育教僑華頁三第張六第
1984
日七初月六年子甲夏
in Manchuria under
WAH KIU YAT PO.
報日僑華
中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史解答建議(三)
SUGGESTED ANSWER TO
HISTORY (3)
4. Account for the
aggression that Japan committed in China in the period 1931-1937. In what ways did China react to this aggression?
(Remember that
account for" means
"explain".
you could
So
facts about the
Japanese aggression
in China in
period ld
explain
and give more emphasis to this part. And don't forget the Chinese reaction. to the Japanese aggression, The following points may be of use,);"
Many military leaders. in Japan were
dissatisfied with the party government's peaceful policies in China. They advocated the creation of a Japanese empire in East Asia by force.
2. In China, the
Kuomintang succeeded in unifying China by 1928. To many Japanese militarists, this was a threat to the Japanese interests in. China," From 1928 to 1931, the KMT tried to re-establish control over Manchuria, which had been Japan's sphere of influence for many years. This alarmed the Japanese militarists, too.
Toward the late 1920s, Soviet Russia became more and more active
strengthening power in Northeast Asia, that is, in the region where Manchuria isí Japanese militarists: felt it was essential to conquer Manchuria.
Manchuria was important to Japan, The place could be used to protect Japan against foreign invasion. Japanese investment could be put there, and the raw materials in Manchuria could be used foruds industrialization at
home.
The Manchurian Incident. Sept 18, 1931 – All the above reasona explained why: on this date a few radical Kwantung Army officers (Japanese militarista stationed in Manchuria) deliberately arranged an explosion on the
South Manchurian Railway (which belonged to Japan) near Mukden in Manchuria. With this
the Kwangtung excuse, army then conquered Manchuria quickly. Later, extensive territories in North China fell to Japanese hands too.
R. Control of North
China, 1932–1936 – A
puppet state called
Manchukuo was created
效廣法刊明香
刊告律登令港月九報
性有指政 有質關定府日叁在
Japanese control. In 1932-36, Japan.
extended her control over extensive
territories in North China, including, Jehol, Chahar and Hopei.
1. When the Manchurian
Incident happened, Chang Kai-shek of the KMT believed that the internal problem of communi am must be solved before China
C.
could and should
defend herself against.
Japan. Chang appealed
to the League of Nations for help. The League appointed the Lytton Commission to investigate the dispute and then condemned Japan for aggression in ⠀
Manchuria. However, this did not check the
and did not Japanese, change Chang Kai-shek either. Chang continued with the extermination-
campaigns against the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and did not take up arms against Japan.
The China Incident, July 7, 1937 – A dispute between Japanese and Chinese soldiers occurred at the Marco Polo Bridge. near Peking on that day. Later, this developed into a war between China and Japan, known as the Second Sino-Japanese
War (1937-45).
1. By 1937, militarism had succeeded in Japan. This explained "the willingness of
Japanese militarists to go to war with China over Japan'a
in China.
integ
In late 1936, there was the Sian Incident in which Chang Kai- shek was kidnapped by one of his generals
and was forced to
agree to coopéro
on
with the CCP against Japan for the second. time in history. .So after the China Incident of July 7 1937, China vent to war with Japan.
Explain the ways in which great-power rivalries in the Balkans brought about the First World War. (There are two main things to remember when answering this question. First, select relevant materials only, that is, facts and arguments concerning the great-power rivalries in the Balkans Second, you should show how these rivalries led to the First World War."
This part is more argumentative. You can
the following points when answering this question.)
use
Background to great-power rivalries in the Balkan's 1. There are many small
states in the Balkans. Some of then desired. independence from Turkish rule or from domination by great powers like Austria or Russia. Some were independent and wanted to help those that were not. Serbia was an example. She was
2
independent from Turkey since 1878 but sought a political union with Bosnia, which was under Austrian influence before 1908 (rule" after 1908). All this created much trouble.
Both Austria and Russia were eager to extend their influence in the Balkans. When there was a dispute, these powers would be involved.
International crises that occurred in the Balkans
The Balkan crisis, 1875-78
1.
In 1875, Bosnia and Bulgaria revolted against Turkey. Later, Serbia joined the revolt. b) In 1877, Russia
supported the revolt. But Austria opposed Russia.
In 1878, at the Congress of Berlin, Bulgaria became independent, and Russia bad
influence there. Serbia wàs. independent from Turkish rule too. Bosnia was militarily occupied by Austria. Russia and Austria vere not friendly. On the other hand, Serbia wanted to join Bosnia to form a larger state,
Bosnian crisis, 1908-09
a) In 1908, Austria.
annexed Bognia with the excuse that a revolt against Turkey broke out there.
Germany supported Austria. This alarmed Britain, France and Russia (the three powers that formed the Triple Entente earlier in 1907). The three powers became moreTM determined to oppose any furthe aggression by Austria aod- Germany.
On the other hand, Serbía became bitterly disappointed, as she wanted a political union with Bosnia. Serbia believed that in future she should use a stronger foreign policy. against Austria.
The Balkan wars, 1912-13
a) Serbia, Bulgaria,
Greece and some other states formed a Balkan league to challenge Turkey in 1912.
In the same year, the League declared War on Turkey. Russia and France (Russia's ally in the Franco-Russian Alliance) supported the League. Turkey was badly defeated.. Later, however, Serbia and Bulgaria fought against each other over the problem of dividing Turkish land. Serbia won. Then Austria forced Serbia to give up some Turkish land. Germany again
supported Austria. In the end, Serbia ̈
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四期星
yielded to Austria A war between Russia and France (which supported Serbia) on the one hand and Austría and Germany on the other nearly broke out. Russia and Serbia felt that in future they must not back down
again when facing Austria and Germany.
Ways how the Balkan
rivalries contributed to the outbreak of the First World War
We can see that the Balkan rivalries. helped hasten the division of Europea into two bostile alliance camps. After the Bosnian crisis, for example, the Triple Entente worked in closer cooperation against the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria. On the other hand, facing the opposti on of the Triple Entente Germany felt that Austria was her only reliable ally, and continued to support Austrian aggression. in the Balkans.
The First World War broke out in 1914 as an Austrian challenge to Serbia after the Sarajevo assassina- tion. The strong. Austrian policy could be explained by hers repeated success in the Balkans with the backing of Germany. Serbia did not yield to Austria's ultimatum because past experience showed that France and Russia supported Serbia.
3. Indeed Russia and
France felt that they had tolerated the aggression of Germany and Austria long enough. They decided to stand firm against Germany and Austria this time.
When Germany attacked both France and Russia, Britain felt she must cooperate. with
and France to check Germany and
too. So the First World War was
Just op
on.
5. The outbreak of the
First World War could not be explained by the Balkan rivalries alone. But the great- power rivalries there in large measure a explained why the great powers took the steps in the summer of 1914 that in the end led up to the war.
What is the importance
of Lenin in the history of Russia? Illustrate your answer by referring to his activities. in 1917- 1924.
(The important thing to remember when attempting this: question is that the year 1917 is included. Lenin returned to Russia from exile in April 1917, whereas the revolution that "overthrew the rule of the Tsar occurred one.
日五月七年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中
month before. You must discuss the activities of Lenin from April 1917 to the end of
that year, bearing in mind that the revolution in which the Bolsheviks seized power from the Provisional Government (formed after March 1917) happened in November 1917. After such a discussion, you could then describe things such as War Communiam and New Economic Policy (NEP) all of which were: introduced by Lenin. Note the following points which are. relevant to this question.
1. Lenin was the leader
of the Bolsheviks. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks were members of the Russian Social Democratic Party. formed in 1898. However, the former advocated armed revolt against the government at all cost, while the latter were more moderate in policy,
e arist
When the March Revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, Lenin was in Switzerland. Then he returned to Russia, and proclaimed the April Theses. In it he advocated "breed for the workers, land for the
peasants, peace for everyone". He won great popularity because of this. The Provisional Government which consisted of middle-class members were out of touch with the common Russian people. Many Russians were tired of the First World War. So Lenin's peace proposal suited them,
5. Lenin actively worked
to overthrow the Provisional Govern- ment. In November, he and the other Bolsheviks successful- ly seized power and later set up a communist government of their own. Lenin: had always believed that t a small well-trained,
group of
dedicated revolution- aries could work. together to overthrow middle-class govern- ments in an ard
seizure of power. This was rather unlike the traditional Marxiata who believed that discontented workers would rise against the middle class
spontaneously in the course of history.
After the November. Revolution of 1917, Russia was in deep civil war. This led Lenin to introduce War Communism as a measure to control the bad situation.
Factories were taken: over by the workers.
Banks, mines and later all companies
employing more than 10 people were
nationalized.
Land was taken from
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large landholders. No compensation was given to them. Then the land kas. ven to peasants.
d. However, the peasants
had to hand all food over to the government which they did not need themselves. That is, the peasants could not sell the food they grew for a profit other than keep the amount of food they needed.
5. War Communism created much discontent among peasants and workers. The peasants refused to
grow more food than they needed. Many of them refused to hand surplus food to the government. Efficiency in factories dropped greatly. Trade in consumer goods dried up. There was mad inflation, and many people starved. Some Russians revolted:
6. Because of the failure
of War Communism, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy
(NEP) in 1921. The immediate cause was that by 1921 the Bolsheviks had crashed internal oppositions to it, and the civil war had ended.
The peasants could sell their surplus. food for a profit. The government collected a fixed percentage of tax in the form of food from these peasants'.
Private enterprise on a small scale was permitted by the government. Some. factories were handed back to private hands
Awards were given for increased efficiency in the factories. In other words, ways that capitalists used for increasing production were employed by Lenin.
The NEP was a temporary measure only. It relaxed many " of the harsh policies of War Communism in. the face of widespread opposition to and dissatisfaction of War Communism. However, Lenin did not abandon the long-term objective of making Russia a communist country. The NEP was only temporary in this
sense.
7. Lenin died in 1924. A's a revolutionary leader he succeeded very much, From 1917 to 1924, his leadership. carried many of his colleagues such as Trotsky forward in times of crises. The success of the
Bolsheviks in seizing power in late 1917 and then winning the civäl var after that year oved much to Lenin's: power of organization. However, at the same time, much of the dictatorial structure
of Soviet Russia was built by Lenin too.
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