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THE CHINA MAIL,
CRUISER DESIGN
--
MODERN SEA WARFARE
SHIPPING
SECTION.
MERCHANT SERVICE
SEAMEN AND. THE EMPIRE
"Seamen and the Empire" was the subject of an address by Slr Burton Chadwick, M.P., Deputy Master of the Honourable Company of Master Marinara, to the British Empire future will concentrate upon this more Society. Since strenuously than ever in history. The
1924, sald Str Burton fleet cruiser was primarily regarded as Chadwick, the nation had come more a reconnoitring vessel down to the de- into touch with the great merchant velopment of the aircraft carrier. To service, which was quietly working day she appears to be primarily regard night and day, with a regularity a
Posessential to the people of this coun ed as an "aggressive" cruiser. sibly there is a touch of "intelligent try as the regular working of the anticipation" about this which is not as heart and artaries to the human yet generally suspected. If we live to frame. To no other country did that witness the passing of the battleship, apply in the same way, and, although the aggressive cruiser will automaties; this condition had produced a people ly become the capital ship. A good known by and living by the building.. many naval officers have expressed to manning, and running of abipa, the me the view that this is likely out nation did not know British sea-
the come of the changing conditions of sea man. In a vague sort of way the warfare, in which the battle of giants average person believed in our mar but rarely stopped to appears to grow steadily less probable. chant navy. Yet It scarcely seems as though the Ad- consider what it meant. He wished miralty visualise anything of the surt, that in our schools the supremely im for it is pretty clear that they favour portant part played in our Imperial the policy of eliminating the aggres development by our greatest national sive cruiser in favour of the protective industry could be more strongly im-
pressed upon our children.
In view of the recrudescence of the cruiser question as between Great Bri- tain and the United States, the follow- ing article contributed by Sir Herbert Russell to the "Naval and Military Record" is of considerable interest.
A great deal of attention has been given to the question of cruiser design of late. Primarily, this turns upon the matter of size. The arguments em played by Mr. Bridgeman during the Three Power Conference at Geneva, and the action of the Cabinet in elimia ating two 10,000-ton cruisers from the replacement programme, have been in terpreted as implying that the Admiral- ty do not favour auch big vessels Since this article was written it has been announced that the two new, crui- each be of 10,000 tons..] I have reason ferentiation. All we can say is that an tracing from the great chartered com sers to be laid down this year will to believe that this inclusion is substan. aggressive cruiser is likewise a protec- panies-the Russia Company and the tive cruiser, but that a protective crui- Honourable East India Company down tially correct. The displacement limit
ser, pure and simple, is not an aggres to the days of Cunard. Donald Currie, was fixed at Washington by agreement
alva cruiser, at any rate in the sons Inman, P. and O. Royal Mail, and amongst the participating Powers, and we supported the figure of 10,000 tons in which Mr. Bridgeman employed the the other great shipowning elements term at Geneva. Whilst it is a mere of the past 100 years. It provided because this covered the five ships of
to say that every war the answer to the riddle of this island the "Hawkins" class (the "Haleigh" trulam
ship
Aghting ship, the Empire, and of the amazing fact of had not then been lost), which
is not designed otherwise
hud cruiser
with the allegiance of over 400,000,000 of WO might have
the idea of "seeking out the enemy people to the British Crown. The sacrifice.
decision ta and destroying him." As a fleet unit it through it all were the seamen-the build the five "Kents" woA bas-
has always been her business to do the
£o
Jon
cruiser.
As to where the one ends and the other begins, this probably defies dif
It was a fascinating history of dia- adventure, and enterprise, covery,
And
in the
ed upon the iden that all the big
Sterling Quality naval Powers would go to the Washsecking out for the battle squadrons, merchant segmen.
This task accomplished, she may devote It had been demonstrated ington limit in cruiser construction,
herself to trying to settle accounts with past few years that we could proud- and that therefore we could not afford the enemy seekers-out. Nothing shortly my to-day that the British mer- to go appreciably below it This idea has been only partially justified by or of competitive building can justify her' chant navy was officered by men of development into a distinctive "aggres just as sterling quality as the great perience. The United States alone apsive type for this purpose.
seaman of the Middle Ages. But pears resolved to adhere to the maxi mum.
10,000-Ton Ships
Japan, Italy, and France have As the other big naval Powers are they were unknown. Members of the built a proportion of 10,000-ton cruis-huilding 10,000-ton ships armed with society were accustomed to attend ers, but a larger number of consider
and society, to which wore bidden a flect units, we have done the same statesmen and Government officials, ably smaller vessels since the Washing: 8-inch guns, which they would employ great functions of State and commerce ton Treaty came into effect. The be-
The logical sequence to this procesa la lief is that we shall complete the that the fleet action of the future will distinguished officers of his Majesty's balance of our five years' replacemen resolve itself into two engagements of our national life. Had they ever Forces, and leaders in every branch programme with "B" class cruisers, of the main conflict between the heavy known a distinguished merchant sea- alightly over 8,000 tons, substituting these for such 10,000-ton ships as would ships and a secondary conflict between kno have been bullt under the originai proposals.
Cruisers' Many Functions Probably it is true to say that no problem of naval construction offers quite so many facets as the question of
re-
the aggressive cruisers. A 10,000-ton man, as such, in a position of honour ship too big and too valuable to use on such an occasion? It was an in- and ♫ rather starting as a screen against destroyers and subteresting marines. She is too small and too thought. Nobody was to blaming vulnerable to cut-in against the heavy the explanation of the fact that the ships. But for the competition which merchant seamen of the past 100 years did not appear in our national the size of cruisers, This is mainly due forces the paco without clear reasoning life. as did the great names of the":
the fleet cruiser well might have mained of the light type which did such Elizabethan period, was to be found Jutland. We had an in the change that had taken place good service armoured cruiser division at Jutland in our sea service. The British Navy, which suffered very badly in conse- the daughter of the merchant navy. have been, which, I venture to suggest, officer had been more in the public quence of being where it should not had become a separate service, and
|State service, and naturally the naval is an illustration of the tactical tainty as
to what to do with aggres-eye, and very ereditably he always acquitted himself. To-day the busi
of shipping Was B sive cruisers in a general action.
highly The economic view-a very potent noss
uncer-
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1929.
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GREATEST TRAVEL SYSTEM
WORLD'S
BRITISH WUCHOW LINE
When they pass the Shiuhing Gorge, the American travellers say "Woll, wo guess this beats the Hudson River, our show place." Continental visitors remark that it reminds them of the
And "Rhine
Switzerland." Whilst British tourists declare "Surely, the
to the fact that no type of warship is wide range of alled upon to all such functions. Into these functions there naturally enter conflicting conditions, For commerce protection the bigger the cruiser the better, for the simple ronson that, maintaining equality in ather features, bigger tonnage mesna increased cruising radius. Therefore, "Kent" class are excellent for com- the meree protection. But these five ships have been used to reconstitute the Fifth factor-obviously favours small ships specialized one, and the seaman did Cruiser Squadron in China, and for the and large numbers within the limits of not appear. But if there were not so Lake district or the Scottish mQOZE, sort of work which the British Navy being able to meet any enemy on rea- many picturesque opportunities to-day but with a little less vėgotation." has had to perform in Chine during sonable terms. Mere displacement is the responsibility was 88 great, or the past two years they are much less not a criterion to combatant value. The greater, and in the cars of the senior Now why not take a five-days' round smaller, lighter. collective tonnage of the "Good Hope" master maririers of to-day, who most trip and see for yourself. It costs you suitable than the draught vessels they have replaced. In and "Monmouth", was 44,000; of the spent their boyhood in sailing only. 140.
and Greisenau," ships, the training was just as hard. "Scharnhorst
became clear that it was
Cruiser.
So
very Curious-
peace time, of course, cruisers often
Our "B" cruisers are inferior It was a school in which the weak This 22,800, have to fill an exiguous role.
Housed and fed necessitates a degree of "versatility" only to the "A" cruisers, as fighting became strong or went under moral.
paid at which prezents an eternal problem in ships, in that they carry two less 8-inchy and physically.
deemed it like an Eskimo, gong.
If the Admiralty
by many a compromise.
to reduce the calibre of that would be scorned bats of wage We have passed through well-defined practicable
their armament, the "B" cruisers could street corner loafer to-day, and com- without any panioned in the confinement of small cycles of uncertainty in cruiser design
call them cycles of uncertainty be- be considerably smaller
ships for months at a time at sea by the toughest waterside elementa of the cause they have not endured, and their other sacrifice of value.
"Going One Better" passing cannot be ascribed to changed
It rather appears to me that the ports of the world, who were withal The pro- conditions of sca warfare. tected cruiser reached her climax in school which argues that the govern- stouthearted fellows and fine seamen, The armoureding doctrine of naval construction is the merchant service was truly a hard the "Europa" class.
ship to beat the enemy needs school for any boy.
Pride in a Great Service iser reached ber climax in the to build cruiser
The battle-cruiser to qualify this precept by an antece-
Pride in our great sea service, and "Minotaur" class.
It soon wise, we come to the spectacatar pro- the profound desire to bring the ser Japan, Honolulu, Los Angeles, replaced both. This was hailed as the dant definition of the enemy. Other
natural result of evolution. violation of cess of building ships to beat anything. vice into its proper place, had found Saturday,
all tactical principles. Then a new lap In the days of surface warfare only, expression in the foundation, by a SOUTH AMERICA (East Coast) via Singapore, Cape Town & Ports. started with the appearance of the the principle of "going one better" was group of the most distinguished "sen- "Scout" type soon followed by the light fundamentally sound, nor did we oxag- men of the day, of the Honourable
gerate it by the excessive "jumps" Company of Master Mariners. KAWACHI MARU
which began when the success of the cordial had been the welcome of this Leasons of the War The light cruiser has held the field submarine and the plain renace of the seamen's company by the King and for twenty years now, and holds it still. aircraft cast shadows upon the future the people that it was already taking Practically all our Offcially, the classification has been of the battleship. I admit one auprems its place in the forefront with simi- abandoned, because it was held to be difficulty in that the Admiralty cannot lar institutions. too limited a definition for some of the alt down and walt for the future: they crafts had been represented for cen- vessels it covered, and we now use the must keep pace with the present. Yet turles by the great City Hvery com
nowadays 18 panies, and they had played a But, the British, Admiralty simple, genuric word, cruiser. despite the growth of armament from looking to the future more than any important part in civic life. 4.7in. to 8in. guns, the constructive other naval ministry. They want to rely enough, however, the oldest (and principles of the light cruiser have been trench the size of the battleship to to this island country the most essen- retained. The "Kent" of 1928 is as 25,000 tons, but the United States will (Continued at foot of preceeding
as the not hear of it-st least, so Mr. Hugh much exposed in her vitals
Boadicea of 1908. The only real dis- Gibson told us at Geneva-and Japan sugges. tinction between the two is that the showed no enthusiasm for the
to appreciably re- "Kent" is armed as a fighting ship and tion. They want the Boadicon" was not. I suppose we trench the displacement of the cruiser may attribute to the oxportence of the from the Washington limit, but, as all Great War the present-day tendency to the other sea Powers declare themselves lay stress upon the aggressive cruiser free to do what they like in the matter as distinct from the protective cruiser.as, of course, they are the Admiral I cannot recall this differentiation in ty cannot safely go beyond the moral "B" cruisers pre-war days, unless it is argued that example of substituting it was established by the difference for "A" cruisers. If nothing happens between the armoured cruiser and the in the meanwhile, and there is no be protected cruiser. The Armoured crui- visible reason for supposing anything
will happen, the problem may ser was a hybrid, and jumped rapidly
the Washington out of her sphere, so that people talked thrashed out when of the "Drakes" and "Warriors Treaty comes up for revision. By that quite fitted lle in the fighting line time the Peace Pact whi have sufficient- in a fleet action. Probably, they were ly receded into perspective to permit as well fitted to take their chance appraisement of its value as a factor in against heavy ships as such so-called dealing with naval armaments. Assum battleships as the old "Renown" and the ing that by then the five first-rate naval two "Triumphs."
The very fact that Fowers have made up their minds that their possible use in this way was seri. they are not going to fight one another ously discussed by naval men is llius- again (rather tremendous conclu- trativa of one of those cycles of un- sion), they may deem the occasion op- certainty to which I have alluded. portune for setting a net orientation Well, the cruiser temporarily vanish. to the whole subject of capital ships and ed from the building ships with the ad- cruisers, vent of the three "Invincibles," for
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Tuesday, 19th March. Wednesday, 6th March.
1
(Calls at Penang and Karachi). DURBAN, LOURENCO MARQUES, BEIRA, DAR-ES-SALAAM, ZANZIBAR
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Monday,
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4th March,
Bunday 3rd March 'Moon. Sunday, 10th March Noonan
Thursday, 7th March 10 a.me
OSAKA BHOSEN KAISHA.
M. TAKEUCHI, Manager.
At
which the unfortunata misnomer of tial), viz. "seperaft," had never pre- ("battle-cruisoms was colued. And then viously plasessed such a body.
the eyele began again. But to-day we last that great company had come are at a curious stage, almost without into being to represent the master precedent in the history of naval cycles, or the first time in history,
craftsmen of the sts, and on March I should think. Instead of any desire to go forward in size, or any complaint company of British seamon would that the Washington limitations are too hold their dinner at Guildhall, London, restrictive, the Admiralty want to go under their Master, the Heir to the Thus the master mariners backward. The Constructive Depart Throne. want has produced a ship of just over were coming back into their 8,000 ton, because nothing much and they would along with the lead-a smaller could carry and fight three ers of other services and professions, B-inch double-gun turrets. But they come to take their place in, the public would certainly welcome a legitimate life of the nation at the heart of the opportunity to drop to 6,000 t tans, or Empire, to the building of which they had contributed more than any other even under, and 6-inch guns. M
No "Crinoline Cruisere" body of Charles Hipwood, Mercantila
Sir The cruiset has lost her traditional Value as the descendant of the frigate, Marine Department, Board of Trade. "the eyes of the Fleet." We no longer eld the number of seamen on British talk of crinoline cruisers. Recon- ships to-day was about 200.000, The naissance has now, taken to the air. 1911 census showed that there were On the other hand, the cruiser has gain then some 28,700 foreigners on Bri od in value as protector of trade. Ush shits, and in the five-year, parlad Trade is more vulnerable to attack than to 1927 this number had fallen 15 ever before and although war has 16,000. That showed the tendenc always been lined at affecting, economie At the same time the food and econ modationca aking-wizi, much better akhaustion, the naval struggle, if the
Column)
1
MARCH SAILINGS. DEPARTURE HOURS:
Hong Kong 5.30 p.m. Wuchow 2.00.p.m.; 8.S. TAI HING"
(1,068 tons-Capt. O. B. Wilke.]
MARCH.
FRI.
18t
SUN. 17th
WED. MON.
6th
FRI
22nd
11th WED.
27th
8.9. "TAI MING" [640 tons Capt. G. J. Spink.] WED.. 27th FEBRUARY,
MON. SAT.
MARCH,
TUES. 10th MON. SAT. 30th
25th
4th 9th THURS. 14th
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