真四第張四第 日一廿月十年戌壬夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
the higher the prices the smaller
中學會考試題預習專欄
1983
經濟 (+-)
【明德出版社蔯勵德
王啓光
提供資料
deanonics (1)
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Deaand
1.0
0.5
The defin
dengid
commodity does not only means the need or the desire for that commodity. If refera to the amount or quantity of it that people are willing to buy at various prices. It is the willingness coupled with the ability to buy that commodity at a price,
To distinguish demand from wants and need, demand for a commodity is back. up by the ability to
purchase it. în
economic theory, demand always means effective demand,
Demand Curve
There is a tendency for a buyer to buy
more of a commodity. at a lower price than at a higher price.
Individual demand means the quantity of the commodity demand- ed by an individual.
Market demand means that the total sum of demand for a commodity by all individuals in the market.
An individual's
demand for a commodity at differ- ent prices during a given period of time can be compiled iúto a. schedule,
Price of
orange
(8/per
unit)
Quantity dewanded "of Mr. Afor oranges per month
10 ∙19.
20
23
27
28
30
Putting the above
table into a diagram,
downward sloping
curve can be drawn. The curve represents
tie state of demand
at a particular time.
The vertical axis refera to the price scale and the hori zontal azis refers to the quantity demanded of Mr.A for oranges.
Fice
: Individual
•Demand Curve
for orange.
20 25 30 35 |
Quantity demanded
Mr. A for orange.
The demand curve clearly shows that
quantities would be demanded. It slopes
downward and it is
moving from left to
right, introducing
the law of demand.
The law of demand
statea that the lower
the price of a conmodity...
"the
greater will be the quantity demanded. In.
other words, the quantity demanded by an individual or the whole market is inversely proportion- al to the price of that commodity.
Therefore, the aggregation of the 'demand curves of a individuals in the economy is called market demand curve", Its shape is likely that it will also slope downwards from left to right, as shown in the below.. diagram.
P(Price)
Come
(Quantity demanded for a commodity)
ITT
Change in demand
A change in demand" is different with a change in quantity demanded"
A change in quantity demended means the changes of the quantity demand- ed in respect of m range of price changes. It is the response to changes in the price of the commodity and is the movement along the demand curve.
A change in demand Heäns that a greater amount or smaller amount of goods and services ís demanded without any changes in the price.
A change in demand involves a shift in the demand curve.
If the curve moves towards the left. (from DD to D
• D1D1)
en there is an
rease in demand, hown in FIG.A.
Price of the commodity.
"Di
Quantity demanded for
Commed
If the curve nove's. backward from DD te DyDg, it is said
that there is an decrease in demand as shown in FIG.B.
不隨禮柯多新彩,無報請遠 另報拜式采穎色8任販就道 收附出印多雜華 § 訂閱 費送版刷姿誌僑迎閱向戶
報日僑
Price of the commodity
Quantity demanded
IV. Factors affecting
change in Market 'demand.
The tastes and prefer- ences of the consumers
It is said that the taste and preference of the consumers would affect the purchase of goods and services. Every household is different, and even members of the same. family have different: tastes and preferences.
Riligious, social and economic factors. can affect the choice of consumption in food, clothing, living conditions, entertain- ment and recreation of the citizens, Since, there may have differ- ent racial groups in a country, the summation of the individual demand plays a major part in deciding total demand plays a major part in deciding total demand for a commodity or service.
Nowadays, consumers are mostly affected by the advertising
strategies promoted by firms. They may be attracted by the fashionable commodities.
2.The income of the
households.
Family income is one. of the major factor in determining family's consumption. Those higher income families will spend more on
consumption goods. The real income of the families determine the bousehold purchasing power. If there is inflation problem in the economy, the general price level would be increased, leading to the decrease of purcha purchasing power of the householda, As a result
there must be less quantity demanded.
If there is a general increase in the income of the socieyt, an increase in demand will be caused.
3. The necessity of the
commodity
If the goods are necessities and they are demanded by everyone in the gociety, the charge in demand will be reduced to a certain extent. For examples, food and drink are necessities in our life, Some goods, such as tobacco and alcohol, are habit-forming.
The prices of other goods
If the goods are closely substitute for one another, the price of the commodity would
日期星
substitution goods. Even then the goods ̈ are not substitute to each other, the demand for a commodity would be affected because. there are many possible altomatives of satisfaction avail- able to the consumers.
5. The size of the
population of the country
If the country is densely populated and the population is increasing, many people are going to be fed and clothed. As a result, there are greater demand of the food, drink, clothes and housing in the society, and the
deband for necessity goods will continue to increase.
The distribution of income among the population of the government
If government tries to use the tax system to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor, greater equality would be achieved,
Taxes may be imposed. to reduce the demand for a commodity, For example, excise duties have often been imposed on imported good so as to reduce the demand for then.
歷史(十一)
日五月二十年二八九一公年一十七國民華中 有教僑華
明德出版社胡應亮提供資料
HISTORY (11)
Philip Y. L. Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Describe the background. structure, aïms and weaknesses of the United Nations.
The United Nations was the continuation of the cooperation among the Allied Powers ag
against Nazi Germany and militarist Japan during the Second World War (1939-1945). Since the League of Nations
(founded in 1919), the idea of an international body for
maintaining peace had not been given up. Before 1939 the USA tried to keep herself: isolated from European affairs. However, she was willing to cooperate closely with western: European countries after 1945 - against Soviet Russia and her allied states.
detailed and long-term
preparations for the
United Nations. In 1944, representatives of the USA, Britain, and Soviet Russia (Inter replaced by China) met 962 21920, and for sit seek a sok the omin outlined of
estate
གའ་ Dunbarton
*
Washington).
Joint proposals. known as the Dumbarten Oaks Proposals were sent to other governments, though after much disagreement. It was only after the Yalta meeting between Churchil1 Roosevelt and Stalin in 1945 that agreement was reached, Later in the year, a United Nations Conference on Inter- national Organization was opened at San Francisco. The small states tried. change ta proposals of the Big Three. (tue Ta Britain and Soviet Russia), Nevertheless, after changes in certain aspects, the Charter of the United Nations was created, without much change of what had earlier been planned at Dumbarton Oaks and the Yalta. The United Nations was thus established.
Structurally, the UN had several parts. There was a General Assembly in which each of the member states is represented and given one It is the main body of the UN., luen important issues like peace, security or membership
vote..
are involved, a two-third majority is necessary for any decision. Because all members are represented, it has been called "the town meeting of the world"
Second, there is - Security Council. It is. composed of only 11 members, with five of them (the US, Britaiù, Soviet Russia, France and Chine): permanent and the other six elected for 2 years from the General Assembly. The Council has the power to call upon. other members of the UN for air, naval or land forces to maintain"or" restore order. However, all important decisions require an unaninousTM agreement of all the permanent members plus the votes of two non- permanent members. So the
the World, Hank
Fifth, an International Trusteeship Council administers and super- vines territories which
its are placed under
control until stable self-government and improved economic and social couditions here been achieved. Sixti, an înternational Court of Justice acts as the UN's main judicial organ. Finally, an International Labour Organization (ILO) tries to improve working conditions throughout the world.
Thus one can see that the gains of the UN are not only political but social and economic even cultural -in nature. But the most important objective was keeping of inter national peace and security by providing a meeting place where peace talks could be held and actions Lo maintain peace could be taken.
And yet, in trying tô realize these aime, the UN-was ot always successful The UN suffered many weaknesses, Like the League of Nations it lacked permanent and effective. power to carry out its decisions. To settle international disputes, the Security Council could use mediation or arbitration, or imprse econonic or politisa} sanctions, or use an "internati onal police farce" to be provided by member states. Yet the Gold War, which saw the say the rivalry between the USA and Soviet Russia (two. most important UNY members), prevented such a force from coming into being. Nevertheless, in
international disputes. over Korea, Suez or the Congo, the UN was able to recruit troops for intervention.
Indeed, disagreements amore. the Great Povers; mainly between Soviet Russia on the one hand
n the USA on the other, handicapped the UN greatly. Soviet Russia always voted against proposals in the Security Council. Thus the
the Council, could not take
measures to presĽIVE"
{Peace Later, the
General Assembly was given power to consider
many matters previously
Council did not have really reserved for the effective power,
Third, a Secretariat,
Security Council. But then, because of tlie "
the
consisting of a Secretary-state one vote" rule,
General and his staff, carries out the UN's work. Also, the Secretary-
who is appointed General by the General Assembly, is responsible for bring- ing to the attention of The idea of a United
the Security Council any Nations originated in the situation that threatens Atlantic Charter of 1941, peace. Fourth, to enlarge when Roosevelt of the USA the UN's activities to and Churchill of Britain non-political fields of met and agreed to set up such an international organization.
Then in 1942 the USA, Britain, Soviet Russia and China made a joint: declaration known as the United Nations Declara- tion. In 1945, the Ваше countries made the Moscow Declaration, in which they proclaimed their determination to put the idea into practice.
Under
co-operation, an Economic and Social Council makes studies and reports on international matters in economic, social, cultural, educational, and health matters. this Council there are specialized committees. and commissiens, such as the Commission on Human Rights, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
be seriously affect In contrast to tue lack Organization (UNESCO),
by the decrease in prices of ita
of planning regarding the establishment of the League of Nations, the Allies carried out
the World Health
Organization (WHO), the Food and Agricultural
| Organization (FAO)
報日僑閱訂期長請
5
-49 1 1 8 1
influence of the Third World states (under- developed or developing countries) was dig- proportionally increased because many. Afro-Asian. nations had entered the UN, MAfrican states,
tor instance, lind" 30% -. of the fence) Assembly's votes, but only 10% of the world's population.
. Some face a even, the finance of the TM became a problem. When important interests of the Great Powers and been involved, such as the Soviet-American.” crisis over Cuba in 1962. the UN failed to play any significant part. Peace- was kept more as a result of the balance of nuclear terror than because of the UN. Nonetheless, the contributions of this: world body must not, at the same time," be overlooked.
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