(21
日七十月九年辰戊暦
1989 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Economics (5)
THE FORM OF OWNERSHIP
The form ofowiership capital,
the
Alain Li
affects
the
lability and the inenagment of the firri
There are 2 main forms of ownership: (1) public ownership and (2) private ownership.
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE:
When a firm is ovied by the state, it is under public ownership. 4 firm under public ownership is called a public Princess Margaret eng. enterprise,
Kowloon- Hospital, Queen's College. Canton Railway and the Post Office.
ADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
A
public enterprise may
advantages:
1. Sufficient capital.
As a public enterprise is owned by the state: it has sufficient capital
to 'support its surival or to finance. its expansion.
2. Economies of scale
As a public enterprise mdy expand casily, it can enjoy economies of scale:
3. Bitter planning
As the state has access information and statistical data, a public enterprise is. in a better 7. position to plan its operation and
expansion.
4. Provision of Public good
Some goods or services are difficult. to charge. their users, eig. traffic Tights and deferice. Thus, they can.
provided only be
by public enterprises.
5. Provision of vital services
Some goods or services are vital to everybody including the poor, ́€.9. medical care and water supply. When the objective of profit maximization cannot apply, the goods or services can only be provided by public eiterprises.
DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE
aay have 5- A public enterprise. disadvantages:
1. Diseconomies of scale
Chemistry (5)
Unit 3: Preparation, Physical Properties and Tests of Common Gases
Name:
Chlorine
Laboratory Preparation
1. By oxidation of conc. HCt using kino (io heat;
Pb0, or Pb30 (all
with heating).. 244C1+(0) →→ H2 «C2
2. By heating a mixture of sodium chloride, nanganese(ly) oxide and conc. HS04
R. Chu
Physical Properties
1.Greenish-yellow, having a choking unplessent smod. Extremedy poisonous.
2. Acidic to litmus (and bleaching white).
3. About 24 times denser than gin.
4. Fairly soluble in water.
5. Dues not burn.. 门
6. Fasily liquefied under pressure.
郭日僑華
When a public enterprise becomes too big. its management will difficult and it will diseconomies of scale.
2. Waste.
become. suffer
As a public enterprise is run by those who do not share its profit or loss, waste always occurs.
3. Regressive.
The absence of competition and the presence of bureaucracism reduce the. incentive for or the interest in improvements.
4. Little variety
Sirice a public enterprise is usually the only supplier of a particular gcad or service, consumers have to accept . whatever fis, produced and Jittle variety is available. 5. Misallocation of resources:
Asà:public enterprise is supported by the state, even if it is Tinefficient, it 想了 not be eliminated as in the case of a private enterprise and the resources .cannot
diverted into other efficient production. Hence, there. 'is a misallocation of resources.
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE
private.
When a firm is owned by (private individuals, it is under ownership. A firm unde"
is ownership.
called
Name
Tests
Carbon •
1. By its characteristic (choking smell.
dioxide CO2
2. By its greenish-
it yellow colour.
3. By its turning wet
blua litmus paper red
and then bleaching it: write.
四期星一日七十二月十(八八九一)年七十七國民華中
enterprise. There are 4 main types of private enterprise: (1) sole-. proprietorship, 2} partnership... (3) Timited. company and (4) co-operative society.
single
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP. In the sole proprietorship, -a person provides all the capital for his firm, e.g. a fruit stall and a grocery. store, etc. A Firm under sole- proprietorship is usually small in sizę.
ADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP Sole proprietorship: advantages:
have.
.5
As all: matters only require. the:
cwner's approval, the firm can be more (flexible.
'5. Efficient management
Since the owner alone bears all the risks involved in his business, he has a strong incentives to run his firm as efficiently as possible. Aureover, as the firm is usually small, the owner can make. close supervision on the operation of the Firm, greater efficiency can be acnieved.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP Sole 'proprietärship:
May have
disadvantages:
1. Unlimited liability Firin: under'' sole
1. Easy establishment
To establish a proprietorship, the legal procedure. is simple and the capital required isditie.
2. Better personal relationship
Since the firm is small and she pwner usually involves deeply in his business, a better relationship with. both his employees and customers can be attained. This brings
a high
·morable among employees and a certain number of loyal customers... 3. Quick decision
Decisions can be more quickly by the owner, because they do not need any others' approval.
private private 4. Flexible
The
owner cannot enjoy the protection of limited liability.
Thus, his personal possessions are. at risk if his firm loses.
2. Problem of continuity..
The ife. span of the firm will be (determined by that of the owner. When he dies, the firm will usually cease to exist.
3. Little growth.
Since the firms.capital resources and
aré entrepreneurship- respectively. limited to the wealth and the calibre of a single benson, the firm cannot grow much
(To be continued)
Laboratory Preparation.
1. By action of a dilute acid, e.g. HC), on a metal carbonate e.g. limestone.
.Physical Properties
1. Colourless, ddcurless, tasteless.
2. Weakly acidic to litmus...
3. About 1 times heavier than air. CaCDg+2HCli→ Ce€Tiltņ0+€12 5. Does not burn nor. support
14. Slightly soluble is water.
2. By heating a metc): Fhydrogen carbonate, or a
metal carbonate except
Na-Cog and K Cog.
2:WaHCO3 Na2CO¬+H2O+CO2
1. By reduc
red-hut cherr
combustion.
6. Easily sodified under pressure.
1. Colourless, odourless, tasteless, Extremely poisonous.
「2. Neutral to litius.
13. STightly less dense than a:
4. Insoluble in water.
alic.
15.
alue Tane in
Tests
By its torning linewater) Imilky.
By its burning quietly
in ein with a blue
flame to form CO2 which
| turns limewater amiTky.
Hydrogen FBy action of a diluteracid,
fexcept
PE HNO3)
on a metal
Labove" hydrogen in the
Activity Series;
1. Colourless, odourless, tasteless, Jaon-poisonous.
12. Neutral tc 11thnew
3. The lightest ga
4. Insoluble in wate
15. Burns. with a pa
Jair to give H20-
6. Forms explosive mixture with:
air a ben
11. 001000
non-posou
Neutralito
Nitrogen By neating a mixture of
|sodium nitrite and:
ammonium chloride solutions.12. (Meating NH HO, clone 15. explosive.)
Oxygen
Ammonia
「 NaNO +NHg CE NHz:O +NaCl
11. By catalytic
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, using Moyas.
| the catalyst.
\2Hz0z -> 2H20+Og.
2. By heating potassium. chlorate with Mno2 (as
the catalyst:
2KC103 KC1207
3. By heating potassium:
nitrate or sodium nitrate ZKNO 2KND2 +2
By heating an ammonium.
salt with an alkatt eng.
NH4E1 with Ca(OH)g.
3. Slight
"pop" sound.
flaine to
2. By
Mess, tasteless, it gives negative
likus denser than win.
4. Slightly soluble in water.
5. Does not burn nor support combustion.
|tests towards ti taus.
inewater, and a lighted splint.
1. 5, odourless, tasteless, It re-kindles a glowing
HONGKO
1. Colourless, havingve characteristic pungent Ismell. Poisonous at higa
concentration..
2. Mkainé to litamus.
3less dense than air.
4. Very soluble in water.
5. Burns in oxygen with a greenish-
yellow flame but not in win.
6. Readily liquefied at. -33°C.
旅遊介紹 專楓廣告
Hycrogen chlor:de
HCT
acid, using con504•
(CO2 is removed by aq. Não!!)
By adding conc. H2SO1 to:
to common salt.
NaCl +F2 SO 4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl
titrogen | By action of moderately monoxide cons. HNO3 on copper
NO
splint
(N.H. NO can give the
same result.)
Nitrogen dioxide
1. By its characteristic
( pungent smell.
24 By its trubing wet (
red
turnings.
3¢u+EUNO2 →3Cu(NO3)2+4H20.
+2NO
Colourless, having a sharp taste
landa choking.
Poisonous.
2. Acidic to
3. Slightly densers
4. Very solu
5. Does not burrier support combustion..
1. Colourless, snell unknown.
2. Nattral to litrus.
|3. Slightly less dense than air:
14. Insoluble. in water
15. Does not burn mor 「combustion.
1. By action of ccnc. HK0 1. Reddish-brown, how
irritating smell. Pr
on copper turnings.
Cu+4HNOg > Cü[NO)+2H_0
2. Acidic to litmus
暴酸aifungent,
3. About 11 times tegahan air;
4. Very soluble d
+2N025. Does not burn nor subcort
2. By heating Tuäd(10): nitrate crystals.
combustion.
6. Easily liquefied. Et room temperatuand on pressure.
LIBE
1. By heating conc. HISON
PUBLICA
true paper blue as the on
3. By its formig dens
white fumes with HCT
gas.
1. By its forming in. inoisted air,
2. By its forming dense.
( white fumes with Nig.
1. By its turning brown
|on contact with air/.
| oxygen.
2. By its turning
caqueous FesCq: dark in
brown.
By its characteristic
reddish-brown colour or pungent, chicking smeil.
ess, with a choking smell. 1. By its pungent.
idic to licimus.
About 24 times denser than air.
of dil HC on 4. very soluble in air.
funzi prep eating 15 5. Does not burn no support
combustion.
※ 方便讀者
choking, sharp acridi smell..
2. By its dacélourizing
| purple acidified
Kмno (aq)..
3. by its turning, orangel
acidified K2Cr20,(aq) to
green.
選擇旅遊
博覽旅遊 泰國•清邁•布吉島 泰星馬·星馬·泰星 日本·韓國 台灣
【旅行社牌照
*行程種類全港最多*
:由$5230起戶大橋、四敏、本州(海、陸、空)七天$5990
·本州五天、六天、七天 由$4790起 星馬(檳城、怡保、馬六甲)七天$4450 馬星(檳城、怡保、邦喀島)七天$4450 九州本州廸士尼聯遊ㄈㄨˋ 由
有限公司 華欣七岩東芭四、五、七天由$2590起 泰星馬九天、十天
清邁、金三角、曼谷四、六、七天由$2790起 |布吉島四、五、七天
*直飛高雄、台北返港 *獨家安排蒙古烤肉、豪華夜總
**台北住最高級之環亞大飯店
增加成本、多增:
(秀姑巒溪二台東楓港
菲律賓、宿霧
高級四天、五天、六天、七天 由1990起
由2490起
宿霧五天、七天上 $6790起(四)溪頭(五)佛光山六墾丁公園
由$5590起
台北四天: $ 2390 台北阿里山五天$2790 多壤遊:(1)碧桃灣、大宮郡、百島嶼
由$6390
| 台北花蓮四天 $2490 台北花蓮五天 $2690 由$.6490起 台北阿里山四天 $2490 高雄阿里山五天$2690
$6390
(2)紅磨坊夜热爱
'(3)餐膳於中國城酒家 環島阿里山六天 $3090 環島七天 $3290 馬尼拉住六星之巴拉沙,碧瑶住凱悅。 $6690
環島八天
$3590 環島九天 天天出發(回程可由台北、高雄返港台證收100元
$3890 乘搭國泰,上午十時出發,下午十時返港:
天天出發,可延期港
「布吉島、華欣七岩七天
「清邁、曼谷、布吉島尤天
$4090
菲泰聯游七天
多繪谜:(A)選羅人工海浪團
2) 布吉島住宿兩晚或三晚新行程,任君選擇 乘搭國泰、泰航、天天出發(可延期返港小
̇由$3000起 馬星(檳城、關丹)八天
$3690 星馬六天 【泰星六天 【新加坡四天、五天100 $3590
(由 $3490起 韓國本州迪士尼八天 馬來西亞檳城、怡保、邦喀島六天$3500 韓國九州八天
$4740 東北日光廸士尼 ㄎㄨㄤˇ ̇ㄗㄨㄤ $4160 東北 北海道廸士尼七天 $4360 日本北海道ㄟ
乘國泰、馬航、星航、早去晚返 韓國溫陽四天、五天(包單房)由$3490起 逄一、二、四、五、六、日出發 天天出發,回程可停東京、大阪或台北
菲律賓、碧桃源、宿霧 曼谷、芭堤雅、布吉島
馬星泰、邦喀島
北京
馬尼拉 ̇碧桃源、碧瑤 七天豪華團 $2590
布吉島四天豪華團,
关关出糧
還一出發
馬尼拉、碧桃源五天
豪華區
$2250
天天出發。
馬尼拉、宿霧五天
$ 3190 曼谷、芭堤雅五、七天 豪華團天天出發- $2750:3 布吉島、曼谷、芭堤雅 六、七、八天豪華團$3490起 天天出發
馬星 (檳城、邦咯島 七天豪華團
熄五、六、門、門西鏢
濠一六、日出拔
$4,450
康華圓
$2590
還二、四、日出麵
馬尼拉、宿霧(碧濤灣) 七天豪華團 $2,990
譯二、四、日出您
曼谷、華欣、芭堤雅、七岩 七、八天豪華團 $3180元
莲四、五、六、日出版 菲泰七天豪華團 遙盡期六出發
馬星泰(馬六甲)九天豪華團 逢心、六出發$5250 馬達菲九天豪華$ 5250 遼二、四、六出發
$.3590
馬星布吉島八天豪華團$4990 逢五出發
北京六天豪華直航團 华五、六、日出版$3390 )
|北京七天豪華航空團
$2,690 北京七天航空團
$2,390 北京蒙古九天航空團
$2,990.
逢一、三、五出發
馬星菲九天豪華團$5250 造二、四、六出發
丛
北京 香港里拉六天豪直航團 逢五、六、日出發:$4290 北京、承德、天津八天连航團
$ 3590 進二出
澳門分行現
澳門南灣街73-75號時代蔬業中心1303室 TEL
339122
牌照編號350018
源三、飯、五出频
$1790
江南七天豪華直航團
$2990 |西安、洛陽、鄭州八天: 「豪華直航團:$3,290
·昆明、石林五天豪華直航團
$2090 海南島五天直航團
澹二、三、六出
澳門、中山
天天出發:
澳門兩天超值 豪華團 天天出较,$320e- 澳門兩天遊(連中山)
$430元 酒店+船票+接送 2010 $280 中山、珠海兩天遊·
天天出發
天天出發
$308
東方公主號南中國海兩天遊
$498 起
|福建、廈門、武夷山八天 東方公主號海南島三天进
直航團三、六出發:$2490
觀塘分行現已業 觀塘開源道68號號塘廣場一樓13631416341200444耲)
$998元起
桂林、江南、海南島、福建
桂林、陽朔五天豪華直航團
$1,790
星晨旅遊
息消邨新
根舊作品有利于木雕的根本之處在
可淋嗲 粱地呈現根的侍情畫意。...
揣摩,再三思應,巧妙佈局,還裘集报”失 成莓樣的作品最適宜,常狷根藝家反復 于-
分利用和保留根的天然神態。沒有
在集古斯舉行, 藝家的生活經驗,藝術修養尤其是獨到,或四肢,常更坦其威武。比例的「合理 但激密細膩,天然鹅部分更妙逆神功”,各方向,各角度有觀實價值,給人們,五官。 又如譪物肢體, Y '、讃種破壞天大的尾巴 猶發激勵或柔柿眞的啓示,優良的創默天然而稍偏粗的四肢足部可不可再 難度。但題,如果木質優異,水色澄沉
故無法嘅明朗,上季稀薄而均匀,情况,第一
規無窮。」
正知
· 限发函射在原材都 |*''''''! |,她也會看到一價學生|5 個個活動計劃,認識了很多良師益友,令自 居民的意見,到達現塲 部私家車撞倒,所以她 練,不斷挑戰自己,以及一般的常識,都使,並不為入所認盡,終構發他失敗的原因。他 本報記者楼到一位 因橫過該者,險些被一 己更有興矯服務人草,再者,由於有體能跳“年首次競選區議員,由於宜傳不足,在地方 曾住;四、就是美誠待人。 一面工作,一面攙勉獵活動,會在八二 份掌握資料-二、有計劃地去幹;三,知人 *望次更令他鼓 見,接納他們,以战感動他們 他補-
,近誠待人是十分重要,且是他
在况反應甚。
生,以及帶人在中午的 避設立一個交通燈,以 幽都十分深刻,經歷不同的人與事;並且經區工作!!
談到有甚麽因素導時候,急忙橫過該處, 方便居民荷過渡克。