THE CHINA MAIL, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1958.
4
Measures To Combat HONGKONG Inflationary Sentiment
RANSPORTATION Not Needed At Present
WHAT THE COMET WILL MEAN
TO THE TRAVELLER
IN
N the early autumn skies above London, a new shape can be seen sweeping quietly overhead, the whistle of its jets contrasting with the familiar roar of piston engines.
Scon, I will be an everyday, not be limited to the passengers sight in many parts of the globe, on BOAC's Atlantic service, of Including Hongkong. The slenter course. blue and silver aircraft sym- bolises the advent of a revolu- Tin l world travel--the jet
BUZTAN
The aircraft G BOAC's new Comet 4. Already, Its graceful fights around Lidia Airport have made it a familiar sight to travellers, res well Hundreds DỶ as to the thousands of air crew who worked and technicians Brond the clock to prepare 11 BOAC's for operations service to New York, where it is Bestablished tenture et bury-Alantic jet-speed travel Now, travellers throughout U world soon to By in the Comet 4 (not only across the Atlantic but next
BOACs Eastern ruutus) eun leurn the aswer to their question: What will jet flying be like for me the ordinary passenger?
BLOW
year
DRAWING ROOM
į
When the Comet takus over BOAC's express services to the For East in the first half of 1959
will be equipped to carry not nly frat ciuss passengers, bat us well-bringlug tourist clas
reach of the travel within
who tus to consider traveller
That comfort
cust besides means more working time for the businesman hurrying to an appointment on the other side of the world and more time for
By SYDNEY GAMPELL
London, Nov. 18.
STOCK EXCHANGE
Our Own Correspondent Business done on the Hong- trong Block Exchange this morn- A pause in equities and a steadier tone in ing amounted to approximately $372,000. Noon quotations and bonds has Government
probably the morning's transactions were. obviated for the time being the pos
Boyer Beiers
·sibility of a higher bank rate or others Back
INSURANCES monetary measures aiming to curb Union inflationary sentiment in the financial Wheelocks markots.
If the
Sbares
SHIPPING
Bates
746
72
01023
0.30 5.36 1800 320
680 6.30
that
for
illicit
also
{DOCKS, ETC. IX. When..
Dock Provideat LAND, ETC.
11.00
But the montiment has equally 1 shares because it feared
be used they could ousted the recent hopes of a lower bank rato.
exports of capital)
The financial Inflationism reviews, while industry remains under-employed, some monetary with compatible restruint on the financial sector budgetary Further physical or
might
reinion.
bo
Symptoms
has Treasury sanctioned arrangements for not reducing tax on dividends from full tax. employees who are not liable to
Hitherto, ft had to be deducted end then the cnt- ployees had to reclaim it, which was much too complicated for them.
**
YKK Hotel V 21.20 25.80 ilk Land.. Humphrey 14.40 really RUBBER Amalg.
*Trent
A. Tawan Sungaba ... UTILITIES Fram
Star Ferry Younat!
C. 4g2
Electic....
STOCKS LOSE ON WALL STREET
New York, Nov. 18.
Stocks lost ground after rising to new record highs în two
previous sessions.
Uditjes alone of the major | Am. Home Prod
A. Mach. Si t'iy groups managed to move up in Am. Sugar Hel. their average which set a new Armes Stee
high for 20 years,
displaying
Rastroacia wara strength near closing time and around their high for than a year.
more
Strength developed in several top-raking Industrials, notably National Distillers and Procter & Gamble. In het more
Allas Cosa. Minang Baldwin-ma-Hon. Beneficial pan
Bendix Aviation Corp. Benguel COOL .. Boeing Alpine Dorden (T) Co.
Brough Ack dre Calif. Packing Corp.
Sample Soup Co. Case (13) 0. of Cat. Traelar
Cetateœp.
4A
the industrials in the average | čir. Financial Cup Est rose or held steady than Chase Mahal, Bank declined.
insett Peabody ........... But weakness
Colombian Carbon Co Eastman Kodak, and a Commvarelal Creat
dip in International Commonwealth Elea.
Continental Oll of Del, the In- Paper, pulled down
Grown Zelleruach dustrial average.
Diamond Alkal Douglas Aircraft Dow Chemienla
1000 11.70 1000 of 11.70
point 40 21.20 30 30.28 1421030
1323 1376 100 10
1.020
12 20000 @ 1.825
157 41.023
1,924
380 4.82J 10001021
265
23.10 2540 701
83.30 13.50
8027 17.10 1100
κα defla- then where change
It will take time for the schemes to get working and to
21.40
13 13.20 Telephone 23.60 23.90
It could actually conduce them.
Inflationary and tionary symptoms would bo tacked concurrently they live, a refreshing from the post-war alternation between blowing hot and cold Indiscrimately.
money.
дл
not
cl ex-
Easy money absolute pre-requisite pleasure for the holiday tourist, ngon. The great German ex-
year sucking to pack na many new X-
pansion of the post ten pertences as possible into his
was accomplished on very dear vacation. Buth hard-earned
that Lediness executive and holiday
If the Authorille feel will find another
gilt-edged maker alike advantage In Comet travel, for they must help the
market they can only use such ty will reach their destination
weapons as they have.
Since the ending of the ot only faster, but fresher, too. smooth, trying in the
credit squeeze on July 3 N vibration-frer quiet at the
England's moved the Bank of Comet's cabin.
use of money BOAC already has taken de-control over the
be more there
may have to iew of an livery or the first
of resort to changes in its price. IV first
The restraining induce 10 {1) be equities would remain
Step through the dear of the Comet 4's shining fuselage into eventual the well it Interior-und you | nineteen And yourself in a setting which
would
du
credit to a contem
Comet
porary drawing room. The art Bristol To Benefit
the de From Italian Jets
decor eve
vf the interior designer and the skil of the craftsman huve been
create matched to example of modern offered to the air traveller,
lere, withlu the compass of metal cabin, Industrial the
'signer Mrs Goby Schreiber has created an interior as strikingly Jeru
Bonn.
THE Bristol Acroplanc benefit Company will
West Germany's de- cision to buy 200 Italien Fiat G-91 fighters.
as the 'met 4 and as from quietly relaxing as jel travel
11-1
The colour scheine in a skilful Lend of the colourful and the retul--the glowing Tiber bius of the existing contrasting with the light grey of the cabin wil and the soothing oyster beige of all set against the yellow of the
the centig Zay ripe-wheal
bulkheads Together, thuy from
Scen
Advertised it
TOW
CITY LIGHTS!
"Here comes that fellow again from
the
slot machine arcade"
London #pervize
in America, the higher bank
To some extent they will other MCOSUTUS rate ond
to aggravate designed to curb Wall Street's themselves tend Inflatary sentiment have done the bochnical scarcity value of shares because the insofar equities, more to advertise it.
is have to be bought on the Stock the boor in equitics RN
can be atributable to mich sounder Exchange betoro they
mn.d to employees expectations, anything that gavo distributed equltica a pause would do them they may be taken off the Stock
Exchange for keeps. good.
equities Mure sedateness in would be socially desirable. The problem for such pinces as the City of London and the United Staten Treasury is how to pro- cure it--China Mall Special.
both volitical Semi-Continuous
Rolling Mill
The present gradient of their
Buriou a potentially Bristol make the Oroheus fet rise
to the Sully current engines which power this light threat
schemes for wider share owner- ground-support aircraft.
rity of the fighters will be ship.
In London, ot present such while the
and made in Italy
Ger- schemes are coming thick muinder are produced in
of neglecting under ilcence. The lust. After years
of many
popularising ex-lite question hre pisu Bristol engines
since those ownership pleasing setting for what is Pected to he made here
Are Anaccial quarters have suddenly palat of the manufacturing rights
turned all in favour of it. Frie by the Federal govern-
In the week beginning of maral.
November 10, the Treasury has approved two principles which should make it much easier for employees to buy shares. It han ganctioned the issue of bearer chosen 03-91 was The
shares provided that they are in
denominations NATO's ground support fighter anal!
competition quoted on the stock exchanges, following a design
had Mail (Titherto the Treasury care this year-China
banned all Lasucs Df bearer
from the passengers" view, the most important part
the furnishings the seats
are the last word These
richly upholstered comfort them, passengers
In
revue or settle down to sterp away the brief hours betwe
ay Wal and departure
PLEASE THE EYE
And here again, the theme is
A British Embassy Apokes- not confirm today that reports Janss
total
man could British
engine llence fees would
£48.000.
colour subtly mixed to please Special.
the eye.
The days of a single colour scheme for all the pents
In the aircraft have gotte Utose
In the Comet 4 Bre
pinced in
colourf
"locks" of various
and sitt tweed aquantrine, with gay head real covers and pillows in tangerine, cyclamen,
Tiber Ume green), blue, wheat and aquamarine.
The same theme of colour and texture, is followed throughout the Comet 4.
Powder rooms and washrooms mingle shining white with lemon yellow and Tiber blue. And the master colour plsa is followed, down
smallest items the to aboard-curtains, trays, magazine covery and cigarette boxes are ell carefully Onished in toning colours.
But there's more to comfort in the air than meets the passen-
вестися
sera' eye. Behind the
4 is geared tu too, the Comet
of service provide a standard unmatched in civil aviation To give the cabin crew facilites lo match their traditional skill, the Come 4 is equipped with two up-to-date galleys from which meal, snacks and drinks will be served in flight.
THE SMOOTHNESS
not many of the Perhaps hundreds of thousands of passen. Comet 4 will Kers whom the
curry around the world will stop to think of the problems which jet travel bring to the cablu stuff n they give their, unob- trusive services throughout the the fight. And yet, while smoothnos of the jet airliner may make it easier to handle a
G5
London, Nov. 18.
rolling A scanf-continuous
being designed at the Movokromatorsk engineer- mill now Ing plant in the Ukraine will toms of rolled produce 70,000 and un-
metal for an Egyptian iron and Radio Moscow re- steel mill. ported today-U.P.I.
COMMODITY
COTTON
alesed today unchanged to twe polats higher with sales of 171 contracts.
Domestic No. 8 sugur futures closed unchanged to two points lower with suics of seven con-
NEW YORK Prices of cotton futures closed tracts, today as follows:
Boot: 3823 nom; Dee: 30.80; Mar: 35.56; May 20.11: July 24.121 et unqusted, Dee: 310: Mari
322: May: 31,28.
NEW ORLEANS
Prices of cotton futures closed today as follows:
Spot: 24.15; Dee: 16.30; Mar: 30.10: May: 34.10; July 31,34; Oct: 31.08 unquoted: May Ded: 31.70; Mar: 51.69.
LIVERPOOL
Colion future closings, In pence per lb. were as follows:
American Contract
Dec/Jon
23.06
23.10
22.00
Mare/April
May/June
JIYANK
22.00
Oct/Now
2160
Mixed Contract
Dec/Jan.
Mar/Apri
22.00
21.05
BAO PAULO
May/June July/Aug. Oct/Nov
Cotton future closings, in
Contract No. {world}
Jan: 3.41; Mar: 3.40; May: 341: Jaly: 3.40; Sept: 3.40; Del: 340: dpot-cents per ib. fob Cuba): 3.50.
Open interest: 0.980 contracts.
Contract No. 4 (domesilo) March; 571: May: 0.14: July: BEQ; Repl: 043; spot-(cents por 1. elf NY ex-duty): 8,00.
interest:
Open
vrd
$26
PRICES
METALS
NEW YORK
00
Prices of metal futures clos- ed today in vents per follows:
Lead Dec.
Jan.
Zluc
Dec.
Jan.
Copper Doc.
Jan.
TEN
Doc. JQm.
ib.
12.15b
12.200
11.35b 11.40b
(rta) 3 7.10
INDUSTRIALS Cement
STORES, ETC 24.00 Dalry 10.40 15.00 Watson 12.10 12.3 Lane, Crew. 13.20 133 INVESTMENTS
Yangtze
H.K. & P.E.
Invest.
A
6.20
0.50
Spurted
General Tyre issues were
Rubber
El Paso National Gas Jpmily Tisance Corp. strong while Goodyear yielded Fotona Tyre
General Dynamic some of the previous sessions Gan. Pub. Util.... wide gain in the tyres. General don. Tyre & Rubber Preferred spurted points.dden Co.........
20
todrich (B. T) Co. U.S. Rubber oct a new high. Grumman airerati to General Dynamics ruled strong
Homestaks Milding Co. Hayden Newport Corp.
500 G 17.16 Penick & Ford was sustained by | Ingersoll-tand
100 24.00 115 26.50 013.10 1030 23.70 1000 23.70
2507.10 150 7.00 05077
1000 24.50
750 10.40
ja higher dividend.
Of the 1,254 issues traded, 670 declined, 446 advanced and 232 held unchanged. New higha were set by 139 stocks and new lows by three.
New York Stock Exchange volume was 3,820,000 shares.
Now York Stock Exchange
700 19.30 bond volume was $0,210,000.
Exchange
volume was 1,300,000 shares.
|
Infund Steel Co.
interchemical Corp. International Paper John-Manyille Ca.
Katser Industry.
Kansos C. Power & Light
Liggott Bloyers "Tob,"
Lowenstein & Bora,
McDermott Ray McDonnell Aircraft
Stock Ex.) Mamatil Iron Corp. Minnesota Mining Monsanto Chemical Co. Motorola Inc.**.** National Biscuit. National Dairy Prod. National Steel Corp. Norfolk & Western Ry North Amer, Aviation
733
(Am
53TS
40 10714
American Stock
04
Dow-Jones averages wero;
4812 73%
30 industrial
26.00
20 vulie ....
166.11
North-west Airlines (Com.)
100.50
Ol Mathieson .....
03.00
Owen-nols a
165.38
Oxford Gine & Eder.
Exchange Rates
Bustress was done in the local umofficin
exchange morning at the following rates:- 16. doline (per #1)
1 ts
33 stock
40 banda......
Closing Prices
12.00 American Cable & Radio Corp.
Parke Davis Co.
Fanny J. C. Ca.
Peu Salt Co.
234 Philip Morris
Com, future price index
market
this
Alder Ind. Ady.
Allied Mills Inc.
0.70
Am. Brake Bhee
Sterling notes (per £1). Australian notes (per 21) Indonesian rupiah (per 100) Slamicals (per 100) Singapore (Siraits)
11.07 Arnercon Arling
8.3
Ameroon Cyonachid Co.
Auler & Forga. Tuwer
1 30
An, Ge&ectric
26.00
Britain Takes First
Step Towards Shareholder
State
London, Nov. 18.
43
Irocter & Gamble Co Fliteburgh Plate
la
#
Publieker Industries
Fure 011
40%
52
1 Reynolds Bietal
Radio Corp. Proz
72
AN important group of British companies last
week took a first step towards turning Britain into a shareholders democracy with the creation
of an organisation known as the "Aims of In-
dustry.”
as
more
first
industry was The organisation approved by but the alms of
to regarded the Government, plans
Wenly tr facilitate the buying of shares succeed because it is the
to enjoy government apprʊvul. by employees not only in their own company but from any other company in the group,,
Similar schemes have been launched in Britain in the past
LONDON
CLOSES MIXED
London, Nov. 18. The stock market closed mixed today with prices moving fractionally."
The Slogan
It was tother Conservative Premier Sir Anthony Eden who first launched the slogan shareholder" "Every Briton a
ngo
election as the as long campaign of 1951.
Each factory within the groOUD headed by the glant Tote and Lyle Sugar Company, will open a non-profit-making shop co- pany from which any empleyve of any company in the
group will be able to buy shares under favourable conditions.
Sours, loobuck & Co. Shell Oll Co.....
Saln: Reg. Paper
Solar Aircraft.....
South Puerto Rico Sugne Southern Co. (The)
Southern National Gas Southern Railway (Com.
Standard Oil of Cal.
Strep Rock (Toronto Exge.)
Sterling Drug Co.
Biokety-Van "Camp. Nonatine Mining
Textron lae.......
Tide Water Aga Qui Time Inc.
Til-Cont. Warrants
Twentieth Century Fox Film Union Dil of Cal United Gas Corp. UA. Tell "*"* *** U.S. Line Co...!!! U.S. Steel 7 P.C. FY Westloghouse Air Brake
West Va. Pulp & Paper
western Union Tel. Co.
CHATTER ON WALL
STREET
New York, Nov. 18. We would expect any com- Ing market correction to be somewhat stronger than the minor technical corrections which have occurred in the risp since Oct, 1957 - Investors Advisory Service,
More patience and discri mination are warranted et this
| stage of the cycle than any time
in
0
In more than a year-Interna- tional Statistical Bureau,
Thero is Little point arguing with this kind of |market even though one can be sure that the current specula- tivo excesses will be pald for eventually and handsomely. Clark, Dodge & Co.
A switch into oils, a group that appears to be behind the market, should work out ad- vantageously
for intermediate term holdersEdgrund Tabell, Walston & Co.
EIGHT WELLS
Sunset International Petro- toum will drill eight wells on 4,907 acres in Juan county, New Mexico Walston & Co.
Becovery In freight traffle toreshadows
in upturn business for rail équipment makers-Hornblower & Weeks.
Ori
not
Minnesota Mining & Manu- facturing carnings may 814change much from the 2.34 of
last year but an acceleration
19
20 profit-wise is anticipated for 1959
Harris, Upham & Co.
35
5224
3274
12
4434
15
Axil
n
Stock
the month...
Indianapolls Power & Ligh! — Standard & Poors.
Hercules Power 1958 results will do well to match the 2.12 of last year-Alexander Hamilton Institute. Boasting proven crudo oll reserves of more than
642 250 million barrels and natural
37
four
45% des deposits of close to
trillion cubic foot, Pure Oll Co.
40
14014
la numbered bigh in the oil in- dustry from the standpoint of
28% underground wealthFrancia I 2014 Du Pont & Co.-U.P.I.
UPI
AMERICAN OFFICIALS DISTURBED
were
Washington, Nov. 18. American officials
deeply disturbed by the deadlock in the European Free Trado talks which throatons to split Europe into two hostile economic factions, informed sources said today.
New York Cotton Market
New York, Nov. 18. Cotton futures today drift. ed lower by easy stages in continued slow dealings. All of the day's action confined to the closing dealings and buyers temporarily
drew
was
with-
Part of a light interest centred in the nearby deliveries where Offeints themselves remained traders evened-up accounts be- silent to avold worsening. a fore first notice day on Friday. situation which already seemed Activity in the textile market Domestic consurap-
highly confused. They did not was dull.
Reason
va
to 2,370,000 bales
want to reduce the chances of ton had little market effect. a settlement by commenting on The New York Cotton Ex- on affair which interests pri- change Service Bureau esti- marily West European nations, mated last month used 850,000 The shop company will in fact the sources added.
bales against 800,000 bales con- American officials were per-sumed in the same period last the compilca- undertake all
because the tions and expense
deadlock year, of buying turbed
Stock threatened to split American
Consumption for the shares on the nominal Market and transforming them allies in Europe into two war- amounts Into bearer shares to a maximum ring economic camps, the six 2,145,000 balca in the corres- be nation common market and the ponding period last scason→→→ A lote rally in gilt-edged value of £5-which will
11 other members of the Or-Aug. 4 to Nov. 2. 20.976 27.00h securities reduced earlier losses. made available to employees of
for European Month 90.770 Government bonds have been the group at the current market į ganisation
company Economic Co-operation. dropping in price for the last quotation. The shop
provide
Americans reportedly hoped Mer. corresponding routh as small investors have will
any em- for a compromise solution.-Y tended to switch to stocks and facilities as soon
cashing their ployee decides to dispose of his France-Presse. banks have been holdings to provide liquid funds shares. for lending.
LONDON Prices of metals closed tuday contracts-in sterling
per long ton as follows:
RUBBER
SINGAPORE
The market opened around the previous levels and ruled quiet with fair turnover trans- acted in lower sheets.
Future closing were:
I
full gines or loaded plate, speedcruzeiros per kilo' were as fol- tio. 1 rubber per ib. Dec. 1914-891% -the greatest hoon which the lows: Comet 4 will offer-brings own "headaches" to the highly and women whe trained men
will serve the passengers as they fly at eight miles a minute some eight miles ligh.
Dec
MAZ. July
03 90 01.50
65.00
In the United States, the aver- age price of one-inch cotton at 14 designated spot markets was
34.75 cents.
Total sales were 103,972 balen.
SUGAR
For matiy lights, orico talding many hours, will be slashed to a [~U.P.I. portion of their present length by the Comet 4, and that menta that incals, for Inatence, oner comparatively proffered feinurely fashion as "this hours rolled it, mount at linea by served in considerably less tins. The Incuraparable spend and comfort of Cornet 4 traydi. will'
New York, Nov. 18.
#
Jan. 09- No. 2 rubber per 1h. Dec. 00-07 No. 3
00-07 84-00 No. 4 Boot rubber unbsted .... 904%-10% 76-5%-7712 01-63 Bankes crepe Nu. 1 pale crepe
AMSTERDAM The rubber market was quiet today. Prices, closed in guildera per kilogram, cit Dec, as fol- jows:
No. 1 rulitige
No. ibér
No, i rubber
No. 1 crepe
Tin sput
3-month
Соррет про
month Lead 2nd half Nov. Lead 2nd half irob. na 2nd half Nov. Teb. Eine 2nd Half
Buyers Seller
75734
3450
700K
23811
23312
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
NEW YORK
Closing zoted were: Canada 1,00%: Ragland omelak.
England 90-dwys. 2004; unquoted; Others changed.
LONDON Closing rates were: New York
Montrand A terdam Chentiangi 2.33 num. Frankfurt 2.59 nom. Lisbon 2.48 nom. Milan
2.80 1/2-200 12/10 3.71 7/8-2.73
10.30 1/4-10.54 3/5 19.30 1/2-19.30 3/4 11.79-1130 2/9 00.00+10,39 1740 1/4-1740 1A
BOOSTED PRICES Industrials closed on a firm note. Selective demand boosied prices of steels, autos and do. Rolla partment store issues. Royce, Borax and Courtauld were also strong individual
Issues.
Financial exports believed there were two possible weak- nesses in the plan as it stands at present:
Encroachment
Chicago Grain Prices
Wheat No. 2, rod
Spot
Dec. 1979 (1) 10874 (3) 1909-1
Mar.
May
July
100%
Bepf.
180
Com No. 2 yellow
Бров
118
Doc.
-11
Mar,
Dpc, new
Jan.
MAY
dis-RFO
Doc. Mar,
beo.
Professional, stock-brokeTË might resent any encroachment Olla steadied after a faltering on their preserves by the shop opening.
companies maxi bearer shares Gold stocks were flim with cannot be quoted on the Stock some issues reaching new penies Market for the year. Americans reported. ly are buying gold stocks in the expectation of an increase in the peleo of the metal on the dollar wepkens,
Couper issues wera higher, and doller stocks were mixed -U.P.I.
Ford Order
However, it was thought that the latter draw-back aimed at going preventing money from out of the country would
It the #overnment appear decided to re-establish the con- vertullity of Sterling.
the Moreover, the fact that Government, already approves Roybeans, No. 1, zellow
Прод the actione
that #uggested
Naw
Jan,
Mar
MAY
July
certain concessions such as a reduction of the tax on that London, Nov. 18. ' The Ford Motor Company of part of the employee's income Britales announced today it has used for buying shower or of the Barley, received
orders stamp duty on capital £250,000 from Turkey for trucks, Intus actions might be made in favour New York four
́empinyoo-sl1339- 1324 3/9-1836 1/8|trial engines and spare parts of the new drusels and otheja inchang,
holders, Fracon«PressO. UP.I.
Zurich
rubber
London and New York World No. 4 Mugne futţikes ! prices were sankwellable~܇Î!
*
trans-
Spot
2001, e
Det
Volume Open interest
6,600
120,300
$5,000
240,500
4,400
2000
50300
189,200
Oct,
3,800
145,000
Dec.
Total
2,300
19,800
100
24.000
1,214,200 bales
U.P.I.
Singapore
Stocks
Singapore, Nov. 15. Brokera
today quoted the following stock prices:
Ho
Lintang Rubber Co. British Borneo Patroleum.
syndicate Consolidated Tin Brokera Freeny
Opening
11.02
28/- Neave Lid. Ond, $100 & Neave Turz eum.
$4.10 Cammone (Malaya) Limited 1971
18115-36
TARCT
1371
Kingħat
sanking Corn Hongkong Thi Ladi
214 D
21744 2211-232
$1.00 11/10 Kus Kampar Tin Mpu
xinos Rubber Egintea Lid, S 25-2144 | Malayan Deweries
New Berandah Rubber C
Petaling Tin Ltd,
01.84
225.4
$2.40
110-120
Hingapore Cold slotsge ...
traits Trailing
Filesiba Almarhip
NEJE.
Filled Beginer Grá, ngi
* Gurdiy-ACTLITIK, DAT
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.