七國民華中
育教
日三初月九年農我要
上海速成了,且是上海玩具協會籍探案玩
一座別徼的玩具脚圖書館已於六月在一
t
合
合念裡作用和游樂功能
——上海玩具動書館已
啓發兒童智能,與他們的成長有密切的關
W
康樂
小我與玩具,不可分離的。玩
仙愛
「管他的」
缔們都急不及待地站着等 --EXIKU-H
商海鮮的地攤小版,是 家人,吾的都是鲜活之魚
·行經街市外的一檔辔
人類的健康就與社會的文明成比,
·料所致,而肉質的吞落世亦超乎標準水平 · 海魚美味,但陷阱隨處,有人提倡多吃梨菜 ,減少肉類,但菜類又有人工喷射的虫水
·程度设高,皆因受工業發料及化學逻棄的物 . 現在的海鲜多用魚排養,饮說受污染的 Ada - 90% ?
新人之食府英名更推向國際的邊緣,然可
、智、體、草、美方面會均衡發展,作 動玩舘委員會贊助,日的爲鼓和兒童在德 動玃九龍城區議會及九雅城區公民教育團
達意,將公民教存的柚子散播於一 社會的未來棟樑,小培安公司
小丑
بتا
हउ
邪思明(聖伯多税小学)
Very dilute IND, gives H2 with Mg only.
(c) They liberate
сог 2-
from the
1989 中學會考預習專欄
carbonates(CC,
hydrogen-
德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Chemistry (3)
B. Chu
Unit 2: Revision notes on Acids, Bases
and Salts.
1. Acids
1.1 An acid is a substance which, when dissolved in, water, produces hydronium ions (or hydroxenium), H30, as the
only cations.
[_e.g!= dict(g) + H20(£)—H2O* + £17%
fhus all acidic properties are due to the presence of the hydronium Tons(4,0*).
1.2 The basicity of an acid is the number of ionizable for replaceable) hydrogen atoms molecule of the
re acid.
Monobasic
INO, acids: HCI, CH,COOH, etc. Dibasic acids: F250 C03 H12SO2, etc.
2.3.
Tribasic acids: H2PD, etc.
1.3 General properties
of
dilute!
aqueous solution of acids
(a) They usually have a sharp, sour-
taste.
(b) They turn litmus (or PH) paper red. methyl orange red phenolphthalein colourless.
(c) They neutralize bases.
or
(d) They give, H, gas on reacting with matals above hydrogen in the Retal Activity Series.
Meto)+2H (2q)--Metal ion-Hy(g) e.g. Zu{s)+2H (aq)--/n2*(ag)+H2(e)
N.B. Being an oxidising acid ordinarily)
dilute NO, sives NO or NO, gas instead of H when reacted with vietals, both above or below the hydrogen in the Activity Series.
Economics (3)
Alain Li
HONG KONG'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The history of Hong Kong's econo development
be divided into
stages:
can
A. Before the Opium War a fishing
village
In the very beginning, Hong Kong was a fishing village. People made their living by fishing.
B. After the Opium War — an entrepôt After being ceded to Britne 1842, Hong Kong became an entcerot Through.
Kong 1long
European products were brought to China.
Chinese products were brought
Europe Hong Kong provided services of warehouses, docks wharfs to the traders.
an
C. After the Second World War
industrial city Following the end of the Séenne World War in 1945, the communists took control of China, Many rich business men and hard-working workers came to Hong Kong, bringing
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carbonates(HCC).
C032~(s)+21*(aq)—H2O{} }−CO2(g)
·HCO2 ̄{s} +H* (aq) →H2O{!}+002{3}
(f) They are electralytes and conduct.
electricity readily.
2. Bases
2.1 A base is a substance which reacts with an acidic to give water and a salt only.
2.2 Bases are mostly hydroxides of metals. e.g. Cu, Zn(OH), etc.
the oxides or
Most of them are insoluble in water. 2.3 4 soluble base is called an alkali, When it dissolves in water, is produces the hydroxide ions. CH(aq) as the only arion.
Thus, all the alkaline properties are due to the presence of the hydroxide ions, OH (o).
e.9. K20(5)+120(£) -- 2k* {@q}+20H°(aq) NaCH(5)+R291 ( ) — Na*(aq)+OH°(aq)
2.4 General properties of Bases
(a) Alkaits have a bitter taste and
feel soapy for slippery).. (b) Alkalis turn itmus for 2)
blue,
orange ine thy - paper
vellow or phenolphthalein pink. (c) Strong alkalis (e.g. Nabii and KOH) gives H2 on reacting with the amphoteric metals. (e.g. Al, 7n, Pb and Sn) on warming. 2.g. Zn(s)+20H(aq)+21120{{}
D.
---→
2.
(d) Alkalis liberate 'N gas from
ammonium salts on heating.
NHA
+
(e) All bases neutralizes acids. (F) All bases are electrol: can conduct electricly. (g) Alkalis
te
and
can
of capital
skills
sides, the Korean War
1954 Roofing an international ban ondet China forced Hong Kong to give up its entrepôt trade. Hong Kong developed its
第50
industries as a new way of earning ney. The industries first started
textile and plastics. In the 1970s fabricated metal products Natches and clocks, toy, precision and optical instruments, an genuine and imitation jewellery developed rapidly.
1980' an industrial, commercial and "finncial centre
ari
In the 1980's, Hong Kong has become international, industrial, commercial
centre and financial owing to the following reasons: 1. Central geographical position
hesa Hong Kong
-central geographical position in South East Asia, far more central than Tokyo ur Singapore has. This is important to communication and transportant.
Immediate proximity to China
Che requires enormous funds to ber
economic
coastrugliame Because of its fmedige pleximity to China,
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precipitate the insoluble metal hydroxides From
their corresponding aqueous solutions.
Metal ion(ag)÷0k ̄(aq)
insoluble metal hydroxide N.B. Ampheteric metal hydroxides (e.g.
Zn(OH)2 Al(OH), Pb(OH), and Sn(0) can dissolve in excÊSS alkalis
Dy forming scluble complexes. e.g. Zn(OH),(s)+20H" (aq)—Zn{0}),~~(ar)
zincate ion
3. The pH scale 3.1 A strong acid is one. which is completely ionized
sive the hydronium ion in its dilute aqueous solution.
e.g. ICT, H250, HNO3-
A weak acid is one which is only slightly or partly ionized in water. 0.9. CH COCH(ervatioic acid), ga
3.2 A strong alkali is one which is fully dissociated or ionized to give the hydroxide ions in its dilute aqueous solution. 9.g. NaOH. KO!.
A weak alkali is one which is only partly ionized in water.
29. NH3 (7) + H2 (£) —N12*(ac)+UF (aq) 3.3 pH value of a solution=-log;piH30*] where [H0] is the concentration of H20* ions in mol dm3.
3.4 The pH scale is a scale to compare the strength of acids and, alkalis in a scientific and quantitative way.
10-12 12 13 14
creating «idity
do ossing allativity
On this scale, palkaline solution
neutral solution placidic solution The pH of a solution is measured readily using pH meter.
4. Neutra 2013 on
4.1 Neutral za reacticed whiche
"oid-reacts with
give water and at only.
Hong Kong has attracted a lat c foreign Financial corporations.
and
3. Industrious,. mobile
adaptable workforce Hong Kong workers tend to work long hours and can adapt to new production methods and products. Besides, labour mobility is high because Hong Kong is so compact geographically and there are few institucional barriers movement.
4. Economic
四期星 日三十月十(八八九一)年七十七國民華中 ( 18 )
Acic Base -käter + Salt
4.2 The essential. process neutralization is the combination of
the hydromum icas(130*) and the oxide Fans(02) or the hydroxide ions(@H") to
form water.
2430+ + 02 ̄(5) ~~+ 3H20 or, H20*+ Dif(s) --- 2H2O
A salt is resulted tor. 4.3 Energy is usually evolved in the farm of heat during neutralization.
5. Salts
5.1 A normal salt is obtained when the replaceable hydrogen atoms of an acid is totally replaced Ly Petal {or ammonium) ions.
e.g. Nacl. K2504 200
5.2 An acid salt is obtained when the replaceable hydrogen atoms of a dibasic or tribasic acid are partly replaced by a metal for ammonium) ions.
e.g. Na4504, KP, KPO, etc.
5.3 An acid salt can be converted to J Normal salt by further replacement of. the hydrogen atoms in the acid salt. e.g. HaHSO+
5.4 A basic sait is obtained if the hydroxide (on of a base is only partly neutralized by an acid. It is a salt containing hydroxide ions.
e.g. Mo(OHIO). Duc, Cu(OH), etc.
5.5 Many salts do not give neutral solution when dissolved 10 water because they are bydrolysed to give new products which affect the pH of the solution.
(a) Salts formed from strong acids and strong alkalis dre nos hydrolyse ard their aqueous solutions have a μH~7. e.g. NaCl, K2SU1, etc. ́
(b) Salts formed from strong acids and weak bases are hydrolyed and their aqueous solutions have a pH 7. e.g. WH CUSO, etc.
Salts formed weak acids and strong alkalis are hydrolysed and their
shipbreakings
never i 1961.
solutions have a pH>7. m.g. Na200,, Cyccona. etc.
Owing to the hydrolysis of salts, even some acid salts would give ar alkaline solutions when dissolved in water, e.). NUHCO, (aq) is alkaline.
5.6 Solubility Rules of the salls
(a) All salts of Group
ammoniuw are soluble.
morals and
(b) All-nitrates are soluble, (c) All halides are soluble except
those of Ag, Hg and 252+ (N.B. PbC12
is very soluble in hot water.i
(d) ATT sulphates are scluble except
2+ those of Ba2+, P52: and Ca
(e) All carbonates are insoluble except
those of Nat, R and NH2*• 7) All acid salts are soluble. 5.7 Methods for preparing salts
For soluble salts - 3 Bechids I.. Dilute acid + metal →salt ella
The metal oust be above H in tre Metal Activity Series. *.g, My+H250 - Musi
11. Dilute acid Base sa}{ +
2.g. Waðн-HNO2 -NRO #Holi
carbonates
II. Dilute acid
---salt +
+
e.y. 2001+Caco, Ca£y={O}}
For Insoluble salts
IV. Precipitation reaction -- By mixing.
2 aqueous solutions, une containing the cations and the riter the anions of the insoluble salt.
8.g. Ag(aq)-Natl{aqi
--AgC1 (5) +N(@q)
(or, Ag"(aq)+C) ̃(aq)--+ agrits!)
For Both soluble and insoluble binary salts
V. Direct combination
a.g. Fe Sx-Fes
re-rolling, were declined since
2.
AUVANTAGES OF THE LIGHT INDUSTRIES For liong Kong, light incidin obvious advantages:
1. Requiring small
Poor management.
As small firms are often tamiy firms, they may not always make the best appointments Le managerial positions.
PROBLEMS OF HONG KONG INDUSTRY At present, Hong Kong industry faces the following 3 problems:
1. Competition
They do not take up
per dollar of cutpe
2.
Start on a small scale
to
They can be started on a smat1 scale, using little space and requiring little capital.
3.
Continuation on a small scale: They can continue
1.2.
J ว
policies of free enterprise and free trade Laissez-faire is the underlying principle of Hong Kong economy." This gives people greater. freedom in economic activities and attracts foreign investment.
5. Low earnings and profits tax
rates
tax
Low carrings and profits rates give people high incentives to Work and 1.0 investi
INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG
A conspicuous feature .OF. the development of industry in Hong Kong has been the concentration on light industries. Heavy industries, such as
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There have Deen increasing Competition from other developing countries such as South Korea. Taiwan and Singapore, where wanes tévels are generally lower. Trade restriction
K
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Because of high land prices and rentals many large factories, have closed down and redeveloptic therr sites Far non-industrial purposes.
.:
As a result of the above problems, hong Kong industry is wore diversified, and So are the markets for exports. Hong Kong industry is producing Kone sophisticated and higher quainty products.
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