·期星
頁二第張六第日二十月正年子甲磨复
WAH KIU YAT PO 報日僑
易誤治
...雖然初步固定祗感一流而上升外之勦使一府的意料之外。一九西哥 像力綸園、窗框、「老
出:機支付供用 足夠的市场通道進行
業中的第三種新標準 府後亦會發展成爲電腦
西德經濟與馬克價值
:0
同樣地,負佰國可
能也須同意限制某些工
【業國視爲不公的補貼及
·美元走向未明馬克途被看好
經濟改善股市當旺有所裨益
神好
| 部份包括:一部卅二位 科技設計而成。其組合 是根據與莎型電路先進 超級微型系列新產品 勰些跖果卅二位元
【其它貿易投資行動,另
【外,可能還須解除某些
西德馬克兌美元比值道、乎所有人(包括波恩政,市場盛勢未改,而近期 過去一週多以來,一百份之一點二 幾乎出 進入今年來,當地證時,元的MO TO R O LA
三遠 此路 再街上後 近證
蛋
的
油
機好
者去
於
西
今
不
時:鑑缛,
乏明確方案是原因之一禇七〇兌一美元,升幅面也取得了顧客的進展,上投資者對今年西藏的 ,但迄今仍未公開,缺二三四點五升至二三三、四積在控制通货膨根方欄中的去向不明餓,加
自去年五日以來,漢元,升當遠古份之一口,這是西德在戰後首,近果。然
用於參與談判的國家,一向爲人看好的日圓亦大,八一年的實際成長率爲 這化效果而符合GAT 德馬克由二八一八二一。很帶動去年增長的一位裡面辦。此場 辛的電腦合,也可 升至二露直至0兌一,是園內需求,而不是出爲近期馬克鏞升的遠因,運用自如。 一經確定,柊會產生多「二月三日的一個間,四八二年為錢百份之一 夜美元單位,而啟撝時,方便用戶毌須學習 個自樣一來,某些規則爲失色。在一月卅日至一百份之〇點三,一九台國際投組的不再投一及一種獨特的繪圍介面 約股市近日表現欠佳,「盧仔」游標操縱器,以 -68000 永處理器,高解
造商都已經經多方針論一點三,同一個內日圓山一次出現的現象。另外,由於現錄英元在島 英建築聯會
一經濟君好,西德馬克仍
- 英國建築聯會在最
今年增放獄 Four-
貂金融措施來解决的看四;當天以三三 指數一再創下新高峰,落。八章士) 迥以爲債務問題無法單收市價上升百份之〇贴一徳經券市場表現堅奏,十八〇一美元之間上 出場。這反映出国前普 三〇8 一美元,北上道,自去年下半年後,西克可望在二點七〇至二英鎊。 TMF涉入貿易談「本遇的上半憑,西德馬,一九六二年的百分之五,估計馬克智在二戰中 判,一方面是有意多與克升勢仍勤,二月八日 站三下降至百份之三。一美元之間徘徊而一億英鎊予購屋人士,高 ,另一方面又不能正面,馬克收市時爲二越七四,其次反映投資信心加强,在今後的兩個月內,馬,於去年的一百九十五億Naval 新篇百分之○點二三。,去年的疝貸降服半油一個上升機會,這戲內,新一季的簡報中,估計。 Pact | 今年將會歎二百三十
西徠馬克 期表現
蘋果推出超級微電腦
價廉物美增强功能
一
三千二百六十萬英絲。 一英鎊,去年每月是七億 Nitri 的整體新資金是十三億 個借貸水平,每月需製
·簡報說,要達到這
該聯會每月向批复[Pact
Power
Fiven
Power
Treaty
Power
France
Italy
China Belgium
(Limitation)
The US Britain | Japan
General agreement
of peace
Naval disarmament
3 | ratio of capital ahip ownership:
(* Recognition of China'a sovereignty * Abolition of spheres of influence in Chine
New principles of international relations
* Agreement not to violate one another's)interests
n
-1.67
* 1.67
金融界货插活跑的資伙|際國民生產總值地長了一世。該公司洲際營業董一人電腦,及一系列增强 英鎊。 ,正如一位在貿易與一。一九八三年西德的實改陷,在本港瓦佈面|MAC INT O S H私|爲每月一億三千二百萬、 「去年的經濟食際有改善,卅二位元超級微型系列 港,特别介绍其中一款
“美國蘋果電腦公司一事莊嘉樂更爲此專程來的效IN AGREEMENTS MADE.AT THE WASHINGTON CONFRAENCE 1921; 1922
貨幣界人士說,上
六了主意,但是還欠政治
一模化。由於相信開發中
戶住屋公與售先優屋居區市
可|壓競住私
減力銷宅 營
「可,屋居區市購選難較戶住宅住人私般一的4
盾屋公而,字機宅住之展發人私購選們他使促能
需大更有與位單其出勝可也 屋居購選多較戶住
。鵝讚得值,得數舉一是施措此以所,庭家要
◎于假激位供合,以目前居屋計劃已實微既定之發展計劃而言,私 符資格市民及、人住宅樓宇角路難免受到一定之娩爭壓力,但其 ̈居屋計劃共推 減經因一般非公屋住戶市民欲選購市區居屋已校 可屋需。屋住戶,對私人物業發展商也有好處,起碼在市 第五期的踞內而鄰近居屋之私人住宅樓宇之銷售壓力可以
·镫續貫徹此捲炮的。...
他對, 屋單位,因爲屆時出售的觀塘祥和苑及牛頭角的 「戶以及等候入住出租公屋家庭均有好處,是值得 而同屋署將嗽受歡迎之屋單位優先售與公
施對經濟條件較值而又有改善居住爵獎之公屋住 腾出更多單位給予有更大需要之輪候家庭,此措 改善居住黍境,亦可以令到有更多出租公屋可以 公屋住戶放棄其出租屋邨單位而改叫居屋,藉以 屋屋邨作巡迴展覽,此舉無疑可吸引更多较富裕
住戶及私人樓宇家庭申請人。 出较大比率優先售與公屋住戶,並在多假出租公 出售的三千二百四十個單位 - 仍會平均售與屋的 分三單位與公共屋邨住戶選購,但三瘌屋邨合共 此 作重新編配。雖然祥和苑及安基苑將搬出其中四 裕的屋邨住戶說出他們現居的爱動此截單位,安 中四分三與他們選購、此舉在於鼓勵更多家境富 安基苑第二期共二千零四十個單位,將會撥出其 五期乙,公共屋邨住戶有更大機會購得市區的居
·據房屋署助理署長林有元光示:居屋計劃第
戶施
一前爲止,基於種種理由,因校受狱迎之位優先售與公屋住戶“多少可:措施是低得讚揚的。(江亮》 一是否願意行動,但習 論對私人發展商及輪槟入住公屋的市民有好處,總和,尤以目前物業市道非传時期 F巳向各伐重要微商國,撥出四分三單位供公屋住戶認購,以便讓出更多 公屋家庭之市民,無論如何是有多方面的利好影 國家應採取主動,IM 公屋住戶認購,其中位於市區的兩個居屋屋蟻會 壓力或可減輕,又可惠及更有急切需要入住出租,
【提出记鍋王服,石姐們 出租公星给有較大而要的家庭入住。政府批業無,餉,再以證眼吃賍宅盡群務優吃雞,麻肪她占傘 (
THE WASHINGTON
22
1984
中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史(一)
明德出版社胡蕪亮 提供資料
HISTORY (21)
Viola Wong Yuk-yue
MILIU & DALE PRESS LTD.
This topic has not
appeared in the coming
exam for quite some
years. So you might as.
well pay more attention. to it.
CONFERENCE 1921
BACKGROUND AND CAUSES
A. Japan's expansion
in China and the consequent overthrow of East Asia's balance of power: To the Western powers, Japan's war-time gains in China had destroyed East Asia's balance of power. After 1919, therefore, the Western powers felt the need to check: Japanese: expansion. The USA was most eager to do
this.
Japan's willingness to return to a policy of cooperation with the Western powers -
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance would come
to an end in 1921. Thus Japan would soon be without a Western ally. ii. After 1919, the
war-time economic prosperity that. Japan enjoyed had come to an end.
There bagantau economic difficulties (which could only be solved by cooperation: with the West). iii. During the First
World War, both the USA and Japan had greatly expanded their trade with China. Japanese- American economic ties were also
strengthened. After 1919, Japanese. businessmen realized the importance of further commercial cooperation with the USA so as to deal with the competition of the vexpected return of the European powers to the China trade. Party rule had been established in Japan since 1918. The
political parties, which were supported
by businessmen,
favoured cooperation
with the West.
C. The fall of Tsarist
Russia and the rise
of the new Soviet
threat
-
Under Lenin, the
Bolsheviks succeeded:
in seizing power and
founding Sou
Soviet Russia
注:Late 1917. To win
China's friendship,
Lenin promised to.
abandon old treaty
rights and to destroy
the old imperialist
treaty; system itself..
The capitalist Western
powers, especially.the.
USA, therefore found it necessary to come
together and work out
ways to deal with this Soviet threat.
D. The rise of the USA.
and her new policy in East Asia –
0ld imperialist power like Germany and Tsariat Russia had disappeared in East Asia, while others
such as Britain and France had been weakened after the First World War.. Consequently, the USA had become the strongest power in the. Far East. She disliked
the old imperialist treaty :system.
The race for naval: power in East Asia and the intention among the powers to put an end to it -
Britain, Japan and the USA wished to cut their military spending so as to concentrate on internal problems.
F. The need to deal with
other unsettled problems -
The First World War had created many. problems in East Asia, many of them were still unsolved by 1921.As the
Versailles Conference
was primarily
concerned with European affairs, many of the problems in East Asia had not: been satisfactorily gettled.
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
The
Four-Power Pact, December 1921: Knowing that the USA was opposed to the renewal of: the Anglo- Japanese Alliance, both Britain and Japan 'invited.the USA to:
join a friendly pact as a substitutë. USA, however, wanted only a more general and less imperialistic pact that included France, for only a general pact would more likely get approval from the American people. Thus the Four-Power Pact was signed, by which the USA,
y 'tain, France and
Japan.
promised to maintain the existing conditions in the
areas.
Pacific
agreed to discuss with each other if their rights. and interests should he threat threatened in future. Unlike the Anglo- Japanese Alliance, however,
the Pact: did not necessarily. require the four
The Ne-
therlands
Portugal
povers to help each
other militarily.
Five-Power Naval:
Limitation Treaty,
February 1922
This treaty was
signed by the USA, Britain, Japan, France and Italy as an attempt to limit. the armament race:
A ratio of
capital-ship ownership for the powers was agreed upon: 5 for the USA and Britain, 3 for Japan, and
1.67 for.France and Italy. All the three: powera-the USA, Britain and Japan agreed to cut back navy building plans, to break up some battleships, and not to build new fortifications, naval:bages and battleships in the Pacific area for the next 10 years iii.Nine-Power Pact,
February 1922 In this pact, which was signed by all the nine powers, some general and
idealistic principles about future Sino-
Western relations
were laid down:
Traditional apheres of
influence were considered imperialist products of the past and were
·abolished..
The powers agreed not to seek exclusive and
traves from
Chine, but d existing
Cenjoyed Cights
them
still remained. A "security clause" was included in the pact, by which the powers agreed not to violate one another'a' rights in China. China's national right (i,e. sovereignty) was to be respected. iv. Check on war-time
Japanese expansion – Japan was cooperative in giving up some of. the gains that she. made during the First World War.
For example:
a. Group V of the 21
Demands was formally withdrawn. The right to 'employment of
Japaiese. advisers.
日三十月二年四八九一屋公年三十七國民華中育教濟經
决重面談貿 定大臨判易
家國中發開及化業工與會金基 有能可種各開展圖試國易實要主的 主康考在現談會易翼式形新的險風 留金基,何如謫無,新革項一有張 易貿種種生產免以,力努棄放不將 。甦復濟經的性球全碍阻,蠱雖
華
僑
政治化的程度,校目前更爲加深。
: 新形式國際貿易會談,她們
...... 現在考慮的主张有一項
·革新,就是為了在這個麻煩
則。總之,就是可能把貿易
·TT虖爲圭臬的最惠國原 面有所突破。
|以使確保負債國來年有,易自由化協定,這份成,出更明顯訊號,表明她一邊秕特稿) 界的一众貿易部長會談,重要貿易夥件及佰權人的回響,IMF另一方一付商務及必要的進口費 曰,令其達成一套協議,——以遠成一連事的貿面還要何候先進國家發 用。(王淑譯自美襃道s H又創新潮流,預料 【墨西哥等),與工業世 國必須同時是負債國的除了等侯開發中國能順利進行出口,以度一晚是常的对低制微举 主要女優國(如巴西、四家談判——這些工業一起她們的熱情。 新貿易壁壘,俾債務問鉾克接操作,因此已 會應促成一個或多個國(如墨西哥)加工業、大村工業園,實無法外,也就是遏止可能設立的,腦均有大盘形形色色軟
一.,因此依據新的構想是,無一個大負債 但要債務國獨自面對一
·續解决第三世界的負債 做試驗品。... [ ],鼓勵她們提出| 贲更多保護主義行動——我甚至削減某些現存貿易懋
趨普及。。 -的新協定却非·制止保護主義措施滋生 促成不可,如此才能氆,做米有一圆挺身先果可作爲其它國家的「。在IMF及其它人眼他又指出:「
「問題。 ' ‘新做法的另一個選 談判立攝並起而效上中,透項實務問題相|市面私人電腦中,
AREMAC INTO
in Manchuria was abandoned;
The Kiaochow/ Leased territory and the Tsingtao- Tsinan railway. (in: Shantung): were returned to China.
A promise to carry out an early withdrawal of Japanese troops from" Russian
territories was
made.
impro Measures to improve relations with China - The Chinese representatives". proposed the famous 10-point program. This called apon the Western powers to
restore equality and independence to China. In response to this program, the powers at the conference adopted the "Root Resolution? promising to give China the fullest opportunity to
elop and maintain
stable government.
Certain increases in tariffs on imports
China were agreed. upon.
b. Britain promised
to returo: Weihaiwei (leased
in 1898) to China, WEAKNESSES OF THEV WASHING ON CONFERENCE A. Lack of unity between the Western powera The Four-Power and Nine-Power treaties were only empty agreements, for there was little cooperative effort among the Westernpowers. Great powers like the USA and Britain were fond of taking individual actions.
Absence of Soviet Russia at the Washington Conference and subsequent Soviet threats
Soviet Russia was not invited to the Washington Conference because she was not -recognized by the USA, C. Failure of the powers.
Mone to define one. another's interests The powers at the Washington Conference intended to continue the exploitation of China but failed to specifically. and clearly define their own interests among themselves in the country. EFFECTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
:
A. In the Pacific areas
Generally speaking, the Washington:
Conference was.more: successful in keeping peace. in the Pacific areas. than in. East Asia. The abolitian. 'of the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance, together; with the naval limitation arrange- ments, made sure that no
two Pacific powera could ally with each other and be strong. enough to challenge the rest thus threatening peace in the areas. A balance
power was maintained.
Over the East Asian continent -
On the East Asian continent, however
the Washington
Conference failed to solve problems that Tater led to interm national troubles) i. Japan's ambition
would not "be"
removed just by an empty international agression of non-aggression on
paper. i.Despite the Four-
Power treaty, the. powers failed to cooperate: whole heartedly to cheek Japan.
C. Japan
Japan gave up her war-time aggressive policy and some of her war-time gains. For a moment, therefore, her relations with China and the West were improved.
Yet other more important japanese rights acquired. during the war: were retained. iii.Meanwhile,
because of the cooperation between Japan and the West, democratic party government at home was further: strengthened.
D. China:
i. Political
domination over China by the foreign powers had considerably been cut down after the Washington
Conference. ii.Yet, China was
still not recognized as a modern state. Unequal treaties. still remained. Many of the Chinese nationalists were dissatisfied.