CO882-(3-4) — Page 522

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merits of pro-

tema most ef-

9. As to the relative merits of these systems. Assuming the existence of a supply of Comparison of water and of sewers fit for the conveyance of excreta. I consider the trough latrine to posed systems. be decidedly the best, for it may be kept almost perfectly clean, with a minimum amount Trough sys of labour and attendance. It seems specially suited for public institutions, such as fective where schools, gaols, native hospitals, and for the barracks of Chinese and Indian police or there is water troops. The value of the excreta as manure is wholly lost.

and drainage.

Canton system

requires much

10. The Canton system comes next in point of cleanliness. It can be worked with the minimum amount of water, and all may be removed by effective but it hand, so that it is well suited for places where water is scarce and drains are wanting. attention but It requires much labour and constant attention to keep it in an inoffensive condition. little water. Is Indeed, in the present crowded condition of the Hong Kong latrines, it seems a little pendent of doubtful whether the necessary manipulations can be carried out with sufficient promp- High value of

drainage. titude. Still the advantages offered by it are such as to justify a fair trial.

products.

almost inde.

facilities for

11. I would observe that if a supply of "humus" can be obtained, and it be desired Canton system to try the dry earth system, the Canton arrangement affords the best possible means of would afford doing so, by using humus instead of sand, applying it somewhat more liberally so as to dry earth. mix with the excrement. The urine being separated, the minimum amount of dry earth would be necessary.

remedies some

12. As to the modified bucket system it involves all the inherent radical defects of the Modified present system, the improvements merely give the means of carrying out offensive bucket system operations in a somewhat less offensive manner, and give increased facilities for cleaning. evils, but not To keep a latrine of this kind in order a very considerable amount of water for washing all Water receptacles, &c. is required. Drainage is also requisite, and the effluent contributed required to the sewers will equal almost in foulness, though perhaps not in quantity, that from the trough latrine.

drainage in

13. Latrines, when it is possible to do so, should be placed in open spaces, and not Positions of hidden away in corners amongst other buildings. They are not picturesque objects, but latrines. they are necessary and need not be offensive and are more likely to be kept clean and inoffensive when they are in view of the public than when they are hidden away out of sight in holes and corners.

I am aware that the great cost of land does not give much opportunity for so doing, but where possible open sites should be selected for them.

OSBERT CHADWICK.

18th September 1882.

APPENDIX III.

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

ببسا

།།།།

Reference :-

C.O. 882

4 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON

ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC-

COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH-NOT TO

NOTES ON TIDAL CURRENTS WITH REGARD TO POSITION OF Outfall.

1. The position of a sea outlet for the sewage of a town must depend on the direction sea outfall of the tidal currents, and should be such that they remove the effluent as far as possible tidal from the town.

Position of

depends on

currents.

The investigations were, therefore, limited to determining the movements of the Praya or to currents at Slaughter House, or Belcher's Point, and in Sulphur Channel, which separates Green Island from Hong Kong Island.

2. Preliminary observations showed that no advantage was to be gained by discharging No suitable the sewage anywhere along the Prays, or to the eastward of the city.

spot along

eastward of town.

Investiga-

3. The method of investigation was as follows:-Floats were prepared, composed of tions made at boards united together at right angles, as shown in the sketch, and ballasted down till Sulphur

a Channel and few inches only remained above water. Thus they exposed a large surface to the water, Slaughter

and little to the wind.

House Point

In some cases to ascertain the current at greater depths, and still further to eliminate Floats the action of wind " drags were used.

"

These consisted of a light frame of wood, covered with calico, and weighted with lead. This was suspended from a small tin buoy, just sufficient in size to keep the drag from sinking. The area of the buoy being so small in comparison with that of the drag, its movement may fairly be taken to represent that of the layer of water in which the drag

was.

described.

4. Though the area exposed to wind by the floats is but small, still it proved sufficient Defects of to cause much annoyance, and therefore in future I would recommend, either the entire monta use of drags, or of floats considerably deeper in the water.

G4

floats too

affected by

wind.

55

merite of pro-

lative merits of these systems. Assuming the existence of a supply of Comparison of rs fit for the conveyance of excreta. I consider the trough latrine to posed systems. best, for it may be kept almost perfectly clean, with a minimum amount Trough sys- tendance. It seems specially suited for public institutions, such as fective where tive hospitals, and for the barracks of Chinese and Indian police ol' there is water Je of the excreta as manure is wholly lost.

n system comes next in point of cleanliness.

tems most ef

and drainage.

Canton system

requires much

effective but it attention but little water. Is pendent of High value of drainage.

products. Canton system would afford dry earth.

almost inde-

facilities for

ed with the minimum amount of water, and all may be removed by well suited for places where water is scarce and drains are wanting. labour and constant attention to keep it in an inoffensive condition. resent crowded condition of the Hong Kong latrines, it seems a little the necessary manipulations can be carried out with sufficient promp- advantages offered by it are such as to justify a fair trial. serve that if a supply of "humus" can be obtained, and it be desired th system, the Canton arrangement affords the best possible means of humus instead of sand, applying it somewhat more liberally so as to 'ement. The urine being separated, the minimum amount of dry earth "y. nodified bucket system it involves all the inherent radical defects of the Modified the improvements merely give the means of carrying out offensive bucket system mewhat less offensive manner, and give increased facilities for cleaning. evils, but not of this kind in order a very considerable amount of water for washing drainage is is required. Drainage is also requisite, and the effluent contributed required.

3

1 equal almost in foulness, though perhaps not in quantity, that from the

remedies some

اله

Water

rhen it is possible to do so, should be placed in open spaces, and not Positions of orners amongst other buildings. They are not picturesque objects, but latrines. y and need not be offensive and are more likely to be kept clean and

they are in view of the public than when they are hidden away out of

I corners.

at the great cost of land does not give much opportunity for so doing, e open sites should be selected for them.

T 1882.

OSBERT CHADWICK.

APPENDIX III.

ON TIDAL CURRENTS WITH REGARD TO POSITION OF OUTfall.

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

Reference -

TIC.O. 882

4 PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, LONDON ALLY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE BE REPRODUCED PHOTOGRAPHIC- COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPH—NOT TO

Position of

n of a sea outlet for the sewage of a town must depend on the direction nts, and should be such that they remove the effluent as far as possible

outfall depends on

currents.

tidal

observations showed that no advantage was to be gained by discharging No suitable here along the Praya, or to the eastward of the city.

spot along tions were, therefore, limited to determining the movements of the Praya or to ighter House, or Belcher's Point, and in Sulphur Channel, which town. Island from Hong Kong Island.

Castward of

Investiga- of investigation was as follows:-Floats were prepared, composed of tions made at ether at right angles, as shown in the sketch, and ballasted down till a Channel and

Sulphur eniained above water. Thus they exposed a large surface to the water, Slaughter wind.

House Point to ascertain the current at greater depths, and still further to eliminate Floata d "drags" were used.

d of a light frame of wood, covered with calico, and weighted with lead. led from a small tin buoy, just sufficient in size to keep the drag from rea of the buoy being so small in comparison with that of the drag, its airly be taken to represent that of the layer of water in which the drag

described.

Defects of

floats too

area exposed to wind by the floats is but small, still it proved sufficient noyance, and therefore in future I would recommend, either the entire much of floats considerably deeper in the water.

G 4

affected by wind.