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·陕西國院作者介紹
(左)何运单位(古)粢師磨之簽名及印章。
1984
中學會考試題預習專欄
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史
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明德出版社胡應亮 提供資料
HISTORY (6)
PHILIP Y.L. WOO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
European history from
1919 to 1939 is often known as the inter-var years, for reason these reasons:
(1) In 1919 the Paris
Peace Conference settled the First World War (1914–18) (2) In 1959 another world
war, the Second War World, broke out. (3) So in many ways the
First World War left behind many unsolved probleas for Europe, and these problems helped bring about the Second World War
We shall learn about the following aspects: A. Unsolved problems
the First World War, LIBBY THIGH (politick
social, economic, etc.)
b. Rise of Fascist and
Nazist dictatorships: in Italy and Germany, in the 1920s and 1930s, which could in part be explained, by the unsolved problems. International aggressions committed by Fascist Italy and Nazist Germany in the 19509;
D. Attempts by the
Western Powers
(Britain and France) at checking international aggression's failure of the League of Nations, failure of appeasement.
Note the following:
(A) above is in fact,
the about
consequences of the First World War..
(B) is a result of
(a).
(C) and (1) form, the
causes of the Second World War.
Then you can see how the First World War led up to the Second World War, (from A to D).
1. Defects of the Paris
Peace Settlement.
As a result of the
settlement, there were two kinds of powera in Europe
that wanted to powers change the settlement
e.g. Germany, (which felt that it was humiliated in many ways), Italy (which claimed that it was not justly rewarded), and Soviet Russia (which was not invited to the 1919 peace conference and thus resented the settlement).
powers that wanted to
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maintain the
settlement e
France (which, aimed
at preventing the
revivial of Germany)
Britain (which wanted
peace at all cost so
that trade would be
good) and the USA
(which withdrew fron European affairs after 1919)..
2. Unstable small states
in East Europe - The First World War helped bring about
revolutions in Russia and Austria. On the one hand, Russia became a communist state since late 1917. On the other hand, Austria was broken up into many small states like Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, etc. These Eastern European. states had shallow democratic tradition. They might be easily. conquered by aggressors. In the 1930s, Germany was the aggressor. Other: powers tolerated Germany at first. They used an "appeasement policy towards Germany. But they could not let Germany conquer all East Europe. In the end they resisted Germany. So war broke out in 1939 the Second World Warz
3. Communism versus Fascism Russia became a communist country since late 1917. People in capitalist countries such as "Germany and Italy feared that communism would take- their countries too, Thus fascist groups were formed, i.e.
extreme nationali groups aiming at saving their countries from comunist
penetration. Society became more unstable. in this way. As you will gee, fascism took Italy and Nazism took Germany.. These dictatorships then committed aggressions against other
countries. In the end, the Western Powers (Britain and France) decide to fight these. aggressors, which brought about the Second World War.
Nationalist feelings becoming tense -- Before 1919% autocratic empires. like Hapsburg Austria and Tsarist Russia ruled. People fought for independence against them. After 1919, empires like these fell, and new democratic states came into being. The nationalist
many Europeeling of
people became more intense. People in different countries were loyal to their fatherland. When war Broke out, they were
willing to fight for
their countries. Before 1914, wara were fought between dynasties or empires. After 1914, wars were fought between peoples. Wars became more bloody too.
Social discontent and trouble – Because of poor economic
conditions, people became discoftented Different social: classes run into. conflict with one another. Soldiers could not adjust themselves to peaceful lives when the war wa over. Violence increased. In fact this helped the Fascists and Nazists to come to power in Italy and Germany respectively. They found many unemployed people supporting. them.
Economic recovery delayed by reparations
The 1919 Versailles Treaty held that Germany should pay the Allies reparations (1e large sum of money). This delayed the economic recovery of Germany. Over.
a whole Europe as
the foundations of a sound economy Wis shaken by the First World War. Although recovery was rather quick in the 1920s,
Great Depression hit Europe badly in 1929-
32.
HOW THE SECOND WORLD WAR. BROKE OUT IN 1939
Germany and Italy
(under the control of the Nazis and the y Fascists respectively committed aggressions against small
countries. The other powers (such as France, Britain):
at first appeased the aggressors, ie not resisting them, but
later made war on them when it became clear that further appeasement was useless.
Aggressions comitted. by Germany and Italy included:
war against Ethiopi by Italy in 1934
march into the Rhineland areas by Germany in 1935 support for rebels in Spain by Italy and Germany from 1936-39:
d. invasion of Austria.
by Germany in 1938
invasion of Czechslovakia by Germany in 1958.
invasion of Poland by Germany in 1959
From 1934 to 1939,
other P did not.
resist
aggressors
Soviet Russia did not trust France aud
Britain. Stalin (of
Soviet Russia) thought that France and Britain encouraged Germany to conquer East Europe so as to weaken Soviet influence there.
Britain was preoccupied with colonial problems. She did not want act without the support of the USA.
The USA did not want to get involved in
affairs.
wa's aloue. She Wo" too weak, to defend
agalust agressions, especially when the aggressions were not against herself.
Italy and Germany knew that the other powers dared not risk another world war to resist their aggressions. The memory of the destructiveness of the First World War was too deep. People wanted to prevent war at all cost.
f. In 1939, when Germany „juvaded Poland, the western powers knew that they must resist the aggressors, They made war on them,
(六)
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明德出版社高樹方提供資料 ECONOMICS (6)
K.K. WONG & L.T. CHAN MILL & DALE PRESS. LTD Factors of production
cont.)
Returns to factor of production,
Land, capital, labour and entre- preneurship are the productive resources available to produce commodities. They are the factor servicės provided by the owners. of factories of production. Payments. are made to the owners of the factors input in return for the services they render. These amount of payments are called factor incomes in Factor economics.. income refers to the payment which is paid by the producers for the employment of each unit of factor service. The factor incomes consist of four elements:
A. Rent is the payment
to land,
B. Wages are the
payment to labour C. Interest is the
payment te capital D. Profit is the
payment to entrepreneur.
Renti
To the payment, rent refers to price paid per unit of time. for the, services of some durable goods such as the rent of a car, a flat, a television set, etc. Under the alone condition, the payment is called commerical rent.
To the economist
rent refers
to the
payment for the productive factor which is fixed in supply. It is because rent is the payment to land in production. Land is not only. defined as the produc tion site but it is also regarded as the natural resources involved in produc- tion which is fixed in supply.
Wages:
Wages are the payment paid by the firm to the skilled or unskilled, physical or mental labour for the effort they have made in production.
Time rate means that the workers are paid according to the period of time they work for producing goods or services.
Piece rate means that the workers are paid according to the amount of goods and services they have produced.
Interest:
Interest refers the paymen parte h the producer for the use of capital and it is the rate of return
on the capital in invested.
Since some of the. money capital may be borrowed from money lenders, interes also regarded.
payment
is
the
by wer
for the use of a sum of money for a fixed period of time.
If the payment is completely for the use of money. It is called pure interest. Usually, interest the payment for th
risk involved in making loans.
D. Profit:
Profit refers to the income accures to entrepreneur. It is the reward given for the performance of the managerial skilr and the organization of the firm. In addition, profit also refers to the reward to the risk bearing. and business decision miking in a manufactoring unit.
Since entrepreneur is the one who organizes the other three factors of production and supplies the capital
of the firm, profit is
the amount that remains after the rewards to all other factors of
Production,
II.Determination of rent,
wages, interest and profit. In market: economy, the prices of productive factors are determined in the factor markets through price mechanism. In Cotier vords, the
factor incomes; just like the prices of other commoditïes, are determined by the
12
interaction between
demand and supply of the factors.
A. The market demand
for
a factor of production, example, the market demand of capital, is the aggregation of the demand curves of the individual firms.
The demand for factor production in an individual, firm will depend upon;
a.the physical
productivity of the
If the produc- tivity of the factor input is improved. the demand for the factor would be increased. For instance, the productivity of a machinery can be improved through technical_progress: or managerial know- hows.
the price of the
the product which firm
is producing
- The demand for factor input
be increas would
resulting from the riseofthe prices of the goods which is manufactoring. the prices of othe: factor services employed by the firm.
The firm may employ several variable factors in
short run
production. Factor input are mobile so that the price of other factors can influence the price of the factor to some extent, A. The supply of the
factor means the. amount which is. offered as the reward is varied. Because factors of production would be attracted from other industries and occupation, for example, the supply of work force, we should expect a higher price to expand supply.
For the same taken more supply of land would be expected due to rise of rent, and.. profit is the incen- tive which stimulate the entrepreneur to make mush effort in production:
The prices of factors of production such as rent, wages, interest. and profit are determined by the interaction of the
arket demand curve. and the market supply curve of the factors of production as sliown in the follow-
of the factor of production.
Ang
Quantity demand and supplied.
= 1tagram.
Price of the factor of production.
•Creat: wages, interest or profita
curve of
I demand
leurve
the fader