據英國政府發
華僑經齊
-期星
日九廿月十年四八九一公年三十七國民華中
<析分濟經週一港本>
其低再利存銀
它及調率放
袀秒没有更動。 ,也受關注。商品行鹘,以食米、食油、食糖、壓力頓。雖然國際 造新的嚇勁。工業方面,玩封及公仔衫訂單多到,月下旬來貨轉多,收現已調低
銀行存放利率又調低
利率由十四牛調低十三噬半, 十二厘調低焉十二座。恆生銀行亦將優惠貸款 期存款均爲七里,一個月及兩個月定期存疑七厘 ,廿四小時通知、七大通知、一星期及兩星期定 全部對低牛匝,山本逝一(廿九日),生效。 調低役的劃一在轪利率,做苦存欸爲六
·港貨嗓突處於淡月,輪船儼位鬆弛。貿易方面 ,發受注視。人民幣對港元牌假改,以及菲律 况,以銀行公會通過由本週一(廿九日)起減息 官披索貶值的影响,誨爲新的動態。船運方面一續下降 ,港商在廣州秋交會內訂代比去年同期減少,也因爲目前在淡月中,本
·若遇間(十月廿二口至廿七日〕本經濟情 港每姐三百七十元。 人民幣升披索 「夏多。與去年同期情况,以專人專诓上門收集划,將本港銀行的在教利息,形貿易帳錄得盈餘途
砂糖市繼續超淡。
1 HOR⚫ 受外圈利率严选下降影响,上週本(廿七日|本港市個反爲比一個月用钞在廣州秋季交易會】 ▲本港銀行公會利半小組决定將劃一利率調低 前降低,顯示受供應一內,批價調低。例如十一八e) , 利率的十三厘調低為十二顷,新建樓宇分期付款 漣下降,香港银行議息|跳出口捷品總值比入口,而去年同期則岛百分九 贴。”
以豆油及棉籽油代營|增加的影响较爲明。 小組舉行例會後,决定品總值大,是月份有。
一個月前高一些,只是妙應增反減。中國大陸 |低,情况混亂。 | 價本月下半月以來由高改,由於梭新及針織業一岸折合四千八百二十港 由於外圈利率接幅爲百分二十。由於全一易差距減縮至百分二,緊急會議决定今後之行
一轉低,但現在價格仍比,生產旺月反淡,需用榭元。本港市價,亦被撕,使許多主要港口陷於
糖市趨淡價格:〇元及一、七九门元, 卅二支A級棉紗到片懶人說,九月分的五像一 格視同,棉籽油近期到
十支A級秒到岸僑折,四月份的赤字最高紀錄 ,中國大降榴花粗砂糖 八十五元,與菜紅油價 五角,及一百〇三元 三千一百九十港元,二現更大的赤字,愛到 2月杜貨每椴三百 砂糖收式櫃邻担一〇三支A級品秒到岸锇折合 镪陈贸易平衡上個月出 菜籽油供應,燒豆油十 上週市價,南韓幼 合二千六百港元。十六 的統計數字顯示,英國 棉紗市况,変態未一元,四十支精梳棉秒到了十大天的碼頭罷工 大陸棉紗批值|價折合三千八五十港元|戶赤字,是碼頭工人罷 | 日本棉白砂桔現貨每报折合三千六百一十港元 千四百萬英鎊(二億二 「轉手現貨衎嘲一、八〇三千二百八十港元,貿易工業部一名發言 (關鳳翔十月廿「在正原鎭輸入英國 j 跺油價並留待稍後召開 宜佈,一致决心維持國
【價,石油出口國組織區 及尼日利亞宣佈減低油 由於英國、挪威
【工所阻的進口商品,現 童演。孩發言人說爲
一週經濟大事
再贬值
「不離,去年級交易)物。最後階段的驗查包,減低半歷。而憑臺銀行 他六千九百萬元。據布 途協議以來,本港資金 四,增加隔度较上一個 宇小故一庭軒十三基☆ 邾首儿猛丹全部出几代 凤置來就恪仍有相當。 欲后越覺用发衣物價 及渣打銀行的最優惠利 政署發言人間釋,今來去無重大變化,投資 月少百分之零點一,反 台中英就香港前 消費物價上升言分零點 4今年九月份美國
人民幣對港元牌價突出
爲每百港元㚲三點四
,雖然去年秋交等改用
報日僑華
WAH KIU YAT PO
日
育教經濟頁三第張五第日六初月十年子甲籍夏
#
漢三(四) 國市場債上饪, 中國大陸米局第十二區。道亦瑪今年高德值爲一千六百〇 多位權威人士認乃牛年,獲織,舟不遜於費用遠
前往廣州參加交易, 风升。新牌價的買入價作虢收並落的大量訂瞞部減價 一朝,港元幣値大跌,本陂工作始由廠完成。:
百份之一點五。. 沖價的調動:升幅約傷
· 今次人民幣對港元啊, 一菲律賓披索兌美元|超過您本港市場的措施,每推降爲一六二元。但
易發內言自然受到影苗毎坦降為一七○元, 一格不滅。
一福字絲苗每担降爲
每百港元克三亞畦六
八立的大部份白米每拍,二十四小時通知,七日 四,其中賽製品佔一 四台前幾個月內,无熊市 四點CO),資出價落 有很大信心,太居秋空在七月卅一日以胡軍到款(紅海仔)六米半, 萬元,增幅昌百分四十和災。 上西米市,中國人來的第二次。極調查後,斯增一 江西株苗、襄宇米苗栢而新樓字分期付歇利率三十億七千二百萬元,平均每月財政赤字得少 玩具及公仔衫·元,即由一七三天降3 日起,亦將最優惠利率為百分五十一。同第入份射致出現二億三千萬 粉羚王,超精揮的 | 海人民幣(舊體及三十 玛價下跌,港商在交 詠低十元,例如洪字祥 期均為七裡,一個月及,比去年前期地二百萬一成,主要原因丸中國棉 粉五,與上月泣少百 分 多種貨品批彼調低,這為一六一元,玉宇油站及渣打銀行最優惠放歎個八十三百萬元,比去因為人造成头要輸入供,被告反软每小時平均工 八元人民幣一萬俏麗美元桔低,港商訂瞵仍,陸米價格局部调低。凡」,存歎利率為:榭蓄存三四百九十二億一千九百 樂淵,但繼續流出亦正至九方消費物價遇率爲 本屆交易會內,以三元,利字柝苗每投降 北村,六個月最大鍋及一披福為百分四十,轉口,生產成本減輕,但人造 轉,與去年同月比設即 一六九元。金築線道,由十三座站至十二厘,口貨品總創達一千六百元赤字,比較上幾低月,治安熱俄治加所番市。 上海絲蕾每組以降低四一生銀行宜作,自二十九 八百萬元,地為本港政府在八月,遇平均工作鐘數增加百 利率爲十三厘。又擔恆一年同期增加一百九十九「應紡織高髮。。 一年定期路八區。匯登貨品總值佔五百八十五纖維紡織品批個凸衍, 增加百分零點六,是月 兩個月期僝七点,三十二億五千三百萬元,花今年大盤收,棉紡織|一點一情形上校表現好 |通知,一個星期及兩第一〇十八億八千八百萬元,棉紡織品批價降一至二二實際收入增加百分之容 以來第四次減息,本月,億七千萬元,比去年間,從資金旧流看法,似較一絕。綜合計算,今年一 為廣州秋交會供港九月美國人平均每週 美國各大銀行相
一百分四點二。又今年
. 菲律賓中央銀行上
01RR 指導性匯率調低蒍0
欧美市場密網玩其・
|資增加百分常點七及每
醃中山一八,四五跌為作玩具訂作网深,所以,一月中存合征三萬○四千 地外德市酒披索兌美元一 銷貨喆具信心,明年銷 大陸米存倉量增加,太 且從十月十五日當 著售逐漸開發,買家界 抵近三個月,中國 三榮,減幅為媒一座百萬元,增幅爲百分三府的帳目共有二十八億初中,該幅由四分一 ,叫由十四厘半減至十增加四百一十二〇二。由今年一月至八月政|宜佈降低優
本港外篚市場,披一步,由於近年玩具業里,花狳和出的白米飯就問。
崇持續下跌前的收市倒一大城加,一般有應攤有殊變動
不批成人服跟隨 殊媽動,因爲市科盛傳,如二十億七千四百萬 一具的公仔服装也隨著商 年一月一日起,對於過十一。港製品出口總值 一時代流行,連帶兒單玩 港府當而將由一九八玉元,加幅度爲百分四 上週食油市,有特二百萬元,較去年同月
萬元,升幅爲百分二十 【分加,遠-七十一億四千 八。轉口貨品總値亦告
四百萬元,比去年同月 -增加二十七他四季光百
據木港政府統計【十四。首九個月有形留七千四百萬元赤字。...一分一道之間。
方指導性匯率即逐日以加,估計妒年生意可以二萬五千四百噸)用加 易臨時数字顯示,今年 【九·九五後·披索富一廠接入明年新單明做的啊,比七月中存食量(處發表有關本港有形資
不及入倉時的配點。
四
港元,旧十月十四日披,海外入訂單數量大 海苔披索三八點五,服裝製造業也興旺一時 索兌港元也持續下跌, 常蓬勃,直接影响公司
食油市突有特
四五元比較,一般之勢。 坡兴仓港元已跌值百分
截位空
·港貨蝓淡月
升增速迅也額金貿外
貿顯品會交
晋外增展易
從,動活要重項一的易外對爲亦會易交
廣益日在貿外示顯化元多
更品展及增狂額交成
繃結束,目前正處於淡
是一行非常專業和生產 有嚴格規定,如果超過一百九十五億五千六百萬 .扰而轉變。製造公仔衫|口的菜籽油含芥成分轉口貨品總值合計含一 有限度的行業,因爲該 國際衕生組織規定的成 | 元較去年同月加四十一
成大
·三十七年來署長一百二十多倍。 達到四十四億八千七百萬美元。 交額只有三千七百萬美元;去年 年初次開辦時,一年兩屆出口成 和發展壯大。據透露,一九五七 一是顯示出中國對外資易日趨活躍 項重要活動。交易會成交額的培 ,廣交會是中國對外貿易的一 先將反映出中國外股毋鱚在不斷 足和客戶磅踏參加的盛况來, 况-奉行的。從交易會的货源-
·率穩定,經濟形勢越來越好的博 前途問題聯合聲明之後,港幣匯
交。木月十五日在烟花爆竹聲中隆 ,國際市場復甦和中英草香港 內的城市經濟改革即將全面展開 在勃激尼·包括外安發制改革, 開幕。這回交易會是在中國經濟
·第五十六屆中國秋交會已於
潮時的百份六十。行走 位使用率僅及今年最高 ,近旬不少船公司的錢一庭主婦生產擔求,並分,量在十一月底前運到,,比去年同月份卅加三 前的付運狂学將要推逐一外發港九新界各地的家一沽出的菜籽油花貨,畫 八十五億八千七百萬元 港片對美綫付蓮紅|案工序繁複冊之磅。而一分,將會限制進口。沿八億二千三百萬元,增 月,杭商估計新曆年底,小勞動生產,飛機械一息傳出後,中國大陸經偽圾百分三十三。第升 絕少,廠商大部份依靠銷商通知一般家,已一份入口貨品特質爲一百 俄杭均見收缩,盛别做别在各區設立收集站,十二月专修來港。另外一十億九千三百萬元,将迅猛增長和農業遷年豐收,爲這屆交易會握供了-
裕的货源。例如,輕工 一,世界人口眾長迅速,據英國廣播電台業出白能源比上年增加了百分之四十五。各種土特產的推加更不在話下,
·後生意競爭將有不良影
咳袤航爚不斷增加對多
降至六成左右。
·穗秋交會港商
月以來船位使用率進一 步下降,過去一句,
位使用率降至八成,+
六】後,情况点每店,隨 落的跡象,到九月份以 此綫資運已開始出 高糯,但当八月份以来
还在今年六至七月 郑貨對美 出口付
訂貨減
世界人口。
中國大陸秋季交易|
標治是僅育節
: 方經發
策爲濟展
.發淅評述如下:
口迅速地長。
·. 墨西哥聯合國人口問題會議上,聯 合國秘書長呼籲立即取措施控制世界人
作爲抑制人口一
下去,世界人口將在一百年時間內增一倍 - 聯合國秘書長警告說,如果現在趨勢無縫求之外。 . 蘇格蘭人報記者組克魯德一篇評論:
,随着經濟改革的推進,工業
,本港市愽扮過,存居,阿拉伯國家針對以說是個成功會議,他向|料室供稿 ) 港,因爲本届交易會前「傾國公文在佔領區內定以外,這次人口會盡可兆頭。 招榮鋼鐵廠資輪機組模型等。五金瀋能持增五年來坦長的合作。一上述評論語 况及其批價,我匆匆返 說,日內瓦公約禁止佔成爲細節問題進行爭論一有幾大,則亦是個好的「大三十萬千瓦混流式水降,但中國出口貿易仍、和港澳地區工商界人士 探愿有關商品的供應橘及到一個文件,該文件開發對谌些可以被着一抽揚,如所面錢的問題,壓斷路器和國內自前最 泰籍,世界出口貿签下 外價企業更好地同各國 此次赴廣州參加交,對他們絕不是解决問題,超文件作為大會決權,護人口控制方面的進及道工序一次完成的班果外開放、對內搞活經濟後,外質體制的改革, ,將於十一月五日結束反對遺種方式,他們說色列佔的是河西岸和聯合國委員國提供着一注魘機、擦鍍五金、塑 指出的,從一九七九一放和經濟改革推動經濟 食在廣州聚行已經兩週 調所謂的企業家的首創精神,並且提們自由市場經濟,許多第三世界國家台,有質量上乘的雙色 力下發展起來的。值得一越,尤其是實行對外開 此可以增加財富,從而養活不斷生長的世品結構有了變化。所以 美國認爲自己最好方式 加沙地帶,強烈要求將一個微甜,使他們能夠推料、木料的搵銀、六一年到一九八三年買行對經濟發展分不開的。今 但美國代表認爲美國酰展經濟方式應該被其他國家探用,美國方式强 品,有各種機械四十多內部挫折和抵制外部壓,和中國社會主義制度優 美國和以色列都在表決,在節制人口方面一些加工機、八十年代的軟 政策以來,盡管遇到西不僅有利於外習事業的
-的論點,總之認為應該發展經濟,因爲如,這表明參加交易的商 中國外貿在日念擴大。的局面。 正統觀念受到美國代表|控車床、五十萬伏超商上方經濟危拔,國際市場「發展,而且必將增進各
∴_,合上首次展的新商 外貿發展是在不断克服越大,興旺發遠,這是一 產品有鐵道器材、特殊了一·二八倍,佔世界一戰已經資報導,
· 三十五年來,中國 中國外貿生意越做
此前曾發表聲明說,不加限制人口增長所 坦多、包驗讚改進顧 ,遊成各種各樣經濟問題,美國代費團在一品曾歷謂商品花色品種 美不勝收。 .上 - 但大多數國家代表並無接受美國代來,新時代女打至品一方面,但導蔗來明:了舊中國民期考班人超 摘天說地將幅內,向他再也离新產品約佔三分之一交的跳躍等等僅僅現,進口額爲一百八十五 算停止對一些國家援助,如某他們用應貯,出現一批高精尖產品,所獲得的經濟效益,成 塔二百二十二億美元 構成的威脅並不那樣可怕,里根政府還打著,更引人世线的是,一切以及宅對這次交易 · 加三十五倍, 其中出口 有增加,但仍有供不麼一。各捱世館展出的商界出口國中的位次由第 毛、羊、紅茶、具 絲籣服裝和時裝有蚊 五开到一九八三年的 不僅如此,這通交 鄭滿目,豐富多彩,一位。而一九八三年進出 類、凍蝦等監比上年均古件,哎供外商石梯選一百分之一點二三 - 在世。 、婥澡、優質特殊鋼, 是絲綢之國,鹿出的新一七八年的百分之〇,5 而一些俏商品爲笑沙 、礦物岩石等。中國出口總額的比重由一九 出K外貿燕灵的一個億美元;從根本上改變
廣交會所展示的道 美元,比一九五0年8
·品都以桥新面貌出現,三十二位上到第十六次 口總額達到四百〇七億
同期減少,其中有些只 易會的港福人数比去年一最好辦法。
,台議另一個議題陟中遺愛到像頭失敗。
1985
中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟及公共事務
him, all profits from the
firm is his, and he is
personally liable for
all the firm's debts.
There is no legal
than the amount he
liss
invested, the rest of
his property being free from any claims by the
company's creditors.
(六) distinction between the Comin Hong Kong, Limited
personality and posses-
明德出版社蔯勗提供資料 sions of the owner and
ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (6)
K.K. WONG & L.T. CHAN
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD. BUSINESS UNITS AND OWNERSHIP Definition of a firm.
A firm is a business unit formed for the purpose of carrying.on. some kind of economic activity. It is the basic unit of production. Most business firms are. privately owned and motivated by profits. It should be noted that. ownership is a determin- ing. factor in a firm's behavior.
Public and Private Enterprises
The basic unit of" planning and control over production is the enterprise, The terms firm and enterprise actually belong to one group. All modern economic societies have such control units, but there are wide differm ences in the ways they are organized.
Public enterprise La owned and managed by the state, In Hong Kong, the owner of such enterprise:ia the government. The Post Office, the Water Works, the airport, and the British section of the Kowloon and Canton. Railway are public. enterprises.
Private enterprise is owned and managed by the private individuals. In our community, which follows the laissezfaire (free enterprise) principle, most of the. commercial and industrial concerns are privately owned. The Sole Proprietorship
This is the oldest and simplest type of firm that has the character- istic of "oneman". business. All the firm's decision are centered in
those of the firm. In
fact the owner is the
firm and is personally
responsible for every- |thing the firm does The Partnership
A partnership is composed of several (more than one) owners who pool their resources together. to form the firm. The partners agree among themselves about how much capital each is to
contribute, what role. each will play in the. management, and how much Jeach will share in the profits. A partnership has more capital and resources and thus has greater possibility of staying in the business. Since different partners: may have different skills or experiences, each can contribute to the firm în various ways. Alao there is fleibility and adaptability for the firm when partners are directly involved in. supervision and thus the motivation to work is therefore strong. The Limited Company: (Joint-stock Company)
This is a legal form of enterprise (organiza- tion) designed to take advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the wealth of many people into a single enterprise while at the same time maintaining. centralized control over, and responsibility for
operations.
The major character- iatic of a Limited | company is that the liabilities of the |shareholders are limited. This simply means that
the liability of the. shareholder is limited to the fully paid up value lof the shares he holds, |so that should the:
company find itself in difficulties and unable to meet the demands of its creditors the share- holder can lose no
more
company is set up under.
the Companies Ordinance. Each limited company.is.
a legal entity, .e., it is treated as a legal person and has the right to sue aid to he, used, can.own.property in its name and makes contracte.
The capital of the centity is divided into shares and the share- holders normally do not manage the firm. Instead, a Board of Directors is elected and it holds responsibility to the shareholders, i.e-, to report the state of business and publish the annual reports to the: public.
There are two types of limited companies, " the public limited company and the private limited. company. The two are. quite different as far as legal commitment, organization, and capital raising are concerned. A detailed comparsion of them is found in the question and anaver section in the later part of this lesson. The Co-operative Society
This is another form of business organization but is quite distinct in its:structure and..
objectives. The major aim of such a society is to provide benefita which are common to all its members. ⠀
The most common type. of co-operative society is the Consumers' com operative. The owners are sometimes also the customers ; and the profits. are distributed among the members. The studentsn co-operatives, in many universities are examplea of such. In Producers com operatives, the workers. themselves own the. business and,elect some of their members to manage it, the profit then being divided among them. Co-operation among farmers is a good example of the producers' co-
operatives.
Co-operative societie
in Hong Kong have to
register with the
Registrar of Co-operative
Societies and is
incorporated under
Co-operative Societies Ordinance. Presently,
there are over 400 registered co-operative societies and all under the control of the Registrar (The Director of Agriculture and Fisheries). Examples of co-operative societies in Hong Kong are the rural societies (e.g. the Vegetable Marketing Societies), the fisher, men's societies (e.g. the Federation of Fishermen's Credit Societies), and the urban societies (e.g. the Building Societies)
QUESTIONS
1. Distinguish between. a.public limited company: and a private limited company.
The public and private limited companies are differ- ent in many aspects.' A private limited company is usually small in scale and its number of share- holders ranges from 2 to 50; a public limited company is usually large and there is ao upper limit in the number of ahareholders, but there must be at least seven. The shares of a private limited company not quoted in the stock market and thus it can only raise capital from its shareholders in private. On the other hand, the shares of the public limited company can be quoted on the stock market and therefore it can raise a large amount of capital from the public through the atock exchange by issuing shares or by
debentures
are.
VODAE) In this way..
a large amount of capital can be. accumulated from small
savings
of
the
public.
for the public limited.
company.
As far as the private limited company is concerned, a shareholder cannot transfer his shares without the consent of the company ur can...... any invitation be made to the general public to subscribe for shares. Hence, the company cannot be controlled through trading of shares. Also, the shares. cannot be used for speculation. For the public limited companies, shares are freely traded in the stock exchange and the company can be
controlled by purchas- ing shares. Therefore, the shares can.he manipulated for speculation.
It ghould be noted that the financial statement of a private limited company is not open to the public and there is a close relationship between shareholders and management for such a company. The opposi are true for the public limited company, i.e. the financial statement of the company is open to the public and the. shareholders usually
only invest.vithout taking part in the management :of the company.
What are the
advantages of public enterprise and private enterprise? -Advantages of public enterprise
Public enterprises are motivated by the consideration of the well-being and interest of the people, not that of making profita. Therefore a state owned organization can offer to the public cheap, uniform piece and regular services, or products. Unlike private enterprise system, excessive
competition
can be
avoided and the
government can ensure that essential goods and socially necessary services are maintaíu- ed. Public investment also can finance long- term and big projects, such as the Plover Cove Scheme which ia to costly to private
investors: Generally.
speaking, a
government-run enterprise has better caccess to various
kinds of information and statistical data and thus enables further development.
Advantages of. private enterprise
ses
The activities of private enterprises are generally regulat- ed by the law of demand and supply. Competition among private enterpri net only lead toner product and technology development. (innovation). And thus economic progress, but also allows a. wider range of higher quality goods and services offered to the consumers. In addition, competition ensures. price to be
at kept a competitive level so that
consumers can be. benefitted more. The profit-making objectio ive is a powerful incentive in making private enterprise to work hard and display greater initiative in his work. This kind of drive usually leads to more efficient and effective management. Moreover, the free market ensures the optimal (best) alloca- tion of resources including labour and
thus they bility.
of wastage
resources will then be limited. Hence in such
a system, the interests of the consumers are taken care of in that the production of various goods and services is based on satisfyimg. consumer needs.