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Ingram, A. and Macfie, J. W. Scott.-The Mosquitoes of Accra. Ann. Trop. Med.

and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 3, p. 263. Ingram, A. and Macfie, J. W. Scott.--Notes on some African Ceratopogonine- species of the genus Lasiohelea. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 3, p. 377.

Macfie, J. W. Scott. Saurositus agama, n.g.n.sp. A Filarioid Parasite of the Lizard, Agama colonorum. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 3, p. 409.

Bull. Ent. Res.

Macfie, J. W. Scott.-On some Egyptian Ceratopogoninæ.

Vol. XV., Pt. 1, p. 61, August, 1924. Maplestone, P. A.-A Survey of the Parasites found in Natives of Sierra Leone.

Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit; Vol. XVIII., No. 2, p. 183.

This investigation was carried out with the object of obtaining an indi- cation of the infection rate among Sierra Leone natives of the commori intestinal parasites.

Maplestone P. A.-A Critical Examination of Stoll's Method of Counting Hook- worm Eggs in Freces. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII.,

It

No. 2, p. 189. Newstead, R., with the collaboration of Evans, Alwen, M. and Potts, W. H. Fore- word by Stephens, J. W. W.-Guide to the Study of Tsetse Flies. Memoir (New Series) No. 1. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. This work consists of 332 pages. It is embellished with three coloured and twenty-eight plain plates; four maps and fifty-eight text figures. contains full descriptions of all the known species of Tsetse Flies; their classification, reproduction, external and internal morphology; a concise áccount, with illustrations, of the structure of the genital armatures; also their geographical distribution and general bionomics; methods of technique and an extensive bibliography.

Potts, W. H.-A New Variety of Glossina schwetzi, Newstead & Evans, from the Belgian Congo, Ann. Trop. Med, and Parasit. Vol: XVIII., No. 2, p. 205. Southwell, Notes on Certain Cestodes in the School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 2, p. 177. Southwell, T.-Identification of Parasites from Animals which died at Sierra Léone. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 2, Miscel- laneous, p. 413.

Stephens, J. W. W.-A Case of Sleeping Sickness (T. gambiense) Treated with "Bayer 205." Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 3, Miscellaneous, p. 413. Remains well two years and three months after treatment. Stephens, J. W. W., and Gordon, R. M.-The Crescent and the Red Cell. Ann.

Trop. Med. and Parasit. Vol. XVIII., No. 2, p. 207.

Observations illustrated by diagrams were made on a series of thin blood films from a case of malaria in the Federated Malay States.

Yorke, W., and Macfie, J. W. S.-Observations on Malaria made during Treat- ment of General Paralysis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Med. and Hyg. Vol. XVIII., Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 13-33.

One hundred and five cases of general paralysis were inoculated subcutaneously (very rarely intravenously) with malaria-ninety-eight with simple tertian, six with quartan, and one with malignant tertian. Infor- mation is given regarding the incubation period and character of the fever, and the mode and result of treatment.

During the last twenty months a strain of P. vivax has been transmitted by direct subcutaneous inoculation through twenty-three passages involving seventy cases. This procedure has apparently not been attended by any change in the parasite.

Forty-one cases of general paralysis were infected with P. vivax by the bites of infective Anopheles. Information is given regarding the incuba- tion period, and the mode and result of treatment.

Both A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatus were used for this purpose and proved equally susceptible to infection with P. vivax, and equally capable of transmitting the parasite to man.

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Evidence is adduced which, in our opinion, renders the unicity hypothesis of the malaria parasites of man untenable.

The malaria infections, whether induced by inoculation of virulent blood or by the mosquito, proved extraordinarily susceptible to treatment, a short course of quinine, grs. 30 for three consecutive days, being sufficient to sterilize the infection in sixty of sixty-one inoculated cases and in twenty-seven of thirty-one mosquito-infected cases. These successes are contrasted with the frequent failures obtained in the treatment of simple tertian malaria during the War and in ordinary practice. Evidence is produced to show that the susceptibility to treatment in the induced malaria is bound up with the fact that in these cases one is con- cerned with the treatment of primary infections.

The mechanism by which a cure is obtained in malaria is considered at -length, and the conclusion reached that the essential factor for the pro- duction of cures is the capacity of the host to produce immune-body in response to antigen formation, resulting from the destruction of a con- siderable number of parasites by a medicament. If, for any reason, the immune-body formation is insufficient, the infection is not sterilized and a relapse occurs. Observations

on the value of quinine prophylaxis showed that administration of the drug before infection is useless; that its administration must be continued for at least ten days after the infecting feed to prevent infection from developing, and that the daily dose given has but little influence apart from the fact that with very large doses (30 grains), the period for which the drug has to be given to prevent development of infection is a little shortened. It is concluded from these observations that quinine has little, if any, action on sporozoites, and, that the mechanism by which development of infection is prevented is similar to that by which a cure is effected.

So far as can be judged at present, the results obtained with the malaria treatment of general paralysis are most satisfactory. Of the eighty-four paretics who have been observed for a sufficient time after treatment to warrant any conclusion, twenty-three (274 per cent.) have been, or are about to be discharged as provisionally cured, seventeen (202 per cent.) have showed distinct mental and great physical improvement, and many of the remainder have improved physically.

The following report of the work done by members of the Sir Alfred Lewis Research Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone, during the period 1st November, 1923, to 30th April, 1924, came too late to incorporate with the last report of the School.

Staff.

The Director returned from leave on 19th November, 1923. The Assistant Director proceeded on leave on 1st April, 1924. During the period under review the Assistant Director continued his researches into Hookworm, and made experi- ments, the results of which will be published shortly. On the 26th November the Director proceeded to the Protectorate according to an arrangement made with the Government of the Colony at the end of the previous tour.

The objects of study were endemic goitre and schistosomiasis. The Govern- ment of Sierra Leone afforded facilities, free railway passes, and made a special grant through the Medical Department for travelling expenses. The expedition returned to Freetown on 3rd March, A report on each of the two diseases mentioned has been submitted to the Government and will be published in the forthcoming Annual Medical and Sanitary Report of the Colony.

Owing to the continued prevalence of plague on the coast further south, the Medical and Sanitary authorities have been making special efforts to eliminate the risk of plague being introduced into Freetown. Since his return from the Protec- torate the Director of the Laboratory has co-operated in this effort in the following

ways:-

1. Examining bacteriologically and testing on susceptible animals material from cages presenting signs and symptoms resembling those of plague.

2. Examining rats found dead and dying in Freetown.

3. Making an analysis with Dr. M. G. Thompson of the species of rat-fleas present.