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The organised territories are:-Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Athabaska.

Its southern frontier borders on the United States of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, a distance of more than 3,000 miles. Its coast, on the Atlantic and on the Pacific, has not yet been accurately surveyed by Canada, but the Its territorial area is about 3,470,392 frontage may be seen by reference to the map. square miles. 5,000,000.

Its population, by the census of 1881, was 4,324,810; it is now about

Its fortifications consist of defensive works at Halifax, Nova Scotia, constructed and maintained as an Imperial nilitary and naval station by the Imperial Government, and the forts, buildings, and works maintained by Canada at St. John and Fredericton, in New Brunswick; Quebec, Point Lévis, Montreal, and St. John's, in the province of Quebec; Kingston, Toronto, and London, in the province of Ontario; Winnipeg, in the province of Manitoba; and Victoria, in the province of British Columbia.

The majority of these forts, buildings, and works were constructed many years ago, their design and the guns mounted on the works are therefore not now up to modern requirements, neither is the state of repair as good as it should be. In each instance the forts are those handed over to Canada by the Imperial Government on the withdrawal of the regular troops about 1870. Since then no additional forts have been erected, except the small earthworks at Victoria, in the province of British Columbia.

TELEGRAPH LINES.

Each railway maintains telegraphic communication along its entire line, in addition to which the Government or private companies have extensive facilities for telegraphic communication by connecting lines in other countries, and by cable with Great Britain and the east. The mileage of land lines in Canada in 1885 was 20,347.

SHIPPING.

NUMBER OF VESSELS and NUMBER of TONS on the REGISTRY BOOKS of the DOMINION OF CANADA on the 31st December in each year from 1873 to 1885.

Provinces.

Vessels.

1873.

Tons.

Vessels.

1874.

Tons.

Vessels.

1875.

Tons.

Vessels.

1876.

Tons.

Vessels.

1877.

Tons.

RAILWAYS.

The railway system of Canada is well suited for the purposes of defence and for the transport of men and munitions of war into and through each province from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. The mileage has been increased from 2,380 in 1867 to 10,773 in 1885. The main line commences at Halifax on the Atlantic coast as the winter port, and at Quebec on the St. Lawrence as the summer port, and extends Another main line through Quebec through Canada to Vancouver on the Pacific coast. and Ontario begins at Quebec and ends at Port Huron on the boundary between Canada and the United States. In addition to these main lines there are branches and subsidiary railways connecting at important points and serving all portions of the country. (See map.)

New Brunswick Nova Scotia Quebec

Provinces.

335

1,147 277,850 1,144

294,7411,133

2,803

1,842

Ontario

681

Prince Edward Island

280

British Columbia

30

149,701 |2,787 214,043 1,837 89,111 815 38,918 312 4,095 35

Manitoba

479,669 2,786 218,946 1,831 113,008 825 48,388 335 3,011 40

2

307,926 1,134 505,144 2,867 222,965 1,902 114,990 889 50,677 338 3,685 40

178

2

324,513,133

329,457

529,252 2,961 228,502 1,951 123,917 926 50,692 342

541,579 248,399 131,761

55,547

3,809 43

178

3,479

G

246

Total

6.783 1,073,7186,930

1,158,363 6,952 | 1,205,565 7,192

1,260,893 7,362 | 1,310,468

Vessels.

1878.

Tous.

Vessels.

1879.

Tons.

1880.

TRANSPORT AND VEHICLES.

The number of animals available for purposes of transport were according to the census of 1881:-

Horses Oxen

857,855 132,593

This number has been largely augmented since 1881, but there are no present returns of such available.

The wheeled vehicles used for the ordinary work of the country in summer and sleighs for use in winter are plentiful and well adapted for the purposes of military transport. The number reported by the census of 1871 was 842,514, the item does not appear in the census of 1881.

CANALS.

In addition to the railway facilities for purposes of transport in the interior of the eastern section of the country, there are two important lines of communication by water; 1st, the system of canals along the River St. Lawrence and the Welland Canal connecting Lakes Ontario and Erie, by means of which vessels drawing 10 feet of water can proceed from the Atlantic to the head of Lake Huron, thence, by ineans of a short canal con- structed by the United States at Sault Ste. Marie on the boundary line between that country and Canada, the same vessel may pass into Lake Superior. The other system of canals and river communication commences at Montreal and passes by way of the Ottawa River to Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, and thence by the Rideau River and canals to Kingston on Lake Ontario. This water-way is inland, it avoids the United States frontier on the upper St. Lawrence, and is available for vessels drawing 5 feet of water.

New Brunswick

1,142

Nova Scotia

9,003

Quebec

1,976

Ontario

958

335,965 1,135 553,368

2,975 248,340 1,975 195,440 1,000

Prince Edward Island

322

54,250

299

340,491 1,097 552,159 246,025 1,889 136,987 1,042

49,807

2,077

336,976 550,448

1,087

333,215

3,025

558,911

239,341 1,830

224,936

137,481

1,081

British Columbia

51

Manitoba

17

4.482 1,161

60

22

Total

7,469

1,933,015

7,471

4,701 1,924

1,332,093 7,377

288 63 21

45,931

273

139,998 45,410

5,049

74

6,296

1,092

24

1,311,218

7,394

2,130

1,310,896

Provinces.

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Vessels.

1882.

Tons.

Vessels.

308,980 1,107

1889.

Tons.

Vessels.

1884.

8110 T

Vessels.

1885.

Tons.

1,065

315,906

1,096

308,132 1,060

288,589

3,026

Quebec

1,754

Ontario

1,112

546,778 3,037 215,804 1,733 137,061 1,188

541,715 2,942 216,577 1,628 140,972 1,184

544,048 202,842 1,691

2,988

541,832

203,695

142,887

1,223

Prince Edward Island British Columbia

144,487

248

41,684

241

49,446

234

39,213

227

36,040

84

7,687

04

9,046

115

11,403

123

Manitoba

11,834

23

2,789

24

2,778

55

5,729

63

5,439

Total

7,319

1,260,777 7,374

1,267,394 7,254

1,253,747

7,815

1,291,856

NOTE. Of this tonnage about one-sixth is inland and five-sixths sea-going.

LIGHTS.

The Government maintains 550 light stations on its coasts and along its inland water

routes.

▲ 51481.

3 B

Vessels.

Ions.

Vessels.

1881.

Tons,

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

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