1953-12-18 — Page 4

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THE CHINA MAIL, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1953.

“TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY”

CHAPTER 30.

THE IRON CURTAIN

OVER AUSTRIA

By Sir Winston Churchill

RESIDENT ROOSE- request and to order auch with- Mr Eden was in Washington,

VELT died at a drawals would rest with Army Group commanders Subject to when moment

the dictates of operational

political and military necessity, the retirement would prizes of the highest then take place.

"I considered that this proposal consequence hung in the

and that it balance, Hitler's Western was premature

exceeded the immediate military Front had collapsed; Eisen- needs. I therefore sont

the hower was across the Rhine Chiefs of Staff The following their guidance in and driving deep into Ger- minute for

discussing Gen. Eisenhower's many and Central Europe discuss

with their American against an enemy who in proposal places resisted fiercely but

the forces arrive in.

after was quite unable to stem the contact, and

the pre- Iminary salutations have been onslaught of our triumphant

exchanged, they should seemed armies; there nothing to stop the Western Allies from taking Berlin.

The Russians were only 35 miles from the city, on the east, but they were not yet rendy to attack. Between them Oder, The and Berlin lay the

entrenched be- were Germans fore the river, and hard fighting was to take place before the could force a cross- Red Army ing

and begin their advance.

matter. Vienna was another Our chance of forestalling the Russians in this ancient capital

thrust. from а

Italy had

by

been abandoned eight months before, when Alexander's forces had been stripped for the sake of the landing in the South, of France. Prague was still within our reach.

coe

and fully agreed with the views I telegraphed to him. Prime Minister "to -Mr Eden (Washington) 19 April 45 This is for your cyss alone. It would

that seem

the

10

Western Allien art not in- mediatory in a position force their way into The Russians havo 2 million

of the

troops on the section front opposite that city. The Americans have only their spearheads, say-25 divisions, which are covering an im- mense front and are at many points engaged with the German rest

+

Combined Chiefs of Staff prior to. any major adjustment, in contrast to local adjustments for operational and administra

tive reasons.

It is requested that you will lasto similar instructions, to your commanders in the Aeld, I am sending this message to you and to President Truman simultaneously. The reply was guanded. Marshal Stalin to Prime Minister 2 May 45 have received your message of April 27 on the Bubject of procedure for the of Germany and Decupation Austria by the Red Army and It is thought most important the Anglo-American armed that Montgomery should take forces. Lubeck. as soon as possible,

my part I should operations require concerted

he has an additional

inform you that the Soviet Amerlean Thus, if we crossed nction.

Army

Corps

High Command hog lasued and advanced to the Elbe

strengthen his

instructions movements if

that when the Berlin, or on line between

he requires it. Our arrival at

Soviet and Allled forces meet Lubeck Berlin and the Baltic, which is

before our Russian the Soviet Command should all well within the Russian.

friends from Stettin would

immediately establish contact zone, we should not give this

save a lot of argument later with the Command of the up as a military matter,

American or English forces of State to It is a maiter

and that they should in ogree- considered between the

ment together three Governments, and in relation to what the Russians

each cher in those s, except in so far us actual neighbouring military

be

do in the south, where they will soon have occupied not only Vienna but all Austria. hurry There cannot be such about our withdrawing from

a place we have gained that the few days necessary for consulting the Governments in Washington and London can- not be found.

I attach great importance to this and could not agree to proposals of this kind [being decided on a Staf level. They must be referred to the President and me....

THE

and

on.

to

"There is no reason why the Russians should occupy Den- mark, which is a country to be liberated and to have it' sovereignty restored. Our position at Lubeck, if we get It, would be

decisive in this matter.

Thereafter, but partly con- current, it is thought well to push on to Linz to meet the Russians there, and also by an

For

(0) deline

✡

provisional

tactical demarcation boundary

line, and

(b) take measures to sup- press any opposition by the German forces within their provisional demarcation line.

Russians had not been American cheireling movement THE

long in Vienna before we to gain the

reglan south of got a forelasto Stuttgart. In this region are

of what would zone of their oc- the main German installations happen in a connected

with their atomic cupation. They announced that research, and we had better a Provisional Austrian Govern- get hold of these in the in- ment had been formed and they Serests of the special secrecy in this made me fear

refused to let

missions Our

My attaching to this topic.

that they were deliberately exploit. ing their arrival to "organise" the country before we got there.

April

30 I accordingly to Mr Truman as

It seems to me that unless we both take a strong stand now we shall find it very dif-

dit ficult to exercise any influence in Austria during the period

death of President Men us little further, He telegraphed

ÆR Truman's reply, however, One

April 25, 1945, spearheads of the First U.S. Army from Leipzig met the Russians near Torgau, on the Elbe. Germany was cut in two and the Ninth and First Artics remained halted facing the Russians on the Elbe and the Mulde. The Gernian Army 'was disintegrat- ing before our eyes.

Over

onc million prisoners Roosevelt on April 12 led were taken ins the first three me to seek the concurrence of proposed that the Allied troops follows: weeks of April, but Eisenhower the Chiefs of Staff in presenting should retire to their agreed believed that fanatkal Nazis now the whole argument about zones in Germany and Austria would attempt to establish zones to his successor,

as soon as the military altuation themselves in the mountains of Prime Minister to President allowed and sought my opinion Bavaria and Western Austria, Truman

18 April 45 on a draft telegram to Stalin soort, Your armies

this effect. On April 27, after and prosently ours, may coffie into discussion with the President, contact with the Soviet forces. I sent this telegram to Staling

The Anglo-American armies soon make contact in Germany with Soviet forces, and the approaching end of German realstance makes it necessary that the United States, Great Britain and the- Soviet Union decide upon ΟΠ orderly procedure for the oc- cupation by thele forces of the. zones which they will occupy In Germany and in Austria.

Our immediate task is the

and

ho swung the Third US. Army southwards.

Its right

thrust down the Danube reached Linz 'on May 5 End later met the Russians com- Vienna. Its left Ing up from penetrated into Czechoslovakia as far as Budejovice, Pilsen and Karlsbad. There was no ‘ogrce- ment 10 debar him from If it were

o Prague

feasible.

[The Prime Minister tele- graphed to Mr Truman on Apr. 30 and to Gen. Elgen- hower on May 7, suggesting that this should be borne in mind.

The Supreme Commander should be given instructions by the Combined Chiefs of Staff as soon as possible how to act.

In my view there are two

zones: COTHES

The tactical zone, in (0) which our troops must stand on the line they have reached, unless there is agreement der a better tactical deployment against the continuing resist- of the enemy. This should be arranged by the Supreme Commander through our military representatives in

ance

Moscow or, it convenient, across the lines in the fold, The Combined Chiefs of Staff have already пе

talen up the issue of instructions to cover this

ho

"Elsenhower's plan was, how- ever to halt his advanco on the west bank of generally The Fibe and along the 1937 boundary of Czechoslovakia. It the situation warranted would cross it to the general line Karlsbad-Piloen-Budejovice. The Russians agreed to this and the movement was made. But on May 4 the Russians reacted strongly to a fresh proposal to continue the advance of the Third U.S. Army to the River Vitavo, which flows through Prague,

This would not have sulted them at all.

the Americans "halted while the Red Army cleared the cast and west banks of the Moldau river

and

occupied

Prague." The city fell on May the general D, two days after surrender was signed at Rhelms.

I had for some time past tried my utmost to Impress the

United States Government with which were the vast changes

taking place both in the military and political spheres. Our Western armies would soon be carried

well beyond the boundaries of our occupation zones, as both the Western and Eastern Allied, fronts approached penning the another, one Germans between them:

on our

I

The following telegrams show that I never

suggested going back

word over the agreed zones, provided agree- ments were also respected. became convinced, however, that before we halted, more withdrew, our troops we ought to seek

a meeting with Stalin face to face and make agreement was sure that an reached about the whole front.

or

الياء

It would indeed be a disaster if we kept all our agreements in strict good faith while the Soviets laid their hands all

they. could get without the slightest regard for the obliga

which they had

tions Into entered.

upon

Gen. Eisenhower had proposed that while the armies in the

and the

cast should

West

advance Irrespective of demarca- tion lines, in any area where the males had made contact either sido should be free-to, suggest that the other should withdraw behind the boundaries of their › occupation zone. Discretion to

*Eigenhower, “Report to Combinad Dinja of 250g 21:

phare.

(b) The occupational zone, which I agreed with President' Roosevelt on the advice of the Combined General Staffs. In my view this zone should be. occupied within a certain time from V.E. Day, whenever this is declared, and we should retiro with dignity from the much greater gains which the Allied troops have acquired by their audacity and vigour.

2

can

am quite prepared to adhere to the

occupational zones, but I do not wish our Allied troops or your Ameri- troops to be hustled back at any point by some crude assertion of a local Russian This must be general. provided against by an agrecej ment between Governments so as to give Eisenhower a fair chance to settle on the spot in his own admirable way,

The occupational zones were

hastily

docided ember,

Quebec In

at

1944, when it was not foreseen that

Eisenhower's Gen.

armics would make •such a mighty inroad

Into

The Germany. zones cannot be altered except by agreement with the Rus- slam. But the moment V.E. Day has occurred we should try to set up the Allied Control Com- mission in Berin and should Insist upon a fair distribution of the food produced in Ger- many between all parts of

Germany.

As it stands at present the Russian occupational zone has the smallest proportion of people and grows by far the largest proportion of food, the Americans have a not very. satisfactory proportion of food to conqueres population, and we poor British are, to take over all the ruined Huhr and lazgo manufacturing districts, which are, like ourselves in normal times large importers of food. miggest that this tiresome I question should be settled, in Berlin by the Allied Control Commission before, we move", from the tactical positions, we have at present achieved,,

will

to

⚫ of

her liberation from the Nazis. Would you be willing to join me in sending Marshal Stalin a message in the follow- ing terms. We

have

been much concerned to hear from our Charge d'Affaires in Moscow that, despite the invitation you extended to Mr Harriman on.

13. April

the Soviet rnment wi

not

NDW to the Allied missions proceeding

until to Vienna agreement has been reached

in

Advisory

the

Army. During this period the

the European final defeat of the German - Commission regarding

respective zones in Vienna boundaries between the forces-and-the-p

e-provisional-control- of the three Allies must be decided by commanders in the field and will be governed by considerations and

13

end

have aleo been disagreeably surprised by the announcement of the setting ements. It is inevitable up in Vienna of a Provisional that our armies will in this

Austrian Government, d:s- phase And themselves in

pite our request for time to occupation of territory out 'consider the matter, It has side the boundaries of the been our understanding that

the ultimate occupational zones.

treatment of Austria, es When the fighting

of Germany, is a matter of common concern to the four Anished the next task is for

Powers who are the Allied Control Comralesion

to occupy to be set up in Berlin and

those countries. control and we regard it as essential Vienna and for the forces of the Allies to

that British, American be redisposed

French over their re- and to take spective occupational zancs.

be allowed tentatives should to proceed at once The demarcation of the zones

to Vienna in order to report in Germany has already been

there on conditions before decided upon and it is necessary that we shall without delay

Advisory Com- roach an ogreement on the mission on matters affecting zones to be occupied in the occupation and control of Austria at the forthcoming the country and especially of meeting proposed by you in

Vienna itself. We hope you Vienna.

L.BUO the

necessary Instructions to Marshal Tol- bulchin, In order that the Allied missions may fly in at "once from Italy:"

no

any

the Eement is reached in

will

It appears now that signed instrument of surrender will be forthcoming. In this event Governments should de- cide to act up at once the May 3 Prezident Truman Allied

Control Commissions replied that he entirely agreed and to entrust

the with my telegram and was him- to them bask of making detailed self sending

a protest

to the for the with- Soviet Government. This protest arrangements drawal of the forces to their reminded the Russians of Stalin's agreed occupational zones. suggestion that American, British

In order to meet the rO-

French representatives quirements

aluation should go to Vienna at once and referred to above, namely, the settle the zones of occupation.

and

Flans had been made for temporary emergency Parrangements for the tactical their journey and now the Soviet zones, Instructions have been Government, were saying that sent to Gen. Elsenhower. There their arrival would be "undesir- are de follows:

able" until after the zone had

of the

und

(D) To avoid confusion be- Advisory

been

agreed by the European Commission. I The

tween the two armies and to prevent either of them from Commission had been unable to expanding into areas already agree, partly through lack of in- occupied by the other, both formation. aldes should halt as and where

manadors

op

was to study on, the spot and

The only way. they meet, subject to such ad- the problem jualmente to the rear or to the Soviet unwillingness to let us flanks as are required, in the do so was holding up the Com- opinion

of the local com milon's work. Mir TrunaN COD- by asking on either side, to eluded his manage deal with any remaining

the Soviet Government to let the Allied representatives fly to position.

(b) As to adjustments of Vimna at once. These Te

after cemotions of forces

* presentations hostilities in an area, your

Ineffectual troops" should be disposed in

(Continued. Tomorrow) accordance with military re- quiemnents

WETO

quito

boundaries of zonal hakama permitted, but the (World Copyright reserved. Rás urgency of the #vaituation, predsation, aven partially, in any obtain the spproval of the language, striotly prohibited).

By

James Wickenden

HIEN Robert Louis perpetually. In soft sun.

W Stevenson saw the light.

rhythmic Fijian

dancing and heard the But if any human ap-- resonant voices raised in Those who have sought it proaches, It vanishes. haunting chorus 63 years ago, he was entranced.

++

either return to tell that it has again eluded ita He said: "It leads on pursuers or they dis the mind; it thrills, rouses, appear forever. · subjugates; it has the essence of all art, an explored imminent signifle- ance."

un-

Perhaps they reached Moulu. Or maybe they sailed on, until their water falled.

Polynesia is no longer unexplored, yet the Queen If the Queen goes into will find in Fiji the magic today's Fijians in clean the country sho will find still there.

villages

of

woven reed So is the simple humour houses set in fields of táro of these people who call a and kumala, the local vege- aausage bullamakau banana tables.

-meat banana; a pocket, basket belang trousers; a newspaper, paper talk.

Against a backcloth of luxuriant forests of tall trees and colourful birds, This land of fuzzy-headed shapely girls, making bread, warriors, now volunteering tread the bananas and to fight, Communist bandits breadfrult in ovens lined in Malaya, has kept the with plantain leaves, spirit, sensed by Steven- Out in the surf just be. son, in the Fijian "Moke"-- yond the reef,` young men a festival of fuil-blooded in outrigger canoes fish for and graceful song and sharks with strong line dance.

Still Virile

still

Their outlook is virile and imaginative, and the old stories are still told,' such as the one about thefr hero god Maui.

He is legendary fisher many who panses of the Pacific, and found new lands for the first Polynesian mariners.

knew the ex-

They say he lived in a happy land mysterious called Moulu, Some have seen this land drifting on the blue horizon, bathed

POCKET CARTOON] by OSBERT LANCASTER

PETER PAN

SIMIS SALPE

*** supposent la fold you (@asby Sarira yöif d'hüve "thought it spanderful ["

40 757

and knives. On their way from the sea, they pick oranges which grow wild. Family olders lie on cool verandas drinking from giant coconut shells holding four pints of milk,

But

Across the hills to the north, cut off from the monsoon rains, the parched land supports only short reeds and grass. liere, like green bands stretching to the horizon, are the sugar plantations which provide Fiji's main wealth.

South Seas Rule

During the day's heat, Fijians still observe the rule of the South Seas and doze. But in spito of

Lazimoes, apparent Polynesians can be industrious." They think office hours are mad, and adjust work to the climate. Big tasks are planned ahead for the cool season of the year.

An example of their energy is the canal in the Rown district. The canal is two miles long and sixty feet wide, so clean-edged it might have been cut by a glant dilching machine instead of wooden spades.

It lops twenty miles off the son route between two former native kingdoms and could talco the-largest-war canoes now. show places.

Inter-tribal conflicts which raged in the last century led to Britich rule. But Queen Vic- toria's

would only ministers Fovern the islands after many appeals for British administra- tion had been made by the people themselves...

The Queen will find Fiji as Icyal or ever, and as generous.

Even the railway is free to all. Running for 380 miles, it the Pacife is the onls one in Islands Its gauge two fect and, in traduEnsikte Byle, the cabis the largest and highest part the englis.

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