頁四第張三第 日七廿月八年亥癸夏
1984
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歷史
HISTORY (2)
Philip Y.L. Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS.
In this and a few coming issues, we'll discuss the origins or causes of the First World War (1914-1918). Either you say the First World War or you say World War I(without 'the')}. The importance of the war is that för centuries before 1914 wars were fought between kings, emperors, nobles and so on without involving the majority of the masses, the common people. In the First World War, however, adult male citizens Vere conscripted to serve as soldiers (ie. called upon by the government to fight for the fatherland). And massive bombing and
killing of common people.
occurred. In the past, wars were fought by professional soldiers, and there were not many of them, Now every adult male citizen was required. by law to do the fight-. ing. And millions instead of thousands of them were wounded or killed. It is because of this that historians often call the First World War the first
total war! in history. It was total because all people were either directly or indirectly involved.
CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)
The causes of the First World War (1914– 1918) were of 2 kinds: underlying and immediate 1. Immediate causes
You will learn later that the great powers (Germany, Austria,
Britain, France, and
Russia) each took
some steps or simply
WAH KIU YAT PO
did something in the summer of 1914. In
The sad these steps or
what the great powers
did led up to
the outbreak of a
world war. So each
of the great powers shared some
RESPONSIBILITIES for causing the war. By 'immediate causes. mean the se
responsibilities'. No great power deliberately planned the war flowever, each of the great powers reacted to one another's strong. policies with stronger ones. This led to the world war. So no
great power was alone responsible for the outbreak of the war. Underlying causes Historians think that
the great powers took the steps in 1914. because they were influenced by.
some long-term
historical forces well before 1914, such as militarism nationalism,
colonialism and so on.
These forces
the great posed
alike, though Min different degrees. In trying to give more thorough or deeper explanations for the First World War, historians look. at the conditions of Europe before 1914. These forces and conditions were the underlying causes" as follows p a.The Alliance -ystem-
An alliance was a military agreement whereby members promised to help. each other militarily when attacked by another country. In 1871- 1914, the European great powers made
a number of alliances or ententes (non- military agreements of friendliness) with each other. In
the end they all
became members in
11337.4 7.2464
=3492.3
1984
中學會考試題預習專欄
An:
the size of each
annual instalment
數學
one
報日僑
the
of the two opposing alliance camps: the Triple -Alliance (Germany
Austria & Italy) against the Triple Entente (Britain, France & Bussia): This was the Alliance System. At first, an alliance was a way of self- defence. It was used to frighten off a country who might start offensive wars. Starting from. late 1900s) however, Germany and Austria used their alliance to take offensive actions, ie, to support a strong or aggressive foreign policy against other countries. Just as when a country had allies other countries dared not attack her, at the same. time when a country had allies she my ICU. become hraver, Do struggle
power; knowing that her allies would come. to her help when necessary. We shall learn about the Alliance System in detail later. D.Militarism - This has a number of meanings,
Governments made militiary prepara- tions for var
(weapons, army, navy, etc), people urged their governments to make war on other
countries, military. leaders had strong influence on a government's
policies. We shall
see how all this happened in Europe in the period
1871-1914. Then we shall see that in 1914 decisions for war were often supported or even made by military leaders. c.Nationalism - This means patriotism or love for one
=√5r"=3x({\r2)
(13-2)2
11. (a)
(i) The coordinates of A
and B can be obtain- ed by solving the simultaneous
-期星
own country. Ve shall see that because of nationa- lism (or intense nationalism) * European leaders decided to make war on each other in 1914-1918.
d. Imperialism – Thi a refers to the race for acquiring colonies and other imperial benefits in Africa, East Asia and other places among the European great powers. Not a single war was started between. two great powers in the process of inperialism, but great-power relations were badly affected when the great powers struggled for imperialist interests. This made it more and more difficult for peaceful settle- ment of ande international
a
crisis file, a quarrel between the great powers). such á crisis, which the great powers failed to settle peacefully, led to the First World War. in 1914 in the end.
e. Economic changes-
In 1871-1914 the European economy was changing rapidly. In particular, Germany was industrializing successfully and rapidly in competition with Britain. We shall learn what the changes were and how they led up to. the war.
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM, 1871-1914
A. Dual Alliance 1879
Between Germany und Austria. However, Germany kept good relation with Russia. Britain remained in isolation from
CA=OB
08/20
Hence,
2
CA +OB =(20)2+(20)2
=40
2
AB
日三月十年三八九一歷公年二十七國民華中
European alliances. This was according
to the traditional British policy of "Splendid Isolation" France was in this way diplomatically isolated. Bismarck of Germany, wanted. to isolate France so that France could not revenge on her defeat by Germany. in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the Dualliance, Germany promised military help for Austria if Austria was attacked by Russia. If France: attacked fiermany, then Austria would remain neutral and prevent. other povce (e.k. Russia) from helping France.
B. Triple Alliance 1882-
In that year, Italy joined the Dual Alliance.
3. Reinsurance Treaty.
1887 - Although allied with Austria, Germany maintained friendship with Russia by this treaty. The treaty was not a formal alliance. There were no specific terms committing the two- powers to help each other. Russia was willing to sign the treaty because she did not know about the Dusl Alliance, which was kept in
gecret.
Franco-Russian.
.
Alliance 1893-94: Germany had always tried to prevent Russia and France from entering into an alliance so that there. would not be two enemies on the two fronts of fiermany (llussia on the east, the France on the west). However, on becoming Kaiser in 1890, William II of Germany forced Bismarck to resign, and then dropped the friendship with Russia, This gave
01. (rejected) c-5
(Ans.)
(b) The equation of the
¡E
curve can be written
:as
4+x=6x+9
育教僑華
France n good chance
to try to form an
alliance with ussia
against Germany. In 1893-94, the two powers made an alliance. In the alliance, hoth France and Russia promised military help for each other if attacked by: another power.
Entente Cordialle 1904
All European powers had allies except for Britain, so britain decided to abandon he isolationist. policy. At first, she approached Germany but William 11 was bot enthusiastic for an alliance. Finally, in 1904, Britain and France settled their
colonial quarrels over matters and concluded an agreement called Entente. Cordialle. It was called an entente because Britain and France unly promised help vaguely but did not promise military cooperation.
F. Triple Entente 1907
G
France then tried to bring Russia and Britain into a closer understanding. The three powers concluded. the Triple Entente in 1907.
Conclusion – By 1907, Europe was divided into two camps: the Triple Entents.
against the Triple Alliance. This
situation made it very likely for a minor dispute between the great powers to develop into a world war. This was because
each of the great powers depended on support from her ally or allies. Then there was a greater chance for the great powers⠀⠀⠀ to use war instead of peaceful diplomacy as a way of solving international disputes. They might. take strong steps against each other, as they did in the summer of 1914,
44x=k(z ' ) ̄ . . (2) (2)÷(1).
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MATHEMATICS (5)
H.K. LO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Suggested solutions to
Test One (Cont.)
Let the size of cach annual instalment be $x. After one year. the amount still owed 9000(1, 8
1+100)-x
-9000(1.08)-x (in.
dollars)
After two years,
8, the amount still owed 9000(1.08)-x(1,08)~x „9000(1.08)2-(1.08) x~x
After three years, the amount still owed 9000(1.08) -1.08x -x(1.08)-x −9000(1.08)3–(1.08)2
(1.08)x-x
Since the debt is to
be paid off
completely at the end
of the third year, therefore
9000(1.08)3—(1.08)^x-
1.08x-x=0
9000(1.08)3=(1,08)*x
+1.08x+x =3.2404x
9000(1.08) 3.24.64
&
As shown in the figure, A, B and C are the centres of the circles.
AB=BC-CA-2r /BAC-ABC-ACB=60°
(a) Circumference of
€
each circle=27r Length of arc EF (minor) ~(360)2år
60%
the perimeter of the shaded region.
=3x=πr
(Ans.)
Area of triangle ABC
(AR) (AC) sin(RAC (2r)(2r)sin60
= }} (2x) (2x) {
-Bre
Area of sector CAF
60
2
Area of the shaded region
2
From (1) x=3y-6
4y+54-0 (2)
Substitute into (2)
(3y-6) +y -14y+54=0
10(3y-6).
10y2-80y+150-0
y-8y+15×0 (y-3)(y-5)=0
y 3 or y#5 When y
x=3(3)-6=3
When ve5
x=3(5)-6-9
A and B are (3,3) and (9,5).
(ii)The length of chord
AB
-√(9-3)2+(5-3)2
$40
(-6,3246)
(Ans.)
The coordinates of o is (3,7).
(ii)The length of (4= the radius of the cirele
=15+77-54
£20 =4.472
(Anne).
AAOB is a rt. and ZAOB-90
converse, Pythagoras' therorem
(05)
(Co)
Since (0,5) is on the curve, there fore
5=8+(0+b)
a+b=5
(1,0) is also on the
curve
(ma+(b+1)2
a+b2+2b+1=0,.(2) (2)-(1).
2b-G
b-3
(Ans.)
Substitute into (1)
a=-4
(Ans.)
(ii)Therefore, the curve.
19 _y=-4+(x-3) (c,0) is on the curve,
2
(=-4+(c−3)2
(c-1)(c-5)=0
[en] (−6)
has minimum value
2
'min=(3) -6(3)+5.
nce xx
(Ans.)
and
x=k1y (where k, is
where kk.
constant) (where k is
constant)
(b) Let the initial
value of x be
the finial value of
ig
(1+)-1-44x
100
Let the initial value of z be 30, the final value.
be z
2
(1)
20
the value of z then increased by 20%.
14. Let the first term and the common difference of the
A.P. be a and r respectively.
(a) a+(a+d)+(a+2d)=27 a+d=9••••••••
a(a+d) (a+2d)-288,
From (1)
d=9-a |
(1).
(2)
Substitute into (9) (18-a)=288
a (180a)=32
a-18a+32=0 (a-2)(a-16)=0 a=2 or a=16.
When a 2
d=9-2=7 (Ans. When a 10,sta
d=9-10=7(Ans.)
(b) When a-2, d=7, the
10th term is
2+(10-1) (7)
(Ans.)
When a 16, d=-7, the
10th term is
164(10-1) (−7· ·.
(Ans,)