二七十七國民蕈中
育 開港 日九初月十年辰戊饜夏
KKKKKXY
二十四:秋如向經理 挑戰
本具一個品,無錢捽點挑戰 而馬匹挑戰是合理的。而此刻, 了照顧母親疾病之外,到馬临去 耿如有這想法,也就先得除
起,月做不人時,我估我很 哄我一萬幾千塊,對我來說對你
超凡的話,一一說裙是。 倍!你有怠哄我,不過,就算你家的得到發展,全怖經理帮忙。 一点說著:「我不很信,我不相錯花、英是沒有煙理帮忙,爸今 錢經運有沒有裝眩作狀是一 海事,他瞪著服,打著秋如; ?」我如說:「托动托賴。很不 搜中槿理致謝。」 !」經理想也沒想一下:「該有 多些資木“爸爸會有更大的發展 ......一頓一頓,又說:「是
「對了,令的生意怎底樣
麗豪酒店選出
寶珠及食泒經理曹操" *--*REMII BREZNO-222E 蝴Ê: 出左至右)保安部感上兆
啡常溫長陳寶珠,獲選為十月最佳
·保安沉女荽保安員無油嘠深林
十月最佳員工 酒店總經理方章思
KESREMENA
(##)=
本港 新聞
四期星 日七十月一十(八八九一)年七十七國民華中20)
爲認通孝費 能不永藏西
裂割國中與
19-*
,尋求民族中響, ZYCZURCING | PERAHUY)
實鐵是水遠不能息 出不快乐事件,但 然西藏近期發生逆
上 席的北京大學教 通指出,唯
赌及民主同盟中央 大屆全國政協副主 (##) 4ER,
能與中國類殺。 雖然西藏有木舟文化、宗教及風俗,但永遠不 」演講,在會後表示,阿谌與漢族的文冢族, 文大學邀請,上為中華民族的多元一體格局 費上海前江應中
作,是飼節各種不協調現况:八
日] 媵生活在水平以下,中國政府公帑 四」的種種不協調現象是必然,佔計在未來兩年工 個團化的社會轉型為財放社會,在轉型期出現 _ 中國物價改革問題上,由於中國現時由!
人民幣,其中大部份是少數民族,顯示少數民 要黨人出面對生活質素低劣,會盡力作出補救 ——現時中國有丁萬人每年收入低於二百元 會改過,中國政府就两卣開遢進行調查,了解 國執行的「民族不生,共同繁榮」的政恋是不 雙然西兹近期發生連串不愉快事件,但中
祝院慶達嘅祖師
福建少林飛雲罩院
(
福建少林
張銘
•前日假新
向天際戲证發-變親大會由王雲展示程主持, 好酒牌慶祝成立三十一週年暨菩提達 贴銜送
報日僑華
RUA
攝
i賓王湖歡;〔
華興、華國榮、吳國榮等數百人,場面熱開 圖:祕建少抻飛雲种 院慶祝卅年達 仁、蔡興村、李玉廣、僕壯志、林佛來,江 、林祖、鍾、黄冬鵲、河、黃建中,方
• AKCE• (
*C** *06/
腦
有意
BLA
祝福
願求門慶院建
好達
1989 中學會考預習專欄
明遶出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Chemistry (8)
mass
of
the
2
1.7 The
of one mole constituent particles of substance is often known as LS
molar mass (M). Its unit is g mol e.g. M(Mg) = 24 g molt
MCH250)
= (1x2+32x1+16x4)
-1 28 g mel M{MnO) = (55x1-16x4) 119 goli
e.g. (KC) in 25 cm3 of 0.4M KC1
solution
25 1000
- 0.4 X
0.01 mel
1.13 A Molar solution of a substance is one that contains one mole of the substance dissolved in idm the solution.
of
Calculations on Chemical Formulae 2.1 The empirical (simplest formula of J compound show its constituent atoms and their simplest integral ratio.
R. Chu
Unit 5: Revision notes On calculations
chemical
1.8 Thus, for a substance x.
Mass of X in grams
M(X) in g mol
2.
1.
Basic concepts
8.g. M{tact2)
11 g mol
n(CAC!
2.22
=
1.1 The relative atomic mass (4.) of an element is defined as the mass of an "average" atom of the element relative to the mass of an atom of carbon-12, taken as 12 exactly.
- 0.02 mol
tr 2.22 g of CaCl2
1.9 The molar volume of a substance is the volume occupied by one mole of its constituent particles particular temperature
e.g. Ethane has an empirical
formula of CH, indicating
that it is composed of C and H !
Lums in the ratio 1:3.
2
2.2 The molecular formula of
substance shows the actual number of each kind of atons in its molecules.
e.g. Sthane has the molecular
formula of Gels
Thus, for a covalent substance
Molecular Formula of X
nx Empirical Formula of X where n is an integer.
A, of an
element
Mass of an "average" atom of the element
- x 12 Mass of an atom of
carbon-12
at
and
pressure.
it is a units.
ratio and hence has no.
Molar volume
of X
Molar mass of X Density of X
Rolar 1.10 All gases have the same
volume at the same terature and pressure.
Q.1 Calcate the
ro
The molar volume of
22.4 tm at s.t.p.
aturi Kuleric Beessure.
15
20
gas X,
The mass of an "average" atom of an clement is the weighted mean of the masses of all its isotopes, i.e., taking both the isotopic masses and proportions into account.
e.g. chlorine exists d5 two
37, isotopes, 171 and 350), in
the ratio 3:1,
17
Thus, 4, (C1)
=
35x3+37x1 3+1
35.5
1.2 The relative molecular mass (M) of
a substance is just the sum of the
relative atomic masses cl
atoms contained in its
formula.
8.g. (HS04)
= 1x2+32x1+16X4
= 98
xx
1.3 The formula mass (Fμ) of an ionic compound is just the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms contained in its empirical (simplest) formula.
e.g. F, (CuSO4.5H20)
=63.5x1+32x1+16x4+(2x1 +
=249.5
c.9. n(02)
Tue of X at s.b.p. Molar volume of gas
at s.t.p.
in 72 cm3 of oxygen gas
at s-t.p.
m3
72 cm
24000 cm
= 0.003 mol
1.1 The concentration of a solution is commonly expressed in terms of the number of moles of the solute in
on
cubic decimetre of the solution. It has the unit
-3 mol dm This is also known as its molarity and denoted as M. Thus, for a solute X,
HONG
,2-)=52x2+16x7
Eμ (Cr202-
=216
1.4 The mole is defined as the amou
of a substance which contains
many elementary entities of the substances аз there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg (12.00 g)
of carbon-12,
carbon
The elementary entities refer to
any type of particles that may
represent the chemical constitution
the investigation,
of
under
atoms,
etc.
the amount
of
substance
e.g. molecules, ions. electrons,
denotes
n(x) substance
X in moles. 2.9.
n{H20)=0.2 no?.
1.5 It has been found that 12.00 g of
carbon-12 contains 6.02x1012 carbon atoms. This number, 6.02x1023 is called the Avogadro number densted
as L. Thus, a mole often refers to the Arogadru number of particles of any particular kind, e.g. atoms, tons, molecules, cars, etc.
1.6 One mole of a substance is just its relative atomic mass (foratons), relative molecular mass I for molecules) or formula mass (For tonic compounds or ions), expressed in grammes,
1989 中學會考預習專欄
流出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Economics (8) ·
is
Alain Li
INTEGRATION Integration. the combination of existing firms to form a larger one. This is a convenient way of expansion since it can save time in setting up new plants and recruiting professional
staff.
TYPES OF INTEGRATION
There are 4 types of integration:
A. Horizontal integration
When two or the same product combine to form a
more firms producing
Concentration of X
Amol dm3 (or
Molarity)
Amount of solute
in moles
Volume of the solution in dm3
9. 21.2 g of anhydrous sodium
is
dissolved
to give 400 cm3 of
pepcs comotion by mass эт
the
Q.2 Aydrate has
percentage compositi 20.25% iren, 11.5% sulphur, oxygen and 45.30% water. Find its empirical formula.
0.3 Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO, xh26) consists of 48.9 % by mass of the anhydrous salt, what is the value of x?
3. Calculations on Chemical Equations Q.4 3.425 y of lead(II, III, IV) oxide (Pb204) is reduced to lead using hydrogen gas. Calculate
(a) the mass of lead obtained, (b) the volume of H2 ças reacted,
measured at s.t.p.
Q.5 Metal D is in Group II of the Periodic Table. 1,5 g of it is added to some dilute hydrochloric acid, 448 cm3 of hydrogen gas is collected at s.t.p. and 0.2 g of the metal is left behind. What is its relative atomic mass of B.
4. Calculations on Volumes in Gaseous
Reactions
of Combining Volumes states that "when gases react, they do so in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another, and to the volumes of the products provided that all
at,
4,1 Gay-Lussac's Law
KONG PUBLIC
Now, M(Na2CO3)=106
21.2
0.2 Nol
*.* Vol of solution=0.4 dm3
.. concentration:
0.2
Daz
-3
=0.5 mol dm
(cr. 0.5M)
1.12 The amount of a solute contained
in a known volume of its solution with à known concentration 13 readily found by using the- relationship below.
Amount of solute Molarity x vol, of
in moles
single
solution in ɗm3
firm, it is called horizontal integration. There are 2 causes for horizontal. integration:
1. Lo enjoy economies of scule; ii. to eliminate competitors.
B. Vertical Integration
When firms operating in different. stages of production combine to form a single firm it is called vertical integration.
When a firm combines with another in 3 preceding stage in the production process,
called it is backward integration.
When a firm combines with another in a latter stage of production, it is called-forward integration.
There are 3 causes for a vertical integration:
1. to enjoy economies of scale; ii. to ensure a steady supply of
raw materials;
iii. to ensure a steady market for
products.
corrected to the same tempereure and pressure."
of
nitroge acts with 750 cm3 hydrogen to produce 100 cm3 of ammonia.
Thus, vol. of No:val. of H2ival, of
4.2 The
= 50:150:100
MP3
= 1:3:2 (simple whole-number
ratio)
Avogadros Law states that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain an equal number of molecules.
The reverse 15 also true, i.e. equal number of molecules will have equal volume, measured at the sane temperature and pressure.
C. Lateral Integration
When Firmas producing related but not competitive products combine to form a single firm, it is called lateral integration.
There are 5 causes for a lateral integration:
i. to enjoy economies of scale, especially in marketing:
ii. to reduce business risk through the diversification of products; iii. to herefit from its existing popularity by extending its brand names to other products:
iv. to offer extra services to attract customers from competitors;
v. to enable a greater flexibility in the use of resources.
D. Conglomerate Integration
When Firms in totally different lines of production combine together to form a single firm, it is called conglomerate integration.
There are 5 causes conglomerate integration:
Avogadro's
Law
volume of gas number of molecules
4.3 The Avogadro's Law also explains why gases have the same molar volume at the same temperature and pressure. This is because one mole of a gas must contain the same nurber (the Avogadro number) of molecules.
Q.6 What is the volume of oxygen required to burn completely a gaseous mixture consisting of 40 cm3 of methane (C4) and 45 cm3
of carbon monoxide (CO)?
Q-7 50 cm2 of a mixture of methane (CF) and ethane (C2H6) required exactly 115 cm3 of oxygen for complete combustion. What is composition by volume of the original mixture?
the
Q.8 12 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon requires 36 cm3 of oxygen for complete combustion, giving off 24 cm3 of carbon dioxide. Calculate its molecular formula.
Solutions to the Problems
Q.1 Formula mass of Na2003 10H0 - 206
.". Z of Na
0.2 Now
*.* 1 mol
i.e.
X - H250 → X504 + H2
New
i.39
x: 1.3 22400:448 x = 65
1 mol
22400cm3
at s.t.p. 448cm) at
5.1.D.
Q.6 N.B. Write a separate equation for
the combustion of each component.
202(9)002(9) + 2920(2)
2. mol
C(9)
+
1 mol
1. vol
40 m3
* cm2
2 vols (by Avogadro's
Law)
Vol of O2 required
200(9) + 2(9)
'.' 2 mot
i.e.2 vols
by CH1 = 2x40
= 80 cm3
+2002(s)
1 tol
1 vol (by Avogadro's
Law;
.*. 45 cm3
7 cm3
Vol. of 0, required by CO =
x 45
23x2
"286 × 100 = 16.1
% OF C
12x1
=
286
* 100 - 4.2
16x3
Hence, total volume of
30+22.5
- 22.5 cm3
required
% OF O
=
* 100 = 16.8
-% of H20-
286 18x10
x 100 =
62.9
286
:S: 0 H2C .239.45.3
006: 0.36: 1.44: 2,52 0.36.0.36 1.44” “P 0.36 0.36
1:1:4:
. its empiri
(N.B. In the case of hydrates, the
vator of crystallization is treated
0-3 M(H20)
= 18 g mol-1
= 120 g mol-1 M(MgSO4) M(MgSO4**H20)
=
(120+1)
.. by mass of the.
12
salt
= 102.5 cm3
Q.7 N.B. Write a separate equation. of
the combustion of each yas.
Let the volume of CH2 be x cm3. Then, the volume of Cylle is
(50-x) cm3.
202002 + 210
B
RARIES
120+18x
48.9 (given)
120
120+16x
X =
be a whole
685 g mol
207 g mol
1
Let the mass of Pb obtained be x g and the val. of H2 used be y dm3.
→→→→3Ph + 4H20 Ph204+ 4H2 *.* 1 mol 4 mol
3 mol
i.e.685g (4x22.4)dm3 (3x207) g
Now 3.425g ydm3
X9
(a) x:3.425 = (3x207):685
3x207 X =
685
2x 3.425 = 3.105
(b) y:3.425 (4x22.4):585
CHA
1 mo!
2 mol
i.e.
1 vol
2 vois
x cm3
[By Avogadro's Law! ? CT?
Vol. of reacted with CH * 2x cm3
202H 2 mo!
+
702
+4002+ 6420.
7 mol
7 vols
i.e. 2 vols
(By Avogadro's Law)
(50-x) cm3 ? cm3
vol. of 02 reacted with Call
*(50-x) cm3
.*. total volume of 2 reacted
=-2x + 2(50-x)
:= 115
(given)
1.e. 2x + (50-x)
= 115
Q.8 Let its molecular formula be Cully.
CHу + (x+4) 02→→→XCO2 + $120
** 1 mol (x+2) mol
1.e.1 vol (x+) vois
x mol
x vol
(By Avogadro's
Law)
12x cm3
.*. 12 cm3 12(x+) cm3
vol, of 102 formed = 12x
= 24 (given)
.* ́Vol. of O2 reacted = 12(x + )
y =
4x22.4
x 3.425 685
= 0.448 Cm1 (or 448 cm3)
= 36 (given)
1.8.12(2 +
= 36 (as x=2}
y = 4
Q.5 Let A of B be x.
Mass of 8 reacted = 1.5-0.2 1.3 g
ii. to reduce the business risk through the diversification cf products;
iii. to break Chrough Lae difficulties in expanding with its existing products;
iv. to re-organize the existing
for resources
profitable production;
more
margerial
v. to re-organize the firms in order to improve efficiency.
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
There are 5 methods of integration: A. Merger occurs when two or more firms combine into a single firm. Their separate ownerships are combined into a new single entity as more or less equal partners.
B. Consolidation is a kind of merger when the firms involved are public companies or corporations.
for
3
C.
i. to enjoy economies of scale;
Take-over occurs when one firm buys up the ownership of another firm.
D.
E.
Hence, its molecular formula is
24-
Trust is the term for a large firm formed by the combination of independent firms. A trust 35 responsible for exercising the common policies agreed upon by the individual firms.
Cartel is the term for まして association of firms which acts as the representative of the industry. The ownerships remain separate, All that 15 shared is some COMMOTI policies.
can
THE EFFECTS OF INTEGRATION Continuous integration may finally result in some large firms dominating the market. These large firms occupy a major share of the market and are able to control the price and the output. This is called 'industrial concentration'.
If the industrial concentration becomes serious, the consumers' benifit may be threatened. So in some countries there are anti-trust laws to forbid those combinations
at aiming
reducing competition and controlling the market..
程不住的情
·朱秀娟、
假女明星比得過紫鬱的。」 我的发居都喜歡紫書,氓脱上還沒有那 「媽,我倒不反對。」瑞芳說:「
的好。」
!像故在那裡似的,被子也不用燈, 漼去睡黹呀!現代的人也太不做視毡眼 子罴:「都到哪裡去啦,大白天的,張 「王嫂,王嫂。」婆婆風然有一
心誤妳睡午覺嗎?我嗎,還是少來 11. **3 SETEM
-
Tur 5.
J
B
●氣生
功活
視坦一方盡見臟腑
〔三〕望恐的創立
尚宗 的望診方法,在中醫是積累了帶富的經 行觀察,以推開內在的病態。這種人 范、予以及分祺物、排洩物的質,色通 中髗望診,是運用祝就如病人种、
生成篇 A云:「色味常五臟:白萃肺、车,赤常心、苦 、韓菡、舛,皆亦其經脈之行也。」『素殿、籃 均有記葳。刘一素問·經絡』:「心赤、肺、肝靑 色白「腎色黑。jq稹五臟色, * 内經一中許多篇章 望而知之者,望見其五,以知其病。」「三十四難 引述古醫經『擞』云:一肝色裤,心色赤-神色黄,號
肉真實性。明列子 J 所掖、完套子「碗節不用耳日」 其特功能苔能用於醫學,當也應與扁鹊不遑多讓。 「張坯・六十一難如云:「望而愧之湘之神一,一
香江雜詠
塞車
就塞巾,地鐵人山人海。 微雨路得,上下班時
一片质比良比時
選擇男友應及經濟力
保留性接觸待婚最佳
集
“的三個男友之中,其
婚事,對於信中提及
胡讀友: 從妳的括中語
,我了解到已心於
的菜冬有長處,各有送過之處, DUODALIDAS - I 一但,妳維開找意見,地已可少見妳對照
Page 20Page 21