1929-12-26 — Page 13

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1929.

LUBRICATION

to the vertical compressor,

The system involved for the lubrication of compressor cylinders, stuffing boxes and enclosed bearings will have a decided Influence upon the grade of the oil that should be

used!.

THE CHINA

MAIL.

13

aite lubricating Alms, with the least what higher viscosity, ie, 200 to would indicate that the oil is not amount of oxceas to drain off. 800 seconds Saybolt, will give more being entirely removed or trapped.

On many types of machines it is satisfactory results.

(Allowance, of course, should be The Salient Factor in good practice to lubricate Internal The purest grade of straight dis- made for oil leakage around the and external parta individually. In tilled mineral oil obtainable Is al-stuffing box, although to just what Operation

other words, using the mechanical ways advisable in order that the extent this may occur depend lubricator with perhaps three out-above requirements will be ade-on the individual installation, the Effective lubrication is of decid- lets for cyllader and stuffing box quately met. Olls of this nature care given to lubrication, and the ed importance in the operation of service, and an independent gravity will have a sufficient range of phy-original viscosity of the oil, refrigerating machinery. Oil in

or mechanical pressure circulating sical properties to lubricate com- Sealing the Stuffing Box any part of a cooling system will system for all-other bearings. pressors effectively under all With compressors using either tend to reduce réfrigerating eff

Requirements Involved

normal operating conditions.

ammonia or carbon dioxide, one of ciency due to its becoming ao alug- Mechanical force feed lubricators | Animal and vegetable oils are not the most important factora la to gish under the low temperatures in-are especially adapted to cylinder auftable for such service inasmuch maintain suitable stuffing box seals volved as to form an interior lining and rod lubrication via the oil inn- as they will have a tendency to con- and properly lubricated piston rode. in the expansion coils and material-tern, or oil recess within the piston goal at low temperatures and gum Where ammonia is involved, it is, ly affect the heat transfer..

rod stuffing box. By properly con at higher temperatures. They will necessary to remember that this Lubrication of refrigerating

structing a stulling box with a lead also react to a certain extent with chemical has a certain corrosive: machinery is exceptional In that we to come from tre lubricator, it is ammonia, to cause the formation of action upon copper and bronze. must consider the action and effects possible to operate the piston rod sludge.

Stuffing boxes, for such service, are of the lubricants upon parts not continually through a ring of oil. When Viscosity Must be Considered therefore built of cast iron or steel requiring lubrication as well in this way effective rod lubrica- Viscosity is an especial factor (as are other parts of the compres upan the actual wearing surfaces. tion, as well as sealing against where enclosed crankcase, high sor) and metallic (babbitt metai) As a result, considerable care and pressure, can be maintained.

speed machines of the wet compres- asbestos, or rubber packing is used. judgment must be used in selecting

To lubricate the cylinder in ad-sion type are involved. As a rule, How the Oll Lantern Functions the lubricants.

dition, It is only necessary to de- oils should be used which will In some types of machines a hol- Means of Lubrication Employed box lantern and provide a so-called presence of the refrigerant and a between two separate sets of pack. (liver additional oil to the stuffing stand considerable churning in the low apace or "oil lantern" la located, Splash and pressure lubrication overflow pipe to carry this to the certain amount of water vapour. ing. This space surrounds the rod predominate in refrigerating com refrigerant suction lino adjacent to pressors to-day. The latter is sult the cylinder.

The one oil lubricates the entire and is Alled with oil. It not only ed for the lubrication of both ver-similar to the principles of steam capable of serving both the cylin- leakage of ammonts, but also as an In effect, this is machine. As a result, it must be serves as a seal to prevent loss or tical and horizontal machines. The cylinder lubrication, the refrigerat-ders and bearings. It should not effective means for platon rod former, however, is more adapted ing gas being impregnated with emulsify to any great extent, for lubrication.

passage through the compressor, vaporized lubricant prior to its this might result in clogging of the Lubricant is usually fed to the lubricating system or impairment, "oil lantern" by means of a hand or Hand pump oilers can also be of refrigeration should it work past automatic pressure oil pump.. used for this purpose, bat mechani- the piston rings and over to the re- Where the piston rod is efficiently cal force feed lubricators are more frigerating side. positive and require less attention

lubricated, its surface will have a The physical condition of the smooth gloss and be covered with on the part of the operator. valves, piston rings and stuffing a light film of oil; there will be boxes must always be considered in no indication of overheating, and deciding upon the viscosity of oil a relatively perfect seal will be In the selection of lubricants for to use.

maintained with a minimum of cold storage and refrigeration | Splash lubrication constitutes machinery, due regard must always lubricating properties will be the In some types of double-acting

Practically as important as its leakage. distribution of the ait at each re-be given to the service involved seal volution of the crank, the level in and the operating conditions that ability. If the cylinder wall and also as a means of introducing the and compression - forming machines, the "oil lantern" serven the crank-ense being maintained; will probably be encountered. just high enough to permit the

moving parts are in first-class con- lubricant to the compressor cylin- To overlook or disregard the im-dition, a straight mineral oil of ap- der by allowing it to work past the crank to dip and splash the reces-portance of such factors as the proximately 200 seconds Saybolt piston rod packing. There is an sary amount of oil to the cylinder method of lubrication Involved, the viscosity at 100 degrees Fahr. will added advantage to this method In

Continued operation will resuit frigerating coils, the mechanical

temperature in the expansion or re- be suitable.

that certain grades of packing, in the crankcase being filled with condition of the compressor, etc., cylinder walls and rings, naturally ammonia gaa, will be protected by: The more worn and scored the which might be reacted upon by a lubricating vapour above the main and the location, type and efficiency the higher must be the viscosity, the lubricant. body of oil, which will insure ade-of the oil separator may frequently commensurate with the pour test, quate lubrication of main, wrist pin lead to marked increase in main- to maintain the requisite seal and lubrication, however, is to design Mora usual practice in cylinder and crank pin bearings as well.

Careful attention is necessary, capacity.

tenance costs and reduction in degree of compression. Usually an compressors for pressure lubrica- especially when re-charging the

oil having a viscosity of 300 seconds tion, using a positive oil pump or case with oil, to see that the level ammonia

Lubricating oils for service in an Saybolt at 100 degrees Fahr. will force feed lubricator which is is not raised too high. The result therefore, require consideration of

compression system, be satisfactory in this event.

driven from the reciprocating would be churning by the crank, their pour test, and viscosity, for will have a greater tendency to nection.

Horizontal compressor cylinders mechanism through a suitable con- bringing about such violent agita- it is these characteristics which wear out of round than those of tion in the main body of oil as to will be indicative of the extent and vertical machines. Therefore, such vantageous in that the amount of oftentimes preclude effective pre-degree of success with which any compressors will, in general, re-lubricant supplied to the compres cipitation of any impurities that lubricant will function, in accord-quire a somewhat heavier lubricant. sor is dependent upon the speed of may have gained entry, would also be possibility of loss of and constructional conditions.

There ance with the particular operating It is not advisable, however, to at-operation. It is, therefore, depend lubricant past the piston rings, with

tempt to compensate for wear by able, economical and requisite of subsequent entry of an excess of oil

Importance of the Four Test increasing the viscosity too much, little attention on the part of the into the condensing and evaporat-

The most important characteris-due to the possibility of emulsifica-engineer, excepting when it is ing parts of the system.

tic of an ol for refrigerating tion, and contamination of the re-necessary to reall the lubricator. Piston Rings Must be Properly

machinery lubrication is that it frigerant." shall remain fluid at the lowest tem- Oil Supply Must be Controlled Another point to remember inperatures to which it may be sub- Wherever an excess of all may this regard is that where piston (jected during operation. These find its way to the evaporating or rings are not sufficiently tight, temperatures will be encountered cooling side of a refrigerating the crank-case contains too much in the expansion or refrigerating system, certain detriments will be cil or agitation is too violent, the side of the system, or, in other involved, as have already been men- excess which naturally will reach words, beyond the expansion valve. tioned. the cylinder walls will tend to work

It will, therefore, be of interest to: study the principles involved in these methods of lubrication.

walls, etc.

ly in an

Splash Systems

Adjusted

Selection of Lubricants for Ammonia Systems

How the Separator Functions

Force-feed lubrication is ad

covering the oil and purifying the charge of ammonia to keep same in actual function of the olla pure anhydrous condition without separator is to remove any particles interfering with the continuous of oll from the refrigerant while operation of the plant.

Thus, by careful adjustment and correction, "It is possible to feed s definite quantity of lubricant at each stroke and at just the right time to be most effective...

Reclaiming Compressor Olls It is practicable to reclaim oil from an

ammonia compression There are many oils, of course, In this connection, it is interest-system by installing an ammonia; which, by virtue of their base and ing to discuss the meana whereby distilling apparatus. This device past the rings, as occurs frequently acgree of reßnement, will not be this is normally prevented by use has the dual advantage of both re- in an automobile engine..

This is often termed oil pumping. able to withstand lower tempera- of an oil separator. Not only is it wasteful, but especial-tures without congealing to a cer-

The ammonia compression tain extent, depending upon the system will it be a detriment, for amount of wax that may be contain oll in the refrigerating lines will ad impose an added load on the oil Congealment Will Involve Deposits this latter is in gaseous form, after Such equipment can be connected separator. Furthermore, if by

Congealment will mean that at has left the compressor. The to the discharge line oil separator chance the oil is not of sufficiently film of all will be deposited on the larger the oil particles, of course, and the bottom of the; liquid am- low pour test there will be a pos

Inner surfaces of the refrigerating the more effective will be the monia receiver, from which oil and sibility of its congealing within the piping to form more or less of an separator. It should, therefore, be other Impurities may be drawn, for system, reducing refrigeration to a

insulating medium which will pre-located so as to permit of adequate subsequent distillation of ammonia, marked degree.

vent proper abstraction of heat precipitation of the oil within the After all the liquid ammonia has Exccas Oil a Detriment from the compartment or medium ammonia gas.

been evaporated and returned to the Use of excess oil in a splash which is to be cooled. If this is The capacity of any separater suction line of the system, the oll lubricated system will also involve allowed to continue it is evident should be ample so that the velocity can then be drawn from the bottom the possibility of difficulty when that the refrigerating capacity of of the gas passing through will not of the still using suction pressure draining and cleaning, especially the system will be reduced and be too high. But we must realize for this purpose. Such oli asis where sludging has taken place.

ultimately it will be necessary to that any excessive lubricant fed to drawn off will contain a certain Churning of certain oils in a clean out these congealed oil des the compressor will tend to impose amount of gas. It should, there- crankcase will give rise to sludge posits.

a heavy load upon the ell separator.fore, be set aside until the gases formation if they have not been

Location and Installation have freed themselves. The ap very highly refined. In part this In connection with this matter of The manner of location of the thia operation materially.

plication of a little heat will assist

or carbon.

Water an Objection

Care should, of course, be taken

*Be sure to see il”

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is due to oxidation; it will be most possible congealment, consideration oil separator or trap is decidedly probable where water is, present or must also be given to water. It is important. In general, It should be in handling the distiller to prevent the oil is laden with foreign mat-essential that the oil at all times placed between the discharge of the too rapid evaporation, which will ter, such as dirt, metallic particles, be practically free from water, compressor and the point of entry cause a bolling-over effect and the

otherwise this will freeze if carried of the gas into the condenser. It is, therefore, Important to fol-over to the refrigerator colle, in In certain machines, a purge through passage back to the suction loss of a large proportion of oil low regular perlods for cleaning, which case it would probably revalve may be installed under the line. and to look carefully into the con- main in the system, and result in a condenser to enable removal of any After removal of the all from the dition of the used oil, for this will certain decrease in evaporative oll that may have passed the distilling system it is ready to be very often indicate both the ap-efficiency.

separatur, due to the rush of hot altered. A separate filter should proximate suitability of the latter It is therefore necessary for the gas preventing proper condensation be used for this work. The size and and the extent to which effective operator to use the utmost care in and collection of the oil. lubrication is being attained. plating oil cans beneath snow-

type of filter to be used will depend Oll will practically always be upon the size of the plant and the Pressure Lubrication

covered auction pipes, etc., or any- atomized to a certain extent by amount of all to be handled. Pro With many types of vertical or where else where moisture might virtue of the heat of compressionviding the original oil has been horizontal refrigerating machines, splash or drip foto the contents, which is prevalent. This oll vapour chosen with a view to giving most pressure lubrication is used with an excess of water can readily will naturally tend to pass into the effective lubrication the oil recover- marked success.

cause so much trouble in the system with the refrigerant, to coned from the distiller, after careful With such a system, more accur-evaporator coils as to necessitate dense and remain in the colder filtration can again be used for ate control of the amount of all de- shut-down of the plant until his la parts, unless it is effectively remov- compressor lubrication. Uvered to cylinder walls and com- corrected.

ed before it enters the condenser. In many plants where, oil is re pressor bearings is made possible. An oil, to be suited to this class In consequence, the location of claimed, however, it is used for ex On the other hand, it may require of service, should have a pour test the separator should be carefully ternal lubrication, and only new oll more equipment, piping, etc., and sufficiently low to fnsure continued studied. It is alway) advisable that a employed for the lubrication of frequent Alling of the reservoir fluidity at the lowest temperatures it should be of sufficient size to cylinders and other Internal parts GIRL GIRDLES GLOBE teen years old. Since then they The Soviet Government was so (where a mechanical force feed prevalent in the evaporating side of allow of ample reduction in the This is safe practico, and an assur Jubricator is involved) and more the system. It should not congeal velocity of the gas in order to perance that the oil used where attention from the operator than on the inner surface of the cooling mit of affective separation where splash lubrication is employ coll, and there should be sufficient Where faulty separation may co- and up to specifications.

fis: most-Befers. viscosity throughout the range cur it in wall

peratures

enable effect

atomising

tendency

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