育教僑華 頁一第張六第日六初月一十年戌壬夏
1983
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Economics (13)
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K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
MARKETS
1. Perfect Competition
Perfect competition exists in a theoretic-
al environment in
which the following
conditions are
fulfilled:
large number of. buyers and sellers →
With a large number of buyers and sellers the total transaction will be very great. This means that each of them cannot exert his personal influ- ence on the market price of the product by increasing, or
decreasing its output. Thus in perfect competition firms
must take the price
at which they are ta aell as fixed. and the deband for the product of an
individual firm is perfectly elastic. (b)homogeneous product
Under a perfectly competitive market situation, the product of any one seller must be identical with the product of any other seller. This means that buyera have no motive for preferring the product of one firm to another and
rn raised- price, its sales would fall to zero (e)free mobility of
il a firm
resources -.
This implies that each required factor of production must
be perfectly mobile.
(d)perfect knowledge of
the market -
All buyers and
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sellers must posse 88- full information of the commodity if the market is to be a
perfectly competitive one.
(e)free entry by new
firms
There should not be. any restriction for the entry of new
firms into the market.
II. Imperfect competition
In real life situation,
the conditions of perfect competition cannot always be met.
Whenever one or more
of the above require- ments are not satis- fied, the market is discribed as an imperfect one, Imperfect competition can be classified. into three types according to its degree of imp tion. They are: monopolistic compet tion, oligopoly and nonopoly. )monopolistic competition
· This has three
fundamental characteristics: )there is a suffi-
ciently large number of sellers so that each can act
independently of the other firms. (2)products from
various sellers are
differentiated. (3)market entry of new firms is relatively
easy....
In monopolistic competition, individual sellers can have influ- ence over the market price
This is because when there is a large number of their products or services, the product of one firm is not regarded as
perfect substitute of anether,
An example of monopo- listic competition is to be found in the retail: trade. The ease of entry in this business resulta in excess capacity and differentîntion may take the form of difference in location (for instance
one shop being more
ethanol.
(v)What would be the
mass of ethanol
distilled off,
assuming there is the
no loss during process?
9B8OD*✯✯ ✯✯H (7)Suggest a safty
Chenistry (13)
Reginald d
HILL & DALE PRESS LTD,
Question 19.
(a) a piece of sodium
metai which has been exposed to air for some while is
is covered with a white powder. Z. The whole specimen ie then added, to 40 g of pure ethanol and
Tear-
less gas X is obtained, measured ata.t.p. When the excess ethanol is distilled :offy" as
of the com, dand
Y is left As residue.
the
the names of gas X, and the solids and Y
respectively.
Explain the forma- tion of giving the appropriate
equations.". Write an equation
of the reaction between sodium and ethanol.
(iv) Calculate the masz
of sodium which is reacted with
precaution to
observe when dealing with boiling ethanol (ví}}The ethanol is
distilled at about 80°C while The solid Y is unaffected at this temperature, Basing on the above.
information, state
an essential difference in
atructure of the ethanol and the solid Y.
State the conditions under which each of the following pairs of substances can be made to react-
Sulphur dioxide and oxygen gases i) Ethanol and
ethanoic acid ii) Nitrogen and
hydrogen gases (iv) Iron filings and
water
v) sodium sulphite and dilute bydrochloric
Tubeà en case, name ta productís, and write an equation of the
estion 20
state the oxidation number of the elements underlined
in the following species:-
WAH KIU YAT PO
conveniently situated fer some people), the general attitude of the shop-
keeper, and the extent of the service" available.
Actually, there are various sources of differentiation such as actual physical differ- ence, location, service consideration, reliabi- lity, personal attitude etc. In addition, price may affect the choice of, products since many buyers prefer these sellers who offer a lower, price. Since differentia- tion of product is
by essentially created. branding and packaging, marketing activities play: a major role in mono- polistic competition in attracting customers to patronize a particular brand,
(b) sligopoly
This is a form of imperfect competi tion in which there. are only a few producers as compar- ed to perfect competition where there is a large- number of producers.
general feature eligopoly is that the price policy of
firm is influenced by that of its competitors. This can be subdivided inte perfect and imperfeet oligopol (1)perfect oligopoly In perfect oligopsly, the commodity is hone- géneous and consu→ era have no prefer- ence for the product of one firm as compared with another. A price cut by ne firm will
lead to similar price cuts by other producers, Hence the largest firm- will usually become
the price leader, (2)imperfect oligopoly
In this situation, -some degree of
differentiation exists between the products of differ- ent firms. Even a slight differentia- tion in the product
Mnoh
(iv) Cr2by
(vi) (7gC1g
(vii) Ca≥0,
Call
help of the equa
the following observatiñami (i) Bleaching
ions
a powder smells strongly of chlorine and gradually loses its bleaching power on expraise to air. (ii) A colourless
explosive gas. is evolved when zinc is added to dilute sulphuric acid. However, the evolution of the gay can be speeded up by adding. copper (II) sulphate into the mixture, A piece of blue litmus paper turns red when put into dilute sulphuric acid but becomes darkenet when put into concentrated sulphuric acid, (iv) noth glucose and.
sodium chloride. white powder.
報日僑華
will make one product not a
perfect substitute for another. Under these conditions, competition tends be very keen and many firma may employ masa: advertising or price-cutting strategies. (c)nonspoły
一期星
日十二月二十年二八九一曆公年一十七國民華中
Argument 15.Ang
附加數
(十三)
In the strictest meaning of the term, monopoly occurs only when there is one. producer of a commodity for which
there is no substitute,
Colten.
situation, « referred to as absolute monopoly. This is quite rare in real life to have only a single producer of a product and even rarer to have no ̈ substitute for the product at all. Thus the term monopoly is often used to describe forma
very imperfect competition as in the following situations: (1)when one firm or a
group of firm work- ing together. controla a large proportion of the total supply of a commodity, For.. instance, most of the world's supply of rubber comes- from Malaya. (2)when it is westeful
to duplicate a given service as in the case of public utilities.
(5)patent rights -
patent is a grant to the inventor of a new machine or idea, giving him 8 mono- poly of its use for a certain period.
prare monopoly
in the home market may be protected from foreigx competition by means of a tariff on imperts, thus giving rise to a menopoly situation.
However, an aqueous solution of glucose is a poor conductor. of electricity shile an aqueous solution of sodium -chloride conducts
electricity readily.
2.57 g of a compound
p of formula
50, 1,0
is completely dissolved in 23
of 2 M sodium hydroxide and tire resulting mixture can exactly neutral- ize 16 cm of 1. M hydrochloric acid, (1) Write the equations
of the reactions involved.
(ii) Calculate the value of X in the formula 30X0
Question 21%
(a) is abown in the
diagram below a zi rod is placed in 10M zinc sulphate
solution inside a porous pot. The pot with its content is then placed in a breaker containing copper plate agent enpper (11) sulphu solation. When the key is closed, a current is registered. by the ammeter.
Key
anmeter
coppet. plate
-zinc
IM
pot
CuSOA
IM
Zn804
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Additional Maths (13)
S.F. Ko
MILE & DALE PRESS LTD
Complex numbers, I Worked examples:
1. Expresa
1-co86–i sing in the form x+1Y.
Soluti
tion:-
(1-c080)-ising
(1-cose)—usine
(1=c080)+isinė
(1-co90)+isine
(1-cose)+isine
2
(1-cose) +910
1-cos0+isine
2-2co80
1-(1-sin^2)+
1(2singcosg)
2-2(1-28in
20ing(sing+icos)
4sin
icos
sing
- (1+icot)
ot
2. Find the modulus and
argument nử
Solution: -
The polar form of 4+41
4/2(cos45 +isi
- 4/2ci845
The polar form of 1+=
(cos30+isin30)
8300
11
1/2c1945
2/6cis(45 2bcis15
Inedulus -= 2/6
(i) Write ionic.
equations of the reactions at the zine rod and the copper plate respectively.
ould there be an electron flow from
Y to Y in the external circuit? Explain your
answer briefly'.
(iii) In what direction
would the..
sulphate fonë
pass through the purons pot?.
(iv) Vould there be any
change in the
colour of copper(11)
sulphate solution?
·(v) If the cooper plate changes its mass by 2g at the end of the experiment, what would be the corresponding change in the mas of the zine rödg (vi) State three changes
you would observe when the zone rod and 1 Mn50, solution are replaced by a
silver rod and Unser
nitrate solution. angpectivedes
(b) Several reactions
were carried out on an alkanol A
as shown in Marrom below.
Identify and name the substances W. X, Y and restertively,
3. Find the locus of the
point z such that
122+1
-x+iy intó
Solution: - Putting the equations
(2x+1)+12y|
√ ( 1−y)2+x Squaring hoth.
(2x+1)
4[1-2y+y=
Which is the requi. Jocus of z.
Exercise
Exp
as the following in the form a+bi
(a)
còse-isi në
1+cosu-i sinf
(c) 5+41.
Find the modulus and argument of the
following expr
(a)
11/3
11#3
(i+=+
-(c) cosf+isinë
Sisina
asions:
Find the locus of such that
}2+1
(b) |Z~1|+|2+1} = 4 (c)2]2-2|=|z-61}
(^)
Given that z=x-iy and fzfa), slow
that z 7×1, where 7 is the conjugate of
(b) If e, ∞ are also
compler numbers, and 67+140, using the result of (a), find the value of
according to the
TUPAC systeme,
alkene:
Na
A:
alkanoic acid.x
a white solid
Ichloro-alkane
(ii) State the
is
reagent (s) and conditions neces- sary for converting A. separately to W, Y and Zuive equations of each of the above conversions. iii) It compoun; w
heated alone under high pressures and in
the presence of
catalyst, a compound with a large relative molecular mass is obtained.
(1) What is the
compound formed? (2) Give an equation of its formntion
(iv) Give the name and
the structural formula of a
isomeric with
Compound. P which
(v)
compound Y.
Compound W can react with hydrogen:
chloride to give the compound P. Write an equation of the reaction.