1929-03-09 — Page 14

14

COLD IN TROPICS

THE CHINA MAIL,

For

4

conTM

amall drawing room producing cold and in 1882 Kirk made to do twice the work done by plore the possibilities of the kya-

house a

the

would cost less, especially made the model of an air machine. ja pound of coal or oll twenty-five tem installed in the United States, in

if the One of Kirk's earliest machines years ago and six times that of a They might work out the commer-be

were designed to accom- (Continued From Page 12)

cial possibilities and probabilities house

A house is worked in an ice factory in Hong century ago.

There has been also success with of such a scheme. They will prob-modate these ideas.

It is ably ridicule it; but all new suga more dimeult affair because of The only general method of cool. Kong, and produced 4 lbs. of Ice

1 lb. of coal. It was very the second-named demand. ing people in Hong Kong la by for

abvious however that, if there had geations have been usually treated the sub-division Into rooms and the fans. There are upwards of 40,000 bulky.

In 1877 there were producet the been no progress whatever, the cost that way, machine-made Ice, and many doors.

With the utmost respect for those electric fans in Hong Kong, Fans

air-machines for chilling of transforming work produced by motor-cars included. Indeed aero- are better than nothing, but they first дре

poor aubstitute for manufac meat. The great difficulty was the the heat of coal into cold, the cast planes were not only ridiculed; the who have designed and bullt houses Big rooms, ever deposit of snow because of the of cold production must have been first suggestions were considered in Hong Kong in the past it must | tured weather.

reduced to at least to half the blasphemous by certain rigidly re-be admitted that there are Improve- ligious people who were also rigid-ments that could have been made so much bigger than this, are kept humidity of the atmosphere.

if weather freezing point in the A 300 h.p. engine working in figure of 1905,

Cold in the House at below

ly ignorant of, and recognised in many houses

tropics.

Surely it is possible to London causes 170.000 cable ft. of

There has, however, been a great nothing Almighty in the laws of ditions in this part of the world had been considered carefully by regulate the atmosphere of this air to pass through it. per hour

We may be permitted to imagine the designers. room so that the air shall be at and that air is cooled to a very deal of progress in connection with Nature.

it is re-cold production.

We have considered the cost of low temperature before the temperature and humidity we

So far as the ordinary house-a supply of liquid ammonia pumped turned to the cold chamber. It is stesire.

It is easier to weather viz., air at seventy de The first impression of anyone found that eight hours a day work- holder is concerned it is not so through pipes to our houses from manufacture of more or less ideal who visits an ice making factory ing is enough to keep the room much the progress in connection the cold factory.

with the local central cold produc-imagine than was the vision of agrees F. temperature and humidity We should benefit from any is surprise at seeing coal going in cold.

Air can be better employed for tion factory that has been noticed, supply of coal-gas, electric power, 40. at one end and ice coming out at

a paradox cooling itself than for any other although engineere know of the and telephones to houses a hundred conditioning of the air; a drop in ten degrees temperature and less the other. It sounds

We could collect the money for humidity helps a reat deal. when you are told that in order to cooling purposes, such as making cost reductious in the ice and cold years ago..

Imagine a house with a small cold reduction machine, the Kal-tha scheme to-morrow if we could obtain cald you must produce heat. lee. So in many freezing machines storage depots. It is the household!

Yet to the student of modern we use ammonia and other games vinator, the Frigidaire and the get a sufficient number of people room, say about 15ft.x15ft.x12ft, science the source of all things. Is instead of air as the heat carrier \lectrolux plants, that interest us. to guarantee a sufficient consump-| for use as a sort of sleeping porch.

heat..

their food.

earth is, the heat of the sun.

rush of liberated sunbeama,

If we compress

"Cold" is the absence of heat, zero. We may define the science of re frigeration. or the production of cold, as the process of ing heat.

one hent

a gas

in

#

Heat Units Required

to 60

Theat air machines require eliminat. about two heat units of work for unit removed from the

lb. of coal gives out One is a reduction in the price.

when of electrical energy, sented on a diagram by two dimen- about 12,000 hent units

We must not confuse heat with air.

Now 1 Heat can be repre temperature.

ture as a line.

The Heat Pump Let us trace out how much heat of ice. we must abstract, or pump.out, of

1 lb. of water to make 1 lb. of

ice.

In the summer, in Hong Kong, the water is at about 88 deg. F.

A drawback of the air machine is the formation of snow. So we All other. heat carriers. liquids do not boil at 212 deg. F. nor demand 1,100 units of heat to

use

house,

It

Question of Demand

tem-

We have now reached that stage 'tion of cold from the ammonia. It has been estimated that every Wind and weather, all vegeta-machine we increase the heat in it. tinn, all life take their origin and If we expand a gas we decrease where there are in this Colony Before it found its way back again occupant of a room gives out, at the heat in it. The air and other about 300 cold production machines to the cold factory through pipes, most, seven heat units per minute. at work in houses and clubs. And no longer a liquid but a gas, hav- There is the problem of removing find their strength in heat.

man and all of the cooling machines work that way that is only the beginning. ing been boiled off by the heat from that heat, and also the heat that Not only

We take in air at say, 18 deg.

Let it be said at once that these jour rooms, it would have, done all leaks Into the room from the outside higher animals, but the lowest and

The design of the room will simplest vegetable types as well.. and compress it to 60 lbs. pres small machines cannot possibly pro- that we asked of it. It would have air.

If, in the depend upon heat for their exist-sure; the temperature is then duce, cold as economically as the abstracted the heat from our rooms affect the problem. ence and absorb it constantly as about 260 deg. F. The air tem-large machines in the central cold and manufactured the weather we construction of the house, the walls

perature is brought down

are insulated, the window spaces cut down to the minimum needed for pleased with them. It is certain The source of all energy on this deg. F. by cooling water. It then factory; but householders are well desire.

The expands to a pressure of 15 lbs. that at no very distant date they

It is obvious that such a system lighting purposes, and the height flame from coal or oil is just a (one atmosphere) and reaches the will become as common a fitting In would have a better chance where of the room reduced below that

room at about 100 deg. F. below

a woll regulated household as a there would be a fairly steady de- usual in Hong Kong, this latter gas cooker or an electric fire.

mand for about the same supply of problem of heat leakage from out- There are three improvements liquid ammonia, in other words the side air is much less difficult.

Heat Leakage which, when they come about, will cold producer, each day of the

In the following case a generous place these machines within the year. In Hong Kong there would reach of a much greater number of be no demand on many days of the allowance has been made for heat jhouseholders.

leakage from outside into the room. ¡year.

It should be explained that ex-The walls are not reckoned to be Calculations show that cept for leakages, the ammonia insulated. sions. Just as an area shows burnt. For 1 lb. of ice we must The man in London who wishes would be used over and over again. It should be possible to keep, such temperature ten de- length and breadth as lines, so we have 200 heat units abstracted. to use such a machine pays, for the It would enter the house in pipes a room at a can represent heat diagrammatical- With a very efficient gas producer electricity that lights his

as a liquid, at atmospheric tem-grees below the outside air ly as an area, showing tempera- plant we can make this do about heats his room, cooks his meals and perature and about 180 lbs. prea-perature, and at humidity 20 be-

3,000 (heat) units of work. Thus operates his cold, production ma;

There 11h of coal will give us 71⁄2 lbs, chine, at a rate equivalent to five sure; and leave it as a gas at a low the outside air humidity with

much lower pressure and tempera- the following equipment. cents, a unit. There will be a

ture. An enterprising capitalist would be two small freezing planta increased greatly

demand

for could use this system in a block each using a 11⁄2 horse power motor electrical energy when we have that of fats. The cold production ma- and suitable expansion calls; also desirable tariff in this Colony.

chine could liquify the ammonia in a small fan for taking air out of Coats Must Come Down

the basement.

the room and passing some of it before sending t The second improvement will be

must however be confessed over the coils

À certain amount a reduction in the initial cost of the that the most hopeful prospect for back to them. cold production machine. It is, the immediate future is some im-of fresh air should be supplied Ether boils at 103 deg. F, sul- of course, amazing that you can provement in the home cold- from outside and this would have

at 14 deg. F., and purchase an enamelled cold storage producer, To boil 1 lb. of water at 88 deg. ammonia at 27 deg. F. below zero, chamber, an electric motor and a

59 degrees below freezing compressor (with automatle F. into steam we must supply or

rangements for switching the power point. about 1,100 heat units.

A tumbler of sulphur dioxide in on and off as the cold production in as much heat to make steam as this room would boil violently. If required) for a sum of about $500. we must pump out of water to surrounded by water it would, as

it were, suck heat out of the water as time goes on, competition and box. We can boil off other Auids. If and make ice, or cool the air. To new methods of manufacture will

In addition it has to keep the $5,000. During the summer months we place ether or alcohol on the holl 1 lb. of this liquid and raise bring the cost down.

atmosphere of our house at about it would probably have to work ten The third improvement is in con-170deg. F. and humidity 40.

hours a day; the cost for electric akin, the rapid evaporation result-the gas 88 dog. F. would cool the ing from the absorption of heat air to an amount equal to 242 heat nection with the machine Itself. Actual igures for Manufactured power on this assumption being Some entirely new principle will

It would possibly cost Weather

$1 a day. from the skin produces a cold sen-units.

If sulphur dioxide or ammonia be evolved to make it possible to

During my last long vacation in about $200 a year for electric sation.

We can have liquid like am-were cheap, plentiful and not. un-produce more cold for the same ex-England I had the privilege of power; probably leas.

There working on this problem in the Such a plant is fitted with ther- monia that will boil off at a tem- pleasant we could have a simple penditure of power or heat.

If then freezing box.

is the demand and the supply will University of Birmingham, where mostat arrangements so that the perature below 32 deg. F.

In the US.A. liquid ammonia come.

twenty-eight years ago I worked machine stops when the tempera- we surround a vessel containing |

room falls below that this liquid with water, the heat was supplied to houses and boiled

speculation let us as a demonstrator in engineering. ture of the

The machine automatically of com- My time was entirely spent on this fixed. needed to boil it off will be ab-off in coils and then returned to suggest stracted from the water and ice ja central station. That was, in-pressor, or heat dump, run at high problem of manufactured weather starts up when the temperature of will be formed.

deed, cold on tap. If we had cold speed by an electric

In in the tropics. The outstanding the room is above that for which Heat may be eliminated from a ammonia pipes in our rooms in these days nobody is satisfied with fact that surprised me more than the thermostat is fixed.

the summer they recíprocating. engines and pumps. anything else was the evidence of given space, from this room, by Hong Kong in

A very remarkable feature about absorbing it through the melting would rapidly become coated with Many experiments are being made the great inefficiency of the human

snow formed from the moisture in with the turbine type of heat pump machine under tropical conditions this machinery is the reliability of Motor-car engines are, the atmosphere.

and there is reason to believe that as compared with that of the operation.

They they will be successful.

human machine in more comfort- nowadays, very reliable.

cannot, however, be compared with able climates.

cold producing As a result of my investigations, these automatic

the following practical these automatic plants have been

To reduce one pound of water from 88 deg. F. to ice at 32 deg. F. we must pump out, say, a total of 200 heat units.

So that it takes nearly six times

make ice.

of ice.

Each pound of ice that is melt- ed to water and brought up to 88 deg. F. absorbs 200 heat units.

If we had a block of 100 lbs. of

boil them under the conditions given above.

phur dioxide

The Money Problem

It has been mentioned that tho

to be cooled and de-hamidified be- That leads us to consider what it fore being mixed with the air that ar is that we really require our house- has been withdrawn from the room

hold cold factory to do.

and cooled. At the most only about i ten per cent. outside air has to be so treated.

Yet it is as certain as can be that,

Ás a mere

a turbine type

motor.

Ice Without a Machine

It must, of course, do the com- paratively trifling work as a heat pump now done by the ordinary ice

The actual cost of installing such a plant in Hong Kong is about

J

A Remarkable Feature

A most remarkable stage in cold in Hong Kong first le machine Ice in the room in the summer we

heat units Produced 4 lbs. of ice per lb. of production is the new "Electrolux" which now extend over several plants for reliability. Some of should absorb 20,000

coal. There have been such Implant There is no moving me-years, provements in ice-making plants chaniam whatever.

from the room by melting it.

Cooling A Room

That is one way of cooling a room, or an ice chest.

Our bodies are continually

They may out being touched,

An electric figures are presented in the hope in operation for several years' with- and in the production of power heater or a gas flame supplies the of arousing interest.

The proof of the statement that ara already boing that for a plant for making ice heat needed to raise the temperature even stimulate someone, who wishes under modern conditions we can (and so the pressure) of the heat to benefit humanity in the tropics, these machines jobtain better results than 7% lbs. carrier which, in this case, la to furnish sufficient money to make appreciated in Hong Kong is the pumping heat into the atmosphere of ice for one pound of coal. ammonia. Ordinary tap water, or possible the purchase of apparatus number that have recently replaced the very unhygienic ice boa They of the room; and even if we do Ne one doubts that engineers sea water, carries away the heat at to continue practical experiments.

The following cost figures may be have always given satisfaction. the aid of that stage of the proceedings when

If additional proof were needed can produce, by machines, cold, The ice-blocks it is required to pump out heat of interest. Let us assume a room that you see dally are the tangible from the heat carrier (ammonia) 85 ft. long, 20 ft. wide and 121⁄2 ft. It is found in the sales record of If we wanted to keep this room proof. Nobody doubts that en-after which the ammonia is allowed high. We calculate to change the domestic electric refrigerators in cubic feet of air. The dimensions 600; in 1918 it was 1,400; in 1922 at some condition, say that most gineers, by the af of machines, to expand and cold is at once pro-air twice a day, or deal with 17,600 America. In 1914 the number was This clever invention is very have been chosen as they are about it was 10,000; in 1926 it was comfortable for most people, 20 can produce mechanical and elecduced. it is not enough to cool the air in the room. We have to continue trains and tramways' are the tan- that at last gible proof.

abstract heat from the air of the room, more heat leaks in from outside through the windows and from our bodies.

J

trical → power. The steamships,

deg. F. temperature, humidity 40 the aeroplanes and the electric simple. At first sight It appears those of a hospital ward. Relief to 250,000; and

ing point of water;

to the

From the study,

household

it

Was

in 1028 we have all that is the sick must appeal to any but 550,000!

As many as 750,000 machines of required to produce cold in our the most hard-hearted..

Assuming the Atmosphere at 88 one make have been sold in various to keep drawing out of the room

There are now at least What a great many people do houses so that we can always in all the heat that leaks in from

year the summer have that ideal atmosphere deg. F. humidity 100, then to reduce countries.

different types of such outside and ales all of the heat not know in that every

of the coat of production of cold, elec-of air temperature 70 deg. F. and it to and keep it at let us say at twenty

humidity 40.

about 70 deg. F. humidity 40, we machines.,. given out of the bodies

Conclusion trical power, etc, is being reduc- people in the room.

Unfortunately this apparatus uses have to take several pounds of water

Heat will be con- In the preparation of this paper If we want to make ice, it sed. Little grains of knowledge are quite a lot of heat for the produc-out of air.

tion of cold. There is also the stantly leaking into the room, and there has been great difficulty in not enough to get, the water in a being added continuously can down to 32 deg. F. the freez. mountain of facts which make up cost of cooling water. The other heat from the, human bodies will keeping the subject free from weari- technicalities and also in wo have to applied science.

cold producers, the also affect the problem. We can, some take a great deal of heat out of the drawing office and the work Frigidaire and the Kelvinator, use however, be certain that we can limiting the length of the paper.

Whole sections concerning the the water to turn it into ice. If shop, come suggestions for this and a current of air to cool the heat get any manufactured weather we

Commercial

on human the water that improvement.

What we are "not sure effect of this climate

calculations we want to condense

water.

about Ja the cost in Hong Kong. efficiency; detailed vapour of the atmosphere Into Competition is like a furnace in carrier, so there is no expense of desire.

We need not, however, despair. Only experimente, can decide that about humidity; and the fascinating. water we have to pump out about which suggestions are relentlessly

discussion of possible heat carriers 1,000 heat units per pound oftested. That furnace either melts The "Electrolux" is a big step for- matter.

gold, so that it disappears, or re- ward. Five years ago nobody Assuming that we wish to reduce and so forth hava been cut out. water condensed.

fines it, so that its value increases thought that such an

The object

bean to apparatus 17,500 cubic feet of air of 88:

you and possibly But what becomes of the heat enermously. If new ideas are was practicable. The fact that the deg. F. and humidity 100, to a interest extracted? It is passed on to

this greatest of some other body. Usually it is, as finally incorporated into machines young inventors sold their patents teraperature of 70 deg. F. and others in it were, pumped into water, that is that survive, even for a short time, in the United States of America humkity 40, we shall have to all human problems that faces called cooling water, because the the heat of that fierce furnace, it for a large sum of money, to say abstract a great deal of heat. The the dweller in the tropics. It would is because the machines fall nothing of the value of the patents following rough estimates are be gratifying to be able to carry water cools or carries away' heat;

some practical demand. although in

of the the process temperature of the cooling water rines because it absorbs heat, :

Cost Problems

in Europe and other places, Is given.

proof sufficient that the idea is a

Experiments Must Decide..

has

out some experiments ou a small

scale so as to publish actual figures

In proposing a vote of thanks to

It would cost about $25,000 for concerning local conditions. A The two great demands of to-day good one. So we must have some sort of a are (1) the reduction in the cost At present, however, the "Elec- the requisite machinery to be pur pump to extract the heat, and we of transforming the heat of coal trolux will not enable us to bear chased and installed in Hong Professor Middleton Smith, H. E. use either water. or air to carry or oil into mechanical work and the expense of manufacturing, the Kong. With electric power at five the Governor said he hoped that the heat away.

(2) the reduction in the cost of weather we want in our houses in conte a unit it might cost as much Hong Kong might be able to take A refrigerating machine is Just obtaining cold by means of me Hong Kong, during the summer. as $1,600 a year to run the the lead in most Interesting ex Where Is The Hope? machinery, making an allowance for Periments which would be for the chanical work, or heat energy...

like, a pump that sends water from this level up to the Peak.

Cold Producers

It was in 1852 that Kelvin sug

gested a mechanical method

of

It is not too much to say that, Where then is the hope? We depreciation and repairs. It might welfare of the whole human race,

Bo vigorous has been the effort to might suggest to our friends who cont lens. Only experiments with A vote of thanks to His Excel meet the Arst-named demand, that produce cold on the mass produc- local conditions can decide the lency for presiding was proposed a pound of coal or oil can now betion method that they should ex-, actual cost.

SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1929.

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