THE CHINA MAIL, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1950.
CHAPTER 34
OF
66 THE
OF HINGE
FATE"
FIRST USE OF THE PHRASE "UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER"
On Jan. 2o. 1943, towards the end of the Casablanca Conference, Mr ChurchUt reported to the War Cabinet the progress made there by Mr Roosevelt and himself.
out of the war.
was
Faragraph of the report, which raised the question "unconditioml
1313
na follows:
of
sorrender,"
By
and
S. Churchill
Winston S.
1.
Drmutu Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary to Prime Minister.
DI
not further refer- as
the
Will to resist
The relations between Eisen- hower and Alexander will be referred to later. Both wore sellers men and played the Eisen- game with each other. hower confided the entire con- duct of the battle to Alexander.
W
was The records of the War The reader should note para-
the Cabinet message, and it is time I heard the woris that this was quite possible that in the pres- from the lips of the President graph of the above message, Cabinet show
especially at the business,
Casablanca Press Con- This reportį among other
before them at their sure as the use by the President brought
the discussions about the rela- ference, It was only when I
Our last formal and plenary potuts, noted the President's at the meeting with the Press afternoon meeting on Jan. 20.
searched my proposal to get a definite of the words
"unconditional The discussion seems to have tions of Giraud and de Gaulle got home and
Staff took place on Jan. 23, engagement, secret If necen- Sur
raised issues which turned, not upon the principle end interviews with them, the archives that I found the facts meeting with the Chiefs of the
out surrender," rais sary, from the Russian Gov- will recur in
und of "unconditional surender matter woS
they have been set this story und
when they presented to us their here. I am
reminded of the final report on "The Conduct of crument
ther would
certnloly be Jong debated, but on making an exception red to between us.
professor who, in his declining the War in 1943," Finally on Join In the truggle against There is o school of thought, in favour of Italy. Accordingly
by bls the asked was Japan
Germany
Jan. 21 the following both in England and America, on
the morning of the 24th Meanwhile the official joint hours.
pupils for his final come to the Press conference, which argues that the phrase message was sent, which of
statement was being prepareil devoted
He replied, "Verity where de Gaulle and Giraud prolonged the war and played course I soon received.
by our advisers
the counsel. and by
were made to sit la a row of hands by
Chiefs of Staff. This was 8 your quotations." into the dictators'
chairs alternating with the their peoples driving
careful and formally worded
both which
President and me, and we forcel armies to desperation.
document,
them to chalte hands in public and Pres den!
1 considered
before all the reporters and It seems prob- approved,
photographers. They did so, able that, as I did not like apply-
The
the expression and the pictures of this event use ot ing unconditional surrender to
surrender", al- 1id not raise the point unconditional
cannot be viewed even in the Italy,
times again with the President
and though
nt the actting of these tragle widely hailed we had certainly both agreed
reed time, has since been described without a laugh, the communique we by
various authorities as one had settled with our ad of the great mistakes of Anglo- It re- American war policy. tlon In it of "unconditional quires to be dealt with at this It was submitted point. It is said that it pro- surrender."
Cabinet, who ap- longed
the
struggle and to the War proved it in this form.
made recovery afterwards more difficult. I
be do not lieve that this is true. I took occasion at the Guildhall June 30, 1043, to say:
66 W
E propose to
draw up statement of the work of
at
the conference for commu- nication to the Press the proper time. I should be
war
d to know what the War Cabinet would think of our including in this statement a declaraton of the firm in- tention of the United States and the British Em- pire to continue the relentlessly until we have brought about the uncon- ditional surrender' of Ger- many and Japan. The omis- sion of Italy would be to encourage a break-up there. The President liked this idea, and it would stimulate our friends in every coun- try."
I do not myself agree with thila, for reasons which the coursc of this narrative w'll show.
Nevertheless ពត my own memory bts proved defective an some points, It wh be well to stale the facts as my records reveal them.
No recollection
Elllott Roosevelt asscris in his bock that the words were used by the President at one of our dinners, I am reported by him to have "thought, thought. Anally frowned,
་
The Cabinet were unanimously of opinion that balance of
lay against cz- advantage cludir
Italy,
because of m'sgivings which would in- in Tur- evitably be caused
in the key,
Balkans, and elsewhere. Nor are We
W convinced that effect an Italians would be good. Knowledge of 111 rough stuff coming to them is sure- Jy more kely to have desired effect on Itǝl'an morale.
There
the
and
visers.
There is
פה
men-
Also surprised
انه
can therefore be nu
It was with some feeling of 'nel, and at length an- doubt that the phrase
"un- surprise that I heard the Pres- ounced Perfect" and also
dent, say at the Press Con- we on Jan. 24 that toast conditional surrender" in "the
ference that
night-cap
joint statement that would by Mr. Churchill proposed
enforce "unconditional proposed
being drafted was men- surrender" npon that evening was 'Uncondi- was
It toned by me to the War enemies. tional surrender." "
Cabinet, and not disapproved to
suppose that in any way by them. On the communique
with was anything said in contrary, the'r only
I have 110 recollection or these private. and informal
conversa- interchanges where tion was free and unguarded.
matter
must certainly, The
up in however, have cropped my cmcial
talks with the President. Hence paragraph 6.
The leader of its class
WALS
our naturai the agreed had
superseded conversation.
оп
United Nations, de- We, the
mand from the Nazi, Fascist, and Japanese tyrannies un- conditional Surrender. this
By
we mean that their
The fact that the President and I were at Casablanca had been a well-kept secret. When the Press reporters saw us both they could scarcely believe their eyes, and, when they were told we had been there for nearly a fortnight, their cars,
At Marrakesh
The President
1.
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to resist must be depart. But I said to him, "You
cannot come all this way to North
without secing Marrakesh. Let us spend two days there. I must be with you when you see the sunset on the snows of the Atlas Mountains."
that broken, and they must yield
Afrien themselves absolutely to our justice and It also means that must take all those for- sighted mensures which are
prevent
mercy.
wc that Italy should not be omit Gen, Ismay, who knew exnet- mind was work- lcd from its scope. I do not by how my
nor have I any Ing from day to day, and was the dis- remember,
present at all record, of anything that passed also
of the Chiefs of Staff between me and the President cussions
the communique was on the subject after I received when
prepared, was also surprised.
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In my speech which followed the President's I of course run- ported him and concurred in what c hod sold. Any divergence between us, even by emission, would on such in occasion and at such a time have been
even damaging or dangerous to our war effort. I certainly take my share of the responsibility. together with
the British War Cabinet
The President's account to Hopkins seems however con- clusive,
to
the
recessary world from being again con- I worked on Harry Hopkins also vulsed, wrecked and blacken- in this senso,
ed by their calculated plots and ferocious aggressions.
ean mean,
It happened there was a most delightful villa, of which I knew nothing, at Marrakesh which the
Vice-Consul. American
Mr
It does not mean, and it never that we are to stain, our victorious arms by inhumanity or by mere Just Kenneth Pendar, had been lent
of vengeance, or that we do by an American lady, Mrs not plan u world in which Taylor. Tile villa would ne- all branches of the human commodete the President and
forward to
me, and there was plenty of family may look what the American Decinto- tion of Independence finely outside room for our entourages. Wis decided that WE calls life, liberty, and the So it pursuit of happiness."
should all go to Marrakesh. Roosevelt and I drove together the 150 miles across the desert- already it seemed to me to be beginning to gel greener-and for reached the famous oasis, did,
Looked terrible
on
50
My description of Marrakesh was "te Paris of the Sahara," where all the caravans had como from Central Africa for cen- turies to be heavily taxed er.
My trouble get-
principal We had so much
reason I tlog
always those two French opposing, as
toga'her
alternative I an that
statement generals
was thought
terms, which to myself that this peace was as diMcult as arrang- often urged, was that a state
actual conditions ing the meeting of Grant and ment of the Leo--and then suddenly the on which the three great Allies Press Conference was on. would have insisted, and would roule by the tribes in the moun- pnd Winston and I had had have
no
time to prepare
been forced by public taing and afterwards swindled for it, opinion to insist, would have in
markets, the Marrakesh and the thought popped into been far more repulsive to any receiving the return, which they than greatly valued, of the gay life my mind that they bad call- German peace movement
including fortune-
ed Grant "Old Uncondition. the general expression "uncon- of the charmers, masses
al Surrender," and the next thing I know I had said it.
I do not feel that this frank statement is in any way weaken
ditional surrender."
tellers,
of food and drink, and on the whole the largest and most elaborately organised brothels In the African continent.
All
I remember several attempts being made to draft peace con- ditions which would ratlefy these institutions were of long the wrath of the conquerors
ed by the fact that the phrase against Germany. They looked and anclent repute. occurs in the notes from which so terrible when at forth an he spoke.
paper, what
and 40 Jor exceeded was in fact done. that publication would only have stimulated German rĊ- sistance. They had in fact only of the wor may to be written out to be with be vivid and trus, but should drawn.
be trusted
Memory at fault their
Memories
never
without
verification, especially where
All sang songs
In the evening I took the President up the tower of the villa. He was carried in a choir, and sat enjoying a wonderful sunset on the snows of the Atlas, At length, after 10 days We had a very tolly dinner, the sequence of events is cun- work on the main
Issues, the about fifteen or sixteen, and we cerned. Mine was not the only Combined Chicis of Staf oli sang songs. I sang, and the memory at fault, for Mr
Com the
reached agreement, Bevin in the House of
Both President joined in the choruses. President ала I and at one moment was about to mens on July 21, 1949, gave a lurid account of the difficulties with their work and agreed interrupted and I never heard
kept
dally
touch
fry a solo, However, someone had to encounter in between ourselves about it this.
hart
the
Germany after the It was settled that
asbuilding war through the
of "un- policy
concentrate all upon conditional surrender," on which Tunis, both with the
My lustrious colleague was he said neither he nor the War Army and with all forces that 25th for his long flight by Lagos that to depart just after dawn on the be found by the British and Dakar and so across to and from Eisenhower's army,
CAR Cabinet had aver been con-
sulted at the time.
AP133 and good faith,
Air
and that Alexander should be Brazil and then up to Washing- I replied on the spur of the Eisenhower's deputy and virtual- ton. We had parted the night moment, with equal inaccuracy ly in charge of all the operations, before, but he came round In that the first fe addition we had the execu- the morning on the way to the tive command of the Navy and Peroplane to say another good- Force, under Admiral bye, I was in bed, but would Ar of letting him go to the Cunningham and Air Marshal Tedder.
airfield
alone, so I jumped up and put on my and nothing else except slippers, and in this Informal Farb I drove with him to the airfield, and went on the plane and saw him comfortably settled
down, greatly admiring hig courne under all his the Eighth Army succeed in physical disabiliting and feeling arriving on the scene with its very anxious about the hazard's six or seven divisions, these,
Selfless men
It was evklent that should
dded to the four or five under he had to undertake. Gen. Anderson in the First
a8
British Army, would give tha The aeroplane journeys had British about 12 divisions comA→ - to be taken as a matter of course nored with the Americans three during the war. None the less and possibly four, which was all I always regnvied them that they could spare for the dangerous oxcursions. However, Tunis climax after gatzisoning all was well. I then returned Morocco and Algeria.
to the Villa Taylor, where I spent another two days in correspondence with the War: Cabinet about my future move- ments, and painting from the tower the only picture. I over attempted during the war.
Two years later Gen. Marshall told me at Yalta how natonished he was that we British had not suggested any transfer, of the command from Eisenhower to British commander, although we had such an mormous superiori. ty of divisions engaged in the fighing for Tunis. This iden- duction, wwen partially, in any
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