日一廿月二十年二八九一圈公年一十七國民華中
西班牙甲組足球聯賽
Hu
∴一路透社馬德里十九日可Ó巴撞拿快了八落英染元身價的前泮馬勒
巴薩隆拿連番戰敗
·眞馬德里仍踞首位華倫西亞降至榜末
馬勒當拿患病缺陣
偽八四年新述的一
他們作客一比二敗於第十位的拉斯巴瑪斯隊脚下,...
,宽窄,遮續吃第二辆收仗,並在西班牙甲組聯賽上由第三位降至第四位。瑞西質,將有七十二個
俊在馬勒當拿十二月五日偶足踝倦勤時,邀名列第二。
***
,而他的兄弟雜恩線徙斯在六十七分鐘,謝射十二分勝負。 ,巴雲度卅九分鐘先爲巴薩隆拿打開紀錄佤尼奥瓦維斯四分鐘後扳
第二位,一分落後当前的真馬德里。
·標而上週巴瑟隆拿,本週末一比一作客和上厨習王維蘇斯達,曾至
平
漢堡連勝卅五
科隆史特加層級
「流暢地出入境。」 所有奧運訪客能迅速和一 加上新湛的。我們希望 「放所有現有的讎柏·再
報日僑華
WAH KIU YAT PO
育教育體 頁一第張六第廿七初月一十年戌壬歷夏
四強,但〇比一主場就於高的些遠隊,因而隨至甲組後求。 奧沙鸯二比一打敗真馬證圍,打破真隊作客長勝的紀錄。
·歐洲足協盃牛準决賽隊華倫西亞,明年三月會與比利時安德烈治爭人
西班牙甲組足球聯賽前六除形勢:
隊名
二期星
B
布
沙巴沙
七十十十
||沙維高藏 星一馬德里 十六 + & ] 片四 賽勝和負得球 失球癀分
四
沙維拿 馬德里體育:十六九 二 五 廿七 廿二 廿 巴陆隆拿十六·七六三廿六十二 十六 廿六 三十九 十一. 计
五三三四三二
廿廿廿廿廿廿
廿
歐洲短池盃賽蘇聯東德暫列前茅。
長途泳將沙力哥夫
粉碎千五捷泳紀錄
|地敷退對手,雙雙晉人, 「西德盃賽中,昨日易 日電】科產及史特加在 (路透社波恩十九
.
還拜仁。嬴獲此仗 「的翼堡以二比一般 「賽冠軍及現居聯賽榜首 星期五晚,上狃聯
球場內,只有四千名球-
| 夠容納六萬名觀衆的大 則射入一球。在科隆能 人各入兩球,而亞路 一沙及英高在此役,每 一退史特加遠,西德脚 一則在主場以五一般
取業餘烏馬達亞,而科 .. 史特加以四比零
路透钍瑞典哥狂」的四百米四式接力冠軍湛的大眾運輸工具,邊
十四分卅七秒六比舊時間快六秒 五華不敗之至像。
·儋十九日電亞蘇聯的沙
0 [路,時間+四分卅
的千五米自由式世界冠
·秒盡時間,打戤他保持
力哥夫週日在歐洲給祂 游泳杯賽中,以足足六
.:
分
AKO
的成讀,使他們的國家
..他是今次泳赛最 目的泳手,其次是西徳
自由式長途賽的霸主地 位廿歲理生再奠定 四百米自由式紀錄,該
一最佳成被,加上週六所 三分四十二秒九六之
[米泗七分四十八秒二四
沙力哥夫又在八百
·百四十四分
客至湧運奧四八付應
通交場機磯杉洛
車火場磁用慮考
(RBUSKE),
「飛以二比二妾成平手而 史浩克零四及比利】
| 爆在比賽中經巳有卅
[時攒域含有大批的客评
雀摄像閲以三比一之豬
·他那位英格蘭中部,依路一八六雾慕尼茵陳
磡至火車站和國家會議
;百明平,參與女
今天舉行的西
赛第五週賽事之戰乐如
月間將可啓用。」 人說:「明年三月四。
·百明樂城機場發言 史特加區烏爾達亞比
火草系統。該系統的正比二。 中心之間,正與逑中的一大浩克零四和比利戒
程已完成,但車站仍米,實菝號一八六孚慕尼特
(法新社米度士堡。
·核種火車在磁場上「十八日飕英格乙組
行走,行駛時離地兩天
·就像濕墊船在水面正赴尼日利亞五天,作賽
| 足球隊伍米度士固定著
行駛一樣。
兩塔的計劃,在出發前
洛杉磯正在進行花 最後一
取消。
*七億五千萬养元食建
球身寬至今晚在倫
,比上月他所創世界最料。 時間一分四十五秒九七一時離地的火車系統的資腿是我們的機場篮圍太。 百米自由式賽,但他的有關一種利用磁器行駛,停試場。我們最大的間的兩場賽事亦宜做取消
· 西斯又赢得男子二 月中有插遠此間,收集 可以将之伸延至校的一星期天及下班所舉行
·洛杉禨海經理亜十二 們採用磁場火車,我們由。他們健在目的地
年奧運前歌月便可完成【特才被通知取消此行, 和擴建計劃,預計八四敦希斯路機場出發 羅亞及示:「若我而他們並未獲得任何理
一商紀錄懮一秒四十多
EHSSGED
| 意外的戰於茲段片商斯八四在洛杉露俄具所,侧,但用在述配乘客則 。百米蝶泳,西斯出人表示「那可能是我們|磁化交進工具以前的理由及經待對方解釋
*亞在一次訪問中. 百明罕發言大飛,一現正尋求這次未能成行
·基手下,他两出的五十 三秒七四成於比斯快
十分之一秒。
正德未能取得第二
「位,因爲他們的世界冠
|李邏在男子一百米背
泳跳水犯規,被取消餐.
。其憎獲百廿七分,協把亞洲足協施於北韓 EULSFYZER PREKRIKSEN. E 一格。忖因此失了十九分九日電)國際足協會長|而對北韓職員作終身禁國聯賽於本屆實行的球 一例,便是驅逐那些因
..不過,强勁的東泡展至包括所有由國際賽六年,因為他於歐洲
隊镪停賽兩年的鄅制令 斡羅馬尼亞夏米殊罰停用一的球科。 足際足協經已證實一門心切而作出「職業犯
亞洲足協處罰北韓
(路透社蘇黎世十 制戴,包括因無亂事件 夏寧沿提議潑險英
國際足協證實支持
·國際足協發長起來一
|大有滕自勝,秩典和蘇,現正考慮對北韓碓除,球點,及處罰大術九年,菱將於二月廿二日舉行 女惚,已降百卅分,足協所舉醉的賽事,並一足協舉辦的足君中毆打一年的世界青年杯發之批。
環嗆走,該兩國分
| 百九十七和雷] 停賽,因他於千里遠犯
有相同的鍇织毆打球證
一九八四年的國際
足協代表大會於蘇黎世
| 秒三六斯米記錄,窕系賽戰後實華球場對離泰銀會足球初賽提出意見 週年系念。夏宇治說他 .北韓球員及支持者 . 施珸女以二分十一中對科威特的一場车决,將會控制及對八四年年 四年是國際足協的八十一 一於新德里的亞運會比賽, 夏宇治說遠際足協一舉行而不是在紐約,八 「及指導,然而他們將會一個爲社恩祝這個大日子
VERKIK
在四分八秒五位,現正研究加强對北淼的一定出穿风窗格的规章。但最佳球風參與的球賽 。朱德交以及一項歐洲夏平治號國際足協與國際奧委會流成協議,將會安排一場由世界上一
,
1983
中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史
(+2)
明德出版社胡應亮提供資料
History (13)
Philip Y.L. Woo
MILI & DALE PRESS LTD.
The Hundred Day
leform lasted from June to September in 1898. The duration was
roughtly 100 days, and that explained the name Since the First and Second Ugium Warg (1839–42. and 1856-60 respectively), there Fwere three ways how
China responded to the threats of the West:
(a) Reform-
Examples included the Self
Strengthening Movement of 1862– 94. However, only military-strategic
industriés
were given emphasis This was why in 1898 more thorough" changes - even of government institutions (t.g.
the examination system) and of ideaa -- were introduced. After the Hundred. Day Reform, there was the Late Ching Reform of 1901- 1911.
Resistance-
This referred to armed resistance @guinst Lesterness. The Ching government tried this method in the two opium wars and failed. After 1800, "Western missionaries
had the right to preach in the interiors of Chi pia. and Chinese people often attacked these missionaries. The
most large-scale
anti-foreign uprising was the Boxer Uprising 1900-01.
)Revolutions.
When reform had failed to save China, more and
more Chinese
people believed in. the need to
overthrow the Ch'ing dynasty. A revolutionary
movement started
in this way.
The background of the Hundred Day Reform could be seen in the following Way:
A. The advocacy of
institutional reform
by progressive officials like Feng
Kuei-fen (>
The reform-minded
scholars recognition
of the inadequacy of the Self-
Strengthening
Movement (1862-1894)
The introduction of Western ideas of
reform
By foreign missionaries.
Kang Yu-Wei
the
most important reformer ju the 1898 Reform, admitted that many of his Ideas on reform came
from missionaries.
ii.Through treaty
ports --
western social and political ideas were most- eastly learnt by the Chinese who lived in treaty. ports and cities.
The rise of a generation of politically conscious and more progressive- minded young scholars
E. The effects of the
Sino-Japanese (1894-1895)
Chinn's quick defeat in the Sino-Japanese War further convinced wany Chinese scholar-
officials that more fundamental reform. was both urgent and, necessarуa
The effects of the Scramble for Concessions (1806. 1899)
Foreign imperialism was intensified fo the Scramble for Concessions. It further showed the necessity and urgency of institutional <reform.
G. The political
struggle within the Ch'ing court
Meanwhile, a political struggle took place between the Hoang-isu Füperor (L) and his bant, the Empress Dowager Tzu-hsí ( 13 ), within the Ch'ing court, The Emperor was deeply impressed. by Kang's reform ideas and was more and were determined to put into effect institutional changes. Dissatisfied with the Emprese Dowager's continued domination over the Ching court, Kuang- lan intended to make
Use of a reform movement led by himself to regain
power,
though on the
other hand hic really wanted to save China
On June 11, 1898, he issued the first reform decree, telling the people to learn foreign knowledge. The Hundred Day Reform beris in this way.
The different measures of the undred Day Reform were in fact decreas issued by the Kuang-usu Emperor in Peking. They the re- fore were just paper instructions of good intention but with little consideration given to whether or not. could be put into practice. It's always. after all, easy to say something than actually doing it. The reformers around Kaang-usu, notably Kang Yu-wei And Liang Ch'i-ch'no, were young and in- experienced,
and bad never had. enjoyed political power before. It was just a sense of mission and a deep Patriotic feeling that moved them into reform sction, although we must admit that the reform movement as # whole (which Kang and Liang helped lead from 1895 to 1898, zave opportunities ton.
ement de
them
of nolitical power in the end. Just for 103 days, however. The provinces - at least most of then – païd little or even no attention to the decrees. It was a funny situation where the Emperor in effect kept telling his subject officials what to do and those officials sat etniidly with their eyes wide- open. In the end, after 3 months or so, the Empress Dowager, who had the real power, stepped forth from behind the scene, imprisoned the Emperor and persecuted the young reformers. No doubt the reform measures were just intention, not detailed and well worked-out plans.
Before we turn to the reasons for the failure of the reform;" let us take a look the reform measures first.
i Education
(a) Abolition of the
teight-legged essay in the Civil. Service.
Examinations, Introduction of a new syllabus based on current political and economic problems. (h) Abolition of
swordsmanship and
marksmanship in
the military. examinations, Introduction of a new gyllabus based on a knowledge of modern military tactics.
(c) Opening of a
special examination on political
Есопопу.
(d) Establishment
an Imperial University in Peking. Founding of a medical school under it.
(e) Establishment of
primary and
secondary schools
in the provinces:
for the study of both Chinese and Western subjects Changes of traditional private
acliool into, modern
ment schools. guvernment. Change of Buddhist temples into public schools.
(f) Publication of an
official newspaper
51.Government
administration
Abolition sinecure posts (jobe with salary int involving no work } and
unnecessary
fices,
the
governorships of
a few provinces.
Appointe
progressive-
of
minded officials in government.
(c) Introduction of
stricter
discipline for civil servants. Measures to check corruption. (d) Improvement in
administrative efficiency by removing delays ond by developing a new, simplified.
administrative procedure. Creation of 12 new ministries
old 6 Boårðs. (traditionally
government. administration in Peking).
(e) Encouragement f
reform suggest from private citizens, 2
Military reform (a) Reorganization
and
modernization of the army. (b)Founding of
militia forces (part-time soldiers for
local self-
defence).
Economic reform (a) Fromotion of
railway construction, (b) Promotion of agricultural industrial and commercial development. Founding or banks.
(c) Encouragement
of inventions.
(d) Preparation of
a government
Others
budget.
(a) Visits to
foreign countries, by high officials.
Improvement and simplification of Law codes.
As we have puinted out. K'ang and Liang were scholars
inexperienced in the art of administration and did not understand the corrupt nature of the Ching government just like a group of young, green and fresh university graduates who are given the chance to run the Hong Kong government. They sure bad much ideal and theory to talk about, but when it came to actual administration, they failed to appreciate the tremendous difficulties waiting for them when carrying out the reform measures.
what were the remendous difficulties? Why did, most of the ceforio measures, remsin Just paper and were not actually carried.
of the Eight-legged Essay on the changes t be made to the entire educational system would ruin the future of Chinese scholars who had for years been trained in the art of the examination. It's like telling all Hong Kong Form-5 students one month before the Cert. exam that all subjects to be examined will be changed and brand new subjects like martial art are introduced with effect immediately. Likewise, the abolition of sinecure posts and the attack on corruption:
ngered many officials. One is freminded of the dezonstration against tne ICAC by policemer a few years ago. (It's perhaps not comparable too.) When young, progressive-minded scholars were appointed. to the government, old corrupt and die-hard officials felt being endangered in their positions. The young scholars might not really be progressive- minded, just as
at as the old. officials might not sall be corrupt. But self- interest everyone has. What would members of
the
Council fael
men
one day suddenly find ourselves replacing them?
Was it
You
ak
violation of
violation of many people's self-interest, that caused widespread opposition to reform. It certainly was both. But more logically, many people whose self-
interest waa threatened. made use of the slogan that Chinese tradition was violated as excuse to oppose the reform..
Chinese Son or the
an
First, the reforms violated much of Chinese
radition. When administration was modernized, political iradition was changed, and conservatives thus ruised their objection? ore importantly, the reforms threatened the self-interests of many people, who therefore pposed them so as to safeguard therselves. The very fact the K'ang and Liang were Chinese, for example, meant that the reform, vere thoughi out by Chinese and thus logically for the benef
f Chinese-at least te would only remain as
anchas. tuooght. It's Perbabs" comparable group of Chines Suliticiana demanding great changes be made to the Feng Kong government but who are equal v¥â Suspicion by British p officials, Innns final
alveis, this is of courge net comparslĄ the long Eong context.
More specifically, the intended aboliÐUN
Surely the reformers were without effective
political power to curry out the reforms. This explained why the reform attempt failed. But the same can be said converselv- it was the Empress Dowager's un poverful, conservative pasition that crippled the reform from the start. The failure of the Hundred Day Reform illustrates how intention
intention without power to back up. Its significance, however lies not only in the introduction and popularity of western ideas on reform in Ching China, but also in the powerful stronghold of
conservatism and vested self-interest that resisted changes of any kind.