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““TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY”

T

CHAPTER 24

THORNY QUESTION

OF POLAND

By Sir Winston Churchill

HE Soviet-sponsored

though i would cost Russia ກາ: 1 blood, so that Poland Lublin Government in this imtaimont the Prime Minister begins his account muld be empensated at Ger- ' of Poland, or "the of the discussions on Poland which occurred at seven, magy's expense.

"Warenw"! Govern

out of eight plenary meetings of the Yalta Conferenco, Wiren. Mikołajczyk had 'bout, ment as the Russians of all Since the Prime Minister had brought together in Moscow in Russia during Oc.ober he had names. preferred to call it,

the previous autumn representatives of the exiled asked what fron.ier for Poland viewed the London Polish

Polish Government from London, and the Communist us would recognise in the Government with bitter

"Polish National Committee" from Lublin, the Rus- Vesi, and he had been delight- (4 to hear that Russia though. animosity. Feeling between

cians had recognised the latter as * Provisional h the western fron ler of them had got worse, not Government.

Poland should be extended better, since our October Meanwhile, M. Mikolajczyk, the Polish Premier, who had he Ne. sc. There were meeting in Moscow.

been to the Moscow meeting, had been disowned by ivers of hat name, said Stalin one near Breriau, and another his colleagues in London, and had resigned.

farther wat. It was the Wes.- ern Neisse he had in mind, and he asked the Conference

to

my

The

had not

On the

01

two

ern Front nearly half a resolution to support the o cause an apparent division

between them, when there Lublin Government, a measure

SIXTH WINTER OF DESPAIR

M

From: JAMES LEASOR

Amman. But they have enough causo

RE than half a for blternets,

lion men, women

"

警官

1

and children are of th while H Mothe facing their sixth winter and his life. Behind him in the in Jordan in skin tents, and clive groves and acres of Jaffa district he left orange lean-to huts, mud shacks wheat. He dip soph of'er mut eaves in the earth.

arriving in Amman "ef a broken

rich, aro

They are the wretched heart," says bl con. eople who were driven out Others, formerly.

poverty-stricken. of their homes in Palestine

Pring the Arab-Jew fight- I met a former High Court in 1948, and their state Judge who is now a clerk in a w little better than it ravo! Mice and glad to have

that job. five years ago.

LONG WAIT

Most still have only the clothes they stand up in, rogged and threadbaro. And nothing at all ha been done to provide com- PHYSICIAN, formerly with pensation for those whose homes an of the largest practices have been occupied by the in Jerusalem, who now has one Israelis - and whose money has room above an Amman shop been seized in their bank where treats visiting patients accounts,

on a strictly cash basis.

resources.

Many poor local Jordanians resent the aid given to refugees; they are poor themselves, and can claim nothing.

Soviet troops were flooding across Poland, and the Polish Underground Army was freely charged with the might be formed, such as Government of Poland. We re to support his proposal. murder of Russian soldiers creating a small Presidential,cognised them, but

sought their company. and with sabotage and at Council to take temporary o'her hand, Mikolajczyk, Romer, tacks on their rear areas and control and set up a more and Grabski were men of good Eense and honesty, and with

Jordan is n poor country, A lawyer who runs a book- their lines of communica permanent institution.

them I then said, it was

we had remained in. In- CTALIN then pointed out that

mostly rock with a thin sheet sp; businessmen glad to tion. Both access and in-

formal but friend'y and close we

create a could not duty to state the position of relations."

of earth on it. There are few work as walters or stand on formation were denied

Polish Government unless the

mineral deposits." or natural pavements touling for passengers the Western Powers.

his Majesty's Government. I

three Great Powers Poler themselves agreed to it.

for the long distance bures that had repeatedly declared in would be criticised if they al- Mikolajczyk and Grabski had

run from Amman to Beirut and Thus the Moscow during my In Italy and on the West- Parliament and in public my lowed these rival Governments come to

Jordanians must Damascus. visit there. They had met the

work bitterly hard to scrape their Dwn meagre existence. There is a five-year wait for million Poles wore fighting claim of the U.S.S.F. to the were such great tasks in band of agreement had been reached, There is little hope of better- American visas. vallantly. for the final Curzon Line as interpreted and they had such hopes in and Mikolajczyk had gone ment for large numbers .of

create London on the understanding destruction of the Nazi by the Soviet Government, common. Could we

we not

18 || refugees, armies. They and many That meant including Lvov a Government or governmental that he would come back. In- others elsewhere in Europe in the U.S.S.R. I had been instrument for Poland, pending stead of that he had been turn-

which ed out of office" by his full and free elections,

col- criticised eagerly looking for considerably

in could be recognised by all? leagues, simply because bo were ward to the liberation of Parliament

Such a

could favoured an agreement (as

Government

with free vote of the the Lublin Government. their country and a return Foreign Secretary) and by prepare for

Polish people on their future to their homeland from the Conservative Party for constitution and administration. The Polish Government In

and honourable this. voluntary

If this could be done we should London were hosule to the very have taken one great slep for idea of the Lublin Government, exile. The large community

ward towards the future peace and torcribed it as a company of Poles in the United States

and prosperity of Central of bandits and criminals. The anxiously awaited a settle-

said I was sure that Lublin Government had pald Europe. ment between the three

the them back in their own coin, the communications, of Army,

was now very difficult BUT I had always thought nursion

driving and it Great Powers.

In victorious pursuit to do anything about it. that, after the agonies forward Russia had Buffered In of the Germans, could be pro-

tected and guaranteed.

The Lublin or Warsaw Goy- defending herself against

crnment, as I should now be called, wanted to have nothing the Germans, and her great

to do with the London Govern- deeds in driving them back

ment. They had told him they and liberating Poland, her

would accept Gan, Zellpowski claim was founded not on

and Grabski, but they would not

The questions which wa discusseri may be sum marised as follows:

How to form a single Pro- visional Government for Poland.

had the

FTER

Д

now

The refugees live in huge encampments in the hills outside Amman and in the plain near Jericho.

д

On the other hand, some local businessmen have become The United Nations has fantastically rich strice the small tent-making Palestine war as a result of the near Jericho, but can increase in Amman's population only employ 200 refugees- from

little around 200,000,

started factory

Uny proportion of the total.

FOOD DOLE

..

- this

over 20,000 to

Employers can treat: labour with frightening callousness, for the supply is

virtually inex-

wretchedly encamped round LITTLE HOPE

OR the most part they exist haustible. For instance, at one 03 a food dole from the large hotel, waiters are paid United Nations Relief and Works £10 a month, start work at 0.30 Agency. The issue is slightly every morning and, save for a two-bour afternoon break, work more than a pound of sugar and unill midnight or after. rice monthly, 20 pounds of flour, some lentils and one cako a brief adjournment hear of

Technically they are allowed How and when to hold force but on right. If, how- A Stalin spoke. He said that Prime Minister,alk to them

of soap. becoming

But for this gruel, one free half-day each week. crowds of hungry and hopeless But they seldom request this in free elections.

ever, she made a gesture of he understood the

be British you like

certainly people would he said in effect. "I How to settle the Polish, magnanimity to a, much Government's

case they are told; ""If you can feeling that will got them to meet you hero

roaming Amman's streets nightly stay away for this time, you can raiding for food. Se frontiers, both in the

question of or in Moscow, but they are weaker Power, and some Foland was

stay away for good.”

• east and the west.

territorial concession, such honour, but for Husein it was a lust as democratle as de Gaulle,

Of both of honour and and they can keep the peace in

the thousands question How to safeguard the rear as the President had sug- security of honour, because Poland and slop civil war and

areas and lines of com- gested, should both the Russians had had

Amman, only a handful have given up their refugee status munication of the ad admire, and acclaim

the conflicts with the Poles and the attacks on the Red Army

and free ration to move into 50 Soviet Government wished to

The London Government vancing Soviet armies. Soviet action.

eliminate the causes of

which UNRWA A who would work as long or small bruses such could not do this. Their agents

and the Jordan government have But a strong, free, and conflicts; of security, not only had killed 212 Russian soldiers;

oven longer, for the provided for them in the capital money or less. independent Poland was because Poland was on the they were connected with the resistance much more important than frontiers of Russin, but because Polith underfreund

throughout history Poland had and had ra'dod supply dumps particular territorial boun- been a corridor through which to pot arms, Their radio WHEN we met on Feb. 6 daries, I wanted the Poles to Russia's enemies had passed to stations were operating without

permission and without President

being Roosevelt be able to live freely and attack her. opened the discussion by live their own lives in their During the last 30 years the registered.

had That was the Germans saying that, coming from own way.

passed America, he had-a-distant-object-which-I-had-always-through Poland. They patro

we

them favour of the Curzon Line Poland that I rated the They knew they would have frontier question as leas

important. to give up East Poland.

This was dear to the hearts of the British nation

As

twice

many

-

The ngenie of the Lublin had Goverment had been helpful:-Bothing can shake_this_faith.

-

much

ND always there are others

Samo

own

By so doing, they feel they

Israel can treat her abandon all hope of returning to Jewish

refugees frem Arab their Palestine homes, Most of

countries as immigrants. This them are not prepared to do this Jordan cannot do. There They live in confidence that one Palestinians had no desire to day they will return to their emigrate to Jordan and the od lives and start again, And

country anyway could not absorb them. Although for five years they Thus, half a million, souls. have been homeless and an exist on the cold, raw hills, omcial state of war has existed remembering their homes, with between Arab countries and Israel there is surprising little te hope for the future.

feeling In

Here is trouble beings stored comp3.

Typical is the reaction up for tomorrow, an amalgam of Expressed by 38-year-old Bazil hate and bitterness, truth larded Abou Ghazali, who used to own. with a legend of martyrdom. a large verare in Jan. Now ho is reduced to pedding an

the

L

Apart from the ratións dis- car he managed to bring away tributed by UNRWA and talle at with him as a taxi for tourists, Lake Success, it seems to many

be

Lll says;

"The Jew of these Amman ciphers that no were among my best customers; ono scems to care. The 'terrible we got along se."

thing is they may be right,

view on the Polish question. heard Marshal Stalin pro through because Poland

been weak. Russlo wanted to end the agents of the London There were five or six mil- claim with the utmost firm see B strong and powerful Government had done lion Poles in the United ness, and it was because I Poland, so that she would be evil It was vital for the Red able to shut this older Army to have safe rear areas, declarations. States, mostly of the second trusted his... generation, and most of about the sovereignty, in her own strength. Russia could re millory may be yout

skin which could guarantee to pro- rice.. It could only be were gradually in dependence, and freedom of not keep it shut from the out- only support the Cernment anti-Jewish.

from the Inside by Poland her- vida them. self, and it was for this reason that 'Poland must be frez, dependent, and powerful."

This was a matter of life and compensation they

Soviet State, dea for the would like East Prussia and and the Commonwealth. It

was now late in the even- rolley differed pratly I part of Germany, or at any

that of the Czarts ing, and he Desildagi rum.

hade fourrine ull next da rate something with which was for this that we had from

As he gone to war against Ger- Government. The Czars

state to be compensated.

wanted to suppress and as- but I thought it right n

ind had said at Teheran, it would many-that Poland should imitate Poland. Soviet Russia that the United Kingdom

sovereign. had started a policy of friend the Sevlet Government had make it easier for him if the be free and

moreover,

different source Soviet Government would Everyone knew what a ship and friendship.

accounts of what had different make some concession such terrible risk we had taken with an independent Poland Poland and had

That was the whole basis of as Lvov, and some of the when we had gone to war the Soviet attitude; namely, happened, I a'd that according Information not moro oil-bearing lands, to counter- in 1989 although so ill that they wanted to see Poland to our

Than

one-third of the Polish speople would mimport the Lit balance the loss of Konigs- armed, it had nearly cost us independent, free, and strong.

He then dealt with some of lin Government if they were berg. But the most im. our life, not only as an Em-

the poin's which Mr Roosevelt free to express their opinion. portant point was a per- piro but as a nation.

and I had put forward. The manent Government for

President, he said, had suggest- Poland.

General opinion in the

This animate of course was ed there should be some modi- based on the best Information

fication of the Curzon Line which we could obtain, and we

and perhaps might be mistaken in certain and that Lvov had no certain

other districts should periculars. Insured S'alin United States was against GREAT Britain

be given to Poland. and I had that we had greatly feared, a recognising the Lublin material interest of said that this would be a gesture collon between the Polish Government, because it any kind in Poland. of magnanimity. But the Cur Underground Army and the represented only a small Honour was the sole zon Line had not been Invented b'in Government. We had section of Poland and of the reason why Wo hind by the Russians, 1 had been framed that this would lead to drawn up "by Curzon and biblerne, bloodshed, arrests Polish nation. There was a drawn the sword to help Clemences and representatives and deportations, and that was demand for a Government of Poland against Hitler's of the United States at the con- why we had been so anxious

which for t Joint arrangement. national unity, drawn per- brutal onslaught, and we forence in 1918, to

Russia had not been invited. haps from the five main could never accept any

'political parties.

HE rew

members

*

nono

We feared the effect. which all this would have on the Polisti question, already dim- cul enough, We recognfred, ot course, that attacks, on the Red

settlement which did not leave hor free, independent, and sovereign. Poland must be mistress in her own

the facts at my disposal. I could of the house and captain of her own THE Curzon Line had boon Army, must be punished. But on accepted against the will of not feel that the Lublin Gov- of either soul,

Rus-la on the basis of ethno- ernment had a right to say that the London

graphical data Lenin had not they represented the Polish na Lublin or

Such freedom must not agreed with it. He had not. tion. Governments. Ho had

cover any hostile design wished to ree the town and boen", "greatly Impressed by Poland, or by any province of Bialystok, given to The President was now an- by Mikolajczyk when he had Polish group, possibly in ready retired from Lenin's Poland," he remarked, "has

Poloatd The

„Russians" bad' ale slour» to end the -discussion, come to Washington, and intrigue with Germany,, position, and now some people boom source of trouble for

mon against Rusala: but the wanted Ruzzle: 10 lake less thap over 500 years All the more He therefore hoped to sco World Organisation that was Curzon and Clemenceau had I answered, "must we do what

conceded, i Thathan would do be, we can to put an end to theso. the creation of a Government being set up would surely hemamal

felt he was an honest man,

of Poland which would be never tolerate such action.or representative, and which leave Soviet Russia to deal the great majority of Foles with it alone.

"All present of thire" were two would support even if it wask

"Clovernments"off Poland** only an Interim one: Thère. which twen were many ways in which it wea, and of rib

Kata Kata dublek tie them – adjourned".

When the Ukraicions, camo to 7 (Continuad Tonsorrow) worcow they would say that they can g

ontinue):

and Molotow were 41suN

défetiders of Rumis adi" or Clemenceau

"One Lump-or Two?"

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