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關圖界圖 有面人圍微格圈人避大埔使果
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中學會考試題預習專欄
8
years. Beneath the forest cover are
various shrubs,
ferns and mosses.
a. Name the three types
of natural vegetation
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b.
GEOGRAPHY (17)
Y.Y. LEE & K.C. CHOI
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
33. The following
passages describe three different types of natural
(1) The
are ric
in the variety of trees. They are evergreen in
Appearance because,
although individual trees shed their leaves at intervals, new leaves are always
on others,
ees form three or more layers of growth, tallest
the
attains s
or more.
50 meters There is a
·lack of under- growth except along river banks and near the edge of the forests.
(2) The vegetation
consists chiefly of low, thorny deciduous trees or bushes, and drought- resistant shrubs and herbs. Many of them have long, deep and branching roots. Others
may have fibrous tissues, waxy surfaces or sunken.. stomata. The seeds. may lie dormant for years and rapidly germinate and bloom when favourable conditions are available.
3) The vegetation
consists mainly of softwood trees, occurring in pure. stands. The leaves. of the trees are needle-shaped and last for séveral
describe above.
Using the letter symbols given in Figure, indicate one area of occurrence. for each type of vegetation mentioned within the area
shown in figure. Choose any Two types of vegetation mentioned, "and" explain separately how they adapt to their climatic.
environment.
Suggested Answers:
The three types of natural vegetation; Equatorial rain
forest or tropical rain forest, Desert vegetation. Coniferous forests or cold temperate forest.
arid type
(ccurrence of the forests
E – equatorial rain
B
forest
desert vegetation coniferous forests
c. Ways to adapt to their
climatic environment.
i. Equatorial rain forest
The forests are rich and luxurant. Because of the ideal climatic conditions — with high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year, the growth of trees is rapid. As there is no dry season, the trees are evergreen. The trees are tall and straight. The branches and leaves appear near the crovÐ BO AS to complete for light and
air. The leaves are broad with driptips, or glossy or leathery, Bo as to shed rain- water or to enable efficient photo- synthesis. The height of the trees requires the development of large buttress roots for support. Many of the tall trees are used by climbing plants, which are also striving to win light or air, or are parasitic for: nutrition. There is very little under- growth except along river banks, because very little light can
the thick penitrate follage to reach the fluor. In swampy area where the ground is boggy, the roots are strong and long to support the planta well above the water.
In some cases, the roots are aerating for breathing purpose. There is a lack of undergrowth for the absence of light. ii.Desert vegetation
Because:
aridity in the desert, the plants are drought resistant known as xerophytes. The plants are usually low. Some of the plants have deep and branched roots to penetrate under-ground in search of water supplies. They develop waxy or thorny leaves, some with sunken stomata to reduce transpiration. Some of the plants have wax covered... fleshy stems to store water. Some plants have widespread net- work of surface roots
to absorb dew
moisture. Some plants rema i dormant for years awaiting the: infrequent rain
showers. Their seeds. are protected by an
impervious coat. Immediately after rain, t
5
the seeds. germinate and bloom, rapidly complete their life-cycle before dying down. Some plants, which are known as halophilous can thrive on areas of saline soils. iii.Coniferous forest
The trees are usually conically shaped, with springy or downward sloping branches to prevent excessive accumula- tion of snow. Since there is low- precipitation in the cold temperate region, the bark of the trees is usually thick, their leaves are needle shaped so that loss of moisture by transpiration can be reduced. Moreover, the leaves are usuallý usually covered by wax to protect. against frost damage, Tree trunks are flexible and slender so that they can stand well against the strong winds. Roots are usually shallow and widespread, allow the trees to absorb water above the frozen sub-soil. The seeds are usually protected in cones to suit the severs coldness.
that
34. Study the figure
below which shows the cities with over one million people in South East Asia.
Briefly describe any common features of location, origin and function, noting any exceptions,
What are the problems of such cities of the development world?
common-
Suggested Answers:
Common features of the cities.
The cities marked on the map have the following features in commoTi; Location --
In general, they have a coastal or esturine Location, commanding the important world's shipping routes. The only exception is ng which is Bandung, located in the uplands of western Java. Most of them have rich hinterlands. Origin
Most of them have long history of development started from the Colonial Period, i.e., many of them had been colonized by western powers, with the only exception of Bangkok. Despite the long history of develop- ment, many of them experienced rapid development recently which may also be resulted from rural urban migration. Function
Most of them are good ports, with the only exception at Bandung. Besides
serving as good port
most of them are multi-functional. A good example to be cited is Manila, which is a commercial
centre, industrial. centre, route focus. and administrative centre as well. Most of them are well- known as they are captial cities, except Bandung and Surabaja. b. Problems of such
cities of the develop- ing world,
Due to the rapid urban growth, over-
population is the major problem. Food is not enough and malnutrition is
common.
Housing is another problem. In such cities of the develop- ing world, there are usually many squatiers and slums, Over.... crowding in urban areas forces the dwellers in live in unhygenic conditions.
Sanitation is poor not only because of over-crowdiness, but also because of the lack of the water supply and inadequate waste disposal,
Residential land use
is found mixed with industrial ones, the discharge of gas, smog and other wastes by factories and. veltieles results in'
water air pollution, pollution and sound pollution. Such areas are also a safety hazard, fire is most likely to accur.
Since the narrow streets of the cities. constructed in the colonial periods are not able to cope with the increased traffic flow traffic
congestion and
accidents pose another problem.
Problem of unemployment is also serious. The education of the people is usually low. Many of them are unemployed. Social problems such
as crimes arise. (wing to the same
administrat- reason, ion is difficult, too. They are usually areas of political unrest. There is also a lack of general. utilities, e.g.
schools, hospitals and recreational
facilities.