a fair specimen of the genuine and patriotic, but vague and impracticable, ideas current among the Canton populace.\n\nA trade loan for an eventual amount of £8,000,000 was arranged for by the Colonial Office at the end of September and beginning of October 1925. So far, two instalments of £600,000 each have been advanced to the Hong Kong Government.\n\n(c) That the Cantonese branch of the Kuomintang are said to be ready to call off the strike if the foreign Powers will recognise them as the Central Government of China—Sir J. Jamieson thinks this idea worthy of consideration as the Kuomintang are undoubtedly determined to institute genuine reforms, as has already been practically demonstrated, and are becoming restive under Russian dictation.\n\n(d) That meanwhile, the local deadlock can only be solved by a blockade instituted by treaty Powers with the concurrence of Peking.\n\n(e) At the dictation of strike committees, mercantile shipping of Japan and the United States are already treating us practically in an unfriendly manner by ostracising Hong Kong.\n\n(f) Indian subjects guilty of no offence have been detained in chains for nineteen days; two British subjects have been deported from Pakhoi by picket, and it is currently stated that Great Britain is finished.\n\nSir J. Jamieson thinks that for the Strike Committee, abetted by the Government, to arrogate to itself the right to dictate revision of the constitution of a British colony by insisting that they be entitled to secure their representation on the Legislative Council is an insult, not having any reason historically, especially as, in their own country, such a system nowhere prevails. He warns us that another general strike in Hong Kong as an attempt to force the hands of the Government is contemplated.\n\nSir R. Macleay telegraphed on the 9th January (Peking telegram No. 13) that he had great difficulty in forming a clear opinion of the Canton situation, as he never received any information, either official or private, from the Hong Kong Government, and was therefore in complete ignorance of the views of the Governor. He gathered that the situation was still entirely in the hands of the Strike Committee, which the local Government, acting under Bolshevik pressure, seemed to be either unable or unwilling to control. He thought that there was no personal animus against Sir J. Jamieson at Canton, and that he had succeeded in maintaining contact with the Government there by interviews between the vice-consul and the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs. He (Commissioner for Foreign Affairs) is, however, only a post office between the consular body and the Strike Committee—the de facto Government of Canton.\n\nDifficulties involved in keeping in touch with forces controlling the situation in Canton are corroborated from other sources, notably the United States Legation, whose consul-general has made constant attempts to interview members of the Canton Government and who complains bitterly that he is constantly being either put off or hoodwinked and can find out nothing of what is going on.\n\nAt a conference held on the 13th January, the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir J. Jamieson, Admiral Sinclair, and General Luard agreed that there was no method by which the boycott could be brought to an end, except by holding out until either the attacks of some hostile general or internal disruptions brought about the downfall of the present Canton Government.\n\nA further attempt to find a way out of our difficulties was made on the occasion of the visit to Hong Kong of Mr. O'Malley, the new counsellor to His Majesty's Legation at Peking. A discussion was held between him and the four authorities mentioned in the last paragraph on the 25th January (see Hong Kong telegram in Annex XVII). At this meeting, it was the unanimous opinion that: (1) the anti-British boycott was mainly attributable to the Red Russians at Canton; (2) if the existing situation were to be relieved, it was essential that they should be removed.\n\nThe meeting was strongly of the opinion that the British Government should take action at Moscow with a view to obtaining the removal from Kwangtung of all Bolsheviks. If this were not practicable, they could think of no other line of action except war with Canton. Unless, however, the United States, France, and Japan co-operated (and preferably other maritime Powers, too), warlike action would jeopardise future commercial relations between Great Britain and China, and particularly between Hong Kong and Canton. If this action were not practicable, there seemed no method by which the boycott could be ended, except by holding out until the existing Government of Canton either fell by disruption from within or was overthrown by some hostile Chinese general. At present, therefore, the trade loan was the only weapon. Even at the risk of eventual loss of money by the Government, it was necessary for the loan to be used generously for the benefit of merchants (both British and Chinese) in the colony. The meeting suggested that steps should...\n\nPage 11\n\n[14166]\n\nC 2\n\n500",
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        "content_text": "12\n\nbe taken by the British Government to find out: (1) whether it would be possible to induce the League of Nations (including the representative of China) unanimously to pass censure on the existing Government of Canton for its defiance of the treaties; (2) whether (in the event of the Canton Government ignoring such a censure) all the Powers would be willing to institute a boycott of Canton pending the removal of the anti-British boycott. His Majesty's Government might represent to the Powers that it is an unfriendly act for non-British shipping to avoid Hong Kong at the dictation of the Strike Committee at Canton. In order to render the suggested action effective, special measures would have to be taken to prevent Russian and Chinese ships from trading with Canton. Steps should be taken to find out whether this task would be undertaken by the Chinese naval forces.\n\nArrangements for close liaison between Canton, Hong Kong and Peking were made.\n\nIn view of the dearth of practical suggestions revealed at the Hong Kong meeting, and the increasing demands in this country that \"something must be done,\" a determined effort has been made by the Foreign Office further to review the situation.\n\nThe result has been an exchange of telegrams which will be found in Annex XVIII (Foreign Office to Peking, Nos. 30 and 35; Peking telegrams Nos. 39, 40 and 42: Canton telegram No. 5), and which may be summarised as follows:\n\nMethods of Dealing with Canton.\n\n(1.) Force, Sir R. Macleay says:—\n\nWar with Canton would imperil future trade relations between Great Britain and China would immediately lead to a fresh outburst of anti-British feeling all over China.'\n\nSir J. Jamieson says:—\n\nAs war would leave a legacy of hatred and might unite the rest of China, I deprecate it emphatically.\"\n\n(2.) Blockade.—(a.) Independent action by ourselves; same objections as in case of (1), and besides it would entail friction with other Powers;\n\n(b.) Joint international action based on clear infraction of articles I and 3 of Washington Nine-Power Treaty (see Annex XXI); Sir R Macleay doubts whether any Power (except perhaps France) would be ready to co-operate, and that such a proposal (if proceeded with) should be mooted in London and not in Peking. considers joint international action as the sole solution.\"\n\nSir J. Jamieson\n\n(3.) Assistance to an anti-Communist Chinese Leader.-This would be against our policy of non-intervention in Chinese affairs, and it is not encouraged by the incompetence of such leaders as Chen Ch'iung-ming. Sir J. Jamieson adds an unexpected observation that the present Government is (i.e., in municipal matters, &c.) the best Kwangtung has ever had, and the introduction of others would lead to chaos. But the support (especially with arms and munitions) of a serious military leader like Wu Pei-fu in action against Canton should not be definitely excluded.\n\n(4.) Pressure on Moscow-This has been considered and rejected, since the only effective threat would be the withdrawal of the Moscow mission, and even that might not be successful (see also above p. 4 and Annex I).\n\n(5.) Conciliation.—Sir R. Macleay considers this is useless so long as the present anti-British Kuomintang faction is in power, openly directed and abetted by the Bolsheviks. We believe this to be so, so long as the Cantonese are getting more from the Russians than from us.\n\nWe have enquired whether Canton Government can be influenced by the moderate Kuomintang or by non-extremist Cantonese at Peking, Shanghai, &c. Sir R. Macleay has replied that such persons have no influence whatever with the faction now predominant in Kwangtung,\n\nWe have suggested that the Boxer Indemnity delegation should visit Canton and that a grant might be made out of indemnity funds which would offset Russian subsidies. Sir R. Macleay does not think such action would have any effect at present; Sir J. Jamieson is disposed to favour the offer of a grant, but doubts whether a visit from the delegation would be advisable.\n\n• See, for instance, \"Morning Post\" of January 14, 1926, Annex XX.\n\n13\n\n(6.) Appeal to the League of Nations, as suggested at Hong Kong meeting (see above, p. 11, also Annex XVII). We do not favour this as we feel sure that the League would not condemn Canton unanimously unheard, and that the hearing would provide a welcome opportunity for China to advertise its grievances on all manner of extraneous subjects. Young Further, as Sir R. Macleay points out, the Chinese representative on the League would never join in a resolution of censure, nor would such a censure have any effect on the Canton Bolsheviks; also, the attitude of the United States to the League would nullify any attempt at pressure by that body.\n\n(7.) Patience. As Sir R Macleay states: The policy of patient conciliation has borne abundant fruit in the restoration to a great extent of friendship and goodwill between the British and Chinese peoples and resumption of normal commercial relations throughout China, except in a few areas, such as the Province of Kwangtung, which are controlled by external influences violently and openly hostile to Great Britain.\" Bolshevik prestige and influence, he says, have been severely shaken throughout China even in the eyes of Nationalist and student elements (by events in Manchuria, &c.), and we should wait developments of anti-Bolshevik feeling and the formation of a coalition of friendly military leaders, who will probably, if and when they find themselves strong enough to do so, take action against Canton.\" (According to Hankow telegram No. 2 of the 1st February, Chiang Kai-shek-the leader of the Cadet army has already sent an offer of co-operation to Wu Pei-fu.) At the same time, we should indicate that our patience may in the end become exhausted, and we may be forced reluctantly into a change of policy.\n\nThe demands of Canton are:-\n\n11\n\n(a.) The five demands (see p. 2 and Annex VII), which have now apparently been shelved.\n\n(b) The economic demands of the strikers (see pp. 8, 9).\n\n(c.) The demand that the strikers have representatives of their own on the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, that extra-territoriality be abolished, and Shameen be handed back (see p. 9).\n\n(d) The terms suggested by Mr. Sung to the Governor of Hong Kong (see Annex XVI) dealt with: (i) Inequality of treatment, freedom of meeting and speech; (ii) flogging by police; (iii) deportation from Hong Kong (iv) closing of Hong Kong unions; (v) representation of Chinese labour in Hong Kong legislature; (vi) strike pay; (vii) reinstatement of strikers.\n\n(e) General Chiang Kai-shek's programme (see his speech after the recovery of Swatow in Peking despatch No. 882 of the 7th December) included: (i) abolition of all unequal treaties; (ii) prohibition of gambling and opium-smoking; (iii) resumption of control over Maritime Customs.\n\nThe Government of Hong Kong (see telegram in Annex XIX) do not believe that it is possible to negotiate a settlement with the present Canton Government, especially so long as the Russians are allowed to remain. They consider that not only the Washington Treaty, but the Treaties of Nanking and Tien-tsin (see Annex XXII) have been infringed; that it would be correct to regard the Canton Government as a rebel Government in insurrection against Peking; and that very strong pressure should be brought to bear on the representatives in London of the chief maritime Powers with a view to joint action.\n\nForeign Office, February 3, 1926.\n\nF. ASHTON-GWATKIN.\n\n501",
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        "content_text": "ANNEXES.\n\nPage 15\n\n[F3008/194/10]\n\nANNEX I.\n\nMemorandum by Mr. Newton respecting Bolshevik Activities in China.\n\nAs the question has been raised for consideration of making Bolshevik activities in China the occasion for a general campaign against the Bolsheviks, action which I would regard with considerable misgiving, I would like to submit the following observations:-\n\nIf we look back over five years we find a vast change in the influence of Bolshevism throughout Europe. For a period after the war the spectre of Bolshevism loomed large and threatened to cause greater ruin than the war itself. But once contact was established with the actualities of Bolshevism, its influence, which was based on discontent and vague suggestion, and on no constructive realities, began to wane, and Bolshevism was found to be its own best antidote. In Hungary and in Italy there was an overdose of inoculation, and the reaction has been correspondingly severe.\n\nBut our fears of the Russian Bolsheviks, our overtures to them, and, in particular, certain declarations that the world could not recover without their aid, probably resulted in postponing the day of their collapse or reformation. Events have proved that, desirable as the return of Russia to the comity of nations may be, it is not essential, except to the Bolsheviks themselves.\n\nTo launch a general attack against the Bolsheviks now would, it seems to me, be an equally serious mistake. For it would exaggerate the importance of their enmity just as the former course exaggerated the importance of their friendship, and would equally help to prolong their influence.\n\nLeft to themselves the Bolsheviks in Russia cannot impute the blame for their failures to others. They must justify themselves by their own works and follow up destruction by construction if they are to survive. This they can only achieve by abandoning the practice, if not the theory, of Bolshevism itself. Meanwhile, they have already discredited themselves in Europe, and it seems quite likely that within the next few years, perhaps one or two, or even less, it will be generally realised that they are not merely discredited, but in themselves futile. From that it will be a short step to recognise that the crazy mischief-makers of Moscow are not merely futile, but are positively ridiculous. Their end as a world force will then come of itself without any external attack.\n\nTurning to Asia we find in Turkey and Persia instructive examples of the growth and subsequent decline of Bolshevik influence. The former in particular offers an interesting analogy. Until the Treaty of Lausanne the Entente Powers remained the enemies of Turkey, who had, therefore, the more reason for welcoming the aid proffered by the Bolsheviks. But Bolshevik doctrine, once properly understood, was revealed as being repugnant to the whole tradition and outlook of the country. The Soviet agents were soon treated as they deserved, and their creed definitely discredited. Bolshevism is even more repugnant to the thought and feeling of China, so much so that the Soviet agents dare not themselves reveal the full doctrine of Communism. But it is bound to come out, and the more its true inwardness and Dead Sea fruit can be made known the better.\n\nIn China the underlying causes of the present troubles are firstly, the inherent dislike of the foreigner, which has always existed; secondly, the growth of student movements and of Nationalism; and thirdly, Bolshevik influence. Of these, the third cause is, I believe, the least important fundamentally, while the distrust and dislike which contact with Bolshevism engenders are as likely as not to disgust the better elements among the Nationalists. Nationalism may well develop into a formidable force, and eventually compel a revision of foreign relations with China, as has happened in Turkey; but in Bolshevism it will find no useful ally, and if we launch a general attack on Bolshevism we shall, in my judgment, be misjudging the real forces at work in China, and actually revitalising the Bolshevik world-influence which we seek to eliminate. Mere force is more likely to aggravate than heal such a scourge, for which the true remedy, in my opinion, is to expose the treachery, criminal insanity and the sterility of Bolshevism, whenever and wherever we can.\n\nIt is worth noting that the most friendly leader to the foreigner in China is the man who has come into direct contact with Soviet Russia, Chang Tso-lin, the Governor of Manchuria. There are reasons of internal policy for Chang's endeavour to stand well with the foreigner, but his dislike of the Soviet is entirely sincere and founded on his direct experience of their aims and methods.\n\nForeign Office, June 25, 1925.\n\nPage 15\n\nI. Memorandum respecting Bolshevik Activities in China\n\nII. Whampoa Military School. Report by British Military Attaché\n\nIII. Mr. A. L. Scott's Memorandum on Political Situation in Canton in June 1925\n\nIV. Correspondence with Canton Government just before June 23\n\nV. Events of June 23 described by Captain Scott, R.N.\n\nVI. Events of June 23 described by Sir J. Jamieson\n\nVII. Events of June 23 described by Fu Ping-ch'ung (including the five demands)\n\nVIII. Details of Chinese killed and wounded in the incident of June 23\n\nIX. The Strike at Hong Kong. Memorandum by Sir R. E. Stubbs\n\nX. Pronunciamento of Canton City Government\n\nXI. Sir J. Jamieson's Report on the Boycott (September 11, 1925)\n\nXII. The Navigation Rules (second edition, of October 22, 1925)\n\nXIII. Swatow\n\nXIV. Chou En Lai's speech to the Swatow Unions\n\nXV. Article on Patriotic Movement at Canton by Y. L. Leo\n\nXVI. Two despatches from Sir C. Clementi, Governor of Hong Kong, describing the events leading up to and connected with the visit of the Colonial Secretary, Hong Kong to Canton, in December 1925\n\nXVII. Paraphrase of Hong Kong telegram of January 26\n\nXVIII. Interchange of telegrams about Canton\n\n(A.) Foreign Office No. 30 to Peking of January 26\n\n(B.) Foreign Office No. 35 to Peking of January 29\n\n(C.) Peking telegram No. 39 of January 30\n\n(D.) Peking telegram No. 40 of January 30\n\n(E) Peking telegram No. 42 of February 1\n\n(F.) Canton telegram No. 5 of February 2\n\nXIX. Telegram from Hong Kong to Colonial Office, February 6, 1926\n\nXX. Extract from \"Morning Post\" of January 14, 1926\n\nXXI. Washington Nine-Power China Treaty of February 6, 1922\n\nXXII. Extracts from Treaties of Nanking and Tien-tsin\n\nPage 502",
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        "page_number": 523,
        "title": "CO129-495 - Governor Sir Clementi - 1926 [11-12]",
        "content_text": "34\n\net du droit international, vous êtes résolu à considérer les étrangers comme étant hors la loi.\n\npas\n\nLes résolutions que votre Gouvernement prendra à cet égard seront d'une importance exceptionnelle. Représentant d'un pays profondément pacifique, entouré d'officiers dont le plus vif désir est d'éviter toute effusion de sang, je ne refuserai d'envisager, d'accord avec vous, toute proposition susceptible d'apporter à cet incident si grave une solution à la fois modérée et compatible avec l'honneur national de la France. Dans l'intérêt supérieur de l'humanité, et afin d'empêcher le retour d'attentats qui nous obligeraient à user, à regret, de tous les moyens de répression dont nous disposons, je vous conjure, M. le Gouverneur civil, et les autres membres du Gouvernement, de ne rien négliger pour ramener le calme dans les esprits et pour aboutir à un arrangement rapide.\n\n[F3743/194/10]\n\nANNEY VII.\n\nVeuillez, &c.\n\nJ. LEURQUIN,\n\nConsul de France.\n\nConsul-General Sir J. Jamieson to Mr. Austen Chamberlain.—(Received August 7)\n\n(No. 7.) Sir,\n\nCanton, June 29, 1925.\n\nWITH reference to the local political situation, I have the honour to enclose herewith a copy of despatch No. 50 to His Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Peking, dated the 29th June, 1925.\n\n(No. 50.) Sir,\n\nEnclosure 1.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. W. JAMIESON.\n\nConsul-General Sir J. Jamieson to Mr. Palairet.\n\nCanton, June 29, 1925.\n\nHAVING reference to my telegram No. 14 of the 27th instant, I have now the honour to transmit the translation of the joint letter addressed by the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs to my French colleague and myself, in which certain demands are presented to the Governments of Great Britain and France by that of Kuangtung, as a result of the unfortunate affair which took place on Shakee on the 23rd instant.\n\n\"\n\n2. As to the so-called proofs therein brought forward by which it is sought to establish that fire was first opened from Shameen, I would remark that statement No. 1, except for the words \"the fusillade began from Shameen,\" is substantially correct. So are the first three sentences of statement No. 2. Statement No. 3 is a plausible and natural argument from the Chinese point of view, whereas statement No. 4 is not true.\n\n3. The Government have so far loyally carried out their promise to protect foreign life and property outside of Shameen, and I have no reason to apprehend that they will not continue to do so.\n\n4. As to augmentation of forces, I certainly do not intend to apply for more ships or men, but since the 23rd the French have sent up two additional sloops and the French Commander-in-chief arrived here last night.\n\n5. On reflection, I am prepared to absolve the Government from any intention of starting trouble, and, in the absence of further proof to the contrary, will even go so far as to absolve the main body of the cadets from such intention. That, however, a certain section deliberately laid themselves out to create an incident is undoubted. I may mention that I have indirectly conveyed to the chief of police my appreciation of his efforts to induce the procession to behave in an orderly manner, which, up to the crucial point, were eminently successful.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nJ. W. JAMIESON,\n\n35\n\nEnclosure 2.\n\nFu Ping-ch'ang, Commissioner for Foreign Affairs, to British Consul-General and French Consul.\n\n(Translation) Gentlemen,\n\nI HAVE the honour to inform you that I have received from the Secretary for Foreign Affairs and the Civil Governor verbal instructions to the following effect :-\n\nThe contents of the despatches of the 24th and 25th from the British consul-general to the Foreign Secretary and the French consul to the Civil Governor, respectively, have been considered. On the 23rd, the Civil Governor assembled a commission of enquiry, composed of representatives of the police, the workmen, the agriculturists and merchants, as well as the American and German consuls. The first report of the permanent delegate of this commission relates that it has been established, by clear proofs and in an incontrovertible manner, that it was from Shameen that fire was opened on the crowd of demonstrators causing heavy losses in killed and wounded. The following is a summary of the principal points of the said report:\n\n1. On the day in question the demonstrators were arranged in the following order: First the workmen, then the agriculturists, then the merchants, then students of the university and primary and middle schools (boys and girls), lastly, the cadets. With the exception of the cadets, none of them were armed. At the moment when the students of Lingnam College (Canton Christian College) reached the West (British) Bridge, a volley was fired from Shameen, killing on the spot Professor Ch'u Li Chow and the student Hsu Yao Chang, seriously wounding three other persons and slightly wounding a large number. Behind the Lingnam students came the girls of the Chuan Wei School, the girls of the School of the Sacred Heart, the students of the Normal School, of the Municipal Normal School, of the Che-hsin School, of the higher and primary schools, who all came under fire. Only at the very last came the cadets. The Lingnam students were separated from the cadets by a distance of several tens of chang (several hundred feet), at least. When the Lingnam students were fired on, the cadets had not yet reached the West Bridge. This is established by the evidence of the official in charge of the investigation of the deaths, who stated that the bodies of Professor Chiu and the student Hsiao were west of the British bridge, while the bodies of the cadets were all at the entry to Shakee Street, which is at a considerable distance from the West Bridge. From this it appears that the fusillade began from Shameen, directed at the crowd of unarmed students passing the British bridge, and that (the Europeans posted by) the East Bridge, hearing the noise of the firing, began to fire too, in such a way that the ground was strewn with corpses, and even passers-by were hit; details of the scene are vivid before our eyes.\n\n2. On the day in question, along the bund as far as Shakee, there were, in addition to the demonstrators, numerous policemen carrying white flags, who stood along the water's edge keeping order. There were also spectators in rows along the bank. The demonstrators, suspecting nothing, progressed along the long narrow road in close formation. If, as the two consuls state, fire was opened by the cadets, and if, as Commander Scott has stated, a hundred shots were fired before Shameen replied, it is evident that the cadets before firing would have begun by dispersing the spectators, to prevent them being hit by stray bullets, or anyhow they would have refrained from firing before the crowd in front of them had passed Shakee; finally, if they had fired a hundred shots, all the spectators and demonstrators would have had time to take shelter, and the answering fire from Shameen would only have hit cadets. How then were so many students and passers-by hit? It follows, then, that the assertion of the two consuls that the cadets fired first is without any foundation in fact.\n\n3. On Shameen, sandbags had been prepared and all sorts of military preparations made, whereas the cadets suspected nothing; moreover, they marched behind the workmen and other demonstrators in column of fours. If the cadets had really intended to open hostilities, they would not have exposed themselves in close formation, at the risk of sustaining heavy losses. When the burst of firing occurred, at the moment when the Lingnam (Canton Christian College) students were approaching the British bridge, the cadets at the entrance to Shakee were still in their ranks and had not opened out; this proves that they had no premeditated intention of opening hostilities. It was only after perceiving in what danger the demonstrators marching in front of them were that they came to their support. This is absolutely clear and obvious.\n\n[F3743/194/10]\n\n[14166]\n\n512",
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        "document_key": "CO129-496 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "page_number": 463,
        "title": "CO129-496 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "content_text": "430\n\nand appealed to the national leaders to proceed with their plans for the settlement of the question of government, when he would be able to do so (groups omitted). This manifesto is understood to be intended as a test of Marshal Chang's intentions towards Doctor Koo and as an indication that the latter lays his political fate at the former's feet.\n\nLocal Chinese circles regard Wu Pei-fu as eliminated and are pessimistic about the prospects of Sun being able to maintain himself on the Yangtze and expect the situation to resolve itself into Fengtien and Kuo Min Tang predominance in the north and south respectively. It is possible that under these circumstances some sort of an understanding may again be reached between them.\n\nAddressed to Foreign Office No. 428. Repeated to (group omitted).",
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        "id": 505238,
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        "document_key": "CO129-496 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "page_number": 504,
        "title": "CO129-496 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "content_text": "must be paid into this land, opium sales and smoking dens Office, and purchase stamps for exportation. Punishment for all infringements, etc.\n\nEstimated opium fields in this district:\n\n  \n    Chin Kuei Li\n    6,591 mou\n  \n  \n    Hsiang Tien Li\n    6,392 mou\n  \n  \n    Lien Kiang Li\n    1,905 mou\n  \n  \n    Shan Hua Li\n    1,588 mou\n  \n  \n    Hsiao Li\n    1,588 mou\n  \n  \n    Yung Hsing Li\n    1,350 mou\n  \n  \n    An Hsien Li\n    1,191 mou\n  \n  \n    Jen Teh Li\n    1,191 mou\n  \n  \n    Shan Li\n    635 mou\n  \n  \n    Hsing Tai Li\n    23,762 mou\n  \n  \n    ...\n    1,187 mou\n  \n  \n    ...\n    143 mou\n  \n\n(6 Chinese mou = one English acre.)\n\nNurth West Fukien.\n\n\"Bandits and soldiers prevent us moving about as we would wish, but I think it is true to say that in Kuang Tseh, Tai Ning, Kien Ning, Shuin Chang, Eo Ning and Shao Wu districts no poppy is being cultivated.\n\n\"Opium use is on the increase, a considerable quantity is smuggled in all through these districts, mostly from the Kiangsi province and by the Min River traffic.\n\nHing Hwa Poppy is now being grown everywhere both in Hinghwa and Sienyo counties. In two districts of the latter county the common saying is \"the people must now eat opium instead of grain\" as from 70 - 90% of the fields are planted with the poppy. I have seen square miles of white flowers and the atmosphere is heavy with the scent. In these regions poppy supplants wheat. Smoking is on the increase.\n\nFoochie, Nantui. An \"Opium Industry Company\" was formed in the provincial Capital in Feb. 1926 with branches throughout the province. Its object is to buy up opium and sell to all and any. The syndicate commenced with the modest capital of $200,000 in $500 shares. Any shareholder with more than five shares may be elected as a director. Directors to be paid as well as receiving dividends. This syndicate is a great blow to small opium dealers for the former is cornering the supply and at the same time adding $2 an ounce to the selling price. It is estimated that about $100,000 is thus raised monthly. All must buy and sell through the syndicate; smugglers when caught will be tried and punished as criminals.\n\nChang Pu. Judging from my own observation I should say that there is more opium planted this year, than either last year or the year before.\n\n'The official sum to be collected this year in this vien is $620,000, the same as last year, but including the squeeze of the tax gatherers. It is estimated that about $1,000,000 will be taken from the people. Coercive measures are used to collect the taxes. The number of people who have abandoned their homes and fled from the district at the approach of the tax collectors, indicates their inability to pay. Amount of tax varies with different villages and individuals, it may be $3 or $4 a family or as much as $80 per working man. The influential and wealthy pay less, the poor and defenceless pay more.\n\nFu Wung. Between 50% and 80% of the cultivated ground is bearing poppy. The drought has spoiled the crop, so this year though more has been planted, less opium will be obtained.\n\nHONAN\n\n1925 shows only slight variations from preceding year. Owing to war and banditry probably less opium has been grown, though the increase in its use indicates increased traffic from neighbouring provinces. The morphia pill habit shows no sign of decrease. The year has not produced any restrictive legislation, land taxes have increased and the farmers would eagerly plant more poppy, were it not for bandits who persistently raid all opium areas.\n\nHonan has been subject to wars of various kinds all through the year. Officials constantly changing, hence the desire to make all they can while in office. Under the stringency of funds to meet military expenses the Opium Suppression Bureau came into existence again this year under Chief Director Yang. Branches were established throughout the province. In the streets of Kaifeng, the Capital, were posted numerous placards announcing, \"South of the Ta Yu Tai is the opium shop with pure Shensi opium; any one who comes will get it\".\n\nEvery hotel, inn and brothel is sanctioned to provide opium on payment of a licence, the cost of which varies according to 1st, 2nd or 3rd class.\n\nRecently the Bureau issued instructions that all opium fines and taxes should be transferred to the capital once a month.\n\nAny dealer may obtain the monopoly rights for his locality on payment of from $1,000 to $5,000 for a period of three months.\n\nNarcotic drugs are rampant in the 7 districts like Changteh north of the Yellow River,\n\nSouth Honan.\n\nNanyang. Opium is enormous in Nanyang, it is imported from Szechuan. Formerly Szechuan opium was smuggled into Honan, now it is imported in bulk usually in quantities of 200-300 piculs, each weighing 1,000 ounces.\n\nImported opium is taxed 20 cents an ounce.\n\nThe Defence Commissioner has monopolised opium in eight counties and receives a revenue of $500,000.\n\nKishan, No poppy grown in this hien. The question of opium cultivation was put to the officials of South Honan last winter, some acquiesced and provided seed. Others refused,\n\nTangho, Wu Yang, Fang Chang, Uyang Hsien, Sheki Chen. As far as we can ascertain, no poppy is grown in these districts. Opium smoked freely and lamps going all day in practically every barracks.\n\nOpium taxation offices in all cities; the men in charge are appointed by the military. The local Governor (now out of office) tried to impose a tax of $8 per mou on opium land. Proclamations were issued prohibiting the sowing of poppy, but seed came along in abundance, and everyone was told that they must sow 4% of their land,\n\n500",
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        "title": "CO129-496 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "content_text": "26\n\n―\n\n27\n\nthrough various grades from magistrate down to village heads, and finally to guardians who are responsible for the behaviour of a certain number of families.\n\nGeneral Yen deserves great praise for his untiring efforts during the last ten years. Yet from his statistics it appears that he is not gaining ground, and this is attributed to the impossibility of preventing smuggling.\n\nDuring 1925, the Anti-Opium Association membership has increased to 18,900.\n\nOpium smokers and morphia pill eaters dealt with during 1925 amount to 93,597 men, 9,358 women, 378 juveniles, and 21,625 smugglers have been dealt with by the police.\n\nWith reference to the smokers, the majority of whom are sent to curing houses, the number exceeds that of 1924, as does also that of the smugglers.\n\nA Sample of the 64 Branch Reports\n\nKiao Hsien. Membership 1,000; opium mostly used which comes from outside Great Wall; 1,141 smugglers arrested; opium smokers dealt with—5,197 men, 268 women; five anti-opium educators at work in the villages.\n\nLi Cheng Hsien. Membership 207; morphia pills mostly used, no opium; morphia comes from Wuan, and She Hsien, Honan; smugglers arrested During the year 1,074; pill eaters dealt with—3,804 men, 261 women, 1,400 seizures of morphia pills.\n\nPing Shun Hsien. Membership 240; opium little used, morphia pills mostly, which comes from Lin and She hsiens, Honan. Smugglers arrested 401; pill eaters dealt with—2,046 men, 95 women, 12 youths.\n\nNing Wu Hsien. Membership 155. No morphia, only opium from Shensi, Suiyuan and Chahar. Smugglers arrested 532; smokers dealt with—1,750 men, 21 women.\n\nThe remaining 60 branches send similar reports. In these 64 counties, whilst opium and morphia pills are both used in many places, yet in 20 counties the use of morphia pills predominates and in 44 counties, opium.\n\nThe province has 115 hsien or counties, and from 51 of these no report has been sent.\n\nAs remarked each year, this province has total prohibition, and a determined Governor, hence if the results of smuggling from neighbouring provinces are so great in Shansi what must be the condition of those provinces wherein every form of opium traffic is encouraged?\n\nTotal population of the province is just over 11,000,000 and the number of smokers and eaters dealt with during 1925 is about 100,000, which is less than 1%. Many other provinces report that from 40 to 80% of the population use opium.\n\nThe educational side of the preventive work consists of:\n\n1. Collecting materials for school text books, anti-narcotic pictures and songs. These will form part of the school course under the Shansi Education Bureau.\n\n2. Instruction given to branch and sub-branch officers to enable them to lecture to the village people and students on the evils of opium and narcotics. There are also the distributors of leaflets and pictures for the same purpose.\n\n3. The 232 officers associated with the 105 Branches have given lectures in their districts before magistrates, merchants, educational heads, gentry, and sub-branch officers and members.\n\nSHANTUNG\n\nThe only poppy cultivated in this province is in a small section in the south which is the headquarters of bandits. Last year about 300 Chinese acres were cultivated and reported to be under the control of a drug company in Tsinan the capital. Opium is however used all over the province and arrives by road and rail.\n\nNo attempt is made to officially restrict the traffic, or to raise taxes by licences. The local government reaps no finances from the free yet not open use of opium and morphia pills.\n\nSouth Shantung. Reports may be summarised as follows:\n\nNo poppy grown, but opium on sale everywhere without the slightest opposition on the part of officials, who are themselves heavy users of the drug.\n\nEastern Shantung. No poppy. Considerable quantity used, it is not hard to obtain, though the traffic is secret. There are not seen so many down and out morphia addicts as formerly, though there is no evidence that less is being used; they are controlling the use more and do not reach the former state of utter degradation.\n\nTsingtao. Customs seizures of narcotics during 1925 amounted to 1,356 ounces—heroin 944 ounces, cocaine 412 ounces, on 8 Japanese steamers, and the drugs all from Japan. The amount seized in 1924 was 1,900 ounces. Smuggling is difficult to detect, and involves much trouble for the Customs authorities. This may be illustrated by three seizures made recently.\n\n1. 438 ounces of heroin was found in a consignment of Washing Soda in drums.\n\n2. 412 ounces of cocaine in a consignment of \"Zinc Powder\".\n\n3. 725 ounces of heroin in a consignment of Resin.\n\nBesides searching in big consignments of general cargo, there is the pocket, overcoat, false bottom contrivance, and luggage of passengers, and the more severe the Customs scrutiny the greater the tendency for shippers to use other ports.\n\nThe Navy have been freely referred to in the press as carrying on an extensive traffic in Yunnan opium.\n\nCentral Shantung. No poppy grown, but opium smoking as prevalent as ever. This area extends north of the Yellow River south to Poshan, east to Tsingchow, and west to Tsinanfu the Capital.\n\nTsi Ning Hsien, Ch'in Hsien, Ping Yuan and Teng Hsien are still centres for the gigantic morphia pill traffic reported last year.\n\nTsing Chow Fu. Poppy cultivation slight. Opium consumption considerable. Japanese as well as Chinese do a considerable traffic in opium.\n\nWest Shantung. No poppy. Opium freely bought and sold like any other commodity. This city, Nan Kuan Tao, is centre for opium traffic.\n\nTsinanfu. During 1925 the following seizures of narcotic pills and drugs were made by the police:\n\n507",
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        "content_text": "access to the sea, Marshal Feng had to rely for his supplies of arms and ammunition on his Soviet neighbours. These supplies, which consisted chiefly of rifles, machine guns and small arms ammunition made in Austria (Czechoslovakia) during the war, reached the Kalgan Suiyuan Railway after being transported across Mongolia by camel-back and motor car from the Siberian Railway, via Verkhne-Udinsk, Kiakhta and Urga.\n\n7. For their part, the commanders of the Second and Third Kuomin Armies did not long remain idle. In March General Hu Ching-yi (Military Governor of Honan Province and General Officer Commanding the Second Kuomin Army) obtained control over the whole of Honan by driving out of the western part of the province certain Shensi troops, who, under the command of General Han Yu-k'un (a subordinate of the Tupan of Shensi) had occupied Loyang and Kunghsien (where Wu Pei-fu's old arsenal was situated). This movement was expected to precipitate a conflict between Marshals Chang Tso-lin and Feng Yü-hsiang by leading to the intervention of the former in Honan, but the death of General Hu Ching-yi on the 11th April relieved the situation temporarily, although Marshal Chang, as stated above, extended his influence along the Peking-Hankow Railway to Paoting-fu. It was generally thought that General Sun Yüeh, who had been forced to retire from Paoting-fu into Honan, would be appointed by the Central Government to succeed General Hu Ching-yi as Military Governor of Honan, but after some delay the post was given to General Yüeh Wei-chün, commanding the Second Division of General Hu's army. General Sun Yüeh was appointed Civil Governor of the province and Bandit Suppressor of the Provinces of Honan, Shensi and Kansu. This post did not satisfy him, and he retired for some time, nominally on the ground of ill-health, but really to make preparations for the invasion of Shensi.\n\n8. The tension between Marshals Chang Tso-lin and Feng Yü-hsiang had, by the middle of May, reached a point where a rupture seemed inevitable, and the former actually delivered an ultimatum to his rival, calling upon him to withdraw his troops from the capital. A resort to arms was avoided by a compromise, and at one time it even seemed possible that the two military leaders would sink their differences and make common cause against Great Britain in the campaign of furious denunciation that arose out of the Shanghai riots of the 30th May. Fortunately for British subjects in North China, Marshal Chang, who had arrived at Tien-tsin on the 29th May, viewed with deep aversion the activities of the agents of the Soviet, who eagerly offered to Marshal Feng their aid in men and money in effecting his declared intention of driving the British out of China. During the next two months, as the uproar grew louder and louder after the shooting incidents at Hankow (the 11th June) and Canton (the 23rd June), Marshal Chang made insistent overtures to His Majesty's Legation in the hope of obtaining a promise of support from His Majesty's Government in the event of his attacking Feng Yü-hsiang. Unable to obtain any such promise, he returned to Mukden on the 23rd July, fretting at the growing power of his rival.\n\n9. He had reason to be apprehensive, for a well-marked consolidation of the power of Marshal Feng and his allies was taking place. General Sun Yüeh, commanding the Third Kuomin Army, threw off the mask of retirement and boldly invaded the Province of Shensi, occupied the capital of the province, drove out the Military Governor, and, by the middle of August, was in control of the whole province. The Central Government, whose authority had been thus openly flouted, made the best of a bad business by officially appointing General Sun Yüeh on the 29th August Military Governor of the province. On the same day Marshal Feng was appointed Military Governor of Kansu and confirmed in the appointment of Tupan of North-West Frontier Defence. Thus, by the end of August, the Kuomin army commanders occupied the Peking-Kalgan-Suiyuan-Paotou Railway, and part of the Peking-Hankow Railway, and were in nominal control of the Province of Kansu and of the vast regions of the north-west, as well as being in actual control of the Provinces of Shensi and Honan; while the Mukden army occupied the railway from Mukden to Shanghai, in addition to the Three East Provinces of Manchuria, and controlled most of the Provinces of Chihli, Shantung, Anhui and Kiangsu. In the last named province, General Lu Yung-hsiang, who, though a mere cypher, had retained the title of Military Governor, was definitely succeeded in the post at the end of August by Marshal Chang Tso-lin's chief of staff, General Yang Yu-t'ing.\n\n10. By this time disturbing rumours had been reaching Peking of the formation at Wuchang (Hankow) at the end of July of a secret defensive alliance of several provinces of Central and South-West China under the leadership of Marshal Wu Pei-fu, followed by a conference of military leaders at Chikungshan, in the south of Honan Province. These rumours, following as they did representations made to the Central Government by the leaders of the Chihli party, Generals Sun Chuan-fang (Tupan of Chekiang), Chou Yin-jen (Tupan of Fukien), and Hsiao Yao-nan (Tupan of Hupei), urging the release of ex-President Ts'ao K'un from custody, caused the Government no little anxiety. Marshal Wu Pei-fu, since his defeat in the autumn of 1924 by Chang Tso-lin aided by the treachery of Feng Yü-hsiang, had been living in retirement at Yochow (in the north-east of Hunan) on the Yang-tsze River, where he had been visited by a constant stream of politicians; and it was known that he contemplated returning to the political arena as soon as a suitable opportunity should present itself. Such an opportunity came sooner than was expected. General Sun Ch'uan-fang (Chihli party), Military Governor of Chekiang Province, whose troops occupied some important points in Kiangsu, south of Shanghai, had long been chafing under the advance of Fengtien troops into that neighbourhood. To meet the menace created by the continued arrival of reinforcements from Manchuria, who were distributed in the province south of the Yang-tsze, he made counter-preparations by moving up troops from Chekiang Province. The situation was hardly improved when, by a presidential mandate, dated the 29th August, General Yang Yu-t'ing was appointed Military Governor of Kiangsu, and another Fengtien general was appointed Military Governor of Anhui. For a short time General Sun made some pretence of welcoming the appointment of General Yang, who had been one of his schoolmates, but it was obvious that their relations were strained, and the Chief Executive sent emissaries not only to Sun and Yang, but to the Military Governors of Honan and Hupei in the hope that an open breach between Chihli and Fengtien might be avoided. Whatever chance there was of avoiding such a breach disappeared when the Government, on the 7th October, issued an order for the arrest of four prominent politicians of the Chihli party on a charge of unlawful conspiracy to overthrow the Government. General Sun's troops were at once mobilised, and, on the 16th October, occupied Shanghai, from which the troops of General Yang Yü-t'ing, who appears to have been prepared for this move, withdrew in haste. (See \"Civil War section of this report.)\n\nSouth China.\n\n11. South and South-West China suffered throughout the year from armed strife, from which the governing party at Canton emerged victorious. On the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen at Peking, on the 12th March, the control of the Kuomintang régime at Canton was vested in a committee of five, of whom the Acting Generalissimo, General Hu Han-min, was made president. Their policy was declared to be that already formulated by their late leader and embodied in a document referred to as his political will or testament to co-operate with those nations that treat China as an equal, to secure for the Chinese people freedom, and equality with other nations, and to hasten the summoning of a genuine People's Conference in order to effect among other things, the abrogation of all unfair treaties. The employment in Government posts of Soviet agents, of whom the most notorious was Borodin, and of a number of Germans and Russians in various advisory positions in the Canton municipality and in other offices, was part of this policy. The only serious opponent of the Government at Canton, General Ch'en Chiung-ming, was driven out of the province after two campaigns.\n\n12. His first attempt during the year to advance on Canton was made at the end of January. His troops, who had remained inactive for some months along the Canton-Kowloon Railway, opened the offensive at the end of January. They were met on the 4th February by a counter-offensive, losing Sheklung on the same day, and the whole of the Canton-Kowloon Railway, as far as the Hong Kong border, by the 11th February. Advancing eastwards, the troops from Canton took Tamshui on the 14th February, invested Waichow, and, on the 27th, secured command of the sea-coast by the occupation of Swabue. In the middle of March Swatow itself was occupied. General Ch'en fled to Amoy, and his troops were dispersed to the Kuang-tung Fukien border. A diversion, presumably intended to be in Ch'en's favour, was attempted in Kuangsi at the end of January, but also ended in failure.\n\n13. Meanwhile, General Tang Chi-yao, Military Governor of Yunnan Province, who, in October 1924, had been offered by Sun Yat-sen the post of Vice-generalissimo of the Kuomintang forces, was attempting to assert his claim to the",
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        "document_key": "CO129-497 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "page_number": 137,
        "title": "CO129-497 - Public Offices - 1926",
        "content_text": "134\n\n6\n\npost. It seems to have been his ambition to establish under his own leadership a Government for the provinces of South China on a federal basis. Neither his claim to the post of Vice-Generalissimo nor his federal policy was acceptable to the Government at Canton, and when his troops, under General Lung Yun, entered Kuangsi from the west and occupied Lungchow, Nanning and Poseh, General Fan Shih-sheng, a native of Yunnan Province, but a bitter enemy of Tang Chi-yao, persuaded the Canton Government to allow him to lead his troops into Kuangsi to oppose T'ang's advance. This he effectively did, the Yunnanese forces being compelled, after a severe defeat early in June, to retreat to their native province, into which they were pursued by General Fan's forces, who, advancing by way of Poseh, succeeded in cutting the railway to Yunnan-fu. General Tang Chi-yao made preparations to escape from Yunnan-fu by aeroplane, when, on the 20th and 21st August, his troops inflicted a defeat on their adversaries in the south-east of the province, and forced them to retreat into Kuangsi.\n\n14. At Canton itself strained relations between the local government and the Yunnan-Kwangsi commanders in the city led to fighting during May and June, which ended in the defeat on the 12th June of the Yunnanese troops, who were subjected during the next few weeks to the most brutal treatment by the infuriated populace of Canton.\n\n15. Freed from internal dissension, the Cantonese now turned eagerly to join in the anti-British agitation, which had gathered fresh impetus after the riot at Hankow on the 11th June. An account of the development of that movement at Canton, which culminated in the incident referred to ever since in the Chinese press as the Shakee massacre, will be found in this report in the section dealing with the repercussion in Canton of the Shanghai incident of the 30th May.\n\n16. A new Government, known as the \"Nationalist Government,\" was organised at Canton in July, but was dominated by M. Borodin and other Russian advisers, and by the Strike Committee. On the 20th August, Liao Chung-kai, one of the chief members of the executive committee, chief of the Labour Department of the Kuomintang, and for some time in 1924 Civil Governor of Kwangtung, who was the real power behind the strike, was murdered. The Government was disintegrated, and a coup d'Etat on the 25th August transferred in effect the executive power to two men, General Chiang Chung-sheng (Chiang Kai-shek), commander of the Whampoa Military Academy and garrison commissioner of Canton, and his civil coadjutor, Wang Ching-wei. A series of arrests followed of prominent adherents of the Kuomintang who were thought to be wavering in their allegiance. General Hsu Chung-chih, who had already announced his resignation from the post of Commander-in-chief of the Canton army, fled at the end of September to Shanghai, just in time to escape arrest. A \"mandate\" issued on the 20th September by three commissioners, Messrs. C. C. Wu, Wang Ching-wei and Tan Yen-k'ai, announced that the command of the Canton army had been given to General Chiang Kai-shek. General Hu Han-min, who had succeeded Sun Yat-sen as chief of the Kuomintang and head of the Canton Government, was suspected of complicity in the murder of Liao Chung-kai, and surrendered himself to General Chiang Kai-shek. After a harassing trial by a military court, nothing definite appears to have been proved against him, and, in consideration of his long services in the cause of the Kuomintang, he was permitted to proceed, virtually as a prisoner, on a special mission to Russia via Vladivostok, accompanied by the secretary of the Canton Military Council and two cadets of the Whampoa Military Academy. He was given an effusive welcome at Vladivostok and at Moscow. The alleged object of his visit was to see Soviet Russia and to judge for himself the advisability of introducing communistic methods into China.\n\n17. General Ch'en Ch'iung-ming's second campaign against Canton was launched in September, in the form of an attack on Chaochow and Swatow. Swatow was captured on the 18th September, much to the relief of the foreign, and especially of the British, residents of that port, who had for several months been enduring the dictatorship of the worst elements in a violently hostile population. Unfortunately General Ch'en's campaign very soon showed signs of collapse. Lack of funds, bad leadership (General Ch'en himself never left Hong Kong) and bad organisation led to the complete defeat of the anti-Canton party. Waichow was taken by the Whampoa cadets under General Chiang Kai-shek on the 14th October, and, after a steady advance, Swatow was reoccupied by the Canton troops on the 6th November. By the end of the year the whole of Kwangtung was under the control of the Government at Canton.\n\n7\n\nWest China.\n\n18. In Szechuan the chief political event during the year was the defeat in August of General Yang Sen (a former adherent of Wu Pei-fu) by a strong combination of generals headed by Liu Hsiang. General Yang had been confirmed by a presidential mandate (the 7th February) in his appointment as Tupan, or Military Governor, of the province, and his régime was generally regarded as one of the best seen in Szechuan for many years. However, the civil war which has harassed this province for so long was renewed in April, the bone of contention being the control of the salt revenues at Tzuliutsing. General Yang gained the upper hand in the struggle, and obtained military control of the province west of a line drawn north from Luchow, on the Yang-tsze. The opposing forces were confined to a small area round Chungking, when an armistice was called by General Liu Hsiang, and a conference of generals was held at Chungking to attempt to settle the future government of the province. The conference failed, and hostilities broke out again in the middle of July, which ended in the defeat of General Yang, who was forced to abandon Chengtu and finally to leave the province. The defeat appears to have been mainly due to the defection of his generals. Another military conference was called, which came to an end on the 30th August, and at which the district monthly salt revenues were apportioned among eight or nine generals. This was followed by a second conference in December to arrange for the provincial administration and to discuss ways and means of raising funds. By the end of the month some 150 delegates had arrived, but up to that time the conference had been mainly occupied in settling the rule of procedure.\n\n19. Civil War.\n\nWhen Shanghai was occupied by General Sun Ch'uan-fang's troops on the 16th October, General Yang Yu-t'ing received telegraphic orders from Mukden to retreat. A remarkable collapse of the Fengtien forces followed, and in the short space of two and a half months Marshal Chang Tso-lin, though he still held Mukden and part of the Peking-Mukden Railway, had lost Kiangsu, Anhui and Chihli provinces, as well as the Jehol district. Deserted by one of his most trusted generals, Kuo Sung-lin, commanding the 9th Division at Luanchow (on the Peking-Mukden Railway), who went over to the enemy with some 40,000 troops and advanced along the railway towards Mukden, Marshal Chang was contemplating taking refuge in flight and abandoning Manchuria to his rival. He was induced, nevertheless, to make a last and desperate effort to save the position. On the 23rd December the troops loyal to him met those under Kuo Sung-lin near Hsinmintun, by the Liao River, in a short and decisive engagement. The stake at issue was the future control of Manchuria. Thanks to a bold stroke by the general commanding Marshal Chang's cavalry, who succeeded in getting behind General Kuo's forces and attacking them in the rear, the latter were defeated, and Kuo himself was captured and executed. Whilst this struggle was proceeding, in favour of the Fengtien forces, Tien-tsin, which had been held for some weeks for Chang by General Li Ching-lin against the advance of the Kuomin army from three sides, was captured by the latter, and General Li had to retreat southwards with his troops. In Shantung, the Fengtien Military Governor, General Chang Tsung-chang, succeeded in holding at bay the forces threatening to attack Tsinan-fu from the south, while in the north of the province a struggle with the Kuomin troops for the possession of Tehchow, on the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway, left that place in his hands. The end of the year saw the formation at Peking of a new Cabinet, composed chiefly of moderate Kuomintang elements under the premiership of Mr. Hsu Shih-ying (see annual report, 1922, \"Who's Who,\" No. 7). General Sun Yüeh, Military Governor of Shensi, was appointed Military Governor of Chihli (the 25th December). Marshal Feng Yü-hsiang resigned his post of Tupan of North-West Frontier Defence and Tupan of Kansu, these posts being given to two of his own generals. Shansi, which had kept out of the civil war, remained under the governorship of General Yen Hsi-shan. Shantung was still held by General Chang Tsung-chang. The Central Government, recognising a fait accompli, appointed General Sun Chuan-fang Military Governor of Kiangsu (the 26th November), but he refused to accept the title and continued to style himself the Commander-in-chief of the Five Allied Provinces (Kiangsu, Anhui, Kiangsi, Fukien and Chekiang). He was at the time Military Governor of Chekiang Province. In Anhui, General Teng Ju-cho, commanding the allied Kiangsi troops, showed an inclination to accept from the Government at Peking the title of Tupan of Anhui.\n\n[1500]\n\nB 4\n\nrade",
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        "document_key": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "page_number": 23,
        "title": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "content_text": "## \nPersons of importance detained included TING CHING 陳劍覺, SHI and CHAN KI YU officials of the Police, TANG KÖK KWAN 陳國權, Journalist, and member of the Press Union, SUN PING AN 徐炳安, Head of the Political Council and LEI SHA 李紹文 of the All China Labour Union.\n\nChui Kun Pak the Chief Justice absconded and the Treasurer LI SING YI 李誠義 has been arrested and will be examined by a Commission of three on the charge of having embezzled public money. A number of prominent Communists escaped.\n\nFollowing these events the various bodies belonging to the Kuomintang issued manifestoes. That of the Kuangtung Central Executive Committee was signed by LI CHI THÂM 李濟深, KỮ YING FÀN 許應鑾, LEI FUK LAI 李福來, CHAM FU LUK 譚富祿, and TANG YİN WA 鄧彥華. It announced the Government's object in suppressing the Communist movement and gave the following reasons: (1) Communism is unsuited to conditions in China; (2) It is contrary to the Three Principles of Sun Yat Sen; (3) It has perverted the Labour and Peasant movements; and (4) It has oppressed the workmen and peasants.\n\nApparently the Government did not feel itself strong enough to suppress altogether any of the communistic organisations. It contented itself with ordering that they should be reorganised under officials who were not Communists. The necessity for such reorganisation was shown in the record of such societies as the Post Office Employee's Union. It will be remembered that as a result of several threats to strike on the part of this Union, the Government undertook to subsidise its members to the extent of some $16,000 a month. In all about $88,000 was paid out; of this sum $8,000 was found to have been spent on arms and ammunition, while the balance found its way into the pockets of the officials.\n\nAs...",
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        "id": 507014,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "page_number": 25,
        "title": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "content_text": "## (3) Military Affairs Committee.\n錢大鈞  \nTSIN TAI KIVAN  \n徐景  \nCHIU KING TONG  \nTANG YIN WA  \n働  \n世增  \nTANG SHAI TSANG  \nSE  \n祝萬  \nFUNG CHUK MAN  \nWONG CHI YUN  \n\n## (4) Propaganda.\nCHAN FU LUK  \n朱家驊  \nCHU KA WA  \n李家  \nLI KA YING  \n湯  \nit  \nin  \nTONG CHING PO  \nTSANG YEUNG P'O  \n\nIt is understood that the Peasants' Organisations are still making trouble in the country and were probably responsible for an attack by alleged brigands on villages near Shek Tseng on April 17th.\n\nIntd. R.A.C.N.  \nA.C.M  \n22nd April, 1927.",
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    {
        "id": 507094,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "page_number": 105,
        "title": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "content_text": "## \n\nWong Fu and Wong Ching Ting have all the time been supporters of the Northern Militarists and allies of Imperialists. For a long time their actions have infringed the Constitution of our Party. But despite all this pro-Chang attitude, they have still been allowed to remain members of the Kuomintang, and moreover it is not unlikely that they will be given a position in the Government. We beg that you will give us a detailed explanation as to the reason.\n\n106\n\n\"These are things of the deepest concern for our party and our country. You are carrying on the spirit of our late President (Sun Yat-sen) in leading the Northern Expedition, and the hopes of the masses throughout the whole country are centred on you. We hope that you will make your attitude clear both by your words and your actions in the interests of our Party and our country.\n\nThe Chinese Kuomintang Municipal Department, Changhsa.\n\nDated 7th March 1927.\n\nI was greatly pleased on perusal of this telegram, for a question put to me bluntly is by far better than suspicion entertained of me behind my back. I have always been of the opinion that trouble in any party generally originates from the failure of a small number of members in the party to express openly any suspicions they may entertain of others. This leads to misunderstanding of the true facts, and the members, misled by rumours among outsiders, finally become as hostile to one another as water is to fire. If all our members adopt the same attitude towards me as that taken by our comrades at Changsha, it is unlikely that any suspicions will remain unremoved or any rumour unextinguished.\n\nI am",
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        "document_key": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "page_number": 148,
        "title": "CO129-499-4 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-3-1927 - 22-4-1927",
        "content_text": "## \n\n14.9 strong.\n\nAdmiral Pei Shu-ching is most likely going to desert Chang Tsung-chang, because the two men have hitherto been enemies. And with Pei will probably go over several other generals.\n\nI fear that within three or four weeks Nanking and Shanghai may fall into the hands of Chiang Kai-shek.\n\nEven within Chang Tso-lin's own camp there are two parties, one headed by Yang Yu-ting and the other by Wu Chun-shing. Yang favours a compromise with the South so as to unify the country; but Wu advocates a fight to the finish. Owing to the trouble with the men under Wu Pei-fu's command, Chang Tso-lin finds his original scheme very much upset, and is now unable to give to Chang Tsung-chang the help he intended. Hence, the latter is now in a very weak position, and is bound to fail as Sun Chuan-fang has failed.\n\nBut Chang Tso-lin's own position is fairly secure as, should he fight to the finish, he would have the strong support of the party headed by Wu Chun-shing; and if, on the other hand, he should compromise with Chiang Kai-shek, he could count on the support of Yang Yu-ting's party.\n\nIt cannot be said that Chin Wun-ao and Yi Yik-san have actually gone over to the South. The real position is that the Southern Government, finding it convenient to themselves to have these two generals' armies acting as a buffer against Chang Tso-lin and Chang Tsung-chang, have supplied them with money to fight them. There is more likelihood of Chin and Yi, particularly the latter, coming under the banner of Feng Yu-hsiang when and if Feng goes down to Chengchow. The Southern Government is making use of Chin and Yi to hold up Chang Tso-lin's army and so to enable Feng Yu-hsiang to come down by the Kiangsu-Haichow Line. Should Chengchow be reached, the military situation would...",
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    {
        "id": 507307,
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "content_text": "## The Canton Gazette \n**報F日文英州廣** \n*ORGAN OF CHINESE NATIONAL OPINION* \nOffice: 82, Wing Hon Road, Canton, China \n\n### SUBSCRIPTION RATES, EXCLUDING POSTAGE \n10 cents per copy, $2 per month. 50% discount on above rates allowed to teachers and students \nPublished daily except Sunday and holidays \n\n**Wednesday, May 18, 1927** \n\n#### Pukow Captured By Nationalist Forces; Northern Drive On The Tientsin-Pukow Railway Is Being Pushed By Gen. Chiang \nthe Southern forces were pouring across the Yangtsze yesterday morning towards Chuchow. \n\nLooters Suppressed \n(Continued from Page 1) \nAs soon as they had departed, looters crossed the river by sampans, but were severely handled by Chiang's troops, who then occupied the town. The Northerners shelled Pakow with shrapnel after the occupation by the Southerners. Southern forces were pouring across the Yangtsze yesterday above Nanking, on the north bank, and there are no signs... Reuter.\n\n#### Provincial Kuomintang Hold Weekly Meet; Pass Resolutions \nThe usual weekly memorial meeting was held by the Provincial Kuomintang on the 16th inst., and was attended by the various Kuomintang representatives from public organisations and members of the Provincial Executive and Control Committee. The whole audience numbered several hundred. Comrade Chen Fu-mu presided. The proceedings opened with the reading of the Last Will of the late Director Sun, followed by three minutes' silence.\n\nThe most important point in his statement is his opinion in relation to the Red movement in China and to the militarists. We should, therefore, propagate this point clearly to the masses, so that they can accord a united support to the expedition.\n\nResolutions were passed unanimously:--\n| Resolution |\n| --- |\n| 1. It is the decision of Our Provincial Government that after the elimination of the Communist activities, General Pai Chung-hsi is establishing his military headquarters at Pakow, in order to direct military movements immediately along the Tientsin-Pukow Railway. |\n| 2. Despite the elimination of Communists, the Party Government will carry through the Northern Expedition from the beginning to the end without compromising with the militarists. |\n\n#### U.D.C. CONDEMNS TORY POLICY TOWARD CHINA \n(From our London Labour Correspondent) \nLondon, April 13.—\"The Union of Democratic Control declares that the action of H. M. Government in pouring troops into China is inflaming anti-British feeling amongst the Chinese, is endangering British lives and is partly responsible for the deaths which have already taken place. It condemns the Government's wasteful war.\"\n\n#### CHINA: WHO IS RESPONSIBLE? \nBy George LANSBURY, Labour Socialist M.P. \nNo Change In Japan's Peaceful Policy In China Says Tanaka \n(Tokyo Nichi Nichi) \nBaron Tanaka's statement refers for the most part to China policy. Touching the rightful claims of the Chinese, Baron Tanaka says that he is sympathetic with their national movement, but argues that it must be carried on quietly and methodically. He calls upon the neighbours to be self-restraining. We expect no dissension from this principle, which is also the policy of the Kenseikai Government.\n\n#### Better Conditions \n(Continued from Page 1) \nI repeat the charge with greater emphasis, and say that if the present Tory Government continues, Great Britain will be responsible for whatever loss of life and property the Chinese people have sustained.\n\nThe statement of Baron Tanaka implies sympathy for and advice to China separately from the question regarding the Red movement. With respect to the latter, he announces that he can dismiss Communist activities with indifference and that he is ready to act in concert with the Powers affected if occasion requires.\n\n#### Red Movement \nThe purpose of retaining and securing privileges inconsistent with Chinese self-determination is to occupy Peking and the Chinese quarter of Shanghai and to join forces with those who are fighting against the Chinese Labour Government. This is Churchill's anti-Soviet policy applied to China. Whoever is responsible for its inception and bribery and corruption, the British Government is responsible for its execution.\n\n#### Labour Policy \nThe Labour policy holds the field. Recognise the sovereignty of China; bring home the troops; negotiate to abolish all unequal treaties; refer all questions connected with outrages, and insults to an International Tribunal made up from neutral nations.\n\n#### Soviet Fear \nThe Tanaka Ministry has caused a sensation in the Soviet, some of whose statesmen seem to entertain the opinion that the assumption of the Premiership by Baron Tanaka is an indication of Japan's foreign policy being reversed. The portfolio of War having been assigned to General Shirakawa who is particularly sympathetic with Chang Tso-lin, it is apprehended that Japan will change its liberal policy.\n\n#### Welcome Victors \nChinkiang, May 15.—There have been minor clashes between the opposing forces in the vicinity of Chinkiang, which is therefore quiet, nothing of any note having occurred since the occupation of the city by the Southerners, the whole place was bedecked with thousands of Kuomintang flags.\n\n#### Land Attack \nNanking, May 15.—Considerable fighting on the railway is reported. Machine-gun and rifle fire across the river occurred yesterday. It was further reported that the Northerners were holding their positions on the Tientsin-Pukow Railway so as to prevent the Southerners crossing there to round-up the Shantung troops.\n\n#### No Attack On Shanghai \nIt is believed that the venture was successful, for it was today announced that the Southerners had captured Pukow.—Naval Wireless.\n\n#### How Pukow Was Taken \nShanghai, May 16.—General Chiang Kai-shek's troops, numbering about 3,000, took the lead, and were timed to begin at 8 a.m. The attack, in which General Chen Ming-shin's troops also took part, was successful.\n\n#### To Death On Taikoo Steamer At Tientsin \nTientsin, May 15.—Fire broke out on the Butterfield and Swire steamer Tungchow at noon today, when she was leaving the Tongku wharf. The fire was extinguished by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. A report states that 16 of the Chinese were fatally burned.\n\n#### The elations attitude of Baron Tanaka \nWhether it will throw it down or not, the Soviet need not bother itself about such useless misgiving, but we assert that it depends upon Russia's attitude whether the Seiyukai Government will assist Great Britain to complete the blockade against the Soviet.\n\nPage 38 \nTHE CANTON GAZETTE, WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 1927 \n\n2",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "page_number": 91,
        "title": "CO129-500-1 Canton situation- governor's despatches 18-5-1927 - 9-6-1927",
        "content_text": "## The CANTON GAZETTE \n### Vol. V No. 954 \n#### CANTON, CHINA, SATURDAY, MAY 21, 1927 \n廣州日報\n\n## Gov't. Takes Active Step To Consolidating Gains\n### MUNICIPAL GOV'T. Nationalists DRAWS UP TENTATIVE FACTORY REGULATIONS\n**All Workers to be Well Protected; and their Rights and Interests to be Safeguarded. Special Attention to be Given to the Welfare of Child Workers**\n\nLabour regulations including a factory law have been drafted by the Department of Labour and Peasantry. The following is a list of tentative factory regulations:\n\n1. The Government has specially prepared the factory regulations for ensuring a proper living and the safety of the laborers.\n2. These regulations are to be applied both to foreign-owned and Chinese-owned factories under the regime of the Nationalist Government.\n3. Factory owners are not allowed to employ boys below the age of 12 and girls below the age of 14.\n4. All males below 16 and females below 18 are regarded as child workers.\n5. No child workers who have not received a primary education are allowed to work in factories,\n6. Child workers may be only employed to do light work.\n7. Child workers work only six hours a day, that is, thirty-six hours per week, and adult workers eight hours, that is, forty-eight hours per week.\n8. Child workers are not allowed to engage in night work, that is between six p.m. and six a.m.\n9. On Sundays and other holidays promulgated by Government, all the workers must be given rest and besides this, factories ought to grant the workers fourteen days of special vacation each year.\n10. Each month, one or more days of rest must be allowed the workers and every day at meal time (Continued on Page 2)\n\n### Chuchow Reported Captured. Advance Preceded By Heavy Firing\nShanghai, May 19.—The Nationalists, after capturing Pukow and Wuyi as previously reported, have consolidated their gains, and after heavy firing have driven the Northerners along the Tientsin-Pukow line toward Suchow. It is also stated that the Nationalists have captured Chuchow, gateway to Hsuchow.\n\n#### Another Version\nShanghai, May 19th. The second column of Nationalist troops have taken Chuchow and are steadily advancing northwards along the Tientsin-Pukow Railway.\n\nAs to the war situation in the northern section of Kiangsu, the first column of Nationalist troops crossed the Yangtsze to begin their attack on Sun Chuan-fang's troops on the night of the 17th inst. Heavy firing continued until the morning of the 18th. It resulted in the Nationalists advancing northwards far distant from the River.—(Wah Tez Yat Pao.)\n\n### General Chiang Goes To Shanghai\nFrom Nanking, General Chiang Kai-shek with some money, is order...\n\n#### Strict Prohibition Of Counterfeit Coins\nThe prohibition of the manufacture and circulation of counterfeit coins is again emphasized in a notification of the Ministry of Finance,\n\n### Gov't. To Protect The Interests Of Farmers And Peasants\n**Active Steps Are to be taken to Promote the Welfare of the Toiling Masses**\n\nAt the 29th meeting of the Provincial Executive Council of the 19th inst., the following two proposals were made by Mr. Chen Fu-mu, Commissioner of the Department of Peasantry and Labour, which were passed after some modifications:\n\n#### A. To forbid the collection of rentals in advance:\n1. Commencing from the date of promulgation of the Government order forbidding the collection of rentals in advance, all previous agreements made between the landlords and the farmers stipulating such collection shall become null and void. The rentals should be paid in two instalments to be paid one month after each crop. In case of a year of drought when appeals are to be made to the Government by the farmers for reduction or exemption of rentals, the landlords shall not be permitted to collect the rentals by citing the present rulings.\n\n#### B. To abrogate the Contractor system:\n1. A peasant who himself does not plough but simply re-lets to the farmers a piece of land which he leases from the landlords under contract and collects the rental is called a Farming Contractor.\n2. Commencing from the date of promulgation of the Government order abrogating the contracting system, all previous agreements made between the landlords, contractors, and the farmers, either unexpired or otherwise, shall be null and void.\n3. The contractors shall return the leased lands to the landlords who shall lease them to the respective farmers formerly tilling them at a rental of not more than what contractors previously paid them. Each farmer is, however, limited to take up 100 mows only.\n\n### Significance Of The \"Ching Tang\" Movement Explained By Mr. Lai Lien\n**Tension Increasing Hourly**\n\nHankow, May 18.—Not only is Government Official Chiang Kai-shek's net gradually closing round Hankow, but there is understood to have been a defection of troops in the city itself, and a clash is feared at any moment now.\n\nThe anti-\"Red\" troops have concentrated, it is reliably reported, at the Chinese Rice-course in Hankow, and the opinion is expressed that open hostility between these forces and those loyal to the Hankow Government cannot be delayed.\n\nIn a speech delivered before the members of the Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang, Mr. Lai Lien, General-secretary to the Chief Political Department, has emphasized the necessity and significance of the recent Kuomintang activities in the clearing out of the Communist elements from the Party.\n\nA free translation of the speech is, in part, as follows:\n\"Comrades, it is a great pleasure to me to attend this meeting and the honour to address you. The Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang is the vanguard in the struggle between ourselves and imperialism. Hongkong was formerly a part of our territory. After being invaded by the British Imperialists, we have been and still are under the most cruel oppression. Just therefore, we must unite ourselves and resist. The patriotism shown by the Hongkong labourers in the recent strike has voiced a world-wide appreciation.\n\nIt is for this reason that the Hongkong Branch of the Kuomintang is more important than other branch Kuomintangs. In view of this, you members should be united all the more solidly.\n\n### Kweichow Troops Mobilized Against Hankow\nIt is reported that under the instructions of General Hsu Ching-tang, the Commissioner of the Military Department, the 38th Regiment of the 13th Division under General Li Wu-tsze arrived here from Kongmoon on the 17th inst., and will go on its expedition within a few days.\n\nGeneral Yang Sen has telegraphed to the Nanking Government that he has ordered from the Kweichow border a division of troops under his direction to be mobilized at once for Hankow.\n\nGeneral Li Fook-lum of the 5th Army Corps will undertake the work of suppression along the East River.\n\n### Reorganization Of The Canton Branch Of The Political Council\nTelegrams to the Central Government, which says: \"Taking the opportunity I have to make a short report to you regarding the \"Tsing Tang\" movement in Kwangtung. In the vicinity of the East River, a certain section of the peasant corps have been seduced to the road of anti-revolution but this was suppressed in a very short time.\n\nAt a Central Political Conference held on May 17, it was decided that the Canton branch of the Political Council should be reorganized.\n\n### New Supply Of Materials For Telephone Service\nOwing to the shortage of funds, the Telephone Service has been in a bad condition on account of the lack of sufficient materials. Upon the assumption of office as Director of the Administration of Mr. Chen Hok-yuk, efforts have been made for a positive reform. Funds have been raised for the purchase of 1500 yards Swedish Red and White wire for the General Station, and 141 pieces of Japanese red and white wire for the West port Station. In addition to this, 500 cells of the best type have also been bought from America which are moisture-proof and quick in transmission. The workers are now busily making a change with the new stuff and it is believed that the service will be greatly improved hereafter.\n\n### Strikers' Compensation Fund\nWith reference to the $1,500,000 to be raised by the General Chamber of Commerce towards the Compensation Fund for the strikers, it is found that only $250,000 have been collected up to the 18th. All provincial districts are ordered by Commissioner Koo Yin-fan of the Department of Finance to raise within 20 days a sum between $50,000 and a few thousand dollars according to the size of the district. The various guilds will be notified to pay in their proportion within the limited time.\n\n### Removal Of The Educational Executive Association To Nanking\nIt is reported that after the assumption of office by the new members of the Political Council, it was decided to have the Educational Executive Association at Canton removed to Nanking.\n\n### New Appointments In The Municipal Government\nThe following appointments have been made: - Yiew Shi-fun to be Chief of the General Affairs Department; Yung Hok-tung, General-Secretary; Ng Cheok-yu, Accountant.\n\n### The Doomsday Of Wu Pui-fei\nPeking papers report of his new activities and of his contemplated trip to the South Sea Islands are utterly unfounded, says the report.\n\nPage 90\nSingle Copy: 10 Cents $2.00 A Month $24.00 A Year",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "page_number": 23,
        "title": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "content_text": "- 2 \n23 \n\nOur soldiers fought hard and defeated the Northern Squadron, and therefore the British Imperialists had no opportunity to interfere with us. Therefore we must overthrow the Imperialists, otherwise we can never overthrow the militarists.\n\nThe masses at Shanghai have been deceived and oppressed by the Communists. Our Kuomintang has released them from their yoke and is leading them. We will support the peasants and workmen and promote their welfare.\n\nWe did not overthrow the Communists for the sake of the Capitalists or Imperialists. We overthrew them because they have been our enemies. After we have overthrown the Communists, we must overthrow the Imperialists also. Should the Capitalists avail themselves of the opportunity of our Party Purification to oppress our workmen, we should overthrow them too.\n\nIf we maintain unity, we can overthrow everything. We must give due observance to the principles and orders of our Party, and purify it of all Communists.\n\nNext Chan Kwo Fu spoke and said that the failure of the 2nd Revolution was due to lack of proper organisation in the Kuomintang, and that therefore proper organisation must first be effected if the accomplishment of the revolution be desired.\n\nCheung Ping Fai then expressed that the welcome extended to Generalissimo Tseung was associated with a desire for the success of China.\n\nLang Chun warned the meeting to shoulder the responsibility of working hard for the Kuomintang, otherwise the Imperialists, Militarists and reactionists can never be overthrown.\n\nChan Tak Ching finally stated that he welcomed Tseung with the same sincerity as that with which he commemorated the death of Chan Ying Shi.",
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    {
        "id": 507498,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "page_number": 66,
        "title": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "content_text": "- 5 \n66 \n\n(f) **Causing dissension among our Kuomintang Leaders**\n\nThe leaders of our Kuomintang, such as Comrade Tseung Kai Shek and Wong Ching Wai, have all been very active and ready to make sacrifices. For instance, Comrade Tseung has eliminated all the bad characters of Chan Kwing Ming in Kwangtung and has overthrown Wu (Pei Fu), Sun (Chun-fong), and other cruel militarists in our recent attack on the North in the interests of the Community. He has fought under heavy fire, and on many occasions has been nearly killed. He has been so ready to make sacrifices for us, yet the Communists have made such a foul suggestion as that of an alliance with Wong (Ching Wai) to overthrow Tseung (Kai Shek). In reality, they want to set up dissension among our leaders and benefactors, and then to remove them one by one. How evil-disposed they are!\n\n(g) **Expulsion of the loyal members of our Kuomintang**\n\nMany members of our Kuomintang have really worked to promote your welfare. But the Communists have insisted on their expulsion. When they have overthrown all the loyal members who have worked in your interests, they will be able to monopolize you and make you their tools to oppose the Kuomintang. Are you willing to be monopolized and made use of as tools to oppose your Kuomintang?\n\n(h) **Utilization of local bandits and labour rowdies to oppose the peasants and workmen**\n\nYou perhaps realize this better than we do. The Communists have allied with the local bandits, saying that they are the only propertyless class, and have incited them to attack and oppose you. In so doing, they will secretly reap the benefit and make their fortunes. Is it not so? At the same time, they have played the same trick with the workmen, uniting with the labour rowdies to confuse the true...",
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        "id": 507504,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "page_number": 72,
        "title": "CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927",
        "content_text": "ENCLOSURE NO. 7\n\nChinese characters for names in the despatch of \n10th August, 1927.\n\nGeneral Li Chai-sum \n(李濟琛)\n\nMr. Feng Tso-wan \n(馮祝萬)\n\nCh'an Fu-muk \n(陳孚木)\n\nGeneral Li Lit-kwan \n(李烈鈞)\n\nGeneral Ch'an Kwing-ming \n(陳炯明)\n\nGeneral Feng Yü-hsiang \n(馮玉祥)\n\nMarshal Chang Tso-lin \n(張作霖)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-500-2 Canton situation- governor's despatches 30-6-1927 - 8-11-1927.txt",
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    {
        "id": 507572,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-500-3 Canton situation- governor's despatches 29-7-1927 - 1-9-1927",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-500-3 Canton situation- governor's despatches 29-7-1927 - 1-9-1927",
        "content_text": "- 6 - \n## 38 \n\nsupport of the Constitutions; if not by Koo, we cannot suggest anybody else, and it will take some time to get the man wanted. Perhaps we can hold the Cabinet question in abeyance until that of the Supreme Authority has been solved; for the present no definite arrangements can be suggested for it.\n\nThe suggestions persistent among outsiders as to who are or are not qualified for the Cabinet, are all premature.\n\n## The North and the South\n\nTaking the past history between Mukden and Sun Chung Shan, an agreement between the North and the South is not impracticable. In the 11th year of the Republic (1922) C. C. Wu came to Mukden under the directions of Sun Chung Shan, and negotiated with us a joint mobilization against Wuhan. Thereupon the Mukdenese troops were mobilized and entered the Shan Hoi Kwan. Sun also marched from Kwangsi to join us at Wuhan. But he was hindered by Chan Kwing Ming and so he did not succeed in his enterprise. Later Sun attempted to force his way out through Kiangsi, but also failed. Although Sun was defeated twice, yet the alliance between Mukden and Sun was a fact. Next Wong Ching Wai, Ching Chim, and Cheung Kai came to Mukden, proposing the Russo-Mukdenese Agreement. Mukden accepted it and treated them with due courtesy. Later Sun Chung Shan went to Shanghai, and Mukden often supported him with supplies of materials. At last a triple alliance was again made, and all these will prove that no bad feeling has ever existed between Mukden and the Kuomintang. What we aim at is to punish the Communists. At present only Tseung Kai Shek can really oppose the Communists, and an agreement with him is not questionable. Wu Tsz Yuk (Wu Pei-fu) was our enemy and Sun Hing Yuen (Sun Chuen-fang) had once driven us out: ultimately we still could have co-operated with them for ...",
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    {
        "id": 508295,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "page_number": 24,
        "title": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "content_text": "### iii \n\nThe War Lord of Kuang-tung, who is his fellow-provincial, but the degree of his allegiance to the Nanking clique of the Kuo-min-tang, to which he pays lip-service, is not known and without doubt he also is chiefly concerned to remain master in his own province.\n\n### iii. In 1922 Marshal Tang Chi-yao became War Lord of Yunnan and he maintained himself there in independence of the rest of China. Under him from September 1925, the province was ruled by five Generals, namely\n\n(a) General Lung Yün, a Lolo, not a Chinese, in command of the Yunnan-fu district in the centre;\n(b) General Hu Jo-yi in command of Mengtsze district in the south-east;\n(c) General Chang Ju-yi in command of the Chaotung district in the north-east;\n(d) General Li Hsuan-t'ing in command of the east of the province; and\n(e) General Tang San, the Marshal's nephew, who was Director General of the Military Training School.\n\nBut on the 7th February, 1927, Generals Lung, Hu and Chang conspired together and revolted against Marshal Tang and his nephew. The latter was driven out of the province and the former was obliged to abdicate from his position as dictator and to agree to the administration of the province being placed in the hands of a Board of Deputies. A board of nine deputies was constituted on the 5th March, 1927; and in it Generals Lung, Hu, Chang and Li had seats. It assumed office on the 8th March with Marshal T'ang as honorary",
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    {
        "id": 508296,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "page_number": 25,
        "title": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "content_text": "## iv \nOn the 4th and 25th, a meeting was held with General Hu as honorary president and General Hu as chairman.\n\nOn the 23rd May, Marshal T'ang died, and thus one of the chief War Lords of China was finally eliminated. Soon afterwards, on the 14th June, Generals Hu, Chang, and Li conspired against General Lung and seized him in his private residence at Yunnan-fu, where he was kept as a prisoner.\n\nThus, there remain three Generals as rivals for the power of the sword and of the purse in Yunnan. Their relations to the Kuo-min-tang are ill-defined, but General Hu is believed to be somewhat \"red\" in his opinions. Doubtless the Board of Deputies will in due course be dominated by one or other of the three generals who are still in the running for the tuchunate of Yunnan.\n\n## v \nLittle news comes from the province of Kueichou, which in the days of the Manchu Empire was combined with the province of Yunnan under one Viceroy. There never have been any foreign consuls stationed in Kueichou, and the province has now been evacuated by foreigners. It is a rugged, impoverished, and isolated region, and who now controls its political fortunes I do not know.\n\n## V \nThe wealthy, but remote, province of Szechuan has also been evacuated by foreigners, and the British consulates at Ch'eng-tu and Chung-king are at present closed. It is, therefore, impossible to get any authentic information. But until recently, this province was being fought for by numerous petty War Lords, chief among whom was General Yang Sen, who became notorious in the Wan-hsien incident.",
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    {
        "id": 508328,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "page_number": 57,
        "title": "CO129-501-5 Chinese situation- Recognition of Canton Government 22-7-1927 - 28-9-1927",
        "content_text": "## ENCLOSURE NO. 4.\n\nChinese Characters for Names given in the despatch.\n\n| Name | Chinese Characters |\n| --- | --- |\n| General Li Chai-sum | 李濟琛 |\n| General Fan Shek-shang | (范石生) |\n| Marshal Tang Chi-yao | 唐繼堯 |\n| General Lung Yün | 龍雲 |\n| General Hu Jo-yi | 胡祖貽 |\n| General Chang Ju-yi | 張弧爾 |\n| General Li Hsuan-t'ing | 李炳榮? or 李選廷? (OCR unclear, possibly \"李炟榮\") - assuming \"李選廷\" or similar  |\n| General T'ang San | 唐莘 |\n| General Yang Sen | 楊森 |\n| Marshal Feng Yü-hsiang | 馮玉祥 |\n| General Yen Hsi-shan | 閻錫山 |\n| General Tang Shang-chi | 唐生智 |\n| General Chang Fa-kuei | 張發奎 |\n| Admiral Sah Chen-ping | 薩鎮冰 |\n| General Chang Chen | 商震 |\n| General T'ang Shu-ching, likely \"Chiang Kai-shek\" related name | ... (possibly 蔣介石, but given as \"T'ang\") |\n| Admiral Yang Shu-chuang | 楊樹莊 |\n| Marshal Tseung Kai-shek, likely \"Chiang Kai-shek\" | 蔣介石 |\n| General Chang Tsung-chang | 張宗昌 |\n| Marshal Chang Tso-lin | 張作霖 |\n| Generalissimo | 大元帥 |\n| Marshal Wu P'ei-fu | 吳佩孚 |\n| Marshal Sun Chuan-fang | 孫傳芳 |\n\nEND",
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    {
        "id": 509076,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "page_number": 2,
        "title": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "content_text": "# Fo Conf \n\n## Memorandum on \n\n### the question of the Recognition of the Southam Sort. (dated 12 Dec) \n\nJan '27 \n\nThis memorandum is a month old and although it contains some important points, it gives only an inadequate appreciation of the position. Recent developments have done much to strengthen the view that recognition is the only policy which offers the best, if not the only, hope of coming to terms with all our principal advisers, who hold this view.\n\nAs Mr. Mims will explain when in China, the arguments advanced against recognition can be met. There is Chen's own admission that the facts justify recognition; the formula disposes of contingencies we do not want it; it can be squared with the Washington Treaty; and the North and other Powers are prepared for it.\n\nThe Cantonese, besides controlling five provinces, have adherents who control a foothold in four other provinces, as well as in Mongolia; only Chang Tso-lin and Chang Tsung Chang control only two provinces apart from Manchuria; Wu Pei Fu controls another province. The remaining provinces, Yunnan & Kweichow, are under the not very effective control of Tang Chi Yao, a former warlord of the sort of no-man's-land.\n\nThis picture alone is favourable enough.",
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    {
        "id": 509147,
        "series_id": 27,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "page_number": 72,
        "title": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "content_text": "## 84\n\n3 \n\nand the Canton Governments, but this was rejected on examination as being tantamount to recognition of both Governments and ultimately it was decided that I should hand copies to no one. Dr. Koo, who had of course seen the questions asked in Parliament on the subject, himself raised the question of my credentials at my first interview with him and I explained to him my instructions. At one time I thought that he intended to make difficulties over the question, but when returning my call he made no further allusion to it and he has probably decided to leave the matter in abeyance, at any rate for the present. It is probable, however, that as soon as he has formed his new Cabinet, which I understand he has been asked by Chang Tso-lin to do, he will raise the question of credentials again.\n\n5. Interest in the north has centred on the plans and intentions of Chang Tso-lin, who arrived in Tien-tsin from Mukden in the first half of November. It was generally expected that Marshal Chang, having waited for the collapse of Wu Pei-fu's Administration, would proceed forthwith to Peking, to reorganise the Government with his nominees, and even place himself at its head as Provisional President or Chief Executive. Indecision and delay, due perhaps to divided counsels amongst his advisers and supporters, have, however, so far characterised Marshal Chang's actions since he left Mukden, and it was not until a month and a half later that he arrived in Peking towards the end of December; and it still remains to be seen whether he really has any constructive plans for the re-establishment of a Government.\n\n6. In the meantime events were moving rapidly on the Yang-tsze, where, as reported in paragraph 4 of Sir Ronald Macleay's despatch above referred to, hostilities had opened at the end of September between Sun Chuan-fang and the Cantonese. Sun poured troops from Kiangsu, Chekiang and Anhui into Kiangsi under the supreme command of his most trusted general, Lu Hsiang-t'ing, and despatched other forces up the river towards Hankow, himself proceeding to Kiukiang to superintend the operations of his armies. At first the better-equipped army of Sun dealt three successive blows to Chiang Kai-shek's army, costing the latter some 20,000 casualties and driving them back from Nanchang towards their communications in Hunan. If these victories had been followed up a general collapse of the Kuo Min-tang armies would probably have resulted from the threat to their base at Changsha; but, as usual in China, a policy of inaction allowed the initiative to pass from the hands of Sun into those of Chiang, who, by propaganda and by infiltration of small parties into the battle zone, was soon in a position to turn the tables on his adversary. Before the middle of November Sun discovered the Nanchang Kiukiang Railway to be cut and the Kuo Min-tang forces at the gates of Kiukiang. In a panic, he himself headed the flight, leaving his forces to find their way back to Kiangsu and Chekiang, thus totally evacuating the Province of Kiangsi, which passed under the control of the Cantonese.\n\n7. Sun Ch'uan-fang, who had been originally a subordinate officer in Wu Pei-fu's armies, had hitherto consistently professed at least a nominal adherence to Marshal Wu, and had sent a representative to join the Cabinet set up by Wu in Peking in the summer. Moreover, a year before, in the late autumn of 1925, Sun had declared war on the Fengtien leaders, then in occupation of Nanking and the Shanghai region, and had expelled them from Kiangsu by force, a state of armed peace having since prevailed between him and his Northern neighbour, Chang Tsung-ch'ang, the Fengtien Governor of Shantung. It was, therefore, a matter of some surprise and speculation when Sun in the latter half of November paid a sudden and unexpected visit to Chang Tso-lin at Tien-tsin, accompanied only by a few bodyguards. What exactly passed during his stay in Tien-tsin is not known, but his visit was generally interpreted by Chinese opinion as involving his abdication from his independent position in Central China, and his acceptance of the overlordship of the Manchurian Generalissimo. As the result of the conferences of Northern leaders, mostly of the Fengtien party, which now took place at Tientsin, it was shortly afterwards announced that a definite agreement had now been reached for a combined offensive against the armies of the Kuo Min-tang, while it was later reported that the details of the arrangements come to provided that Sun Ch'uan-fang should surrender to Chang Tsung-chang the whole of Northern Kiangsu, and confine himself to the control and defence of Chekiang and the Shanghai area. Sun thereupon returned to Nanking, and Chang Tsung-chang's troops immediately began to move south along the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway. Their further advance into Kiangsu was soon after halted for a time, outwardly on account, it was said, of objections raised by Wu Pei-fu; but also, it seems, on account of opposition manifested by local public bodies in Kiangsu, who were rumoured to have given it to be understood that they would sooner see their province overrun by the Nationalist armies than given over to the depredations of Chang Tsung-chang's notorious soldiery from Shantung. Eventually, however, Chang Tsung-chang himself, accompanied by strong bodyguards, arrived in Nanking in the third week in December, while his troops moved down into North Kiangsu to replace the forces of Sun Ch'uan-fang.\n\n8. The next move by the Northern leaders was the announcement early in December of the creation of the An-Kuo-Chün (army for the pacification of the country irreverently known by some of my more flippant colleagues as the Salvation Army) under Chang Tso-lin as generalissimo and Chang Tsung-chang, Sun Chuan-fang, Yen Hsi-shan (the Governor of Shansi) and other Northern leaders as vice-commanders, accompanied by the usual advertisement in the press of their military plans for the annihilation of the Reds. It was significant, however, that there was no mention in these arrangements of the name of Wu Pei-fu, who, while he now professes to regard Chang Tso-lin as an ally, could not be expected to subordinate himself to the latter's leadership.\n\n9. Marshal Wu has indeed proved a considerable thorn in the side of the An-Kuo-Chun, in view of his occupation of Northern Honan and his stubborn refusal so far to yield place to Chang Tso-lin's forces, which have advanced down the Peking-Hankow Railway to the borders of Honan, or accept their co-operation on the terms they desire. A glance at the map will show the strategic importance to the Fengtien high command of Chengchow (Wu's headquarters), situated at the junction of the East to West Lunghai Railway with the Peking-Hankow line, and the vital necessity to them of occupying it before engaging their forces seriously on the middle Yang-tsze. The difficulty of the situation from the Fengtien point of view is increased by the fact that Wu's forces, though still nominally 80,000 to 100,000 strong, are of small military value and are notoriously unreliable, while his subordinate generals, and notably Chin Yün-ao, are known to have small sympathy with their former enemies in the Fengtien armies and to have made overtures to the South. Wu Pei-fu's apparently intransigent and obstructive attitude towards his Fengtien allies, while typical of his character and past record, may in this case have been at least partly due to these considerations. It is now, at the end of the year, reported that the situation has been cleared up by the dismissal of Chin Yün-ao from his command, but it remains to be seen whether this has been really effected. It is expected that eventually the main attack of Chang Tso-lin's forces will be directed on Hupei down the Kin-Han line; but whether Wu Pei-fu will be relegated to West Honan to deal with the Kuo Min-chun, or whether his armies will take part in the main attack, remains to be settled between the leaders.\n\n10. Developments in the South during the three months under review will be reported on more fully by His Majesty's consuls in Central and Southern China, but the most notable event has been the transfer of the seat of the Kuo Min-tang Government from Canton to Wuchang, which took place in December. At the same time, the Kuo Min-tang, after their successful occupation of Kiangsi, have extended their control over the greater part of Fukien, where the Northern forces occupying that province in the interests of Marshal Sun Chuan-fang dissolved before the Southern advance with little or no fighting. Chekiang, now surrounded on two sides by Kuo Min-tang influence, has also been penetrated to some extent and appears likely to fall also in the near future into their hands.\n\n11. The general political and military position at the close of the year may be summed up as follows. Chang Tso-lin is in Peking and is credited with the intention of re-establishing a Central Government in the Northern capital, which remains, however, for the time being to all intents and purposes without any Government at all. Chang himself controls Manchuria and the metropolitan Province of Chihli and the adjacent territories of Inner Mongolia, and indirectly, through his former subordinate, Chang Tsung-ch'ang, the Province of Shantung. His allies, Sun Chuan-fang and Yen Hsi-shan, the former still controlling the Lower Yang-tsze region and the latter the Province of Shansi, have nominally accepted his leadership, but both are understood to be quite prepared to come to terms with the Kuo Min-tang if they can do so. Wu Pei-fu, who retains control of Northern Honan, also professes to be in alliance with Marshal Chang, but insists on retaining complete liberty of action, and impedes rather than assists the latter's plans. In opposition to this loosely welded block of individual Northern leaders, bound together by momentary ties of self-interest, stands the Kuo Min-tang Government, now established at Wuchang, and professing to control the Provinces of Kuangtung, Kuangsi, Hunan, Kiangsi, Fukien, Hupei, parts of Chekiang, and, ... \n\n## 8:",
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    {
        "id": 509148,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "page_number": 73,
        "title": "CO129-502-6 China- general situation 7-1-1927 - 3-3-1927",
        "content_text": "## 4\n\nIn the north-west, Shensi and Kansu have come under the influence of Feng Yü-hsiang and the Kuo Min-chun. Szechuan, under the divided authority of several local militarists, seems likely to tender nominal allegiance also to the Kuo Min-tang, but Yunnan, under its Governor, Tang Chi-yao, remains aloof. As regards the military situation, no serious hostilities are in progress for the moment, but the forces of the Northern alliance and the Kuo Min-tang are seemingly grouping themselves for a renewal of the struggle in the spring. Sun Ch'uan-fang has concentrated his army in Southern Kiangsu and round Shanghai, and for the moment still holds Chekiang as far as Hangchow, the provincial capital. The troops of Chang Tsung-chang have advanced down the Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway into North Kiangsu as far as Nanking and the Yang-tsze, and the Fengtien forces have pushed down the Peking-Hankow line to the Yellow River. Further south, in Northern Honan, the railway is occupied by Wu Pei-fu's army. On the other side, the armies of the Kuo Min-tang are for the moment making no move, except possibly an advance by infiltration on the usual lines from Kiangsi and Fukien into Chekiang, and it seems that their counsels are divided as to the advisability of a serious attack at the present time on Sun's positions round Shanghai. In Central China they have pushed up to Ichang on the west, and along the railway to the mountainous country on the Hupei-Honan border to the north. Their allies, the Kuo Min-chun, withdrawn from the Suiyan-Paotou region into Kansu and Shensi, are pressing down from the latter province into Honan, thus threatening to take Wu Pei-fu in the rear. Feng Yü-hsiang is understood to be once more in supreme command of the Kuo Min-chun, whose operations he is understood to be directing from Eastern Kansu, and who have declared their political allegiance to the Kuo Min-tang Government at Wuchang.\n\n## 12\n\nHaving only recently arrived at my post, you will hardly look to me for any very critical analysis of the political situation or the forces now at work. But so far as I have been able to come to any conclusion it is the following:-\n\nThe North stand for nothing but the individual aims of a group of militarists, each out for his own hand, though, for the moment, under the nominal orders of Chang Tso-lin, who is the most powerful of them. At the moment of writing there is not even a pretence of a Government at Peking, and the coffers of the National Treasury are completely empty. Nevertheless, the North are still a power to be reckoned with; they have very large military forces at their command, and with these they intend to meet and defeat the South. Whether they will be able to do this is another matter; and I have received indications from two well-informed sources during the past week to the effect that Southern propaganda is very active even here in Peking, and that, if the opportunity occurs, labour here also will play its part.\n\n## 13\n\nAs to the South: Quot homines, tot sententiæ. But there can be no doubt that behind the Kuo Min-tang there is a national ideal quite different to anything behind the North, though the North would never admit as much. Unfortunately, for the time being, the Russians, and more especially Borodin, have a controlling influence over the South, and by means of labour appear to dominate the situation and the more moderate elements. From my conversations with Mr. Eugene Chen at Hankow I certainly drew the impression that he at least wished to come to terms with us--though possibly his terms would not have been such as we could accept. Events in the past few days have, however, confirmed the opinion of those who have held consistently that the Russians and the extremist wing of the party were determined, if necessary by provocation, to prevent a settlement with us or, in the alternative, gradually to annul all the rights and vested interests which we possess. How far it may still be possible to deal with the South, in view of what has just occurred at Hankow, is very doubtful. We can only await the report of Mr. O'Malley, who left for Hankow on the 6th instant.\n\nI have, &c.\n\n**MILES LAMPSON**",
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    {
        "id": 509531,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "page_number": 34,
        "title": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "content_text": "- 2 -\n\n38\n\nHis most trusted lieutenant is Chen Ming-shu, but he is without any soldiers.\n\n4. Chiang's resignation is not necessarily to the best interests of China at this juncture. His idea was not to push Chang Tso-lin out of Peking, back into his own Three Provinces, but merely to get his own troops as far as Hsuchow, Shantung, and then halt them there. He wanted peace. On the 15th or 16th of July, 1927, he sent representatives to Chang Tsung-chang at Tsinan, Shantung, to arrange for an armistice. Apparently, he did not consult his colleagues in Nanking beforehand, and they afterwards asked him why he wanted to \"join hands\" with Chang Tso-lin. Chiang replied that what he did was not to join hands with Chang, but to arrange for an armistice: there was a substantial difference between an armistice and a partnership.\n\n5. When Chiang retired, he did not first consult the Nanking Committee. The relations subsisting between him and the Committee had never been very cordial. Chiang is not \"broken\" as, for instance, Wu Pei-fu is. He may one day reappear in the political scene as an active and important participant.\n\nFeng Yu-hsiang.\n\n6. The present situation would depend much on the attitude of Feng Yu-hsiang. Feng has in the past received money and arms from Russia. He is well-disposed towards Russia, though Russia does not quite trust him. This can be borne out by certain documents discovered at the Russian Embassy when it was searched by the Peking Government some months ago. Feng is at present at Kaifeng, Honan. If he were permitted to come south of the Yangtze, there would be serious trouble for South China. He is untrustworthy, avaricious, and wicked. An incident in his official career will prove this estimate of",
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    {
        "id": 509538,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "page_number": 41,
        "title": "CO129-502-8 China- general situation 27-4-1927 - 15-9-1927",
        "content_text": "## The Military Situation\n\n45-\n\n25. Yen Shi-shan's troops have now got to Shek Chia-chang or Chen Tao. Chang Tso-lin's soldiers are at the north of the Fu Tao River. Feng Yu-hsiang has Honan, Shensi, and Kiangsu in his grip; while the Hankou clique holds sway over Hunan, Hupei, and Kiangsi.\n\n26. On the Nanking side, Ho Ying-chien and Pei Shung-hsi have the most men under them. Ho has done most of the fighting.\n\n27. General Ho Lung and General Ip Ting, who formerly belonged to the Hankow clique, and who have just been defeated by Chang Fat-kuei, have left Nanking and are near the northern border of Kwongtung.\n\n28. Sun Chuan-fang has driven the Nanking troops from Jechao near Tsingtao in Shantung to as far as Haichow in Kiangsu, which has been for a long time ruled by Pei Pao-shan. Pei's position at Haichow is similar to that of Li Fuk-lam's at Honam, Canton. They both seem to be fixtures at their respective domains. It is believed that Pei's troops have now got a little below Haichow, but they have not yet reached Chinkiang.\n\n## Despatch of Japanese Troops to Shantung\n\n29. There are about 1,000 Japanese soldiers at Tsinan, Shantung; and about 1,000 at Tsingtao. There is no doubt that at one time Japan wanted seriously to interfere with the internal affairs of China. The present Japanese Minister casts a covetous eye on Chinese territory. The Japanese soldiers that were recently sent to Shantung were not invited there by Chang Tso-lin at all. As a matter of fact, Chang Tso-lin and Yang Yu-ting personally protested at the Japanese Embassy against the despatch of troops to China. The people in North China are as much against this move of Japan as the people in the South. The Chambers of Commerce at Tientsin and Shantung have lodged strong protests. The reason why Japan sent troops was that at...",
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    {
        "id": 510563,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-504-11 Chinese communist inspired conspiracies- banishment of political revolutionary agitators 24-3-1927 - 20-7-1927",
        "page_number": 40,
        "title": "CO129-504-11 Chinese communist inspired conspiracies- banishment of political revolutionary agitators 24-3-1927 - 20-7-1927",
        "content_text": "No. 535.\n\nSir,\n\nCOPY\n\n40\n\nHONG KONG, 24th March 1927.\n\nre Chang Ming Foe, alias James Chang apparently a Netherland subject.\n\nWith reference to my conversation with Mr. P.J.J. Wodehouse, the Deputy Superintendent, this morning I have the honour to confirm herewith that the above individual wrote me the following postcard, dated the 23rd instant, and bearing the postmark \"Hong Kong\" and \"10 a.m.\".\n\n\"My dear Sir,\n\n\"Today I am to be the capture of Lim Soe Oen, General President of P.K.I., Canton, tonight 2 o'clock they want to bring me to Canton by the night steamer leave for Canton, help me, Sir! Report to the Police Station they will put me in the trunk.\n\n\"Your obedient servant\n-(Sd) Chang Ming Fu\"\n\n\"P.S. Now I am in the Tay a Lu Street, three spy watch me I can't do anything.\"\n\nThe postcard only reached me this morning and I saw Mr. Wodehouse immediately afterwards.\n\nThe young man has stated to me that he was born at Macassar, on October 13, 1902, that he is a Roman Catholic, and that his father is Mr. Chang Chong Lin, a merchant at Macassar.\n\nI can only give you a vague description. His height is medium, perhaps a little over. A very good face, showing traces of non-Chinese blood. His mother was Eurasian.\n\nThe Honourable,\nThe Captain Superintendent of Police,\nHONG KONG.\n\nPage 40\nPage 41",
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    {
        "id": 512774,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-507-3 China- anti-piracy precautions 31-10-1927 - 25-10-1928",
        "page_number": 119,
        "title": "CO129-507-3 China- anti-piracy precautions 31-10-1927 - 25-10-1928",
        "content_text": "122\n\n8\n\nmunitions from Chiang. Yen is apparently reluctant to renew the attack after the way he was let down by Feng last autumn. Chiang is not too sure of his control over Hankow, where the various Generals appear to be more concerned with personal intrigues than with the pursuit of the proposed northern campaign. In order to maintain central control from Nanking over the various Nationalist factions in the Wuhan district, Chiang Kai-Shek ordered Tan Yen-kai, the Chairman of the Nationalist Political Council, to proceed to Hankow, owing to the anti-Nanking attitude of Pei Chung-hsi and Cheng-chien. Tan Yen-kai being doubtful of his reception at Hankow has requested to be relieved of this duty.\n\nIn his search for support Chiang Kai-Shek has informed Chang Fa-kuei (the notorious Red extremist) that he is prepared to overlook the latter's Communist activities if he will in return join him in the northern campaign. Chang Fa-kuei, who was driven out of Canton last December, is at present with the Communist forces of Ho Lung and Yeh Ting in eastern Kwantung, where a reign of terror and frightfulness has been in existence for the last three months. The fact that Chiang is anxious for the support of such a character indicates how insecure he feels his own position to be.\n\nHuang Fu, who became Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Nanking Government during February, recently issued a manifesto containing the aims of the Nanking regime. According to the manifesto it is hoped to open negotiations at an early date for the revision of foreign treaties, but in the meanwhile it is desired to cultivate friendly relations with the Powers, to remove all sources of misunderstanding and difficulty, and to protect the lives and property of all foreigners. It only remains to be seen whether the present regime will be any less anti-foreign in its policy than its predecessors.\n\nCommunist agitators having lately found it impossible to make any progress in Hupeh transferred their activities to Shanghai, but owing to recent raids on their premises in the International Settlement, French Concession, and Chinese territory they have now decided to leave for Moscow,\n\nOwing to the extensive damage done in Canton city during the Communist rising of December last, the local Government is in desperate need of funds for relief and reconstruction work. To obtain this it is intended to levy a special surtax of 20 per cent., additional to the existing customs dues and Washington surtaxes.\n\nH.M. Consul-General states that the need is both legitimate and pressing, and considers that the Canton authorities should be informed that although a formal protest would have to be lodged in order to maintain our treaty position, no further opposition to its collection would be offered by Great Britain.\n\nH.M. Minister has recently visited various ports during his tour to South China, and was much impressed with the cordiality\n\n9\n\nof his reception at Foochow, which was a striking contrast to his previous experience of Nationalist Governments.\n\nAt Canton, Sir Miles Lampson was entertained with marked courtesy and hospitality by Li Chai-sum, who abandoned his usual reserve and appeared to go out of his way to be friendly. Sir Miles had two long interviews with Li, when the whole political field was traversed in a frank and friendly atmosphere. H.M. Minister considers this visit and exchange of views can be regarded as a distinct success if Li Chai-sum can only maintain his present position as virtual ruler of Kwantung.\n\nSir Miles Lampson hopes to be able to visit Nanking at the invitation of the Nanking Government on his way back to Peking, provided that a settlement of the outrage of 1927 has been satisfactorily arrived at. To this end unofficial discussions are in progress. Chen-chien, the author of the outrages, continues to be one of the chief obstacles to a settlement: owing to his present influential position at Hankow the Nanking regime state that they are quite unable to take any disciplinary action against him, though he is the chief of the culprits whose punishment the British Government demand.\n\nEGYPT.\n\nKing Fuad's reception in England in August 1927, was greatly appreciated by a large number of Egyptians, and the British Government took advantage of the favourable conditions so created to commence discussions with Egypt with the object of negotiating a Treaty of Alliance which would form the basis of relations between the two countries.\n\nThe draft of the proposed Treaty was under discussion in London during November, and Sarwat Pasha, the Egyptian Prime Minister, subsequently returned to Cairo with an agreed draft which was to be considered by the Egyptian Government.\n\nFrom December 1927, until March 1928, the precise interpretation of various clauses in the Treaty and certain amendments suggested, were under discussion between Sarwat Pasha and His Majesty's Government. On 25th February, Sarwat Pasha at length made known the terms of the Treaty to his colleagues in the Egyptian Government, and endeavoured to obtain their agreement. The Treaty was also shown to Mustapha Nahas Pasha, the President of the Wafd (or Nationalist party), which is in a majority in the Egyptian parliament. On 2nd March, Sarwat Pasha informed Lord Lloyd, H.M. High Commissioner in Egypt, that his Government had decided to reject the Treaty, principally on the ground that it constituted legal recognition of the presence of the British Army in Egypt. The formal refusal of the Egyptian Government was handed in on 4th March, and Sarwat Pasha at the same time tendered his resignation of office to King Fuad.\n\n123",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-509-16 Application by Sir Robert Hon Tung for commission in Chinese Army for his son 3-2-1928 - 3-2-1928",
        "page_number": 6,
        "title": "CO129-509-16 Application by Sir Robert Hon Tung for commission in Chinese Army for his son 3-2-1928 - 3-2-1928",
        "content_text": "- 2 -\n\n6\n\nsoldier, and begged me to do my utmost to obtain for him a commission from either Marshal Chang Tso Lin or Wu Pei Fu.\n\nI accordingly placed the facts before Marshal Chang Tso-Lin, who, in order to help my son in his studies, was kind enough to give him a commission, which I presume must be an honorary one, since my son is not drawing any salary, or doing any work for Marshal Chang, the whole idea being to enable my son to enter the French Military Staff College.\n\nI feel it is due to my son to state that he seemed genuinely distressed with the present chaotic state of China, and was ever desirous of performing some useful service to China. This desire increased with the passage of years, and in wishing to become a soldier he was actuated by an honest desire to serve China. Your Excellency can readily understand that my son's wishes and aspirations could not, and did not, escape strong family opposition; it was however hoped that time would act as a corrective of his views, and would adjust matters.\n\nOn the 12th January I heard that certain formalities in connection with his renunciation of British nationality had not been completed, and I at once cabled to his sister in London (he himself being then in France) as follows:-\n\n\"If possible strongly advise Robbie not to renounce British Nationality until conference with me consult Lockhart.\" (Sir Stewart Lockhart).\n\nI am expecting my son to arrive here about the middle of March for a holiday.\n\nI hope that no words are necessary from me to assure Your Excellency of my intense loyalty to the British Government, and to the Colony of my birth; my whole life constitutes sufficient proof of my patriotism and sincere sentiments as a loyal subject of His Majesty the King.\n\nI desire only to add that should Your Excellency desire any further explanation from me, I shall have the honour to wait on Your Excellency any time that Your Excellency may desire.\n\nI have the honour to be,\n\nSir,\n\nYour obedient servant,\n\n(Sd) R. HÓ TUNG.\n\nPage\n\n- 3 -\n\nconstitutes\n\nPage\n\nage 7\n\nage 7",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-509-16 Application by Sir Robert Hon Tung for commission in Chinese Army for his son 3-2-1928 - 3-2-1928.txt",
        "external_url": "",
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        "id": 515199,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-510-20 Query on boundary of Leased Territories 8-5-1928 - 8-5-1928",
        "page_number": 4,
        "title": "CO129-510-20 Query on boundary of Leased Territories 8-5-1928 - 8-5-1928",
        "content_text": "35\n\n50'\n\n. 560\n\nSai-heung\n\n55\n\n¤ Chi-au\n\nPak-sha\n\nKong-chuk-shin\n\nSai-leka\n\nWong-li\n\nSHANT\n\nMa-un-chau\n\nYou-i-chau\n\nPa-un-chau\n\n| Sui-shan\n\nTai-shan\n\nMa-chau\n\n30\n\n25'\n\n114\"\n\n5'\n\nHI-LONG\n\n4 END\n\n10\n\nPun-tra\n\nMong-tin-fu\n\n-Young-mi\n\nKak-ho a\n\nd\n\ne\n\n• A-po-fing\n\nHa-tsüno\n\nY\n\nNam hango\n\n\"Muk-lin-wan\n\ne\n\n1540.\n\nTiu-hang\n\nSa-wan-hui p\n\nPo-kak\n\n500\n\nf\n\nV\n\nSheng-ling pr\n\n- 670\n\nSan-wais\n\nพ\n\nTang-long\n\n$\n\n1320\n\nn\n\n530\n\nChu-kong-tao\n\nChe-kong\n\nKak-un\n\n. 1450\n\n• San-hu\n\n•Ham-tsin\n\nShang-mui-lam- Ba-mia-lama\n\nLing-pra\n\n$140.\n\nTaishan Bay\n\nNam-tau-shing\n\n■ Shek-kiu-tau Kwan hau\n\nTai-tour\n\nMalek wa\n\nCheung-ha\n\nKwai facu Tai-sun-ki\n\nat\n\nTreng-lung-waż\n\nTun-tays\n\nNguk\n\nHau-hon\n\n1100\n\nNAM-TAU-SHAN\n\nWanha\n\n*900\n\n960\n\nChak-wan\n\nShui-wan-l'au\n\n+\n\nGreen Pt\n\nChak wan\n\n52' E.\n\nSouth West Pt\n\nLung-ku\n\nIning hutan\n\n200\n\nSan-tong\n\nPak-shek\n\n600\n\nChe-kang mai\n\nSha 1.6\n\nHAU\n\nHOI\n\n(DE E P\n\nSai\n\nWAN\n\nBAY)\n\nhing-tau\n\nSa tin\n\nKom\n\nTarun hay Man ha\n\nMa\n\nD Sab ho\n\nKi-hom-tus p\n\n1260\n\nPin-sum\n\nPin-on\n\nButte\n\nSunkong\n\nMa-na\n\nChai lungArai •\n\nTai-tao-loung\n\nTung-kom\n\nTaizpR-\n\n470.\n\nKaktin\n\nRifle Range\n\nCamp\n\nno-po\n\nDAIK HILL\n\n200\n\nIpow Sham-cham\n\nHours raining tung\n\nSa-up-\n\nLofi\n\nKow-hua\n\n□ Sun-hun Sha-tan\n\nSung-tsau\n\nMangrove Swamp\n\n3\n\n1\n\nThese twe sit: earns lose themselves in The Paddy Ficlas\n\nShui-wai\n\nShahba\n\nStung-pu\n\n·Taishang-\n\nSalt Pans\n\n- (disused)\n\nMa\n\nWai-chua Ro\n\nPokwa\n\nSuitati\n\nKong\n\nLong-tatt\n\nKad biw\n\n*n-kong\n\npanghaj\n\nSheun\n\n| Lunst-in-chin-\n\nHing\n\ndong in ha\n\nKong tau ha Wa-chaing Ha\n\nShek-pat-way\n\nLi tion-wia o\n\nBung bungs\n\nAu has\n\n-louny's\n\nKlo-taur",
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    {
        "id": 516278,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "- 3 -\n\n29\n\ndeclared the independence of Kweichow and hoisted the five-bar flag. Thereafter his assistance would be enlisted, by payment of another subsidy, to help Tang Chi-yu, the younger brother of the late Marshal Tang Chi-yao, to subjugate Yunnan, and bring that province into the Confederation also. This would mean that four provinces would be in league together, namely, Kwongtung, Kwongsi, Kweichow and Yunnan. After such an union it would be easy to capture Fukien which is very sparsely garrisoned.\n\n6.\n\nSzechuan is a province in which there are now about six or seven groups, each independent of the others. It would be very difficult to reconcile all these conflicting interests and bring them in line with the other provinces named. But as soon as there is open conflict between Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yu-hsiang, Wu Pei-fu, with the assistance of one of the more powerful groups in the province, may succeed in composing the differences of the various groups and bring them under his own authority. In that event Szechuan would also join the Confederation, making six provinces in all.\n\n7. With these provinces united, the Navy in Shanghai may also declare its independence of the Central Government. Yen Shi-shan and Chang Hsueh-liang are sympathetic with the objects of the Confederation, but they have made it known that in the case of Yen Shi-shan, he would not move his troops South of the Yellow River, and in the case of Chang Hsueh-liang, beyond Shanhaikwan.\n\n8. It must be admitted that the Confederation has no real power at present, though it wields a great influence by virtue of the names of its leaders, such as Marshals Tuan Chi-jui, Wu Pei-fu and Sun Chuan-fang, all good men. And this influence is increasing from day to day.\n\n9.",
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    {
        "id": 516288,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 39,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure No.7\n\n39\n\nList of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Governor's Political Despatch of 9th May, 1929, and its enclosures.\n\n| Name | Chinese Characters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Chu Chao-hsin | (朱兆莘) |\n| Chan Ming-shu | (陳銘樞) |\n| C. T. WANG | (王正廷) |\n| Ch'an Ch'eung-lok | (陳長樂) |\n| Fa Yün | (花縣) (172) |\n| Chiang Kai-shek |  |\n| Feng Yu-hsiang | (馮玉祥) |\n| Hu Tsung-to | (胡宗鐸) |\n| Tao Tsun | (陶鈞) |\n| Hsia Wei | (夏威) |\n| Chak Sang | (澤生) |\n| Ch'an Chak | (陳策) |\n| Ch'an Chai-t'ong |  |\n| Tsui King-t'ong | (徐景) |\n| Ch'an Kwing-ming | (陳炯明) |\n| Shou-son Chow | (周壽臣) |\n| Ho Chien | (何健) |\n| Leung Wing-son | (梁永燊) |\n| Li Chai-sum | (李濟深) |\n| Ma Chiu-shun | (馬超俊) |\n| Szu-ch'uan | (四川) |\n| Chen Chiung-ming |  |\n| Sun Liang-cheng | (孫良誠) |\n| Kuomintang | (國民黨) |\n| Chow Shai-shing |  |\n| Tang Chi-yu | (唐繼虐) -> (唐繼堯) |\n| Tang Chi-yao | (唐繼堯) |\n| Wu Pei-fu | (吳佩孚)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    {
        "id": 516291,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 42,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "- 2 \n- 42 \n\nhowever, only a body of six thousand troops under his personal command, half stationed in Canton and the other half in Hainan island and the southern region of Kwangtung province known as the Ha-sz-fu.\n\nThe only other Cantonese leader of note, who is willing to take orders from Marshal Chiang is General Ch'an Chai-t'ong, who was previously a subordinate of Marshal Li Chai-sum, and who was paid a bribe of $700,000 by Marshal Chiang, in order to abandon his allegiance to the Kwangsi party. General Ch'an Chai-t'ong, who in the absence of General Ch'an Ming-sha is acting as head of the Kwangtung administration, and whose headquarters at present are in Canton, has under his command a body of about twelve thousand troops; and his forces are under three Commanders, Heung Hon-ping, Yu Hon-mau and Ch'an Cheung-po, each of whom has from 4,000 to 5,000 men. The troops of Heung Hon-ping are stationed on the West River near Canton. The troops of Yu Hon-mau are stationed on the North River, also in the vicinity of Canton. The troops of Ch'an Cheung-po are stationed in the zone of the Kowloon-Canton railway.\n\nThe third prominent Cantonese General, Tsui King-t'ong, is stationed at Swatow, and has under his command a body of fifteen thousand men, some at Swatow, some in the Ch'iu-chau district, and some on the frontier between Kwangtung and the Kiangsi and Fukien provinces. General Tsui has definitely refused to obey Marshal Chiang's order to attack Kwangsi. He has, in fact, intimated to...",
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    {
        "id": 516296,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 47,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "# List of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Governor Political Despatch of the 26th of April, 1929.\n\nChiang Kai-shek (蔣介石)  \nCheung Fat-fui (張發奎)  \nHo Chien (何健)  \nFeng Yu-hsiang (馮玉祥)  \n\n## \nCh'an Ming-shu (陳銘樞)  \nHa-sz-fu (下四府)  \nCh'an Chai-t'ong (陳濟棠)  \nLi Chai-sum (李濟深)  \nHeung Hon-ping (香翰屏)  \nYu Hon-mau (余漢謀)  \nCh'an Cheung-po (陳章甫)  \nTsui-king-t'ong (徐景唐)  \nCh'iu-chau (潮州)  \nTang Ying-wa (鄧彥華)  \nMau Pui-nam (繆培南)  \nWong Shiu-hung (黃紹雄)  \nWong Ying-yu (王應榆)  \nLi Tsung-jon (李宗仁)  \nPai Cheung-hsi (白崇禧)  \nWu-han (武漢)  \nSsu-ch'uan (四川)  \nKueichou (貴州)  \nLiang Kwong (兩廣)  \nT. V. Sung (宋子文)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    {
        "id": 516318,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 69,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## Inclosure No. 2\n\n69\n\nList of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Governor's Political Despatch of 4th April, 1929, and its enclosure.\n\n| Name | Chinese Characters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Li Chai-sum | (李濟深) |\n| Shiu Kwan | (韶關) |\n| Chan Chai-tong | (陳濟棠) |\n| Tsui King-tong | (徐景唐) |\n| Tang Yin-wa | (鄧彥華) |\n| Chan Chak | (陳策) |\n| Fung Chuk-man | (馮祝萬) |\n| Ch'an Ming-shü | (陳銘樞) |\n| Cheung Kwong-nai | (蔣光鼐) |\n| Tsoi Ting-kai | (蔡廷鍇) |\n| Tang Sai-tsang | (鄧世昌) |\n| Samuel Wong |  |\n| Ha-sz-fu | (下司府) |\n| Chu Chao-hsin | (朱兆莘) |\n| Leung Chek-wan | (梁植槐) |\n| Li Tsung-jen | (李宗仁) |\n| Wong Shiu-hung | (黃紹雄) |\n| Pai Chung-hsi | (白崇禧) |\n| Ho Chien | (何健) |\n| Lung Wan | (龍雲) |\n| Feng Yü-hsiang | (馮玉祥) |\n| Chiang Kai-shek | (蔣介石) |\n| Heung shan | (香山) |\n| Cheung Fat-fui | (張發奎) |\n| Mau Pui-nam | (繆培南) |\n| Nam-Ch'ang |  |\n| Kuomintang | (國民黨) |\n| Li Tsai-hsin | (李濟新) |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    {
        "id": 516325,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 76,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "Enclosure No. 2\n\n**CONFIDENTIAL**\n\nHonourable Colonial Secretary,\n\nYesterday at 2 p.m. General Chan Kwing-ming (Chen Chiung-ming) rang me up on the telephone and said that he would like to call on me at my house at 3 p.m. He arrived punctually at the appointed hour, and gave me the following information which is reproduced as near as he gave it to me.\n\n1. I have been to Japan on a holiday and afterwards to Dairen and other parts of North China, and have just returned to the Colony. I remember informing you at the beginning of last year that it was my belief that the Nationalists would defeat Chang Tso-lin, not by feat of arms but with money and propaganda; and that thereafter there would be some semblance of unification of the country. I also said that such unification would be more in name than in reality, and that before long there would be a split in Chiang Kai-shek's own camp. My prognostications have come true.\n\n2. With such fears agitating my mind, I resolved to do whatever I could to bring about an understanding among the real makers of the Republic, such as Tuan Chi-jui and Wu Pei-fu, as well as among the moderates now in authority. I believe that I casually mentioned this idea to you when I saw you for a short time at the beginning of 1928, and I also told you that I was compiling a memorandum setting forth my views. That memorandum has been completed,",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 516326,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "- 2 -\n\nX \n\ncompleted, but I had no time to show it to you before \nI left for Japan. It is now ready, and I will send \na copy to you for the perusal of yourself and \nSir Shou-son Chow, and, if you think it has any \nvalue, the perusal of His Excellency the Governor. \nI have no personal ambition, but I feel that every \ncitizen of China should conceive it his duty to \nwork, according to his ability, for a lasting peace \nin the country.\n\n3. \nChang Tso-lin, before his death, and Tuan Chi-jui heard of my scheme, and expressed a desire to \nsee the memorandum when it was finished. As I am in Hong Kong, I will not discuss, or concern \nmyself with politics. I must not abuse the \nhospitality of the Colony. When I was in Japan, I \nwas invited by Chang Hsueh-liang and Yang Yu-ting to \nmeet them at Dairen, together with representatives of \nTuan Chi-jui, Wu Pei-fu, and Sun Chuan-fang. \nBy the \ntime I reached Dairen, Yang Yu-ting had unfortunately \nmet with his death at the hands of Chang Hsueh-liang, \nand so I desisted from meeting Chang.\n\n4. \nWhen in Dairen, I met informally the \nrepresentatives of Tuan Chi-jui, Wu Pei-fu, Chang \nChung-chang, and Sun Chuan-fang. \nI propounded my \nscheme before them, and they communicated my views to their principals. My scheme is roughly this: \n\n(a) There should be a Central Government with full \nauthority over the army and the navy; \n(b) the country being so large, each province should have some sort of autonomy in the government of its local affairs; \n(c) the men in command of armies in the province \nshould...",
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    {
        "id": 516328,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 79,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## 4 \n## 6.\nThe Pact will not try to upset the present regime by force of arms. Its work will be in the direction of bringing home to the people a true realisation of the evil of government of the country by one single Party, and of the fallacy of some of the doctrines of the Kuomintang. There was a report in the newspapers not long ago that I would command an army against the Nationalists. The whole thing was a fabrication. As I have informed you, I have no political ambition; all that I desire is lasting peace to the long-suffering people.\n\n## 7.\nIt is my belief that Tang Seng-chi, although he is now siding with Chiang Kai-shek, is at heart by no means in sympathy with Chiang's policy and methods. I think that he is making use of Chiang Kai-shek just as much as Chiang is making use of him. I would not guarantee that he would throw his whole weight on Chiang's side when he has regained his old political and military position. Tang Seng-chi is a good general, and a sound and shrewd man, though possessing little political experience. I did not believe that he would \"come out\" at this juncture, but he, of course, knows his own business best.\n\n## 8.\nWu Pei-fu, as practically everyone knows, is an honest man, though very obstinate and holding rather narrow views in political matters. I understand from his representative that he has seen the folly of his former policy of unifying the whole country by force of arms, and he has now come round to my policy (on which my friendship with him once wrecked) namely, autonomous government of the provinces, under a Central Government, instead of unifying the country by force,\n\n## 9.",
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    {
        "id": 516334,
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 85,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "-10- \n## 84 \n\nAt his recent dishonourable way of treating Li Chai-sum. Li Chai-sum went to Nanking on his invitation, as a representative of Kwongtung to the big Conference, and as a mediator between Nanking and Hunan. If such a man could stand for long as the head of a nation, then there is no such a thing as political honesty or such a thing as loyalty between superior and subordinate. With the removal of Chiang Kai-shek, a worse influence will take his place Feng Yu-hsiang, as I have stated. What else can take place? The scheme that I have just expounded. Let the country be governed by honest men and experienced statesmen like Tuan Chi-jui, and honourable men and clean fighters like Wu Pei-fu. As for myself, I have no ambition whatever. \n\nI do not want any office. I only hope that the moderates in power, such as Li Chai-sum and Li Chung-jen, Tang Seng-chi and Sun Chuan-fang, will throw in their lot with such a government when it is formed, not for their individual good, but for the good of the country as a whole. \n\n**(Signed) R. H. Kotewall** \n26th March, 1929.",
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    {
        "id": 516336,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 86,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## List of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Governor's Political Despatch of 27th March, 1929, and its enclosures.\n\n- Li Chai-sum (李濟深)\n- Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石)\n- Chan Ming-shu (陳銘樞)\n- Ch'an Kwing-ming (陳炯明)\n- Sun Yat-sen (孫逸仙)\n- Feng Yu-hsiang (馮玉祥)\n- Yeung Shu-chong (楊樹莊)\n- Chu P'ei-teh (朱培德)\n- P'ang P'ai (彭湃)\n- Hoi-Luk-Fung (海陸豐)\n- Cheung Fat-fui (張發奎)\n- Chang Tso-lin (張作霖)\n- Tuan Chi-jui (段祺瑞)\n- Wu Pei-fu (吳佩孚)\n- Shou-son Chow (周壽臣)\n- Chang Hsueh-liang (張學良)\n- Yang Yu-ting (楊宇霙)\n- Sun Chuan-fang (孫傳芳)\n- Chang Chung-chang (張宗昌)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 516347,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 97,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "-4 \n\n96 \n\nConversation on this occasion, as also at the dinner party on the previous evening, was entirely in Cantonese. \n\nDuring this conference Marshal Li said to me that the settlement of the Tsinan-fu incident came under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Office at Nanking, and that he was not conversant with the matter; that the forces of Marshal Chang Chung-chang now in Shantung were not large, and that, according to telegraphic information from the north, they had been repeatedly defeated by the Nationalists. No serious trouble was to be expected from Chang Chung-chang. \n\nHe said that the dispute between the Nanking Government and Wuhan Branch Political Council, regarding the dismissal of Lo Tik-ping by the latter, arose through a misunderstanding due to the respective administrative powers of the Nanking Government and the Branch Political Councils not being clearly defined. General Li Tsung-jen, as Chairman of the Wuhan Branch Political Council, finding irregularities in the acts of Lo Tik-ping in that he aimed at controlling the finances of Hunan and also protected the Communists, had at once dismissed Lo from Office, so as to forestall trouble. Li Tsung-jen had to act on his own responsibility, in order to carry out the Kuomintang policy of purifying the country, eliminating Communism, protecting the Party and the Nation and maintaining peace and order. Li had submitted",
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    {
        "id": 516368,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 118,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## 3 \n\n117 \n\nKai-shek come into the open as enemies, the former may champion the cause of the extremists on the Left Side, whose political doctrines are dangerously near the boundary of Communism.\n\n## 6 \n\nThis morning's telegraphic news in the Chinese Press that Tang Seng-chi with Wu Pei-fu, Chan Kwing-ming and others will be appointed to command one of five armies against the Nationalist Government is not true in so far as Tang himself is concerned. It is true that something was afoot a few months ago in Manchuria to form a combination of the \"older generals\" but Tang Seng-chi never participated in any conference either personally or by deputy.\n\n## 7 \nTang Seng-chi has no wish to be mixed up in politics. If, however, a large section of the people want him for the preservation of the present status quo, he may re-emerge from retirement, but he will never be a party to disturbing the prevailing state of affairs. Tang's family are also in the Colony, and he is building a house costing about $150,000 on Stubbs Road. Chan Yau-ka does not know whether he has bought other property in the Colony: at any rate, none has been acquired in Tang's own name. It is well known that Tang Seng-chi, although not a poor man, is by no means wealthy; he has just sufficient to live comfortably in retirement.\n\n## 8 \nChan Yau-ka himself does not believe that Wang Ching-wei has arrived at the Straits Settlements as was reported in the Press the other day; he thinks that Wang is still in France. This belief is strengthened by the fact that his most able Lieutenant, Chan Kung-pok, is soon leaving Shanghai for France.\n\n## 9 \nChan Kung-pok is a very able politician. He is...",
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    {
        "id": 516383,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 133,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## \nLi Pen-hsien (李品仙)  \nPei Chung-hsi (白崇禧)  \nWong Ching-wei (汪精衛)  \nWu Pei-fu (吴佩孚)  \nChan Kwing-ming (陳炯明)  \nChan Kung-pok (陳公博)  \nSoong Mei-ling (宋美齡)  \nCheung Ki-wang (張其鍠)  \nTang Tin-yu (唐天姐)  \nChan Ka-mo (陳嘉謨)  \nChan On (陳安)  \n\n## \n131",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 516407,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 157,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "155\n\ninto the forces of the Kwangsi group. You will remember that it was the defection of General T'ang Shang-chih from Marshal Wu Pei-fu and his alliance with the Nationalist armies in their advance from Canton, which effected the overthrow of Marshal Wu and gave Hankow to the Nationalists.\n\n6.\n\nMarshal Chiang evidently hopes to retain Marshal Li Chai-sum in some relatively unimportant post at Nanking and thereby to prevent his exercising a real influence on the situation in South China. Some high-sounding title such as Chief of Staff of the Nationalist Armies would be found for him; but in effect, he would be removed from the Command of such troops as are loyal to him.\n\n7.\n\nOnly time can show whether these manoeuvres of Marshal Chiang against the Kwangsi group will succeed; but I may mention that, when I paid a visit of ceremony to Marshal Li at Canton in March, 1928, he and General Ch'an Ming-shu at one of our meetings took me aside and the three of us conversed in Cantonese out of earshot of anyone else. General Ch'an then said to me that I had no doubt noticed in the Chinese press many statements to the effect that he was not really loyal to Marshal Li. He went on to observe that I must realize from the mere fact that he was discussing this matter with me in the presence of Marshal Li that there was no foundation for the statements in the newspapers. I believe the truth to be that General Ch'an is a personal friend of Marshal Li, but that politically his views are more in line with those of Marshal Chiang than with those of the Kwangsi group.\n\n8/",
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    {
        "id": 516414,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 164,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "## Enclosure No.3\n\n161\n\nList of Chinese characters for the names given \nin the Secret Despatch of 18th January, 1929, and its \nenclosures.\n\n| Name | Chinese Characters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Chiang Kai-shek | 蔣介石 |\n| Sun Yat-sen | 孫中山/孫逸仙 |\n| T.V. Sung | 宋子文 |\n| Ch'an Kung-pok | 陳公博 |\n| Feng Yu-hsiung | 馮玉祥 |\n| Li Chai-sum | 李濟深 |\n| Liang Awang | ... |\n| Ch'an Ming-shu | 陳銘樞 |\n| Wong Shiu-hung | 黃紹竑 |\n| Li Tsung-jen | 李宗仁 |\n| Pai Chung-hsi | 白崇禧 |\n| Huang Shang-chih | ... |\n| Wu Pei-fu | 吳佩孚 |\n| T'ung Shao-yi | 唐紹儀 |\n| Ku Tau | 古兜 |\n| Kwong Chow-wan | 廣州灣/廣州 |\n| Tong Ka-ts'un | 唐家村 |\n| Sun Fo | 孫科 |\n| K'ung (Yung-chih) | 孔(庸之) |\n| Chang Tso-lin | 張作霖 |\n| Kuo Sung-lin | 郭松齡 |\n| Pei Sung-hsi | 白崇禧 |\n| Chu Chao-hsin | 朱兆華/朱兆辛 |\n| C.C.Wu | 伍朝樞 |",
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    {
        "id": 516430,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "page_number": 180,
        "title": "CO129-512-1 Political situation in China- and Canton 30-11-1928 - 23-5-1929",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure No. 3\n\n177\n\n## List of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Secret Despatch of 27th December, 1928, and its enclosures.\n\n| Name | Chinese Characters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Li Chai-sum | (李濟深) |\n| Chan Ming-shu | (陳銘樞) |\n| Tseung Kwong nai | 蒋 |\n| Cheung Fat-fui | (張發) |\n| Hoi-luk Fung | (海陸豐) |\n| Ku Tau | (古兜) |\n| Chiu Chik-chi | (趙植芝) |\n| San Chung Kwok Po | (新中國報) |\n| Sinkiang | (新疆) |\n| Li Tsai Sham | (李濟深) |\n| Vuens | (院) |\n| Peiping | (北平) |\n| Tseung | 蒋 |\n| Anwei | (安徽) |\n| Chekiang | (浙江) |\n| Kong Yun | (江隤) |\n| Wu Shieh | (無錫) |\n| Ng Chi Tei | (吳稚輝) |\n| Tsoi Yuen Pui | (蔡元培) |\n| Cheung Ching Kong | (張靜江) |\n| Wuhan | (武漢) |\n| Wu Chin Tong | (胡展堂) |\n| Wu Hon Man | (胡漢民) |\n| Tai Kwai To | (戴季陶) |\n| Chan Kwo Fu | (陳果夫) |\n| Lou Pan | (繆) |\n| Shek Ka Chong | (石) |\n| Pak (Shung Hi) | (白崇禧) |\n\nPage 180  \nPage 181",
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    {
        "id": 516471,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-512-2 Political situation in China- and Canton 31-5-1929 - 13-11-1929",
        "page_number": 29,
        "title": "CO129-512-2 Political situation in China- and Canton 31-5-1929 - 13-11-1929",
        "content_text": "## List of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the Officer Administering the Government's Political Despatch of the 11th of October, 1929.\n\n27\n\nChiang Kai-shek (**蒋介石**)\n\nCheung Fat-fui (**張奎**)\n\nShasi (**沙市**)\n\nYangtze (**揚子江**)\n\nHankow (**漢口**)\n\nNanking (**南京**)\n\nIchang (**宜昌**)\n\nHunan (**湖南**)\n\nShen Chow Fu (**辰州府**)\n\nFeng Yu-hsiang (**馮玉祥**)\n\nYen Hsi-shan (**閻錫山**)\n\nTang Shang-chi (**唐生智**)\n\nSzechuan (**四川**)\n\nYu Tsok-pak (**俞作柏**)\n\nLei Ming-sui (**李明瑞**)\n\nYeung Tang-fai (**楊騰輝**)\n\nLui Wun-yim (**呂煥炎**)\n\nWong Tsing-wai (**汪精衛**)\n\nHo Lung (**賀龍**)\n\nChu Tak (**朱德**)\n\nMo Chak-tung (**毛澤東**)\n\nCh'an Tsai-tong (**陳濟棠**)\n\nWuchow (**梧州**)\n\nKueilin (**桂林**)\n\nLi Tsung-jen (**李宗仁**)\n\nTsui King-tong (**崔景龍** is not present, possibly a mis-OCR of another name, no correction made)\n\nChan Kung-pok (**陳公博**)\n\nNanning (**南寧**)",
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    {
        "id": 520946,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-520-1 Chinese situations 20-12-1929 - 27-1-1931",
        "page_number": 34,
        "title": "CO129-520-1 Chinese situations 20-12-1929 - 27-1-1931",
        "content_text": "List of Chinese Characters for Names mentioned in the \n\nOfficer Administering the Government's Political Despatch of the 8th of May, 1930.\n\n34\n\nChiang Kai Shek - 蒋介石\n\nYen Hsi Shan - 閻錫山\n\nWu Pei Fu - 吴佩孚\n\nSsu Chuan - 四川\n\nWong Ching Wei - 汪精衛\n\nKuomintang - 国民党\n\nPei Ping - 北平\n\nKam Hon Ting - 金漢鼎\n\nChan Chai Tong - 陳濟棠\n\nChan Ming Shu - 陳銘樞\n\nNam Hung - 南雄\n\nChi Hing - 始興\n\nTsang Yau Yan - 曾友仁\n\nLam Pang Shang - 林彭生\n\nWong Kong - 黄岡\n\nShan Ko - 神苛\n\nMui Ling - 梅嶺\n\nF'an Ki Mo - 范其務\n\nMan Kwok Yat Po - 民国日報\n\nWei-hei-wei - 威海衛\n\nShek Ki - 石岐\n\nPak Fa - 白花",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-520-1 Chinese situations 20-12-1929 - 27-1-1931.txt",
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    {
        "id": 521177,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-520-6 Railway development- Canton-Kowloon Railway 5-11-1929 - 5-11-1930",
        "page_number": 78,
        "title": "CO129-520-6 Railway development- Canton-Kowloon Railway 5-11-1929 - 5-11-1930",
        "content_text": "248\n\nTHE CHINA CRITIC\n\nMarch 13, 1930\n\nMarch 13, 1930\n\nTHE CHINA CRITIC\n\n83\n\n249\n\nserted in the rectangular or square or oblique spaces left over by the advertisements. As we probably have not yet finished with International Cables, we can go right on with them. If the page happens to begin again in the middle of a sentence with no repeated head, the reader can go back to page eight of Sheet No. Two and pick up his cue. After half a column or so of this unfinished international matter, comes the \"Important News\" section, the definition of which is, contrary to the general simplicity of the editorial scheme, somewhat hard to find. Classified under these \"Important News,\" I find, for example, the resolutions of the Third Plenary Session (although the man with the new-fangled idea might regard this as front-page stuff), but one's sense of confusion begins gradually to increase, when one finds the following items regarded as important, viz., the increase of customs duties in Amoy, the burning of a railway station along the Nanshin Railway, the official Inauguration speech of a Hupeh provincial committee member, etc., etc.\n\nIf we proceed, in this cautious and guarded manner, we shall soon come to the murders, suicides, elopements, rape, seductions, abductions, hold-ups, snatching of hand-bags, capture of bandits, divorces, fires, and shipwrecks. Here the \"Dog-gone-it\" editorial policy is seen to the greatest advantage, for, though the case of some shop apprentice running away with the master's daughter may be written up large, the various items are generally left to stand in their pell-mell order. The editor has thus resisted, from a matter of habit and sheer inertia, the temptation to play up crime and disasters, which is the common weakness of western journalists.\n\nBy this time, my frayed nerves were already feeling the strain, and I became possessed with a crushing sense of the futility of my hunt for educational, inspirational, and informational reading matter. Perhaps it is not fair to expect the \"things of truth and of beauty\" in a modern newspaper, no matter in what language, but one is not exactly prepared for the \"PLEASE GIVE ME CASH\" of Tang To, or for the cry of \"Those Who Believe In Me Come Quick-Quick!\" of Yao Tso-tun, not to mention the numerous insertions about massage by \"young Parisian Girls,\" \"young European girls,\" \"young western girls\" which appear every day in the Want Ad. Columns.\n\nGenerally speaking, this way of editing a newspaper must be conceded to be by far the most pleasurable way yet found in any country. One feels no obligation to say anything important or offensive in the leaders. The political news is generally a wholesale, indiscriminate and unedited reproduction of the official communiques of the government organs. There need be no classification of news bearing on the same topic or movement, no worrying about writing leading paragraphs, no selection and co-ordination of news material, and above all no sub-heads, which implies that the editor has no obligation to go through the copy at all. There is more desire on the part of the different editors to accommodate each other with unused space, and the general fellow-feeling and moral tone in the editorial staff is greatly heightened. The demands for consideration of the average newspaper reader have not inconvenienced the editors to any appreciable extent, and the editors, on their part, promise also not to interfere with the reader's business, so that peace and amiability may prevail and everybody may go his own way. So long live the Shanghai Big Press and long live the Land of the Free!\n\nRailway Problems Of 1930\n\nBy Thomas Ming-heng Chao\n\nIn a lengthy memorandum submitted to the Third Plenary Session of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang which opened in Nanking on March 1, the Ministry of Railways made four important proposals.\n\n1. The National Government be ordered to issue stringent orders which would forbid the interfering with railway administration by military officials. Those who did not obey such orders would be immediately punished as counter-revolutionists.\n\n2. The practice of local military officials' taking part of the railway revenues for the payment of their military expenses, and all irregular transportation dues collected by the various local military authorities be abolished.\n\n3. The National Government be ordered to promulgate in the immediate future laws governing the reorganization of China's debts and the rehabilitation of public credit, so that the railway debts can be reorganized and refunded accordingly.\n\n4. The Ministry of Finance be ordered to hand over to the Ministry of Railways two-thirds of the Sino-Russian and Sino-Italian Boxer Indemnity Funds for the completion of part of the Ministry's railway construction program.\n\nIn order to have effective control and efficient management of the various railways, the power of appointment as well as dismissal of the personnel of the railway administrations must be in the hands of the Ministry. It is an open secret that the various local authorities are constantly interfering with the railway administration. Tao-Tsing Railway, (Honan Province), Mr. Shih Yi Hsuan managing-director of the railway left Honan for Nanking in October, 1929, on an official mission. During his absence, however, General Han Fu-chu, Chairman of Honan Provincial Government, appointed Mr. Li Wu-chen to become the railway director. When Mr. Shih returned to Honan, Mr. Li refused to hand over the railway to him.\n\nThere are numerous similar cases. The Ministry of Railways appointed in April, 1929, Mr. Wang Cheng, former Vice-Minister of Railways, as managing director of the Peiping-Suiyuan Railway. In spite of repeated negotiations, Mr. Pan Ting-hsien, the former director of the railway and a nominee of General Yen Hsi-shan, continued to run the line. Mr. Liu Wei-tse was appointed in May, 1929, to become the managing director of the Peiping-Hankow Railway. General Yen Hsi-shan ignored the Ministry's appointment and sent Mr. Hsieh Chung-chow to take over the railway, and Mr. Hsieh actually took over the line by armed force. In December, 1929, the Ministry of Railways appointed Mr. Ko Kuang-ting as managing-director of the Lunghai Railway, but before Mr. Ko could assume post, General Tang Sheng-chi, who later rebelled against the Central Government, appointed someone else. As usual, General Tang's nominee stayed. The Ministry sends also from time to time instructions to the railways in Manchuria and asks the latter lines to submit regular reports to the Ministry regarding their business conditions. These communications, however, are completely ignored by these lines. As far as these particular railways are concerned, the Ministry of Railways does not exist.\n\nAs a result of constant military disturbances along the railways, most of the rolling-stock are not on their own lines. When the Manchurian forces retreated towards the Three Eastern Provinces in 1927, they took away with them rolling-stock from Peiping-Hankow, Tientsin-Pukow, Lunghai, Peiping-Suiyuan and other railways. After several months' negotiations between the representatives of the National Government and the Manchurian authorities, part of the detained rolling-stock were returned. Since May, 1929, rolling-stock on the Lunghai Railway have been detained by military authorities controlling the western section of the line. Almost all the engines, coaches and freight cars on most of the railways have been commandeered for military transportation.\n\nIt is needless to say that regular passenger and freight transportation services on the various railways are seriously crippled. The Ministry of Railways has submitted reports to the Disbandment Committee and the Ministry of War regarding the number of rolling-stock and places where they are being detained, but the instructions from the two administrations to the various local authorities have produced no result. Trains and locomotives are frequently commandeered by soldiers without paying any attention to the safety of lives and the operation schedule. If the orders of these soldiers are not carried out promptly, the railway officials are often subjected to insult and ill treatment.\n\nThe Ministry of Railways has drafted regulations governing military transportation on the various railways. These regulations have been submitted to the Ministry of War for approval. The Ministry of War, however, insists that salt, coal and other similar items must be included under military supplies. It is the opinion of the Ministry of Railways that salt and coal are ordinary commercial products and cannot be, therefore, classified as military supplies and exempted from regular transportation dues. The two ministries cannot reach an agreement regarding this issue and the official promulgation of the military transportation regulations is thus indefinitely held up.\n\nSoldiers refusing to pay their fares and open smuggling of commercial goods by military authorities on the railways are common occurrences. Take Tao-Tsing Railway alone, a railway less than 100 miles long and principally a coal-carrying line, this railway within a period of six months in 1929 had an item of $107,000 for unpaid military transportation charges. The loss thus suffered by the various railways of the country must be tremendous.\n\nThe improvement of labor conditions is one of the proposals supported by the Kuomintang. The labor organizations, moreover, are usually workers' weapons against the capitalists. But in recent years the workers on the various Government railways are organizing on the basis as if the Government is the capitalist.\n\nThe organization of the workmen's unions on the railways is varied. Frequently these unions are controlled by undesirable elements. Protection is often given by such unions to workmen who are inefficient and irresponsible, and dismissal or punishment of such workers is opposed by the unions. It is natural that the efficiency of the workmen is greatly decreased. There are alarming evidences that unless prompt and drastic measures are taken by the Government, these unions will soon attempt to interfere with the administration of the Government's railways.\n\nIn spite of the decision of the Second Plenary Session of the Central Executive Committee which was held in Nanking in June, 1929, which forbade the military authorities from taking away railway revenues for the payment of their military expenses, the local military authorities continue to take whatever there is on the different railways. The Third Group Army Corps, under General Yen Hsi-shan, collects each month $350,000 from the Peiping-Hankow Railway, and $200,000 from the Peiping-Suiyuan Railway. As a result, these lines have no funds left for rehabilitation purposes. The Ministry of Railways presented a strong protest to the Administrative Yuan of the National Government and the Disbandment Committee. The Ministry of Railways was later instructed, however, to continue to appropriate such funds to the military authorities on the ground that disbandment program had not yet been completed.\n\nExcessive freight rates on the railways will bring about a decrease in the volume of goods transported. This is a very simple problem. The various provincial authorities collect irregular taxes on goods transported on the railways, and these taxes are so numerous and high that the freight rates on the railways are well near prohibitive. So long as these irregular taxes are abolished, the development of the country's industries ...",
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        "id": 521180,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-520-6 Railway development- Canton-Kowloon Railway 5-11-1929 - 5-11-1930",
        "page_number": 81,
        "title": "CO129-520-6 Railway development- Canton-Kowloon Railway 5-11-1929 - 5-11-1930",
        "content_text": "254\n\nTHE CHINA CRITIC\n\nMarch 13, 1930\n\nMarch 13, 1930\n\nTHE CHINA CRITIC\n\n255\n\nCHIEF EVENTS March 2-8\n\nGOVERNMENT\n\nDark War Clouds Passing\n\nThe dark war clouds in the North, which have caused nation-wide concern and anxiety, are now passing away, and a feeling of ease is perceptible among the general public as a result of the announcement that Gen. Yen Hsi-shan is determined to go abroad together with Marshal Feng Yu-hsiang.\n\nIn his telegram of March 5, he declares that he has always stood for peace and unification and that his recent suggestions to the Government were made with a view to preventing further internal strife. \"Since, however, my proposals have not even been considered,\" Yen declared, \"I shall certainly not be the cause for any civil strife. I am, therefore, immediately going abroad with Huankung (Feng Yu-hsiang) in order to carry out my original intentions.\"\n\nIt is understood that Gen. Yen will leave for Japan, probably alone, as Feng Yu-hsiang has not yet made any preparation for leaving. Mr. Chao Tai-wen, in his wire to the Government, is coming to the capital to make final arrangement with the Government for Yen's departure.\n\nThe Shansi troops in Chengchow, Honan, under Gen. Sun Tso, evacuated on March 4 and the garrison duties of that city are now being performed by Gen. Shih Yiu-shan according to the Government order. Tsaochow, which was also occupied by the Shansi troops in Western Shantung, has been deserted, and these Shansi troops have returned to their original post at Taming. The advanced forces of Gen. Fu Tso-yi, which occupied Tehchow, an important city in northern Shantung, are preparing to leave for Shansi shortly, on account of the sudden change of political development.\n\nThe reasons for Yen's sudden change of policy to fight the Government seem to be due to the fact that Gen. Chen Tiao-yuan, Governor of Shantung, and Gen. Ho Chien, Governor of Hunan, have remained loyal to the Central Government. With Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang neutral and Gen. Shih Yiu-shan and Gen. Han Fu-chu again gone over to the Central Government, Gen. Yen Hsi-shan has been left without sufficient allies to oppose Gen. Chiang Kai-shek.\n\nApparently Gen. Yen hoped that a chorus of disapprobation of Gen. Chiang Kai-shek would arise following Yen's denunciation of the Generalissimo, thinking that this would be sufficient to induce Gen. Chiang to resign without fighting; but as the Generalissimo is determined to remain in office, the Shansi general will not fight in an attempt to compel him to go.\n\nWell-informed circles state that a total of ten million dollars ($10,000,000) have so far been spent by General Yen Hsi-shan for military preparations against the Government. But the refusal of the Kuomintang and other military units in Honan to act according to his instructions have brought about the collapse of his scheme.\n\n3RD PLENARY SESSION OF C. E. C. ENDED\n\nThe third Plenary Session of the C.E.C. came to a conclusion after a five-day discussion. In a manifesto issued to the nation, it stresses the need of District Autonomy, Economic Reconstruction and the spread of Education based upon the Three People's Principles.\n\nIn the 2nd general meeting, nine resolutions were passed, two dealing with party affairs; two on the Reconstruction Program of the National Government; three on the civil administration of the Government with special reference to the question of the selection of District Magistrates, Bandit-Suppression and the Program of Economy of the Government; one concerning the appointment of additional members of the various committees of the C. E. C., and the last concerning the Shansi Provincial Currency Rehabilitation Loan of twenty-four million dollars ($24,000,000). The order for the latter loan was cancelled.\n\nThe employment of the disbanded soldiers and officers was also discussed. It was proposed that the soldiers be absorbed in the various reclamation, colonization and reconstruction works. However, for the employment of officers, the following scheme is recommended:\n\n(1) To establish a Police Training Institute for the training of those disbanded officers who aspire to be police officers and who, upon completion of their training, can be dispatched to various districts throughout the country to organize and improve the police system.\n\n(2) To train a number of disbanded officers to serve as military gendarmes whose specific responsibility will be to enforce discipline in the National Army.\n\n(3) To establish in each province a Surveying Institute where suitable disbanded officers can be assigned to study the surveying of land and public roads. Upon conclusion of their training, they will be assigned to various Reconstruction departments of the Government to assist in carrying out the program of National Reconstruction.\n\n(4) To open a Civil Engineering Institute for the training of suitable disbanded officers who will be employed upon completion of their special training, in the various railroad and public highway constructions as superintendents.\n\n(5) To train suitable disbanded officers as agricultural experts.\n\n(6) To train the disbanded officers for special service in connection with land reclamation along the border districts of the country.\n\nCHINA'S FINANCIAL STATEMENT\n\nMr. T. V. Soong, Minister of Finance, presented an annual report on the finances of the National Government together with a financial statement to the Third Plenary Session of the Central Executive Committee.\n\nThe total receipts were $434,440,712, of which by far the greatest contribution came from Customs duties. However, half of this amount went to military establishment, the exact figure being $209,536,969. The present situation is much improved than that prevailing during 1928, when only Kiangsu and Chekiang were bearing the heavy financial burden. Now the Customs revenue is centralized, with only about ten provinces still controlling their financial revenues.\n\nKWEILIN CAPTURED\n\nKweilin, an important city in northern Kwangsi, was captured by the Hunan Government troops. As a result of this defeat on the part of the Kwangsi rebels headed by Pei Tsung-hsi, a general retreat was ordered.\n\nNo longer able effectively to resist the onslaught of the Government forces, the rebellious \"Ironsides\" leader, Chang Fa-kuei, sent two personal representatives on March 2 to implore General Chen Chi Tang to stop the advance of the Government forces. General Chen has telegraphed to Nanking for instruction in regard to the matter.\n\nINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS\n\nLEAGUE'S OPIUM COMMISSION\n\nThe League of Nations Commission of Inquiry into Opium Smoking in the Far East arrived in Shanghai on Thursday, March 6, in the str. Chosa Maru from Formosa. The Commission is composed of M. Max Leo Gerard, Dr. Ian Haviase, and Mr. Bertil A. Renborg.\n\nThe commission is merely passing through Shanghai on its way to Dairen, as it has not been invited by China to come on account of League's refusal to include the investigation of Morphia, Morphine and other drugs in its investigation.\n\nTHE LEAGUE'S HEALTH COMMISSION\n\nThe Health Committee of the League of Nations examined the proposals made by the Chinese Government, which asks for the help of the League in the way of technical advice in regard to certain sanitary works that are comprised in the reconstruction and modernization of China, especially, the reorganization of the quarantine service by the Ministry of Health.\n\nAmong the other measures proposed are the immediate establishment of a national hospital in Chekiang, which will serve as a model to the other provinces of China; and the reorganization of medical training.\n\nThe Chinese Government also asks for the collaboration of the Epidemiological Office at Singapore with the Ministry of Health for fighting small-pox and cholera.\n\nThe Chinese Government has already entered into obligations involving a sum of M.$200,000 in respect of fulfilment of its plan which, it is estimated, will cost M.$1,000,000. Miyajima considered the most important question, from an international point of view, was the organization of quarantine service in China.\n\nAMERICAN MINISTER VISITING\n\nMr. Nelson T. Johnson, American Minister to China, visited Nanking and was entertained by Dr. C. T. Wang, Minister Sun Fo and other officials. While in Shanghai, he received a most hearty welcome from the American community.\n\nAIR CONTRACT REVISION\n\nThe contract signed between the Chinese Government and the China Airways Inc., an American company, which has been seriously protested against by the Chinese, is now being revised at Nanking.\n\nMIXED COURT IN FRENCH CONCESSION\n\nThe Judicial Yuan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs received on March 2 identic telegrams from the Shanghai Bar Association suggesting reorganization of the Mixed Court in the French Concession at Shanghai along the same lines as that of the Shanghai Provisional Court. It is pointed out that although several minor changes in the administration of the Mixed Court of the French Concession have been voluntarily introduced by the French Consular Authorities, the Court remains to all intents and purposes under the control of the French Concession Authorities and is altogether inconsistent with the Chinese judicial system. Responsible Judicial authorities are formulating detailed procedure governing the rendition and reorganization of the Court which will be the basis of discussion during the negotiations.\n\nSINO-GREEK TREATY RATIFIED\n\nAccording to a cable to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Minister Kao Lu at Paris, the new Sino-Greek Treaty has been duly ratified by the Greek Parliament.\n\nROYAL VISITOR\n\nAt the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of the Navy has dispatched the gunboat \"Hai-yung\" to Shanghai to welcome the Danish Crown Prince. Preparations are now under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to extend an appropriate welcome to Prince Frederick on his arrival at the Capital.\n\nJAPANESE SOLDIERS IN KIRIN\n\nUnder the pretext of suppressing the independence movement of Korea, a detachment of Japanese troops, numbering over one thousand men, recently arrived at Chungchun route to Lungchin, near the Kirin-Korea border.\n\nStrong resentment is expressed by the public at the illegal arrest of Koreans by Japanese soldiers in Kirin without the concurrence of the local Chinese Authorities. Two Koreans are reported to have been executed by the Japanese military authorities in Lung-chin for alleged complicity in the Independence movement.\n\nPERMIT NECESSARY FOR ARMS IMPORTATION\n\nThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in identic communications dispatched to the foreign Legations, declares that hereafter all shipments of arms and munitions from abroad will not be permitted into the country without the necessary permit issued by the National Government. Any foreign national contravening the order of the Government will be severely dealt with. This action is taken in consequence of the receipt of reports that certain foreign nationals have been secretly importing arms and other implements of war for the counter-Revolutionary elements.\n\nCHINESE CREW ON FOREIGN VESSELS\n\nAccording to a cable from Geneva, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office is notifying member-states of the Chinese proposal adopted at the 13th International Labour Conference providing that Chinese crew on foreign vessels shall be amenable to Chinese jurisdiction when within Chinese territorial waters.\n\nTRADE & CONSTRUCTION\n\nCENTRAL BANK OF CHINA'S 46TH EXAMINATION OF RESERVES\n\nIn accordance with Article 15 of the Charter of the Central Bank of China, the Supervisory Committee is invested with the duty to examine the Reserves held against Note-Issue. The Committee has on the 28th day of February, 1930 held its forty-sixth examination at the Issue Department of the Bank, the result is as follows:\n\nTotal amount of notes in circulation: Dollar Notes $12,484,888.00 Subsidiary Coin Notes $1,365,500.00 $13,850,388.00\n\nReserves against notes in circulation: Cash Reserve $9,007,883.24 (of the above sum $5,284,574.82 is kept in Shanghai Office, balance $1,162,085.14 is kept in Branches and Sub-branches $2,561,223.28 is kept in Local Banks). Securities Reserve $4,843,004.80 $13,850,888.04\n\nAccording to Article 2 of the Bank's regulation governing note issue, the Bank is required to keep Cash Reserve @ 60% and Securities Reserve @ 40% of the total issue. Finding the Cash Reserve to exceed 60% and the Securities Reserve not over 40%, we hereby certify that the reserves against notes in circulation are in order.\n\nSigned by Messrs. Li Ming, Chairman of the Committee; C. L. Wang, Tsuyee Pei, Z. C. Zing, Yu Ya-ching, K. H. Lin and C. M. Shu, Supervisors.\n\nOPIUM SUPPRESSION MEASURES\n\nFor the effective prevention of opium smuggling into China, all vehicles, vessels and aeroplanes entering or passing through the territorial limits of China, whether on land, upon water or in the air shall be subject to search by the responsible local opium-suppression authorities and the bureaux of public safety. This decision was reached at a joint meeting on March 6 of the various Ministries concerned and the Central Opium-Suppression Committee. It was also decided to make it incumbent upon all communication organs, civic organizations and the revenue bureaux throughout the country to render all necessary assistance in the matter of enforcing the search.\n\nA recent communication from the Secretariat of the League of Nations at Geneva received at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that the following measures for the prevention of opium smuggling were adopted at the 10th International Opium-Conference:\n\n1. Customs Authorities should conduct a search of all suspicious looking packages.\n\nCall \"35353\"\n\nFOU YELLOW TAXI IS WARMER\n\n89",
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    {
        "id": 521745,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-521-12 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 2-4-1930 - 16-6-1930",
        "page_number": 186,
        "title": "CO129-521-12 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 2-4-1930 - 16-6-1930",
        "content_text": "187\n\n6\n\nresponsible amounted to approximately 5 million dollars a month, a sum which was, he said, greatly in excess of that already pledged in respect to internal loans raised by the National Government and secured on the customs surplus.\n\n8. As regards the present procedure in respect to the collection, remittance and banking of customs receipts, which is more or less uniform throughout the country, the position, Mr. Maze has informed me, is as follows: Commissioners of Customs pay their collections daily into a local bank designated by the Ministry of Finance. This sum, after the deduction of administration expenses, is remitted weekly (in the case of small ports periodically) to the inspector-general's accounts in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank and the Central Bank at Shanghai. That portion paid into the former bank, as custodian bank, is the amount represented by receipts based on the old 5 per cent. tariff, and is destined to meet the service of foreign and domestic loans for which the inspector-general has inherited responsibility. The remainder, which represents the increased revenue flowing from the new tariff, is paid into the Central Bank, where it is transferred from the account of Mr. Maze to that of Mr. Soong. The position as explained to me by Mr. Maze and as stated above is, I have since ascertained, not wholly accurate. From casual conversations with Chinese bankers I had reason to suppose that this was the case, and in a talk last night with the most experienced and reliable member of Mr. Maze's staff, I learned that, in addition to the \"inherited\" loans, Mr. Maze had assumed indirect responsibility for the service of certain domestic loans raised by the National Government. The position in this matter is, according to information furnished me by Mr. Li Ming, managing director of the Chekiang Industrial Bank and chairman of the Supervisory Committee of the Central Bank, as follows: The service and amortisation of all loans issued by the National Government and secured on the customs surplus is administered by what is known as the 2 per cent. Surtax Sinking Fund Committee. This committee, presided over by Mr. Li Ming himself and consisting of some ten representatives of Chinese commercial and banking interests, was, it will be recalled, established in May 1927, when it was made responsible for the administration of loans secured on the Washington surtaxes. According to Mr. Li Ming the Sinking Fund Committee is paid direct by the inspector-general from his account in the Central Bank the funds required for the first and second issues of the 2 1/3 per cent. Surtax Bonds and of the Rehabilitation Bonds, whilst for the service of subsequent loans raised by the National Government, the procedure is substantially the same, Mr. Maze making out cheques to the Central Bank in favour of the committee. It would, therefore, appear that the difference between the security of the inherited loans and that of those raised by the National Government on the customs surtaxes and surplus is one of priority and degree only, the fact that the Minister of Finance personally controls the affairs of the Central Bank rendering the inspector-general's funds deposited therein less inviolable than his funds deposited in the Custodian Bank.\n\n9. Under the instructions of Mr. Soong, who, in order to obtain the Chinese bankers' co-operation, was forced to concede their demands, Mr. Maze was obliged to accept this additional responsibility and thus to follow, willy-nilly, if not the same path, at all events a parallel one to that of Sir Francis Aglen. I should perhaps add that whilst, as explained above, the customs funds in the Central Bank are only released to the Minister of Finance after deduction of the amounts required for the service of domestic loans, it is, I understand, a fact that, as Mr. Maze informed me, Mr. Soong is receiving as free money from the customs a sum of approximately 5 million dollars a month.\n\n10. Mr. Maze having informed me that there was no indication of any interference by the local authorities with Commissioners of Customs in the performance of their duties, I enquired whether there was any intention of abolishing the post of Superintendent of Customs, adding that, in a recent conversation I had had with Mr. Chang Fu-yun, we had discussed this point in connexion with the abolition of Commissioners for Foreign Affairs, who, in many cases, held concurrently the office of Superintendent of Customs. Mr. Maze replied that certain unfounded reports were current to the effect that Commissioners of Customs were now the subordinates of superintendents, from whom they were obliged to take instructions. Both officials, he said, held equal rank as in the past and, so far from commissioners having been deprived of their former status or having obstacles placed in their way by their Chinese colleagues, he had only recently expressed the opinion to Mr. Chang Fu-yun that it would be a great mistake to abolish the post of superintendent, the officials in question having, on the whole, proved of great assistance to the foreign staff in smoothing out difficulties with the local authorities.\n\n11\n\n7\n\nAlthough not altogether relevant to the subject of this despatch, it is perhaps worth recording that Mr. Maze and members of the Kemmerer Commission he intimated in private conversations that, whilst there are not likely to be any radical alterations in the present tariff, certain items will be subjected to increased duties under the tariff which will enter into force in February next.\n\nI have, &c.\n\nA. FRANCIS AVELING.\n\n188",
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        "id": 521900,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "page_number": 61,
        "title": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "content_text": "60\n\ndetached to assist them. The experiment proved so successful\n\nthat the Ministry of Finance definitely transferred the direct\n\ncontrol of these two establishments to the Maritime Customs on\n\nthe 15th February 1880 (vide copy of communication from the\n\nMinister of Finance, appended hereto, expressing his\n\nappreciation of our usefulness and efficiency in this\n\nconnection (Circular No.3846).\n\nAnd the Minister has further\n\nextended the responsibilities of the Inspectorate by placing the\n\nextra 50-li Native Customs in the Wuhu and Wenchow districts\n\nunder my direct control (vide Enclosure).\n\nThe following Native\n\nCustoms stations and sub-stations have thus been taken over by\n\nthe Inspector-General:-\n\nSTATIONS.\n\nSUB-STATIONS.\n\n  \n    FENGYANG KUAN.\n    1. Cheng-yang\n    1. Mon-t'ai-tzu\n  \n  \n    \n    2. Pengpu\n    2. Ku-chan\n  \n  \n    \n    3. Lin-huai\n    3. Fu-li-chi\n  \n  \n    \n    4. Huai-yuan\n    4. Chiang-pa\n  \n  \n    \n    5. Sa-hsien\n    5. Shou-ho\n  \n  \n    \n    6. Hai-lu\n    6. Hsin-ch'eng\n  \n  \n    \n    7. King-kuang\n    7. Kuan-tien\n  \n  \n    \n    8. Po-hai\n    8. Cheng-pa-ling\n  \n  \n    PAOHUI KUAN.\n    1. Yang-kuan\n    9. San-chieh\n  \n  \n    \n    2. Yu-kuan\n    10. Pong-hsiang\n  \n  \n    \n    3. Timber Tax Sub-office.\n    11. Sui-ho\n  \n  \n    YANGYU KUAN.\n    1. South Gate.\n    I-ho\n  \n  \n    \n    2. West Gate.\n    1. Tu-t'ien-miao.\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    2. Ch'ien-chia-wan.",
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        "id": 521901,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "page_number": 62,
        "title": "CO129-521-13 Chinese Customs- proposed agreement with Hong Kong 27-8-1930 - 16-10-1930",
        "content_text": "STATIONS.\n\n4. Tai-hsien\n\n5. Chiang-yen\n\n6. Li-fa-ch'iao\n\n7. Ch'ai-wan\n\n8. Hsin-t'ou\n\n9. Shih-yang-kou\n\n10. Hang-tao-ho\n\nSUB-STATIONS,\n\nYANOYU XUAN (Contd.)\n\nBARRIERS.\n\n1. North Gate.\n\n2. Shih-tzu-ch'iao.\n\n3. T'ang-Van.\n\nHuang-te'un.\n\n1. Hu-chia-chi.\n\n8. Chiao-chiang.\n\n3. Ting-chia-so.\n\n1. Pao-ho.\n\n8. Hu-chia-chi.\n\n5. Chiao-chiang.\n\n4. Ting-chia-so.\n\nWestern bank of river.\n\n11. Pai-mi\n\n18. Chung cha\n\n15. Hsiu-an\n\n14. Fai-t'a-ho\n\n15. Pien-i-men\n\n16. Lu-chiao.\n\n17. Shao-po\n\n18. Kua-chou\n\nChuan-ch'iao.\n\n1. Yü-chia-ch'iao.\n\n2. T'ien-chia-chiang. 8. Ch'u t'ang\n\n1. Pa-chiang.\n\n2. San-chiang-ying.\n\n3. Shuang-chiang.\n\n4. Yin-wei.\n\n1. Lung-wo-k'ou.\n\n3. Yang-wan.\n\n3. Hsin-ch'iao.\n\n1. Chi-kou.\n\n8. Kuang-fu-ch'iao.\n\nNan-cha.\n\n1. Chao-kuan-pa.\n\n2. Lu-chin.\n\n1. Chin-ch'iao.\n\n8. T'u-ch'iao.\n\n...\n\nCh...",
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        "id": 523103,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "page_number": 18,
        "title": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "content_text": "Hongkong Government Trade Loan Account.\n\nOUTSTANDING INTEREST\n\nAs on 30th September, 1930.\n\n18\n\n  \n    No.\n    Dr.\n    Cr.\n    C.\n    C.\n  \n  \n    34\n    Tai Ping Theatre\n    \n    \n    16,652.34\n  \n  \n    154\n    Tam Hok Po\n    \n    \n    36,195.02\n  \n  \n    158\n    Tam Hok Po\n    \n    \n    8,835.01\n  \n  \n    181\n    Kwong Sang & Co., Ltd.\n    \n    \n    7,015.64\n  \n  \n    220\n    Li Ying Chee\n    \n    \n    36,548.22\n  \n  \n    10\n    China Leather Co., Ltd.\n    \n    \n    42,792.40\n  \n  \n    159\n    Lo Fu Brick Manufacturing Co.\n    \n    \n    454.96\n  \n  \n    185\n    Li Pak Yin\n    \n    \n    402.64\n  \n  \n    253\n    Tsang Hin Ting\n    \n    \n    27,282.69\n  \n  \n    295\n    Lau Yik Cheuk\n    \n    \n    3,552.75\n  \n  \n    63\n    Lo Tso Sang\n    \n    \n    10,627.81\n  \n  \n    461\n    Wong Kwan Shun\n    \n    \n    7,581.51\n  \n  \n    443\n    Hung Kwong Ho\n    \n    \n    3,439.00\n  \n  \n    114\n    Li Kan Kwong\n    \n    \n    30,539.37\n  \n  \n    173\n    Tam Shiu Hong\n    \n    \n    4,149.74\n  \n  \n    226\n    Wang Yip Co., Ltd.\n    \n    \n    10,091.33\n  \n  \n    342\n    Tsang Yuet Chi\n    \n    \n    659.53\n  \n  \n    476\n    Leung Tak\n    \n    \n    383.12\n  \n  \n    492\n    Woo Shiu Ting\n    \n    259\n    \n  \n  \n    \n    Lai Yau To Ming\n    \n    \n    27,152.07\n  \n  \n    \n    \n    9,950.40\n    \n    \n  \n  \n    332\n    Lau Wai Chun\n    \n    \n    4,645.37\n  \n  \n    509\n    Mrs. L. Matheson\n    \n    \n    95.26\n  \n  \n    209\n    Tai Tak Land Investment Co.\n    \n    \n    13,694.65\n  \n  \n    263\n    Tsang Mau Shu\n    \n    \n    59.86\n  \n  \n    323\n    Charles Hokson Wong\n    \n    \n    1,426.79\n  \n  \n    487\n    William and Alfred Hall\n    \n    \n    19,465.11\n  \n  \n    497\n    Lam Lok Kwan\n    \n    \n    427.83\n  \n  \n    517\n    Cheng Sai Ping\n    \n    \n    1,817.77\n  \n  \n    Carried forward\n    325,938.19",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931.txt",
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    {
        "id": 523128,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "page_number": 43,
        "title": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "content_text": "No.\n\nHongkong Government Trade Loan Account.\n\nTrial Balance\n\nAs on 31st March, 1930.\n\nDr.\n\nC.\n\n153,300.01\n\n34 Tai Ping Theatre\n\n154 Tam Hok Po\n\n157,112.94\n\n158 Tam Hok Po\n\n38,350.41\n\n181 Kong Sang Co., Ltd.\n\n32,722.60\n\n220 Li Ying Chee\n\n156,514.04\n\n10 China Leather Co., Ltd.\n\n185,594.36\n\n10 Fire Insurance Premium\n\n625.50\n\n159 Lo Fu Brick Mfg. Co., Ltd.\n\n29,000.00\n\n48 Man Sang Co., Ltd.\n\n10,478.90\n\n185 Li Pak Yin\n\n17,000.00\n\n253 Tsang Hin Ting\n\n133,267.65\n\n253 Fire Insurance Premium\n\n739.13\n\n292 Mrs. Cheng Pui Yiu\n\n16,000.00\n\n111 Tang Cheuk Wan\n\n14,000.00\n\n36 Leung Kwai Tak\n\n31,000.00\n\n295 Lau Yik Cheuk\n\n51,197.26\n\n63 Lo Tso Sang\n\n42,073.19\n\n290 Mrs. Ng Wong Shi\n\n5,823.13\n\n461 Wong Kwan Shun\n\n29,497.99\n\n461 Advertising Charges\n\n60.00\n\n95 Pang Ki Chong\n\n7,000.00\n\n50 Fok Lau\n\n200,000.00\n\n443 Hung Kwong Ho\n\n76,496.00\n\n58 Ng Ha Cho\n\n273.76\n\n58 Advertising Charges\n\n28.60\n\n114 Li Kan Kwong\n\n102,686.91\n\n173 Tam Chiu Hong\n\n27,972.00\n\n226 Wang Yip Co., Ltd.\n\nCarried forward\n\n69,370.54\n\n1,588,184.92\n\nCr.\n\nC.\n\n43",
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    },
    {
        "id": 523131,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "page_number": 46,
        "title": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "content_text": "No.\n\nHongkong Government Trade Loan Account.\n\nOutstanding Loans\n\nAs on 31st March, 1930.\n\nDr.\n\n  \n    34\n    Tai Ping Theatre\n    140,000.00\n  \n  \n    154\n    Tam Hok Po\n    127,000.00\n  \n  \n    158\n    Tam Hok Po\n    31,000.00\n  \n  \n    181\n    Kwong Sang Co., Ltd.\n    27,000.00\n  \n  \n    220\n    Li Ying Chee\n    126,000.00\n  \n  \n    10\n    China Leather Co., Ltd.\n    150,000.00\n  \n  \n    10\n    Fire Insurance Premium\n    625.50\n  \n  \n    159\n    Lo Fu Brick Mfg. Co., Ltd.\n    29,000.00\n  \n  \n    48\n    Man Sang Co., Ltd.\n    10,000.00\n  \n  \n    185\n    Li Pak Yin\n    17,000.00\n  \n  \n    253\n    Tsang Hin Ting\n    110,000.00\n  \n  \n    253\n    Fire Insurance Premium\n    739.13\n  \n  \n    292\n    Ers. Cheng Pui Yiu\n    16,000.00\n  \n  \n    111\n    Tang Cheuk Wan\n    14,000.00\n  \n  \n    36\n    Leung Kwai Tak\n    31,000.00\n  \n  \n    295\n    Lau Yik Cheuk\n    50,000.00\n  \n  \n    63\n    Lo Tso Sang\n    33,000.00\n  \n  \n    461\n    Wong Kwan Shun\n    23,000.00\n  \n  \n    461\n    Advertising Charges\n    60.00\n  \n  \n    95\n    Pang Ki Chong\n    7,000.00\n  \n  \n    50\n    Fok Lau\n    200,000.00\n  \n  \n    443\n    Hung Kwong Ho\n    73,000.00\n  \n  \n    58\n    Ng Ha Cho Advertising\n    28.60\n  \n  \n    114\n    Li Kan Kwong\n    77,000.00\n  \n  \n    173\n    Tam Shiu Hong\n    25,000.00\n  \n  \n    226\n    Wang Yip Co., Ltd.\n    62,000.00\n  \n  \n    433\n    Lam Kwan On\n    14,000.00\n  \n  \n    Carried forward\n    1,393,453.23\n  \n\nCr.\n\n46",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 523140,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "page_number": 55,
        "title": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "content_text": "Hongkong Government Trade Loan Account.\n\nTrial Balance\n\nas on 31st December, 1929.\n\n55\n\nDr.\n\n$\n\n34 Tai Ping Theatre 149,947.68\n\n154 Tam Nok Po 154,138.00\n\n158 Tam Ok Po 37,624.24\n\n181 Kwong Sang & Co., Ltd. 32,090.13\n\n220 Li Ying Chee 153,585.11\n\n1 Fire Insurance Premium 500.50\n\nI Advertising 100.00\n\n88 Mrs. Ưa Tung 20,473.70\n\n10 China Leather Co., Ltd., 182,066.77\n\nFire Insurance Premium 625.50\n\n159 Lo Fu Brick Mfg. Co., Ltd. 29,000.00\n\n48 Kan Sang Co., Ltd. 10,239.45\n\n185 Li Pak Yin 17,000.00\n\n853 Tsang Hin Ting 131,833.68\n\n292 Mrs. Cheng Fui Yiu 16,000.00\n\n111 Tang Cheuk Yan 14,000.00\n\n36 Leung Kwai Tak 31,000.00\n\n295 Lau Yik Cheuk 50,000.00\n\n63 Lo Tso Sang 41,283.00\n\n290 Mrs. Ng Wong Shi 357,414.10\n\n461 Wong Kwan Shun 28,947.25\n\nAdvertising 60.00\n\n147 Ng Jim Kai 80,000.00\n\n95 Pang Ki Chong 7,000.00\n\n50 Fok Lau 200,000.00\n\n443 Hung Kwong Hồ 74,748.00\n\nCarried forward 1,819,677.11\n\nUI.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 523145,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931",
        "content_text": "Hongkong Government Trade Loan Account.\n\nOutstanding Loans\n\nAs on 31st December, 1929.\n\nDr.\n\n  \n    $5\n    34 Tai Ping Theatre\n    140,000.00\n  \n  \n    154\n    Tam Hok Po\n    127,000.00\n  \n  \n    158\n    Tam Hok Fo\n    31,000.00\n  \n  \n    181\n    Kwong Sang & Co., Ltd.\n    27,000.00\n  \n  \n    220\n    Li Ying Chee\n    126,000.00\n  \n  \n    \n    Fire Insurance Premium\n    500.50\n  \n  \n    \n    Advertising\n    100.00\n  \n  \n    88\n    Mrs. Ha Ture\n    20,000.00\n  \n  \n    10\n    China Leather Co., Ltd.\n    150,000.00\n  \n  \n    \n    Fire Insurance Premium\n    625.50\n  \n  \n    159\n    Lo Fu Brick Mfg. Co., Ltd.\n    29,000.00\n  \n  \n    48\n    Man Sang Co., Ltd.\n    10,000.00\n  \n  \n    185\n    Li Pak Yin\n    17,000.00\n  \n  \n    253\n    Tsang Hin Ting\n    110,000.00\n  \n  \n    292\n    Mrs. Cheng Fui Yiu\n    16,000.00\n  \n  \n    111\n    Tang Chekk Wan\n    14,000.00\n  \n  \n    36\n    Leung Kwai Tak\n    31,000.00\n  \n  \n    295\n    Lau Yik Cheuk\n    50,000.00\n  \n  \n    63\n    Lo Tso Sang\n    33,000.00\n  \n  \n    290\n    Mrs. Ng Wong Sha\n    295,000.00\n  \n  \n    461\n    Wong Kwan Shun\n    23,000.00\n  \n  \n    \n    Advertising\n    60.00\n  \n  \n    147\n    Ng Jin Kai\n    80,000.00\n  \n  \n    95\n    Pang Ki Chong\n    7,000.00\n  \n  \n    50\n    Fok Lau\n    200,000.00\n  \n  \n    443\n    Hung Kong Ho\n    73,000.00\n  \n  \n    \n    Carried forward\n    1,610,286.00\n  \n\nCr.\n\n60\n\nPage 60\n\nPage 61\n\nPage 61",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-521-6 Trade loan 6-1-1930 - 25-2-1931.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 523479,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-522-4 China inland water- river and coastal trade- smuggling by British ships 12-12-1929 - 24-3-1930",
        "page_number": 44,
        "title": "CO129-522-4 China inland water- river and coastal trade- smuggling by British ships 12-12-1929 - 24-3-1930",
        "content_text": "44\n\n2\n\nfuture of Chinese navigational rights, but that there were all sorts of rumours abroad, and, having regard to the rapid building of new steamers by Japan, suspicion had arisen that the authorities of the two countries had arrived at some understanding on the subject. Perhaps it was the Japanese themselves who purposely spread abroad these rumours, but they (the interviewers) asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs for a clear statement on the subject.\n\n4. Dr. Wang denied that there was any understanding with Japan, but pointed out that the question whether there was any danger that after resumption of China's navigational rights the supply of Chinese-owned steamers for the transport of passengers and goods within Chinese territory would be unequal to the demand was one for the close attention of shipping interests. Japan had never allowed foreign shipping the right of coastal or inland navigation in Japan itself until last year, when the opening up of navigation was begun. Whether this action had any hidden motive towards foreigners he was, of course, unable to say, and in any case it would be idle to inquire, as all countries had their own principles. In fact, the National Government of China, in handling foreign affairs, had its own principles, and in the forefront of these were national rights. There would certainly be no inconsistency between the Government's words and its actions; his interlocutors could rest assured on that point.\n\nBefore withdrawing, the interviewers expressed the opinion that Chinese-owned steamers would be sufficient to cope with the passenger traffic between Shanghai and seaports in the north and south, as well as ports on inland waters. Although there were at present more foreign than Chinese steamers plying in the Yangtze valley, there were the ships of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, the San Peh Steam Navigation Company and the Ning Shao, Chao Hsing and Nan Hua Companies, numbering more than twenty, running regularly. There was, therefore, no danger of the supply of ships being unequal to the demand. After the resumption of navigational rights, there would be an immediate expansion of Chinese merchant shipping and an increase of capital subscribed for the building of ships. It was to be hoped that the Government would extend all necessary protection.\n\n6. On the 10th September, the Association for the Resumption of Navigational Rights elected Mr. Yü Ya-ching (managing director of the San Peh Steam Navigation Company and a member of the Shanghai Municipal Council) president of the association. It was decided to telegraph to the Central Government, to the Legislative and Executive Yuans, and to the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Communications, and to circularise all shipping organisations and unions at Shanghai. Subsequently, a telegram was sent to the Central Government calling attention to the impotence of China in the face of the possession of extra-territorial rights by foreigners, of the stationing of foreign troops on Chinese soil and the navigation of inland waters by foreign steamers, and expressing the hope that in the forthcoming treaty negotiations with Japan the Chinese Government would not allow itself to be hoodwinked, but would insist on the abrogation of the privileges of coastal and inland waters navigation enjoyed by Japanese shipping in China.\n\n7. Anticipating that the Government will follow a strong line, and that the privileges of foreign shipping companies will soon be abolished or curtailed, a group of wealthy Chinese, consisting mostly of prominent ex-officials whose money is lying idle in banks in Japan or America earning a low rate of interest, have recently thrown out feelers to discover whether British shipping companies, such as the China Navigation Company and the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company, would be prepared to consider an offer to purchase their fleet of ships together with their wharves, warehouses, &c., in China. The group referred to, which is said to include Lord Li Ching-mai, Mr. Fu Siao-en, General Sun Chuan-fang and other rich Chinese, profess to have at their disposal a capital of 64 million dollars. I understand that the proposal, which at present is nebulous, is that there should be a holding company with subsidiary companies, and that ships plying between Hong Kong and Shanghai or some other port in China, and not touching at any intermediate ports on the way, should be owned by a subsidiary company incorporated in Hong Kong in which there should be certain Chinese co-directors, and ships plying coastwise, i.e., calling at intermediate ports, should be owned by a purely Chinese company and fly the Chinese flag. The foreign personnel, both of ships, wharves, &c., would be retained as far as possible.\n\n8. My informant, who is anxious that his identity should not be disclosed, is a British subject in the employ of one of the Chinese Government Departments, and was approached in this matter by a Chinese ex-naval officer who represented that",
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    {
        "id": 532849,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "page_number": 89,
        "title": "CO129-538-1 Hong Kong University 31-12-1931 - 6-8-1932",
        "content_text": "142\n\n122\n\nD. J. FINN\n\nmonarch in his removes but the proofs are not conclusive. It is best to be conservative and content oneself with the date 1400-1155 B.C. This date is subject to revision but it is hardly likely that the lower date will have to be much changed; the upper date is more uncertain.\n\n**\n\nman\n\nรา\n\neye\n\n+\n\nchar-\n\nOne of these characters found on fragment (frg.) 32, REAY I p. 134 has been taken as the basis of the enlarged drawing of the character in the text figure. How the old character passed into the modern shape will be evident from the scheme reproduced in the accompanying text figures which gives typical forms to illustrate its evolution into the modern Cantonese MUK. That it was even originally the pictogram of an eye is best seen from the combination of man and eye to make the ideograph Cantonese KIN. In these old forms, man is represented seated or standing and one can always distinguish arms and legs so that it is clear which way he faces; the signs had not yet taken on the canonical forms they follow nowadays. Thus we get an ideograph for SEE in which the body may be turned to right or to left. According to the direction of the body, the eye too changes about.\n\n目 to see\n\n15\n\nSOME OLD PICTOGRAMS\n\nMAN TO SEE 人\n\nEYE 目\n\nMODERN ? FIRST MILLENIUM B.C.\n\nFigure 2.\n\n見食\n\nӨӨ B\n\nHAN PERIOD B.C/AD\n\nMODERN\n\nEVOLUTION OF CHINESE EYE CHARACTER\n\n** Like symbols occur on Nos. 49, 63, 134, 298 and variants on Nos. 8, 24, 131, 146, 216, 277, 248, 326, 328, 373. The upper character on No. 32 should probably be restored as on No. 25 (= banquet, sacrificial feast)\n\nThe Mongolian Eye\n\nLet us examine the elements in our \"EYE\" pictograph.\n\n123\n\nThere are three sections of about equal length. One ends in a tapering point made by a line running up to meet a more or less horizontal line on top. centre is a taller section flat on top, but rounding off below with a very slight nipple-like projection. The third section is bounded on top and at the end by a continuous line which then passes out down below the line that runs sloping out from the central section to make the lower boundary line of this section. Thus at one end there is a point (corresponding to the outer canthus of the eye), at the other there is an overlap of the upper lid over the under, the \"Mongol fold. That this is the inner corner of the eye results from character: the over-fold epicanthus must always be nearer the profile. The eye itself is always seen full-on; the primitive arts always follow this practise as a consequence of \"frontality.\" A similar primitive trait here is that the artist shows you the whole pupil and iris through he knows that the under lid usually cuts across it; that is the meaning of the sections by which the continuity of the under-lid is interrupted. Further it is noteworthy that the under lid slopes up to the outer canthus so that it gives a general oblique appearance to the eye:\n\n31\n\nComparison of the Chinese pictograph with the Egyptian (copied from the Encycl. Britt.) makes evident the Mongolian characteristics which distinguish it over-fold and general upward lic. The contrast between the Chinese and the Egyptian characters is proportionate to that between the Chinese and the European eye in nature. Furthermore, a plate in the Encyclopaedia Britannica* (Egypt Plate IV Figure 50) shows four different profiles, apparently 3 races, Semitic, Caucasian, Negro and none of them seems to have this \"Mongolian feature. The Semitic eye is of the four the one most similar to our symbol in the straight descent of the upper lid and the relation of the two lids towards the outer canthus.\n\nSo far, so good; it would appear that we have here the \"Mongolian eye as characteristic of the people who were the Chinese of the Yin dynasty living c. 1400-c. 1155 B.C. round about the royal abode (near Chang Te Fu in Honan, 36 N. 114 E. Approx.).\n\n*\n\nBut we must add certain notes. I have not seen the actual bone or carapace fragments, but a reading of REAY II p. 413 and a comparison of the characters published by Messrs. and in the general collation of these \"Bone-Shell\" symbols X will convince anyone of the care with which they have been published; Chinese scholars know very well what accuracy is here imperative and the work of the band of scholars devoted to this type of research is amazing in its learning and thoroughness.\n\nCC\n\n11\n\nA more difficult point is that certain eye characters appear in which the overlapping projection is replaced by a more pointed termination of the canthus, turned downwards however and not tapering away on the\n\n* Thirteenth Edition. Vol. 9, Plate IV is as it were made for this comparison. Pictograph ibid, p. 64. Fig. 50 is from the tomb of King Seti, roughly contemporaneous with our pictogram.\n\nThe Hong Kong Naturalist.\n\nMay 1932.\n\n143",
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    {
        "id": 533976,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-539-3 Mui Tsai system 8-2-1932 - 10-1-1933",
        "page_number": 38,
        "title": "CO129-539-3 Mui Tsai system 8-2-1932 - 10-1-1933",
        "content_text": "SHANGHAI SITUATION SINGAPORE PLANES\n\nMOST GRAVE. (Continued from page 11) considering strong action separately or jointly with Britain.\n\nThe New York Herald-Tribune says: \"There is every sign that a strong protest would be raised if the Japanese move within the Settlement.\"\n\nThe administration spokesmen have given an inferential warning that Japanese military action within the Settlement would be unwarranted and inexcusable.\n\nRumours of a British Note.\n\nNew York, Jan. 26.\n\nIt is learned from Tokio that the British Government has sent a Note to the Japanese Government presumably on the subject of extraterritoriality in China.\n\nA Flat Denial.\n\nLondon, Jan. 27. The Daily Telegraph's diplomatic correspondent states that British official circles yesterday flatly denied the reports from America alleging that the British Government had dispatched a Note to Japan anent Shanghai.\n\nFOR AUSTRALIA.\n\nTHE STRAITS TIMES, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, 1932.\n\nAir Base Machines to Fly To Port Darwin,\n\nThree flying boats from the Seletar Air Base are to make a flight in mid-March to Port Darwin, Australia.\n\nThe Straits Times was informed that nothing is yet fixed definitely. The crews will be selected later. The route will probably be via Banka, Tandjong Priok, Sourabaya, Bima, Timor Island, and on to Port Darwin. The return flight will be made in the first or second week of April.\n\nMAN AND WOMAN STABBED.\n\nAttempted Robbery At Pasir Panjang.\n\nShortly after one o'clock this morning, information of a robbery at the 84th milestone, Pasir Panjang Road, was received by the Orchard Road division police. Inspector Ratton and Inspector Goh went to the scene to find a Chinese and his wife suffering from stab wounds. The woman had a wound in her hand, while the husband had several stabs in the neck.\n\nTwo Chinese, it is said, armed with knives, attacked the inmates. On alarm being raised, the robbers got away. The proprietor is said to be in a critical condition.\n\nPOOR MR. HU HAN-MIN!\n\nStudents Pester His Life Out.\n\nHong Kong, Jan. 27. The Nanking University students who went to Canton from Hong Kong a day or two ago have decided to return to Hong Kong today in order to continue their efforts to persuade Mr. Hu Han-min to go north.-Sin Kuo Min. Reuter.\n\nGeneva, Jan. 26 (8.53 p.m.)\n\n\"Please Go Away!\"\n\nHong Kong, Jan. 27. Reuter learns authoritatively that there is no truth in the report that the League Council has decided to warn Japan regarding Shanghai.\n\nThe Council commissioned M. Paul Boncour to give moderating advice to both parties, and this was done when the Chinese and Japanese delegates were received separately.-Reuter.\n\nA number of students from the Chungshan University at Canton, who are appealing for funds on behalf of their military corps, arrived in Hong Kong yesterday on their way to Nanking. They proceeded to the residence of Mr. Hu Han-min in Hong Kong yesterday in order to endeavour to persuade him to go north, but Mr. Hu Han-min refused to receive a deputation from them.-Sin Kuo Min.\n\n'QUIET BUT TENSE.\" Chinese Entrenched On City Outskirts.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 26.\n\nThe situation is quiet but tense, and there is general apprehension lest the Japanese naval authorities should take the law into their own hands.\n\nSZECHWAN-KANSU. Situation Rapidly Developing.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 27. Reports to hand state that the situation as regards the Szechwan-Kansu hostilities is rapidly developing, but reliable details are not available. Meanwhile, Chinese troops are entrenching on the outskirts of Shanghai, notably in the neighbourhood of Hungjao Road, in the western district, which is a favourite foreign residential area. Reuter.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 27.\n\nThe 19th army, which is in the Shanghai area, is determined to fight the Japanese should the Japanese decide to take drastic measures in Shanghai.\n\nMartial law is being enforced every night around Shanghai.-Sin Kuo Min.\n\nA Significant Appointment.\n\nNanking, Jan. 26.\n\nVice-General Chan Ming-shu (the President of the Executive Yuan and Minister of Communications) has been appointed Foreign Minister in succession to Mr. Eugene Chen, who has resigned.-Reuter.\n\nThis is a most significant appointment since General Chan Ming-shu is a staunch supporter of Marshal Chiang Kai-shek, who is favouring a policy of conciliation towards Japan.\n\nPEKING AND SWATOW.\n\nJapanese Demands Closing Down of Newspapers.\n\nPeking, Jan. 26.\n\nThe Japanese Chargé d'Affaires has called on Marshal Chang Hsueh-lang and expressed strong indignation at an editorial regarding Korea printed on Jan. 23 by the Chinese-owned Peking Leader, the only English language daily in Peking.\n\nDeclaring that he was acting under the instructions of the Foreign Office, the Japanese Chargé d'Affaires demanded the permanent closing down of the Peking Leader, the arrest of the editor, and an apology.-Reuter.\n\nMayor of Swatow Defiant.\n\nHong Kong, Jan. 26.\n\nThe Japanese Consul at Swatow again interviewed the Mayor of Swatow on January 23 and peremptorily demanded the suppression of all newspapers in Swatow publishing news against Japan and the Japanese.\n\nHowever, the Mayor of Swatow declined to give any such promise.-Sin Kuo Min.\n\nJEHOL INVASION. Japanese Advance As Villages Burn.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 27.\n\nWest of the Liao-ho River, the main Japanese forces are continuing their drive northward up the Tatung Railway from Tahushan towards Tunglao.\n\nThey are still meeting with considerable resistance from Chinese volunteers, and severe fighting is stated to be in progress.\n\nThe Chinese volunteers have withdrawn to Hungloshan.\n\nThe Japanese advance northwards and into Jehol is being handicapped by reason of the fact that villages in the mountains are being set on fire. It is stated that the Chinese people who have their homes in these mountains are suffering miserably in consequence.\n\nGeneral Yu Hsueh-tsung has dispatched representatives to Tatung to welcome Marshal Wu Pei-fu. General Yu Hsueh-tsung was, at all events until recently, the garrison commander of the Peking and Tientsin area and commander of the first army of the North-Eastern Frontier Defence Force. Sin Kuo Min.\n\nVolunteers Attacking Tahushan.\n\nNanking, Jan. 27. Chinese volunteers are again counter-attacking Tahushan (between Sinmin and Kowpangtse on the Mukden-Peking Railway, where the Tatung branch line from Tungliao joins the main line).\n\nThe extent of the casualties is unknown. Sin Kuo Min.\n\nAeroplane Shot Down.\n\nNanking, Jan. 26. Fighting continues spasmodically on the Jehol frontier.\n\nThe Chinese volunteers have retreated to Hingcheng. It is reported that one Japanese plane was shot down by the volunteers. Sin Kuo Min.\n\nMarshal Wu and Yen.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 26. Marshal Wu Pei-fu is continuing his conference with Marshal Yen Shi-shan at Pati. It is understood that he is ready to proceed to the front at any time to fight against the Japanese.\n\nGeneral Choi Ting-kai is taking every precaution in the Shanghai and Nanking area.\n\nThe following have been elected office-bearers of the Siew Sin Sia Association, Singapore: President, Messrs. Ghee Song (re-elected); Vice-President, Messrs. Lam To (re-elected) and Lim Tan; hon. secretary, Mr. Teo Soo Poh; asst. hon. secretary, Mr. Sng Seng Heng; hon. treasurer, Mr. Teo Geok Lin (re-elected); asst. hon. treasurer, Mr. Pek Kim Feng (re-elected); hon. Auditor, Mr. See Tho Soo; hon. superintendent, Mr. Lim Tiang Kiat (re-elected); asst. hon. superintendents, Messrs. Koh Yeng Keng (re-elected) and Wong Shih Shu (re-elected); hon. sports captain, Mr. Ong Cheong Tin; asst. hon. sports captain, Mr. Tan Tiang Seer.\n\nIN THE SETTLEMENT.\n\nRepublican Daily News Shut Down.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 26. Following on the visit of the five Japanese naval officers to the Editor, mentioned in an earlier cable, the Kuomintang organ, the Republican Daily News, which is published in the heart of the International Settlement, has been closed down in compliance with the demands of Japanese Admiral Shiosawa.\n\nMAYOR WU.\n\nExpected to Comply With Japanese Demands.\n\nShanghai, Jan. 27.\n\nAs a result of a long discussion which he had with the principal Chinese bankers, the Mayor of Greater Shanghai (Mr. Wu Tieh-cheng) is expected to order the dissolution of all anti-Japanese Associations in Greater Shanghai tomorrow.\n\nDERAILED MAIL TRAIN.\n\nFalling on Line.\n\nCause Thought to be Brake Box.\n\nIpoh, Jan. 26. It is believed that the mail train accident between Kumunting and Krian Road, in which three coaches were derailed, was caused by a brake box falling on the line.\n\nPassengers in the derailed coaches were transferred to other coaches and continued the journey to Prai.\n\nOur Penang correspondent telegraphs that the train was 90 minutes late in reaching Prai.\n\nThe work of cleaning the line is proceeding quickly.\n\n\"BIG MASTER\" Editor to Pay Costs Of Prosecution.\n\nIpoh, Jan. 26.\n\nIn addition to the fine of $300, the editor of The Thunderer has been ordered to pay the costs of prosecution in a case in which a headmaster complained he had been defamed in a story \"Big Masters' Five Whiskers.\"\n\nLOCAL INDUSTRY.\n\nU.S. Manila Fleet on Way.\n\nNanking, Jan. 27. It is reported here that the United States Fleet at Manila is moving to Shanghai. Sin Kuo Min.\n\nWELSH PIT DISASTER.\n\nRescuers Display Great Gallantry.\n\nRugby, Jan. 27. Eleven bodies have been recovered from the pit at Llwynypia, South Wales, where an explosion occurred while 100 men were working in the pit.\n\nMany of the men are suffering from gas, shock, and minor injuries. Great gallantry was displayed by the rescuers.\n\nTHE STRAITS TIMES, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, 1932.\n\nPage 66\n\nGOOD YEAR\n\nTHE ELECTRICAL GEE OF ENGLAND\n\nWORLD WIDE GUARANTEE OF QUALITY & SATISFACTION\n\nMASTENS\n\nSINGAPORE\n\nKUALA LUMPUR\n\nIPOH\n\nNEW ALL-WEATHER TREAD TYRE HAS GREAT TRACTION\n\nGOOD YEAR\n\n3-$1-14\n\n15\n\n41",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-539-3 Mui Tsai system 8-2-1932 - 10-1-1933.txt",
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        "id": 535312,
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        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-541-11 Cheng Kwok Yau- trial judge's notes 1-1-1932 - 31-12-1932",
        "page_number": 199,
        "title": "CO129-541-11 Cheng Kwok Yau- trial judge's notes 1-1-1932 - 31-12-1932",
        "content_text": "23.6.32\n\n4466 of\n\ntypescript\n\nPiha chipt\n\np.62 type\n\nup. 45 of\n\nZimmern & Christie's is the only evidence on which\n\nyou could find association between Pr. à La «\n\nIt is all uncorroborated even when you would expect\n\ncorroboration.\n\nPlot conceived at the moment of winking (v. p.188). Pr. may have been introduced to F. by FZE.\n\nThat within a week of the 5th March he knew all about\n\nS. & Chr., were intimate friends, Jung à imi Hing Fai, Ths. said he did not even know Lek,Fu's name (p.110),\n\n199\n\nbut saw Duys,(p.122) where Pr. had mentioned her name, Z. said (p.92) that he could not remember if he mentioned in his first statement the conversation at the\n\nNathan Hotel about getting rid of Jung.\n\nthe ef\n\nDo you believe\n\nDo you believe that Pr. would have spoken to Christie about killing Jung when he had first seen him only 4 hours\n\nbefore.\n\nWould F. offer $10,000 when he got it done for\n\n$2000.\n\nHe did not know how\n\nit would be made to suggest that his own chauffeur would drive Christie away after the murder.\n\nAbsence of corroboration of Pr.'s presence at the\n\nTung Wan Hotel.\n\nOpenness of driving out to purchase poison.\n\nWhy should the Pr. keep the poison if Christie were\n\nIt is absurd that Pr. should have taken it to do it.\n\nit to try it on a subject.\n\nWhy should the second syringe be given to Christie, making ... à Christie's evidence. Non-identification of Cheung at Lai à Lek - one of Z. à Christie's blackmailing devices,\n\nnamely imine - Cheng shiu $200.\n\nSubtlety of the\n\nConversation at Mar 1\n\na\n\nC Deems to be\n\na mistake for\n\nChe p. 64 of\n\ntype-script\n\nincredible. Going to Davidson was another part of the\n\nReasons given were ~ (1) that Chr. might tell Z.\n\nof the plot, blackmailing plot.{2) get a receipt (v. p.100) to get\n\nadvice to swindle\n\n(117)",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-557-9 British protection of companies in China 26-3-1936 - 27-2-1937",
        "page_number": 35,
        "title": "CO129-557-9 British protection of companies in China 26-3-1936 - 27-2-1937",
        "content_text": "# Enclosure 2 in Shanghai despatch to Peking Number 402 of December 17th, 1936\n\n## NORTH-CHINA DAILY NEWS, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1936\n\n### BRANCH OF CANTON BANK RE-OPENS\n\n#### **Mr. T. V. Soong Officiates at Local Ceremony**\n\n#### INSTITUTION NOW IN SOUND POSITION\n\nThe Shanghai branch of the Bank of Canton was re-opened yesterday morning by Mr. T. V. Soong, chairman of the institution. Gen. Wu Te-chen, the Mayor, Mr. Teng Mei-jen, and Mr. Hou Pao-shu were among the directors present. A few hours after the resumption of business, deposits amounting to several million dollars were placed with the bank.\n\nA large group of bankers and leading residents thronged the offices to offer congratulations. Among those seen were: Mr. K. P. Chen, Mr. Hsu Kan, Mr. Jian Chen, Mr. K. H. Ling, Mr. Chu-tong Yih, Mr. Chow Tso-min, Mr. Chang Pei-shun, Mr. Tsuyee Pei, Mr. Feng Keng-kuang, Mr. Chang Ting-fu, Mr. T. M. Hsi, Mr. S. K. Shen, Mr. Yih Kung-cho, Dr. Li Shih-tseng, and Mr. Chu Shun-sun.\n\nSpeaking at the opening ceremony, Mr. Soong said: \"The Bank of Canton was the first commercial bank established in South China, and with its overseas branches held for many years a premier position among Chinese banks abroad. With the world economic depression and the general deterioration of banking liquidity that followed, the Bank's management proved inadequate to the occasion and had to suspend business. So widespread, however, were its ramifications, and so extensive was the goodwill acquired by the Bank, that its creditors rapidly agreed to an equitable reorganization that has once more placed the Bank in a solvent and liquid position, and new capital has been readily forthcoming.\n\n\"The Cantonese everywhere are particularly anxious to see the bank restored to its former position because it is natural that as pioneers in all activities of modern China they should be supported by sound financial institutions of their own. Financial interests in Shanghai are likewise keen to see the restoration made possible because with the prospects of rapid economic development in Kwangtung, they should like to have sound Cantonese banks as partners in taking advantage of the new business opportunities.\n\n\"The Hongkong and Canton offices of the bank were opened on the 23rd and 25th of last month, with every evidence of popular support, and the Shanghai and Hankow branches are opening today. In the near future, the overseas branches will likewise be opened. Here in Shanghai, in conducting a general banking business, particular attention will be paid to co-ordinate Cantonese enterprises with the interests of the business community at large.\"",
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "page_number": 30,
        "title": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "content_text": "# Euch. Wo. 2\nExtracted from the \n**SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST**\ndated \n5th November, 1936.\n\n## CANTON OFFICIALS RETURN GOVERNOR'S VISIT TO CANTON\n### GOVERNMENT HOUSE BANQUET AND OTHER FUNCTIONS\n#### A CORDIAL WELCOME\n\nSome of South China's most distinguished leaders arrived in Hongkong yesterday morning to return the call made some time ago on Marshal Chiang Kai-shek by H.E. the Governor, Sir Andrew Caldecott. Leading the delegation of officials was H.E. General Huang Mu-sung, Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government and with him came the Mayor of Canton, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu.\n\nThe welcome accorded the distinguished visitors by local Chinese was scarcely less warm than the official welcome. Long before the train was due, hundreds pressed about the Kowloon station to catch a glimpse of the General, while later at Queen's Pier the roads were lined nine or ten deep by crowds anxious to see the party.\n\nThree guards of honour were drawn up for the event, one at the station, one at Queen's Pier and one at Government House. A salute of seventeen guns was fired from H.M.S. Adventure as the visitors crossed the harbour in the Governor's launch.\n\nA round of entertainment has been arranged for the party during its two days' stay here, opening with a luncheon party yesterday and a banquet at night, at Government House.\n\nThe K.C.R. railway station at Kowloon was cleared of people half an hour before the party arrived, and a detachment of over 50 police, under Chief Inspector F. E. E. Booker and Inspector K. W. Andrew, lined the platform and the route to the waiting launches. A band supplied by the 2nd Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, and a guard of honour from the same regiment, marched onto the platform shortly before the train arrived, the tail of the procession being formed by the Battalion's famous goat.\n\nWhen the Canton officials, who had been joined at Shum Chun by Mr. R. D. Walker, Manager of the British section of the K.C.R., arrived at Kowloon at 11.10 a.m., they were met by Captain W. J. Cragg, A.D.C. to H.E. the Governor, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs (Mr. W. J. Carrie), the Hon. Commander G. F. Hole, R.N., Harbour Master, Mr. R. R. Todd, Chairman of the Urban Council, The Hon. Dr. R. H. Kotewall, C.M.G., The Hon. Dr. Ts'o Seen-wan, C.B.E., The Hon. Mr. Chau Tsun-nin, the Hon. Mr. Lo Man-kam, The Hon. Mr. S. H. Dodwell, Mr. B. C. K. Hawkins, Chief Assistant to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, Miss Doris Kotewall, and General Gaston Wang Keung, the last-named acting generally throughout the visit as liaison officer.\n\nAfter the visitors had been presented, the band played the entire Chinese National Anthem, and the party moved off to two launches which were waiting at the Police pier. In one launch went the Governor of Kwangtung and the Mayor of Canton and Mrs. Tseng, Miss Kotewall, and General Kang. In the other launch were the other visitors and the party who had received them.\n\nWhen they drew abreast of H.M.S. Adventure in the centre of the harbour, the launches halted while a salute of 17 guns was fired and the Chinese flag was run to the top of the foremast of the warship.\n\nContinuing their trip across the harbour, the launches landed the party at Queen's Pier, where the visitors were received by the Acting Colonial Secretary (Hon. Mr. R. A. C. North) who made the following presentations:- The General, Hon. Mr. C. G. Alabaster, K.C., O.B.E., the Colonial Treasurer, Hon. Mr. E. Taylor, C.M.G., The Hon. Mr. A. G. W. Tickle, acting Director of Public Works, the Hon. Dr. A. R. Wellington, C.M.G., Director of Medical Services, the Hon. Mr. T. H. King, Inspector General of Police, the Hon. Mr. J. J. Paterson, the Hon. Mr. J. P. Braga, O.B.E., the Hon. Mr. M. T. Johnson, the Hon. Mr. A. W. Hughes, Mr. H. R. Phillips, H.M. Consul at Canton, and Miss Phillips, the Flag Lieutenant to His Excellency the Naval C. in C., the A.D.C. to His Excellency the General Officer Commanding, and the Secretary to the Rear-Admiral in charge of H.M. Dockyard.\n\nThe guard of honour drawn from the 1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles, was then inspected, and the band from the same regiment again played the Chinese National Anthem.\n\nAfter the inspection of the guard of honour, General Huang and Mr. Tseng, accompanied by Captain Cragg, A.D.C., and followed by their staff, proceeded to Government House, to which Madame Tseng was also conducted by Mrs. North. The remainder of the party was escorted by the Colonial Secretary and the Secretary for Chinese Affairs to the Hongkong Hotel.\n\nOn arrival at Government House, General Huang and Mr. Tseng were received by a guard of honour provided by the St. John Ambulance Brigade...\n\nPage 30\nPage 31",
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        "document_key": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "page_number": 31,
        "title": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "content_text": "## Excellency the Governor and Lady Caldecott in the drawing room of Government House.\n\nLater, Dr. Philip K. C. Tyau, Special Delegate for Foreign Affairs, Colonel Li Fong, Secretary to the Mayor, and Mr. Chang Yuen-man, Counsellor to the Chairman, proceeded from the Hongkong Hotel, conducted by Mr. B. C. K. Hawkins, to Government House and were greeted by His Excellency the Governor and Lady Caldecott.\n\n## Luncheon Party\n\nA luncheon party was held at Government House in honour of the visitors, but the invitations were confined to those assisting in the organisation of the arrangements for the visit of the officials and to those who were unable to attend the banquet held at night.\n\nThose present at the luncheon were:\n\n| Name | Title/Relation |\n| --- | --- |\n| His Excellency the Governor and Lady Caldecott |  |\n| H.E. General Huang Mu-sung |  |\n| H.H. Mr. Tseng Yang-fu |  |\n| Madame Tseng Yang-fu | Wife of Mr. Tseng Yang-fu |\n| H.H. Sir Atholl and Lady MacGregor |  |\n| Dr. Philip Tyau |  |\n| Col. Li Fong |  |\n| General Gaston Wong |  |\n| Hon. Mr. R. A. C. and Mrs. North |  |\n| Mr. Chang Yuen-nan |  |\n| Mr. H. R. Phillips, C.M.G., O.B.E. |  |\n| Hon. Mr. W. J. and Mrs. Carrie |  |\n| Hon. Dr. R. H. and Mrs. Kotewall |  |\n| Hon. Mr. T. H. and Mrs. King |  |\n| Hon. Mr. S. H. and Mrs. Dodwell |  |\n| Mr. M. F. Key |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. B. C. K. Hawkins |  |\n| Miss Phillips |  |\n| Miss Kotewall |  |\n| The Governor's Aide-de-Camp |  |\n| Private Secretary |  |\n\n## BOND OF FRIENDSHIP\n\n### Mayor of Canton Praises Help Of Overseas Chinese\n\nIn an interview, the Mayor of Canton, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, said that he thoroughly appreciated the friendly gesture shown by the recent visit to Canton of H.E. the Governor of Hongkong, Sir Andrew Caldecott.\n\n\"To reciprocate and in order to further cement the ties of friendship between the two cities the Chinese Government is sending this delegation,\" said the Mayor.\n\n\"To-day we shall be entertained by the Government and to-morrow we hope to meet the Chinese leaders of your community and attend their entertainments.\"\n\nAnswering a query, the Mayor said that the great enthusiasm shown by the Hongkong Chinese in donating over half a million dollars to the Chiang Kai-shek birthday fund had been greatly appreciated by the Government.\n\n\"But this is not the first occasion on which the Chinese in Hongkong have shown their interest in the welfare of their home country,\" he continued. \"Since the establishment of the Republic 25 years ago the overseas Chinese have from time to time rendered what help they could for the Chinese Government. The effort of the Chinese in giving so large a donation is the more appreciated considering the current trade depression in this part of the world.\"\n\nReferring to improvements to the municipal administration of Kwangtung, the Mayor said that the chief evils of opium smoking and gambling are being suppressed by the efforts of the new government. Other problems which will come to the immediate attention of the Government are education, public health and road construction. Meanwhile the authorities will endeavour to preserve order and peace in all parts of the province. Economic developments in various fields will be pushed ahead to the utmost in relation to the ability and financial position of the officials.\n\nAll developments which have bearing on the prosperity of Canton and Hongkong will be particularly attended to.\n\n\"I hope that in this connection the Chinese in Kwangtung will have the full co-operation of the Chinese in Hongkong. The Canton Government is very willing to receive constructive advice from the Hongkong and overseas Chinese and from the Press.\"\n\n## VISIT TO RESERVOIR\n\n### Governor and Canton Guests At Shing Mun\n\nIn the afternoon, His Excellency the Governor and Lady Caldecott accompanied the distinguished guests on a motor-car journey to Shing Mun, where the party was received and entertained by Mr. G. B. Gifford Hull and shown round the Jubilee Reservoir.\n\nSpecial traffic arrangements had been made to suit the party's convenience, and Inspectors Chester Wood and F. E. E. Booker were in charge of a squad of police and detectives.\n\nAt 4.45 p.m. eleven cars brought the party to where tea tables had been laid out on a lawn overlooking the big dam. Mr. Gifford Hull greeted the party, who comprised, besides Sir Andrew and Lady Caldecott, His Excellency General Huang Mu-sung, His Excellency Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, and Mrs. Tseng Yang-fu, Dr. Philip Tyau, the Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall, Mr. H. R. Phillips and Miss Phillips, General Gaston Wong, Col. Li Fong, and others.\n\nFollowing tea, Mr. Gifford Hull conducted the party to the dam wall, where the visitors were most interested in the colossal reservoir scheme and the plant which is still completing the job.\n\nCars then conveyed the party to the foot of the steps leading to Mr. Gifford Hull's bungalow, where cocktails were taken. As the party was leaving after a most enjoyable visit, flood lights which had been placed to light up the dam face were switched on, creating an excellent effect which has not hitherto been attempted. The party returned by car.\n\n## BANQUET AT NIGHT\n\n### Hongkong-Canton Amity Stressed in Speeches\n\nAN INTIMATE NOTE\n\nA brilliant description of the visit that he and Lady Caldecott had paid to Canton, and reference to the great hospitality received there, was given by His Excellency the Governor, Sir Andrew Caldecott, at a banquet in honour of the distinguished visitors at Government House last night.\n\nIn proposing the toast to the visitors, Sir Andrew spoke of the friendly relations between Hongkong and Canton. Other toasts honoured were \"The Republic of China,\" proposed by the Governor, \"The King\" proposed by General Huang Mu-sung, \"Canton,\" proposed by the Governor, and \"Hongkong,\" proposed by Mr. Tseng Yang-fu.\n\nIn proposing the toast to visitors, Sir Andrew said: \"I must ask your permission to introduce the toast of 'Our Distinguished Visitors' on an intimate rather than an official note, because I want to say how personally delighted my wife and I are to be able to reciprocate, albeit inadequately and imperfectly, the wonderful welcome and princely hospitality which we received on our recent visit to Canton. We can never forget the incidents of those two days: that evening meeting with the Generalissimo and his charming and gracious consort at Whampoa, when the magic sluices of the sunset let loose on land and river such a flood of gold that the very earth and sky seemed to reflect the rich warmth of their kindly reception of us.\n\nAnd then came that moonlit journey up the river by launch until the great city of Canton rose up on either side of us in tiers of coloured light and shade; high junks towered against the stars in patches of dark silence, while all around the water teemed with the sleepless traffic of smaller craft.\n\nThe next morning saw us at the splendid University of Chungshan where Learning dwells, not cramped by the confines of city tenements, but crowned by the hills and sky in a spacious country seat of broad acres and lordly halls. Nor can anybody who has once seen them ever forget the triumph of modern Chinese architecture in the stately Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall or the elegance of the Municipal Building in which our guests of this evening entertained me at lunch in true gargantuan style.\n\nAnd finally, as though this treasure store for the memory were not a sufficient gift to their visitors, our hosts presented us at parting with ornaments of exquisitely chased rare Chinese craftsmanship in ivory and metal, which I invite you all to see for yourselves in the drawing-room after dinner.\n\n\"Abiding Friendship\"\n\nBut what my wife and I treasured most of all was the conviction that we carried away with us not only these beautiful memories and souvenirs but the abiding friendship of our hosts; and so it was that we were emboldened to greet them this morning as already old friends, and we are especially delighted that His Honour the Mayor, who was unfortunately indisposed at the time of our visit, is thoroughly restored to health and able, together with his charming lady, to grace our board this evening.\n\nThe greatest of philosophers has placed the good things of life in three categories: those that are good in themselves, those that are good by reason of their results, and those that are good both in themselves and in their results. Friendship, Ladies and Gentlemen, is in the third category. The need for co-operation between Canton and Hongkong is, thank God, so universally recognized by all of us in this Colony that there is no need for me to repeat here last to-night what I said at the session of our Legislative Council.\n\nMutual Understanding\n\nBut you cannot have co-operation without mutual understanding, and one's first duty to one's neighbour is to get to know him and his needs and to let him get to know you and yours. This process requires, just as all physical processes require, suitable conditions of temperature and atmosphere; the essential psychological condition for the establishment of mutual understanding, and thereby of co-operation, is, believe me, a friendship. And therefore I pray and hope and trust that, whatever faults or imperfections there may have been in the organisation or...",
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        "title": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "content_text": "## \n\n: execution of our arrangements for this happy visit, our guests will leave Hongkong with the same feeling as that with which my wife and I left Canton—a sense of abiding friendship.\n\nAnd in that hope and trust I ask you, Ladies and Gentlemen of Hongkong, to rise and drink to the health of our distinguished visitors, associating the toast with the names of His Excellency the Chairman of the Provincial Government of Kwangtung and His Honour the Mayor of Canton.\n\n## General Huang Replies\n\nAcknowledging the toast, General Huang Mu-sung said:\n\nTo-day, in accordance with instructions from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, we have come to return Your Excellency's visit. I feel much honoured and thankful for the overwhelming welcome accorded to us. It is my great regret that owing to pressure of work, the arrangements made for Your Excellency and Lady Caldecott's visit to Canton were rather crude and I feel that we do not deserve the praise Your Excellency has just showered upon us. I am greatly impressed by Your Excellency's remarks regarding co-operation and mutual understanding and I must say that this entirely coincides with the ideals and principles of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the late leader of the Kuomintang and of our present national leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.\n\nI have to thank you further for extending to us the privilege of inspecting the imposing edifice which houses the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation as well as the great Shing Mun Dam project. The progress Hongkong has made in public works, which I must frankly say far surpasses our efforts in Canton, has given us a very good impression and no doubt will serve as a source of inspiration to us, which I regard as one of the important unexpected results of our visit.\n\n## Pages From Sages\n\nNow let me quote a few passages from our Sages to show the Chinese ideals about friendship so that we may have a common foundation and goal for our future efforts. Our Classics say \"Making friends with the good and being kind to your neighbour is the precious asset of a nation.\" Another passage reads \"When nations enjoy peace and order, the world is then pacified\"—in other words world peace depends on the internal stability of nations.\n\nAnother passage says: \"Lip service is not sufficient; you must put words into actions.\"\n\nStill another passage says \"When you ask your friend for a favour you must be prepared to do him one in return.\" All this represents the spirit of friendship and mutual understanding, which coincides with the sentiments just expressed by our kind host.\n\nHenceforward let us show our friendship by deeds and give practical expression to our spirit of mutual confidence. I believe the Mayor, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, now wishes to add a few words to what I have just said.\n\n## Mayor's Speech\n\nMr. Tseng Yang-fu said:\n\nIt is with the greatest pleasure that I avail myself of this opportunity to say a few words to express my very sincere appreciation and thanks for the warm welcome you have accorded us since our arrival this morning. My wife and I consider it a great fortune to have the privilege of paying our first visit to Hongkong since my transfer to South China, and of meeting you and making your personal acquaintance on an occasion which I believe will have an important bearing on the future relationship between Hongkong and Canton, and we have been deeply impressed by the wonderful strides Hongkong has made in reconstruction and more so by the warmth and friendliness with which we have been received.\n\nI need hardly emphasize that we entirely endorse the statement our kind host has just made that the spirit of friendship should form the basis of our relations and I desire to assure you that Canton will not only be prepared to reciprocate your friendship but will work for such mutual co-operation and assistance as would enable our friendly relations to show concrete results.\n\nThe Chinese people in their relations and dealings with others have always stressed peace and friendship. I believe I am not wrong in saying that love of peace is an outstanding quality of the Chinese character and the spirit of friendship is one of our underlying moral principles. Throughout our history of more than 4,000 years our great sages, philosophers and statesmen have favoured peace and harmony among nations.\n\n### Love of Peace\n\nThe late Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Chinese Republic, advocated universal brotherhood and believed that in order to realise the ideal of international peace, \"we must unify the world upon the foundation of our ancient morality and love of peace, and bring about a universal rule of equality and fraternity.\" Our present efforts to promote friendly relations with other countries are based on this principle and we are convinced that it is only through the realisation of this basic principle that peace can ever be made secure and permanent.\n\nIt is to be noted with gratification that in recent years the bonds of Anglo-Chinese friendship have greatly strengthened. The Chinese people appreciate your increasingly friendly spirit as manifested in the material support which the British Government has given to the Chinese currency stabilisation scheme and in its more recent action in extending huge export credits to China. We are appreciative of your country's active interest in our welfare and we know that the assistance we are receiving will stimulate our people to further efforts in the path of national recovery.\n\n### Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Views\n\nOur national leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, believes that national relations must be built on the foundation of genuine friendship and he knows that British friendship is to be much desired. He told a prominent news correspondent in the course of an interview at Whampoa that it was his lifelong ambition to promote a relationship of true and lasting friendship between Great Britain and China.\n\nHere down in the south we hope that with political stability achieved and with certain obstacles to trade removed, it will be possible to inaugurate a new era in the relations between Hongkong and Canton. As I explained in a recent speech at a meeting of the Canton Rotary Club, the prosperity of Hongkong and Canton is really interdependent, and that continued economic rivalry between the two centres must react unfavourably upon both.\n\n### Big Programme\n\nFor the restoration of prosperity of our city we are embarking upon a gigantic programme of economic reconstruction and in this connection we require foreign assistance given in a spirit of absolute friendliness. We shall welcome foreign investments and co-operation, particularly from Hongkong, our close neighbour. Now that our internal stability is reached and factors such as unrest and insecurity arising from civil warfare, banditry and Communist menace, that have been obstructing progress, have diminished, we are able to accord complete protection to investments and industries. With friendly relations which are bound to lead to mutual assistance and with favourable economic conditions resulting from the development of air communications, shipping, and railway, I have no doubt that Hongkong and Canton in the next few years or perhaps in the very near future will prosper and take the premier trade position of the Far East.\n\nYour Excellency and Lady Caldecott, permit me to assure you again that my wife and I have thoroughly enjoyed our visit and the elaborate banquet you are giving us to-night. I will conclude with the earnest hope that you will honour us with further visits to Canton not in a too distant future and that the personal contacts we have made during this visit will be carried to very useful purposes.\n\n## Those Present Were\n\n| Name | Title/Designation |\n| --- | --- |\n| H.E. and Lady Caldecott |  |\n| General Huang Mu-sung |  |\n| H.H. Mr. and Mme. Tseng Yang-fu |  |\n| H.E. Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Little | K.C.B. |\n| H.E. Major General and Mrs. A. W. Bartholomew |  |\n| Dr. Philip K. C. Tyau |  |\n| Colonel Li Fong |  |\n| General Gaston K.; Wong |  |\n| Mr. H. R. Phillips | C.M.G., O.B.E. |\n| Rear-Admiral and Mrs. C. G. Sedgwick |  |\n| Hon. Mr. R. A. C. and North |  |\n| Mr. Chang Yuen-nan |  |\n| Hon. Mr. C. G. and Mrs. Alabaster |  |\n| Hon. Mr. W. J. and Mrs. Carrie |  |\n| Hon. Mr. Edwin and Mrs. Taylor |  |\n| Hon. Mr. R. M. and Mrs. Henderson |  |\n| Hon. Mr. J. J. and Mrs. Paterson |  |\n| Hon. Dr. R. H. and Mrs. Kotewall |  |\n| H.H. Mr. Justice J. J. and Mrs. Hayden |  |\n| Brigadier H. G. and Mrs. Seth-Smith |  |\n| Hon. Comdr. G. F. Hole | R.N. |\n| Hon. Dr. A. R. and Mrs. Wellington |  |\n| Hon. Dr. S. W. and Mrs. T'so |  |\n| Hon. Mr. T. N. Chau |  |\n| Hon. Mr. M. K. and Mrs. Lo |  |\n| Hon. Mr. S. H. and Mrs. Dodwell |  |\n| Hon. Mr. M. T. Johnson |  |\n| Sir W. W. Hornell |  |\n| Mr. V. M. Grayburn |  |\n| Mr. J. Brearley |  |\n| Col. H. C. Harrison | D.S.O. |\n| Wing Comdr. A. G. and Mrs. Bishop |  |\n| Mr. G. R. Sayer |  |\n| Mr. W. Schofield |  |\n| Mr. E. W. Hamilton |  |\n| Major and Mrs. R. D. Walker |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. G. C. Pelham |  |\n| Major V. E. Duclos |  |\n| Mr. P. L. Collisson | O.B.E. |\n| Col. R. C. B. Anderson | M.C. |\n| Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Butters |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Forbes |  |\n| Mr. Li Yau-tsun | C.B.E. |\n| Mr. and Mrs. Ho Kom-tong |  |\n| Mr. Li Sing-hui |  |\n| Mr. J. R. Masson |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. Eu Tong-sen |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Tam |  |\n| Mr. Lo Wing-kit |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Hall |  |\n| Mr. Tang Shiu-kin | M.B.E. |\n| Mr. Ma Tsui-chiu |  |\n| Mr. Wong Man-lam |  |\n| Mr. C. Champkin | M.J. |\n| Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Taggart |  |\n| M. F. Key |  |\n| Mr. A. Morris |  |\n| Mr. and Mrs. B. C. K. Hawkins |  |\n| Mr. R. I. Todd |  |\n| Miss Phillips |  |\n| Comdr. A. Sweny | R.N. |\n| Mr. P. J. Howorth |  |\n| I. M. B. P. Francklin | R.N. |\n| Mr. Tsang Tsun-on |  |\n| Capt. W. J. R. Cragg | A.D.C. |\n| Mr. H. J. Crutwell | Private Secretary |",
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        "content_text": "# luc no 3 \n\nExtracted from the \n\n**SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST** \n\ndated \n\n6th November, 1936. \n\n## CANTON VISITORS \n\n### CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BANQUET HELD \n\n#### HON. MR. DODWELL'S HOPES FOR STABILISED CURRENCY \n\n#### GOODWILL MESSAGES \n\n33 \n\nGeneral Huang Mu-sung, Chairman of the Provincial Government of Kwangtung, and Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, Mayor of Canton, were the guests last night of the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce and the Hongkong Branch of the China Association, which entertained the visitors at a banquet in the Roof Garden of the Hongkong Hotel. \n\nThe hope that the new Canton Government would stabilise its currency, and thus create a \"Merchants' Paradise,\" was voiced by the Chairman of the Committee of the Chamber and China Association (the Hon. Mr. Stanley H. Dodwell), who presided over a large gathering, thoroughly representative of the Hongkong Community, and who proposed the toast to the distinguished visitors. \n\nAlso present at the banquet were the members of the trade delegation from Canton, which arrived yesterday morning. With the Governor's party they were also entertained at tiffin by a group of Chinese business men when a speech of welcome was given by the Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall. \n\nGeneral Huang and Mr. Tseng will return to Canton this morning. \n\nWith the Chairman of the Provincial Government and the Mayor of Canton were other members of the official party, Dr. Philip K. C. Tyau (Special Delegate for Foreign Affairs), Colonel Li Fong (Secretary to the Mayor) and Mr. Chang Yuen-nan (Counsellor to the Chairman). \n\nGeneral Gaston K. Wong (Special Commissioner for Hainan Island), who chanced to be in Hongkong, accepted the Committee's invitation to be present. \n\nH. E. the Commander-in-Chief (Sir Charles Little, K.C.B.), was unable to attend on account of the reception given by the Consul-General for the U.S.A. in honour of Rear-Admiral H. E. Yarnell, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet. H. E. the Officer-Commanding (Major-General A. W. Bartholomew, C.B., D.S.O.), was present; also Consul-General for Canton (Mr. Herbert Phillips, C.M.G., O.B.E.), the Commodore (Rear-Admiral Č. G. Sedgwick), the Colonial Secretary (the Hon. Mr. R. A. C. North) and the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, except one or two prevented by indisposition or absence from the Colony. His Honour the Chief Justice was unable to attend as he left the Colony yesterday to attend a Full Court in Shanghai. \n\nFrom Canton there attended Mr. M. A. Annett (Chairman of the British Chamber of Commerce), Mr. G. E. Huygen (Chairman of the Foreign Chamber of Commerce), Mr. F. A. Nixon (Postal Commissioner), and Mr. D. K. Little (Chinese Customs Commissioner). \n\nAt the last moment Mr. Dai Enki, of the China National Aviation Corporation, Managing Director, who arrived in the Colony yesterday afternoon on the first 'plane to connect Hongkong with the Chinese air mail service, was able to accept an invitation to be present. \n\n### Trade Delegation \n\nThe members of the Canton Commercial Delegation who arrived in the Colony by the morning steamer, also attended the banquet, as did those from the Fatshan.\n\nOther guests were: Sir William Hornell (Vice-Chancellor of Hong Kong University), Mr. G. Clinton Pelham (H. M. Trade Commissioner), Mr. A. H. Forbes (Commissioner of Customs, Kowloon & District), Mr. H. R. Butters (Postmaster General), Major R. D. Walker (Manager of the Kowloon Canton Railway), Mr. Li Sing-kui (Chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce), Mr. J. M. Wong (Vice-Chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce) and Dr. Li Shu-fan (Senior Member of the Urban Council). \n\nSir Robert Ho Tung, the Superintendent of Imports and Exports (Mr. E. W. Hamilton), the Canadian Trade Commissioner (Major V. E. Duclos), and the Chairman of the Hongkong Chinese Bankers' Association (Mr. Li To-nan) were unavoidably prevented from being present. \n\n### Chairman's Speech \n\nIn proposing the toast of \"Our Distinguished Visitors,\" Mr. Dodwell said: \n\nIt is my privilege to-night, on behalf of the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce and of the Hong Kong Branch of the China Association, to extend a most cordial welcome to our two guests of honour, His Excellency the Chairman of the Provincial Government of Kwangtung, and His Honour the Mayor of Canton, as well as to our many other distinguished guests from Canton and Hongkong.",
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        "content_text": "# \n\nNever before in the history of this Chamber have we enjoyed the distinction of doing honour to both the Chairman of the Provincial Government and to the Mayor of Canton at the same time. The occasion is indeed one that calls for a standard of eloquence far beyond my capabilities. I can but do my best and if, in the course of doing so, I should strike an occasional note which appears to our guests as too informal for the occasion, I would remind them that their visit is informal and the time is after dinner.\n\nIn introducing our official visitors I must of necessity be brief, for the full list of important posts they have already occupied would take far too long to record in the time at my disposal.\n\nHis Excellency General Huang Mu-sung is one of China's senior soldiers. He has been President of the National Military Academy and is entitled to regard most of China's present military officers as his pupils. He studied military tactics in Great Britain and Germany and has investigated military affairs on behalf of his Government in both Europe and America. He has the unique distinction of being China's first delegate at the International Disarmament Conference, and, as special Commissioner for Thibet and Chairman of the Thibetan Commission, he rendered service to his Government.\n\n## Mayor's Career\n\nHis Honour Mr. Tsang Yang-fu was a graduate of Peiyang and Pittsburgh Universities. During his brilliant career he has been Director of political training at Canton, Commissioner of Reconstruction in Kwangtung Provincial Government, Director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy, Vice-Chairman of the National Reconstruction Commission, Vice-Minister of Railways and a Member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang since 1929.\n\nMr. T. L. Soong, the Commissioner of Finance, was to have been with us, but has unfortunately been prevented by illness from doing so. We wish him a speedy recovery.\n\nDr. Philip Tyau, the Special Delegate for Foreign Affairs, was previously Minister to Panama and Cuba and Consul General in the Straits Settlements. Being an old friend of mine, I am particularly pleased that circumstances have brought him to Canton. We first met one another when he was at Cambridge, more years ago than either of he or I care to remember. One of the subjects besides Law which he took up at Cambridge with enthusiasm was lawn tennis. Many are the games we have played together and too many are the times when, I regret to say, that powerful forehand drive of his left me standing impotent and disconsolate on the court. If Dr. Tyau's diplomacy is as forceful as his tennis, I foresee a period of great activity in H.B.M. Consulate on the Shameen, but knowing Philip Tyau and Herbert Phillips as well as I do, we can rest assured that the game will be played in a true sporting spirit from start to finish. (Applause).\n\nColonel Li Fang was well known to many of us when he was Commissioner for Foreign Affairs in Hankow, since when he has gained valuable experience as his country's Consul General in Siberia, at Novo Simbirsk.\n\nMr. Chang Yuen-nan, counsellor to the Chairman, was a graduate of Nanking University and the Military Academy of Japan, and he has held many important military posts in the capital.\n\nFrom that all too brief account of the distinguished careers of our official guests, it will be seen that they bring to their high offices a reputation and experience which justifies us in confidently looking forward during their administration to an era of recovery and progress. (Applause).\n\nWe are also honoured to have with us to-night a commercial delegation composed of Canton's leading business and professional men. The delegation is led by Mr. Ho Tsap-ping, the Chairman of the United Chambers of Commerce of Kwangtung, who, by a happy coincidence, is closely connected in business with your Chairman, a relationship which must surely facilitate that closer co-operation between our two Chambers which we all desire. (Applause).\n\nAs I mentioned during our Goodwill visit to Canton last year, Mr. Ho and I are colleagues in a company to which our Chinese friends long ago thoughtlessly gave the name of \"Teen Cheang,\" \"Heavenly Prosperity\". We frankly confessed that we wished our friends had given us some other name offering more promise of immediate reward, but this year we have every confidence that, in the merchants' paradise which Your Excellency is about to create by the stabilisation of the currency, we shall be able to discount on earth a little of the prosperity coming to us in heaven. (Laughter).\n\n## Stabilisation Benefits\n\nI am perfectly serious when I say that stabilisation of the currency would create a traders' paradise; stabilisation is his dream, violent fluctuation his nightmare and nothing, in the opinion of this Chamber, would be more conducive to recovery than a stable exchange in South China. We therefore look forward with confidence to the national dollar shortly becoming its recognised currency.\n\nBy a happy coincidence, there occurred to-day an incident which draws still closer the bonds of commercial union which inevitably link China and Hongkong. I refer to the first landing at Kai Tak of the aeroplane service which carries mails and passengers between Shanghai and Canton. It is most satisfactory to all of us that this very natural and sensible arrangement has now been made. Hongkong has always been given the benefit of the domestic rate in respect of charges on mail between here and China. I am glad to learn that a similar rule will apply to the air mail link now inaugurated.\n\nIt is a matter for great regret to us that we have not been able to show the commercial party industrial development in Hongkong on anything like the scale they showed it to us in Canton last year.\n\nThe remarkable progress we witnessed during our enjoyable visit fully bears out the description of it given by the American Economic Mission in their recent report that \"a vast change is coming over China, a modernisation that as compared with 10 or even five years ago, marks many centuries.\" That phrase, I think, aptly describes the great strides made in all directions and provides a striking contrast to the old exploded idea that a century of change in China is the equivalent of but a few years of change in Europe. If His Honour the Mayor succeeds, as I sincerely hope he will, in carrying out the great schemes he has in mind for the improvement of his City and the welfare of his countrymen, his administration in Canton will assuredly mark a further century of progress.\n\n## Unification Agreement\n\nBut, in my view, of all China's achievements, the unification of the country stands out above the rest. We used to think of unification as a dream that could never come true; to-day it is a reality—and a reality, Gentlemen, which pays a far greater tribute than any words of mine, to the outstanding leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and to the wise policies of the Central Government. (Loud applause).\n\nAnd now a few words on a topic which I am accused of wearing threadbare. His Honour the Mayor said last week that the prosperity of Hongkong depends upon the prosperity of Canton and vice versa; we entirely agree with him, but in the light of the disastrous results of the attempts by almost all nations to create their own prosperity within their own borders, without the help of their neighbours, His Honour might have gone still further and said that no nation can sustain and develop its domestic prosperity without the assistance of an ever expanding world prosperity. In other words, neither national nor international recovery will ever be permanently achieved until economic reciprocity and co-operation will take the place of economic isolation and retaliation.\n\nI make no apology, above all in this Colony, for wearing this subject threadbare, for every time an opportunity occurs to raise it, I find fresh and encouraging evidence that Economic Nationalism as practised to-day, has been proved a failure.\n\n## Dr. Koo's View\n\nIn Dr. Wellington Koo's address, on behalf of China to the Assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva, is this significant paragraph:\n\n\"In view of the unrelaxed pursuit of the policy of seeking national self-sufficiency by methods of economic jugglery, it is doubtful that the road to economic recovery is already clear. The dream of economic nationalism has not yet lost its spell over the nations of the world. Barriers to trade of all kinds continue to hamper trade and impede development.”\n\nThe inference to be drawn from that statement is surely that if other nations are prepared to remove some of the barriers now obstructing international trade, such as quotas, prohibitive tariffs, monopolies and exchange restrictions, China will follow suit. Whether or not that inference is correct, it was never more essential in the interests of world peace, that the risk of misunderstanding between nations should be reduced to a minimum and every opportunity created for frank and helpful discussion of the many problems that arise. It is our earnest hope, so far as Hongkong and South China are concerned, that the personal contacts made between us during this exchange of visits may develop into friendships which will create such opportunities, and still further strengthen and promote the bonds of unity between this Colony and her great neighbour. (Loud applause).\n\nIn proposing the toast of the evening, I wish to offer a word of explanation to our other guests, who hold positions of leadership in Canton and Hongkong. We ask them to regard themselves on this occasion more in the light of hosts than guests. We thank them all for accepting our invitation to unite with us to-night in doing honour to \"Our Distinguished Guests from Canton,\" which is the toast I now ask them to join with us in drinking, coupling it with the names of His Excellency the Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, His Honour the Mayor of Canton and the Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Chamber of Commerce.",
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        "content_text": "## Stokes & Master (Mr. D. B. Johnson); The Kailan Mining Administration (Mr. W. Wright); Messrs. Ed. Keller & Co., Ltd., (Mr. H. A. Keller); Messrs. Kunst & Albers (Mr. W. Egge); Messrs. Lowe, Bingham & Matthews (Mr. J. Fleming); Messrs. W. R. Loxley & Co., (China); Ltd., (Mr. T. A. Mitchell); Messrs. Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co., (The Hon. Mr. M. T. Johnson, Mr. D. W. MacE and Mr. A. W. Hay-Edie); Mrs. John Manners & Co., Ltd., (Mr. W. J. Hansen); Messrs. Maxim & Co., (Mr. J. F. B. Ribeiro); The Mercantile Bank (Mr. R. Kennedy); The Mitsui Bussan Kaisha (Mr. K. Numata); The Netherlands Trading Society (Mr. J. C. Mantel); The Nippon Yussen Kaisha (Mr. K. Watanabe); The Orient Tobacco Manufactory Ltd., (Mr. E. de Chaffoy); Messrs. Pentreath & Co., (Mr. G. A. Pentreath); Messrs. Petersen & Co., (Mr. H. Arfas); Mr. G. H. Potts; Messrs. Reiss Bradley & Co., (Mr. K. S. Morrison and Mr. J. Ormiston); Mr. E. M. Raymond; Messrs. Robertson, Wilson & Co., Ltd., (Mr. G. W. Sewell); Messrs. Shewan Tomes & Co., (Mr. I. W. Shewan); Messrs. David Sassoon & Co., (Mr. A. H. Compton); The E. D. Sassoon Banking Co., Ltd., (Mr. A. Raymond); Messrs. Stewart Brothers (Mr. H. B. L. Dowbiggin and Mr. H. R. B. Hancock); The Swedish Chinese Export & Import Co., Ltd., (Mr. B. Astington); The Union Insurance Society (Mr. W. R. Mansfield); The Union Trading Co., Ltd., (Mr. S. M. Churn); The Union Waterboat Co., Ltd., (Mr. A. Utoomal); Messrs. C. I. Bowker & Assudamal Co., (Mr. P. Vaswani); Messrs. Watanmal Boolchand (Mr. W. Boolchand); Messrs. A. S. Watson & Co., Ltd., (Mr. J. E. Jupp); Messrs. Harry Wicking & Co., Ltd., (Mr. H. Owen Hughes); Messrs. Wilkinson & Grist (Mr. D. H. Blake).\n\n## HONGKONG-CANTON TIES\n\n### Friendship Increased By Visit, Says General Huang\n\nIn an interview with a S.C.M. Post representative yesterday, General Huang Mu-sung, Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, made the following statement regarding the visit to Hongkong: \n\n\"The relations between Great Britain and China have been traditionally friendly and those between Hongkong and Canton are particularly close and important. Two months ago, His Excellency Sir Andrew Caldecott, the Governor, was kind enough to pay a visit to Generalissimo Chiang and ourselves in Canton, thereby further strengthening the bonds of our friendship. Acting on instructions from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and the wish of the people that we should return that visit, I, in company with Mayor Tseng Yang-fu, have come to Hongkong.\n\n\"I am most thankful for and deeply impressed by the most cordial and impressive welcome accorded to us by the authorities of Hongkong and by the enthusiasm shown by our nationals here. I am particularly delighted to have had the opportunity of making personal contacts with the high officials of the Hongkong Government as well as leaders of the local community and representatives of the various Chinese public organisations.\n\n\"We are working for the prosperity of both Hongkong and Canton, and we feel quite confident that, after this visit, our friendship and co-operation will be increased and lead to useful results. I earnestly hope that in future we shall meet each other more often and exchange views for achieving progress, and promoting the welfare, of our two cities, and strengthening the ties of friendship between Great Britain and China.”\n\n## CHINESE TIFFIN\n\n### Businessmen Entertain At Hongkong Hotel\n\n#### SPEECHES OF WELCOME\n\nGeneral Huang Mu-sung, Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, and Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, Mayor of Canton, were the guests of honour at a tiffin in the Hongkong Hotel Roof Garden yesterday, when they were entertained by a group of leading Chinese business men. Other guests included the trade delegation which arrived from Canton yesterday morning.\n\nIn proposing a toast to General Huang and Mr. Tseng, the Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall, who spoke in Chinese, said:\n\n\"The visit of His Excellency the Chairman of the Provincial Government of Kwangtung and His Honour the Mayor of Canton has given unbounded pleasure to the whole community of Hongkong. The warmth of their welcome has seldom been equalled. It was but in September last that Governor Sir Andrew Caldecott called on Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in Canton, when he had the opportunity of meeting many high officials there, and of cementing the friendly relations between Kwangtung and Hongkong. To-day, so soon after that visit, His Excellency the Chairman, General Huang Mu-sung, and His Honour Mayor Tseng Yang-fu honour Hongkong with a visit. This is clear evidence of the harmonious friendship between the Authorities of the two places, and also of the increasingly cordial relations between China and Great Britain.\n\n\"Of the population of Hongkong about 97 per cent. are Chinese. Canton and Hongkong are closely related, geographically, commercially, and even from the point of view of peace and good order. Last night at the banquet at Government House, His Excellency the Chairman very aptly likened Canton and Hongkong to two sisters. I venture to make two other comparisons. Canton is as a mansion, and Hongkong its gateway; Canton is as the human trunk, and Hongkong its throat.\n\n\"Fortunes Linked. A few days ago His Honour the Mayor, speaking at a meeting of the Rotary Club in Canton, said somewhat to the effect that if Canton prospered, Hongkong would also prosper; if Canton suffered, Hongkong would also suffer; that, in short, the two places are interdependent. There can be no doubt that Canton and Hongkong share their prosperity and adversity, and are intimately responsive to each other in ebb and in flow.\n\n\"A few days ago, when I went up to Canton to attend the State funeral of the late Mr. Hu Han-min, I was overwhelmed by the unbounded hospitality of His Excellency the Chairman and of His Honour the Mayor. Though the conversations I had with them were short, they were not too short to enable me to realise that they had already gained thorough knowledge of local conditions. Now, they have come personally to Hongkong, and are seeing for themselves the conditions of the Chinese in particular, and of the Colony in general. Their knowledge will thus be enhanced, for 'to see with the eye is better than to hear with the ear,' just as one personal contact is better than a hundred letters.\n\n\"Both the Chairman and the Mayor love the people, and are assiduous in their efforts for their welfare. Since the assumption of their high offices, they have introduced what is modern, and abolished what is obsolete. They have upheld law and order, and they know the needs and heed the aspirations of the people.\n\n\"Hongkong happily also has as its Governor Sir Andrew Caldecott who has understanding and sympathy, vision and ability. Thus, like 'the echoing sound or the responding spirit', friendly co-operation will, of a certainty, be forthcoming, to the benefit of the two places.\n\n\"Able Assistants. Moreover, all those who have accompanied the Chairman and the Mayor on this visit are men of outstanding ability. Among the officials there are, for instance, Dr. Tyau, Colonel Li Fong, General Wong Keung, and Colonel Chang Yuan-man. Among the commercial party there are, among others too numerous to name, Mr. Ho Chap-ping and Mr. Chau Tin-pong who, with their colleagues, form a distinguished party. Our pleasure has been enhanced by the presence of His Majesty's Consul-General in Canton, Mr. Herbert Phillips, and of other prominent citizens of the Colony, official and unofficial, British and Chinese.\n\n\"Last night at Government House, His Excellency the Chairman quoted this happy saying: 'To befriend the one's good neighbour, and to co-operate with him, is a precious asset of a nation.' This precept is being carried into practice by Canton and Hongkong to-day.\n\n\"My fellow-hosts and I sincerely hope that our distinguished guests will not measure the extent of our respect and admiration for them by the inadequacy of the arrangements which we have made for their welcome and entertainment. We wish them every success in their high endeavours, and we wish Kwangtung peace and prosperity. Gentlemen, I now ask you to raise your glasses and drink with me to the health of His Excellency General Huang Mu-sung and Mr. Tseng Yang-fu.\"\n\nThe toast was responded to by Gen. Huang and Mr. Tseng, who spoke in Cantonese.\n\n#### Gen. Huang's Response\n\nIn coming to Hongkong with the Mayor Mr. Tseng Yang-fu to return the visit of His Excellency Sir Andrew Caldecott, I have been accorded the warmest welcome and I feel I have been greatly honoured. It is almost two years since I last visited Hongkong. On coming here again this time, I am glad to see with my own eyes the progress in trade and industry, the prosperity of the market, and the bright and harmonious views from every aspect. The economic depression has affected world trade generally, but Hongkong is able to stand out against all. You Gentlemen and the Government are to be congratulated for your efforts which have had such satisfactory results.\n\nChina's poverty has been due to two reasons—political instability and want of co-operation between Government and people. Fortunately, the country is now united, law and order are enforced, and...",
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        "title": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "content_text": "# LOV\n## 37\n\nThe government made a reality. The only way to save China from poverty is economic reconstruction. As regards economic elements, there is nothing beyond capital and labour. The essential requirement is co-operation between the Government and the people. Co-operation progresses by steps. First, it is necessary to have economic concatenations. By concatenation is meant the concentration of resources and useful men and the linking up of economy connections. The vital point lies with the reputable leaders of the Community and their efforts to start and work, and with the Government in its duty to afford protection. I can say for certain that with mutual assistance and co-operation, there is nothing which cannot be done.\n\nWe know very well that the prosperity of Hongkong and Canton is really interdependent. You, Gentlemen, and Dr. Kotewall are distinguished men of Hongkong. You have taken keen interest and led others in economic enterprises, thereby eliciting the admiration of the community and the respect of the Government. It gives me great pleasure to be with all of you here today. It is my earnest hope that you will, with the same spirit as you have done in the past, take a lead in the economic developments of Kwangtung. It is my hope too that other gentlemen in China will, on hearing of such news, rise and help to carry out the national economic scheme for saving the country from poverty.\n\n## Mayor's Reply\n\nDuring my present visit to Hongkong with Chairman Huang, I have been given the warmest welcome and finest entertainment by Hongkong Government and fellow-countrymen. I and our cannot express how much I am indebted to them. You have again today entertained me at a lunch party and I fully enjoy your princely hospitality. You have also spoken kindly of me. I am so touched that I can find no words to express my thanks. I hope the people of Hongkong and Canton will remain in the friendliest terms and spare no efforts in working for the prosperity of the two cities and reviving the trade of both places, so that commerce and industry may flourish and the people be enriched. When this is achieved, we should have a grand fete to celebrate our success, and I shall take the opportunity to be your host and invite you all to honour me with your presence.\n\nI believe that my hope will be realized in the very near future. I now ask you all to drink together with me and I wish you health.\n\n## The Hosts\n\nThe hosts were: Mr. R. H. Kotewall, Dr. S. W. Tso, Messrs. T. N. Chau, M. K. Lo, Sir Shouson Chow, Sir Robert Ho Tung, Dr. S. N. Chau, Messrs. Shou J. Chen, Ho Kom-tong, Kan Tong-po, Dr. Li Shu-fan, Messrs. Li Sing-kui, Li To-nam, Li Yau-tsun, Lo Wing-kit, W. N. T. Tam, B. Wong Tape, J. M. Wong.\n\n## CHINESE CHAMBER Give Tea Party in Honour Of Canton Officials\n\n### CORDIALITY PREVAILS\n\nIn honour of the visit here of His Excellency the Kwangtung Provincial Chairman, General Huang Mu-sung, and H. H. the Mayor of Canton, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, the members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce gave a tea party reception in the Chamber's hall yesterday afternoon. The Canton Governor and Mayor arrived together with His Majesty's Consul-General at Canton, Mr. H. Phillips, and Chinese Unofficial members of the Legislative Council.\n\nAt the entrance of the Chamber, the eminent visitors were welcomed by Mr. Li Sing-kui and other members.\n\nThree bows to the Chinese national flag and the portrait of the late Dr. Sun Yat-sen marked the commencement of the proceedings. The will of the late Dr. Sun Yat-sen was read by the Chamber's Secretary, Mr. H. Y. Tso. All the hosts then bowed ceremoniously to the Canton Governor and Mayor, who bowed in acknowledgment.\n\nThe Chinese national anthem was played by the band of the Chung Sing Benevolent Society.\n\nThroughout the reception, the most cordial and happy spirit prevailed. The Canton Governor and Mayor, who of course made their speeches in Cantonese, stressed the importance of promoting better relations between Hongkong and Canton, which sentiments were loudly applauded.\n\nWhen General Huang remarked that relations between Great Britain and China were improving every day, and the relations between Hongkong and Canton had been brought much closer through the able services of His Majesty's Consul-General, Mr. Phillips, he received applause from the gathering.\n\nAfter the speeches, the Canton Governor stayed for some time exchanging views with the merchants, and conversed freely with Mr. Li Sing-kui, Mr. Wong Tape, and others.\n\nThe visit attracted great Chinese interest as the national flag was flown everywhere in town. A crowd of many hundreds lined the Praya outside the Chamber to see the arrival of the Canton officials.\n\nThose present were: His Excellency General Huang Mu-sung (Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government), H. H. Mr. Tseng Yang-fu (Mayor of Canton), Mr. Herbert Phillips, C.M.G., O.B.E., (British Consul-General, Canton), Colonel Li Fong (Secretary of the Municipal Government of Canton), Mr. Chang Yuen-nan, the Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall, Hon. Mr. S. W. Tso, Hon. Mr. T. N. Chau, Mr. Li Sing-kui, Mr. J. M. Wong, Mr. Tai Tak-fu (Chinese Invoice Officer of Hongkong), Mr. Li Yau-tsun, C.B.E., Mr. Ho Kom-tong, Mr. Fung Heung-chuen, Mr. Chan Pak-shuen, Mr. Li Chi-chung, Mr. Chan Kam-po, Dr. Li Shu-fan, Mr. Kong Chi-ying, Mr. Ho Chap-ping, Mr. Chow Din-pong, Mr. Chan Yuk-chim, Mr. Li Lu-chao, Mr. Chin Shu-fan, Mr. Lau Kok-ho, Mr. Chung Ping-fung, Mr. Wan Man-hing, Mr. Yao Pek-lung (Director of the Canton Navigation Bureau), Mr. Tong Ying-hua (Director of the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company), Mr. W. J. Wen, Mr. Lo Ying-yu, Mr. Shen Hsiao-chin, Mr. Lam Fong-pak, Mr. Tsam Shiu-sum, Mr. Tang Chung-put, General Chen Kee-yau, Mr. Choi Cheong, Mr. Chan Chung-pik, Mr. Au Yeung-kee, Mr. Chan Kwong-chung, Mr. Lam Po-tin, Mr. Wong Cheuk-nam, Mr. Tse Tsun-on, Mr. Tai An-kay, Mr. Tang Shiu-kin, Mr. Philip Gockchin, Mr. Jackman To, Mr. Kwok Chan, Mr. Ip Lan-cauen, Mr. W. N. Thomas Tam, Mr. Lo Wing-kit, Mr. Peter Sin, Mr. Ho Leung, Dr. F. I. Tseung, Mr. Ngan Shing-kwan, Mr. Wong Tape, Mr. Yung Chi-ming, Mr. Yung Koon-man, Mr. Kwan Shu-chung, Mr. Li Po-kwai, Mr. Li Jor-shan, Mr. Lau Yak-wan, Mr. Lau King-tsing, Mr. Fung Kee-cheuk, Mr. Lam Chi-fung, Mr. Fung Ping-fan, and many others.\n\n## Trade Relations\n\nSpeaking in Chinese, the Chairman of the Chamber, Mr. Li Sing-kui, said: \"In extending our most sincere welcome to His Excellency General Huang Mu-sung and Mr. H. Phillips and all the distinguished guests here today, we feel that we have been greatly honoured by the presence of such an eminent assembly. We, as the overseas Chinese merchants in Hongkong, have paid the keenest attention to the welfare of China. Therefore, we have been looking forward a long time for an opportunity to meet and hear the views of leaders of the Chinese Government. Such an opportunity is rare.\n\n\"It is a gratifying factor that relations between Canton and Hongkong have been very close. Many of our guests today are leaders in various businesses in Canton. In the past, the Canton merchants have given the Chinese merchants in Hongkong the most helpful co-operation in the international trade promoting. Such mutual co-operation we have always greatly appreciated. It is, indeed, unnecessary to say that all the time the Canton merchants have tried their very best, striving for new developments and wider fields for promotion of foreign trade. Therefore, we hope that the happy function today will leave a good impression on their mind of our desire for friendship.\n\n\"On the other hand, we are equally assured that in his political readjustment programme for Kwangtung, General Huang Mu-sung will pay full attention to the livelihood and welfare of the overseas Chinese, to whom it is hoped that he will continue to render his most valuable advice and help from time to time.\n\n\"In conclusion, on behalf of all members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, I reiterate our hearty welcome and wish His Excellency General Huang Mu-sung good health and prosperity.\"\n\nThe Vice-Chairman of the Chamber, Mr. J. M. Wong, also made a brief speech of welcome.\n\n## Address by Canton Governor\n\nSpeaking from his own experience as a traveller who has visited all parts of the world with the exception of South America and Australia, General Huang Mu-sung said that he was delighted to see that wherever he went, there was a Chinese Chamber of Commerce. To enter a Chinese Chamber of Commerce abroad was like returning to one's home in China. For the past few years, he had travelled a good deal and visited many Chinese Chambers of Commerce abroad. He hoped that the Hongkong Chinese Chamber of Commerce and the Canton Chamber of Commerce would co-operate to bring about the much-desired trade prosperity for both cities.\n\nAs an official of the Government, he also believed that there should be permanent co-operation between the Government and the people in all matters. The Canton Government was not only willing to co-operate with its people but would endeavour its very best to afford protection and help to overseas Chinese.\n\nIn his conversations with the Hon. Mr. Kotewall, he had been told that Kwangtung was like the body of a man and Hongkong its throat. The two organs were so closely connected commercially and economically that they could not be separated.\n\n\"Relations between Great Britain and China are improving day by day, while Hongkong and Canton have been brought much closer by His Majesty's Consul-General, Mr. Phillips, and others.\" (Applause)",
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        "title": "CO129-559-13 Sir A. Caldecott- visit to Canton 13-9-1936 - 26-11-1936",
        "content_text": "## In conclusion the General apologised for not being able to visit personally more Chinese merchants to get their views. He took the opportunity of saying good-bye to the merchants, hoping that one day they could visit him in Canton, where they could have more time to exchange views. He thanked the Chamber and all its members for the excellent entertainment.\n\n## Aeroplane Donors Thanked\n\nIn a speech the Mayor, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, said that for many years he had been away from Canton serving the Central Government in Nanking. For this reason he had little chance of visiting Hongkong, and to meet such a distinguished gathering of the Chinese business leaders was a great pleasure to him.\n\n\"As explained by General Huang just now,\" said the Mayor, “to pay an official call on His Excellency the Governor, Sir Andrew Caldecott, is the first reason of the visit of the Canton officials, while secondly the officials also want to meet the overseas Chinese here.\n\n\"On behalf of the National Government I wish to thank all Chinese in Hongkong for their generous donation and unselfishness in contributing half a million dollars for the aeroplane fund in connection with Marshal Chiang Kai-shek's birthday. Such a good spirit is comparable to that of even the most patriotic peoples of the European and American countries to-day.\n\n\"Although Hongkong and Canton are on a different footing, actually the closest of relations exist between the two cities. If we can bring prosperity to both, the people in the two places will be directly benefited. For this reason there is every necessity for commercial and economic co-operation between Canton and Hongkong.\n\n\"As most of the Chinese residents in Hongkong are Cantonese, Canton serves as a backbone to them. Consequently a bad Government in Canton will not only disappoint the Cantonese in Hongkong but will have other detrimental effects on this Colony as a whole. The present Government in Canton is determined to carry out its readjustment programme to the fullest extent, so that prosperity will be brought not only to Canton but to both cities. If any future opportunity should arise, the Canton Municipal Government will be most willing to receive any constructive advice which may be given by the Hongkong Chinese.\"\n\n## Other Chinese Receptions\n\nAt the Hotel Cecil at nine o'clock yesterday morning representatives of 280 local Chinese organisations, including trade and labour associations and schools, gave a reception in honour of the visiting Canton officials. The meeting was presided over by Mr. Tang Chi-ching, who delivered the speech of welcome on behalf of the 280 organisations of Hongkong and Kowloon. The Chairman stressed the point that in cementing better relations between Hongkong and Canton they would increase the prosperity of the two leading cities of South China.\n\nAnother speech was made by Mr. Li Sing-kui (Chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce).\n\nThe happy function came to a conclusion after General Huang Mu-sung had replied thanking the hosts for their excellent entertainment.\n\n## A Cordial Welcome\n\nLater in the morning, at 11 o'clock, another Chinese reception, given by a number of local commercial, educational, medical, religious and sports associations, was held in the Kam Ling Restaurant, at West Point. The reception was presided over by Mr. Ip Hau-chuen.\n\nAt this reception General Huang Mu-sung said that the Chinese Government was determined to push on with the new life movement in Kwangtung, as shown by the rigid suppression of gambling, opium smoking and the miscellaneous and unpopular taxes. This would relieve the financial burden of the people and would permit them to proceed with the rehabilitation work. In short, it was the hope of the Canton Government to push ahead the reorganisation of Kwangtung, making the province a model province of China. He said that there was great hope for a speedy recovery if the overseas Chinese continued to give support to the Government whenever they could.\n\nThe Mayor of Canton, Mr. Tseng Yang-fu, said that he was greatly impressed by the enthusiasm shown in the many entertainments which had been given in their honour.\n\n## TRADE DELEGATION\n\n### Big Party of Businessmen Arrive from Canton\n\nBusiness men of Hongkong and Canton were enabled to fraternise at length when, in connection with the goodwill visit of His Excellency the Provincial Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, and the Mayor of Canton, a party of Chinese business and financial representatives arrived from Canton yesterday morning.\n\nThe visitors were headed by Mr. Ho Tsap-ping, (Chairman, Kwangtung Provincial Chamber of Commerce), and included: Mr. Chow Dien-pong, (Chairman, Canton Chamber of Commerce), Mr. Chen Yu-chien, (Chairman, Canton Bankers Association), Mr. Li Lu-chao, (Director, Canton-Kowloon Railway), Dr. Chien Shu-fan (Lawyer), Mr. Kiang Ying-chi, (Manager, Canton Municipal Bank), Mr. Loo Im-min, (Manager, China State Bank, Canton), Mr. Chan Lim-chung, (Chinese Manager, Hongkong & Shanghai Bank, Canton), Mr. Tsai Chang, Manager, (Sun Company), Mr. Chung Ping-fung, (Manager, General Bank), Mr. W. J. Wen, (Manager, Bank of Communications), Mr. Yiu Pak-loong, (Director, Department of Navigation), Mr. Tang Ying-wa, (Manager, China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.), Mr. Lo Ting-yu, (Director, Weaving Factory), Mr. Shen Tsiao-chiu, (Secretary General, K.T. Provincial Kwokmantang Headquarters), Mr. Wilfred Ling, (Municipal Government Planning Committee).\n\nThe party was received in the Jacobean Room of the Hongkong Hotel by members of the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce, and light refreshments were served while introductions were exchanged.\n\n| Name | Affiliation |\n| --- | --- |\n| The Hon. Mr. Stanley H. Dodwell | Messrs. Dodwell & Co., Ltd. |\n| The Hon. Mr. J. J. Paterson | Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co., Ltd. |\n| The Hon. Mr. M. T. Johnson | Messrs. Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co. |\n| Mr. G. Miskin | Messrs. Gilman & Co., Ltd. |\n| Mr. P. S. Cassidy | Messrs. J. D. Hutchison & Co. |\n| Mr. J. R. Masson | Messrs. Butterfield & Swire |\n| Mr. T. A. Mitchell | Messrs. W. R. Loxley & Co., (China) Ltd. |\n| Mr. K. S. Morrison | Messrs. Reiss, Bradley & Co., Ltd. |\n| Mr. G. W. Sewell | Federation of British Industries, Ltd. |\n| Mr. W. Shewan | Messrs. Shewan, Tomes & Co., Ltd. |\n| Major V. E. Duclos | Canadian Trade Commissioner |\n| Mr. G. C. Pelham | H.M. Trade Commissioner |\n| Mr. A. Brearley | The Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China |\n| Mr. J. W. Platt | The Asiatic Petroleum Co., (S.C.) Ltd. |\n| Mr. J. H. Jessen | Messrs. Jebsen & Co. |\n| Mr. A. B. Raworth | General Electric Co., Ltd. |\n| Mr. H. Owen Hughes | Messrs. Harry Wicking & Co., Ltd. |\n| Mr. A. K. Mackenzie | Messrs. Harry Wicking & Co., Ltd. |\n| Mr. R. D. Gillespie | The Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. |\n| Mr. F. Stafford Smith | The British-American Tobacco Co., Ltd. |\n\nFrom the Jacobean Room, members of the party went to the St. Francis Hotel where they were received by members of the Chinese business community, while others were shown round the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Building by the Chief Manager, Mr. V. M. Grayburn.",
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        "document_key": "CO129-563-17 Sino-Japanese War- attacks on shipping. For extracted photographs see CN 3-12 27-9-1937 - 17-1-1938",
        "page_number": 103,
        "title": "CO129-563-17 Sino-Japanese War- attacks on shipping. For extracted photographs see CN 3-12 27-9-1937 - 17-1-1938",
        "content_text": "# THE HONG KONG WEEKLY PRESS & CHINA OVERLAND TRADE REPORT\n## October 29, 1937\n\n### COOLIES REFUSE TO WORK LOCAL SHIP\n\nBelieved Cargo Was For Japan\n\nUnder the impression that the cargo they were loading was intended to be shipped to Japan, over 60 coolies refused to work the ss. Hai Tan. The cargo comprised tanks of kerosene and petrol which were to be shipped to Swatow, Foochow, and Amoy.\n\nIt was learned that the Texas Oil Co. installation had engaged 120 coolies to load onto the Hai Tan. A commotion was caused among the 60 coolies who turned up when it was alleged that someone had informed them that the cargoes were meant for Japan. On hearing the rumor, the coolies immediately stopped work.\n\nAnother incident of a similar nature took place on Oct. 22 at Connaught Road West on a junk where a number of coolies were unloading wolfram ore to be stored in a godown. It was alleged that the ore was to be sent to Japan.\n\n### GOVERNOR'S OFFICIAL VISIT TO MACAO\n\nHis Excellency the officer Administering the Government, Mr. N. L. Smith, C.M.G., accompanied by his A.D.C., Capt. G. P. Rickcord, and private secretary, Mr. H. J. Cruttwell, paid an official visit to Macao on October 22.\n\nThey left shortly before 8 a.m. yesterday by the H.M.S. Falmouth, the Admiral's Yacht, and were seen off by the Portuguese Consul-General, Signor Alvaro Brilhante Laborinho, at Queen's Pier.\n\nIn Macao, they had luncheon at Government House with the Governor of Macao. After taking a motor drive around the Portuguese Colony, they left for Hong Kong by the Falmouth, arriving here at 7 p.m. in the evening.\n\nThe visit had no political significance and was suggested several months ago and approved by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Its postponement had been due to the situation in China but, as no such visit had been paid since 1933, the Secretary of State was anxious that this courtesy should, if possible, not await the arrival of Sir Geoffry Northcote, the Governor-Designate of Hong Kong.\n\n### Trade Barriers\n\nTrade barriers were touched upon at the half-yearly meeting of the Penang Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Jules Martin, who invariably takes an active share in the discussions at the meetings of the Chamber, followed his usual course on this occasion and made a sound contribution to the proceedings, comments the \"Malaya Tribune.\" With his plea for freer trade and the abolition of all tariff barriers, he is assured of ample sympathy, for there can be no doubt whatever that most of the ills to which the world is heir today can be laid at the door of economic self-sufficiency. It has acted as a garrote on world trade and gained in strength so much that Great Britain, the apostle of free trade, was herself forced to resort to tariffs for her own protection. That did not make matters in the wider aspect any better. But it cannot be concluded that Great Britain, in taking the action she did, was actuated by any motive other than self-preservation. As regards Mr. Martin's remarks, he was thinking of world trade and the stranglehold which economic nationalism has succeeded in locking upon it. There are already signs that the economic nationalists have discovered the vital flaw in their theory, and there is a growing disposition to look upon free trade with a less prejudiced eye. But why consider world conditions when there are equally absurd conditions prevailing nearer home? There are the customs barriers in the Federated Malay States. Why not establish free trade on the mainland? It would be an excellent example to set the rest of the world.\n\n### A White Elephant\n\nOne of Malaya's white elephants, Prai, had its periodical outing last week at the half-yearly meeting of the Penang Chamber of Commerce. The pachyderm was trotted out for inspection by the chairman, Mr. T. C. Martine, and, after a not too favorable eye had been cast over its points, it was trotted back again. It will be recalled that the General Manager of the Federated Malay States Railways, in his annual report for 1936, contradicted the assertion that the port of Prai was a white elephant. In one respect, he was right. The port will never be entirely useless but it will never be the port that its creators dreamed it would be. It will never be a deep-water port for ocean-going steamers. Mr. Martine subscribed to that view.\n\nHe did not propose to re-open a rather weather-beaten controversy as to the advantages of port development on the mainland, but he did consider that the bulk of cargo at Prai or Penang must always be handled by lighters, and any new improvement scheme should be designed with that idea to the fore. So there we have it. Prai is an excellent lighterage port and nothing more. In effect, it is still a white elephant but not so white as some of its traducers try to make out. When the amount of money that has been sunk in that estuary in an endeavor to justify the opinions of those who believed in Prai as a deep-water port is recalled, it is something to be thankful for that the future of the port is assured, not on the grandiose lines originally visualized for it, but on a real utility basis. The only thing that rankles is that all this was seen and appreciated by not a few before the Prai wharves had got no further than plans on paper. As an offset to the irksome reminder of the many millions spent on its construction, there is always the consolation that Prai will eventually pay for its keep.\n\n### Welcome, Malaya\n\nThe decision of the Malayan Governments to book 5,000 square feet in the Colonial Pavilion of the Empire Exhibition, to be held in Glasgow next year, has afforded much satisfaction in Scottish business circles, and the hope is freely expressed that the display of Malayan exhibits will result in mutual trade benefits.\n\nWelcoming Malaya to the Exhibition, the Glasgow \"News\" in a short editorial says:-\n\n\"Your decision to book 5,000 square feet in the Colonial Pavilion is heartening to us in Glasgow, and will prove a wise departure for yourselves.\n\n### CHINA REVIEW\n\n#### Pitiable Sights\n\n\"Unparalleled scenes of misery and destitution are being witnessed in the streets of Shanghai as a result of the hostilities, for hundreds of refugees are roaming the streets in the International Settlement and French Concession, sleeping in the open, begging for food, battered by the elements.\"\n\nThis is the description which an eyewitness gives of the immense suffering of the civilian population in Shanghai from a war which is due to no fault of theirs.\n\nBeing driven from their homes by the unwelcome visitation of bullets and shells, these refugees have now to live in concentration camps. Although eighty such camps have been established in the foreign areas, there is accommodation for a mere handful of the total figure. Meanwhile, the food problem grows more acute daily.\n\nAt present, unfortunate victims of war are only given rations, which do no more than keep them from abject starvation, and the police and volunteers are kept busy coping with food riots.\n\nFurther, the unsanitary conditions in the city are causing the health authorities much anxiety. Cases of cholera have been reported, and if the disease develops into an epidemic, against which all possible precautions are now being taken, the situation will be rendered most difficult.\n\n#### Women Soldiers\n\nThe womenfolk in China are taking their full share of responsibility in the present Sino-Japanese conflict. Discarding lipsticks and eyebrow pencils, they have now taken active parts in the front lines, and have been engaged in militia duties in the rear. It is even said that some of them have actually seen service in some of the grimmest and bloodiest battles in Shanghai.\n\nThroughout the country, girls are petitioning the Government for enrolment into the women's fighting forces, but so far, only those with previous military training have been drafted. But those who have been rejected are trying to make themselves useful in other ways, such as bringing comforts and entertainment to the troops and doing Red Cross work in base hospitals behind the fighting lines.\n\nAt the same time, the Government is exercising the greatest of caution because numerous traitors and spies are seeking to make army contacts. Consequently, many volunteers are rejected unless they possess incontrovertible proofs of their patriotic motives.\n\nThe former Red Army, subsequently renamed the 8th Route Army, possesses a contingent of veteran women troops. They are mostly wives of regulars, and are reliably said to be remaining with the 8th Route Army. It will be recalled that two years ago, they captured an entire regiment of Szechuen provincial troops!\n\n### MALAYAN REVIEW (Continued)\n\n\"Over here, we know too little of what you mean to the Empire with your vast production of rubber and tin, and your strategic importance in times of peace as in times of international strife.\n\n\"We are vague in our knowledge of the Federated and Unfederated States and the Straits Settlements, and their relation to Britain, so that anything you can do to educate us will be of mutual benefit.\n\n\"The Sino-Japanese war reminds us forcibly of the part that Singapore plays in protecting the arteries of Empire, and safeguarding the life-blood of our peoples.\n\n\"You will enlighten us more fully and by happier methods.\"\n\n### CHUNG SHAN SURGICAL UNIT\n\n#### Personnel In North China\n\nThe following corrected list of the personnel composing the Chung Shan Surgical Unit was received from Nanking recently, reading as follows:-\n\nThe Chung Shan Medical Unit, Nanking:- Patron and President: Dr. Sun Fo, President of the Legislative Yuan;\n\nBoard of Directors:- Dr. Wang Ching Wei (President of the Kuomintang); Dr. Wang Chung Hui (Minister of Foreign Affairs); Dr. J. Heng Liu (Minister of Health); Dr. Fu Ping Sheung (Member of the Legislative Yuan); Dr. Wu Sheung Ying (Member of the Legislative Yuan); Mr. Ma Chiu Shun (Mayor of Nanking); Madame Sun Fo; Madame Wang Ching Wei; Madame Ma Chiu Shun; Mr. Aw Boon Haw; Mr. A. Morris; Prof. W. I. Gerrard;\n\nMedical Head: Dr. Yik Wan. Doctors: Dr. S. C. Ho, Dr. Ying Wan, Dr. Li Ho Tin, Dr. Tze Ming Tsan, Dr. Lau Man Fong, Dr. Lam Lin.\n\nNurses:- Misses Pun Yuen Ching, Ng Yee Kun, Fung Man Fung, Hung Ching Chu, Wong Kei Tong, Kwok Yin Wa, Cheung Siu Ping, Yu Kim Man, Liu Po Ching, Ip Poo Ying, Kwok Shun Tak, Rosetta Ling, Yu Wai Sheung, Chan Wai Fong, Ng Kam Ho, Chan Wai Han, Leung Fung Ha, Tang Fong Ling, Kwok Miu Chun, Leung Wai Fun, Lo So Wan, Lee Yuk Chun, Chan Sau Ying, and Leung Kim Wan.\n\nMale-nurses:- Messrs. So Yat Sang, Leung Hang, Au Po Ming, Fan Chan Chung, Ng Pui Fun, Bank K. Yip, Li Fai Sing, Mo Kam Man, Wai Fu Kuen, Wong Kok Shui, Kwok Yuk Wing, and B. A. Hyder.\n\n### DONATIONS\n\nThe Chairman of the Hong Kong Travel Association acknowledges with thanks the receipt of the following subscriptions to the Association for the period 1937-1938:-\n\n| Donor | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| The Hon. Dr. R. H. Kotewall | $15.00 |\n| China Light & Power Co., Ltd. | $100.00 |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-563-17 Sino-Japanese War- attacks on shipping. For extracted photographs see CN 3-12 27-9-1937 - 17-1-1938.txt",
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        "id": 555261,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-563-17 Sino-Japanese War- attacks on shipping. For extracted photographs see CN 3-12 27-9-1937 - 17-1-1938",
        "page_number": 111,
        "title": "CO129-563-17 Sino-Japanese War- attacks on shipping. For extracted photographs see CN 3-12 27-9-1937 - 17-1-1938",
        "content_text": "626 \n\n## THE HONG KONG WEEKLY PRESS & \n\n### MEDICAL RELIEF WORK IN CHINA WAR \n\n#### Illuminating Talk By Dr. W.S. Fu \n\nThe Hong Kong Chinese Medical Association were hosts at a reception given at the Chinese Merchants' Club on Oct. 22 in honour of Drs. W. S. Fu and C. Y. Wu, of Shanghai. Dr. Li Shu-pui, president of the Association, welcomed the guests on behalf of his colleagues, and there were also present Dr. Wu Lien-teh, the famous plague prevention expert and Director of the Chinese National Quarantine Service, the Hon. Dr. Li Shu-fan, and Drs. Ma Luk, W. K. Fok, Arthur W. Woo, Chau Wai-cheung, F. I. Tseung, Edward Sun, Eva Ho Tung, S. N. Chau, T. C. Wong, T. Y. Li, S. F. Cheung, Y. K. Wong, L. S. Shin, K. C. Cheng, C. W. Lam, P. I. Chan, K. D. Ling, N. P. Karanjia, K. T. Loke, H. C. Tan, K. F. Ko, Y. Y. Tang, K. C. Cheam, and K. L. Cheung.\n\nThe Chairman said: On behalf of the members of the Association, I take great pleasure in welcoming two well-known doctors here this afternoon.\n\nDr. W. S. Fu, as you know, is the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Chinese Medical Association of Shanghai, but you may also be interested to know that he is also Chairman of the Medical Relief Committee of the Association, of the Medical Supply Committee, Medical Supply Department, of the Shanghai Emergency Medical Relief Committee, and Chairman of the Medical Supply Department of the International Red Cross Committee in Shanghai.\n\nHis experiences in Shanghai will be needed in Hong Kong for guidance in our future work of medical relief amongst soldiers and the civilian population.\n\nDr. C. Y. Wu is no stranger amongst us. A distinguished graduate of the University of Hong Kong, his work on preventive medicine has benefited China a good deal. Now he is staying in Hong Kong to represent Dr. J. Heng Liu of the Ministry of Health and also head of the Chinese Red Cross. While he is here, I am sure we shall do our best to assist him in whatever way he desires. (Applause).\n\n### PRESENT CRISIS \n\nDr. Fu, called upon to address the meeting, gave an illuminating and informative account of medical relief conditions since the beginning of the crisis. He said that the war was thrown upon China all so suddenly that the Shanghai profession found itself quite unprepared to cope with the large number of casualties both amongst soldiers and the civilian population.\n\nThe first few days after the outbreak at Shanghai were days of hard work and feverish activity in the organising of emergency hospitals in the Settlement. They had more or less overcome the initial difficulties when at 4 p.m. on August 14, now generally known as 'Bloody Saturday,' bombs landed near the Palace Hotel and also on Avenue Edward VII. There were over 1,500 civilians wounded, apart from the dead, which number completely filled up the emergency hospitals as well as the regular centres. They certainly had a lot on their hands, and the situation was made worse by the closing of the shops, which made the procuring of medical supplies practically impossible.\n\n#### PLANS FOR RELIEF WORK \n\nSubsequently, members of the profession had got together and made certain plans for the work of relief. The general character of how medical relief was being undertaken in Shanghai since then had been: (1) caring for the wounded soldiers; (2) caring for the wounded civilians; (3) caring for the war refugees; (4) the combating of epidemics; and (5) the collection and distribution of medical supplies.\n\nIn the beginning, it was rather difficult to get the wounded soldiers into the Settlement. They found that only those soldiers wounded in the upper body, that is to say those that could walk, came for treatment; there were wounded soldiers lying in the areas of fighting who could not help themselves, and the Red Cross stretcher teams got them in only after much delay and difficulty.\n\nRelief work was more centralized now, and the task had been made easier.\n\n#### SUFFICIENT DOCTORS \n\nDr. Fu said that there were at present sufficient doctors and surgeons in Shanghai. There was a scheme, however, to send the wounded soldiers to base hospitals away from Shanghai, in which case more Chinese doctors would be required as those in Shanghai would be needed at the base hospitals. In this matter, the foreign doctors in Shanghai had agreed to conduct the relief work in the Settlement to the utmost extent possible.\n\n#### NO SHELL-SHOCK CASE \n\nThe speaker said that it might interest people to know that though the Chinese soldiers suffered sometimes from many things, not one case of shell-shock had yet been reported. The Chinese soldiers, he said, were not afraid of bomb or shell, but they did not like dirty water, mosquitoes, and the food.\n\nThe food problem had been a serious one, and had engaged the attention of the Government as well as those undertaking medical relief. Chinese nutrition experts had now perfected a biscuit, which had been approved by Nanking, 15 of which as constituting the diet for one day would be sufficient to produce over 2000 calories in food value.\n\nGauze and bandages are now being produced by Chinese cotton mills in Shanghai, and in this respect, they were self-sufficient. They were short of ether, alcohol, morphia, and anti-tetanus vaccine, said Dr. Fu.\n\n#### COST OF WORK \n\nGiving an idea of the cost of the relief work, the speaker said that the initial cost of a bed was about $20 and the maintenance was 67 cents per day.\n\nThe problem of medical relief for the refugees was largely being undertaken by the Shanghai Municipal Council Health Department, whose doctors were giving every possible attention to the various refugee camps. A hospital for the care of refugee children had just been opened.\n\nThe Chinese Medical Association was empowered to receive actual medical supplies and donations, said Dr. Fu. A plan had been evolved and approved by the National Government, whereby donors of medical supplies and of money handed in to the Association would be given in return the equivalent of their valuable help in National Salvation Bonds. Hong Kong, he suggested, might start a drive in this way to assist the suffering soldiers and others.\n\n#### ACUTE PROBLEM \n\nDr. Fu emphasized in conclusion that the problem was an acute one, and would become even more so as the war went on, and he appealed to all Chinese in Hong Kong and friends of China to help in the humane work that was being carried on. He also appealed to all Chinese doctors to volunteer their aid. It was, he said, very encouraging to see how much Hong Kong had done in the way of medical relief, but he hoped that greater assistance would be forthcoming.\n\nDr. C. Y. Wu, who is a nephew of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, then recounted his experiences during a train journey to Nanking while Japanese were bombing the country along the railway line.\n\nIt struck him as most impressive that the Chinese soldier today was different from his brother in the past. He met some wounded Cantonese soldiers on the train, and the change in their spirit and discipline was wonderful.\n\n#### FOOD PROBLEM \n\nDr. Wu laid great emphasis on the food problem amongst the refugees. He said that the food now consisted of two bowls of plain rice each day, with perhaps a little salted turnip. This diet prolonged over a long period would produce beri-beri and other diseases, and would be most harmful. He hoped that the biscuit mentioned by Dr. Fu might solve the problem, for they might later, if the war continued indefinitely, have to draw on the refugees to serve as soldiers, and it was therefore essential that they should be fit. He reminded the gathering that amongst other things, clothes for refugees were urgently needed now that winter was approaching. He appealed to all for gifts of clothing, which could be distributed where they were most needed.\n\nNews of three Hong Kong doctors who had volunteered their service was supplied by the Chairman, who said that Drs. S. C. Ho and Li Ho-tien were now with the 4th Route Army (Cantonese) at the front, whilst Dr. L. Sung was with the 23rd Emergency Hospital in Shanghai.\n\nOctober 29, 1937 \n\n## CHINA OVERLAND TRADE REPORT \n\n627 \n\n### MEDICAL RELIEF WORK IN CHINA WAR \n\n...\n\n### If Gossip We Must \n\n#### (BY ELSPETH)\n\nDear Kate,\n\n... having mixed up my voice for several months in querulous plaint against one Hong Kong climate, I now must eat my words and agree with the residents that October, and I believe November and December weather, can compensate one for typhoons, steam, and any other Act of God. The sudden tang in the air last week sent us all flying prematurely, as it proved, to fur-lined coats and furs. How lovely to push one's tired and limp summer wardrobe into the background and blossom forth in something fresh.\n\nThe cocktail party given by the Deep Water Bay residents was one of the first occasions for the airing of cool weather clothes. The setting for this lovely party was a veritable dream. The sea comes right up to the garden wall, and the moon and fairy lights did all they could to convince nostalgic Shanghai-ites that what Hong Kong loses on the night clubs she makes up on the view. Every lovely person in Hong Kong seemed to have been bidden and to have come.\n\nI saw pretty Mrs. Whitham looking exquisitely soignee in a long tunic of dull metallic brocade. Mrs. Reis Evans clung to white—a colour which suits her admirably. Mrs. Neale, another attractive person, came in something slim and dark. As I arrived late and had to dash on to a dinner party on the Peak, I had no time to do much other than to gasp at the view, swallow an excellent cocktail, and make my regretful adieu.\n\nAgain, I had to drag myself away before I had nearly enough time to enjoy the gay and cosmopolitan crowd with which this popular young couple have already surrounded themselves.\n\nOn Saturday night, after a delightful dinner on the Peak, we betook ourselves to the Grips to dance. The place was packed to capacity, and if our thoughtful hostess had not booked a table well in advance, we should have had either to sit on the stairs or to invade the sacred mysteries of Bessie's Bar. I saw the lovely Mrs. Hobkirk dancing with her tall, good-looking husband. Miss Judith Smith, in a printed dress, was in a coterie which included the Countess de Courseulles and her sister, Miss Chieri. At the same party, we also saw Mrs. McAvoy and her husband and Miss Gerrard. Miss Pestonji was wearing petunia effectively. I saw Mrs. Crokham looking lovely in a graceful printed dress dancing with Mr. Jack Macgregor, who has just come back from Shanghai.\n\nThe amusing entertainers Mahon and Rucker were doing an energetic turn vaguely reminiscent of the circus as we arrived, and I could not but applaud the fortitude of Miss Rucker on the repeated occasions when she was hurled through the air, and then the floor skidded about in a highly painful manner. The panther trainer cracked his whip in a realistic manner rather trying to shell-shocked ears. I saw Mr. Lawrence Kadoorie dancing with Miss Gubbay, who looked charming in white.\n\nThe southern side of the Island drew us all again on Thursday to the Lido for the cocktail party given by the newly married Delaneys. What an asset they are to the community, and how welcoming was the atmosphere of American hospitality which engulfed one on arrival. Mrs. Delaney welcomed her guests in a lovely cocktail tunic of taffeta worn over a slender black skirt. Mrs. Donovan looked delightful in a dark dress and black hat. Mrs. Abbott was wearing something gay and rather South American in colouring.\n\nThe crush was enormous, and not half enough people took advantage of the Terrace to allow me to view the lovely clothes. One lovely person was in pink with masses of white fox fur.\n\nMy dear Kate, my pen has run away with me. I must gird up my loins and flee to Shek-O to bang a golf-ball about.\n\nLove,\nELSPETH,\n\n122",
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    {
        "id": 556551,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-565-5 Hong Kong Eugenics League- activities 27-6-1937 - 31-8-1937",
        "page_number": 26,
        "title": "CO129-565-5 Hong Kong Eugenics League- activities 27-6-1937 - 31-8-1937",
        "content_text": "INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.\n\n36\n\n$ 160.00\n\n2,095.60\n\n444.00\n\n156.00\n\nCable to New York By Cheque book stamps\n\n$\n\n2.50\n\n26.18\n\nPayment to China Can Company for containers\n\n50.00\n\nPayment to American Express Co. for medical supplies\n\n173.44\n\nShanghai Birth Control Information\n\n\"\n\n64\n\nBureau for medical supplies\n\nHong Kong Hotel: Cost of tea dance Balance in hand and in the Bank\n\n10.20\n\n137.20\n\n2,466.08\n\nPeriod Ending 31st March, 1937.\n\nTo Membership Subscriptions\n\n$2,865.60\n\n$2,865.60\n\nThe above balance sheet has been checked with the vouchers for payments and receipts and with the bank's certificate of balance, and is found correct.\n\nTHOMAS LE C. KUEN & Co.,\n\nHonorary Auditors.\n\nDonations\n\nSale of tickets for tea dance Raffle tickets sold\n\nERRATUM:\n\nthe Totals\n\nand In the Income & Expenditure Account the figures for Donations and for Balance in hand, etc., should read $2,093.60 and $2,853.60, instead of as printed, $2,454.08 respectively,\n\n7\n\nLIST OF SUPPORTERS.\n\n\"A Grateful Patient\"\n\nAbbott, Mrs. M. J.\n\nAlabaster, Mrs. C. G.\n\nAnderson, Mr. C. G.\n\nAnderson, Mrs. J. W.\n\nArculli, Mr. A. el\n\n$ 5.00\n\nFlynn, Mrs. D.\n\n2.00\n\n2.00\n\nForrest, Mr. R. A. D. .\n\n91.10\n\n2.00\n\nFu, Mr. S. S.\n\n5.00\n\n5.00\n\n2.00\n\nGerrard, Dr. W.\n\nI.\n\n12.00\n\n•\n\n10.00\n\nGlover, Mrs. S.\n\n5.00\n\nAu, Mr. David\n\n5.00\n\nGordon, Mrs. V. R.\n\n12.00\n\nGreaves, Mrs. A. V.\n\n1.00\n\nBaskett, Mrs. P. E.\n\n2.00\n\nN.W.B.\n\n10.00\n\nHall, Mrs. F. C.\n\n5.00\n\nBennitt, Mrs. A. J.\n\n2.00\n\nHancock, Mrs. M. I.\n\n2.00\n\nHenderson, Mrs. R. M.\n\n2.00\n\nCalthrop, Mrs. L. N. C.\n\n2.00\n\nHo Kom Tong, J.P., Mr.\n\n300.00\n\nCarpenter, Rev. Mr.\n\nHo Tung, Dr. Eva\n\n5.00\n\nG. K.\n\n10.00\n\nHo Tung, Sir Robert\n\n500.00\n\nCarrie, Mr. W. J.\n\n5.00\n\nHodgkinson, Mrs.\n\n2.00\n\nChampkin, Mr. C.\n\n10.00\n\nHole, Mrs. G. F.\n\n22.00\n\nCheuk Man Sin, Mr.\n\n2.00\n\nHow-Martyn, Mrs.\n\n2.00\n\nChing, Mr. H.\n\n10.00\n\nHughes, Mrs. A. W.\n\n10.00\n\nChurn, Mr. S. M.\n\n5.00\n\nHugh-Jones, Mrs. G. S.\n\n2.00\n\n+\n\nCotton, Miss G. M.\n\n10.00\n\nHull, Mr. G. B. Gifford\n\n20.00\n\nCrapnell, Mrs. F. H.\n\n5.00\n\nHunter, Dr. (Mrs.) L. 0.\n\n10.00\n\nDavies, Mr. D.\n\n5.00\n\nIp Chor Pong, Mr.\n\n2.00\n\nDenison, Mr. W. E.\n\n2.00\n\nKadoorie, Mr. L.\n\n100.00\n\nDodwell, Mr. S. H.\n\n5.00\n\nKelvin-Stark, Mrs. D.\n\n5.00\n\nDodwell, Mrs. S. H. Donovan, Mrs. H.\n\n2.00\n\nKing, Mrs. T. H.\n\n2.00\n\n2.00\n\nKirby, Mr. A. M.\n\n10.00\n\nDunlop, Mr. R. P.\n\n2.00\n\nKirk, Dr. E. W.\n\n10.00\n\nKotewall, Hon. Dr. R. H.\n\n5.00\n\nEllis, Mr. A. C.\n\n5.00\n\nEu Tong Sen, Mr. Ezra, Mr. E.\n\n500.00\n\nLaing, Dr. D.\n\n15.00\n\n5.00\n\nLampard, Mr. & Mrs. N.\n\n5.00\n\n37",
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        "id": 565424,
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        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-577-8 Junior Clerical Service- petition for improvements in salaries and conditions of service 6-7-1939 - 19-12-1939",
        "page_number": 89,
        "title": "CO129-577-8 Junior Clerical Service- petition for improvements in salaries and conditions of service 6-7-1939 - 19-12-1939",
        "content_text": "# NAME \nShe Fu Sing \nPang Kai Cheung \nMak Hoi Ting \nYip Hang Lam \nHan Kam Leung \nLeung Ting Yim \nYe Bin \nChan Siu Kei \nCheng Kam Shing \nCheung Tong Mo Hoi \nYing Cheung Ah Yan \nYeung Ying Wai Kwong \nChan Hung Tat \nTrang An Bing \nChan Kam Chuen \nChai Siu Lo \nLee Than Chin \nMak Ham Jamung \nWong Tim Cheong \nToni Po Wing \n\n## Class & No. of 1938 Civil Service List \n| Class | No. |\n| --- | --- |\n| II | 24 |\n| III | 39 |\n| IV | 54 |\n| V | 27, 28 |\n| VIA | 13, 16, 64, 66, 72 |\n| VIB | 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 65, 66, 74, 96, 123, 131, 155, 164, 168 |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-577-8 Junior Clerical Service- petition for improvements in salaries and conditions of service 6-7-1939 - 19-12-1939.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 566144,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-1 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 60,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-1 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "4\n\n60\n\n13. Cheung Lung Man alias Kember\n\n(91)\n\nCheung Kwan Choi & Assistant Chief of Intelligence Section at 172 Mathan Road,\n\n3 (2)\n\n(4)\n\n5\n\n19. Chak Hak Kung (91) Secretary 3 (2) 5\n\n20. Long Co Hin (91) Head of Correspondence Section 3 (2) 5\n\n21. Lau Lung Cheung (91) Head of General Affairs Section 3 (2) 5\n\n22. Tae Siu Fan (91) Member of General Affairs Section 3 (2) 5\n\n23. Lau Chung Fat (91) Member of Enquiry Section 3 (2) 5\n\n24. Kiu Fu Sam (91) Head of Social Intercourse Section 3 (2) 5\n\n25. Li Cho Ping (91) Member of Social Intercourse Section 3 (2) 5\n\n26. Ling Hin Yeung (91) Member of Social Intercourse Section 3 (2) 5\n\n27. Lau Yui Pong (91) Head of Cultural Section 3 (2) 5\n\n28. Lo Yan Po (91) Member of Cultural Section 3 (2) Cypher alias 3354 5\n\n29. Cheung Chi Kwan (91) Member of Cultural Section 3 (2) 5\n\n30. Li Yiu Wong (91) Member of Cultural Section 3 (2) 5\n\n31. Kiu Chi Chin (91) Member of Cultural Section 3 (2)\n\n32. Kun Chung Chum Cypher alias 3337 Worked at 172 Nathan Road 3 (2) 60\n\nPage 60\nPage 61\n\n33. Ng Fong Chi Cypher alias 3320\n\n34. To Ching Tin\n\nNOTE:",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566149,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-1 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 65,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-1 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "LIST D\n\nPersons in Shanghai known to be connected with the Organization of assassinations.\n\n65\n\n  \n    Name\n    Cypher alias\n  \n  \n    1. Wan Ling Yung alias Chiu Yu Hing\n    1123\n  \n  \n    2. Yue (Director)\n    2214\n  \n  \n    3. Yue Man Hoi (? same as No.2)\n    2209, 2281\n  \n  \n    4. Wong Hak Kwong\n    2271\n  \n  \n    5. Ying Dok\n    2263\n  \n  \n    6. Chow Kay Fu\n    2254\n  \n  \n    7. Chong Tze Leung\n    2245\n  \n  \n    8. Wong Hok Ko\n    2236\n  \n  \n    9. Sun Kai Fong\n    2227\n  \n  \n    10. Cheung Man Chung\n    2218\n  \n  \n    11. Law Ming Cham\n    \n  \n  \n    12. Wu Ngok Kung alias Nam Wu alias Ching Yu Leung\n    201\n  \n  \n    13. Fan Kwong alias Sun Yu Chng\n    202\n  \n  \n    14. Ka Sun Yan alias Li Yu Sau\n    203\n  \n  \n    15. Cheung Man To\n    204\n  \n  \n    16. Kuk Sui Ping alias Cheng Yu Sing\n    205, 300\n  \n  \n    17. Ma Ki Leung\n    301\n  \n  \n    18. Ho Rang Cho\n    \n  \n\nNOTE:- Nos. 1 to 11 in the above list appear on a document containing details of an organization in Shanghai complementary to that at 172 Nathan Road.\n\nNos. 12 to 18 on the above list are referred to in Acting Sub-Inspector Ellis' report at 4.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566247,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 20,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "some of the higher military leaders in Germany did not advocate war with Britain and France and intend to turn against Hitler openly and talk peace with Britain (dated 17.9.39).\n\n(75) refers to the Central Government Special Affairs Organisations having been raided since Wang Ching Wei established his Special Affairs Organ. Kung mentions \"our Shanghai office may be next on the list, please plan immediately for removal.\"\n\n(76) says that the Special Branch Hongkong have been watching the movements of WU MAN FU (the Tiger Balm king). Correct.\n\n(78) refers to the Hongkong Government's position in the matter of wireless transmitting stations in the colony and how the Government was hoodwinked to believe that these people did not have a wireless transmitting set in Hongkong. (We can request the Government wireless officials to forward copies of documents referring to the raid on the transmitting station at 771 Nathan Road when the case is finished, please?).\n\n80 is a copy of a letter from David Kung to his father (H.H. Kung). It refers to (1) the strained relations between Grayburn and the HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the (?Central Government) and quotes that Grayburn should not be approached in a matter concerning the buying of Foreign Exchange so as not to cause further unpleasantness, (2) the depreciation of the Chinese dollar causing distress and forcing the Chinese people on to Wang Ching Wei's side, (3) various Chinese Government organisations in Hongkong being overstaffed and drawing substantial wages for doing no work, (4) Wang Ching Wei's publicity campaign, and (5) the \"Kwok Man Yat Po\" (Central Government's newspaper in Hongkong) poor circulation. The sale is only 4,000 copies a day.\n\nPage 20\n\nPage 21",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566260,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 33,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "91\n\n33\n\n(file of the Hong Kong Branch, established on 6-8-38.)\n\nList of members of the Hong Kong Branch of\n\nthe Nam Chim Sh'e.\n\nMALE.\n\nCORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS.\n\nDUTY\n\n1.\n\nSecretary\n\n2.\n\nHead of the\n\n翟克恭\n\nCHAK HAK KUNG\n\nCentral Trust of China.\n\n黄溯軒\n\nWÒNG SO HI\n\nCorrespondence Section\n\n楊立章\n\nYEUNG LAP CHEUNG\n\n3.\n\nMember\n\n4.\n\n?1\n\n丁毓初\n\nTING YUK CHO\n\n3\n\n5.\n\nHead of the General\n\nAffairs Section\n\n6.\n\nMember\n\n8.\n\nHead of the Enquiry Section\n\n劉龍鏘\n\n3, Knutsford Terrace,\n\nKimberley Road.\n\nLAU LUNG CHUNG\n\nCentral Bank of China.\n\n谢兆\n\nm\n\nnhư\n\nSIU HU\n\n徐北漠\n\nTSUI PAR MING\n\n劉宗法\n\nLAU CHUT FAT\n\nCentral Trust of China.\n\nCentral Trust of China.\n\n\"1\n\n9.\n\nMember\n\n凌憲揚\n\n10.\n\nLing Hin Yeung\n\n11.\n\nHead of the Social\n\nIntercourse Section\n\n12.\n\nMember\n\nLI CHO FING\n\n凌憲揚\n\n喬輔\n\n輔三\n\nKIU FU SAM\n\n李祖水\n\n(cancelled)\n\n\"\n\n2, Garden Terrace.\n\nSouth-West Transportation\n\nCo., Marina House.\n\n13.\n\nLING MIN YEUNG\n\nCentral Trust of China.\n\n14.\n\nHead of the Cultural\n\n劉耀邦\n\nInternational Printing\n\nSection\n\n15.\n\nMember\n\n16.\n\nYEUN SHUN PAK\n\n3, Knutsford\n\n鈞\n\n17.\n\n18.\n\n19.\n\n20.\n\n21.\n\nMember of Society\n\n申\n\n劍秋\n\n22.\n\n11\n\nSU:KIN CHAU\n\n3, Knutsford Terrace,\n\n生\n\n23.\n\n24.\n\n25.\n\nNG KAM, SANG\n\n胡\n\n陳\n\nCHING\n\nCIA: PO IN\n\n节\n\n禎\n\nLA YIU' PING\n\n羅吟圃\n\nLO YAM RO\n\n原順伯\n\n張志\n\nCHENG CHI KWAN\n\n李耀煌\n\nLI YIU WONG\n\n智手\n\nKIO CHL CHIN\n\n鄭兆良\n\nCo., Tsak Tsz Mui.\n\n13, Lock Rd.\n\nKimberley Rd.\n\nSouth-West Transportation\n\nCo., Marina House.\n\nCentral Trust of China.\n\nCentral Bank of China.\n\nCHUG STU LUNG\n\nSouth-West Transportation\n\nCo., Marina House.\n\nKimberley Rd.\n\nTerrace,\n\n#t",
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    {
        "id": 566305,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 78,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "65\n\nSummary of Secret Intelligence Report No.40 issued on\n\nthe 9.4.39.\n\n77\n\nEnemy's South China Special Affairs Organisation.\n\nPersonnel.\n\nO.i/c OSHINO, Military Attache.\n\nTONEGI.\n\nO.i/c Intelligence work.\n\n朵夫 林\n\n李梍\n\n陳梧\n\nIntelligence Work: LAM SHEK FU, GENKICHI KATO CHAN NG\n\n生\n\nAE 鄭 天\n\nClerk:\n\nPER SANG, LI PIU NANG, CHENG TIN SH'E, CHAN\n\n及杜石\n\n謝\n\nKAP, TO SHEK SHAN, RITARO ITADA, TSE 腩德 31\n\n尚\n\nCHUN TAK and CHEUNG SHEUNG.\n\nMINORU YATAGAI.\n\nCommunication Officers:\n\n林\n\n滚\n\nLAM KWAN and YU SIU LAM.\n\nO.i/c Military Affairs,: TAKASAKI,\n\n朝虎菜勿先\n\n周天啟\n\nSpecial Affairs:\n\n王\n\nWONG CHIU FU, MOK KAI SIN, CHAU TIN KAI,\n\n能奇\n\n林拖蘇\n\nYUNG KI, WONG CHEONG SHING, LAM TOR, SO\n\n志雄\n\n林正 息 施\n\nCHI HUNG, MASUDA, LAM CHI TING, SZE KIN\n\n葉錦燦\n\nand\n\nKAM TSAN.\n\nRIICHIRO CHIHARA.\n\nClerk:\n\nTelegraphist:\n\nISHIDA.\n\n2.\n\nHeadquarters.\n\nMilitary Department..\n\nOrganisations.\n\n.Military Attache Oshino's Residence, The Peak.\n\n...Matsubara Hotel, Ice House Street,\n\n1st floor.\n\nIntelligence Department..Japanese Consulate, Ice House St.\n\nSub Departments.\n\nPerson in Charge.\n\n1. LAM TOR.\n\n2. LAM CHI TING.\n\n3. MASUDA.\n\n4. WONG CHEONG SHING.\n\n5. CHENG TIN SHE and LAM TOR\n\n6. CHAN.\n\n7. MOK KAI SIN\n\n8. A certain Japanese.\n\nLocality.\n\n45 Peking Road, 3rd floor.\n\n19 Wing Lok Street.\n\n48 Hollywood Road, 1st floor.\n\n42 Connaught Road Central.\n\n9 Queens Street, 2nd floor.\n\n163 Queen's Rd.C., 1st floor.\n\n26 Village Road.\n\nMajima Hospital, Wanchai Rd.",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566319,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 92,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "2 - \n\n謝道恒\n\n91\n\n(b) TSE TO HANG Clique. TSE is a compradore of the Japanese fleet. He purchases food supplies for the enemy. He also buys Chinese traitors.\n\nHis organisation is at No.52 Morrison Hill Road, 1st floor, Happy Valley.\n\n李炳文\n\nHis man is TSÁNG HOK LỒ,\n\nLI PING MAN Clique. His men in Hong Kong include\n\n譚國華\n\nYIP KING WUN and TAM KWOK WAH.\n\n(3) FOREIGN AFFAIRS. Is in charge of the Japanese Consul in Hong Kong.\n\n林抵耳\n\n(a) Those connected with TONEGI (vice-consul) are LAM\n\n柯保羅\n\n許金\n\nTAI TING, LIU KIN CHAK, O PO LO (Paul O ?), HUI KAM\n\n蔡鏡塘\n\nSHUI, and TSOI KENG TONG.\n\n(b) Those connected with FUJISHIMA (Secretary of the\n\n王祖修\n\nJapanese Consulate) are WONG CHO SAU and WONG CHIU FU.\n\n(c) Those connected with FUJITA (Head of the Secret\n\n有年量\n\nService) are TUNG YAUNIN and (Waitress of the\n\nCentral Hotel).\n\nPO\n\n富露中南\n\nThe Hong Kong agents of the Swatow Chung Nam Company\n\n輝南方\n\n祭孝順\n\nare CHAN KI FAI (Nam Fong Automobile Company) and TSÓI\n\nHAU SHUN (Chung Nam Company).\n\nHong Kong Agents of the Japanese Newspaper Presses.\n\n(a) \"OSAKA MAINICHI SHINBUN SHA\" Atsumu ASHIKAGA,\n\n(Matsubara, Ice House Street), LIU KIN CHAK and TAM KWOK WAH\n\n(b) \"TOKIO ASAHI SHINBUN SHA\" Shigekiyo KUMAMOTO (1A\n\n李自修\n\n張老邦\n\nChater Road, 2nd floor. LI CHI SAU (Formosan) and CHEUNG\n\nKWONG PONG, concurrently intelligence members.\n\n(c) \"DOMEI\" Maşa NAKAMURA, TAYOSHI (605 Holland House,\n\n(c) \"DOMETE 13\n\n陳順\n\n許金水\n\n吳渭川\n\n6th floor). CHAN SHUN YEE, HUI KẨM SHUI and NG WAI CHUEN\n\n(153 Queen's Road C.) HUI and NG are intelligence members.\n\n(d) \"HONG KONG NIPPO\" Is in charge of Motoichi IDE.\n\n葉錦燦\n\n康然\n\nYIP KAM CHAAN is a Chinese editor His men include HỒNG IN\n\n三棧\n\n鍾國珍\n\n(master of the SAM CHUN CHAN), CHUNG KWOK CHUN (Manager of\n\n糖\n\n鄭耀庭\n\nLO Company) & CHENG YIU TING (residing at 51 Hennessy Rd.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566372,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 145,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "144\n\nDesk in the Back Room.\n\nTRANSLATION OF EXTRACT FROM NOTE-BOOK USED AS A REGISTER\n\nFOR THE CARD INDEX OF CHINESE (CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS,\n\nPUPPETS, OR MEMBERS OF VARIOUS CLIQUES.)\n\n(ORDER ARRANGED IN ACCORDANCE WITH NUMBER OF STROKES USED\n\nIN WRITING THE SURNAME).\n\nREFERENCES\n\nTo be re-card-indexed or further particulars wanted.\n\nOnly names and no particulars.\n\nTING (2 strokes).\n\n丁點\n\nTING MAK CHUEN.\n\nWONG (4 strokes).\n\n王惠敏\n\nWONG HAK MAN C.C. Clique. Was Chief of the Shanghai Special Affairs Section of the Military Affairs Commission. Is the Chief Director of WANG'S Assassination Squad.\n\nYAU (4 strokes).\n\n尤大富\n\nYAU TAI FU. Administrative Committee-man of the Puppet Provisional Government. Communist. Editor of the SING CHAU YAT PO, Singapore.\n\nCHU (6 Strokes).\n\n朱誠\n\nCHU LEE SHING.\n\n朱璞\n\nCHU POK alias CHU POK CHI. WANG'S Clique. Director of the Judicial Administration Department of the Puppet Reformed Government.\n\n朱璞之\n\n朱宗鳞\n\nCHU CHUNG LUN. WANG CHING WEI's personal secretary. Represented the C.P. to negotiate with the Whampoa Clique in forming a \"Kuomintang Communist Resist-Japan Joint Committee\".\n\n(7 Strokes).\n\n士群\n\nSZE KWAN. In charge of Japanese Special Affairs in Shanghai. Director of the Special Affairs Dept. of the K.M.T. anti-Communist and National Salvation Special Works Headquarters of WANG'S Clique.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566383,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 156,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "Back Room. Left hand Steel Cabinet. No.3 Drawer.\n\nCard Index.\n\nTRANSLATION.\n\n士群 155 李世 琼\n\nNAME\n\nPAST HISTORY..\n\nSHI KWAN (alias LI SAI KING when in the C.P.).\n\nChinese traitor. Director of the Special Affairs Dept. of the K.M.T. Anti-Communist and National Salvation Special Works Headquarters of WANG's Clique.\n\n(202 - 1090) It is learnt that the Central China Special Affairs organisation will be incorporated into the Shanghai Liaison Department of the Asia Development Ministry (2.1.39).\n\n(1170) He will work as Enquiry Officer of the Liaison Department after the Special Affairs Organisation is dissolved. (Jan. 16th).\n\n(202)\n\n(202)\n\n董云 1448) He is negotiating with SHIMIDZU and TUNG SAM about the formation of an organ to cope with the Shanghai terrorists' movements, using the name of the Kuomintang as a blind. (Feb. 29).\n\n(758)\n\n(1726) He is engaged in activities in Shanghai for WANG CHING WEI. WET. (April 11).\n\n(753)\n\n(750)\n\n默村 1986) He and TING MAK CHUEN were sent to Shanghai by CHẲN CHUNG FU last spring to carry out work for the Japanese. They gave information concerning the inner circles of the C.C. Party and Kuomintang to the enemy. They were highly commended by the Japanese, and each received a sum of $10,000 as activity expenses. They were instructed to set their activities afoot, paying special attention to information concerning the organisations of the Communist Party and its leaders, as well as the Blue Shirts (June 5).\n\n唐 民 刘雪\n\n2055) He and TONG WAT MAN and LAU WAN work as heads of various departments under TING MAK CHUEN. (21st.)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 566390,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
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        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 163,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "162\n\nthe Japanese General Otozo YAMADA. WANG advocated that the Puppet Reformed Government should negotiate the rendition of the Shanghai International Settlement.\n\n(Extract from the TA KUNG PAO) On the 8th the National Government issued a warrant for WANG's arrest.\n\n(753-2090) The present organisation of WANG's clique is as follows:-\n\nThe Highest Committee: with the following members:- CHU MAN YEE, 陳璧君 (CHAN PIK KWAN, wife of WANG CHING WEI), MA KEUK TIT (a German), and the younger brother of CHAN PIK KWAN.\n\nUnder the \"High Committee\" there are five other committees, viz:-\n\n(A) Foreign Affairs' Committee, with NG HOI SING as President.\n\n(B) Publication Committee, with LI SHING NG as head.\n\n(C) Political Committee, with CHAU FAT HOI as head.\n\n(D) Military Committee, head not yet appointed.\n\n(E) Special Affairs' Committee, with TING MAK CHUEN as head.\n\n(753-2137) WU PEI FU has decided not to co-operate with WANG's Puppet Regime.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    {
        "id": 566420,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "page_number": 193,
        "title": "CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940",
        "content_text": "Back Room. Left hand Steel Cabinet. 3rd Drawer.\n\nCard Index.\n\n117\n\n192\n\nTRANSLATION.\n\n雅集誼\n\n覺僧\n\n40\n\nNAME... LO CHAP YEE alias KOK TSANG.\n\n扶風\n\nNATIVE PLACE......FU FUNG DISTRICT, SHENSI.\n\nAGE.... 42 years.\n\nHISTORY.\n\nAn undergraduate of the CHING WAH University, Peiping. B.A. of Economics of the HING YING University, Japan. B.A. (Political Science) of the Meiji University. Was Political Instructor of the Whampoa Military Academy; Professor of the SUN YAT SEN University, Canton; Lecturer of the LINGNAN University and the Peiping University; Vice-Consul in the Korea and Yokohama Consulates.\n\nNow one of our Intelligencers numbered 329; commencing from July, 1939. He receives an allowance of Hongkong $100 per month.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-579-11-2 Sino-Japanese War- seizure of unauthorized wireless transmitting apparatus 13-2-1939 - 7-5-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 570360,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940",
        "page_number": 177,
        "title": "CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940",
        "content_text": "The launch and junk were searched and after \n\n蔣介石 \n\n177 \n\nbeing told not to help CHIANG KAI SHEK and not to transport \n\n廣興 \n\nammunition, the coxswain of the KWONG HING was made to sign \n\na chit and they were allowed to go without further \n\nmolestation. \n\nThey left SAM MUN at 20.30 hours and reached \n\nShaukiwan at 02.30 hours on 22.1.40. \n\nThe actual seizing and towing away was witnessed \n\n西貢 \n\nby members of the crew of Steam Launch SAI KUNG which was \n\n# it \n\nreturning from PENG CHAU. \n\nIn the statements from Steam Launch SAI KUNG it \n\n沙魚涌 \n\nActually \n\nis stated the KWONG HING came from SHA U CHUNG. \n\nIt appears that the produce was brought from SHA U CHUNG in \n\nsmaller boats to PENG CHAU and there transferred to T1703H. \n\nThe report of the incident was made to No. 1 Police \n\nLaunch by the owner of the Steam Launch SAI KUNG who had \n\ntransferred to Steam Launch WAN FAT just before meeting the \n\n虎頭鬥 \n\npolice launch near FU TAU MUN. No. 1 Launch immediately \n\ninformed Tsim Sha Tsui by wireless at 17.19 hours and the \n\nNaval Authorities were notified. \n\n(sgd.) S. Shepheard \n\nDivisional Inspector South. \n\n22.1.40.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 570363,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940",
        "page_number": 180,
        "title": "CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940",
        "content_text": "- 2 -\n\n180\n\nEast of Conic Island.\n\nI was never nearer than approximately 2 miles and I had no glasses on board and therefore can give no further details or description.\n\nAt about 16.15 hours my launch entered SAU SI MUN and I was then out of sight of the trawler and KWONG HING.\n\nAt about 17.00 hours I met Steam Launch WAN FAT near CHENG CHAU. I boarded her because she was late through engine trouble.\n\nAt about 17.15 hours I met No. 1 Police Launch near FU TAU MUN (Steam Launch SAI KUNG was steaming with us). We reported the incident to the Inspector in Charge.\n\nI would not be able to recognize the trawler again.\n\nOn board Steam Launch SAI KUNG at the time were:\n\n1/ Coxswain LAI FUK, 2/ Seamen CHENG PAK TAI, 3/ CHENG YAU, 4/ LAI YEE KAN, 5/ Engineer nicknamed FA LI KAU, 6/ Engineer CHENG CHIU, 7/ Stoker CHEUNG FUK, 8/ one stoker name unknown, 9/ one cook nicknamed SAP NG CHAI, all reside on board.\n\n(sgd.) S. Shepheard\n\nDivisional Inspector South\n\n21.1.40.\n\nPage 180\n\nPage 181",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-585-1 Sino-Japanese conflict- attacks on shipping 25-1-1940 - 2-10-1940.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 573200,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941",
        "page_number": 19,
        "title": "CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941",
        "content_text": "## Loss or Damage\n\n| Date of Incident | Type & No. | Owner or Master & Passenger C. P | Junk & Gear | Nature of Incident | Long. & Lat. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 28.5.41 | Trading T5490H | Lam Leung U 31 Yrs. 9 | Damage to junk $2500. 2 Gingles v.$60.00 T.V.$2560.00 Cargo Sundry cargo V.$1000.00 | Junk was stopped and searched at Sam un Kwan by a Japanese destroyer. The junk was damaged by the destroyer when she came alongside. They transferred the cargo to the destroyer and allowed the junk to drift. Junk was later towed into H.K. by another junk. | Long. 114° 19' E. Lat. 22° 4' N. |\n| 31.3.41 Reported 6.5.41 | Fishing 539H.W. | To Hoi Fu, 34 Yrs. Master of Man Kin Sha 31 1 | 1 Licence Bk. $400.c.C. 111 $80.00 3 Rifles | Junk was stopped by a Japanese warship off a King (not on chart) and searched. The rifle & money together with the licence book were taken away. No one injured. | Long 114° 39'. Lat. 22° 26' N. |\n| 25.5.41 Reported 27.5.47 | Trading T3294H | Lam Chun 28 Yrs. Steersman, of Cheng Chau. | - | Junk was stopped and searched by a Japanese trawler off Sam Hun Kwan. The licence book was taken away & the junk released. No one injured. | Long: 114° 39' Lat 22° 26' N. |\n| 27.5.41 Reported 17.6.41 | Trading T4496H | Lam Hoi Ming 129 Yrs. Master, of Cheng Chau 10 | Junk V. $4000. 3 Rifles & 3 cannon V. $400. T.V.4400.00 111. 1772 tons of kerosene V. $4603.00 Sugar $300.00 T.V.$4988.00 | This junk was stopped and boarded by Japanese from a warship H.M. of Sam Lito Kwan. The junk was taken in tow to Sam Mun Kwan & the cargo transferred to the warship. The junk was then damaged and sank. |  |\n| 13.6.41 Reported 19.6.41 | Fishing 980H.W. | Chau Fuk Ho 20 Yrs. Master of Macau. 13 - | 1 Licence Bk. | A Japanese cruiser stopped this junk off Tan Kon Shan & demanded the licence which was taken away. | Long. 114° 19' E. Lat. 22° 4' N. |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 573250,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941",
        "page_number": 69,
        "title": "CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941",
        "content_text": "## \n| Date of Incident | Type & No. | Owner or Master | & Passenger | Loss or Damage | C. P. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 27.1.41 | Trading. | Mak Ting Chi, 38 Yrs., master, of Cheng Chau (C.7.) | 7 | Junk & Gear v. $1700. 1 Cannon, 1 gingle, 2 rifles, 200 Rds. ammunition v. $130.00 Oranges v. $... | Reported T3730H 31.1.41) |\n| 24.1.41 (Reported 4.2.41) |  |  |  | Junk return- |  |\n| 2.2.41 (Reported 5.2.41) | Fishing. 28HC | Ng Kam Shing, 19 Yrs., master & owner, of Tung Ping Chau (C.T.) | 9 | 1 licence book. Nil |  |\n|  | Trading T4406H | Wong Tai Fu, 56 Yrs., master, of Young Kong | 20 | Junk & gear v. $8000. Property v. $1500. Salt v. $4000 |  |\n\n## Nature of Incident\nFrom Cheng Chau, Junk was sailing off Sam Mun Kwan (C.T.) when a Japanese trawler came alongside and transferred the cargo to the trawler. The cannon & gingle were dumped overboard & the rifle & ammunition taken away. No one injured.\n\nFrom Cheung Chau, Junk was fishing off Ling Tin (C.T.) when Japanese schooner No.3 came alongside & searched the craft taking away the licence book. No one injured.\n\nFrom Cheung Chau, Junk was sailing near Lin Tin when Japanese trawler No.9 fired on it. The trawler came alongside, examined the cargo & then towed the junk away toward Lap Sap Mun. Crew of the junk were put onboard another junk unknown & their own sampan. Total value $13500. No one injured.\n\n## \n| Long. | Lat. |\n| --- | --- |\n| 114° 39' E. | 22° 26' N. |\n| 114° 2' E. | 22° 6' N. |\n| 113° 48' E. | 22° 25' N. |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-588-25 Sino-Japanese War- Attacks on shipping 14-11-1940 - 2-12-1941.txt",
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    },
    {
        "id": 575236,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-22 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 19-1-1943 - 20-11-1943",
        "page_number": 77,
        "title": "CO129-590-22 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 19-1-1943 - 20-11-1943",
        "content_text": "# TABLE SHOWING THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE JAPANESE ORGANISED HONGKONG GOVERNMENT\n(as published in the \"Yu Ch'ow Feng\" Magazine issue No.130 dated 1st April, 1943)\n\n## Office of the Japanese Governor General of the Occupied Territory of Hongkong:\nGovernor General **Rensuke Isogai**(磯谷廉介) the General who was defeated in the battle of Taiechuang.\n\n### 1) Civil Court\nHeadquarters at the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Building, Hongkong.\n\nThis office controls the following departments:  \n(Criminal cases are dealt with in accordance with Martial Law)\n\n### 2) Puppet Board of Chinese Peoples' Representatives\n**Chairman:** Lo Shu-huo(羅樹濩)  \n**Members:**  \n- Li Tsu-fang (李祖芳)\n- Liu T'ieh-cheng (廖鐵成)\n- Chen Lien-peh (陳連璧)\n\nUnder this Board is the -  \n**Peoples' Council (Puppet)**  \n**Chairman:** Chou Shou-cheng  \n**Vice-Chairman:** Li Kuan-chuen  \n**Members:**  \n| Name          | \n|---------------|\n| Li Chin-kang  | \n| Wang Tung-ming| \n| Lu Ai-yun     | \n| Tung Chung-wai| \n| Kuo Chan      | \n| Ye Lan-chuan  | \n| Chang Shu-shuen| \n| Teng Chao-chien| \n| Yen Cheng-kuen| \n| Chou Yuo-nien | \n| Wu Hua (伍華) | \n| Leng Kang-Fa  | \n| Li Chou(李就) | \n| Lin Kien-yin(林建寅)| \n| Kuang Tsi-tung| \n| Feng Tseh-ying| \n| Lo Wen-ching  | \n| Tan Ya-szeh(譚雅士)| \n| Li Chung-fu   | \n| Wang Teh-kuang|\n\n### 3) Department of Civil Administration\n**Head of Department:** Chikuru(千田貞幹)\n\nUnder this Department are the following Bureaus, etc.,  \n- **a) Hongkong Municipal Bureau**  \n  **Head of Bureau:** Matsuba(松葉)\n\n- **b) Kowloon Municipal Bureau**  \n  **Head of Bureau:** Fujita(藤田)\n\n- **c) Cultural Branch**  \n  **Administrator:** Nagao(長尾)",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-590-22 Situation in enemy occupied Hong Kong 19-1-1943 - 20-11-1943.txt",
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    {
        "id": 575504,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-23 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "page_number": 146,
        "title": "CO129-590-23 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "content_text": "# G. C, D, & Co. \n**SECRET** \n\nIntercepted I. B. C. Place Calcutta \n**INDIAN CENSORSHIP** \n100 ADA 10.49 \nDate 19.3.42 \n\n**FROM:** D. S. Chang, Int. School \"C\",:::34 TRANSIT, Ine Fu La, Chungking \n**To:** Hr. F.C. VB, 43 Linnaean St., Cambridge, Mas \n\nDate: 11.3.42 \n\n**ALL** 145 \n\n**Previous References:** \n| Postmark and date | Language | Distribution |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  | English | Chief Censor, India. New Delhi (6) |\n\n**MAY** \n**Conditions in Hongkong** \n**ORIGINAL:- Released** \n**LETTER RELEASED** \n\nExtracts: P.X. Chung is still not able to leave because the Jap have allowed him freedom with the understanding that he is to attend his office in the Central Bank everyday. He is in good health and seems to be well treated. Dr. V.W. Yem is staying at the Hongkong Hotel as Japanese \"guest.\" All the civic leaders of Hongkong, who were once knighted by the British King, have been forced by circumstances to cooperate with the Japs. The Chinese people in Hongkong and Kowloon have been \"encouraged\" by the Japs to evacuate as many and as soon as possible. But everyone was allowed to carry no luggage or more than HK$19. Rice in Hongkong, as a result of the Japanese occupation, has gone up to $1/200 a picul.\n\nAll the metal wares, rice, coal, flour, and other commodities useful to the Jap army have been confiscated by the occupying forces. This evacuation policy will enable the Japs to kill two birds with one stone: they are free from the responsibility of feeding the Chinese people and at the same time they have the advantage of looting or confiscating Chinese properties left behind. Mr. Chang told me that the Kowloon section was by far the worst looted, as he knew of.\n\nOne immediate effect of these reverses in the South is the soaring prices of commodities in Chungking. Here are a few examples to illustrate what it means to live in Chungking and what if Burma falls into Japanese hands: \nOne pound of Klim milk powder, which used to cost about $2, is now $9; \nOne pound of native-made sugar is $13.00; \nOne pound of bread made of Chinese flour is $3.00; \nOne pair of Chinese-made leather shoes is $500; \nA Chinese-made shirt is from $20 up; \nA pair of native-made Chinese-style shoes costs $80; \nOne tube of American toothpaste costs $50; \nOne package of 18 Chinese-made cheap cigarettes costs $7.00.\n\nAlthough we have huge loans from America and Britain, I doubt very much that they can have any immediate or direct benefit.\n\nPage ... \n874 \n.9.A0/3.2",
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    {
        "id": 575658,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-24 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "page_number": 10,
        "title": "CO129-590-24 Situation in Hong Kong 25-4-1905 - 25-4-1905",
        "content_text": "9 \n\nSee a doulins \n\n115 \n\nвового \n\nor MALIK. \n\nThe following Chinese have also been \n\nmentioned as holding positions under the Japs in Hong Kong. \n\n(1) Dr. Tsai Ai Lee. Formerly a member of the University Medical School, who is head of the Public Health Division in the Japanese medical headquarters \n\n(2) Cheng Kwo Leung, who was Chinese Superintendent at the Stanley Internment Camp, and whose 'squeeze' in mawegung he canteen was so extortionate that he put even \n\nhimself out of business. \n\n(3) Dr. Wong Tung Ming, President of the New \n\nChinese Medical Association. \n\n(4) Ting Ngok. This man has been reported as Chairman of the Chinese workers in the naval dockyard, and was formerly a draughtsman's chief engineer. \n\n(5) CHING WENG CHRONG (Shanghai) gave compulsory\" pass\" Falls BP.D.W. weekly, \n\nThere has also been a certain amount of general information regarding \n\nA. \n\nGovernment clerks. Japanese policy has been, with the aid of the Police, to place Chinese clerks and technicians in their formal positions. In many places they recruited clerks formerly employed in military or Government offices for questioning either on specific points or general questions, and in most cases offered them work either for the period necessary to complete a special task or on a permanent basis. The Rev.nue Office already opened in Windsor House at the end of March with a Japanese senior staff (mainly naval) and twelve Chinese clerks, most of whom served in the same capacity under the Colonial Government. The No. 1 Chinese was Ho Kam Moon. \n\nB. The Police. Mr. Thompson's account of the surrender showed that the Japanese offered the Asiátic Police in Hong Kong service immediately after the surrender, and a considerable number of then accepted the Japanese terms more or less unwillingly. \n\nLater reports show, however, that the detective and special branch Chinese police have been of very great service to the Japanese authorities in tracing out former employees of Government and obtaining information regarding the population as whole. The number of Chinese police employed by the Japs is estimated at about 2,000 - about 75 per cent. of whom were members of the old force. The Hong Kong area is controlled by Inspector Wong Kin and Sergeant Major Yu Muk, both of whom had over 20 years service in the uniform force and a good record. In Kowloon the No. 1 is Tsoy Yukow, a member of the detective force, but the Chinese Commissioner of Police there is apparently a Tse Fu Ngau, who was a herbal doctor with a practice in Nathan Road. \n\n2. \n\nIndians. \n\nThe Japanese adopted a policy of special favouritism towards the Indians among different communities in Hong Kong. In the words of a refugee Indians \"belong No. 1 people\". The Japs formed an Indian Independence League at a very early date under one Sobil Khan who came to Hong Kong after the surrender. He appointed to run the League D.M. Khan, said to be late of the Medical Department, and one Alik, a resident of Hong Kong. There was, however, according to the account of a Mr. Mogra, who escaped from Hong Kong taisenment, jealousy among the Indians and the Sindhi Association, \n\nwho \n\n\n1 \n\n\nPage 10Page 11",
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    },
    {
        "id": 576140,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-590-27 Ex-employees of Hong Kong Government- relief payments and allowances 27-3-1942 - 16-8-1943",
        "page_number": 80,
        "title": "CO129-590-27 Ex-employees of Hong Kong Government- relief payments and allowances 27-3-1942 - 16-8-1943",
        "content_text": "Dated the 26th day of November, 1942.\n\nLau Wing Shum Kuok Sze fun Lauying P. Wong Kwan Fan\n\nTso Ko Shen\n\nFung Te Tong U. Mang\n\nPan Fu Chion\n\nAu Man Pu\n\nYam Hin Tsuk\n\nChan Chung Ping W. Cheung Wei\n\nLi Man Shin\n\nPun Sai Kan\n\nLi Wai Hon Fung Yam Tong Tai Kam Cheung Chan Chi Shing Leung Kam Sung Wong Chi Peng Wong Cham Ah Lo Thiu Hok Ho Ka Chun Choung Man Siu Ho Sin Ting Cheung King Lai Hou Kum Young Shin Hung Chak Shing Tsik So Sing Woon Lau Ep Yuon So\n\nChiu Hin Chung Wong Tsun Ping Chan King U Chan Ming Chan Ming Sum Ho Ming Hin Hong Hok Koi Lai Ping Yin Lam Tsung\n\nChan Hing Man Fing Kan Yu Lai\n\nShiu Tso\n\nHo Kam Fuk\n\nCheung Man Wai Wong Tin Chong Tung So\n\nYung Wing Cheuk\n\nVogel\n\n(Signed)\n\nWong Tsoi Fan Wong Hon Lo Tak Chung Wan Man-chuon Li Shiu Lang Fong Yeh Luk Ku Mo Kyan\n\nChan Sih Kong Lo Wong To Chip Wing On Ip Yuk Lun Sung Shiu Kui Li Yut Chun Leung Kwok Pun Fung Shuk Kong Yui King Tong Lai Pin Kon Wong Hei Man Tse Yuk Lam Tam Yuk Tsun Chan Kwan Shut Sung On Wing\n\nHua Yeh Len Lai Yow Shum Hung Yuk Sang Shaunenhun\n\nChan Chun Shlowan Li\n\nTong Yun Cho Koi Kam Yuen Wan Ying Chuen H.R. Raisen Ng Sik Wah\n\nChun Sin Shing Leung Keung Ho Kuk Chow Wong King Wai Tam Kung Tion LSC96 Loung Lam\n\nTam Ho\n\nU Kan Ping Nan Nai On Ho Kwa Fong Yau Lins Ling Sa Sih Pun Shiu Lun\n\nLai Hon Choi\n\nLau Kan Yung Ip Har To Leung Cheuk A\n\nChung Man Wing Kong Man Kin To King Shun Leung Hin Chung Pan Kwong Lok Chan Ping Kong Lai Yan Kin\n\nCheng Hing Wing Li U Chung Pak Chik Po Tsang Shin Cheung Loung Wai Sang Yung Kwok Cheung Tang\n\nLi Kam Chuen J. Camerpton Wong Kwok Hung Leung Yuk Tong To Yun Wing Wong King Sang Y. Chung Ham Or Tam Sai Ho Sung Him Ing Tam Yam Kin Ho Shau Him\n\nTo Yu Hang Li Ching Eng An\n\nYoung\n\nHo Shue Nuen\n\nJackson U\n\nLei Ping Cheung\n\nChum Chai Young\n\nChin Sit Kee\n\nYuen Tat Law\n\nChan Sik Ki Wing Wong How Tam Tak Chuen U. L. Kung Tang Shui Li Chung Chien Yuch Ho Shu Fang Loung Tak Kwong Fung Yiu Shiu\n\nNg Hip\n\nLai Hin Shan\n\nPage 80\n\nPage 81",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-590-27 Ex-employees of Hong Kong Government- relief payments and allowances 27-3-1942 - 16-8-1943.txt",
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    {
        "id": 579512,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-592-6 Reports on current situation- including weekly intelligence reports 18-9-1945 - 20-12-1945",
        "page_number": 54,
        "title": "CO129-592-6 Reports on current situation- including weekly intelligence reports 18-9-1945 - 20-12-1945",
        "content_text": "SECRET\n\n9\n\n54\n\ncloser together than they were a fortnight ago.\n\nThere can be little doubt however that CHANG KAI-SHEK, for his own prestige, and for the sake of carrying out immediately the reconstruction programme of CHINA, is now trying his best to prevent civil war, a policy which he has followed since 1931, when he defeated FENG YU-HSIANG (the \"CHRISTIAN General) and YEN HSI-SHAN.\n\nII.\n\n17\n\nThe 8th Army troops now waiting in HONG KONG for U.S. ships to lift them to SHANGHAO is undoubtedly another CHUNGKING step to strengthen its position in SHANTUNG.\n\nIt must be remembered that SHANTUNG has for over nine years been administered by military governor, General HAN FU-CHU, who has never taken orders from CHIANG KAI-SHEK. This absence of direct KUOMINTANG influence in SHANTUNG is one reason why the Communists today are trying to hold WEIHAIWEI and CHEFOO against the larger army of Central Government forces in TSINGTAO.\n\nHAN FU-CHU enjoyed much the same position as General LUH YU (the Governor of YUNNAN province, who was ousted by CHANG's troops only a few weeks ago) had enjoyed in YUNNAN as the province's \"Uncrowned King\" since 1928, the second year after CHANG's establishment of his National Government in NANKING.\n\nIII. SHANSI.\n\nSHANSI province, another scene of Communist activity today, has also maintained a semi-independent government under General YEN HSI-SHAN since 1912, the first year of the Republican Government in CHINA.\n\nThough YEN HSI-SHAN revolted against CHIANG KAI-SHEK in 1930 he was restored as SHANSI's Governor in February 1932. Today YEN's sympathy is said to be with CHIANG against the Communists. Because of its mountainous country, SHANSI, during the JAPANESE war, offered a good battleground for the Communists, who were able to inflict heavy casualties upon the JAPANESE by their guerilla warfare tactics. It must be assumed therefore that the REDS of SHANSI know the country very well and in the event of an open war with CHUNGKING, the Government forces would have to conduct a difficult and perhaps lengthy operation before these opponents were eliminated.\n\nIV. SHOPHUI.\n\nThese\n\nPersistent editorial attacks are being made in the CHUNGKING press against the Reds for destroying parts of the TIENTSIN-PUKOW railway. This is to prevent the swift movement of KUOMINTANG troops to ANHUI and SHANTUNG. Press attacks show the strong feeling in CHUNGKING, which demands that the Reds must give up the railways, though in a compromise at a later date they may be permitted to hold some regions outside the railway lines.\n\nCentral Government troops, however, have been assisted by the BRITISH who have undertaken to transport them to North China from SHANGHAI, CANTON, and HONGKONG, both by air and ships.\n\nV.\n\nINNER MONGOLIA.\n\nNews has been received from INNER MONGOLIA that 22,000 Reds are besieging KWEISUI, capital of SUIYUAN province, and that General FU is leading the Communist attack.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-592-6 Reports on current situation- including weekly intelligence reports 18-9-1945 - 20-12-1945.txt",
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    {
        "id": 589675,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-609-3 Future policy- draft Municipal Council Ordinance 1-1-1947 - 31-12-1947",
        "page_number": 156,
        "title": "CO129-609-3 Future policy- draft Municipal Council Ordinance 1-1-1947 - 31-12-1947",
        "content_text": "FIRST SCHEDULE\n\nVILLAGES AND RURAL AREAS\n\nHONG KONG\n\nPOK FU LAM\n\nABERDEEN\n\nAP LEI CHAU\n\nSTANLEY\n\nSHEK O\n\nKOWLOON PENINSULA\n\nSHAU KEI WAN\n\nSAI WAN HO\n\nTAI TAM\n\nTAI HANG\n\nPO KAU WAT\n\nLAI CHI KOK\n\nKOWLOON CITY\n\nPO KONG\n\nCHUK YUN\n\nWONG TAI SIN (replaced UN LING)\n\nNGAU CHI WAN\n\nNGAU TAU KOK\n\nCHA KWO LING\n\nKUNG TONG TSAI\n\nSAM KA TSUN\n\nLYEE MUN\n\nLAI CHI YUN (replaced LAI CHI UN)\n\nPAK TIN\n\nSHEK KIP MEI\n\nKAU LUNG TSAI\n\nHOK YAU TSUN (replaced HOK LO TSUN)\n\nLUNG CHEUNG RD (replaced LUNG CHOW CHING)\n\nSAI TAU\n\nSHA PO\n\nSHEUNG SHUI LING (replaced SHEUNG UN LING)\n\nTUNG TAU\n\n[Notice: This list comprises all the villages in ... on which rates are assessed to $20 and upwards.]\n\n(Section 6)\n\nPage 156\n\nHowever, to follow the exact format requested:\n\nFIRST SCHEDULE\n\nVILLAGES AND RURAL AREAS\n\nHONG KONG\n\nPOK FU LAM\n\nABERDEEN\n\nAP LEI CHAU\n\nSTANLEY\n\nSHEK O\n\nKOWLOON PENINSULA\n\nSHAU KEI WAN\n\nSAI WAN HO\n\nTAI TAM\n\nTAI HANG\n\nPO KAU WAT\n\nLAI CHI KOK\n\nKOWLOON CITY\n\nPO KONG\n\nCHUK YUN\n\nUN LING\n\nNGAU CHI WAN\n\nNGAU TAU KOK\n\nCHA KWO LING\n\nKUNG TONG TSAI\n\nSAM KA TSUN\n\nLYEE MUN\n\nLAI CHI UN\n\nPAK TIN\n\nSHEK KIP MEI\n\nKAU LUNG TSAI\n\nHOK LO TSUN\n\nLUNG CHOW CHING\n\nSAI TAU\n\nSHA PO\n\nSHEUNG UN LING\n\nTUNG TAU\n\n[Notice: This list comprises all the villages in ... on which rates are assessed to $20 and upwards.]\n\n(Section 6)\n\nPage 156\n\nLet's correct and simplify it according to the rules.\n\nFIRST SCHEDULE\n\nVILLAGES AND RURAL AREAS\n\nHONG KONG\n\nPOK FU LAM\n\nABERDEEN\n\nAP LEI CHAU\n\nSTANLEY\n\nSHEK O\n\nKOWLOON PENINSULA\n\nSHAU KI WAN\n\nSAI WAN HO\n\nTAI TAM\n\nTAI HANG\n\nPO KAU WAT\n\nLAI CHI KOK\n\nKOWLOON CITY\n\nPO KONG\n\nCHUK YUN\n\nUN LING\n\nNGAU CHI WAN\n\nNGAU TAU KOK\n\nCHA KWO LING\n\nKUNG TONG TSAI\n\nSAM KA TSUN\n\nLYEE MUN\n\nLAI CHI UN\n\nPAK TIN\n\nSHEK KIP MEI\n\nKAU LUNG TSAI\n\nHOK LO TSUN\n\nLUNG CHOW CHING\n\nSAI TAU\n\nSHA PO\n\nSHEUNG UN LING\n\nTUNG TAU\n\n[Noti...\n\nThis list comprises all the villages in ...\n\nare ...\n\non which rates are assessed to $20 and upwards].\n\n(Section 6)\n\nPage 156\n\nThe final version:\nFIRST SCHEDULE\n\nVILLAGES AND RURAL AREAS\n\nHONG KONG\n\nPOK FU LAM\n\nABERDEEN\n\nAP LEI CHAU\n\nSTANLEY\n\nSHEK O\n\nKOWLOON PENINSULA\n\nSHAU KI WAN\n\nSAI WAN HO\n\nTAI TAM\n\nTAI HANG\n\n• PO KAU WAT\n\nLAI CHI KOK\n\nKOWLOON CITY\n\nPO KONG\n\nCHUK YUN\n\nUN LING\n\nNGAU CHI WAN\n\nNGAU TAU KOK\n\nCHA KWO LING\n\nKUNG TONG TSAI\n\nSAM KA TSUN\n\nLYEE MUN\n\nLAI CHI UN\n\nPAK TIN\n\nSHEK KIP MEI\n\nKAU LUNG TSAI\n\nHOK LO TSUN\n\nLUNG CHOW CHING\n\nSAI TAU\n\nSHA PO\n\nSHEUNG UN LING\n\nTUNG TAU\n\n[Noti...\n\nThis list comprises all the villages in...\n\nare...\n\non which rates are assessed to $20 and upwards].\n\n(Section 6)\n\n156\n\nHere is the corrected version in HTML format as requested:\n\nFIRST SCHEDULE\n\nVILLAGES AND RURAL AREAS\n\nHONG KONG\n\nPOK FU LAM\n\nABERDEEN\n\nAP LEI CHAU\n\nSTANLEY\n\nSHEK O\n\nKOWLOON PENINSULA\n\nSHAU KI WAN\n\nSAI WAN HO\n\nTAI TAM\n\nTAI HANG\n\n• PO KAU WAT\n\nLAI CHI KOK\n\nKOWLOON CITY\n\nPO KONG\n\nCHUK YUN\n\nUN LING\n\nNGAU CHI WAN\n\nNGAU TAU KOK\n\nCHA KWO LING\n\nKUNG TONG TSAI\n\nSAM KA TSUN\n\nLYEE MUN\n\nLAI CHI UN\n\nPAK TIN\n\nSHEK KIP MEI\n\nKAU LUNG TSAI\n\nHOK LO TSUN\n\nLUNG CHOW CHING\n\nSAI TAU\n\nSHA PO\n\nSHEUNG UN LING\n\nTUNG TAU\n\n[Noti...\n\nThis list comprises all the villages in...\n\nare...\n\non which rates are assessed to $20 and upwards].\n\n(Section 6)\n\nPage 156",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-609-3 Future policy- draft Municipal Council Ordinance 1-1-1947 - 31-12-1947.txt",
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    {
        "id": 590959,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-611-3 Weekly summaries of press reports and comments 24-12-1946 - 27-9-1947",
        "page_number": 13,
        "title": "CO129-611-3 Weekly summaries of press reports and comments 24-12-1946 - 27-9-1947",
        "content_text": "Ref: `77/47`\n\n38 13 \n\n`Drig on 96009/15/+7`\n\nTo:- \n\nDate :- 18th September, 1947 \n\n1. \n\n**WEEKLY SUMMARY OF HONG KONG PRESS REPORTS AND COMMENTS**\n\nSeptember 7-13, 1947 \n\n## CHINA \n\nAllegations of Russian aid to the Chinese Communists were prominent during the week under review. General Pai Tsung-Hsi, Minister of National Defence, was reported by the Wah Kiu Yat Po of September 7th as saying that the Russians were openly aiding the Chinese Communists and had transferred to them a great quantity of captured Japanese arms. The same paper on the following day spoke of the supply line through Shantung by which Russian supplies reached the Communists and which the Government forces were attempting to break. The Kung Sheung Daily News of September 12th carried the report that during the first half of the month seventeen ships \"of a certain nationality\" unloaded war supplies at Harbin for the Chinese Communists. The report added that the ships carried soya-beans and kaoliang on the return trip.\n\nThe Kung Sheung Daily News of September 8th urged that failing the immediate return of Port Arthur and Dairen to China the case should be referred to the United Nations.\n\nSinkiang again came into the news with a report in the Wah Kiu Yat Po of September 7th that the situation there was causing anxiety and that General Pai Tsung-Hsi, who is a Mohamedan, might be sent there in the capacity of Director of the Generalissimo's North Western Offices. The same paper on the following day remarked that a Separatist Movement in Sinkiang was being worked up by left-wing elements and further disturbances in this frontier province were feared.\n\nThe question of placing Chinese deposits in overseas banks at the disposal of the Chinese Government had again been raised, and the Hwa Shiang Pao expressed the hope that the \"four great families\" (i.e., the families of Chiang Kai-Shek, T.V. Soong, H.H. Kung and Chen Lih-Fu) would set an example. It stated that out of the total of U.S.$2,000,000,000 in Chinese deposits in the United States, U.S.$1,600,000,000 belong to ten depositors.\n\n## HONG KONG \n\nReporting the proposed visit of H.E. The Governor to Nanking next month, the Wah Kiu Yat Po of September 9th surmised that the fact that the Financial Secretary would be accompanying H.E. meant that the visit would be the occasion of important talks on the subject of the China-Hong Kong financial agreement. The New Life Evening Post of the following day claimed to have authoritative information that the reason for holding back the announcement of the details of this agreement was a request by Hong Kong for further concessions in respect of trade with South China. The Sing Pao of September 11th claimed to have learnt reliably that the detailed agreement would be signed by H.E. The Governor in Nanking.",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-611-3 Weekly summaries of press reports and comments 24-12-1946 - 27-9-1947.txt",
        "external_url": "",
        "rank": 0
    },
    {
        "id": 593895,
        "series_id": 27,
        "series_slug": "histsyn-co129-engine",
        "series_title": "CO129 Colonial Office Hong Kong Records 理藩院香港檔案",
        "series_use_hku_proxy": false,
        "document_key": "CO129-616-2 Hong Kong War Memorial Fund (Amendment) Ordinance 1948 6-2-1948 - 16-11-1948",
        "page_number": 57,
        "title": "CO129-616-2 Hong Kong War Memorial Fund (Amendment) Ordinance 1948 6-2-1948 - 16-11-1948",
        "content_text": "## CONTRIBUTIONS TO HONG KONG WAR MEMORIAL FUND\n\n67\n\n| Name | Amount | Name | Amount |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Blake, Mr. R. H. | 100.00 | Chanel Trading Co. | 100.00 |\n| Blake, Mr. & Mrs. R. N. | 100.00 | Anonymous |  |\n| Bomber Fund Balance | 33,823.07 | Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China | 5,000.00 |\n| Archbutt, G. S. | 1,500.00 |  | 25,000.00 |\n| Botelho & Co., A. G. | 200.00 | Chase Bank | 1,000.00 |\n| Archee, Katie | 25.00 |  | 2,000.00 |\n| Argyle Street Settlement of Br. Mr. A. W. de | 100.00 | Chau, Hon. Dr. S. N. | 1,000.00 |\n|  | 100.00 | Chau, Hon. Mr. & Mrs. T. N. | 1,000.00 |\n| Bremmer, Mr. & Mrs. A. A. | 100.00 | Chaun, Dr. K. W. | 500.00 |\n| Brett, Mr. & Mrs. F. | 5.00 | Cheque | 127.37 |\n| Argyle Street Settlement of Cheque | 201.00 | Armstrong, Mr. & Mrs. | 25.00 |\n|  | 250.00 | British American Tobacco Co. | 20,000.00 |\n|  | 200.00 | British Traders Insurance Co. | 20,000.00 |\n| Arnhem | 20.00 | Chellaram, Messrs. D. | 200.00 |\n| Arnhold Trading Co. | 5,000.00 | Cheng, K. C. | 5.00 |\n| Bazaar Fund | 4,266.78 | Cheng Kum Wan | 10.00 |\n| Ash, Mr. & Mrs. | 300.00 | Cheong Hing Hon, Mr. & Mrs. | 100.00 |\n| (In Memory of) | 10.00 | Broker | 100.00 |\n| Asia Agencies | 100.00 | Cheong Kee Bank | 200.00 |\n| Asia Co. | 100.00 | Cherrill, R. I. | 250.00 |\n| A.P.C. (S.C.) Ltd. | 15,000.00 | Browne, Mr. & Mrs. C. W. | 20.00 |\n| Associated China Traders | 100.00 | Brown, P. | 50.00 |\n| (In memory of) | 500.00 | Brutton, G. K. Hall- | 100.00 |\n| Atkins, Miss Edna | 15.00 | Cheung Chau Government School Staff & Pupils | 162.70 |\n| Au Boon Haw | 10,000.00 | Cheung Chui | 80.00 |\n| Au Kwok Leung | 20.00 | Cheung, K, H. | 30.00 |\n|  | 50.00 | Cheverst, Mr. & Mrs. | 50.00 |\n| Builders & Traders Ltd. | 100.00 | Chi Hang Middle School | 429.90 |\n| Bunnan Tong & Co. | 1,500.00 | China Dispensary | 100.00 |\n| Burge Far East Agencies. H.K. Bank | 25.00 | China Electric Manufacturing Co. | 100.00 |\n|  | 20.00 |  | 15.00 |\n| B. B. | 100.00 |  | 10.00 |\n| Ballantyne, D. L. | 100.00 | Bank of Canton | 1,000.00 |\n| Bank of China | 5,000.00 | Butterfield & Swire.. | 100,000.00 |\n| (in memory of Edmunds & Sister) | 100.00 | Butterfield & Swire-Chinese Staff. in memory of Mr. Mok Yue Yan | 50.00 |\n| A.B.C. Commercial Service A Day's Pay a Month | 50.00 | China Emporium Ltd. | 1,500.00 |\n| A.R.P. Wardens Western Division | 250.00 | China Entertainment & Land Investment Co., Ltd. | 1,000.00 |\n| Bank of Kwangsi | 300.00 | Chinese Estates Ltd. | 1,000.00 |\n| Bank Line Ltd. | 5,000.00 |  | 104.00 |\n| Banque Belge Pour L'Entranger | 2,000.00 | C. I. B. A, | 10.00 |\n| Banque de L'Indo Chine | 2,000.00 | Caldbeck Macgregor & Co., Ltd. | 427.00 |\n| Barma. Messrs. H. T. | 500.00 | Camp Pay 1941 | 50.40 |\n| Adamson, Mr. & Mrs. | 825.00 | China Fleet Club Members | 1,000.00 |\n| Canton Insurance Office Ltd. | 50,000.00 | China International Commer-cial Co. | 100.00 |\n| Barnes, J. I. | 50.00 |  | 1,000.00 |\n| Air Headquarters, R.A.F. | 45.00 | Canton Overseas Trading Co. | 500.00 |\n| Barrow, Edgar (In memory of) | 25.00 | Carey, F. R. L. | 100.00 |\n| Allied Trading Co. | 100.00 | China Light & Power Co., Ltd. | 25,000.00 |\n|  | 1.000.00 | China Motor Bus Co., Ltd. | 2,000.00 |\n| American Express Co. | 100.00 | Carey, G. J. P. | 20.00 |\n| Barry, F. C. (Mr. & Mrs.)... | 100.00 | Carvalho, Miss E. | 25.00 |\n| Batten & Co., Ltd. | 100.00 | China National Airways Corporation | 50.00 |\n| American International Under-writers | 2,000.00 | Cassidy, Mr. & Mrs. | 150.00 |\n| Begbie, Dr. & Mrs. | 200.00 | China Products Trading Co. | 100.00 |\n| Belilios Public School | 800.00 | Cathay Pacific Airways | 500.00 |\n| Amoy Canning Corporation Ltd. | 200.00 | China Provident Loan & Mortgage Co., Ltd. | 10.000.00 |\n| Anderson, In Memory of | 3,098.61 | Catholic Truth Society | 250.00 |\n| Anderson, Dr. & Mrs., a/c | 20.00 | Centime | 225.00 |\n| Fellowship of the Bellows—A a/c |  | China & South Sea Bank Ltd. | 500.00 |\n| Fellowship of the Bellows-B a/c | 3,023.07 | Central Cold Storage | 50.00 |\n|  |  | Central Trading Co. | 100.00 |\n| Benson, Mr. D. | 500.00 | Chan, Mr. & Mrs. A. K. | 500.00 |\n| Bentley, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur. | 150.00 | Chinese Art Gallery | 30.00 |\n| Bently. Mr. & Mrs. H. M | 100.00 | Chan Fung Chan (Mrs.) | 20.00 |\n| Bercovitch, Miss R. | 30.00 | Chan. H. | 10.00 |\n| Bernachi, Brook | 200.00 | Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange Society | 1,200.00 |\n| Best, Henry Cudogan J. A. Vint (In memory of) D. J. Delany | 100.00 | Chan Hau Po & Co. | 100.00 |\n| Blackall. Sir Henry & Lady... | 300.00 | Chinese Manufacturer's Union | 200.00 |\n| Blackwood. Mr. & Mrs. J. A. | 250.00 | Chan Man Cheong Bank | 50.00 |\n| Blair & Co. | 1,000.00 | Chinese Optical Co. | 100.00 |\n| Blake. D. H. | 1,000.00 | Chan Man Fat Bank | 50.00 |\n|  |  | Chinese Postal Remittances & Savings Bank | 1,000.00 |\n| Annett, Mr. & Mrs. M. A. | 100.00 | Ching Cheung Co., Ltd. | 100.00 |\n| Annett Ltd., M. A. | 250.00 | Chiu Chow Chamber of Commerce | 100.00 |\n| Ansard, In Memory of | 100.00 | Chan Wai Fu | 10.00 |\n|  |  | Chan Say | 20.00 |\n|  |  | Chan Tat Ling | 30.00 |\n|  |  | Chang, H. T. | 100.00 |\n|  |  | Chin Kok Foo | 30.00 |",
        "txt_file_path": "txt/2diw2n4r2/CO129-616-2 Hong Kong War Memorial Fund (Amendment) Ordinance 1948 6-2-1948 - 16-11-1948.txt",
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