1919-11-29 — Page 9

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 1919.

THE CHINA MAIL.

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THE CRYING NEED FOR SELF-KNOWLEDGE.

BY A CLUTTON-BROCK.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS.-

CLEARING-HOUSE or

GRIEVANDES.

Lord Henry Bentinck, M.P., ad dressing a meeting at Kendal on The League of Nations," said that the League must be based upon Christian foundations, and it must be assumed that, every individual would have the opportunity of deve loping his own personality. The same principle must be carried out in international politics. Every na tion, whether fighting against us or its cwa nationality. One of the not; had an equal right to develop principles which was laid down at the conclusion of the war was that. each nation should have self-deter mination in the matter of working out its own destiny.

ance of self is bliss and even a duty. "start with, that there is nothing but And this belief is founded upon the skeletons in the cupboard, "and who old mischievous notion that what we bases a set of psychological formulæ are by nature is actually sinful; that, on that belief. But the man who the only way to get rid of this really knows himself knows that original sin is to ignore it. But sin there are within him all kinds of consists not in what we are by nature; potentialities: that the herd-Instinct but in action. I have all the poten itself is not all evil, but with self Long ago a Greek said, Know thy tialities for evil within me; all man knowledge may be sublimated into self; but we have not tried to take have; but the question for me is, fellowship. Self-knowledge tells us, his advice. The chief danger of the shall I act on them? And I am most not that we are animals bound for likely to act on them if I do not know ever by the chain of our past, modern world, is that, with all our that they are there. We can under- but raw material which we can increased power over things through stand the problem best, perhaps, if ourselves make what we will of knowledge, of them, we have in two we do not see it merely in if only we understand it. There thousand years advanced but little in moral terms. It is important is a self behind all this raw material power over ourselves through self- that all of us, being members which, paradoxically, can find itself knowledge. We are so ignorant of kind of self-government (which nation, even, in the herd which can of a great Empire and having some only in self-knowledge. There is a the working of our own minds that implies the government of our sub-find itself by self-knowledge. But any charlatan can play upon us as if ject peoples), should not be fools without self-knowledge the self is we were unthinking instruments, or politically. But no amount of moral never found and the nation remains

ardour without self-knowledge will a herd. performing animals ready for any

prevent 113 from being. fools We know, or ought to know by trick at the crack of his whip. Indeed politically. The Germans, we may now, that the greatest obstacle to the Germans did "die for their remember, were filled with moral human progress is not in the re principle in regard to our sister But how were we carrying out this country" in millions' at the crack of ardeur when the war broke out. It cognised sing of individuals, not in island, Ireland? Unfortunately at the Kaiser's whip: if they had under was to many of them, men no more theft or drunkenness or murder, but the present time, we seemed to be stood the working of their own minds wicked than ourselves, a great in the self-deception of crowds. thoroughly wedded to a policy of better they would have understood crusade. But there is no doubt that Whatever any mass of men wishes force, to halding dows the Irish the working of his, and there would they were fools politically, and that to do, that it can and will find people. with an army of 60,000 to their rulers were able to make fools moral reason for doing: the very 70,000, well supplied with tanks and have been no war.

Paychology is a dull and ugly of them because they had never for fact that many men desire the same bombs and aeroplanes. He wished word; it is usually employed to mean a moment examined the action of thing makes each individual among also he could see some signs in not self-knowledge but general and the "herd instinct" within themselves. them feel that be has a Eastern Europe of the principles of doubtful conclusions based on the Real paychology consists in the ex- right to do it. And the crimes the League of Nations being carried observation of others. We are always amination of the herd-instinct in your thus committed by crowds, by whole out, for in that part of the world hearing of child-psychology, but self as an individual rather than in nations, under the belief that nation was stiff fighting against most of it is not based on the pay observing its action upon the Ger- they are doing right because nation, although the Great War was chologist's remembrance of his own roars as a nation. But, while we they are doing it all together are over nearly twelve maths ago... childhood; our paychology may give call it herd-instinct in the Germans, enormous. Further, the crowd or He defined the League of Nations as us the habit of observing others, it we probably call it in ourselves "that nation, when it suffers the punish"the clearing house of international does not give us the habit of obsery sturdy common sense which has ment of its crime, is far less able thin grievances, and insisted that such ing ourselves. Yet it is only by observ. made England what she is." Part of an individual to see it as a punish an agency must be worked by really ing ourselves, without any warm the deception of the herd-instinct meat. It very easily finds a formula honest, sincere, and democratic prejudice in favour of ourselves, that consists in this--that those who are both to excuse itself and to explain statesmen. we can understand others. The best possessed by it believe it to be their the punishment as a mere misfortune own native and original wisdom, or the result of the malignity of its

paychology is to be found still in great

writers such as Shakespeare and Dos. They repeat what has been said by enemies. Nations repent far less future may be better. Much of our toevsky; and they have that "know a politician or a newspaper and often than individuals; usually it is supposed insight into human nature. ledge of the human heart" which we suppose that they themselves have their grandchildren that repent for is merely malice about other people's praise in them, that power of draw said it for the first time. So when them. But we remain blind to all nature; we leave ourselves out of our ing characters at which we wonder, they discover that the politician or the these facts when we ourselves are generalisations about mankind. Bat. because they were aware of potenti- newspaper has said it they feel con- possessed by the herd-instinct, bewe ought to base those generalisa alities in themselves which they firmed in their own original wisdom. cause it has never occurred to us to tions upon what we know about our were able to develop Imaginatively. You must be aware of this skeleton examine its workings in ourselves. If selves: then, we may be sure, there in their works. Jago himself is of the pack-animal in your own cup, we have ever heard of it, it is some would not be too much malice In something in Shakespeare which has board if you are to be on your guard. thing that happens to others; and we them. The chief obstacle to self- got command of his imagined against yelping with the pack. It is wonder still why mankind does not knowledge at present is our lack of villain it is that vanity which every not enough to state as a gener 1 truth make more progress,

conviction that only by means of it man with self-knowledge sees in that there is something of the pack So what we need, if our power over can we attain to any secure happiness himself and knows to be as cruel as animal in all of us; we can read that things is not to become more and or goodness for ourselves, or any the grave Mere observation would in a dull book and think no more of more a danger to us, is self-knowledge security of civilisation for the world." never avail to draw such a character; it. If we are to escape from the and the habit of impartial self- If once we are convinsed of that. ́it would remain observation. That slavery of the herd, each one of us, examination. We need more than then we shall be more eagar ti kaaw which we call creation is the living we must observe the working of the aeroplanes or even medicine to turn ourselves than to fly and as we potentiality in the creator's self herd instinct in ourselves with an the scientific spirit and curiosity in have attained to a wonderful skilf given free play, for good or evil, eager, detached curiosity, grateful for wards upon ourselves. Outwardly in flying, ao we may attain__to_a_ in his creation; he may enrich it the gift of self-knowledge, by means we have much light, but within dark-wonderful proficiency in sell-know with observation, but it is born in of which we learn secrets that would tess: And this curiosity need not be ledge... At present even professing himself, and he sees it first through otherwise remain always hidden from morbid or pathological. It is not to Christians do not know that to self-knowledge. ranken

convict ourselves of sin or mad-practiss they need But wost then are afraid of this This eager, detached curiosity, ness, but to command ourselves, that more phological curiosity than self-knowledge. If there is a skele- and the self-knowledge, which it we need to know ourselves. Our con they possess hence their strange ton in their cupboard, they never | brings, will not turn us into cynics. | cern must be not with our disreputable power of finding Christian reasons look at it; they believe that ignor. The cynic is one who believes, to past, but with our present, so that our for defag'unchristian things.

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