育教僑華頁三第張八第
1983
中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟(廿二)
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王啓光 -陳勵德R
ECONOMICS (22)
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K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Public Finance
if
Distinguish between direct taxes and indirect taxes 80 29 to show their advantages. Give local examples of each. What would be the probable economic consequences heavier... taxation is composed. to. Hong Kong? A direct tax is the taxation which is paid. directly by individuals or companies on whom it is actually levied. The tax burden is exactly bare by tire tax payers and the tax is levied on the taxable income of the
individuals or companies. Examples of the direct taxes are the Salaries Tax, Profits Tax,
Property Tax, Interest
Tax, Estate Duty,
Licences Fees and Rate in Hong Kong. Y
The Salary Tax is charged on any individual who is in receipt of Pincome from any employ-
ment in Hong Kong. It is charged on a sliding scale from 5% to 30%, using the progressive tax rate. The taxable income ia derived after deduction of various allowances which vary with the individual and
family circumstances.
Profits Tax is charged on any profits derived from the trade and
siness in Hong Kong.
standard fax rate of
a corporation is 17% where the unincorporated business is a standard rate of 15%
Interest Tax is charged at the standard rate of 15% on interest arising în or derived from Hong Kong. It is the tax which levied on the interest derived from any debenture, mortgage, bill of sale, deposit, loan, advance or other indebtad-
Property Tax is charged. at the standard rate of. 15% on 80% of the access- ahle current market rental value. Every-owner with a property in Hong Kong is necessary to pay this amount of payment.
Besides, Estate Duty is the duty imposed in a dead person's property, doney or estate. Licence Fees is levied on all business except the non- profit, making business and some charitable organizations. Rate is Charged as a certain percentage of the. estimate yearly letting value of land or any
roperty held or occupied dy a person.
An direct tax is the taxation which levied on goods and services. It is nsually levied on expendi
ture and is so
sometimes
called outdey taxes.
Examples of the indirect taxation in Hong Kong are the Custom Duties, Excise Duty, Betting Duty, Stamp Duty, Entertainment Tax and Hotel Accommodation Tax,
Custom Duties are the taxes which are charged on four groups of imported commodities alchoholic liquors, tobacco, certain hydro- carbon oils and methyl. Excise Duties are the taxes which are charged the above four groups of
日二十月正年亥癸歷夏 locally manufactured commodities.
on
Stamp Duty is modelled
the British system
which imposes fixed duty on certain classes of documents, and on
advalorem duty on others.
Betting Duty is the
duty on Horse betting and on cash sweep contribu- tion. The operation, of Betting Duty is solely conducted by the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club,
Besides, the Entertain- ment Tax 19 charged on the prices of admission to race meetings and cinemas. The Hotel Accommodation Tax is imposed on hotal and guest houses. The Royalties and Concession are payment which the government received from [public utility. companies
such as bus company, jejectnec,foufiny, etc. Which enjoy menoplistic
franca ses.
Compared direct taxation with indirect taxation, several distinctions can be drawn? (1) Direct taxation is
levied on wealth and income where indirect taxation is levied on expenditure.
(2) Direct taxes are
usually charged by the goverment. The taxes are directly paid by the tax payers to the Govt. Indirect taxes are usually borne by the consumers and are not paid by themselves directly to the government but through somebody elge (3) Direct taxes are
based on the Ability- To-Pay Principle. It means that people should be taxed according to their income level, The higher income group should pay more.
Indirect taxes are justified by the
Benefit Principle. It means that those who
get satifaction by consuming goods and services should be taxed accordingly, (4) The incidence of
indirect tax may be on the buyer or seller, depending on the elasticity of demand of the commodity on which the tax has been imposed. If the commodity is more elastie, the tax burden would be easily hifted to the buyer. It is easier to determine the
incidence of a direct tax but it is
difficult to
determine the
incidence of an
indirect tax
•peci-
ally when the taxed goods are elastic in demand.
(5) Indirect taxes are: usually regressive. The lover income group suffer from it because they bear the majority of the tax burden. If the prices
the commodities.
of
are raised, general price level will be. bid up and it will be easy to cause inflation problen. (6) Direct taxes are
generally in progres- give tax rate. It is said that indirect taxes can widen the gay between the rich and the poor people with large families. Therefore, direct tax can achieve more even distribution of wealth in the economy (7) Direct tax can
directly influence the income, and individual or a
WAH KIU YAT PO
family. Since more taxes are required to pay in respect to
higher incone, it may discourage individ- uals from spending or seeking additional income.
(8) It is easier to
estimate the amount of revenue that can be collected from direct taxes. It is difficult to compute the exact amount that. would be yield by the indirect taxes. (9) Direct taxes may
cause harm to the working incentive investment incentive and the saving incentive of the firms and individuals 10)Tax evasion and tax
avoidance are more frequent and much easier for indirect taxes. Since then, the administration cost of indirect taxes is relatively heavier than of direct taxes.
The following are tue probable economie. consequences of imposing heavier taxation in Hong Kong:
1. High salaries tax reduces taxpayers disposable income for consumption, and discourage peoples incentives to work overtime and to seek. for promotion. leavier profits tax reduces businessments savings and net profits. Loanable funds in the economy will fall, and
investment become a
expansive. Economic activities will shrink
as a result.
3. Heavier indirect taxes would lead to arise in
prices of necessities.
Thus it results in
歷史
明德出版社胡應亮提供資料 HISTORY (22)
Philip Y.L. Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
The First KMT-C€P Coalition, 1923 —— 1927 (Part 1)
From 1923 to 1927, the KMT and CCP united for the first time in joint efforts to work for national unification, for the following
reasons:
ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE- KMT-CCP COALITION
A.
ii.
Reasons for Soviet Russia's encouragement of KMT-CCP coalition
Since the CCP had a membership of not more than a few hundred even by 1923, the Russian leaders realized that it could not carry through revolutions on its own. The KMT could be used to the CCP's advantage. In China, the workers and peasants were completely ignorant of Communist ideas and practice. Time was needed to educate people about Cosaciulitan. The Russian leaders therefore vere convinced that it was
for the
mend work
to
with an existing revolutionary. grouping like the KMT iii.Because, the force of
nationalism was strong in China, CCP would have a better chance to extena influence in
the
報日僑華
society in the name of national
unification.
iv. To take dikla a
B
四期星
friend of Soviet": Russia and to extend Russian influence over China, a KMT-CCP coalition was the best method.
Reasons for Soviet Russia's choice of
the KMT.
Sun Yat-sen's socialistic ideas in the Three Principles of the People (= A
A) interested the Russian leaders. ii. The KMT had supported
Labour movements in Kwangtung. iii. The KMT was rather
disorganized, and so more open to Communist penetrations Cooperation with other warlord
difficult because they were badly disciplined,⠀⠀⠀
Sun Yat-sen enjoyed better internationwi
respectability among. foreigners despite his repeated
failures in national unification.
C. Course of the Russian
offer of help to China and encouragement of KMT-CCP coalition
Twice in 1918 and 1919, the Russian leaders shoved goodwill to China by announcing the
intertion of giving up privileges that
pre-1917 Tsari;
Russia enjoy t
China”.
In 1922, Soviet Russia sent a шап called Adolf Joffe to Peking. In early
1923, Joffe met Sun Yat-sen in
Shanghai. The two
men jointly issued a manifesto, which had
the following main terms:
a. Joffe admitted that Communïsm
was at the
moment unsuitable
for China.
The Russian
government
re-affirmed its
intention of
giving up specia privileges in China
SUN YAT-SEN'S ACCEPTANCE OF RUSSIAN HELP AND
·CONSENT "TO THE KMT-CCP COALITION
A. Reasons.
i.
ii
As a revolutionary, Sun Yat-sen had always sympathized with the Russian revolution.
In working for China's national unification, Sun liad been eager for
foreign help. He had repeatedly turned to foreign governments, which, however, refused to support him.
iii.Sun favoured a
centralized, powerful
party controlled. efficiently by him alone. The Russian
model of party organization, fitted well with Sun's. requirements, iv. In organizing a
revolution to unify China, Sun had again and again been betrayed by the warlords.
Sun was unwilling, to see the CCP-
struggling for power independent of the KMT. He felt that
日四廿月二年三八九一圈公年二十七國民華中
all Chinese,"
including the
Communists, should
join together to
work for the
national revolution.
He wanted all Chinese
revolutionaries
(KMT or CCP men) to be under his personal leadership.
B. Course
In 1922, Sun decided on the policy of
alliance with Soviet Russian; admission of the Cormunists" (Lien-0 yung-kung聯俄容共),
In 1923, after the Sun-Joffe Manifesto, the_WIT÷CCP. coalition' be came a reality and was very much in accordance with Sun's wishes,
MOTIVES OF THE TVO :. PARTIES IN FORMING THE COALITION
A. The KMT
To benefit from Russian help in matters like party. re-organization,
finance, armament and army training. To make use of the CCP members in organizing social movements such as peasant associations and labour unions 90 th tlie SONTA popular
coua De strengthened. iii.To change. CCP
members into KMT followers.
B. The CCP
To remain cooperative
with the KMT
and to remain in close
relation witho Soviet Russia, yet
to maximize Communist influence in the MT, with a view to a final seizure of power. To make use of KMT influence to
spread Communism,
iii.To gain control over
the national:
unification movement.
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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
(22)
S.P. KO
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Solutions to Exercise 11
(10.6058, 10 sing)
(p(x,y)
(5,0)
Ratio 2:3
Nowy
x=3(5)+2(10cose)
243 3+4cose
2(a
£8(6)•。",¥)
Gradient of the
2
y=x
at
dy
2 3x-2x-1.
is
(ang.)
Gradient at (-1,0) is
2
3(~1)2 -2(-1)-1-4.
Equation of the tangent at (~1,0) given by⠀⠀
y=0=4(x+1)
y=4x+4
When the tangent meets the curve again,
2
4x+4=x3-x--x+1
3
2
- 5x-50 (x+1)(x+1)(x-3)=0
x=-1 or 3
y=0 or 16
the tangent meets the curve again et
(Ang.) (3110).
(cose+isine) cosp-ising
ci 320 cis(p) cis (20-(-4) =cis(20+0)
=cos(20+6)+isin(20+6)
modulus 1
argument=20+6 (Ans.
5. Let I
dx
Now, x-2sine
-x
dx=2cose de
When x=1
When x-2
2cosode T4(1-sin'
2cóse
EREN
·3x-3ax+ −a×3×0).
(Ans,)
Since the roots are real',
2
(-3a) -4(3)(a^—a−3)20
32
-48 +4a+12/0.
2
€2
+4a+120
a2-4-1250
The
-2>as6
of a sre
Ans.
3(0)+2(108in
(Ans.)
sinë
(1+x)"
sing-
(Ans.)
cos 0+!
(—2)2+(†)2=1
(x-3)2+ y2-42
which is a circle (the locus of P) with centre (3,0) and radius=4 (Ans.)
2
2
2. Let
a-constant then
dy
dx
_2x (62-,2).
n(n=1) 21
n(n-1) (n-2), 3.
31
-12-12-14-18+.... =1+5*6 - 12 6 · 12-18
Equating each term,
nx=-
n(n-1) 2
(2):
(4) (2)
6-12 Substituting (1) into
n(n-1)x
n(n-1)
= 7
72n
and
(Ans.)