圈影攝育教頁三第張七第二日三十月十年戌壬啬夏

1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟及公共事務

明德出版社王啓光提供資料

-陳勵德

Economic & Pablic

Affairs (10)

|K.K. Wong & L.T, Chan

MILL & DALE PRESS · LTD

Question:

What would be the possible economic consequences if

1) the salary tax in Hong Kong were to be raised

* by 251

2) Hong Kong were t好

impose a tariff on all importa?

Anaver:

If the Hong Kong

Goverument were to

the salary tax, the

economis consequences

could be summarized as follewa:

1. The incones of all

households would

decrease owing to the

higher tax payments,

As a result, the disposable income

·family will be reduced leading to lower

parchasing Doua

01

the family. This condition is especial- ly true for the lower- income group in Hong

of salary Kong. If2% tax rate were to be raised, most of the families will be

affected.

Since the decrease disposable income of rach family will

lessen the consumption

the aggregati

for the

cousedities in the

whole economy would

decrease. In this case

the real income of each household would

have been diminished.

Consumers will tend to

buy more necessity

goods rather than

luxury goods because

their disposable incones dirinish when

tax increases..

General price level in the economy may be affected. It may decrease or start to decrease through the working of market. mechanism in local laissezfaire economy. However, the decrease: of price levelis only to a certain extent.

The working incentives of labour would be discouraged because their earnings are closely related to their taxes. Workera may decline to work hard or to work overtime as leisure becomes more attactive to them.

6. Workers of lower-

income group.

b may have to vork/nore" so as to offset their losses due to increase of.间 saliry tax, Although they would work more. the production efficiency would not be improved because their work incentives would have been

- discouraged..

7.

The ability of savings in the whole economy

可片可把 按摩

自路:

合動,只有

WAH KIU YAT PO

would be reduced. because of higher taxation. As the real incume of the house- hold decreases,

family will save up less money than before In the econumy, fixed deposits would diminisha, And its decrease e will be more than the decreise, of demand deposits and saving 'deposits. Accordingly, the creation of bank credit would be hindered

cost, an overall rises in rent, vages and other cost

production ng to

of production vill1.

caused. It is not easy for those, small labour intensive industrial ulita to operate. They may shut down because they are unable to bear the losses, Meanwhile unemployment problem would happen reduction of savings.

The amount of investi ment

t in a family would decrease, lending to the reduction of *ggregate investment level of the viole economy, Consequently capital accumulation' may be impeded,

The distridution of income in the society would be more even because these higherw income group woa have to pay greater amount of tar than before, on the other hand, the increase of taxation will lead to greater goverment revenue. This mount

自其可可位法去在要拍

自牶每很上把振機

的部全可機不能

開校,相在以固過

包拍。好例挑道了定用在

李者又時如基底,在丁

用上作者定控

報日僑華

of money can be spent- en various social services and it will benefit the aociety and redistribute income.

If the Hong Kong: Government were to impose tariff to all imports, the possible coozamie consequences could be summarized as followst 1. As Hong Kong is lack

焼聲頻動作採襟開闊

of raw And

natural

resources,

domestic production depends largely on imported raw Materiala and resources,

Importers vould certainly raise up the prices of those imported goods in order to offset the losses in tariffs. As a result, the cost of production will be raised in local manufacturing... industries.

2. The increase of

production coat will affect the produc- tivity and the overall output level. Hong Kong has long been export-oriented and "it. ia likely that Hong Kong is going to diversify the foreign marketa by the way of exparting products of light industries and heavy industries. The imposition of tariff will hizuler local industrial diversifi- cation and the discouragement of rage local exportsvill affect the economy of

Hon. Kung

動出不物。圍,謂法只時形程生相育淡得別相他

·機饑感受色影近,影詢會,包

,恩愛四成 家本主所值

者個美觀 沙银行

【近交臨滿 彩龍柳醉藥

•來家寄承曾選術

觀介會千黑球 斯作繫小

六期星

日七廿月一十年二八九一圈公年一十七國民華中

3. Although Hong Kong is now suffering fromi world protectionism especially from the restriction of textilea exports by European Economic Community, the development of local economy still mainly depends on föreign trade. If the foreign trading companions take revenge on Hong. Kong, more tarif堂堂: would be imposed to Hong Kong exporta. Thus will put Hong Kong into a disadvant- age position when compared with other trading competitors. The imposition of tariff will encourage the: exercising force. of protectionists.

4. The rise of production

cost will lead to the rise of the prices of domestic products. In this case, the general price level of local product will be bid up

As the prices of imported foreign goods

the prices increase,

of local goods and services will be stimulated.

Consequently, an

7. Tariff will discourage local consumers to buy foreign goods because

of the rise of the prices of foreign goods. It would benefit the sales of domestic products and it would help the development of Local industries.

8. Imports would be

reduced and part of the consumption of foreign luzury goods: would diminish, A® * result, the imposition of tariff can protect local new established new industries because it makes the imported goods to have less competitive power,

9. Tariff can also

prevent ⠀ * dumping!» That is to say tarifi can protect local producers against dumping of foreign goods on the local market at a much lower prica.

To sum up, the imposition of tariff in Hong Kong's importa can only benefit local-- economy to a certain extent. In the long run, inflation and unemploy- ment problems may be induced owing to the

| reduction of internatione

al specialization of

inflation problem will labour and the achieve- happen.

6. Local goverment.

revenue will increase

in a short run.

在夫来些旦院近

可以完成任務,例如: 5 採用這種辦法觴直無法等改裝而成爲獐影遙控| 制的,太長電綫內阻就頭內。 近一點,遙拍大,影喰作,一千呎 在遙控橇影,拍爱 我形 鹹的近親,更無從可以分,但電模長度是受一定限一暗樣起來,不然會攝入 遠無法看清楚些星球 十呎三十及六十呎。問題,發射接娶巧妙 在此情况就需要盖遠控 及可靠。通常面現接收器互相對向成一 離拍攝法,否則我們米成有售之鏈長分别是直接,因此也帶來小小一是遙控拍攝。 - 人造衡星飛近去拍攝, 電路開合,方法舘 用發射機,而發射機與拳也不大。 岳法除應用於天文上,是其最大極限。瓶號攤,無法取景,有貼憑經驗(四)雪地之舟。、馮志峰、陳悉座、奇

頭,我們利用無人駕誌 及用普通電器開關本作|過用無賴遙控時,需要時景深長,輕微對焦不

·斯通橋況下拍摄,以利用電視遙控器,法雖然可舞,但實來工 我們用手持式或三脚架 廚門時動器,室內燈光 作起來感铗本身可能構成 ,但有此特殊情形下, 時間劃及防盜警告系統,成問題,妨码人以走動及運氣了。在此得况下、胡森智、王庚、朱 :利用或衰来段引出本铷瓶里站二百呎「不,被攝範圍大一點,同焘章、東推出、馮唐老 〔三〕海湖天空任

多,但價格獄一貼。其豪糊,一般採用廣角鶯、李鐵錚、第夏盛、梁 〔二) 槓式死亡,當抵珍、饢莎佳。

無良 控器則方便,爲了安全,滅了畫寳英、楊長榮、黃豆坤 (一)遊四海: 說山、藏立島、劉志立 本刊道段面片完全一許英雄、李枫泉、香焯 一脚、葆凡、易陽辣、

·李國祥、黃兆富•

其便動

中華攝影學會

十一月份月賽

楊榮

林榮發、事國泉、林果」、許勝利、岑家寶、广 豐、聞立點、陳少商、順林,楊醫基、林東榮 黃美新、鄭國明,朱兆一,棋林、網樊玲、李

KRES":

史成、冯浩街,黏透否一黎忠黎、安溪默。

彩色照片組: 初明、吳園燥三位碎選,成枝結果如下... 中野攝影學會十一月份月美邀葫林藝青·

英聯邦攝影比賽

、同志強,陳若有

位拍友只有

香港會第三十七屆沙龍

一橫麼,後榮、霆最榮

機同時變光,可以分别 一按取就可以分多部相

每次最多按一個打 不過利用遙控辦法,他

彩色照片組

#柱石著會用十三祖 從不同角度及觅着拍得·潘第三十七屆香港國際 生、關彼得先生、廣景利時) 體育集中,有一批【第一個香港藝術中心該會」根先生,周宗溥先生,JGEORGES T #) 提菇去拍。又好如生前發布。油一陳復禮先生、張雄川先HOMAS(賴) 銀像:翁瑞祺香 攝肜沙銀黑白照片及彩 齐先生及徐慶堂先生,像:柔其正香

·由香港攝影學會主 梁亞文先生、先 德保法蘭斯〔比香港

PSA金牌:码素

全部實香港影友新

神舟族类,拍者在現場出 在有用,因含如果不 即動相機失打。一直到各公观影友 這些段計對拍野生動物,雄前黑白照片經經刳錄一業、文佛隊士頓、美颜(香港) 當被拍物走鹚警戒流速喜欣慰,建即介紹各秒|AGOPAL(印度),宜坤(香港) 了,現在還有一種所制,包照片各近一千二百 PSA金牌,C.·谢有数。 重鎮像·胡椒響(香)[FIAP銀牌:李

安順生命危險把自己吊 拍一些特殊鏡頭 拍者 又有些時候,毀了 素色照片组入

三幀:陳志聚、黄宜題。 近接阿根廷BUENOSAIRES沙龍目錄,彩

幀:鄭正剛醫生一銀牌、連妾良一

入選三张:

入達四张: 炭燒 、錨董藥

一幀何術師、陳紹文、司徒、志你。

·黑白照片組入選 一幀:胡智、黄兆富。 二蚊:張變發一優異。 近接美國 DETROIT沙龍目錄,彩色照片組

黑白彩照評選結果揭曉

各實百區驭器地

. 黑白照片組

結果詳列如下:

-入这一張:

波波爐、麻贏,

·督意玉:何製本一

#) (

彩色幻燈片組:

優異:李【榮(風帆樂

季軍:杜祖八粥一角

·優異:陳兆(林中情影

亞軍:李桂榮八獨行夜騎士》

海軍:林榮珓八火珠別夜雅

·季軍:王家偉(力拼

-優異:韃文光(火雅賀佳節)

大桥翼联路

便異:陳兆其

镘與:李炳 麦兵:邱樂雄!

亞軍:邱樂雄

海軍:邱案進

邦文 介游之是三聯

各化紀。攝爲牌邦

梳地望

雪作威·活,邦邦 镪士,的藉 雅邦邦被

若何 文景 的互場土

三相纖

及比辦辦

港堂 日二发十比赛

又大物服 飄香廿人每月的多每亦金勝之參

空館香名港五通快八歲的個設*者

及盈藝 格術至品件,这形形 刑或獲秀品

可館三將參急件團主 类銅市量

發展月於加香日體題項牌政會市

港期‧中,幞局評政 影媽跌獺酒。頒定

八二年度攝影比賽

又:談會十二月份月夫定於十二月八日里,小斷業就真至遠作品,而必定初有名

.香港中華摄影學會,不阻題材,不限張數,

像:鄧嘉八街 FIAP銅棒:歌斂財,黃國良、黃銘集

|期三2晚在會所奉行。

麦盃:張寶藏印度、上) 租流八香港泉香港)、蘇偉程、常健全、林一彩色三港澳公開、獎品: YD

·金像:CTRAJ

去捲片一次,十分辨 本行撥片的。而且片

找並不十分實用, 一世曝光一次,拍者要走 。一般遙控相機是配

地方技 但事實记一

其自拍劇,校好時間,三頓:何漸如一優異。 一類:黃金馥:

◎每一部相携基本上一入選:四楨:飛袂械∴PSA金牌一優異,連意 二槍:陳紹文、陳志堅。

拍友共有電子常識,可

「用無良電迢控器+.如果

可直接引錢外出,或者 達(要嘉成電路閉合,

把引接在外面短路,即

一幀:胡熙智。.

·黑白照片組入選 二幀:張

、黄北富。

-級拔,帝雅芝(英國)

長榮(香港)

···駱八法國) BO"浪漫影友入選名單綠、慶惠文、王招平,影比赛定於十二月十六 OCKONICAT

[B MOORE(英

斜章:何國本二張、黃秋、何险本、莫珞岸黎鐵波、陳紹文、田均,各季比賽,賽会作品必一生都在20%

··也貴、杏斯塔〔印黃權,可笑。

·英國皇家攝影學會

尼)、MOLAMM|董源、方金后,歌來,西接就現,若進影友陳恩及家沈同位均考獲 祖流、呂文忠、郎嘉強均爲金銀業實易塲攝影股成員及大眾攝影會會員,實 湯、绍埤、英蜜冰嫣影會之ARPS名銜。按牌、李爾位 唐县沂、鎮戇鮈、王,痿影興純素潢,多年來參加盛際沙龍入选成積)豪彩

李光、陳恩考獲榮衡

│A():

·朱兆云、陳阿榮。 老积妮:庄篷,广偉胡札夫°C美啜]

大衆會活動

FIAP金牌:

#

.FIAP鍥練:上

·‘大衆攝影會主辦之八二年度大活動定於十二

“下月西貢行

-

成,龍振

並誤會李

環槁、費玉邁、陳威乔,甚毙,是次均以全套畫意彩色片投考,喜傳來

一、葉莖魚、對瑞祺、張,足證其技裔造诣已想一定之水準,成果並進作 其分店均可收

志光。

、那鮈、張偉林

根養、藝世江、區天興

·李光、潘德昌、陳

戆經、甘炳焊、料

辦合局市與會龍九

影紅當十由基,小七樓會六批 司司~~ 寶色四

友寶四即中有四間

交石大月日

相禁止起

子豪冲冲

商需各 宜日 影

樱探手· 大晚 压

花用比實上賽 色九有四香

拖拉賽粒七 三代

無花,實時‧於R=

相彩套 石俊十港擦

商品

,拍必行真 六鵝字数

綠綿藝牌鑰∽毪號碼、

牌m,相佳一凤10品

*單一名,相電Ò

·美國裔青攝影學會主辦一九八二年海外會員

陳張明將獲會士維

座北

上五香彩报公八病

一參撇七,八國 真時期腦港可 各港 色機司一

與加。時亦样一 IU~云中收 冲天冲冲公,一牌花暖機名蘆竹

公有有公。二世色選套康分 作一~五加推

談十影 ゚司限 雨~

式-除有美真特兒法逾台東外,並在農村、德 導鞫,楊水止,亦可於比安

烈苦、榮榮

夏龍

黃傑 鄉槪李鴻潔 陳新部興陳

#P

近奈美给JACKSON沙道目他,彩色節片組 星河參加環業新地 慕色冲印贊助全部展 大、中韩式

旺的,故是日所拍得之3R相片。不酴在何激冲,南庄通、王天龍、李董事長陳群布茹警頒發。 頭帶可供寫實攝影。是次以「我盛大衆精神」塔|殿榮、活碗精、張嘉業養會員有:麻重康、陳穎紅,四蕃將由紐約攻會一直南大函七時通提交到

三镇:志野一優異,何漸難一優異。

TAI CHEUNG :張伯根、LAU 黑白照片組入粱::

二幀:陳紹榮一優異,蕸改炬,胡智。

二十名。此外設特別獎三名 ·距 首多元之相機,季用專業三脚架,並起優異獎 品,冠軍得價值千多元之單鏡反光機。亞軍爲大、林時順 馮志辉、

光漢、漢銳榮、曹義阿

包括午餐飯盒及飲品兩包。無地點:大衆影 印花,則加盪同等價值之腾品、如冠軍可得相機|T NIGEL、黄明

界,特質、天馬、天,菲菲成與天藝印刷廠任、康康三、陳振明 兩部,如此類推)。參加費用好位二十五元正,發、李日環、任新台

「你思小姐連載。

麗康

栢耀光晔-入N、

羅蘇民攝影學院

習攝影作一般基硬。 由攝影搏的英俊而

招收各班新生

品、雄稻新、意发明,第一程作一系統教授。

雲印放烤甜椒,藥材處七九〇八。

萬能遠攝影畫廊展出

A勝亞 志白位

班影攝燈幻及色彩

工組負季,照、月會圖油 莵歡亮。下片彩市 一年作:三一片與黃賽十席,加底會導月,凱色政

單在滿小:一組,中由一地塊,各友師三辦及萬九,連。歡度可至八種業。至大车件 印然印 印一新一彩跌一;紀 動◌名路

吳,面亞小王Q;結緊藻月。市名醫界集由:班幻合購 號·容製於十家

麻心臟、冠果、张月九政 適用人實際開 定燈辦會 亞冠成榮動類:願龍軍如强爆 份龍局 往全止,海輝 於照之與

自自少對新

魏出心 人生鏌影。推撇 能期得像。他類陞少南 參閱。拜從是有君女

云必料水十位享誌 像減 拍

炳構,機圖中的少女》

光才

期:

ment of economies of

scale may be hindered. în the whole, the standard: of living in Hong Kong r

not be improved and

遙遠控制攝影術子青

it may worse than before. Local citizens must bear the social cost of tariff.

圈影攝

石单

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