1934-09-06 — Page 7

THE CHINA MAIL, THURSDAY) SEPTEMBER 6, 1934.

FIFTEEN YEARS OF CIVIL AVIATION IN GREAT BRITAIN REVIEWED

EXPERIMENTAL

AERONAUTICS

IN AUSTRALIA Hargrave's Pioneer Work

HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO PROGRESS

In 1856 John Fletcher Har grave, a lawyer practising in London, sailed, for Australia where he soon became a New South Wales district judge, and; in 1865 a judge of the Supreme Court. He had left behind him in England a son Lawrence, whe in 1866. at the age of sixteen, joined his father in Australia and after serving an apprenti- ceship in an engineering firm. became an assistant in Sydney Observatory.

Possessing considerable inventivel puwers and fertility of ideas, young at the Hargrave in his work

Observatory was led through the study of air currents

to the pro- blem of human flight then attract ing more and more attention, and In 1884 contributed a paper to the Roval Sariety of New South Wales entitluri "The Trochoided Plane."

In this there was a theoretical discussion of the movements of animals such as worms, slugs, jelly Ash and fishes and the motion of waves. "The trochoidal artion of fins, muscles, and legs seemed so plain." he said, "that I could not help being led to theorisis on the action of wings in light; say) theorise simply because I have not

Richard C. duPont, scion of the Delaware industrial family, is new world's champion glider pilot. He seared 155 miles from Elmira, N.Y., to Somerset Hills, N.J., to take the record away from a Ger. man flier. The-photograph shows the youth and his craft,

NO

BLACKSHIRT AIR UNITS

fying machine to show you, but Ministry's Ruling For

York Club

Blackshirt air units are not

to be permitted to train, as a

unit.

aerodromes sub-

01

MILEAGE GROWS FROM 250 TO 14,000 REMARKABLE PROGRESS IN PASSENGER PLANES

·MACHINES, ROUTES AND LOADS

AST MONTH BRITISH AIR TRANSPORT COMPLETE 15

LAST MONTH BEGULAR FLYING BETWEEN LONDON

AND THE CONTINENT. AND TO SUMMARISE PROGRESS DURING THESE PIONEER YEARS, FROM 1919 TO 1934, IT MAY BE SAID THAT—

Air passengers to and from London have increased from a hundred or so weekly to totals numbering thousands.

The mileage of our British routes has grown from 250 to 14,000.

Aircraft have developed from single-engined 360 h.p. ma- chines, carrying 2 passengers, to 4-engined air-liners of 2,200 horse-power, carrying 38 or 39 passengers and a crew of four.

The reliability of commercial flying has increased from ap proximately 60 per cent to just on 100 per cent.

Air-mail Foads have grown from a few thousand letters 日 year to totals running into millions.

Parcels consigned by air, to and from London; have increas- ed from ammere handful to loads which, at busy times, now amount to more than 60 tons weekly.

Even before the end of the Great operating were merged in the one War the British Government realis-national enterprise of Imperial Air- ed the possibilities lying before ways, and a vigorous policy was In- post-war commercial aviation, and stituted in the development of long- the Civil Aerial Transport Commit-distance Empire routes. Progress tee was appointed to survey the in this vital field may be summar: whole field of peace-time flying, ised as follows:--

1926: Establishment of the first Then, after the Armistice, a com- mercial department was formed at Empire air-mail of 1,100 miles between

and the Air Ministry and in August, 152Completion of the through

1919. British 'planes and pilots route of 5,000 miles between England Istituted the world's first daily air and, India. express between London and Paris. tians of the route

1931-Opening of the initial, sec. between England It cost 20 guineas, at that time, to and South Africa.

the chain of evidence stems so complete, that I have no doubt it will soon be accomplished without the aid of the screw or gas-bag."

A True Pioneer

fly between the two capitals in a 1932: Completion of the 8,000 miles small and noisy aircraft.

service between London and Cape Mechanical light when it came sidized by the tax-payer.

To-day the fare is only five Town. was not achieved according to Har- This is the ruling of the Air

1933-Extensions of the India mer-) grave's views of 1884, but by 1909, Ministry, contained in a letter to pounds by the de-luxe service of vice to Calcutta, Rangoon, and Singa-

Aviation Club, flying Pullmane in which passen-pore. six years after the epoch-making the York County

Towards the end of this year! flights of the brothers Wright in which has its flying ground at gers lunch and dine while they are the United States, Hargrave had Sherburn-in-Elmet, between Leads aloft; and as an indication of how further extensions eastward of traffe is increasing it may be men-Singapore will enable the goal to be contributed 19 papers to the Royal and Selby. 'Society of New South Wales on The Leeds branch of the Bri-tioned that, whereas in 1919 a day's reached of a complete air-mail ser route might vice between England, and Austra tish Union of Fascists, desirous of traite on the Paris various aspects of aeronautics.

orilla; while investigations are being. His contributions to progress, forming a flying class, had ap-not comprise more than two which included the dihedral angle proached the York County Avia three passengers in each direction, continued actively with a view to matter. The nowadays in the course of a single operating an Atlantic air service, and the division of the supporting tion Club on the

were

At least one Roosevelt was around to hid bon voyage to the_10_big United States army bombing planes when they took off from Bolling Field, Washington, D.C., on the first leg of the long flight to Alaska. Here are some son of the of the giant ships leaving the deld. Inset, Elliott Roosevelt, President, being instructed by Lieut. Col. Henry Arnold, flight commander.

FLYING SCHOOL FIGHTER

PRINCE VON STARHEMBERG

LEARNS TO FLYTM

Lessons Conducted Under

Armed Plane Guard

Prince von Starhemberg, the Austrian Vice-Chancellor, is learning fing and already be- gan practical lessons on the aviation ground of Aspern.........' The Prince was accompanied by four Heimwehr men armed with machine-guna. During the Prince's first fight, a police plane constantly circled around.

SCHOOL LESSONS IN AIR LINER

GEOGRAPHY MADE THRILLING

MAPS COME TO LIFE

TESTING THE

HEIGHT LIMIT

IN AVIATION

Effect Produced By

Air Pressure

VOLUNTEER FAINTS AT

"43,000 FEET"

---

Mr. Eric Taylor, a technical officer on the Royal Air Force Establishment, South Farn- borough, Hants, is the hero of remarkable air-pressure experl- ments carried out to simulate the effects of high flying. The results of the experiments are recounted in the new "Pro- ceedings". (Biological Sciences section) of the Royal Society.

They tend to the conclusion that a height of 43,000 feet- that is about eight miles-la the limit of human endurance.

The writer, Sir Leonard Hill, is Director of Research at the London Clinic and Institute of Physical Medicine. Under the title, "The Limit of High Flying when Breath-

PERAK BOXER

NOW STUDYING ing Oxygen," he describes how the ENGINEERINGed with a thick glass disc

Seeking Colony Bout At Bantam Weight

KAI TAK ACTIVITIES

as an

necessary apparatus was construct-

observation window, a pump, a pressure gauge and a barometer tube with the end dipped in mercury.

Mr. Taylor, who had volunteered for the experiment, breathed oxygen.. from

Salvus apparatus, and while

Mr. Tan Yeng-beng (Battling the air was evacuated, gradually to Chan) who joined the Far East represent a rise in flight, he took Flying Training School in Hong notes in full view of the observa- Hong last May is a fighter of some repute.

In addition to winning a large number of important box- ing contest in Perak, Mr. Tan is the holder of the 1933 Almal- gamated Amusement Gold Belt, the championship belt for North Malaya

He hopes to interest the Co- lony in Bantam weight con- tests as soon as a suitable op-. panent appears.: Apart from boxing, Tan is also

tion window.

At 85,000ft. slight loss of colour

was noticed.

At 37,000ft. he took his own pulse

and wrote it down.

At 40,000ft. his colour was de-

surfaces into fore and aft units,jclub, in doubt as to where they day there are sometimes 250 travel-connecting the existing Empireceived the idea of teaching his pupils the

of no mean order and they stood, consulted the Ministry. In lers flying between the two capitals (routes with the air-mail system local geography by giving them a School in Hong Kong. On compencil out of his hand .... His face

Development Of Aircraft

entitle him to a place beside such reply the secretary has received in British air-liners to say nath-Canada.

ing of the many passengers flying pioneers as Lilienthal, Chanute and the following letter: Maxim.

directed to reply that, to and from other destinations on

"I am

It

finitely paler. He nodded to say he was quite comfortable, and appeared to be in no distress. "Occasionally," Sir Leonard writes, "he took a deep sighing respiration. Apart from this, his respiration was slightly hurried and very noticeably deeper than normal, and he was seen to manipulate the a very fine athlete.

oxygen apparatus.... At 43,660ft. Mr. Tan has now concentrated he was seen to make an effort to his attention on aircraft engineer write on a block of paper, and ...、 Ing and is at present doing the

every movement A Dutch schoolmaster has con-two year engineering, course at eame a series of rapid jerks. The attempted be- Far East Flying Training tablet fell from his knee and the bird's-eye view of the landscape. piction of the course, Mr. Tan had become an ashy-grey .... He now takes his class up in a will sit for the Government ex was obvious that the experiment In no phase, reviewing the period large air-liner which dies over the aminations for the aircraft was in the true sense of the while the Council do not desire to the Continent, or those departing from 1919 to 1934, has development area included in the day's geography gineers licences before returning

en- must be terminated immediately." term a pioneer and at the same time prevent individual members of the or arriving by the Empire routes. been more marked than in the air-lesson, the actual country being to Malaya.

No Knowledge Of Fainting After they had been operating one of those rare Individuals who British Union

Air was admitted- so as to bring Tan's engineering studies are care nothing

him down to 42,000ft. He recover- pecuniary joining a subsidized club as ordin- for three months the pioneer Lon-craft used from year to year. spread out like a huge map below

the first small them.

not to interfere with boxing gain which may result from their ary, members and learning to fly don-Paris 'planes proved so reliable Fifteen years ago labours. Some of his models are as such they are unable to coun- that the Post Office entrusted them machine on the Paris route carried Each pupil is provided with a activities as he is already fighting ed to the extent of sitting up A year later ma-map, and a wireless installation is his way to popularity with his paper, and beginning to write. It

was decided to abandon the experi in the Technological Museum, Syd-section of the Fascists' organiza-In those days it cost half-a-crownjchines were operating which car-fixed in the air liner, a set of fellow pupils in the form of boment, and the "height" was reduced now preserved in Germany, others tenance the formation of an air with the regular carriage of mails. nes, where an effort is being made tion within a club in receipt of to send a letter by air from London ried 8 passengers; following which headphones being provided. to every ing bouts staged in the School. to show the various stages in the financial assistance from the Air to Paris. To-day the fee is four-came aircraft carrying from 9 to seat. The schoolmaster sits in development of the neroplane.

Д club for training sunce letter to India by air for six-introduction by Imperial Airways this conducts his class, pointing out The papers Hargrave wrote have of such not so far been published separate-parades or other purposes of that pence, to Cape Town for tenpence, of B-engined air-liners with accom- the main features of the country- modation for 19 passengers. And side while his pupils pick them out] now to-day we have giant 4-engined on their maps. New South Wales in 1923 and 1924 It is understood that it was the

machines which carry 88 years passengers and a crew of four, and learn and retain more geographical twn articles appeared describing, intention of the Fascists to go to frat, his experiment with mono-Sherburn for tuition as a class of (af, pioneer operation, that all the in which, in addition to the luxury knowledge from one aerial lesson)

for any

from of Fascists

two passengers.

at a rate of about 3,000ft. per minute.

"On being released from the

Vote, or the use

of the premises Pence; while you can send a half-114 passengers. Then we saw the front of a microphone, and from ROUND-EUROPE AI chamber he climbed out easily and

RACE STARTS

Army Plane Turns Turtle

Jy. but in the Technical Gazette of movement.

planes and, secondly, his experi-jabout a dozen members.

ments with curved surfaces and

box-kites. Both were published under the title "Lawrence Har- grave-Australia's Pioneer in Avia- tion," but are now out of print.

SHANGHAI-SINKIANG

AIR SERVICE

Difficulties In Way Of Resumption

According to Mr. Li Djing-dzung, Managing-Director of the Eurasia Aviation Corp., who has just re- turned from Kaisu, there is still. difficulty in the way of resumption of the Shanghai-Sinklang air ser- vice on account of the indifferent attitude of Gen. Shen Shih-tsai, Garrison Commander of Sinkiang, who is in control of that region.

Mr. Li said that the firm had sent many telegrams to Gen. Shen' on the subject. but so far not a word had been received from him,

HIGH MILEAGE OF US. PLANES

The average American transport plane flies more than 60 per cent. farther in one year than the aver- age' plane, of any European. “DA- tional system

"The Britishy dirigible Reßt was the Arst fleship" to cross the Atlantic ia} both directions.

or to Singapore for elevenpence.

Imperial 'Airways Formed

It was in 1924, after five

British air organisations

An unusual photo of Charle, A. Lindbergh within a plane, shows kim at the controls as he gave the new fring boat 8-4% 10 "That Teit«before (E was turned over to the Pan-American Airways

at Bridgeport, Coun, where it was built 1 becomes; the work. largest passenger plane in "active service is it goes into operation between the United States and Latin Americs.

or 39

It is stated that the children

then and silence of their big saloons, than from a dozen lessons in the

there is, a catering equipment.

In speed, which is the watchword. of transport by air, the tale has been, one of gradual accelerations in which increased speeds have

been accompanied, always, by high factors of aafety, reliability, and of comfort for passengers. In 1919 the first sma!} war-converted 'planes were flying at about 80 mfles-an-hour, and from that figure the speed Increased to 90 and 100 miles-an-hour.

schoolroom.

RAIN CAUSED BY BOMBING

Watching Townspeople

"Drenched

Waxahachie, Tex-

ACCIDENT MARS TAKE-OFF

stood up without swaying. His colour was red enough, but still with a slightly when tinge, es- pecially about the lips and lobes. of the ear".

Sir Leonard concludes by saying Mr. Taylor had no knowledge of having been unconscious or of drop Warsaw, Aug. 23. ping paper and pencil Curiously Altogether 36, aeroplanes took enough, at the moment of fainting, off at noon to-day for the Inter- although embarrassed by oxygen that ar race around Europe want, he felt like going on to

after impressive ceremonies con- much greater height.. ducted by President Moscicki on.....

the airfield here before a multi- NEW TYPE OF R.A.F. tude of spectators.

The last-minute arrival of the Italian participants was the chief excitement of the day since it was feared that the Italians might

Malti-Engined Machines Mr. James Boze, chemist, and follow the example of the French

our

OBSERVER

Recruitment From "Trade" Ranks

Then came big multi-engined Mr. Wilfred Bottenfield, aeroplane contestants and withdraw from luxury machines cruising at 105 pilot, flew to an altitude of 15,000 the race at the last hour, without

A new type of air observer is miles-an-hour. To-day

4-feet from which vantage point reason. Besides Italy, Germany, being introduced in the Royal Air engined air-liners of the "Atalanta" they fired a bomb from a treach Czechoslovakia, and Poland will Force, in conjunction with steps to type cruise at 120 miles-an-hour, mortar lato the clouds 5,000 feet take part. One English avlatrix, meet personal requirements on ex- and are capable of a top speed of below. on August 25,

Miss Slade, is taking part as ob-

150 miles-an-hour; while the newest The theory was that the bomb server, her plane being piloted by pansion and to provide adequate

careers. for airmen.. express aircraft of the 4-engined, would create a current of cold a fellow-countryman named Mer

These observers, it is stated, will "Diana" type cruise at 145 mlles-air to refrigerate the clouds, and pherson, who, however, is flying be drawn very largely from the an-hour, and have a top of 175 cause rainfall. Townspeople under Polish colours. The win trades of armourer, photographer

miles-an-hour.

future be recruited from a' new

entranta. A certain

number of

watching, the experiment from the ner will receive, besides the cup, Since the institution of Imperial ground below received a thorough a, cash prize of 100,000 French and wireless operator, which will in Airways, just over ten years ago, drenching within 15 minutes... France; the second gets 40,000 class of personnel known as "boy its aircraft have flown 18,144,751 The rain was of short duration, francs; and the third 81,500 mlles, and have carried 816,692 however, and not extensive or suf francs. A score of special

airman pilots will also be drawn passengers, and 7,992 tons of mails ficient enough to more than settle awards has been donated by pro from these trades. and freight. And now to

to-day, the dust on the parched farm minent persons in Poland." while loads are increasing, operat below. Another test, will be made. The festival spirit of the oc- lng costs, decreasing, and, the next week when they plan, to drop cagion was somewhat marred dur aim of the Company is, as it has 100 time bombs exploding 15,000 ing an acrobatic exhibition before Jalways been been, to continue the feet downward The chemist and the beginning of the competition

development of air transport until the aviator were convinced, that when a military plane turned The per capita ownership of it reaches economic, independence, they are on the right track and turtle and seriously injured the civil aeroplanes in the United and is dying on ad Empire-wide further experi ahonid enable pilot. Following the accident, Sta transport machines ex- rain-making the President and his-aulte left the cluded, is more than twice that of scala without any need for further them to extend the assistance from the State:

[aerodrome. over a wide ares,

any European country.

CIVIL AEROPLANES IN AMERICA