A.. Nationalism means patriotism and
報日僑華
France and Germany (after 1890) often quarrelled with each other. Not a
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日十三月八年戌壬歷夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1983
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HISTORY (4)
Philip Y.L. WOO
Mill & Dale Press Ltd.
The causes of the First World War (1914–18) were
of two kinds.
1. Underlying causes:
The Alliance System (which you have
learnt about) Imperialism
Nationalism. Militarism
Immediate causes They refer to the happenings from late June 1914 to early August the same year, when each of the great povers took some steps that in the end led to the outbreak of a world war. You have learnt about that too. In this issue, we shall take a look at the underlying causes (except the Alliance System) and the responsibilities of the great powers for the war (immediate causes), as follows:
MILITARISM. This had the
following meanings: A. People were
enthusiastic for var or military things.
B. Governments built up
their military power.
C
Governments were
influenced by military men to adopt
expansionlist or war policies.
Militarism had the following effects: A. Armament buildup
This included larger and modernized armies and navies, new and destructive weapons, and military conscription (i.e. all adult males had to serve in the military for a period of time; in times of a war they would be
recruited by the government).
re
Influence of military leaders on stated policies – You will see that Germany's
decision
on both France and war on Russia in 1914 was due to the influence of military leaders.
C. War-like attitude
among the peopZEM
This made governments decide
e on a war
policy, or gave then an excuse to do so.
Armament buildup had the following aspects:
A. Increasing spending on military matters by the great powers,
B. Anglo-German naval
rivalry, especially after 1906.
Attempts were made to
check armament buildup. However, they were unsuccessful.
A The First Hague
Conference, 1899 - In that year, the Russian Tear suggested a
conference for
disarmament. The
· reason
son was that Russia needed much money for industrialization. The conference met at the Hague of Holland, However, very little had been achieved in disarmament.
B. The Second Hague Conference, 1907
In that year, another disarmament conference: was held, but nothing important was achieved too.
NATIONALISM
love for one's
fatherland.
Nationalism did not appear in Europe.
until the modern age (from about the 18th century on). From
1871 to 1914, European nationalism was very strong, due to these reasons:
(i) The unification
movements of Italy and Germany in the 1850s and 1860s Their success aroused
nationalist
emotion among different peoples of the world. (ii) Rise of the
modern state and nationalist propagande Unlike a feudal empire, the European modern state actively sought to promote nationalist
feeling among the people.
B. From 1871 to 1914)
there were these sources of nationalist conflicts:
(i) French desire to
regain Alsace- Lorraine from Germany France: lost these places to Germany in 1871, and might start another Franco German war to regain them.
(ii)Struggle for
independence among the different peoples in the Balkans - The Balkans was under
Austrian o
Russia influence or Turkish rule, However, Austria, Russia and Turkey were declining in. power in the 19th century. The Balkan peoples became active in fighting for independence. This created much trouble, since Austria and Russia had conflicting interests in the region. (iii)Colonial race.
Some European people wanted their governments to obtain colonies overseas for the sake of national glory.
C. Nationalism
contributed to the outbreak of the First World War in the se ways:
(1) The dispute
between Austria and Serbia in the summer of 1914 (that led to the world war in the
end) was basically
a result of
Serbia's nationalist attempt to challenge Austria. (ii)Kings and rulers
feared that if in
a dispute they showed weakness, their people would accuse them of being unpatriotic. Unwilling to buck down and risk losing face, these kings and rulers took strong measures against each other in a crisis like the Sarajevo
assassination. As it happened, this
led to war between them.
COLONIAL CONFLICTS
In Africa, East Asia and elsewhere, colonial: powers like Britain.
single colonial dispute Ted to any war between the great powers. Yet the relations between them were considerably worsened. For example; the relations between Britain and Germany w badly affected by:
A the British policy of
monopolizing the
B
major share of colonialism, anua
the German policy of challenging Britain an acquiring more
colonies.
Colonialism did not directly lead to the outbreak of the First World War. But because colonialism, the N relations between the great powers became more tense. This made it difficult to settle any crisis between the great powers.
RESPONSIBLITIES OF THE GREAT POWERS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
These are the
immediate causes of the
First World War. Each of
the great powers had its own responsibilities:
1. Austria - She intended
to make use of the
Sarajevo assassinati on
to teach Serbia a
lesson, so as to
raise Austrian
prestige and
to
strengthen the
diplomatic position of Austria in Europe in general and the political position of Austria in the Balkans in particular. The ultimatum that Austria sent to Serbia vas harsh and was meant to provoke war.. deliberately. Germany - She should not give unconditiona support to her ally, Austria, which made Austria even i more confident to make war on Serbia, Germany had little interest in the Balkans. Her support for Austria Was therefore meaningless. When
gia mobilized Russia troops, Germany made the decision to make war on both France and Russia. This turned the local dispute at Sarajevo into a general war among the great powers. Once German troops marched against France and later Russia, there was no hope for u peaceful settlement The Kaiser, Willian II, was a military man. He saw things in military terms. The steps he took (or approved) led Germany
to disaster.
3. Russia - She intended
to fish in troubled water during the dispute between Austria and Serbia. Unwilling to let Serbia crashed by Austria (which would increase, Austria influence in the Balkans), Russia. mobilized her troops. Although mobilization of this sort did not necessarily mean war, Russia was the first power to mobilize militarily. Once mobilization was underway, other powers feared that they might be left behind, so they mobilized too, such as Germany, and; Austria. This made a peaceful settlement difficult. In the end, Kaiser William II6€ Germany listened to the views of
六期星
militarists, who
日六十月十年二八九一肠公年一十七国民華中 育教僑華
argued for a quick war against both France.
and Russia.
France She was attacked by Germany,
and did not have much. responsibility for the war. The only responsibility was that France did little
tó
Rug Strain her ally
Russia thought that she could depend on France. Thus Russia adopted a strong policy against Austria and Germany. Britain Britain tried to arrange for a peaceful settlement after the Sarajevo assassination. But the attempt was
inadequate. British leaders believed that Germany and Austria would not dare to challenge France, Russia and Britain together. As it happened, this belief was wrong. When at the last moment Britain tried mure active ways to
mediate, it was too
late. War was on.
1983
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MILL & DALE PRESS: ITD. Division of labour
1. Introduction
2
Human being are interdependent because we cannot live without. the help of other members in the commu- nity We all special-
We all ize în some sort of job in the society in order to produce some useful commodities services. In other words, we cannot produce all the goods aud services we need for our survival. We can only participate in part of the produc- tion activities and exchange with others.
Therefore, specialization is essential.
For the same token, in modern economy, the production operation are so complex that there is an increasing use of capital in production and the adoption of mass production". system. Usually the production activities are divided
into different
and s
processes and sub- processes in which every process is assigned to particular group of worders or individuals. Therefore, only a small part of the work is undertaken by one person or a group, each of whom specializes in a single process.
By the same way, because of the existence of inter- national trade system different commodities are produced by different countries, depending upon climate sil, availability of raw materials and labour. It is also
tis said to be a kind of specialization into different countries,
Definition of division of labour
In a
narrower.
sense, division of labour means that the
Ba
manufacturing process is broken down into a series of separate activities, each of which is performed by a separate operation carried out by particular person or particular group of workers.⠀
In a broader sense division of labour means the separation of production into different stages and Occupations, which are carried out by different firms in manufacturing industries such as the spinning sector, weaving sector, knitting sector,
finishing sector and garment making sector.
In the broadest: sense, division of. labour may refer to international
division of labour which is the origin of international trade. It means that each country.
specializes in manufacturing some. products and exchanges it with the other countries through. international markets.
Consequently, each country would obtain comparative advantages. from the exchange behavior.
Aims of division of
labour
The main aim of division of labour system is to increase output. In other words, it can increase
the productivity by making full use of productive resource.s including labour, land, machinery and equipment so as to increase the quanti ty-
of the products and to
specialize in one product which is world famous.. Scotch whisky,
and Swiss watches are demanded everywhere y 5. Advantages of division
· of labour
A. increased out output, B. great skills of the
workers because of practicing e
C. a saving of time by: keeping to single process,
D. make full use of machinery and equipment,
E. provide more employ-
ment opportunities to the specialists, F. standardize the
quality of the products,
the workers would become less fatigue by maintaining the same pace în divisi on of labour, system, reduced cost of production,
For international
specialization of labour, each country'. can fully utilize its productive resources and there are greater comparative advatages over them.
6. Disadvantages of
division of labour
A. monotony of the worl B. greater risk of
unemployment because of highly specialized emplotment
Loss of job satis faction leads to decline of craftsmanship,
D. if there is delay in
completing one part of work, the entire production schedule would be hindered,
E the workery may suffer
perform occupational disease..
division of labour
improve the quality of 7. Limitations to products. As a result, through the division
of labour, production becomes more efficient and effective.
Types of division
labour
Simple division of labour
It refers to the specialization of one Lrade and industry by a particular specialist or firm or manufac- turing unit. For instance, in the economy there is natural division of production performed by various firms and people such as engineers, bakers, shoemakers and carpanters, etc. Complex division of Tabour
It refers to the specialization of more detailed process
sub-process by particular firm or production unit. It is the further
division of work into particular aspect of
a special trade,
Usually, the produc- tion processes are more complex. The breaking down of production process of
car manufacturing is an example... International division C of labour
It refers to the specialization of particular trade industry by the special country. Since modern technology has developed speciali- zatión so that the geographical·. ̧ specialization becomes possible. For example, each country would
Although the division system is generally of cabon used in modern manufacturing industries, there are.
some limitation.
The extent of the market
Since division of labour allows mass production, the output of production is increased in large. quantities. There is problem that some goods are not in mass demand such as bacon. cutters, ham slicers, etc. In other words, the markets demand of these goods may not need the mass production system. Sometimes the manufacturing can be performed by sole producer to the best of his ability. Technical impossibility
Sometimes it is difficult to sub- divide a production process into a number
of sub-processes. When each process has been reduced to a minimum · activity, it is impossible to make further division of Fabour possible,
Greater risk in praduction
Because of the breaking down of production activity the production of large output becomes more risky. Entre- preneurs will suffer from any economic declines such as inadequate monetary system, inflation problem and unemployment problem.