1929-09-20 — Page 4

China Mail 德臣西報 中國郵報 All

NYIKUNE

REDUCED THROUGH TICKETS TO EUROPË VIA U.S.A. VARYING FROM £83 TO £120 ON SALE

SAN FRANCISCO via Shanghai, Japan Ports & Honolulu,

TAIYO MARU

TENYO MARU

Wednesday, 16th October. Wednesday 30th October.

SEATTLE, VICTORIA, vla Shanghai & Japan Ports.

YOKOHAMA MARU

MISHIMA MARU

Monday, 23rd September. Monday, 21st October.

LONDON, MARSEILLES, ANTWERP, ROTTERDAM via

Singapore, Penang, Colombo, Suez. KITANO MARU

Saturday, 21st September. HARUNA WARU (Calls Hull) .... Saturday, 5th October. SYDNEY & MELBOURNE via Manila & Ports.

TANGO MARU

AKI MARIJ

Wednesday, 28th September. Wednesday, 23rd October.

BOMBAY via Singapore, Penang, & Colombo.

†TOTTORI MARU

AWA MARU

Friday, Friday,

27th September.

11th October.

THE CHINA MAIL,

SHIPPING

WINDJAMMER DAYS

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEN AND NOW

NEW PRINCIPLES.

In the old windjammer days sailors used to aptly describe the variety of views held by shipmasters and officers concerning routine and methods of ap plication by the term, "Different ships different long splices." To-day when the methods of splicing are carried out in rigging lofts ashore, such nautical expressions no longer apply. Take, for example, the officer personnel of two steamers of equal tonnage, one huiling from the Tyne and the other from say, London, and view tha contrat of

and officers. It is so vivid that there is no comparison between them.

SECTION.

PULVERISED FUEL

NEW CARGO STEAMER TO BURN POWDERED COAL

in

been

arrange.

SOUTH AMERICA (West Coast) via Japan, Honolulu, Los Angeles.outlook on the part of their masters for pleasure, football, golf, tennis, dan-ed. for their decision to equip them

Mexico & Panama, RAKUYO MARU

Tuesday,

24th September.

SOUTH AMERICA (East Coast) via Singapore, Cape Town & Ports,

KANAGAWA MARU

NEW YORK, BOSTON via Panama.

24th September.

Tuesday,

TODA MARU

LISBON MAKU

CALCUTTA via Singapore, Penang & Rangoon.

GENOA MARUS

AKI MARU (Nagasaki direct)

→ TOYOOKA MARU

BENGAL MARU

1st October. 11th October. LIVERPOOL via Port. Said, Constantinople, Genoa,

† LYONS MARU

Friday, 20th September.

9th October.

20th September. 20th September. 27th September.

Tuesday, Friday,

Wednesday,

Friday, Friday, Fridag..

SHANGHAI, KOBE & YOKOHAMA.

+ Carge only.

Reduced 1st Class Excuraín Pater quoted between Mania and Australia,

For further information apply to-NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA

Tel. Central No, 192, 3897 and 3821. (Private exchange to all departments.)

O. S. K.

SAILINGS FROM HONG KONG SUBJECT TO ALTERATION.

Colombo, Suez and Port Said.

LONDON, HANBURG, ROTTERDAM ANTWERP Vis Singapore

9th October:

ALASKA MAKU

Wednesday,

Up the present, pulverised-fuel installations. on sca-gong vessels have been mainly of an experimental nature, the equipment having been confined to only part of the boilar There is no gainsaying the fact that plant, and having to be adapted to from these days there has come that fuels. In such circumstances, it was a stokehold layout designed for other distinction of ship routine which dis- tinguishes the London cargo steamer not to be

be expected that the highest

but, from those of the coal parts. The efficiency could be secured, perspective is different. Masters and spite of the limitations imposed by officers appear to dress better, and at the exisling stokehold and boiler ar-

the results have some of the fashionable clubs and West rangements, the res

It has been ac decidedly encouraging. End resorts the old shellinck charace felt for some time, however, that the teristic is entirely absent. They aro quite indistinguishable out of uniform full potentialities of the system could from the rest of the community, only be brought out if the installa- In a North-country newspaper antion were made during the construc

tion of the vessel, and if the layou: article recently appeared which pur- ported to express the views held by an

were to complicated by the provi- ancient shipmaster and the person in sion of alternative firing charge of a marine school. The "old ments. It is hardly secesary to man of the sor" (who belonged to some point out that considerable courage society or other) was alleged to have was demanded from the shipowner stated that he could not understand willing to take such a step, and a what was "coming over the young tributes accordingly due to Messrs. mates of to-day. They were all bent Sir R. Ropner, and Company, Limit

cing, anything but study! They were new cargo vessel "Swiftpool with missing the plums of their profession the Braad system of pulverised-fuel

The schoolmaster supported

It is cer old burning on all furnaces. "Sinbad" and more or less endorsed hia

tainly Httle unfortunat that the views, which excited much ire and order for the vessel was placed, and ridicule among the alleged culprits of construction

commenced, before the new school. The appellation was an wae decided to install the system, a unfortunate one, for instead of inspir- work on the boilers was too far ad- ing candidates to do better it had the vanced permit their proportions to contrary effect. Two youths who had be altered to those considered best failed to pass their first examination for powdered fuel. The boilers were decided there and then tu forgo the in fact, designed for asslited-raught search for the luscious fruit which the operation, and have tubes 34-in. in The Londoner had, as a rule, en- ancient one signified.

diameter, a

a dimension somewhat ton tirely divergent opinion of matters. He

They reasoned that if the plums of large for the best results to be ob scorted the "ramp" idea and did his the profession consisted of obtaining tamed with pulverised-fuel firing. best to conduct his ship on liner prin- command of a coal transport which In addition, the space in the stoke- ciples. His officers were not of the type offered so much discomfort, long ab-hoid was none too great for the in- that sewed canvas, cleaned bright-sences from home and the uncertainty stallation of the pulverisers,

sub- work, chipped iron rust, or cam on of continuous employment, it would sidiary bunkers, and other plant, but watch in dangaree suits prepantery

be to their advantage to follow a more in other respects it has been possible to carrying on the work of able seamen.

congenial remuneration pursuit, even In nearly ali London steamers were to if they had to make a start abroad.

to lay out the plant to the best ad- be found awn who had served their ap-

vantage. The installation as a whole They were materially helped in ar- therefore represents

an advance or prenticeship in the famous London clip riving at this decision after reading the previo

of the syster per ships, where they were taught to following paragraph which appeared ions adaptations be officers from the day they embarked

at the same time in a Liverpool con- valuable information as to the per employed, and will undoubtedly afford sea carter,

In ports of the

formance to be expected from a ves- Colonies and elsewhere their ships

general secretary of the Mor-sel designed ab initio for pulverized- pictures of cleanliness and cantile Marine Service Association fuel burring." smartness. All beasswork and deck (Mr. Tho. Scott), attended the 247th washing was completed before sight meeting of the Central Committee for bells in the morning wates, and at all times a brassbounder kept watch on the poop or gangway.

The dear kind-hearted old "Geordie" skipper and mates have been nursed in ideas which were derived from cast ing brigs and Black Sea tramps. The Jutter was one of the first trades in which steamers of the "warehouse" type were so profitably employed that the owners attached little value to a man who could not make money for them, and incidentally money for them- selves at the same time.

on a

were

What a contrast between the lives of youths who served on board the wrack clipper packets of London and these of the Swansea copper ore barques, or the "burgo ships of the pound and RIO DE JANEIRO, SANTOS & BUENOS AIRES Via Saigon, Singapore, ships that made regulur Found-the- variety or the Cardiff coal

Hom voyages, or again, the barques, brigo, or ships which transported "Black diamonds" anywhere between the Baltic and the Indian Ocean,

In the vessels of the latter clus ap-

Colombo, Durban & Cape Town.

LA PLATA MARU BOMBAY Via Singapore & Colombo.

SUMATRA MARU

CHAFUKU

MARU

Karachi).

* (Calls at DURBAN, LOURENCO MARQUES,

Friday, 4th October.

Friday, 20th September. Friday, 4th October.

BEIRA, DAR-ES-SALAAM, ZAN?1- BAR & BOMBASA-Via Singapore & Colombo, CHICAGO MARU

CALCUTTA-Via Singapore, Penang & Rangoon.

"TACOMA NARU

*(Calls at Belawan Deli.)

Monday, 23rd September.

Wednesday, 2nd October.

VICTORIA, SEATTLE, TACOMA & VANCOUVER Via Japan Ports from

Shanghai.

ARIZONA MARU (From Shanghai) Monday, 23rd September. MELBOURNE Vio Manila, Brisbane & Sydney

BURMA MARU

HAI{HONG-Viz Huilaw & Pakhui.

MENADO MARU

NEW YORK-Via Japan ports. San

JAPAN PORTS.

SEATTLE MARU

HONOLULU MARU

KEELUNG-Vi Swatow & Amoy.

HOZAN MARU......

TAKAO-Via SWATOW & AMOY.

DELI MARU

TAKAO & KEELUNG.

BATAVIA MARU

For further pariculars please apply Tel. Central No. 4088, 4089, 4090.

Thursday, 3rd October.

Thursday, 3rd October, 10 a.m, Francisco & Panara.

Tuesday, 24th September. Friday, 27th September.

Sunday, 22nd September, 3 p.m. .. Thursday, 26th Sept., Noon.

Sunday, 13th October.

to OSAKA SHOSEN KAISHA.

M. TAKEUCHI. Manager.

American Express Travellers Cheques

"Sky-blue" in colour, these Cheques give travellers the fullest protection against the loss or theft of their travel funds. They are spendable and acceptable everywhere. For more than 36 years travellers the world over have found personal service and financial security thru their use.

Issued in G.$10, G.$20, G.$59, Gf100, and £5 and £10 denominations-bound in a small . handy waller and cost only 4 of 1 per cent. Secure your steamship tickets, hotel reservation and itineraries; or plan your cruise or tour through. THE AMERICAN EXPRESS CO., INC.

4, DES VOEUX ROAD CENTRAL, Hong Kong.

SHIPBUILDERS,

SHIP REPAIRERS, BOILER MAKERS, FORGE MASTERS, OXY-ACETYLENE, AND

ELECTRIC WELDERS, MECHANICAL, AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.

פ

General Service

The

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1929.

CANADIAN

PACIFIC

SHORTEST AND QUICKEST ROUTE ACROSS THE PACIFIC TO VICTORIA & VANCOUVER

5

17 Days Hongkong-Vancouver, 14 Days Shanghai-Vancouver 11 Days Kabe-Vancouver, 9 Days Yokohama-Vancouver Hong Kong S'hai Kobe Yhama

Loava Leave Leave Leave Sept. 25

Sept. 28 Oct.. 3 Oct. 3 Oct. 12

9

V'ver

Arrive

Oct. 12 Oct. 15 Oct. 17 Oct. 26

5

·EMPRESS OF FRANCE EMPRESS OF RUSSIA EMPRESS OF ASIA

30 Nov. 2- Nov. 5 Nov. 7. Nov. 16. EMPRESS OF CANADA Nov, 13 Nov. 16 Nov. 19 Nov. 21 Nov. 30 EMPRESS OF RUSSIA Nov, 27 Nov. 30 Dec. $

14 Dec. 14 EMPRESS OF ASIA

Dia. 18 Dec. 21 Dec. 24 Dec. 26 Jan. EMPRESS OF CANADA Jan. 15 Jan. 18 Jan. 21 Jan. 23 Jan. 31 EMPRESS OF RUSSIA Feb. 12 Feb. 15 Feb. 18 Feb. 20 Mar. 1 EMPRESS OF ASIA Mar. 6 Mar. 3 Mar. 11 Mar. 13 Mar. 22 EMPRESS OF CANADA Mar. 19 Mar. 22 Mar. 25 Mar. 27 Apr. EMPRESS OF RUSSIA Apr. 9 Apr. 12 Apr. 15 Apr. 17 Apr. 26 (Regular sailing hour Noon but "Emp. of France" Sept. 25, will sail 6 am.) (E/Asia and E/Russia call at Nagasaki the day after departure from S'hai) Atlantic sailings from Montreal and. Quebec every few days to Liverpool, Southampton, Glasgow, Antwerp, Cherbourg and Hamburg

SPECIAL SAILING

Hong Kong to Europe via Yancouver, San Francisco and Panama. *EMPRESS OF FRANCE.” Sailing Dates

Fares from Hong Kong,

1st To Vancouver

....G$375.

To San Francisco 65420,

2nd

G$230.

G$275.

Leave Hong Kong...Sept. 25. Arrive Vancouver....Oct. 1 Leave Vancouver ..Oct. 17. Learé San Francisco Oct. 1. Arrive Southampton Nov.

To Southampton G$775.23 G$504.08 NOTE--Passengers must make their own arrangements. for maintenance during layover at Vancouver.

HONG KONG MANILA SERVICE Arrive

Leaves Hong Kong Det. 1, 5 p.m. Oct. 22, 5 p.m.

£

Leave Arrive Manila Hong Kong

Oct. 6 Oct. 25 Oct. 277

Manila

Oel, EMPRESS OF RUSSIA Oct Oct. 24 EMPRESS OF ASIA

CANADIAN PACIFIC EXPRESS

TRAVELLERS CHEQUES PAYABLE THE WORLD OVER.

THE SAFEST AND MOST CONVENIENT WAY TO CARRY FUNDS. Passenger Department: Freight and Express:

Tel. 0.75% Tal. C. 42

Cables: "GACANPAC."

Cables: "NAUTILUS."

BRITISH WUCHOW LINE

SEPTEMBER SAILINGS

DEPARTURE HOURS:

Elong Kong 5.30 p.m. Wuchow 1.30 p.m.

8.S. TAI HING"

[1,068 tons-Capt. Trott.]

the administration of the Mercantile The "Swiftpool" has been built by Marine Masters and Officers, Relief Messrs. William Gray and Company, Fund,

which

was held recently Limited, of West Hartlepool, the en- when 14 amplications for assist-gines and boilers being constructed ance were considered, of which number and installed at The Central Marine the were new cases. Since the incen- Engine Works, West

Hartlepool tion of the fond the Committee have The vessel is 421 ft. between perpen- dealt with 2,000 applications."

diculars and has a moulded Breadth friend the nautical schoolmaster talked is 30 f1. in., and the lead straught

Yet this

old shipmaster and his of 54 ft. 0 in.

ain The moulded depth

about the "plums of the profession."

n." 25 ft. The ship has a a deadweight And here we read of 2,000 applications capacity of 9,100 tons, and has been for relief! This 2,000 surely had not built to Lloyd's requirements. The garnered much in the orchard," for engines are of the triple-expansion evidently they had been cast aside to type, driving a single strew. The The Sai Kong for the West Rivor; prentices were seldom afforded oppor- fend for themselves as wall as they cylinder bores are 26% in 44 in.

in. ie the third largest river in the Chin- tunities of learning navigation; the could on public charity.

and 73 in., respectively, the pistori sooner they became good sailormer the It would be safe to assume that out stroke being 48 in.

Jese Republic and second only to the more they were appreciated.

If they of the 2,000 mastery and officers not splied by three single-ended boilers Yangtze in importance. This magni- could clean 2 feet more brightwork in single

hold a one would

different 15 ft. 3 in in internal diameter,ficent trade route was opened to for- their watch on deck than the hold A.B., opinion to that arrived at by the two and i ft. 6 in.

long.

FRI. Each boiler sign traffic in 1897, but how many or the youths who decided that the possession has a heating surface of 2,044 $4 foreigners travel on this important they were the "old man's" mate's "white-haired boys." As a mile, of a Board of Trade certificate was ft., and is suitable for a working sble seamy were never sent aloft high-not worth the seeking John Williams pressure of 180 lb. per square inch. waterway? The scenery along the er than an upper topsail yard. The in the "Nautical Magazine."

It is anticipated that service condi-route is beautiful. We recommend it togantsail, royals, or skysails were

tions will call for about

the boy's "pigeon."

In ships of this same class, if the "old man wanted to land usually at the ship chandler's, and be rowed from the outer anchorage to the shore five miles away, the lads in dungarees and badge-caps carried out the boat work. They might be seen hanging around wharves from the forenoon until after dark, unless there was coal to be dis- charged, lighters towed off, or pre- visions to be put on board. Then when the work of the day was ended and tired sailors sought the solace of a grimy "new," where stinking sush lamps dimly showed an "Armstrong" windlass and a rusty creeking cable, the boys waited for the master's plea- sure until the wee sms' hours when he

COMFORT AT SEA

REAUTIFUL MOTOR YACHT FOR SPAIN

Ine

Steam is sup-

for which the bollers aout 2050 ... ly rated. The vessel is intended for general cargo service, and is built on somewhat finer lines than those

to any person who wishes to spend a short and economical holiday,

usually associated with tramp steam- in

ors.

this respect, duplication is,

The polity of however, no doubti A demonstration of the working of thoroughly sound in view of the re- the installation was made on July 31latively experimental nature of the before a large number of visitors, plant and the absence of alterative There was launched at the the vessel being moored to the quay means for fring the boilers. In con- Southampton Worke of John I. Thornycroit & Co., Limited, recently main boilers were

at West Hartlepool. Two of the clusion, it may be mentioned that supplying steam the temperature in the stokehold was & most interesting motor yacht, to the engine, and the small amount uncomfortably high during the tests, which the firm has designed and of attention required to maintain the and should this condition persist built to the order Godo of Barcelona.

of Conde Ramon pulverising plant in action was very while the vessel is at sea, it would noticeable. There was no appre- appear advisable to employ more The christening ceremony was per-

ciable deposit of dust on any part effective lagging for the pre-furnace formed by his daughter-in-law, who of the vessel during the test, thus fronts. and his cronies were tired of in-named the yacht Rosa, before it confirming the good reputation enjoy- wagging and boasting of their wail-

powers.

In ships of the category described, the social atmosphere was confined to the or localities where beachcombers of the Seven Seas foregathered to solicit tobacco, hard tack, or any bits a' things that appren- tices could dispense with.

environs of sailurtown

on

The

took the water.

WARSHIPS HERE

ed by the Brand system in this one of the most interesting and re- the plant in the stokehold appeared In many respects the "Rosa" is pect. Upon the whole, the layout of markable craft of her type built by

The following are the warships at to have been very carefully thought Thornycrofts who, of course, had long experience in the building the position of the donkey boiler

out, but exception may be taken to present in harbour:-

be- At the Basin: H.M.S.”Tamer,” of handsomely equipped yachts for tween the two pulverisers, where it "Seraph," "Serapis" and L. 19. private cruising.

bave

Her principal dimensions are:- Length (overall): 155 ft 10 in. Breadth: 25 ft.

Depth: 14 ft. 3 in.

Draft (aft): 11 ft. 6 in. (about). The yacht is built of mild steel to Lloyd's classification of 100 A,1 and is of 400 tons Thames measure- ment.

But how different was the life of the boys board the clippers. At Colonial ports whore, in the majority of cases, ships moored

regular wharves alongside voyage after voyage, the environ ment was entirely different. "young gentlemen' of the quartenlack enjoyed picnic parties, boat sailing, tennis and entertainment with social people. The "old man" seldom bother ed

he and his shore friends oc- The interior accommodation is sur- casionally came on board for after-prisingly noon tea and frequently officers and ap prentices assisted to make these social functions as pleasant as possible. So much depended upon the master. Again, different ships different long splices.

DRY DOCK-

OF HONG KONG, LIMITED.

Wireless Call SALVAGE TUG“ “TAIKOO"

THE TAIKOO DOCKYARD & ENGINEERING COMPANY

V.P.G.N. 500 Meters.

· Tel. Address - FTAIKDODOCK,” HONG KONG. Tel

Central

*C over “ANS. PENNANTZ

Length 787 Feet. Length on Blocks 750 Feet. Depili on Centre of

Sill (H.W.O.S.T.) 34 ft. 6 ins.

-THREE SLIPWAYS

Capable of Handling Ships Up

to 3,000 Tons Displacement.

Electric Crane at Sea Wall, Capable of Lifting 100 Tons at 70 Feet Radius,

BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE,

AGENTS.

HONG KONG, CHINA & JAPAN.

The

extensive, largely due to the fact that the motor installation occupies far less room than the old-time ateam machinery with its boilers, coal bunkers, etc. Two 6- cylinder Gardner engines of 800 h.p. each are installed with smaller semi-diesel -generating plant for operating the auxiliary machinery.

interior saloons дге exqui- sitely finished, the dining saloon of 23 ft. 6 in, by 18-ft. 6 m., being panelled in wemut, with furniture to match, the music aaloon of 23 ft. by 11 ft. 6 in. in white enamel, with furniture of satinwood, and smoke room in waxed oak with furnl- ture to match, all floors being

of oak parquet.

The below deck

accommodation equally spacious and beautifully finished, consisting of the owner's sleeping cabin with adjoining sitting- room and two state rooms adjacent, and aft of the engine room are three state rooms and maid's room. For ward is accommodation for officere, comprising three separate cabins and bathroom and crew space for ine men, with a separate cabin for the bosup.

the

very appreciably lessens the available

At the North Arm:-HLM.S. "Storm- floor space. It has already been sug-cloud" and "Sterling," gested that space in the stokehold

No. 9 Buoy:E.M.S. “Cicala.” was somewhat limited by the original

In Dock:-.M.S. "Tarantula.” ` positions of the bulkheads, and the duplication of the major portion of

Foreign Man-of-War U.S. Gunboat "Mindanao. the plant has not improved matters

SEPTEMBER

MON.

23rd

SAT.

28th

S.S. TAI MING" 1640 tons-Capt. G. J. Spink.) SEPTEMBER

20th MON. 80th

WED. 25th

For information apply towa

KWONG WING Con

87, Connaught Road West, Phone: Central 893.

Ltd.

MOVEMENTS OF STEAMERS

The American Mail Liner. "Presi- dent Jefferson," ex San Francisco on August 30, sailed from Kobe on September 18, and will arrive Shang- hai on September 20, leaving again on September 21 and arriving at Hong Kong on September 23.

The American Mail Liner "Presi- dent Grant," from Seattle on Septem- ber 7, la due at this port on Septem- ber 27.

The C.P.S. R.M.S. "Empress of France" arrived at Manila on Sep- teraber 19 (Thurs.) at 3 am., leaves Manila on September 20 (Fri) at 4 p.r., and is due at Hong Kong on September 22 (Sun) at 9 am,

CONSIGNEES' NOTICE

8.8.

Consignees ⚫f

ex cargo "Bezavon" are reminded to take delivery of their goods which will be subject to rent after September 22.

BANK LINE LTD.

AGENTS FOR

ELLERMAN & BUCKNALL S.S. CO., LTD.

SAILINGS SUBJECT TO ALTERATION WITHOUT NOTICE.

UNITED KINGDOM & CONTINENT

ELLERMAN LINE

S.3. "CITY OF PEKIN” London, Rotterdam, Amsterdam & Hamburg...... 9th October.

is

NEW YORK, BOSTON, & BALTIMORE

via Suez Canal

The fuel tank in the double tot- tom holds sufficient for a

radius of 8,000 miles at the g

of 33 knots.

anti-

cipated

The of the yacht is in every way. au sumptuous and com- plete, including refrigerating plant hot water system to all principat apartments, baths, etc., electric light throughout, including a 12 la, search-

end

tion powerful wireless instala

On the promenade des

decka Garzied a 23 ft. open launch with Thorny- croft 10/16 hp motor, and 18 ft cutter, and a 12 ft. dinghy:

The yacht will shortly be proceed ing to the Mediterranean, and will be a wonderfully fine - emple of British yacht construcion and craftsmanship wherever she cruises,

38. “CITY OF NORWICH” SS "CITY OF CARDIFF"

via Suez Canal.

ALSO AGENTS FOR

ANDREW WEIR

AMERICAN & MANCHURIAN LINE

5th October.

5th November.

& CO.

SERVICES TO

BOSTON, NEW YORK, BALTIMORE &

NEW ORLEANS

S.S. DEEPE MAURITIUS & SOUTH AFRICA

S.S. "TINHOW"

AMERICAN & ORIENTAL LINE

1st October

ORIENTAL AFRICAN LINE

8th December,

Loading for Mauritius, Reanlon, Delagoa Bay, Durban, East London, Algoa Bay (Port Elizabeth),

Mossel Bay and Capetown

Through Bill of Lading issued to Beira, Quilimaine, Bo, Fort Amslis, Mozambique, Chinde, Inhambane, Zanzibar, Mombasa, Kilindini, Port Nolloh, Luderitz Bay, Walvis Bay and Madagascar.

For freight or passage on any of the above lines Apply to:

Telephone

..Central 4791:

THE BANK

LINE LTD.

Comments

Approved members can add comments, bookmarks, and private notes.

No comments yet.

Private Research Note

Private notes are available after approval.