1931-10-06 — Page 5

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1931.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,

Early History and Origin.

་

THE CHINA

MAIL.

houses, stuttered throughout the HISTORY OF THE GOLD and present day America and

town, but in 1278 the Univeralty was given a plot of ground by Nigel da Thornton, and on this site,, with- several anal additions, a group of

buildings took form, ranging around an open courtyard, and some of these buildings or schools, na they were termed, now form part of the exlating University Library.

be: The medieval undergraduate was

ORIGIN EXPLAINED. A wally accepted popular

totally different from his modern Hef prevails to the effect that the

counterpart. He came to the Uni- colleges of Oxford and Cambridge versity when he was a mere boy of developed out of institution of а monastic character in which the minority remained long enough to thirteen or fourteen, and only a small pursuit of knowledge had outrun take a Master's Degree. In early the interest in religious abagr days the University did not concern Vances: This popular theory is itself with the discipline or even entirely erroneous, The colleges the housing of these youthful stu- of Cambridge owe little or nothing dents, though later, to check cer

Master and Fellows.

appear

the Sixteenth

STANDARD.

Sovereigns, 'Bradburys,' and Bank Notes.

ACT OF 1844.

the gold standard.

It may be asked exactly what

plain. The pre-war currency sye this means and we hasten to ex

tem of Great Britain dates from 1844, when the Bank Charter Act was passed empowering the Bank of England to issue notes up to a fixed limit and thereafter for further sums against a cover of gold. A change in the rela tive importance of the different forms of currency has since taken place..

Japan.

A Clover Device.

Since the war the gold sover- eign ceased to circulate and

a

Treasury note was made legal

tendér.

Bank of England notes were

PATRONISING ENGLAND.

What the Soviet

Workers Think,

convertible into bar gold in SERVITUDE OF OUR WAITRESSES amounts of not less than 400

about £1,600. This device which

..

1.

and

Great Britain is temporarily off ounces, the value of which is The silence of the Soviet work- was the basis of the Gold Stand- ers who are visiting England has ard Act of 1925 mentioned in the]

broken.

merely for hoarding or pocket Trade Unions,, spoke up on behalf cablegram, cramped the ambi-Lenau, who is a member of the The leader of the party, Mr. tions of those who wanted gold Board of the Central Council of money purposes, but ensured the of the party. convertibility of British legal"

Some of his remarks may ap- tender money into gold for the purposes of export and so linked faintly patronising.

pear. to Britons, to .be to the monasteries, and it is nearer taln abuses, boarding houses, "g:

British money with that of other to the mark to say that they were, hostels us they were called, were

gold standard countries and gave some things they liked, but many The workers, he said, had seen brought into existence to coun- established.

Even when the col

it a world wide, as well as a local, others they did not like. eract and to break down an educa». Jeges were founded, their object

acceptibility. tional monopoly. They were the was to provide board, lodging and

Dining and immediately after their assiduity at work under These workers, rewarded for- of a reaction against the

the war, result

a small stipend for teachers only

authorised to issue paper money trip, have, it may be recalled,

the Treasury system by which the nequisition and

was the Five Years' Plan by this dissemination of knowledge had be-.

The designations muster and come the exclusive privilege of cer- scholars, which

In 1844 Bank notes were re-

known as Treasury Notes for. £1 and 10%. These were sometimes sleeping, however, on the steam in the

spent four days in England, tan religious orders. They were Foundation Charters,

garded as of prime importance, #11

referred to as "Bradburys" as er Ukraine at Hay's Wharf. menn brought into existence to meet the medern

whereas in 1914 the notes had terminology master and largely passed out of use, having John Bradbury, the Secretary to sions to industrial towns,

they bore the signature of Sir Some of them have made excur needs of those who wished

for fellows, and it was knowledge without the obligation of until.

not been superseded by the cheque; the Treasury at the time when Century they were employed chiefly by they were first issued. More re- of Marx at Highgate, where they conforming to the mode of life pre- that students were privileged to bankers

one contingent visited the grave scribed by monastic rules and re- reside in colleges

as till monеу," and cently the Bank of England took This idea of emancipa of a small annual charge. From the ing payments where a cheque

on the payment were sometimes used for effect over the issue of these notes, and placed a wre: th. tien is well indicated by the fact carllest days the University and might not be acceptable, e.g., in that although in the early days the colleges, though serving a com- there was no objection to monks at mon cause, have been separate or-

the discharge of travelling ex- tending lectures or taking a Ual- ́ganizations. The University versity Degree, they were not on

the middle ages Was any account permitted to parti- poration of learned tren associated cipate in the life or management of for the purpose of teaching and for the colleges.

conferring degrees, primarily in tended as a licence to teach, The In college architecture a reaction teacher thus licensed became a against monastic influence is also member of the ruling body. The noticeable. Instead of following Colleges, on the other hand, were the layout evolved to suit the originally founded to house and re- munastic life, the colleges were munerate teachers, and it was only mora inclined

take as much inter, as an afterthought, their

model the quadrangular that they took up the duty of pro- country houses of the 14th Century, viding lodging and in scrie cases which were replacing the severely free maintenance deserving utilitarian strongholds of an earlier students,Address period. Thus the communal fore the Institution of Mechanical dormitory never" appeared in college Engineurs by Professor C. E. buildings, and eloisters, though Inglis and reported in Engineering.ment of values and the basic

gulations.

A Reaction.

cor-

of

penses.

With n currency of notes, looks for the standard by which cheques and coin in use, one the value thereof is measured: just as in measurements of ex- tension, for example one looks for a standard of linear measure. The Sovereign.

they now enjoy the same status

Transposed Headlines.

"Expected Tips!"

us Bank of England notes of will be long remembered among A visit to a London restaurant higher denominations.

them. They were astonished to find that the waiters and waft- PRINTER'S ERRORS.

resses, who "appeared to be in a position of servitude," seemed to expect tips. (Mr. Lenau did not revent whether they got their newspaper must have been greatly the communal restaurants the Readers of a leading provincial tips). In Russia, It appears, in

astonlehed once recently when the waiters and waitresses are in a currency standard in transposition of two headlines on position of complete equality.

Here are the words of Mr. Great Britain was the gold sover-the front page altered the whole eign. This standard dated from aspect of the principal stories of Lenau:- 1816: prior to which England the day, says the Paris correspon- had been on a bimetallic stand dent of the Daily Telegraph. ard; and, before that, again on a Beneath the title:

London; and another delivered he silver standard.. When it is said that England possessed the gold standard. it is meant that the standard unit for the measure-

for

or

The

medium of exchange was the gold sovereign.

The proof of the existence of a is the power of obtaining gold pure gold standard in a country immediately and unconditionally at par value in exchange for any other form of money in circula- | tion.

"The Sultan of Morroco arrived yesterday at Nice."

"One of the things which did impressus was the efficiency of the municipal organisation of was the number of homeless people on There appeared the sub-title:

the Embankment, in Trafalgur Frontler to-day to be confronted Martin's.

"He will be conducted to the Square, and in the crypt of St.

"We liked the London parks with Gualino,

And neatly balancing this sur.and the Underground railways prising announcement, in the cor- very much, and hope to initate side of the page there was printed traffic responding. columns on the other them in Russian cities, but the

control; we the headline:

thought. would be much more efficient The Banker Oustric arrived with the use of fewer men and yesterday at Marseilles."

more mechanical devices. Ox- Followed by:

ford Street is a very good begin-

"He was respectfully greeted by ning. the prefect of the Bouches-du-t Not At All Impressed, Rhone, and by all the authorities:

"Some of the industrial works of our great Port."

we have seen we have liked, but

The pre-war currency of Great Britain could stand this test, and pre-war England was an exam- a strict gold standard country a distinction unique amongst world currencies to a lesser extent were most of the pre-war continental countries ly printers' errors.

It is difficult not to feel that it in Russia many of them are on a would be a far more exciting world much larger scale. Many of the if such happeninga were not mere-factories, too, did not impress us. at all, because they were not in any way technically in advance of what we have in Russia.

SAGO TEHONIATARAKAKOWA!

sometimes introduced, were cvi. dently not regarded as a necessity. A little celebration was being So far I have been speaking only held in the local golf club. One of of the college, the first of which, the menibers had announced that Peterhouse, was founded in 1281, he would be going abroad shortly, For the genesis of the University, and his friends were bidding him and for the reason why Cambridge good-bye. became a university centre, it is "But it's fairly hot in India at necessary to go back to a date which times," ventured one man. "Aren't is even more remote. The seed of you afraid the climate may dis- learning, which took rost and ger- agree with your wife?" minated, was planted here because; The man who was departing for from an early date, certainly before foreign climes looked at his ques-ple of the reign of King John, Cambridge tioner pityingly for a second was a town of great commercial im- two, then: portance, and once a year, from

"It wouldn't dare," he said blt- August 24 to September 28, the terly. far-famed Stourbridgde Fair was held on a tract of ground adjoining an open site now known as Mid- summer Common: This fair grew with ever-increasing importance until the middle of the Eighteenth Century, when it renched its zenith; it then gradually waned and sank into insignificance. It attracted merchants from every part of Europe, and Defoe, who visited it in the early part of the Eighteenth Century, speaks of it as exceeding In importance any similar fair in this country or elsewhere. A great street of booths called Cheap-i side, half a mile in length, was erected, and here, as well as in lesser streets, merchandise of every description was exposed for anle. In one booth belonging to a Nor- "wich dealer," Defoe speaks of seeing) stuffs stored to the value of twenty thousand pounds, and the quantity of wool disposed of at the fair, he says, amounted to between fifty and sixty thousand pounds in value.

A Matter of Conjecture. Out of this great fair eight centuries ago, the University had its origin, and the beginning, though mainly a matter of conjecture, can be visualised as having taken place) in this manner. An itinerant friar

in the course of his journeyings from one monastery to another, finding himself in Cambridge at the time of the fair, when the town was full of strangers, may have; Been his way to earn an honest penny by giving a short course of popular lectures.* He finds an ap preciative audience, the lectures are u-success, he promises to re- peat and extend them next year, and so from small intermittent be- ginnings systematic courses of In- struction begin to take ahape. One teacher no longer auffices, ho engages understudies, -and gradual-} ly out of this emerges a permanent official, originally known as thin Rector, and the forerunner, of the official head of the University now termed the Chancellor, "e

!

The First Sile...

In the earliest stages at this evolution before any of the Col- Inges were foundéð.. teaching, was carried out in a number of separate

"Greetings, Chief Swiftest Rider

HAY

Of Mighty Waters"

encars have been heaped upon Captain R. G. to his feats of seamanship with the big white war "Jock" Latta, commander of the trans-Atlantle canoe." Menting the Empress of Britain in their record liner Empress of Britain since his new 42,500 raily decorated birch bark canoes a score of braves vessel regalned the Blue Ribbon of the Atlantis for and Squaws, led by Wolvering Running Bull, the British Empire by all classes of people but none American Heras and Princess White Eagle, danced have been more sincerely offered than the recent their ceremonial dance on the Games Dock of the tribute of the Six Nations Indians.

mighty liner, stood in reverent allence while the

Encamped at Loretteville, Quebec, where they old Chief invoked the great spirits and rent the air are catablishing a village in which the ancient arts of Wolverine crowned the new chief with a war bonnet with their whoops as Princess White Engle and Chief the redman are practiced, members of the Bix of eagle's feathers. Nations under the leadership of B1 year old

Chlof Wolverine, recently honoured the Canadian canoes cluster round the big ship as she arrives, Photon show (left) Chiefs and braves in thele Paride Commodore by adopting him into the tribes (right) The final ceremony, and the deer skin certiť. and conferring chieftainship upon him as tribute icate of adoption.

"One thing that did impress us very much was the difference between the standing of the em- ployers and the workers, and also seeing workers taking their meals in the workshops.

"We have met with a great deal of friendliness and courtesy in this country, but we were. struck by the very hostile and unfriendly attitude of some, shop- keepers, who displayed notices saying: 'No. Russian goods sold here. We did not spend any of pocket-money at those

our

shops."

The work done by English girls in factories came in for its share ofcriticism, because--the-Rus sians did not see girls doing skill- ed work, while, in their opinion, |the average wage of the British worker did not allow him a de- cent living.

While they have been here the Russians have read what Mr. Bernard Shaw had to say about Russia, and are very pleased with it.

"The impression Mr. Shaw has [got ́is quito correct, and he has aucceeded in getting the right view of conditions in Rusaia," said Mr. Lenau. "I only wish we could go and visit him, but there is not. time.”

CLASH IN SPAIN.

Several Communist Workers Killed.

Seville, Spain, Sept. 28. Labour Unionists clashed with Communist port workers to-day, resulting in several deaths among the Communists, guard was wounded. A

A

According to reports from Salamanca, poasanta" attacked civil guards in the town of Paln- clos Derublos after a mass meet- ing.

The guards opened fire, killing two of the rioters,

Reinforcements were summon-

ed and restored order,—United Press.

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