1928-06-13 — Page 4

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refused to accept the British pro- 'posal as the British had refused the American formula. But, look- ing back over it, it seems to bear 'a fatal resemblance to the recent Disarmament Conference at Geneva; for in both cases there! was a desire upon the part of the governments of Great Britain and Britain, but a frank acceptance of the United States to reach the the consequences, which are that solution of

a common problem, the British fleet should never and each produced a formula suit- again be used as the instrumented to its needs. of a purely British blockade in a

What prevented agreement in both cases was an underlying, war waged by and for exclusively British alms and interests, but The forests of the Argonne are only in case its services were call- fundamental difference in naval far away. In spite of the facted into action by the community strategy, employed on the one that in the last war we made that of nations which registers ita will hand by an island power depen-

to peace in

a great anti-war dent upon the outside world for wilderness our battlefield, never-

Covenant of the its sustenance, and on the other theless, to the average American treaty, the mind, great distances still separ- League, or other similar commit- hand to maintain the external in- ment. The days of Great Britorests of a Continent, self-con-

tained and self-sustaining. ate us from it, and there is a

This is the Gordian knot; and deep-seated purpose not to let tain's empire of the sea are re- SOUTH AMERICA (West Cost) via Japan, Honolulu, Los Angeles. those distances be diminished.cognised as over at last, if in its

But, while the scene of war on place can be erected a common- so far the attempt to disentangle Mexico & Panama,

land recedes in the perspective of wealth of aovereign states equal it by playing with both ends of SOUTH AMERICA (East Coast) vin Singapore, Cape Town & Ports both memory and imagination,ly set upon the maintenance of the complicated skein has only solution is now seen to lie in the potential battlefields of the freedom for commerce upon the added to the complications. The sea powers of the world reach to high seas.

eliminating the knot altogether An Old Doctrine, our very doors.

It is not necessary here to re- by the denial of the right of "pri- The open seas, which are to navies what the terrain of moun-view the whole past history of yate" warfare at sea under the tain, plain and river is to armies, this doctrine of the freedom of terms of the Kellogg-Briand pro- are on the flank of every coast. A the seas, one of the oldest and posul.

doctrines of The further history of this most consistent

but emphasises half hour's sail from any occan

the port and we are in the "no man's American foreign policy, older problem

the Constitution itself. points that have been made al- land" of naval strategy; the thin than stretch of territorial water which Benjamin Franklin attempted to ready. The Conference of Lon- forms the protective glacis for insert it in the treaty of peace don in 1908 left the law of the the shore land behind is less with Great Britain in 1783, urging'sen unreformed, and the World a cannon shot in width. the adoption of a clause in that War revealed the danger which When, therefore, the Sea Powers treaty that "all merchants or lay in this situation, a danger so begin to talk about renouncing traders with their unarmed ves- real that it was only the existence war there is something much sela, employed in commerce, ex- of still more vital facts, which more real in the proposition for changing the products of different prevented the involvement of the us than in the pursuance of some nations, and thereby rendering United States in the effort to far-away ideal in another part of the necessary conveniences and make headway against the steady the world. Our own navy is in-comforts of human life more easy inroads of sea power upon neutral volved; and on the sea-ways that to obtain and more general, shall rights.

It was in the heart of this most be allowed to

pass freely un- lead to peace we meet at once our

molested."

serious phase of the war that more immediate and still unsolv.

Although Britain did not grant Colonel House, at that time Pre- ed problem of naval disarmament.

Above all, the renunciation of this right, Franklin actually got sident Wilson's representative in the principle inserted into a Europe, attempted to revive the treaty with Prussia two years principle of the freedom of the later. The War of 1812 was seas and to use it as a formula of a reformulation in terms suitable largely due to the unsolved pro- possible

agreement between for our day of the old, historic blem, which it left still unsolved. Germany and Great Britain. But doctrines of the "freedom of the

Throughout the nineteenth con- his proposal found little response seas." Originally, when the high seas were not the secure path-tury the United States continued in England, owing both to the to urge the case of neutral rights German diplomatic blunders of RIO DE JANEIRO, SANTOS & BUENOS AIRES-Via Saigon, Singapore, ways of commerce that they are upon the high seas, and when in the hour and to the sinking of the to-day, that doctrine was applied

WED, 20th to tines of peace as well as of 1856 the Conference of Paris re- "Lusitania," and also to the fact war. But for more than a hun-formed the law of the sen, the that Great Britain was at that

Regular Service of Fast, High Class River Steamers Having Good Ac- dred years the peace-time aspects United States brought up again moment developing the blockade

commodation for First Class Passongers. Electric Light and Fans in State- only should privateering be its other weapons of the war. Acoms and Saloon. The s.. "Tai King" in fitted with Wireless. DURIAN, DELAGOA BAY, BEIRA, DAR-ES-SALAAM, ZANZIBAR AND of the problem have practically its insistent proposal that not of the Central Powers as one of

disappeared and the only question abolished but that private proper reform of this far-reaching na- These vessels leave Hong Kong for Wuchow (vis Samshui, Shiuhing, that remains is that of the rights ty, when not contraband of war, ture needed peace-time conditions Takhing & Dosing) and return to Hong Kong (vin same Ports) every 5 or of belligerents and neutrals upon should not be subject to seizure for its fulfilment or else the 3 days, the high seas. It is a question of

upon the high seas.

overwhelming conviction on the The question came to the fore part of the helligerents that in it, The "Gordian Knot."

again at the Hague Conference lay the means of ending their Now the Briand-Kellogg nego- tiations propose to cut the Gor- through the insistence of the tragic struggle. This conviction

and American delegation, no was lacking at the time, and the dian knot by eliminating war it- self "as an instrument of nation-more eloquent and convincing effort failed, Colonel House's in- statement of America's case has sistence was not without effect al policy." If this were really ac-ever been made than that of Mr. when President Wilson made the cepted and applied throughout Choate in the Hague Conference principle of the freedom of the the civilised world it would at of 1907, based not only upon seas the second of his Fourteen very least so change the problem

Root's instructions Points, but in Paris the President Secretary of sea power as practically to eliminate those nationalist ele- and President Roosevelt's earnest dropped it from his programme in ments which have made belliger- insistence, but also upon a resolu- the later days of the Peace Con- ency a menace to peaceful com- tion of Congress of April 28, ference. With all the world organ- President of the United States to

Subject to alteration without notice..

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Wednesday,

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11th July..

...Saturday, 30th June.

Saturday, 22nd June. .Thursday, 5th July.

Sunday, 8th July.

Thursday, 5th July. Wednesday, 26th July.

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INDUS BARU

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war as an instrument of national

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End of June.

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M. TAKEUCHI, Manager.

For further particulars please apply to:-OSAKA SHOSEN KAISHA.! merce on the high seas. It is a 1904, which had called upon the lised in a League of Nations, there

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new era that is envisaged, which secure the "incorporation into the calls upon arbitrary power for a

(Continued on Page 10.)

much greater renunciation than permanent law of civilised na- that involved in merely recognis- tions of the principles of exemp-AMERICAN AUSTRALIA ORIENT ing the rights of war-time tradetion of all private property at sea, not contraband of war, from cap-

at sea. The greater reform car ture or destruction by belliger- rics the lesser along with it; the ents." Mr. Choate quoted, on be elimination of national wars im- half of the American proposal, plies the freedom of the seas.

the

This fact has not been clearly not only the precedent of his own scen as yet on this side of the country but the opinions of states- Atlantic. But the British have men and eminent publicists in al- begun to see it, coming to it the most every civilised land.

The American proposal, how- other way on, from the stand-

the British delegation at point of a discussion of the free-ever, met with the opposition of dom of the seas and through it Hague Conference, because it reaching to the further and wider seemed to them to be somewhat proposal of the elimination of na self-contradictory, or at least in- tional war. There is no more complete. While denying the striking fact in the international right of belligerents to seize the debate now going on than that private property of the signatory British statesmen and publicists

an exception of contraband of war are coming out in favour of the Powers at sea, the proposal made whole revolutionary proposal, and the right of commercial fully aware that it would mean a blockade. These two exceptiona reversal of the entire history of seemed to the British delegation: British naval strategy.

to make the proposal itself an There is no soft streak in this "equivocation capable of mislead- discussion of a problem so vital to (ing ill-informed public opinion." They claimed that the abolition of the right of capture necessarily involved the abolition of commer- cial blockade, for the object of both measures is the same; and that as long as the term "contra- band of war" is not confined to articles that can be used imme- diately for military purposes, but may include foodstuffs and raw materials as well, the exceptions to the rule might be as large as the rule itself.

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Lord Reay described at length the widening field of contraband| attendant upon the discoveries of modern science, showing remark- able prevision of the situation which was to develop in the early: He days of the World War. pointed out, as well, the complica- tions that would still exist in de-1 termining the character of arti- cles, of conditional contraband, and of making sure of the-ultim-1 ate destination of innocent-look- Ing shipments. The British solu- tion for this complicated pro- gramme was to propose that "con- traband be abolished so that neu- tral commerce should regain the freedom it requires, and

There is-Ittle more than his torical interest now in this debate between the British and the American delegations at The Hague, for President Roosevelt

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