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DEATH

AZEVEDO.-On Tuesday, April 20, 1040 at the St. Maric Hospital, Shanghai, Jose (Timmy) Maria D'Azevedo, aged 46 years, dearly- beloved son of Mrs. Eliza D'Encar- torno D'Azevedo, father of Lucio and brother of Mrs. B. Hyndman, Freddy and Albert.

THE FREE INFORMATION PROBLEM

The resolution an freedom of information adopted at Geneva is remarkable, first of all, for the fact that it has the assent of 30 nations. Never be-

!

THE CHINA MAIL, TUESDAY, APRIL 27, 1948.

*The

Tenth- Instalment

"AND

Churchill's Memoirs

THEY WANTED PEACE".

are

to

com-

and the

for

M, Flondin saya that he

France was thrown into inco-pole in the great discussions and upon a war bearing direct res- Joined that the only way to en-herency, amid which sure this was to stop Hitlerite war and relief that had been and in which I was often pro-national defence bound to prove fear of debates which crowded upon usponsibility for conditions of aggression while such action was avolded predominated. The simminent. I had still possible, France, had aople English were taught by their feelings and appear serene, in.

control my fearfully inadequate, wish to drag Great Britain into aimple Press to comfort

This was not the first time- war; she asked for no practical selves with the reflection; "AL- deavour

thom-different, detached. In this en-jor indeed the last-that I have ald, and she would herself unter all the Germans

continuous recurrence received blessing In what was dertake what would be a simple going back to their own country. a good and simple rule,

only to the safety of the country was at the time a very effective dis- police operation, as, according to How should we feel if we had

sulso, French Information, the German been kept out of, say, Yorkshire, my mind I planned in outline o In order to steady and absorb troops in the Rhineland had or for 10 or 15 years?"

The far-reaching consequences history of what had happened of the fortification of the Rhino- ders to withdraw if opposed in a No one stopped to note that since the Treaty

of forcible manner. All that France the

Versailles Innd were only gradually datrainment points

from down to the date we had reach-prehended in Britain ally was a true which the German Army could ed. I even began the In consequence of Hitler's asked of her

hand.

invade France had been

opening United States. On April 6, when Occupation of the Rhineland on

The British Prime Minister. re-fed by

dvanc- chapter, and part of what the Government asked March 7, 1936, Mr. Eden as

miles. 100

No one wor-wrote then finds its place without Vote of Confidence in their for- Foreign

could ried obout the to peated that his country Secretary went

proof given to the need of alteration in this pre-eign policy, I recurred Ports accompared by Lord not accept the risk of war.

He all the powers of the "Little En- sent book. I did not, however, Halifax and Mr. Ralph Wigram asked what the French Governi-tente" and to Europe that France carry this project very far because! do. To would not fight, and that Eng-of the press of events, and also of of the Foreign Office to consult ment had resolved

this no plain answer was return- land would hold her back. even the current literary with the French Government

ed.

work by it she would. to According

Flandin, Mr.

which I earned my pleasant life During this exciting period my at Chartwell. right, but if there is even one now appears, discussed in high became abeobed in my "History Baldwin then said: "You may be own perrnal fortunes were, It

Moreover by the end of 1930 chance in a hundred

that war quarters. The Prinic Minister, would follow from your

of the English-Speaking People,' operation, I have not the right clded at last to create

police under constant pressure, had de- which I actually finished before new the outbreak of war and which

will some

day be published. Writing

long and substantial book like having a friend and ita 200!

companion at your side, to whom

11.

the

27

this

of the Government. His able

din.

10

0

to commit England." And after Ministry-not of Defence, but w not in a state to go to war." There a pause he added: "England

is no confrmation of this.

is the did not consider the constitu- | M

ever, Bubject:

M. Flandin returned to France powers satisfactory. But I would you can always turn for comfort

view

When after the war he

was

Ron- son

On March 2

Mr.

that

new and widening field of in-

had

Mr.

201

dealt

по

more

E

to this

"I do not doubt that the whole of the German frontier opposite to France is to be for- tified as strongly and as speed- ily as possible. ..The creation of a line of forts opposite to the French frontier will enable the German troops to be erotomised on that line and will enable the main forces to swing round through Belgium and Holland. .......

Then look East. There the consequences of the Rhineland fortification may be more 'im- mediate, That is to us a loss direct danger, but it is more

The Imment danger.

those fortifications completed, and in proportion ne they are completed, the. whole aspect of middle Europe is changed,

ent

mom-

are

"The Baltic States, Poland and Czechoslovakia, with which must be associated Jugoslavia, Rumania, Austria and

(To be Continued)

some

Flandin, then M.

French Foreign Minister, was invited to come to London for a special meeting of the League of Nation. He arrived late the night of Wednesday, March At about 8.30 on Thursday morn ing Flandin came to my flat in

Co-ordination of Defence, Morpeth Mansions, He told me

tion of the new office and that he proposed to demand from British Government simul-

own gladly have accepted the post, taneous mobilisation of the land. convinced, first, that his sea and air forces of both coun- divided country could not be being confident that knowledge and amusement, and whose so-

would prevail. clely becomes more attractive R trien, and that he had received united except in the presence of and experience

will-power in Britain, Apparently assurances of support from all.

(according to strong the nations of the "Little

terest is lighted in the En- and secondly, that, so far from Felling) the Germon entry. Into

Baldwin tente" and from other States.

this being forthcoming, no strong the Rhineland on March 7 was

certald good reason to Lise 'the last There was little I could do in impulse could be expected from docisive against my appointment.lickers of his power against one)

private

obvious Ifore have the principles of a** I wished him all success. In/lato the disinal conclusion that Hitler would not like it.

my detached

position her. Far too easily he plunged It was certainly

who had exposed his mistakes Bo but

and 80 often. He free press been laid down by bringing matters to a head and the only hope for France was in

Mr. Baldwin severely ever selected Sir Thomas Inskip, thought no doubt that he had a group of international repromised, any assistance that was an arrangement with

me politically fatal able lawyer, who had the advan- presentatives of governments. in my power. I gathered my more aggressive Garmany..

what I saw Whatever this resolution may that night to hear M. Flandin's anxious days, I felt it my duty, military

principal associates at dinner Flondin's attitude

of tager of being little known him-stroke, and I felt he might well during

How little be right, these self and knowing nothing about

can we foresee the

other countries, are all affected add to the candlepower of exhortations,

subjects.

consequences either The Prime,

of wise or unwise action, of vir

very decisively the moment truth, it must be acknowledg-

in spite of his subsequent lapses, Minister's choice was Mr. Chamberlain was at

received tue or of malleel

that this great work of con- Jed as a landmark.

I with astonishment by Press and tline, as Chancellor of the Exche- to come to his old, so far as

struction has been completed." Mr. Baldwin knew public,

Every word of this warning In assessing its meaning, quer, the most effective member Wits able, in later years.

Than I how great was the service wis

successively and swiftly he was doing me in preventing proved true. Imany considerations arise, and blographer, Mr. Keith Felling, dolph, who had seen brought to trial, my

much of To me this definite and na time from becoming involved in some of them are vexing. The gives the following extract from Flandin during the African cam-seemed final exclusion from it all the Cabinet compromises and sixth principal. point says his diary:

March 12.

Talked to Flan-Pain, was summoned as a wit-share in our preparations for de short comings of the next three World Copyright reserved. Re- press personnel should or-

mpliusising that publie ness, and I am glad to think that fence was a heavy blow. I had years, and from having, if I had production, even partially. In any ganize one or more non-official

letter to be very careful not to lose my remained a Minister, unter tanguage, strictly prohibited. upinion would not support us his advocacy, and also a organizations of persons em-

In sanctions of any kind. His which I wrote for Flandin to use In his defence, were not without view is that if a firm front is ployed in the collection and maintained Germany will yield quittal which he received from

influence in procuring the dissemination of news "to

without war.

We cannot counteract the spreading of in- cept this as a reliable estimate the French Tribunal. tentionally false or distorted

of a

mad Dictator's reaction." When Flandin reports which promote hatred an economic boycott, Chamber the French Government of their urged at least Nothing, however, can relieve or prejudiced against states, lain replied by suggesting on in-prime responsibility. Clamen- persons or groups of different ternational force during negotia cenu or Poincare would have left

tions, agreed to a pact for mutual Mr. Baldwin no option, Face language, religion or assistance, and declared that if philosophical convictions."

by giving up a colony we could The British

and Superficially, this seems a secure lasting prace, he

French 'sub. mission to the violations of the sensible enough proceeding, consider it.

Treaties of Versailles and Locar- but you run immediately into

selzure Meanwhile most of the British no, involved in Hitler's the question of proving intent Press, with the Times, and the of the Rhineland, was a mortal

Vigram. blow to when you talk about false or Daily Herold in the van, express. distorted reports. In freedom of Hitler's offers of a non-aggrca. ed their belief in the sincerity of the press there is the right sion paci. Austen Chamberlain, to be wrong. That is what in a speech at Cambridge, pro- makes it freedom. Under a claimed the opposite view. democratic form of govern the compass of his duty to bring Wigram thought it was within ment there is even a "right" Flandin into touch with every to be venal, cynical and sinis-one he could think of from the and from ter in a publication, and such City, from the Press

the Government. To all whom publication cannot be Fandin, met at the Wigram's he penalized except by the laws spoke in the following terms: of libel or corrupt practices

"The whole world and when they happen to apply.

a

So while we do not argue that the right to be wrong should include any real pro- tection to the venal' or cor- rupt, there is always the very delicate and clusive question of the motive in being wrong. History is studded with ex- amples of "wrong" informa- tion which has proved right

in the end and with examples

of charges of corruption being {applied to the editor who was

ut worst stupid.

Non-official organisations of the working press will never And it easy to pin down the "intentionally false or dis- tarted report." We are seep-1 tical of the desirability of their trying.

|

JC-

would

ea-

vet

pecially the small nations to- day turn their eyes towards England. If England will now she can lead Europe. You will have a policy, all world will follow

you,

the

BC-

Weakness is not treason, though it may

be equally disastrous.

JA

Soviet Composer Keeps Mum

Europe's Culture The Answer

London, Apr. 25."

Politicians,

and church- men of seven nations met to- day to organise a campaign of "Christian action" for rebuild- the ing Western Europe.

11.

Moscow, Apr. 25. Prokofieff, one of the leading Soviet composers, had still failed to reply to the Soviet Communist Party charges of "formalism” in his music when the Soviet Composers Congress, at which many composers have admitted the truth' of party "After the French delegation criticism, continued its session today." had left," wrote his whe 10 me, "Ralph came back, and sat "Formalist" composers were to remove themselves from down in a corner of the room recently denounced by the Cen-collective and follow the

Sir Stafford Cripps, Chancellor where he had never sat before, tral Committee of the Commun- dividualistic character their of the Exchequer, told the guther- and sald to me: "War is now

during the past few ing that economie and political ist Party for being "influenced conduct fnevitable, and ht will be the most terrible war there

husby

the modernistic, bourgeois yours."

organisations are not enough. The letter of Vissarion Shebalia

"It is the soul and culture of even been. I don't think I music of Britain and America."

to the Congress and the state- Western Europe that has shall see. it,

Dmitri

been but

Shostakovitch, will. you

ments by Muradell and Khat the mainspring of its

contribution bombs on this another. well-i.nown composer, chaturian had failed to Wait now. for

satisfy to world civilisation," he said, admitted that he had followed the audience, he said. -little- house.".

"and it is to the 'reinvigoration of the wrong road and declared

The Congress will continue to- that soul that we must bend our that Soviet musicians "mustmorrow-Reuter, fight with all our strength against the influence of modern

at

LMT-

It was actually smitten.) "I was trightened his words, and he went on All my work these many years has

I am a failure, foreign music. been no uzė. have failed to make the people

He promised to seek the way here realise what is at stake. to a realistic, popular art.

Shostakovitch, who was one of

of

Lord

energies if we are to succeed,"

Halifax declared that be just as in- must as Communism if it is to

in the world today.

creed

is to them a re- and they work for the con-

A MATTER OF

tensely MONTHS

prevail I am not strong enough, I sup- and

Washington, Apr. 20. ligion pose. I have not been able to

Senator Millard Tydings today version of the world with an in- make them understand. Wins the composers accused of display.

ing "bourgeois and formalist" in said in a radio address

tensity and that if

untiring pertinacity ton has always, plways under nuences in his music by the Cen-war should break but between that few religious movements the the United States and Russia, have been able to command," he

thus you will prevent war, It is your last chance. If you do not stop Germany now, all is over,

"France

cannot guarantee Czechoslovakia any

more be-

tral Committee,"

admitted

of several

Dean

L. J. Collins of Oreal Col-

• slood, and he is strong and will go on to the end.

of the criticise all Europe would be in Russian, a meeting was called by My friend never seemed to re.Justice cover from this stock. He took divorce from their national tradi-hands in a matter cause that will become geogra" it too much to heart. His th. tions could have led to certain of months". phically impossible. If you do timely death in December, 1838, our composers-the · formalists- The Democratic Senator from lege, Oxford. Present were Goy-

maintain the Treaty Locarno, all that will remain was an irreparable loss. to. the lato a blind alley had it not been Maryland said that in the event ernment officials and church re- Foreign Office, and played its for the timely warning given by of war, "we would need bases in presentives of Britain, Belgium,

and to you is, to uwalt rearmament part in the miserable decline ei the Central Committee," he said. Asia, Africo,

probably France. Germany;

* Holland. by Germany, against which

**Having now studied It Europe" from which to attack.- Sweden and Italy, Associated France can do nothing. It our fortunes.

thoroughly, I may say that I am United Press.

Press, you do not stop Germany by force to-day, war is' Inevitable,

When Hitler met his generals really grateful to the Communist ofter the successful re-occupation Party for this guiding criticism." even if you make a temporary of the Thineland, he was able to Mikhon Khrennikov. Secretary- friendship with Germany.

them with the falsity General of the Organising Com

mittee, reviewing the Conference the silence of speeches, said Prokofieff and Nikolai Myngkov- sky testifled "that they continue

"As for myself, I do not be confront lieve that friendship la possible of their fears and prove to them between France and Germany: how superlor his judgment or the two countries will always "Intuition' was to that of be in tension. Nevertheless, if dinary military men. you abandon Locarno, I shall

change my polley, for there will

be nothing else to do."

These were brave words; but action would have spoken lou- der.

Apart from this reserva- tion, we indulge the hope, that the freedom of informa tion resolution will possibly accomplish some good when

I advised M. Flandin to de- plastered on the walls of mand an interview with Mr. newsrooms over that part of Baldwin before

he left,

The the non-Communist world Prime Minister received M. Flan- which subscribes to it. Cer- Mr. Baldwin explained that al-

dln with the utmost

courtesy tainly there should be a more though he knew little of foreign general guarantee of the affairs, he was able to interpret right of newsmen to have the British people. And they wanted [accurately the feelings of the widest possible access to peace,

sources of information, to

travel unhampered and to

transmit copy without un-ly) that information should reasonable or discriminatory flow freely. But what the limitations.

world's people need is that

Living up to it is the rub. elusive thing, freedom of in- That is impossible without formation not in quantity but] peace, for you have nothing in quality. Quality of in- resembling full-freedom of formation published rests information in war, and until with the editor who is pub- peace is much more securelishing it. Only to the degree than it is now all such efforts that he demands quality- as this will have hard going that is, accuracy, meaningful- to enlarge press freedoms. ness, fairness and representa

The attempt seems alto-tiveness in a dispatch will gether worth while if not too his readers get the consistent, much is expected of it. For, integrated, reliable view of in the final analysis, the the world to which they are Geneva charter for freedom entitled and the presentation of information is primarily of which is the task of a res quantitative. It" nayn" (right,ponsible editor.

CARNIVAL

Hm-m-m! Passing

or

Primary Elections Wide-Open Race

Washington, Apr. 25.

By Dick Turner The wide-open race for the Republican Presidential

nomination noored the halfway mark today and ~ heads into the stretch on Tuesday.

ICE CREAM

DOPR, 1948 SY NEA BEÍNICE.

Wight and all sold out

There

Convention! :

bo

to

On that day, Massachusetts for candidates not on the ballot. and.. Fennsylvania pick their Another factor is that none of delegates to the Republican Na- the leading Presidential-con- tional Convention. Massachu- tenders is,

entered

in either State. setts controls 35 votes, while

Barring

deals, "pivotal" Pennsyvania swings 7 this means the votes of both

State#

pledged are 1,094 delegates to the convention. Some 500 dele- "favourite sons" in early conven- gates already have been chosen tion balloting. It also means the by other States, that more Presidential race remains wide then half the delegates will have open, despite elaborate claims of been selected when the Mass of Governor Thomas, Dewey

Grat ballot, victory by supporters of and Pennsylvania pri New York and ex Governor chusetts marics are wound up.

Harold Stassen of Minnesota. United Press.

...!

Neither primary is expected to have any surface effect on the Presidential contest, though zeveral factors may change that For example, Pennsylvania pro- vides voters with a blank-write in" space to express their choice

ARMY CAMP RAIDED

Tel-Aviv, Apr. 20.

It was officially "announced 16.

SOCIALIST BACK-BITING

kesh Romo,

Italian loft wing Sociali

turbed

Jer-

by theleadefa When nilied? with) thú)

Last weekend.

In Todry

expressed disapproval' of "the foolish behaviour of our present party leaders".

They Werg patthiaede megling

day that armed Jows ralded un next month of haughtyam Ng- Army camp near Ramich and tional Council, to, "study, the poll- atole £150,000 worth of radio tical situation arising put of transmitters--United Pressing, slections." -Reute

+