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WINSTON CHURCHILL'S WAR MEMOIRS: THE THIRD BOOK

The Anglo-Iraq Treaty of 1932, provided that in time of peace we should, among other things maintain air bases near Basra and at Habbaniya, and have the right of transit for mill- tary forces and supplies at all times. The treaty also provided that in war we should have all possible facilities, including the use of rallways, rivers, ports and airfields, for the passage of our armed forces. When war came Iraq broke off diplomatic relu- tions with Germany, but did not declare war; and when Italy came into the war the Iraq Government did not even sever relations.

The Chairman and Prime Minister of the People's have returned Government from Moscow and gone into a

Thus the Italian Legallon in kind of hibernation. So far Baghdad became the chief centre they have told their country- for Axls propaganda and for men nothing of their triumph in this they were aided by the fomenting anti-British feeling. in Moscow. Peking Radio Mufti of Jerusalem, who had has done its bit, and the two fed from Palestine shortly be pro-Communist papers here fore the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. broke into almost identical headlines "Return with In March, 1941, there was a Glory" in faithful following who was working with the Ger- turn for the worse. Rashid All, of the party line. The hyper-mans, became Prime Minister, bole tells its own story. An three

and begon a conspiracy with prominent tragi oficers, intensive campaign of pro- who were styled "The Golden paganda from Peking preced- Square" At the end of March ed the return. Party leaders the pro-British Regent, Emir

Abdul kept out of it, but as usual

fied from Baghdad. full use was made of the help-portant

It was now more than ever im- to make sure of Basra, less fellow-travellers, Broad-the main port of Iraq on the casts overlaid the obnoxious Peralan Gulf, and I minuted to

the Secretary of State for India features of the Manchurian

Prime Minister to Secretary of stalemate with eulogies on State for India, April 8, 1941. the fraternal relations be- tween the Chinese peasants and Soviet troops in Port Arthur and Dairen, and on the aid being given by Soviet experts and technicians, who are now pouring into China Proper.

Some time ago you suggested that you might be able to spare onether division taken from the frontier troops for the Middie East. The situation in. Iraq has turned sour. We must make sure of Basra, as the Americans are Increasingly keen on a great air assembling base being formed there to which they could deliver direct. This plan seems of high im- portance in view of the un- doubted Eastern trend of the war.

was

The brigade group disembarked without op- position at Basra on April 18, un- der cover of an nir-borne British battalion which hod alighted at Shaiba the day before.

China has been forced to waive her Manchurian claims for the present in deference to the purposes of Kremlin world diplomacy. She has been kid-sense to the Viceroy on the same Mr. Amery telegraphed in this napped and become a "meal day and Lord Linlithgow and the ticket" while Moscow tries to Commander-in-Chief, General make the most of it, in a peace divert to Basra an Infantry brl- Auchinleck, promptly offered to offensive. And the Chinese gade and a regiment of eld know this. The new Pact artillery, most of which doesn't merely bind China not already on board ship for Malaya. Other troops were to follow as to do anything Russia might quicly as possible. not like and put a veto on China's freedom of diplomacy. It also binds both parties to take part "most sincerely" surely a suspicious Chinese interpolation-in all interna- Forced into action tional actions aimed at ensur-

When Rashid All was informed ing peace and security by our Ambassador that more throughout the world, and to transports would reach Basra on contribute their full share in the 30th, he said that he could not give permission for any fresh the earliest-implementation landings until the troops already of these tasks. These clauses at Basra had passed through the explain both the emphasis port. General Auchinleck was placed by Peking Radio on the forward

told that the landings should

none the less, international aspects of the Rashid Ali, who had been count- Treaty as a firm guarantee of ing on the assistance of German lasting world peace," and the air-borne troops, was forced into

aircraft, and silence on the Manchurian action. Issue.

first hostile move was to- wards Habbaniya, our Air Force on April 28, 290 British women training base in the Iraqi resert, and children had been flown to Habbaniya from Badhdad. The

and

even of German

THE GRAND ALLIANCE

The war

"total number in the cantonment was just over 3,200 fighting men with no fewer than 9,000 civili- are. The Flying School thus became a point of grave impor tance.

in Iraq

By Winston Churchill

Good

Morning!

Seretio Khama says he will leave for Africa "by underground · if necessary."--

He is not the first visitor to Although no one way mora London to be unduly impressed pleased and relieved than Wavell by the size and ramifications of himself, the episode could at the Tube.

pass without leaving Impressions

In his mind and in ours, At the

Where are the dead?' No- same time General Auchinleck's where else in Hong Kong will forthcoming attitude in Lending,

Life, after all, Is tuli compensations.

Air Vice-Marshal Smart, who' commanded there, took bold and timely precautions to meet the at the earliest possible moment. mounting

at our desire, and with the Vi- you hear a sermon like it!" crisis. School had previously hold only Air Vice-Marshal Smart should and the readiness with

The Flying Defence Committen direct that cerey's cordial assent, the Indian division to Basara so promptly, absolescent or training types, but be informed that he will be given Indian reinforcements were sup

whiten n tow Gladiator fighters arrived from Egypt, and 82 air- while. It is his duty to defend fresh mind and a hitherto

had assistance, and that in the man plled, gave us the feeling of a craft of all sorts were improvised Habbaniya to the last. Subject to taxed personal anorgy. The con- into four squadrons.

the security of Egypt being main-quences of these impressions will possible should be given to opera tained, maximum air support be seen as the story unfolds. tions in Iraq,

scanty.

India, had arrived on the 29th. A British battalion, flown from The ground defence of the seven miles perimeter, with its solitary wire fence, was indeed On the 30th Iraqi troops from Baghdad appeared barely a mile away on the plateau overlooking both the airfield and the camp, They were soon reinforced from Baghdad, until they numbered about 9,000 men,-with-50 guns, The next two days were spent in fruitless parleys, and at dawn on May 2 fighting began.

་་

Uti

The strategic importance of in all our Mediterranean affairs has already been explained by argument and events. British warships based on Suda Bay or

Iraqi attacked Meanwhile, at Habbaniya the squadrons of the Flying School, able to refuel there could give an together with Wellington bombers all-important protection to Maita. from Shalba, at the head of the If our base in Crete was well de- Persian Gulf, attacked the traqt fended. against air attack the troops in the plateau. They re- whole process of superior. sea- plied by shelling the cantonment, power would come into play and the aircraft Joining in with ward off any sea-borne expodi- bonibs and machine-guns. More tion. than 40 of our men were killed But only a hundred miles away From the outset of this new

or wounded that day and 22 air- danger General Wavell showed craft destroyed or disabled Do-with-ite-ample-airfelds and well- Iny the Italian fortress of Rhodes, himself most reluctant to assume spite the difficulty of taking off established installations. The more Burdena. He said he would under close artillery fire, our air- capture and occupation of make preparations and do what men continued their attacks. No Rhodes had been our aim since he could to create the impres-l'enemy Infantry assault developed, the beginning of the year, and the

•

T

U

R

E

Mosul

PERSIA

Hirkuk

Homs

MEDITERRANEAN

Tripol

Beiruth

Palmyra

8

SEA

Damascus

Haind

Habbar

Kulbar 1 R

Khanagin

Baghdad

Jerusale PlSaid

Anman

Ahwaz

TRANS-

Masiriya

Red Sea

JORDAN

sion of a large force being pre- pared for action from Palestine, which might have some effect on the Iraql Government. The force he could make available would in his opinion be both in- adequate and too late. It would be at least a week before it could start. Its departure would leave Palestine most dangerously weak, and Incitement to rebellion there was already taking place. In Syria resources were equally strained.

Iraq decisions

·Railways

Pipe Lines Boundaries to do a big pa ang

50 100

SYRIA

200

300

400 MILES

AND IRAQ

and gradually their batteries werd mastered.

if

5th,

badan

PERSIAN

GULF

might

Bay na

|

of

Total It, Aryan.

These now words and phruses coined in New York anct

newspaper Washington apparently amuse the columnists. Latest effort is "total diplomacy. Per- sonally, I think what is needed is total English.

"To obtain 100 per cent results, he sald, managements had to be 10 per cent frank,"

It is of course essential to keep something in reserve.

"Koo hits Lie for proposal to admit Reds,”

Temper, temper...

Two men, both noted for their caution when it camo to money, met in the strect

"Well, well," sald one, "fancy running into you, I was just looking for someone to lend me

$20,"

"Is that so?" replied the other. "Well, you've got a nice day for

↓

it."

Cata na onto can.

1

"My Tiance is telling everybody that he's going to marry the most beautiful girl in town."

Why

"How awful, my dear! don't you sue him for breach of promise?"

"Gold bar in face cream." Myrtle assures me this is not at all usual. It is just that husbands are misled by the price charged for the best brands.

"

The golf club grouser was complaining bitterly at the nineteenth about the condition of the greens. The captain came in and was immediately buttonholed." "Isn't this the time of year to treat worms?" the grouser asked. "Yes," was the reply. "What'll you have?"

This new British sports car. with a jel engine in the heart of the chaels in causing heart burning as far away as Detroit.

.*

ย

from

"I hear you had A very Mobile Naval Base Defence Or- night."

successful time at Bridge last ganisation, o splendid It was found that the enemy men, most carefully trained and hardly put

body of

"Yes, thanks to my wife, who gunners would not stand to thele Atted together, 5,300 strong, had evening."

foot wrong oll pieces under air attack, or even been sent from England either overheat were to be seen for Rhodes or Suda

Bloke just returned Full advantage was circumstances taken of their nervousness, and Besides

require England tells me that what with it was possible from the second force, over 2,000 strong,

this the Commando restrictions, controls and prohibi- cay to turn a proportion of our Colonel Laycock, had also come Party's regime the you-can't-do- undertons, you might call. the Labour air effort

to dealing with the round the Cape, and with the Iraql Air Force and their bases.

that-there-ers. British 6th Division, which was On the night of May 3 and 4 being formed in Egypt, would offensive land patrols from Hab- have made an assaulting force the labour, locally or otherwise, buniya moved out to raid the capable of taking Rhodes."

to_develop the airfields. enemy lines, and by the

The pressure of events had There could be no question of On May 4 we sent General

after four-days--of-attack-from forced us to postpone this enter sending a large garrison to Crete Wavell our decisions about Iraq. had had enough. That night they vulnerable in a high degree should its airfields while Greece was stil the Royal Air Force, the enemy prise, and meanwhile Crete was or of basing strong air forces upon A commitment in Iraq was Inevitable. We had to establish Wi

withdrew from the plateau. Thoy German aircraft be sent to In Allied hands. But all should

followed up and a base at Basra, and control were

avery Rhodes. The Mobile Naval Base have been in readiness to receive®** that port to safeguard Persian successful action yielded 400 Defence Organisation was kept in reinforcements should they, be- oil in case of need. The line of prisoners, dozen guns, 80 hand at Alexandria for emergen- come available and should, the communication to Turkey

machine-guns and 10 armoured cles instead of helping either to need arise. There had been how- through Iraq has also assumed cars. A reinforcing column from take and hold Rhodes or to work ever neither pain nor drive. Six greater

Importance owing to

to Falluja was caught on the road up and man the defences of Suda successive.commanders were up- German air superiority in

pointed in as many months, "The the Aegean Sea... There can

craft dispatched from fabboniya

defective be no question of accepting the

study of the problem and for the Turkish offer of mediation. We can make no concessions. The security of Egypt remains para- mount. But it is essential to do all in our power to save Hab- baniya and to control the pipe- line to the Mediterranean, to offer reinforcements up to ave General Auchinleck continued

and destroyed by 40 of our air. Bayly in Crete everything had responsibility for the

over.

。

(To be continued). World Copyright reserved. Re- production, even partially in any language, strictly pro- hibited.

Even before the Pact was signed, there were reports

for the purpose. By May 7 there- proceeded in a halting manner, fore the slege of Habbapiyn was The reader has seen my repeated feeble execution of the directions" from Washington that Russia

Injunctions to have Suda Bay given must be shared between was considering a high level

fortified. I had even used the ex- Cairo and Whitehall. approach. A big batch of

(By the and of May Baghdad pression "a second Scapa." The Press despatches from Mos-

had been occupied and Rashid Island had been in our possession. All had flad to Perala.)

for 'nearly six months, but it cow, especially to the "New support of every free nation,

Thus the German plan for rals- would only have been possible to York Times," were interpret- so that the democratic world

tering cheaply ing rebellion in Iraqi and mas-equip the harbour with a more ed in Washington as reflecting could approach the Kremlin infantry brigades and ancillary was frustrated na ndian brigade more urgent needs; nor was the Exclusive rights in Hong Kong

this wide area powerful outfit of anti-aircraft margin guns at the expense of other still. the Soviet interest in a new ap- "with the pooled wisdom of a troops by June 10 if shipping the landing of an Indian proach to problems complicat- thousand million free people." could be provided. We were at Basra on April 18 was timely. Middle East Command able to find. ing Russian relations with the He suggested further that the gratified by his forward mood. It forced Rashid Ali into prema- General Wavell only obeyed un- ture action. Even so there was a United States. These despat-issue be discussed at a meet- der protest. tyour message."

raco with our meagre forces ches referred, inter alia, to ing of the General Assembly he sold on the 5th, "takes little against The spirited defence Stalin's statement to Mr. of the United Nations in Mos- account of realities. You must of Habbaniya by the Flying

Wallace two years ago that a cow, subject to its proceedings the forces he himself was gather- our success.

face facts." Ho doubted whether ·School, was a prime factor in

ing were strong enough to relieve The Germans had of course at Habbaniya, or whether Hab- their disposal on air-borne force banlyn could hold out till they which would have givon them at this time, Syria, Iraq, and Persia, might arrive on the 12th.

I feel it my duty to warn you with

Dilfelds. In the gravest possible terms Hitler's hand might have reached

their

Procious the sald) that I consider the, out very far towards Indio, and Promotion of fighting in Iraq beckoned to Japan. He had cho

will seriously endanger the de- sen, however, as we shall fence of Palestine and Egypt.-sco, to employ and expend bis The political repercussion will prime air organism in another be Incalculable, and may remalt direction. In what I have spent · nearly

war

soon

peaceful settlement is not being broadcast throughout only possible but also "ab- the Soviet Union. solutely essential" in the 'In- Meanwhile the latest idea is terests of general peace.

to call an early meeting of the About the same time Mr. Western Foreign Ministers, no Churchill made his speech on doubt as a preliminary to big- a new approach, which, he ger moves. It is inevitable that added later, had "rolled round in this period of "prepara- the world and may have tion" the cold war will be in- created a new situation which, tensified, for any approach whatever happens, cannot must be accompanied with

two years trying to avold, Principle in war possibly make things worse every possible mobilisation of

namely, serious internal trouble We often hear military experta and may possibly bring us moral as well as material In our bases. I therefore, tirgo-inculeate, the doctrine of giving nearer to our heart's desire strength.

arnin' most strongly, that a priority, to the decisive theatre. settlement should he negotiated There is a lot in this. But in Another very large straw in We have every confidence as early as possible.

this principle, like all the political wind was Sena the State Department will be Supported by the Chiefs of others, is governed by facts and tor Brien McMahon's much able to rise to the occasion. Is ftat, brought all this to an circumstances; otherwise strategy

Leite before the Defence Com would be too easy. publicised proposal of a mas-it too much to hope that the mittee when it met at noon. become a drilibooks and not an sive world development and angry little group of critics There was a resolute temper. art; it would depend upon rulas reconstruction programme, will call a halt to their witch- The following orders were sent and not on an instructed and with $50,000 million from the hunting, which has now in-Chiefa of Stag to General portions of an

at their direction 197

SERRAT fortunate Judgment of the pro- United States, in return for truded into Mr. Acheson's own Wavell and others concerned, his sceno,

"overchanging guarantees of effective world | household as well as to his 0, 1941° var pagangan ko ang inter atomic control and disarma Department; will stop snarl. Your telegram of yesterday, aus. The render will be conscious of ment. He supplemented this ing about the Chinese aircraft mittee. Settlement by negotiation the British War Cabinet and been considered by Defence Com- the tension which grew between Flater by a call for peace, to in Hong Kong, and wringing cannot be entertained except on Chiefs of Staff and their over

penetrate the land of silence their hands in furious despair the hails of a climb down by strained but gallantly & strum behind the fron curtain, about the loss of Asia; and future, Axis dedima ca ranks The authoritat home09er

Lengis," with "mleguard against Commander-in-Chinchi In The North Atlantic Council will measure up to the world SyChista vor Blade

*whom? Educosided; i direally lost Powers, he urged, should for crisis which is so big yet by advised: Defalme, Cona that "ruled from whitehall, this mulate a concrete, peace pro tio means destitute of good onsibility for also they are prepared s gramme, and then solleft the i promise

[The result wasÜS

awit and complate:si

It would

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