1927-08-08 — Page 11

MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 1927.

DEMOCRACY."

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's New Republic.

SECOND LECTURE SERIES.

The Slow Political Progress of Europe.

WHY CHINA TURNED REVOLUTIONARY.

The late Dr. Sun Yat-sen, in the final lecture of the new series which have been appearing in the "China Mail," concludes his ex- admination of political and material progress in Europe and America and applies his deductions to the present state of China. He affirms that Europe has advanced quickly in a material sense but slowly in a. political sense, that it has failed to devise a system of experimenta- tion in governmental methods. To this he attributes the failure of

a

THE CHINA MAIL.

"ability," that is, between "con trolling" and "executive" power.

MINISTER SUGGESTS A LEAGUE OF THE PRESS.

"With the Press as much as

11

OVER THE STRAITS OF TEBRAU.

these countries for our model in

What forms of the mechanism POWER FOR PEACE." AMAZING SUNSETS. hundred odd years we, too, shall

of democracy, do we actually find find that our people cannot attain Practical Application: in existence? The older de- their proper goal of happiness and The next step is to set out the mocracies have only one-popular we shall be calling for a new Re practical application of this in the election corresponding to the volution, and the one we are now distinction between the form of thrust of the old fashioned ma bringing about will prove to have government and the method of chine, but there is in fact also a

If one had to single, out some been so much vain labour. What popular control, to the failure to return stroke known as the "Re-or more than any other class thing for which bla town on the we need is to have our labour observe which distinction is due call" which gives the people comes the power to ensure peace," Straits of Tebrau is famous it once for all and win peace and to the weakness of European De- plete control over the personnel of said the Lord Mayor, Sir Rowland would surely be the quality of the stable government. How is this mocracy. After this is properly the Government and makes the Blades, M.P., welcoming the dele-sunsets. to be? By adopting the Euro-understood, we can go on to con- democratic machine self-acting.

Why this is so I have not yet, gates to the International Press pean system en bloc?.

sider the machinery of Govern- Direct Popular Government. Conference which opened at the been able to ascertain definitely. I will give you an analogy. ment. In my first lecture, I de Next, as regards legislation, we Guildhall, E.C., on July 4. The Of course the water helps-but the sun sets behind the slight hills on' Japan was the first country in the fined this word "Government" as must provide the people with conference was attended by re- the mainland and not along the line Far East to build railways, and meaning "The management of power to originate new legisla-presentatives from 22 nations. of the water, though the safar une China came a long way behind everybody's business. In Chin- on or to repeal existing laws Senhor Magalhaes Lima, of doubtedly helps us de venter t

prove unsatisfactory. Lisbon, was the President:

the Eastern sky is, as brilliant as but the Japanese use the narrow ese the word which is rendered which gauge and their trains are small government is composed of two Where these four expedients are Sir Rowland described the the Western. and inconvenient, while China has characters bearing slightly differ-in force, we have direct popular Press of the world as a profes-

Perhaps the most'amasing sunset 'brotherhood working that I have ever seen took place the broad gauge and her trains ent interpretations. The first de government not as we find now alonal are roomy and comfortable. That notes something like "control," adays indirect, or representative through national aspirations to on May 6. We were returning from is because Japan adopted an old the second something like "organ Government, and it is this form of international well-being.

a walk along the Muar Road, when" the Intensity of the glow behind us fashioned type of railway while isation." This "control" I intergovernment I mean when I speak the Chinese waited and took up a pret as "the Power of the People," of four hundred million Emperors

made us look round. At first there more modern type instead of fol- ie. "Democracy"; organisation is of China.

from the flushed sky, but as. those were only glimmerings of scarlet lowing the example of Japan. So the "power of the government." My four principles are like taps

became reflected in the water, the whole Armament seemed to become He gives his ideas as to why China went revolutionary, out-in politics we should not follow The first is the power of control-or, switches by which the people

a mass of glowing colour until it: lines the ideals of what he terms "a new Republic," enunciates his blindly the footsteps of Europe ling the Government, the second can control the government, just

but adopt the most modern the power proper to the Governas, they can control 'water and The Press, said Mr. Locker was almost painful to look at, and electric current. While the Gov- Lampson, had the power to guide one was glad of the trees which four principles and visions a constitutional government whose powers methods after careful considera- ment itself.

tion of other systems. -

To go back to our metaphor, ernment will be like an artisan the actions of Governments; it fringed the road to keep out the will be exercised by popular control which will lead to the "dawn of a

Lost Belief.

the first is the power of the en working under the direction of could shape the course of indus- blaze. new world."

Within ten minutes the whole of I have spoken of European de.gineer; the second, the power of the people, the people will be like trial disputes, and make humani- mocracy as a modern spirit work the engine. If I could design the commander of a modern tarian movements successful or the Western sky was one mass of ing with antiquated machinery.steamship which could steam fifty battleship who controls all his otherwise,

vivid colouring, deeply and richly Can this machinery be brought up knots in an hour and which was guns from the conning tower

"But the Press," he continued, suffused and now beginning to glad to date? We have no example to larger than any other merchant instead of sending out his sub- "has much wider powers thar den the dull sky over Singapore' ship. I could earn more profits ordinates to lay each one separ- these. It can very largely deter-

island, And the effect lasted for some time, much longer than usual, than any other ship owner. Simi-ately

Now if the Government is to mine the relations between Gov- quite long enough to take down full China with her man power and re- the people it must possess efficient it. It can advocate peace or in-rich variety of tones to be seen larly if we do organise the most powerful government in the world, function efficiently on behalf of crnments. It can minimise an notes.

international incident or magnify On May 22 there was another

dangerous about 0.20 p.m. though the effect pressions which convey a similar ed the piston to recoil progress in our own capacity; we believed yield to no one, not even the Unit-sists of five constitutional powers. situation it may turn the scale was quite different, and not so pro

sources will be in a position to machinery: This machinery con- It can advoca

modern democracy.

"DAWN OF A NEW WORLD.”

The expressions, "The ma- chinery of Government" and "the mach found in the political writ machinery of the Law," are com- ings of Europe, and the Chinese have borrowed from Japan ex- meaning. We must, however, re member the important distinction between the machinery of Gov- ernment which is built up of human beings and industrial ma- chinery which is a compound of inanimate things, like wood, iron and leather belting. I have re- peatedly emphasised the rapidity with which European civilisation has progressed on ita material side compared with its slow ad- vance in political matters. The explanation is obvious. chinery which does not work can be scrapped immediately after trial in favour of a new experi. ment, but the same reasoning does apply in the case of methods of government.

powerful machinery. The method imitate. Can we then devise a is inconceivable as applied to a

new system altogether? Since the thousand horse power: and unless faith in our own initiative and machine which develops ten Boxer rising we Chinese have lost a scheme had been devised have slavishly imitated foreign- whereby the machine itself caus-ers, but before that we had belief towards more powerful machines in Chinese civilisation and Chin-ed States. would have been impossible. Thus ese superiority over Europe and it is that the idea of democracy Chinese ability to progress. gains strength daily while the machinery of democracy remains at a standstill.

Ability and Power. How, then, am I to illustrate my own discovery by means of this analogy? What corresponds to "ability"?

"Ability" is some- thing which a machine possesses, Mai.e. the power it produces when supplied with the proper amount. of coal and water. "power" I mean the virtue of the engineer who controls thé ma-

The American Constitution, for example, hardly varies to-day from that of a hundred and forty ears ago. But what factory to- day employs the machinery of 1820? Why ten year old ma 'chinery is already out of date in industry, while with the systems of

Government, though the human beings who compose their material change with the years, their organisation remains the same unchangeable by anything short of a revolution. The reason why European democracy has never discovered a workable basis is the failure of the Europeans to devise a proper system for experi ment in methods of government.

If you study the history of the i development of machinery, you will find that in the earliest ma- chines the power was only utilised to push the piston in one direc- tion. The system by which it is employed to draw it back again. was based on a device originated by one of the boys whose duty was in these days to push the But the piston back. by hand. machinery of Government is still to-day in the elementary state of. the early cotton spinning ma- chines. The device of popular 'élection drives the piston in one direction only; it cant draw it back again: and we have no boy to show us how it can be made

to do so.

Failure Explained. The failure of modern de mocracy is due to the fact that it

While by

Now we have lost this belief, not realising that European civil- isation is confined to the sphere of material science and does not ex- tend to that of social organisation. Even in material science in which the Europeans have made con- siderable progress, knowledge is by no means universal and specialists in one branch know little of others, And even if a hundred years of progress in mat- erial science has brought them knowledge beyond our wildest dreams, that is no reason why in

The Future.

The delegates were entertained at luncheon by the Government at the Savoy Hotel, Mr. Godfrey Locker-Lampson (Parliamentary Foreign Under-Secretary for Affairs) presiding.

one way or the other. The Press longed. The sunset started by of the world, I am glad to say, sky, and these gradually merged streaking damson bands across the realises its duties and responsi into a more vivid red and then bilities and does its best to fulfil slowly turned to palest turquoise, them.

"I should like to see a League of the whole Press, having for its object the encouragement of

Controlling Power.

These Powers are as follows: Executive, Legislative, Judicial, When China has her powerful Appointive (ie, by examination) government we need not fear, as and Supervisory; and they are the Europeans do, that the gov-exercised subject to the popular ernment will become too powerful control of which I have spoken. and out of control because in our I can illustrate my meaning most new Republic the "control" of clearly by putting it in the form which I have spoken will rest en- of a diagram. tirely with the people, and will be exercised directly by them.

It is all a matter of control with the machinery of government as well as with any other kind of Election machinery. If you have no device for controlling a machine of more than ten thousand horse power, you will make that, your limit; so;

UNDERWORD & UNDERWOOD, M. Y.

The summer White House, tentatively chosen by the President and Mrs. Coolidge, in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Photo shows a general view of the lodge on the Black Hills réservation, owned by the State and offered to the President. It is a two-storey building of thirty odd rooms with a wide porch across the front. To. the rear is the large dining hall decorated solely with stuffed pheasants, the. brilliantly plum-plum, aged bird which thrives throughout, South Dakota.

chinery and can cause it to func- tion or to stop at his will. If then we bear in mind this distinction between "ability" and power, we shall see, that control of the Gov-

the 'Political Sphere we should long as you cannot control your not hit on truths undiscovered by government, it will always be them.":

weak and ineffectual.

We must put the people in the Let me tell you a story to illus-place of the engineer. Besides, ernment by the people is the same trate my meaning. Newton, the nowadays you need not be an ex

Newton's Cats.

Recall

Legislative.

Initiation

Organising Power

after which we had streamers' of crimson clouda.

On another day I was reading in the house when suddenly the change In the light became so intense that I was compelled to look out and go and see what it was all about.

no

Here was no variety-no bands, streamora, nothing but an Revision erange flush which WAS over- spreading the whole sky just as a painter might wash over hfa canvas with one colour. The effect of this single colour note was even more. remarkable than the varieties which one had noted in the other amazing surisets. If for no other reason,. Johore is worth visiting because of

Executive, Appointive. Supervisory.

Judicial.

showing the power of the govern- ment subordinate to and con- trolled by the Popular Will.

This, in my view, represents the perfect Democratic System. You will observe that I have introduc- ed two powers which are not sep- arately specified in European theory the Appointive and Supervisory. These represent elements which are characteristic of Chinese state organisation, the Examination and the Censorate. Even under the absolute mon- archy the persons exercising these powers remained indepen- dent and therefore they assumed and importance in China far be yond any they ever had in Europe where the kings usurped all the functions of the State. It is true that England has adopted from China the system of appointment after. examination, but she only extends this to the case of minor civil officials........

If we Chinese can, in fact, pro- duce such a form of Government as I have outlined, 'we shall have brought about the end of the barren years and the dawn of a new world:

[The End]

IN CHEKIANG.

PERSONNEL OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT,

A message from Hangchow,

has no means of controlling un- as the control of a machine by the great scientist who discovered for pert in order to control a machine. dated July 26, states that, the satisfactory representatives; and engineer. In a perfect democracy, the first time the law of gravita- Once it was dangerous to meddle the cure for this lies in the obser- with the Government completely tion on which the science of with electricity: now even a child Political Council of Cheklang has vance of my distinction between i under control, however powerful

Chekiang Provincial Government, ability and political power. I will the Government may be, the physica is based, was very fond of can switch a light on and off. It recently been reorganised into the

cata. He possessed a cat and a is the same with aeroplane. Once duggest two analogies. One is People need only express its will kitten which always followed him one risked one's life whenever one end that an inauguration cere that of motive power and other in the Popular Assembly to check about. He found that he was went up, but now people fly about mony of the new Government took place on the morning of July machinery. The other is that of it if in opposition or to strengthen constantly having to interrupt his like birds.

25. The personnel is as fol- the engineer who controls ma it if in support. But if, as now work to let these animals in and We in China have the Democra-lows chines of ten or even twenty happens, the distinction is not ob- out of the room and to save him- tic ideal, but nowhere in the world Chief: Commissioner, Mr. Chang thousand horse power, He can served, the Government can go self the trouble of doing this he is the machinery of democracy Jen-chieh. both start and stop his engine, astray and the people have no had holes cut in his door-a large anything like perfect and nowhere Commissioner, Gen. Chiang Kai- mighty though it is. Men have control over it. It pays no atten- hole for the cat and a small hole yet do the common people know shek. attained this power by experiment tion to the will of the people for the kitten. Great scientist as how to work it. It is our duty as Commissioner, Mr. Ma Shu-lun. and no little sacrifice of life when, and thus becomes ineffective he was, he did not realise that one pioneers to construct machinery Commissioner, Mr. Yen Ta-tau. like Frankenstein; they failed to Throughout the world to-day the large hole would have served both which will make this ideal a real-Commissioner, Mr. Chao Yuan. control the Monster they had system of government is making purposes! This shows that great ity. True we are later than chung. made, and now one man can con progress while the democratic proficiency in one branch of know- Europe in adopting the idea, just Commissioner, Mr. Chiang Meng- trol the strength of 160,000 men ideal is moving ahead, and this ledge does not necessarily mean as we were behind Japan in taking lin inong machine far more easily means that the People are out of equal capacity in all others to railways. Can we then devise Commissioner, Mr. Cheng Chen- than he can control ten thousand sympathy with the machinery of We have seen that the Euro some system which will work, or chun t

government,

pean systems of democracy are in- must we abandon democracy, or Commissioner, Mr. Yuan Heing- Copy Europe?

complete and like the old machin accept it with its attendant risks tsun. The Revolution in China was ery only work in one direction of danger and bloodshed? Commissioner, Mr. Li Pai-chin. brought about originally by men So that although we have gone There is one country in Europe Commissioner, Mr. Ma Yin-chu. who thought slavish imitation of with the tide of democratic senti- which has actually tried a num Commissioner, General - Chou Europe and America would mean ment which had its origin in ber of partial expedients--I mean Feng-chl. complete democracy, and who Europe, it will not do to adopt Switzerland. Theas have been Commissioner, Mr. Chiang Pai- made that their goal At that their system without careful merely experimental and have not scheng time they were not altogether examination. What of our capa been carried to their logical con Commiss oner, Mr. Chen Hsi-hao. wrong The system they city to do this? The Chinese clusion. Moreover they have not Commissio Mr. Chen learnt from Europe was much to civilisation is the oldest in the even been tried in the more in-shuai be preferred to the rotten Despot world. It has never before portant countries" of Europe, ao ism which it superseded. But I borrowed from foreigners and that it is commonly supposed that ask you, are the Europeans satis- who can deny our capacity to de- they are unsuited to all but very fied with their own social organ vise a new social organisation? small states. The fact is that the isation and system of Govern The material Is there, scattered European nations are afraid to ment? Nolow

amongst the various countries of disturb their existing constitu America and France, the the world, waiting to be organised tions; just as the Japanese cradles of Revolution, are calling upon the roper philosophical the disadvantages of their mar out for a new Revolution, though basis.

you what my gauge railway system but

soldiers.

Now to pursue our analogy in the days of the Emperors, the monarch was both the motive power of the machinery of Gov fernment and also the head of the State. The strength of one re- acted on the other; and a strong Government resat a powerful monarch. But in a democracy, though the people supply the mative force, they cannot control the machinery of Government, and therefore they do not like a strong government for fear that they may be oppressed by it as they have been oppressed before,

They are in the position of the first engineers. If you have got to push back the piston by hand every time the steam forces it out, naturally cannot employ

you

they had one only a hundred years conception of this is. It is the change it now ago. This shows that if we take distinction between "power" and Bons...

Chi

international good will."

Describing the conference asta sunseta."Straits Times" Corr. "The Locarno of Journalism," Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M.P., at the first gession, said that no journal- ist had any excuse for either national or class prejudice. Of all the impartial tribunals of the world, the most impartial war the High Court of Literature,

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