第二第張七第 日二初月九年子甲夏
1985
中學會考試題預習專欄
地理 (二)
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GEOGRAPHY (2)
YYIME &K.C. CHOL
MTIT & DALE PRESS LTD.
huestions for Revision:
The figure below shows the temperatures of three cities and their locations. Discuss the various factors giving orise to the
- differences in their
temperatures.
CITIES Jan. TJul.T Tokyo 5.0°c 125.0 Lanzhou.5°C 28.3
Fuzhou 11.6°C 27.9°c
30
Suggested. Answers;
FACTORS. · GIVING BJ SE TO DIFFERENCES. IN TEMPERATURES:
A) Latitude
Fuzhou is warmer than Tokyo and Lanztiou in winter and hotter than they in summer. It is because they are located at different latitudes, Fuzhou, be being located at a lower 19 tuđe than the other two cities, is heated, more
intensively be the sun. in both: seasons. The sun's rays, which fall on Fuzhou at a larger angle, bring more heat since they have
travelled through a
shorter distance in
the atmosphere and
spread over a smaller
WAH KIU YAT PO
area..the other two cities, 00 the other
located at higher latitudes, so the
are
sun's rays fall more
obliquely and. lens
heat can be absorbed.
Distance from sea
Temperatures of
Tokyo and tanzhou are not the same althoug they are lucated at: the same latitude, Tokyo is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Lanzhou, It is because air temperature of a place can also be affected by its distance from sea, Tokyo is localed along the coast. Since surface heats up water more slowly than sea in summer, it is cooler than the land surface. If there is onshore wind; cooling effect can be felt at coastal city as in Tokyo.hile LangliouY. on the other hand, experiences more
extreme:temperature because of its
interior position, In winter, the heat of water bodyis-lost. more slowly than land so there is warming effect brought along by the onshore wind- and, affects Tokyo, But for Ianzhou the warming effect cannot be felt and because: Land loses heat mure rapidly, it is much colder than Tokyo.
Ocean current
The temperatures of a coastal city as Tokyo canal:o be affected by warm and cold ocean currents. such as the Kuro Shio and Oya Shio,
So The temperatures are not so extreme as those of Lanzhou. ISOTHERMA OF AN CONTINENT
OCEAN
LAND
·HIGH⋅ LATITUDE
OCEAN
LOW
LATITUDE
郭日僑華
三期星
LAND
Winter Isotherm
Summer Isotherm
generalized pattern of distribution for summer and winter isotherms as they may appear on a hypothetical continent in the Northern Fienri sphere. Describe the
characteristics of
summer and winter temperatures as 'shown by the pattern,
Account for such distribution pattern.
Suggested Answers:
4.
a
Characteristics Comparison between the coast and interior
The isotherms, though in general. run east-west, do not.
follow the parallels. exactly. In winter, isotherms bend strongly equatorward; which means that temperatures along the coasts are warmer than those of the interior. In
summer, the reverse is true-isotherms bend strongly: pulevard, indicating that the coasts are mucli cooler than thè interior. (Fig. 1)
Fig.l(a) CHARACTERISTICS OF
WINTER ISOTHERMS
Winter A10°e
B
c:0°C
LAND
(A & C are warmer
than in winter) Fig: 2(b).
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUMMER ISOTHERMS
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Sumidor T
A:10°C
B:50°C
C: 20fc.
(A & C are cooler
than B in summer)
Comparison between the West and East Coasts
The isotherms strike the western.
at a much higher latitude than the east winter
temperatures along the western coast are warmer than the east.
(Fig. 1(a), A is warmer than C) ii)The summer
isotherms skew to. the west summer temperatures on the western coast are
cooler than the eas (Fig.1(b), A 1 S cooler than C).
b. Reasons
keasons for the
more extreme
temperatures in
the interior:-
The coastal regions experience warmer winter
temperatures and cooler summer
temperatures since they can be modified by the ocean. Water codies are always' warmer in winter and cooler in summer. since they warm and cool more slowly tian do land areas. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in Tand and water temperaturest Water is mobile and experiences. both: vertical and horizontal movements which distribute heat.
energy absorbed at the surface throughout its mass, whereas
insolution is absorbed by land only at the
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日六廿月九年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中 育教僑華
surface and. is
transmitted downward
slowly by conductión.
1)The specific heat
of water is higher than that of Taud Thatis强民主Ven mass of water requires more heat energy to raise its temperature
e its
0
than does an equal mass of dry land. Consequently, the same amount of insolation will produce a higher temperature on a surface than on a water surface.
land
Conversely, in cooling, water wii) have to lose. # greater amount of heat than
will land.to produce the same drop in Lemperature.
The general effect of the contrast in heating of land and water areas is to produce colder winters and holler
sumers in the centre of continents than: along coasts and over: oceans. Coastal.or marine climates tend to be moderate, experiencing no great extreme's in either daily or
temperature change.
Reasons for the moire favourable climate:of the western coast
The western coast of a continent always. experiences a more-
cooler climate, with à summer and warmer. wintex: than the east. It is primarily due to the effect of ocean current, of wlhich the effect is made more signigicant by the onshore prevailing winds.
Through the horizontal transport of ocean water inthe form of currents and drifts, heat is: carried from one part of the earth to another. As all of us "know that an ocean current travelling towards a pole will warm air which passes over it, producing
air temperatures
higher than that would
normally be expected
for the latitude,
However, it should be noted that neither oceans nor ocean currents can have their maximum effect upon temperature. unless the prevailing winds blow from water to the land. Prevailing wind direction and the movements of air masses have a direct
influence upon the average temperature of an area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of prevailing wind (Pig. 2): Fig..它
OCEAN CEBIENTS AND PREVATEING INDS
LAND
OCEAN
#1 LAND
Westerlies
1
N.E.Trades
S.E Trades
Westcrlies.
•Warm Octan Current
・Cold Ocean Cument Prevailing Winds
From the above diagram, we can see that winter temper atures of the Western. coast, especially in higher latitudes, can. be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm air is
brought to the land by Onshore westerfies, in the northern part of the eastern coast, cold ocean current following along, sp temperature is lower.
the In summer, southern part of the eastern coast is much hotter than ing corresponding latitude on west side of the continent since the warm air above the warm water is brought landward by the
oushore. NE trades.
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