abolition of feudalism
and national unifica- tion, which is a
四期星
success as a whole."
Notice the following:. 1. The points in this
頁四第張八第
日九十月一十年亥癸曆夏
WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
1984
中學會考試題預習專欄
Nagasaki, Western know...... ledge imported Dutch traders into Japan. 12. The people and the government enjoyed good
repetition sentence.
歷史
(十三)
unification. 13. The
Fundamental Law on
Education of 1872
明德出版社胡應亮 提供資料 established national
HISTORY (13)
Viola Wong Yuk-yue
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
In this and the following issues, we
shall learn how to organize and write and essay in practice in an examination. This is juportant. Many a
student just concentrates on studying the different topics of history and neglects the importance of training in writing history essays on these topics. The problem is that even if one is very familiar with a topic, one may
be
at a loss when og
an essay in ari
examination.
Narrative and argument
There is much difference between writing a plain or simple account of something. (such as a report in a newspaper) and analysing something (such as
arguments in a debate). Because in e examinations you are required
not a
write an essay,
report, you have to use an argumentative tone. In recent years, the questions that you would. come across often consist of two parts: one more descriptive, the other more argumentative, in nature. You learnt
the Meiji Moderniz, out
issue
(1868-1912) in the last
Revise it, and than ead the following passage, which tries to explain the reasons for the success of the Meiji Modernization (the numbers are just for your reference later)
1. Japan was not a feudal country by the 1870s. 2. The different reform programs were carried out. 3. The Japanese people were loyal to the Emperor, but the Emperor was advised by some Meiji leaders known as the genro. 4. The
reforms were very useful indeed. 5. That is why Japan was able to defeat Chiua in 1893 and Russia in 1904, 6. The wars had very far-reaching,
consequences for the East Asian international conditions. 7. The Japanese people had been very much influenced by the tradition. China was the opposite. 8. She was corrupt and bad. 9. On the other hand, Japan liked Westernization. very much, 10. Even in
the Tokugawa period,
"Dutch learning" was
popular, 11. Through
control over education, and universal and
compulsory educatiun
was introduced...
This passage has many weaknesses, as follows: 1. Indirect discussion ⠀⠀ The first three
sentences (1-)) are plain statements in wirich the writer failed to point out exactly how they : contribute to the success of moderni tion.
Vagueness.
The 4th sentence is very vague; it leaves. the marker wondering what it actually
Jeans..
Unimportant materials-
That Japan succeeded in defeating China and Russia (in the 5th sentence) is. an example to show the Meiji success in modernization, not as reason for the success. One can mention this, but one Bust not treat it as a major point.
Trrelevancy
The 6th sentence is irrelevant. The writer included the point perhaps because it happened to come. across his mind. In other words, he was. not in firm control of the writing of the essay.
5 Carelessness
In the 7th sentence, the writer wanted tu say "the Japanese people nad very much been influenced hy the tradition of culture. borrowing". Owing to carelessness, he left out the last three words and made the whole sentence incom- prehensible. The same happens to the 5th sentence. Japan defeated China in 1894-95, not 1893. And in the 11th sentence, the writer wanted to say "Dutch traders imported western knowledge into Japan" hut reversed the object and subject, Inappropriate wording
writer
In the 12th sentence.,. wanted to general, Japan enjoyed good social and pulitical unity. That is why her moderniza- tion was successful". However, he failed to explain how, and he mistook "unification" for "unity". The marker is left wondering whether not the sentence
refers to Japan's
of the 1st
7. Plain description
The 15th sentence looks more like a description of the Meiji education than an analysis of the factors for the success of the Meiji Modernization.
Overall elusiveness
In organization, the passage is elusive. Sentences seem separate statements without a systematic and logical line of analysis. The writer was unable to arrange the different factors. for the Meiji success in a logical manner. He right be even
uncertain as to whất: exactly these factors were. Consequently, he wrote us bits and pieces of ideas and facts (some relevant,
others not quite came up in his mind.
Now consider this passage, which also explains why the Meijk Modernization was successful:
Japan had been used to borrowing from other cultures even before 1868. The popularity of "Dutch learning", whí ch was Western knowledge imported into Japan in the Tokugawa period, was an Illustration. Such a tradition facilitated the acceptance of modernizà- tion in Meiji times. * In other respects,
too, the conditions of Japan before 1868. already laid the basis for the post-1868- success in aspects like military modernization industrial expansion
and educational
development. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 provided a new, enegetic and progressive leader- ship responsible for the whole-hearted decision to modernize the country from above. Unlike China which was burdened by a declining dynasty, Meiji Japan enjoyed favourable preconditions for successful modernization as early as 1870. When feudalism was abolished and a centralized li structure of goverment emerged in 1871, Japan was ready to get rid of her backwardness.
The modernization programmes themselves were comprehensive and were carried out at the same time. The central government, of course, made the decision to do so and adopted flexible and practical policies. Basically, however, it Was strong social and political unity in society and government; together with the
people's enthusiasm for modernization, that
explained the Meiji“.
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passage are arranged in a chronological order the pre-1868 factors, the
Importance of 1868, and the post-1868 factors.
日二十月二十年三八九一屦公年二十七國民華中 育教僑華
Efforts have been made to point out more explicitly and clear how the factors:
contributed to the Meiji success in
modernization. This is
what we call to-the-
point presentation.
經 濟(十三)
王啓光提供資料 陳勵德
明德出版社 ECONOMICS (15)
KK. WONG & L.T. CHAN
MILL & DALE PRESS" LTD,
MARKETS
1. Perfect Competition
"Perfect competition exists in a theoretic- al environment in which the following
conditions àre fülfilled:
(a)large mumber of
buyers and sellers,
With a large number. of buyers and sellers. the total transaction will be very great This means that each of then cannot exert
personal influ- ence on the market price of the product by increasing or
IT. Imperfect competition
· In real life
situation, tue.
conditions of perfect. competition cannot always be met. Whenever one or more
of the above require- dents are not satis- fied, the market is discribed as an imperfect one. Imperfect competition can be classified into three types according to its degree of imperfec- tion. They are
monopolistic competi-
tiong oligopoly and menupuly
(a)monopolistic
competitiún.
This has three fundamental
characteristics:
(1)there is a suffix
ciently large number of sellers so that each can act independently of the other firms. (2)products from
various sellers are.
differentiated (5)market entry of new firms is relatively easy.
Tu monopolistic competition, individual sellers can have influ- ence over the market price. This is when there is a mimber of their products for services, the product
of one ffre is not regarded as a perfect substitute of another.
decreasing its output.listic competition is to Thus in perfect. Competition firus aust, take the price at which they are to sell as fixed and the demand for the product of an individual firm is perfectly elastic.
omogeneous product Under a perfectly competitive market situation,
the product of any one seller must be identical with the product of any other seller. This means
no
that buyers motive for referring the product of one fira to another and if a firm raised its price, its sales would fall to zero.
free nobility of
resources
This implies that each required factor of production must be perfectly mobile. (d)perfect knowledge of
the market
* All buyers and
sellers must posseSS- full information of the commodity if the market is to be a perfectly competitive
one.
free entry by new Tirms-o
There should not be
any restriction for
eutry of new
firms into the market,
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An example of monopo-
be found in the retail. trade. The case of entry in this business results in excess capacity and differentiation may take the form of difference in location (for instance, one shop being more conveniently 9tuated for subpart? people), the general attitude of the shop-- kceper, and the extent the service available.
Actually, there are various sources of a
differentiation such as actual physical differ- ence, location, service consideration, reliabi- attitude
lity, ion, přice
etc. In
may affect the choice of products since many buyers prefer those sellers who offer a lower. price. Since differentia- tion of product is essentially created by branding and packaging, marketing activities play a major role in mono- polistic competition in attracting customers to patronize a particular brand.
(b)oligopoly
This is a form of imperfect compeli- tion in which there are only a few producers as compar- ed to perfect. competition where there is a large number of producers.
A general feature
oligopoly is that
the price policy of a firm is influenced
by that of its
competitors. This can be subdivided into perfect and imperfect oligopoly (1)perfect oligopoly
cut
Ju perfect oligopoly, the commodity is homo- geneous and consum- ers live no perfer- ence for the product of one firm as compared with another price by one firm will lead to similar price cuts by other producers. Hence, the largest firm will usually become the price leader. (2)imperfect oligopoly
In this situation. some degree of differentiation. exists between the products of differ- ent firms. Even a slight differentia- tion in the product will make one product not a perfect substitute for another. Under the se conditons, competition tends to be very keen and many firms may employ mass advertising or price-cutting strategies. (c)monopoly
Th, the strictest meaning of the term, monopoly occurs only when there is one producer of a commodity for which there is no
substitute, a situation often referred to ass absolute monopoly This is quite rare in real life to have only a single producer of a product an even rarer to have no substi
producte for the
at all. Thus the tern monopoly is often used to describe forms of very imperfect competiton as in
the following
situations: (1)when one firm or a
group of firm work- ing together
control a large proportion of the total supply of
zomuodi ty. For e
instance, most of the world' supply of rubber comes from Malaya.. (2)when it is westeful to duplicate a gi service as in the case of public utilities.
(3)patent rights - a patent is a grant the inventor of a new machine or idea, giving him a mono- poly of its use for a certain period. (4)others a producerà
monopoly in the home wurket may be protected from foreign competition
by means of a tariff on imports, thus giving rise to a monopoly situation.
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