(9) 商日一十月九年未辛曆夏
郭日僑
IV. Meaning of commerce
Commerce (2)
1992 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社动
MILL & DALE PRESS
Introduction to Commerce
I. Studying Areas
The main studying areas in this unit include:
a. classification of production,
b. meaning of commerce,
c. scope of commerce, and
d. localization of production.
II. Purpose of Production
S.K. LAI
We live in a world where human wants are unlimited. In advanced! societies we require far more than the basic needs and wants of human beings. In order to satisfy wants, we must engage in productive activities. Thus the need for production arises out of the needs to satisfy man's wants for goods and services.
III.Branches of Production
Production can be divided into three broad areas:
a. primary production,
b. secondary production, and
c. tertiary production.
are
Primary production embraces all those industries which
engaged in extracting raw materials. and natural resources from the land.
Examples of primary production in the Hong| Kong economy are: farming, mining, etc.
t
Secondary production embraces all those Industries which are engaged in processing. raw materials into finished products.
includes
·manufacturing and constructive industries. Examples of secondary production in the Hong Kong economy are: (Manufacturing) textiles, electronics,
etc.
(Constructive)-shipbuilding, construction,
etc.
Tertiary production is involved with all those industries which
provide services to producers or consumers. The tertiary producer provides services of commercial and personal nature..
Examples of tertiary production in Hong Kong are: banking, tourism, hotel-services, etc.
The connecting Tinks between industry, commierce and direct services. are shown in Fig. 1.
The branches of production (Fig. 1)
Primary Production
Extractive
Production
Second
Manufacturing
Industries
Tertiary
Production
farming
M
Tertiary Industries
Industries
Clothing Pacer-making Car-
Shipbuilding
assembling
Commerce
Direct Services
Trade
Services to trade
Private
Services
Home
Foreign
Warehousing
Lawyers
wholesale Export
Retan)
Banking & Financing Doctors
Insurancé
Transport:
Advertising
Communications
HO
The word 'commercet is comprised of two Latin words, cum (with) and merx (merchandise). Its literal meaning would be "with goods'.
Commerce is basically concerned with the transfer of goods. The production and distribution of goods and the provision of services depend on exchange. This exchange of goods and services, we call commerce.
A study of commerce must include an examination of -
a. all aspects of trade from the buying of raw materials to the
eventual sale of finished consumer goods,
b. the auxiliary services which aid trade, and
c. the detailed proocedures involved in both trade and the
auxiliary services.
V. Scope of Commerce
Commerce is a comprehensive term for all forms of trade wholesale, retail, export, Import and all kinds or services. which assist the carrying on of trade, such as banking, insurance, advertising, etc. It is positioned between the producers and the consumers of goods...
Trade means the buying and selling of goods.
Services or aids to trade provide facilities which assist the. smooth operation of trade and overcome the difficulties to be. encountered in the trading. process. Its: diagrammatic presentation is shown in Fig. 2.
Services to trade Warehousing Bánking
Insurance
Transport Advertising
Producers
Difficulties
Time
Finance
Goods
Distance Information
Consumers
fig. 2 Functions of services: to trade
The brief description of the ancillary services, which facilitate trade is as follows::
a. Warehousing
It provides storage space for producers and retailers, and assists the steady flow of trade..
b. Banking
It offers financial assistance to businessmen.
c. Insurance
y minimies the bass risks of los
d. franspor
* burglary:
It assists in getting the goods from the ducers consumers and extends the market for the goods..
e. Advertising
It informs product information to prospective customers and persuades the public to buy.
f,Communications.
It facilitates the speedy flow of business information among businessman.
VI. Localization of Industry
Localization of industry occurs when a particular industry is concentrated in a certain area.
The textile industry in Kwai Chung, the garment industry in. Kwun Tong, and the seafood restaurants in Aberdeen are examples of focalization of industry in Hong Kong..
Advantages of localization
Firms have enjoyed much bénefit when they
are
concentrated
together in a certain area. Its possible advantages are listed
below:
五期日八十月十(一九九一)年十八國民華中
a. Transport costs are lower as bulk order for industrial supplies can be arranged by the same type of firms which are located in the same area.
b. Good reputation in marketing may attract more customers
towards
ព area which specializes in one type goods..
c. Essential facilities to serve industry,
of
such as transport system, may be built in for
that particular. industry.
d. Skilled labour would be in adequate supply as employment
opportunities are provided in that particular area,
to
thus attracting more people that area.
e. Natural advantages, such as fertile soil, port facilities and
good harbour, are provided to that area.
Disadvantages of localization Despite its advantages, localization has its disadvantages: a. Industrial pollution.
Concentration of industry means that the same type of firms will be emitting the same type of industrial wastes, thus polluting the environment.
b. Traffic congestion
The transport network may be overloaded as many firms are. Tocated in one particular area.
c. Possible risk of regional unemployment.
Any sudden decline in one industry would bring a serious blow.
to the empolyment opportunities in that region.
The Factors to be considered in the choice of location of industry
The main factors to be considered in the choice of location of industry are explained below:
a. Transport system
particular industry will locate at. place where the efficient transport system is to be provided..
b. Supply of skilled labour:
An industry is located in one area where there is adequate supply of skilled labour.
c. Nearness to market
Accessibility to a substantial market is essential to the choice of Jocation of industry. The marketing opportunities. are favourable in that place.
d. Industrial supplies.
With suitable choice of location, supplies would be delivered more efficiently.
e. Power and fuel
The location should have adequate supply of power and fuel, thus ensuring the continuous operation of facilities in an industry.
sessment question
you understand by the term 'commerce!? nownqommerce aids trade.
8fefly describe the services to trade which are involved the transfer of goods from a producer to a customer.
4. Specify the three classes of production and give two examples
of occupation in each class..
Adverting and transport are two branches of commerce. Whatfficulties would arise for producers and wholesalers if the ancillary services did not exist?
advantages and disadvantages of
6. Destribe briefly the
localization of industry.
7. Hom fac is it true to say that commercial workers are engaged.
ourproductive
occupations?.
而其國如今抵餘下作客波蘭一仗,因此愛爾蘭 .共有五萬名球迷在溫布萊替英國除打氣,
保加利亞 聯聖馬力諾 羅馬尼亞 勝 蘇格
不敵波蘭才有椒會娶級。 在作容土耳其時必須奏凱而歸,並且要英
英国由史密夫在廿一分籬一箭定江山,此
勝勝勝
克 · 阿爾巴尼亞, 二比一 四比心
借建功。.
八分鐘射入的十二碼替彭全路奠定勝局。 六十及八十二分锚建功,而馬天尼兹在完場前,箭定江山。. 山度士由保羅及沙堅奴在卅五及六十五分
在荷利桑迪,巴西克路斯姬以四比八大勝
亞,迪斯奧在四十九分區皆獨立除先拔頭盤,次賽事中,她認爲其他國家均有, 希恩在三分鐘替奧林比亞扳平。(梁·· 太進步,尤其絕日本,很是突 阿根廷獨立隊以一比一套和巴拉圭奧林比 塞得一項獎牌面感到可惜。在展 「出,歐美各國之發展亦相當迅
於因對手太强而未能在棍方面
劉秀英語說話技能測驗:
華優教育
考試局准考證寄出
[退出】一九九一年英語說話技能水平调
\{}}九龍新蒲崗 手櫝。一所有證件必潍及試場資料。
首次公開翻譯專業考試
月三十一日舉行香港局:日期:一九九一年致)。 有史以来第一次公開 十月二十五日至三十一 考試費用必須於一
【香港考試局臨時報件、身份證正本及影印 睥學窗將於今年十二爵綠街十七號香港考試爲正本,影印本一概無任何考生如在九九一年十月二十四日 傲〕運往上述地點辦理 年十月二十二日至二千 須貼於報名輩上指定位 就「准考證」及苺生須知」窿已寄出。 名處;日期:一九九一本一張!身份證影印本 (星期四)仍未收到「准考證」,須致電本請 [准考證內列出考生的應考日期、時間
考試局統籌辦理!
必須出示其身份證以資證明。
要的一項措施。
年入手了。 招募新血 - 就要向心智未成熟,尤其是年少氣盛,或是怕事设法的青少
子不似善類的人,在學校門前駐守,似有所待了。. 無怪乎今年九月甫一開學,就有許多學校發覺有不少來歷不明,推
粒常理推出也可以說出答案來。 的,但此相究意如何,很難有十足把握,更不必說拿出什麼證據了。 但解教育的人畢竟不是受過訓練的偵探,對許多蛄絲馬跡-臆測是有 若容許我們只是表達意見,而不是希望拿出什麼兵憑實據,則就憑
設在學校裏。把這三個假設都拼起來,事實也就昭然若揭了。
「友」教無「淚」
黑社會分子入手的是十五歲以下的少年,其三是十五癥以下的少年都照 ,能積上面的三項假設,即是:其一黑社會極黹新血,其二最容易演
缺 - 如果真是這樣,「選拔」「後進」在他們必然是刻不容耢,十分重 天才會被黑社會分子吸納,在學校讀書的,自然就較少機會受到黑社會
·有愈降愈低的趨勢,想像中孩子愈年少,則愈容易受騙受嚇。 否則父母則屬違法。不像從前,誰要無心向學 - 便可以自動退學,這歉 . 然而照現時的香港法例 - 十五歲或以下的少年,應該全在學校裏, 會的招募對象,最有可能是十五歲以下的少年,而且有妳象顯示·年的 在這媺年,各行各萊均嘆入乎不足,想當然黑社會內也必然入手短
| 由於這個時代的孩子比較聰明,十五歲已十分槛事明理,所以黑社
非證而走險不可,或是利盆很大,有的以要
畢竟做的是不法勾當-略成熟的人, 不是挖角,就是培染新人。挖角也好,從內地「借兵」也好,這些組
·新血,方可以薪火相傳,而繼續守成,甚或擴張發展。新血從那裏來?
第一點是所有組織, 即使是不法的黑社會組織,也必須要不斷補-
月廿六日
知多少?
把握良機 作出明智抉擇
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群青如下: -
.局-北九二年六月份 自修生報考資格及手禮|通程度科目考試 )或 會」瞽渝教育文憑考試 高級補-
程度及普「E」級或以上之成積; 华一月3日午慰二十二 「英國聯合考試委員教育文憑試(高級程試中,一次考三科「(四)於一九九二 「英國佾敦大學 」及广·英因倫敦大學普通一中學習考或同等程度考試證書箫 );或 高 省考求同等程度考試 二) 曾於香港中
(一)須會於香港考試戒普通教育文憑對
自修生發報考点 英國聯合考試委得 學校應否有黑社會問題
自修生可於本年十月十 []]報名安格:
「八日起向改務組各辦
或香港考試
竞黑社會有没有大學校·· 近來教育工作者們常常被人追問學校的黑社會問題嚴重不嚴重?究, 申龐得玲
格。
f-
我麼辦方面越高。另以火為情亦可向上址查詢。
考試∑容大綱,作爲中 有在測驗應考麥在翻譯人員,亦可陪著這兩個處索取。報名手械之詳 任主席,負實設計專業 傑出學習和譯者。考試 正式資歷的翻譯和梅諫號香港考試府新辅卨分 ,由該會顧問劉消之博士 時兩年,小組成員均爲相當程度。此外,未具可向新蒲崗科欧街十七
八九年委任工作小組,小組研究備,工作歷對方的翻上上直接
專業水準。
從菜員的制度, 譯學會執行委員會一九憑考試由一個特別工作 邀, 建立一套審核香港娴譯港翻譯學會會員。有關要有二:第一,學會線 相應的文憑。 有見於此,香港訊 祈的文憑和高极文平;第二,考生考獲文批於每年七月行, 會嘉潑,由該學會負責悉的人士,申請成爲香| 考試特別嚴格的原因土 他們的資歷,並且獲得
·但日後公布。....[人员定立一個高斯巢水 二月舉行 - 高級文憑識 核制度,一如其他專業包括法律、會計、工程、醫療等。許多翻譯界人士計多次向香港翻譯學 度,以保证 高級文憑試的細節將於 含有實任為翻譯和傳文憑考試於每年十 有過的繁榮。雖然沒有統計數字,但香港從事豐码工作的人估計有數千,急於需要斌方面的審 人員,大專院校亦紛紛開步翻譯課程或甚至翻輝系,翻譯從業員以幾何數字增加,呈現出從來 策和一九九七年政權移交談判,翻譯和傳譯專業有著極大的發展,各行各業都附要翻譯和傳譯 旨在測驗應考者翻譯及傳譯實際能力 在過去十年, 文憑及高級文憑試由一工作小組制訂 止報名日期為十一月 時三十分、星期六由上 參閱繳費單背賞。 隨著中國大陸開放政
終於在校園
九龍華仁書院
內落成,起
一座新建築物
理會試事宜發,於諸打 校園增設新翼
偽校方节
來額外的戰
隔查詢。仁書院,一
• 遨次考試包括其譯座校舍新醫 考細節,可向香港夯港道的九龍華
並得到執委會的批准,多,在監策 成爲香港翻牌學習的附意部,鼎力支持。
交由香港老武統編辦|煜力下,座
一起時兩年 譯英的三小時試卷。若級得以擴至五班,中六及中七的預科班增至每級三班。 除取得文憑外,可中請成,餘數由羅氏基金追港幣一百萬元及其他各位善長,薛生及攴好大 取得還兩張試卷及格項按計劃能得以實現,乃亞政府資助所舘建築費用,高達八 中的三小時試卷以及中用途的課室,使校方能開辦新的學科,收容更多的學生 - 將中一至中五
·殷商羅定邦主持揭幕 豬,增添多 尚可作特殊
級文憑試。獲取高級文骤, 九九二年夏季舉行的高 在校內舉行開關與產,屆時由變長羅定邦先生代表羅氏族金主,码修
·凰會員,並可以參加」這為新又落成誌慶,該校定於十月十八日(星期五)下午六時十五分 甲·報試日期;兩成 「級程度及在級補-
程度|中,兩次或多次考試獲
|
英兩項普通教育文憑試 科考試》 本月廿二日起接受報名 項考試均已定於明年(三)具其他認可
五月及六月間舉行。之考試證書(例如高級
:{港訊】香港考試試,須注喦有關報考,
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