頁二第張六第日四初月正年子甲歷夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1984
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HISTORY (20)
Viola Wong Yuk-yue
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
You should distinguish between the May Fourth: Movement and the May Fourth Incident. The May Fourth Incident occurred in Peking, on May 4, 1919. Then many Chinese, students protested against foreign
imperialism in general
and the Japanese
aggression in Shantung
The May Fourth Movement referred to the new culture movement from about 1917 to about 1923.
in particular.
THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT
BACKGROUND AND, CAUSES- A. The growth of Chinese
nationalism.
Continued forei imperialism and
internal political
instability after 1911. spread patriotic feelings among more and more Chinese
people. Then, during the First World War (1914-18):
Japan's presentation of the 21 Demands to China în 1915 served to unify the angry Chinese people în the presence of a common external
... aggressor.
ii.The ideals of national
self-determination as advocated by President. Wilson of the US stimulated great
enthusiasm for
liberalism and
nationalism among
Chinese intellectuals.
B The rise of a
politically conscious
merchent class and
labour force. Chinese industry and commerce expanded greatly during the First World War, for the following reasons: Internally, the fall of the Ch'ing dynasty removed the
traditional checks on and prejudice against commerce and industry. ii.Externally, the
First World War led to a quick decline of European industries and trade with Asia. This gave China industries a good opportunity to develop her industry.
C. The rise of
a new
modern intellectual class -
The introduction of modern, Western education in China since late Ch'ing times created a class of modern Chinese intellectuals. They realized China's backwardness and were eager to save their country.
The emergence of treaty-ports and large cities in China- Both foreign economic imperialism and internal reform in late Ch'ing times contributed to the emergence of many. prosperous treaty ports and cities
along the China coast. Modern foreign ideas were quickly popularized in these. places.
E. The failure of
political revolution
Ry 1919, it became..
clear that the 1911.
Revolution had failed
to strengthen China.
Many intellectuals.
understood that
change's greater and
more fundamental than
li
a political revolution vere necessary.
THE MAY FOURTH INCIDENT IN 1919
A.
Immediate causes
Toward the end of the First World War, many Chinese hoped that, as rewards for China's contributions of war effort and in accordance with the President Wilson's idealistic principles, the formerly German concessions (seized by Japan in Shantung in. 1914) would be returned to China. At the Versailles Conference of 1919 however, it turned out that Britain, France and Italy had already secretly agreed to support Japan in. retaining the se concessions. This aroused great anger among nationalist Ch
some. In protest,
5,000 students, mainly from the Peita University (tà, ABB), held a large-scale demonstration in Peking on May 4, 1919. This was the May Fourth Incident.
Course
Similar demonstrations were held in other
cities, such as Tientsin, Shanghai, Nanking and Canton, The newly organized labour unions also joined the nation-wide movement. Soon, even merchants joined the movement by closing their shops in a merchant's strike, There was ✡ general. boycott of Japanese goods.
C. Results
The immediate
achievements of the May Fourth Incident were limited;
Despite China's objections, the great powers at Versailles still decided to leave the Shantung concessions in Japanese hands. In China,
demonstration soon cooled down, and patriotic societies. elsewhere failed to cooperate for joint, powerful action. Nevertheless, the students in Peking succeeded in embarrassing and bringing down the warlord government. Also, the Chinese representatives at the Versailles
Conference did withhold from
siguing the peace treaty.
SIGNIFICANCE AND EFFECTS Although student demonstrations on May 1919 highlighted it, the May Fourth Movement actually extended from about 1917 to 1923.. A. Intellectual significance
1. Popularization of
modern, Western ideas - Modern ideas from the West were widely accepted by Chinese intellectu- als, ideas like... democracy, liberal- ism, socialism,
pragmatism (i.e. a theory that the truth and value of an idea depends on the practical effects it brings to human
報日僑
interests), and
utilitarianism (i.e a theory that
emphasizes practical
usefulness of things. not their outward beauty).
Criticism and
abandonsent of tradition In the past, the Confucian tradition of cultural self-sufficiency and superiority made Chinese scholars unwilling to borrow from foreign
cultures. In the May Fourth Movement, however, Chinese
measured themselves. against modern western ideas.
iii.Rise t
of democratic
Many of the modern ideas might not be actually put into practice. Yet the democratic spir that they brought destroyed the cultural tradition, of the past,
Literary significance.
i Introduction of the
pai-hua-During the May Fourth Movement, classical written Chinese (men-yen was rejected. The Pai- hua (6), which was written vernacular Chinese, was introduced.
ii.Rising literacy rate.
In traditional China, only the scholar class knew classical written Chinese because the language was difficult to learn and different from spoken Chinese. The pai-hua, however was colloquial and easier. Efforts to popularize the pai-hua during the May Fourth period had thus the effect of raising the literacy rate fñ
society (i.e. mor people were able to read and write).
Social significance
Expansion of popular education and rise of public opinion The popularity of the pai-hua and the Western idea of progress contributed to the growth of popular education. This in turn contributed to the rise of modern
public opinion in China.
Attack on social traditions
Social traditions of.
the past were under attack. The old.
family system, for example, was
condemned by young intellectuals.
Instead, the ideal of nuclear families was advocated. Young people began to demand indivídual freedom from the traditional collec- tive way of living. Young girls rose to attack the tradition al discrimination against women. Co-education and marriage besed on love were advocated. iii.Increased political consciousness among the new social
i.
forces Merchants;
industrialists ands. city workers. became increasingly politically conscious. They: jainned many of the anti-foreign boycotts.
Political significance
Politicized Chinese nationalism Anti- imperialist demons strations against the great powers and anti-Japanese riots
日期星
strengthened the force of modern
Chinese nationalism Student and labour. movements grew increasingly active ii. Rise of politicized
student movement
In the May Fourth- Movement, students discovered that organized propaganda and demonstrations could bring positive, results. Student movements of a political nature were in this way stimulated..
iii.Contribution, to'
national unification- The anti-warlord activities of the May Fourth Movement aroused great concern for China's political di sunity. This factor indirectly contri buted to the national unification of 1928.
LIMITATIONS AND SHORTCOMINGS
A. Lack of determination,
coordination and
planning.
Many of the May Fourth activities were short- lived and failed to bring about long-term and basic changes. For example, there were. few efforts in coordinating the different anti- imperialist activi and most of these activities were unplanned.
Uncritical acceptance of Western ideas and rejection of Chinese: tradition
In changing China's culture, modern intellectuals had the habit of destroying tradition and replacing it with Western culture. In su
doang, however, they sometimes did not succeed in building up a new Chinese culture.
Limited practical achievement's
The immediate and political achievements of the May Fourth Incident were limited. Other than success in bringing down a
warlord government in 1919, the Movement as a whole failed to so solve Chinas
political problems. Warlords remained as powerful as they had
been, and foreign
imperialism still
existed.
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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
(20)
S.F. KO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Solutions to Exercise 10:
dy. 2x (
x2) (u
_×(3» -x“)
Let I
cosedo sing
日五月二年四八九一屣公年三十七國民華中育教僑華
Let usine, du cosēde When 0-0, u≈0
When 6-2, u=1
1- Jldu -2(a) 1-2
(Ans.
(10.cos 0,10 sin)
(5,0)
Ratio=2.
_3(5)+2(1Ucos☺)
2+3
=3+4c090
(Ang.)
y_3(0)+2(10sine) _Line
Now,
sinė
cos 0+gin =
(x-3)2+ y2.
(Ans.)
+y=4 which is a circle (the locus of P) with centre (3,0) and radius=4
(Ana.)
Gradient of the curve
y=x
is
+1 at (x,y) 3x2-2x-1. dx Gradient at (-1,0) is 3(-1)2 -2(-1)-1-4. Equation of the tangent at (−1,0) is given by ______y_{}=4(x+1)
y=4x+4.
When the tangent meets
the
curve again,
2
3x2-5x-3=0 (x+1)(x+1)(x-3)=0
or
y=0 Or 16 the tangent meets the curve again at (3,16)
(cosē+isinė)
5%
cosp-ising
cis20
cis(-6) =cis(20-(-6)} =cis(20+6)
(Ans.)
>cos(20+5)+isin(20+p)
modulus-1
argument=2045 (Ans.)
3
6. 3x-3ax+a-a-3-0
Since the roots are real,
-4(3)(8 -4a4a+12✈0
2
-a4a+1270
2
a-48-120
(a−6)(a+2) ≤ 0
The values of a are -24 a≤6
7. (1+x)"
1+x+n(n-1) 2
12201
- n{u−1)(n-2),
(Ans.)
3
1-4 1-4-7 *6*6«12 6-12-18* Equating each term,
n(n−1) 2 — 1.4
612
(1).
(2)
Substituting (1) into (2)
n(n-1)x(1)2-72
n(n-1).
72n
(Ans.)
經濟 (二十)
(Ans.)
明德出版社
Hong Kong as a Financial Centre
Hong Kong continues to develop as a financial centre in 1980s. The government has been taking steps to improve the statistical
information it obtains on developments in the nonetary sector, and also to extend and improve the system of supervision and control applied to all institutions taking deposits from the public.
Hong Kong has a number of institutional factors which make it a financial centre. First, there is a low degree of specialia8– tion. Second, there is no central bank or central monetary authority. Third, there is no marketable government debt, and the total public debt is extremely low. Fourth, there is a well-developed foreign exchange market, with no exchange control of any sort.
Financial Markets in Hong Kong
1. Domestic Money Market
The domestic money market in Hong Kong refers to the activities of banks and deposit-taking companies engaged in raising or placing Hong Kong dollar funde between themselves. The demand for funds on the money market comes principally from those institutions which do not have an adequate Hong Kong dollar deposit. dollar deposit base to support their Hong Kong dollar lending 2. Foreign Exchange.
Market
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ECONOMICS (20)
K.K. WONG & LIT. CHAN
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
The domestic money market is closely connected with the foreign exchange. market in Hong-Kong.
There is no: exchange control at all in Hong Kong, and a number of banks and deposit-taking
Ce are very
participants
in the market. The government does not normally intervene in the foreign exchange market to influence the exchange value of the Hong Kong dollar, although it occassionally smooths out erratic fluctuation's in the Hong Kong dollar exchange value
3. Stock Exchange
There have been four stock exchanges in Hong Kong since 1972. However, the establishment of a unified exchange under the Stock Exchange Unification Ordinance is being under progress. The newly unified exchange, which is named The
Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, will be established not later than 1984.
The action is expected to result: în
a broader market, and to increase the attractiveness of Hong Kong securities to overseas investors. Also, there will be better management of the stock market and the stock market and
more effective
regulation of
stockbrokers.
Commodity Exchange
A commodity
exchange in future:
contracts is operated
in Hong Kong by the
Hong Kong Commedity:
Exchange Limited. Trading includes cotton, and gold.
sugar,