1951-11-06 — Page 4

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The "Big Three” at

Teheran

As I was going down Downing street

GERMAN PARTITION PLAN DISCUSSED

Mr Churchill here sesumes his account of tho final plenary Besston of the Teheran Conference on Dee. 1, 1943.

CHAPTER 26 OF "CLOSING THE RING"

By Winston Churchill

governed by the United Nations: TALIN now Laked. Kiel and its canal and Ham- "Are there any burg (2) The Ruhr canal and other questions? the Saar. These would be unde:

the control (5 the The President

United Nations

trustees.

He was

12-

as

con-

once more

The political aspects were at Timote and specu- they de- tative. Obviouslý pended upon the results of the great batiles yet to be fought. 1 asked Stalin if he

and after that upon the mood

each of the Alliea when templated a Europe of little of

It would States, all disjointed, with no victory was gained. larger units at all. He replied not have been right at Teheran that he was speaking of Ger- for the Western democracies to their plans upon many, not Europe. Poland and found

the hour bred Bulgaria were tude in

of triumph Germany and when all her dangers were Elut costs be broken removed. she could not re-

[plied, "There is the GNPA only throwing this oul ገና ON France were large States. suspicions of the Russian atti-

tion of Germany." Stalin idea which night be talked Rumania said that he would like to over.

is a new

one

small States.

say

should at all Up 50 that unite.

sec Germany split up. The I said. " might use the President agreed, but Stain American idion. I would suggested that I should ob- that the President has 'said a

The President pointed out that ject. I said I did not object mouthful. Mr Roosevelt's pion one to me. In my

a way of doing his plan was in principle.

opinion there are two things, this. I said that I must make destructive and the other at clear that we could now only constructive. I have two clear teke a preliminary survey of a ideas to mind. First the isola-

Stain tion of Prussia

What is to be rust historical problem. done to Prussia after that is only said that it was certainly very

preliminary. secondary Then would

like to detach Bavaria. Wurtemberg, the Palatinate, Saxony, and Reverting to

Roc revelt said that. SO thu there could be some discussion he and his advisers had had a

At #1

some pian

three moniis before. This Involver 116 dividing of Germany Into five parts Stain, with a grin, suggested that I was not listen- ing because I was not inclined to see Germany split up. I said that I considered that the ruol of the evil lay on Prussia, in the Prussian

Army. and Genera:

Baden.

"Whereas I would treat Prus- a sternly, I would make things

Poland

easier for the second group, I

THEN brought the discussion back to Poland, I said I did which I should like to see work

ask for any agreement, Tot in with what I would call a

1 convinced on the The nor was Confederation. Danubian

I

Speedy ending of the war

CTALIN'S promise to enter the war against Japan as soon as Hitler was overthrown and his armies

defeated Was of the highest importance. The hope of the future lay in the most

speedy ending of the war and the establishment of a World In- strument to prevent another war, founded upon the com- bined strength of the three Great Powers whose had joined hands in friendship around the table.

east

leaders

The fron- Poland had

the and in

west.

Staft

Roosevelt then explained his plan for splitting Germany in

We had procured a mitigation five parts. (1) Prussia, (2) Han- people of these parts of Ger- matter. myself. but I would

like to get something for Finland, which on the whole uver und the north-west part of many are not the most fecarious, rather

then pro- operative today Germany, (3) Saxony and the and I should like to see them down on paper. | Leipzig arra, (4) Hesse-Durin live tolerably, and in a generation duced the following formula: tiers of the new stadt. Hesse-Cassel, and the they would eel differently. " is thought in principle that been broadly outlined both in

of the Polish State the section south of the Rhine. (5) South Germans are not going to the home

The Curzon Line, subject Bavia, Baden and Wurtem- start another war, and we would and nation should be between to interpretation, in the east, berg.

have to make it worth their the so-called Curzon Line and

do the line of Oder, including for and the line of the Oder, in the These five sections would be while to forget PrussFİB.

true self-governing. but there were not much mind whether there Poland East Prussia (as defined) west, seemed to afford a

and lasting home for the Polish the actual more inot would be ne one or two groups."

and Oppeln; but

nation after all its sufferings. tracing of the frontier line re- quires careful study, and possi- bly disentanglement of popula- 4ion at some points."

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Germans fought like devils

ASKED Marshal whether he would be

Stalin pre-

the

At the time the question be- tween the Eastern and Western Neisse, which flow together to not form the Oder river, had arisen. When in July, 1045, it in # violent form and arose under totally different condi- tions at the Potsdam Conference Britain adhered only to eastern tributary. And this is still our position.

I at once declared that Great the

Preliminary

Why not a formula on which

something I could

like this to the Poles: "I do not pared to go into action on this know if the Russians would ap- front. Stalin said he would, but prove, but I think that I might get it for you; you see, you he preferred a plan for the par- are being well looked after?" I

tion of Germany something like the President's plan, which added that we should never get was more likely to weaken Ger- the Poles to say that they were

༤༢ many When one had to deal satisfled. Nothing would satisfy with large masses of German: the Poles.

Stalin then

said that troops me found them all fight-

the British Russians would like to have survey ing like devils, as

of port would the

Konigsberg, and he sketched a possible line on the map. This The Austrians by themselves would put Russia were different, and he described of Germany. If he got this he the way they surrendered. Alt would be rady enough to agree Germans were the same. It was to my formula about Poland. I the Prussian officers that pro- asked what about Lvov. Stalin

But

would funda- sal he vided the cement. nientally there was no difference Curzon Line.

and between North Germans South Germans, for all Germans fought like fierce beasts.

and American soon learn.

Armies

Marty!

water

on the neck

accept

Long and hard discussions

THE supreme question of the treatment to be accorded to Germany by the victors could at this milestone only be the sub- Ject of "a preliminary survey of

a vast political problem," and,

the

17

H same evening Roosevelt, Stalin and I initialled the document, which set forth the military conclusions

as Stalin described it, "certain- very preliminary." It must be remembered that we were in the midst of a fearful struggle with the mighty Nazi Power.

All the hazards of War lay around us, and all its passions of comradeship among Allies, of retribution upon the common foe, dominated our minds.

"AK.L

Cigar!"

America recruits a bachelor-only "Foreign Legion." These Iron Curtain fugitives may

come back to fight with Eisenhower's Army.

The 5-year

T

plan

of Private PULYZNSKI

From FREDERICK COOK

native-born

Fort Dix, New Jersey. As ya yasic training for the consists princi- TWELVE years ago al newcomers

pally

to deal of learning how most to the day, he with the outsize American meals, escaped from a Ger- They gope in disbelief at the

who GI man prisoner of war camp

grouses of the food: in Poland and headed east about the quality looking for the Russians: heaping plates of pork, baked cabbage, perches-and- "I thought they were our cream, tresti fruit. friends.'

The man with a "von" in his Lame-he plans to drop

beans,

that

many

Only a month before he shortly-apologised as he rose had graduated from a Polish from table-"After so cavalry school and put on years one is not used to such his officer's uniform for the face." Some of the men first time. He had been in bull-necked peasant types; this man was a "high officer" once. action just five days,

He wears the rumpled fatigues

are

"I found the Russians all of the American GI "as a badge of honour, something I feet I right," he says, without can be proud of." Like Private bitterness, and even with a Pulyznski, he asked me either trace of humour. "And I to misspell his name wound up in the stockade leave it out altogether. Most of

them have some family left o again."

the other aide of the Iron Curtain,

a bit or

There were other escapes. Years in the underground, BACHELORS ALL

wounds in the Warsaw up- rising. Final liberation by ALL of them are bachelors- Patton's men somewhere in A or said they were Czechoslovakia. Now here they signed on.

an

when

he is at Fort Dix, mammoth

In their first 16 weeks in the United States training camp U.S.A. they are taking the same among the pines and sand rugged basic training as every reelt marching and dunes 75 miles from New raw York. In American saluting; bivoures at night out among the pines; handling the uniform, with £26 15s, a

compass and reading the map, month to start, perhaps practice on the ranges with the double that as time goes on. howitzer, the recoilless rifle and In for five years' service, machine-gums. with the promise of fast United States naturalisation when it is over.

We should be careful not to include the Austrians in any kind of combination. Austria had existed independently, and could do so again. So also must Hungary exist independently. After breaking up Germany Triple Conference. Thus our many into ve self-governing

Rho fare discussions at States and the placing under the N face is permanently creased long

would be most unwise to create new combinations, Dunubian or otherwise.

The President's tentative pro- our Jeets for the partition of

Ger-

Teheran reached their end. The United Nations of two territories were of military conclusions governed of vital consequence in the main the future of the course far more acceptable to Marshai Stalin than the proposal which I made for the isolation of The Cross-Channel invasion Prussia and the constitution of a

War

Roosevelt President

agreed warmly. There was no differ- ence between Germans. The Bavarians had no officer

class; was fixed for May, subject Danubian Confederation, or of otherwise they were exactly like naturally to tides and the moon. a South Germany and also a the Prussians, as the American It was to be aided by a re- Danubian Confederation. This troops had already discovered.

newed major Russian offensive, was only my personal view. But At first sight I like the pro- I do not at all repent having put I said that if Germany were divided into a number of parts posed descent upon the French it forward in the circumstances as suggested by the President, Southern shore by part of the which lay about us at Teheran. and these parts were not at Allied Armies in Italy. The pro-

We all deeply feared the tached to other combinations, ject had not been examined in

of a united Germany. the fact that both might they would reunite. It was not detall, but

Prussia had a great bistory of the Americans and the Russians

to

a question of dividing Germany so much as giving a life to the favoured it made it easier to her own It would be possible, the lauding craft thought, to make a stern but cut-off bits and making them secura

honourable peace with her, and content not to be dependent on necessary for the mocess of our

same time recreate in the Greater Reich. Even if this Italian campaign and the cap-. at the were achieved for 50 years, that ture of Rome without which it modem forms what had been in general outline the Austro- would have been a fallure. would be a lot,

Hungarian Empire, of which I was, of course more at Bismarck is supposed to have tracted by the President's al- said, "If it did not exist it would ternative suggestion of a right have to be invented." handed move from

Italy by Istrla and Trieste, with ultimate

Would want

to unite

.

designs for reaching Viengia Sure foundation TALIN said that a Danubian through the Ljubljand gap. All for life

combination would not be this lay five or six months able to live, and the Germans ahead. There would be plenty

would take advantage of this by of time to make a final choice which not only

of

TERE would be a great area in peter but

putting flesh on something that as the general War shaped It- was only a skeleton and thus self, it only the life of our friendship might reign at a far creating a new great State. He armles in Italy

not earlier date than in any other asked whether Hungary and paralysed by dopriving them solution. Thus a United Europe Rumania would be members of

their modest requirements might be formed in which all any such combination,

in landing-craft.

th: victors and vanquished might fired a sure foundation for the He then reiterated the

Many amphibious or permite and freedom of all their | advantages which it would amphibious schemes were open. tormented millions,

present

to Germany expected that the seaborne

I. do not feel any break in the In the future. It was far better operations in the Bay of Bengal continuity of my thought in this to breaks up and scatter the would be abandoned, and this, immense sphere. But vast and German tribes. Of course they as the next chapter will show, disastrous changes have fallen would want to unite, no matter proved correct. I was glad to upon us in the realm of fact. how much they were split ug feel

important The Polish frontiers exist only We had to see to it that they

In

ama,

me, and Poland lièg Our strong efforts were to

Into the war, with all that

that several

|were kept separate, and that options were still preserved in the Russian Communist

be thewed to bring Turkey, many has indeed bEEN.

towards

A

Hungary and Germany were not coupled...

but only by division into zones of There were .no measures might accompany this in the military occupation. About this possible to exclude a movement #gean, and follow from it in tragedy it can only be tald “IT

reunion,

Germans the Black Sen. In this we were CANNOT LAST.” would always want to reunite to be disappointed: Surveying and to take their revenge, If the whole military sectie, as wob would be necessary to koop separated in an atmosphere of golion, even partially in any

(World Copyright reserved. Nepra ourselves strong enough to beat friendship and unity of impudge, mretty protiplied.j than Lỗ they ever let locie pn», mediato : purpose, I personally other war,

was well content,

(MORE TOMORROW)

'SIR TO EVERYONE

wonder Private Pulyznski's

The day that ends, the pay goes up to £28 11s. a month, and they are considered ready for anything, Korea included. Most of them expert one day to be back in Europe, serving under Eisenhower.

They will not serve out their in an indestructible smile. No time as a unit, but will be wooder he salutes everybody assigned like other recruits above the rank of corporal and wherever they are wanted. For has a respectful "Sir" for every- his first weeks in America each one, in uniform or out.

man has been given a "sponsor" to smooth his path whenever he can.

Private Pulyznski is anxious to please. For he has embarked at last on a five-year-plan of his Own.

Said one of the sponsors: "I'm supposed to be a sort of buddy. Jeepers, I feel more

ke a wet murse."

་

The papers he signed when he Joined up at a U.S. army camp in Germany said that at the end "This, he added, "an't going of his time he would be entitled to be an easy job," to re-enlist. But Private Pulyznski has already put away a dollar or two of his first American pay towards purchase of bis first adult civillan suit, five years exactly, from now.

"In 1958," he says, "I put that uniform suit on, throw this... Into the garbage, and, dr, I'm through with armies for ever, I'm going right out and get me a job. I don't care if they want

He took me over, and intro- duced one of the newcomers.

"Say, Mac" he said, "how many Stales are there in the American Union?”

"States?" said the red-faced beefy youngster, what is that please?" fi

The sponsor tried another

to make me a four-star general.. tack. "What do you know about

They can find some other guy, HANDFUL OF GERMANS

our

commitments to NATO?"

Again a total blank. "How does it feel to be read- ing a free Press?"

"Free?"- * asked the recruit.

this morning I am charged five cents for my paper."

THE NAME WAS

PRIVATE PULYZNSKI is one of the vanguard of a new army of 12,500 men the U.S.A. Is recruiting from Iron Curtain countries, in Europe to serve on equal forms, wiced States. We tried our luck with a the army of the United

group of Pofes. One was There are Russians and Poles,

talkative, The conversation Czech Hungarians, Ukrainians, camo round to 1099. The Polo a Latvien or two, some Ruman explained in detail how "every- lans and Estonians, Trun body tu Poland batos tho

rivanian and

a handful of English" because they did not Germand

march through "Franta," aeroas Germany taking Hitler Some have fought against the prisoner on the way and Rod Armywearing Hitler's rescue Polsed before Christmas uniform. Some served with the in that first year it warayin Russians, or their allies in "den what I'mmaste muld tha

sponsor, his gloods Mary

years of

Another of guerilla warfare fas occupied at the group had Europe, Most Re wore special knowledge of the terrain in some from dom - S

odlier) !

#foe the WW2wn / World,

have a remarkably hway Lden of" what that: h