1953-03-14 — Page 6

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MUST have been one of the first British subjects to make Stalin's acquaintance, for I met him in Moscow in the spring of 1918. The scene of our meeting was the restaurant of tho Metropole Hotel where before the revolution I had spent many gay evenings. Now, the room had been turned into a kind, of Par liament Hall for the meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the Bolshevik Party.

To one of these sessions I had been invited, and together with Raymond Robins, the head of the American Red Cross Mis- sion, I sat at a small side table almost within touching distance of the delegates, and listened to the speeches. We were the only foreigners presont.

Presently

A small. swarthy man, dressed very simply in a Russian shirt with his trousers tucked into long leather boots, stopped at our table on his -way out of the room,

one

Cobbler's son

by SIR ROBERT BRUCE LOCKHART

who headed Britain's Special Mission to the Soviet Government, 1910

In building a workers' State, Stalin, the cobbler's

's son, took

on the majesty of the Tsars

the two Ogpu chiefs who had carried out the numerous death sentences.

supreme

weaknesses, but relaxed much of the severity of the Communist regime by exalting the marshals Stalin was nosy

"Tat

and officers, enlisting the help of home, but foreign affairs and, in the Church, and appealing auc- particular, the rise of Hitler were cessfully to the innate patriotism new cares. For a time he of the Russian people. allowed Litvinov a more or less

So long as the final issue was free hand to

a defensive in doubt he accepted eagerly the hand to negotiate alliance with France and Britain. aid supplied to him by the Suspicious by nature, Stalin Western Allies, welcomed Presl- had to confidence in the British dent Roosevelt and Mr Churchill and French Governstents, which to conferences in or conveniently he suspected of nequlescence in near Moscow and by lip-service an attack by Germany on the to the Atlantic Charter and other Soviet Union.

Ideallstic Munich seemed to confirm his the hope that an understanding:

war sims oncotrnged mistrust, and in May 1939, he between East and West might be dismissed Litvinov and replaced him by the fallhful

permanent.

Im- Indeed, he Molotov, who at once established contact with the Nazis.

Pact with Nazis

Stalin,

pressed his qualities of foresight and statesmanship on President Roosevelt, Mr Churchill, Lord Beaverbrook And the Allied military commanders who met him.

The protracted nero:lations

At no time, however, was the ended in the Ribbentrop-Molotov collaboration between the Soviet the orthodox executor of his polley, for himself, he had to rid him- Pact of August 24, 1030. At the Union and its Westem Allies na

intellee- dinner which celebrated this

Nazi-Communist alliance. Between 1924 and 1938 he ecerding to Ribbentrop's report, Front in Europe, evoked bitter

belittled the British Army und the Royal Navy, sald the

Royal Air Force lacked pilots, and gave

Later

Stolin

two

asserted with

between the Soviet

* close as the latter desired, and the delay in forming a Second

criticism from Stalin,

direetly netive part Insurrection,

Lagend and historical falsifica- self of the Bolshevik Although Trulsky was making This curious omission, which tions make it almost impossible tuss

hla of

brilliant can be explained only by caution to define the exact nature of the the harangues against Men- and not, by any cowardice, was relations beween the

men.

pursued these aims with pallent sheviks, the newcomer seemed Later, a source of great

Ill us he was, Lenin foresaw but relentless vigour, an- wholly disinterested in the pro- barrassment to his admirers and, the likelihood of a split in the Within a year of Lenin's death ceedings. Alex Cumberg, Robins's doubtless, to the hero himself, Party after s death, and in he had forced Trotsky to resign high praise to the French Army. Acute controversy' interpreter. introduced him to and today every fulsification that an article published in Pravda from his post of Commissar for us. It was Stalin.

subservient historians can invent in March 1023, he made a War. By 1927 the Old Guard hind-sight that he had alway's What happened at the fateful has been made to repair The crushing attack on Stalin whom opposition had been expeiled or forescon the inevitability of war conferences ot Teheran and damage.

he accused of "playing into the reduced to submission.

Union and Yalta is still a subject of acute The history

text-books have hands of our Soviet and Party In 1920 he began his campaign Germany and that the Pact gave controversy among historians been

altered in order to present bureaucracy." Nevertheless, he for the mechanised collectivisa in time to strengthen the and strategists. One conclusion, Stalin as the leader of the rising, had a shrewd sense of Stalin's tion of agriculture and, in order Soviet armed forces, whose cadre however, can be made with Pictures, painted by well-known value as a man of action, and to conceal the true nature of his of officers had been seriously tally. Stalin realised mucn Soviet artists, show him as a It is unlikely that his criticisms reform, asserted almost to the weakened by the purges.

than the British and. dashing young hero standing meant anything more than a last moment that expropriation therefore claimed that the Part American leaders that the war beside the guns, directing the cautionary rebuke,

of the Kulaks would be folly.

cnabled the Soviet Union to was won and, proceeding to go defeat

the Nart hotdes and thus his own way, occupied all the 10 save the world,

important strategic vantage His motives at the time were points in Europe and, eventually,.

or When the end come he had

Speaking slowly and rather shyly, he chatted with us for a few moments and asked us if We would like one tea. Then he walked away as slowly as he talked. In the whirl of the exciting evening he alone moved like a man who is master of his time.

fire and encouraging the insur- genta.

Although as 'head of the Speciat War in the U. S. S. R. recuperating In the Caucasus.

Ke sooner

The great purges

At the same time he forged whether France and Britain

different. He calculated that, in the Far East..

Lenin died in January 1024, and the question of the succes- In the official History of the ston settled itself. Trotsky was

Trotsky's name 15 mentioned

Stalin was in Moscow, and the ahead with his gigantle, plans British Mission to the Bolshevik only thirteen times; on each man on the spot triumphed. for new waterways, for the elec. Germany and Italy won, the Government 1 was then on com- occasion to denounce him as a With his characteristic combina trification of the country and, wer would be long. At the end added 179,040 square miles to the paratively friendly terms with traitor or a saboteur of the rising tion of canniness and ruthless above all, for the development of both sides would be exhausted, territories of the Soviet Union had brought 21,418,500 most of its members, I had no and never, either in the text or ness he proceeded to consolidate coal and iron. Untold human and the Boviet army would be and

ils subjection in- people under contact with

He was in the highly imaginary pictures, his personal position and to pre- life was expended, but the work master of Europe. then 30 and spoke Russian with to indicate that he was in charge pare the way for the triumph of went on.

What he did not foresee wis Europe alone, exclusive of the n strong

Georgian accent. It of the operations.

Communism In one country.

December 1934,

Kirov, the speedy collapse of France, Satelite countries.

He was the real victor of the never

entered

my mind that this

Four alms

governed

polley, Stalin

Stalin's friend, was assassinated. and when Hitler attacked his son of a poor cobbler father and

To be free from

ally in June 1041, the Soviet war, and his prestige in the Com- washerwoman mother would

encirclement, the Soviet Union the final reckoning with the one day become the master of

must be strong and

and unified. To intellectuals, and is the purges nearly overrun, For the subse- ON MONDAY, Bir Robert half the world. Indeed, it in

Bruce Lockhart continues this May 1918 anyone had suggested

assessment of Stalin by shifi- ing the spotlight on his post- war alms and policies, and on the decisions he made which would have roubled the conscience of other men.

Praise for Trotsky

his

capitalist The murder was the prelude to lon was not ready and was munist world rose enormously.

This vain-glory Di Stalin's be strong the

the Soviet Union had

nion had of 1930, 1937 and 1938 the Old quent desperate resistance the

able qualities of leadership, courage and political acumen.

Assuming the title of Gener? isslino, he dealt ruthlessly with

part was both unnecessary and to be industrialised. To be Guard, several of them intimate chief credit must go to Stalin that Stalin would succeed Lenin stupid: unnecessary because effectively industrialised agricul friends of Lenin, were himself, who revealed remark- as leader of the party, every

Stalin himself. subsequently ture had to be mechanised, and "liquidated." Bolshevik, including Lenin him- achieved suelent power and collectivised and the surplus With typical prudence. Stalin self, would have laughed.

farne to satisfy even the most peasant population drafted into also rid himself of the awkward Although he had been a revo- ambitious potentate; stupid be industry. To have a free hand presence of Yagon and Yezhov, lutionary since the of cause, as Mr Deutscher says in nineteen and had suffered im- his admirable blography, "in spite prisonment

intentions and ence, of their

zeal, the he had only the barest aequain indubitable

official tunce with the Brilliant intel- Soviet historians have not been lectunt leaders, most. of whom able to write Stalin's name into had spent many years in foreign the blanks left by the deletion exile. He had never lived of Trotsky's."

abroad.

more

Was

than

best

than

to

THE MAN WHO BROKE

WITH STALIN SEES

NO DANGER OF WAR

By. R. M.

MacCOLL

Moreover. Stains the best

against In 1907 he had visited London witness

himacit, for and had met Trotsky, whom he exactly a year after the revolu- disilked from their hist meet- tium

tu he wrote for Pravda an

ing.

anniversary article in which he His longest stay in a

the foreign country was the month ascribed to Trotsky

main the ur two he spent in Austria in credit for

success of the 1913-when he visited-Lenin- in rising. The praise was meant to Cractw. It

during this be falat, but today it is mure

damaing to Stalin visit that Lenin wrote to Gorki dar

raising "the wondertal Trotsky, for, although the eulogy

Qarshal Tito Georgian almost as though he has been expunged from Stalin's of Pravda exist werks, copies were a new find.

Belgrade. gression and "hat shattered the is to their own interest to de- would mean further penetra- Returning to Petrograd, Stalin abroad.

ARSHAL TITO, head Balkan powder keg."

fend any potential victim of

Bon by the aggressor Power," agent- was betrayed by

I myself can bear witness to

Tita was very formed, very oggression. of the Yugoslav affable, frequently bursting in

Yugoslavia does not seck Bluntly and soberly, he adde provocateur and sent to Siberia, the comparative insignificance

State, who is on his to hearty laughter. And he was ed: "For us it is important to

ta Join elthor the North He was not to leave it until he of Stalin during the first months

get arms-that is

Atlantic Treaty Organisation or the best was released four years later by after the revolution, for I have way to Britain on an official frank.....

guarantee of all." 1

the European Defence Com- the Tsurist regime in March in ny possession an album of visit, told me In an inter- The possibility of some sort Jovial,

Bolshevik portraits, published in view before he left:-

red-faced

munity because, explained Tito, Professor of formal

agreement with Felnieki, who was doing a run-involved. She wishes to

he understands the difficultles Cruary

it comising

Britain to mark his Ave-day ning translation of the inter-

And portraks of Lenin and

for He may seek a formal visit camo up when I asked if view, here broke in to explain: "a formulá Trotsky. of other leading treaty of friendship that might be one of the re- "You understand the Marshal Bolsheviks, and, indeed, of many with the United Kingdom ulls. minor agures who have long while he is in London. alnce been forgotten. There is no portali of Stalin.

1017.

The editor

GN

1918.

cama

MA

What about BRITAIN?

is not against writien guaran ices as such, but thinks that they are not necessary at this Blage."

co-operating without actually joining.

"We understand the difficul- He arrived

in Petrograd to

of the and himself the senior Bolshevik

ties and birth pains European Defence Community, in the capital, and until Lenin's

2 If Russia makes an

and it only complicates matters return three weeks later he was

Stalin, however, knew how to

If we seek to jola it or to have the actual leader of the party, wall.

Eng- armed attack on West TITO revealed that this is in- Although Tito speaks His first chance

a guarantee from it. › Bome well deed in his mind-but is so lich quile He was, however, still a minor when Lenin sent him as Political Germany, Yugoslavín would

prefers, countries would be against, giv known to the masses, Commissar to Tsaritsyn, the city come in immediately.

recent a dévelopment that figure little

so naturally, to answer questions Ing such a guarantee. and he himself was well aware which, re-named Stalingrad

far he has not even discussed in his own tongue. In The marshal received me for it with his Government

Thus,

while Tito sipped of the fact.

1923,

"I am quite sure that Italy was raise his fame to the an hour at his private villa in leagues.

to

Yugoslav plum brandy With the return

and would, for example. And there of Troisky highest pinnacle in the secondDedinje, a pleasantly unosten-

now and then a glass of sweet are certain other countries, or from his Canadian exile in May, world war. Here by his ruthless tatious suburb of this capital What he would like to rea, vermouth from the Dalmatian groups within countries, which he added, would be some sort coast; Professor Peinicki car have an insuficiently realistic Ile expressed the emphatic of political-economic agreement ried on a skilful job of inter- view of the world situation.

Lenin and Trotsky were the He wins power

Agures, and Stalin, not yet

great

case with the more brilliant

at

cimigre intellectuals, preferred to It was not, however.

until

col-

he

What about PEACE?

with Britain. But that would pretation.

When I raised the question depend on "what is possible or

of Tito's long quarrel with useful in present conditions and

the Roman Catholic Church we must study to determine

TO is nothing if not 1

the marshal's expressive Пито

face what is the general feeling on

realist. In answer to my arstimed a slightly sardonic ex- this matter,"

further question about

peace pression. Ho made it quite clear prospects, whether he foresees What about the CHURCH?

Stalin's role became even more methods he restored the situation city of Belgrade. subsidiary. During the seven and became for the Arst time a

the Bolshevik public figure. months before

view that although Yugoslavia revolution in November 1917,

Is alert and vlqDünt for any thing, a general war will not tomo

BECAUSE of the strengthen-

ing of the West work behind the scenes and to 1922, when he was appointedern world and its decision to ww content himself with the editor-General-Secretary of the Party, resist aggression.

that whatever agreement he a heightening of the tension ship of

of Rabochyl Put, then the that he began to feel and use: BECAUSE "I do not think might wish to see with Britain during the coming rimmer cover-name of Pravda.

his power. It was the key post,

that the Russians is not now interested in any autumn, he answered No Lenin, who was forced to go for it gave him control of the are able to embark on a general new military guarentees,

The Supply of modera H said: "There fa in Yugo- into hiding, was the inspirer and inner levers of the Government war."

"In such a situation as

slavia ample understanding we weapons to Yugoslavia went initiator of the revolution, the male favoured the opportunity, ing up of Western strength he primary importance

As an example of the build- find at present it li not of rather slowly

of the problems of the Western. at first," sald nations. There

aro certain have to. "Now we are a little bo groups in other man who, in fact, held the party

to But as President of for within two months of

countries sited, with evident satisfaction, written guarantees. I believe hind in jets but everything else Catholle groups, for together. the Revolutionary Military Com Stalin' appointment Lenin the defence agreement Just that the leaders of the Western is coming along.

instance, mittee, Trotsky was the leader suffered his first stroke. Today concluded between Yugoslavia, nations are sufficiently per- "I maintain the point of view, similar understanding - and and the Vatican-which lack a and organiser of the rising. Stalin's historians portray Stalin Örecce, and, Turkey,

spicacious to realise

what the and it is a realistic one," he those groups Although

of the not only as'the favourite disciplo This, he said, will act as a loss of any country to an age said, "that an isolated war in country too."

exist in your committee, Stalin played no of Lenin but also as the only barrier against potential og- gressor might mean and that It Europe is impossible because it

member

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LONIAL AGENCIES

A new law to fix, the rela tions of Church and Slate is. noan to come before Partia- ment.

Tito laughed loudly when he Bald: "The Church is the place

for religious instruction, and

there are plenty of churches in Yugosidvin and lots of accom modation in them. M

Serious again "The teaching of the young belongs to the State, and we must never de part from that."-

And then, fairly implan once" more, he pointed out that ti now law is, to be based on the model used by France' and the United States, JANE ZAMAN

He was at his armest when he said that while in Englant I do not wish to cum the question of the Church har an huastion of internal-polity wide! anyone,"

*