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THE CHINA MAIL, TUESDAY, MARCH 18, 1947.

The Final of Three Articles on

WHY AMERICA USED THE ATOM BOMB

By H. L. Stimson.

(Published with the sanction of Harper's Magazine)

of

4953 9TH

bomb

on

to cur

Dk

#

and

have

#untrynien in the

4

Face Of Death

CARNIVAL

By Dick Turner

"Listen, daughter-call him up and say you're sorry!! We've got your old roun rented now"

America's Break With Isolationism

18

agency.

"THE USE OF THE BOMB~scribing that his pawer must be man life which therwise-eon- The adoption of the policy out.subject to the crders of the Allled fronted us, felt that we must ned in the memorandum of July Supreme Commander. These use the Emperor as our Instru- 2 was decision of high politics; | terms were accepted on August ment to command, and compel once it was accepted by the Pre-14 by the Japanese, and the in- his people to coase fighting and

surrender sident, the position of the atomic strument

was subject themselves bomb In our planning became formally signed on September 2, thority through him, and what to quite clear. I find that I stated in Tokyo Bay. Our grent ob-accomplish this we must give him. in my diary, as early as June 19, Jective was thus achieved, and all and his controlling advisers

ta accede, to that "the last chance warning..the evidence I have seen indicates compelling reaso must be given before an actual that the controlling factor in the our demands. This

reason for

BA- lending of the ground forces in final Japanese decision to accept thermore, nust be of such The impending arrival of the Japan, and fortunately the plans, our terms of surrender was the turn that his people could under- stand his decision. The bant Stadiume with a large number provide for enough time to bring atomic benik.

our warning The two atomic bombs which seemed to me to furnish a uni of Beng King families on board, in the sanctions to

were the only que instrument for that purpose. and the natural speculation on the shape of heavy ordinary we had dropped

bombing attack and an attack of ones had rendy, and our rate My chiel purpose was to end where they can possibly he ac S.1. S.1 was a code name for of production at the time was the war in victory with the least commodated, has caused comment the atomic bomb.

very small. Had the war con possible est in the lives of the There was much discussion in tinued until the projected If some quarters to revert to the

in men in the armies which had

In the light of issue of military occupation of Washington about, the timing of vasion on November 1, additional helped to raise.

ivilian residential property, the warning to Japan. The con-fre raids of B.29'e would have the alternatives which, on a fair ems to us, however, that small trolling factor in the end was the been more destructive of life and estimate, were open to us 1 he. very Umited, lieve that no man, in our positi- n ceal contribution to the casing of dale nirendy set for the Potsdam property than the the European buusing situation meeting of the Big Three. It was number of atomic raids which we and subject-to our responsibil

President Truman's decision that could have executed in the same ties, holding in his handy a wes- can be achieved by turning troopsuch a warning should be solemn period. But the atomic bomb was pon of such possibilities for ac-

ut of such property if it is imy issued by the U.S. and the UK, more than a weapon, of, terrible complishing this purpose mediately handed over to private from this meeting, with the condestruction; it was a psychologi- saving those lives, could nwnership for what, under therrence of the head of the Chin-cal weapon. In March 1945 our failed to use it and afterwards

exes Government, so that it would Air Force had launched its first looked his aresmal system, amounts to

Incendiary Japan's prin- great

rald on the face, ploitation of the acute shortage. be pinin that all

In this raid more The official attitude is the more elpal enemies were in entire unity. Tokyo uren.

and more nurkable in that so many of its This was done. In the Potsdam dumuge

As I read over what I have wn employees are hunted in ultratum of July 26, which very casualties were inflicted than was

closely followed the above nem the case nt Hiroshima, Hundreds written, I am aware that much Destalifŕshiments where the daily orandum of July 2, with the ex. of bombers took part and hun. of it, in this year of peace, muy" rates are, frankly, extortionate, ception that it made no mention dreds of tons of incendiaries were have a harsh and unfeeling sound. Lnd in that a very substantial pro- of the Japanese Emperor.

Washington, Mar. 10- regret that the situation could no dropped. Similar successive cafes I would perhaps be possibin to of

American national com/rious- have been handled by the United nottion of the net revenue

On July 28 the Premier of burned out a great part of the say the same things and say thei

has these establishments * is į Japan, Suzuki,.rejected the Pats- urban area

news of the world situation

Nations; consequently there of Japan, but the mere gently. But i do not think Tesday, 18th March me of

nahl lor out of public funds. By dam altimatum by announcing Japanese fought in. On August it would be wise. As I look back been deeply stirred by the disikely to be considerable political the simple process of retaining re-that it was "unworthy of public 0 one B-29 dropped o

single over the five years of my service cussion on Gretee and Turkey all, demand for a reassurance that

with the many

indications of the United Nations is becoming large boarding-notice." In the face of this rejectorie

Hiroshima. as Secretary of War, i see too Wednesday, 19th March|isition Gyer

niles States' willingness to ne-a more effective world tion we could only urtered hases vacated by the military demonstrate that the ultimatum was dripped oi Nagasaki and the virion to be willing to pretend feadership, but it remain certain cussion on whether the vete situa-

to Three days later a second bomb many stern and heartrending de-

rept a more active role in world, This will most likely revive dis- putting in their own

that caterer or had meant exactly what it sal war was over. So far as the Jap what it is.

war is anything else than

*hat mony phases of foreign tion in the Security Counch wil manager, and themselves exereis when it stated that if the Japan- Janese could know; our ability to the face of death; death is an The face of war is

policy will be subject to careful indefinitely frustrate the expand

of the United who may be geese continued the war, "the full execute atomic

in usefulness Congreas qxamination. attacks, J

Developments in them, Govern application of our military pow-necessary by many planes at

Inevitable part of every order that

have reversed Nations. disposition a wartime leader gives. The de- the earlier

of the

the Concern over the role of substantialer, backed by our resolve, will time. secure

was unlimited. As Dr. ecommies in the budget, relieve mean the inevitable and complete Karl Compton has said, "it was vision to use that atomic bomb general pubile to shift its atten- United Nations developed before was a decision that brought death | jon from world to domestle publication of the Izvestia editor- the strain

on the taxpayer, and destruction of the Japanese arm not one atomic bomb, or two. to over a hundred thousand Jap. problems.

fal on the subject, but the latter the perhaps provide a few rooms at trees in just as inevitably which brought surrender; it was anese, No explanation enn change Diplomatic observers note that has had great publicity in

the utter devastation of the Jap- the experience of what on atomic that fact and I do not wish to

the

criticism sharpest

of Presi- United States and hus impressed Crates more, nearly conforming to

anese homeland."

observera as thi bomb will actually do to a com- gicss it over. But this deliberate,

Truman's progtamme dent

ome diplomatic obas: the capacity of mon-Government

yet madz employers to pay. Instead, there

munity, plus the dread of many premeditated destruction was our from the extremes of the Right must adroit reaction Suitable For Purpose

and Left, and think "isolationist" from Soviet sources.

The proposal to lenst abhorrent choice. The des sentiment thus far has failed to appears to be a direct encourage.

ald Greece to the standardisation of For such a purpose the atomic

Exactly As Planned ruction of Hiroshima and Naga- attract spectacular leadership or and Turkey has had the effect hotel and boarding-house rates at bomb was an eminently suitable The bomb thus served exactly sakt, puts and to the Japanese important Congressional strengths, of automatically expanding poll

The war. It 'st pped the fire raids,

Whereas tion

World War Hent, speculation to the entire levels which are grossly in con-weapon. The New Mexics test

the purpose we intended,

of the

the Middle Eastern area and many Clict with the aims of the Land occurred while we were at Pots-pence party was able to take the and the strangling blockade: it the strong

a major long lord and Tenant Proclantation. dam, on July 10, 11 was imine path of surrender, and the whole ended the ghastly spectre of a west and north-weat, quickly in authorities think

fluenced foreign policy, the sam term consequence of the impend In this Inst great' action of the situation has not recurred, partly ing debate will be the evolution of a definable integrated United because there are no great aur- World War we ernment using policy as a whole highest estimates. We had de- When the Emperor ordered sur Second is exemplified by this situation. Inveloped a weapon of such a re-render, and the

small but dan. given final proof that war is pluses in farm commodities and Statex policy vis-a-vis the Middle

f- East, partly because Far Eastern, twelve monthis, it Inis contributed¦volutionary character that its use gerous group of fanatics who death. War in the twentieth cen- fales compel the constant ant exactly nothing towards the re-against the enemy might well be posed him were

grown steadily brought under tury has

more active interest of all weilern hausing of the civil poulation, for expected to produce exactly the control, the Japanese became so barbarous, more destructive, more Congressmen in the evolution of all the early promises and assur- kind of shock on the Japanese subdued that the great undertak debased in all its aspects. Now, United States world policy.

with the release of atomic ances. Officialitom prides itself on ruling oligarchy which we desiring of occupation and discyma.

hievement when it has succeeded, strengthening the position of ment was completed with unpre-nergy, man's ability to destroy

wished. peace, nud cedented ease.

himself. is these who

very nearly complete. herding prople Stanley-

The bombs dropped on A PERSONAL SUMMARY fashion into any spare room, and weakening that or the military

party. Tests on its laurels till the next

In the foregoing page I have shima and Nagasakl ended Because of the importance of

tried to give an accurate account, They also made it wholly clear shipload arrives with a new pro- the atomic mission against Japut. of my own personal observations that we must never have another blem. And having produced these the detailed plans were brought of the circumstances which le

This in the lesson men and intolerable conditions by various to me by the military staff for up to the use of the atomic bombaders everywhere must learn, acts of omission and commission, approval. With President

Trujand the reasons which underlay and belleve, that when Cavernment looks to the selfsame man's warm support f struck off ur use of it. To me they have learn it they will find a way to world.

always seemed compelling and people to pay Income Tax. The the list of suggested targets the

city of Kyeto. Although it was clear, I cannot see how any patience of British residents is a

n target of considerable military person vested with such respon- line of credit on which heavy importance. It had been the an-sibilties as mine could have taken drafts have been taken by the clent capital of Japan and was a any other course or given any Goversiinent. But that patience is shrine of Japanese art and cul- other advice to his chiefs. but inexhaustible.

ture. We determined that 12 Two great nations were should be spared. approved

7

commodated

could

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test

|more, that was effective."

The complete ineptitude of Gov-diately clear that the power of weight of the Emperor's prestige clash of great land armies.

the bomb measured up to our was exerted in favour of peace.

el in

panese war effort. One was

ол

np.

Legin on Our enemy.

frees 5,000,000 armed

still unbesten had the

war.

were

Hiro- wat.

romy

G.O.P. Problem

The United States purpose of U.N. Issue

atauming greater world resport Progress of the discussion, also abilities revives political Interext reveals a tendency to distinguish in America's long-term commer

cial policy. between the Greek-Turkey

"It considered o aivious that unqualified Republican programme as a necessary cerno -

measure. strategic

and approval of Mr. Truman's pro- me and the implications" of the Pres with the revival of nationalistie resi-gramme would be inconsistent dent's message to Congress potentially applicable to a number-and-variety-of-undefined to perplex they situations in other parts of

sting peuce. There is no other choice.

04

kreat

many

"protectionism" and this in likely Republicans

"favour simultaneously, the who

worldwide resistance to Commu nism while regarding commerce as essentially a national concern,

The commercial дерестя United States foreign polley hate not preoccupied Congress

whith

A largo segment of the public and press and many politicians

BARCLAY ON BRIDGE business is flourishing, but in the

By Shepard Barclay "The Authority on Authorities"

event of a "recession” would coni- mand greater interest, United Press.

Arson Attempt

TWO COUPS BY

1K and A, was ruffed by the dia- mond 7. Two diamond tops 'dis RUFFING

closed East's trump holding and the need for cutting: the South

Frankfurt, Mar. 16. Familiarity with the nomencla- trumps to East's length.

Military Government officers, ture of the game is not particular- The heart Kwas given up to reported that a fire, belleved to nor- the A and the club 10 return won have been act by arsonista, early how by the A. The heart Q and 18:

DI

were

four other targets including the proaching contact in a fight to a cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.November 1, 1045.

Anish which would

Hiroshima was bombed REVIVING TRADE

August 6, and Nagasaki on Au- somewhat, over

Japan, commanded

-President Truman called at-

Bust 9. These two cities were men. Men of these armies had tention in his dress in Texas, active working parts of the Ja- already intlleted upon us, in our to the supreme importance of a army centre; the other was naval meter of their defences, over breakthrough of the outer perl- ennievence about which little so and industrial, Hiroshima wap 300,000 battle casualties. Enemy far has been heard. The nineteen the headquarters of the Japanese armies nations who have the greatest in Army defending southern Japan strength to cost us a million merely important to successful terest in foreign trade will meet and was a major military storage As long as the Japanese Govformance. It is desirable, in Geneva next month to draft and assembly print: Nagasaki crnment refused to surrender, ever, to know you speak cor.

scored. Thename the today damaged a building in the charter for an international was a mejor seaport and it con- we should be forced to take and rectly when engaged in bridge "coup" play. The spalle 10, e-v- Schleuchtern, 60 miles north-

tained several large Industrial hold the ground, and amash the discussions with more experienc trade organisation and negotiate the mutual reduction of trade slants of great wartime impor-Japanese ground armies, by closed players. One expression often ered by the 1, was ruffed by cast of here, containing military barriers. Eclosing the thesis which tance. We believed that our at in fighting of the same desperate misused is "Grand Coup," when the diamond, cutting South's and counter-intelligence, head- trumps to two, same number as quarters and German denaalica- Jacks had struck cities which must and costly kind that we had faced Cout. The latter means shorten-

The speaker really means "Trump East. Mr. Cordell Huil expounded with certainly be. important to

Followed then the club a to the Usn headquarters. *** QKR the in the Pacific islands for açarly ing your bumps intentionally by the spade for discard of the sucht, patience and persistence be Japanese military leaders, both four years.

"We believe the, fire was set, fore the war, the President set Army and Navy, and we waited

rafting, so you may wind up lead. club: 4,, the heart J. East Lessing by persons attempting to do In the light of the formidable ing through the for a result. We waited one day.problem which flourishing world trade at

opponent's the spade 0 and South the club J. stroy denazification and Military thus confronted trumos. The play attains the name and then the spade 7. East had Government investigation re- very hase of all other international Deadlock Broken: us, I felt that every possible slepfof Grand Coup" only when to play from the diamond 3-0.ba cords, a Military Government objectives. He held that - peace Many accounts have been writ-should be taken to compel a sun-eard which was ruffed

would

fore South's ́Q-9,' was helpless. and freedom would be impossible ten about the Japanes surrch-render cf the homelands, and a therwise have been a winners Notion that on the eighth trick, cfficial stated,

Officers sald the building without it. There may be doubtster. After a prolonged Japanese withdrawal of all Japanese troops

the lead from dummy, the spade thefrom the Asiatic mainland and M HJ-10-78

10, was not a winner. If I had janitor was detained briefly, elsewhere, but there have never cabinet session in which

heen his own: J. Instead, which but was released after goss been an in the minds of those deadlock was broken by the 'Em-from other positions, before we

South ruffed, the play would have toning. They, 'sald they found, wha guile America's foreign perce himself, the offer to sur had commenced an invasion, We

been a "Grand Coup."

an empty wasaline can and policy, that world trade promotes render was made' on August 10. It held two cards to assist is in 6.0·05

was based on the, Polšdam terms, such an effort. Ond was the

from all appearances a large, und engenders political security, with

NS. concerning traditional veneration in which H.43 WE

.section of the top floor of the a reservation and is not the consequence of it. the sovereignty of The Emperor. ule Japanese Emporior was held D. 10

three-storey building had been For that reason the President ap- While the Allied, reply, made no by his subjects, and the power | C.-0 7.0-3

saturated before it was Ignited, pealed to the Republicans, who promises other than those, already which was thus vested in him

Damage was mainly to the top now control Congress, to follow given, it implicitly recognized over his loyal troops. It was for

floor, where county recordą of the dennzification court and res the support which they have given the Emperor's position by pro- this "reason" that I' suggested in the foreign policy of the Demp

cords of Military Government cratic Administration to its logi,

Investigations were kept, “but” cal conclusion... Support for had been hoped: "His speech will The second card was the use of

Dealer North, Bolk sides vul- . Q J.L the atomic bomb in the, mahner

43 officdra sahl all records were America's political policy would also serve as reminder that best calculated to persuade; that perolie.ye

Intact United Press be hollow unless it included sup-Britain is already committed to Emperor and the counselors about

North East South port of her camomic policy as the code of good conduct" which him to submit, to our demand for oss b

well. The President, also set as the conference vill discuss, and what was insentially uncondition 3 - Pass 4 C asst any thought that the Geneva as an assurance 10 those who fear al surrender, placing his. Immeries 54 DA Pand Conference miglit" be postponed that it will go foo far and top power over hily, people and his Morrio Elis, of New Yerk, in either through domestic oppoils fast. It aim is to promote na- troops subject, lq, our orders, the dylliidual Mailers Champion- tion in the United Stater or be-- jóhal interests », not harm them

misip, made stat contras cause mother countrinka hotably, and 10%

Grand Coup flue play wh

Britain, Mare DEV

my memorandum of July 2′ that [his dynasty should be continued.

Instrument =

tha war to the

8. R' Q-10-7

T], 3.2

424

10

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Tomorrow's Problem

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Went

P

10:0.200

‚H. K ́90 43

WE

Ladysmith, Mar. 16/

The Royal Family; will "raw" beard their Ivory! jipedini zimníñ dgain) bouride

Mulle