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·
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(短)一〇 六時,新闻商報,快哪,卅分,截國音樂
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1983
·中學會考試題預習專欄
地理
(=)
明德出版社李險業 提供資料
GEOGRAPHY. (2)
YY Lee
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD
Questions for Revisión:
The figure below shows the temperatures of three cities and their locations. Discuss the various factors giving rise to the
differences in their temperatures.
CITIES Jan, T. Jul. T Tokyo 3.0°C
Lanchow 0,5 c Foochow 11,6° C
25.0°c 28.3 c
27.9 c
LANCHOW
FOOCHOWS
Suggested Answers;
3. FACTORS GIVING RISE TO
DIFFERENCES IN
TEMPERATURES:.
Latitude
Foochow ïa warmer than Tokyo and Lanchow in winter and hotter. than they “in summer.. It is because they are located at different latitudes. Foochow, be being located at a lower latitude. than the other two cities, is heated more intensively be the sun in both seasons. The sun's rays, which fall
on Foochow at a larger angle, bring more heat aince they have travelled through a shorter distance in the atmosphere and spread over a smaller area. The other · two- cities, оп the other
are located at higher latitudes, so the
sun's rays fall móṛe obliquely and
leas
heat can be absorbed.
B) Distance from sea
Temperatures of
Tokyo and Lanchow are not the same although they are located at
latitude."
the same... Tokyo te warmer in winter and cooler in: summer than LanchoW, It is because air temperature of a place can also be affected by its distance from sea. Tokyo is located along the coast. Since water surface heats up more slowly than sea in summer, it is cooler than the land surface. If there is onshore wind, cooling effect can be felt at coastal city as in Tokyo. While Lanchow, on the other hand, experiences more extreme temperature because of its iuterior position. In winter, the heat of water body is lost. more alowly than land, so there is warming effect brought along by the onshore wind and affects Tokyo. But for Lanchow, the warming effect cannot be felt and because land loses heat more. rapidly, it is much colder than Tokyo.
c) Ocean current
The temperatures of a coastal city as Tokyo can also be affected by warm and cold ocean currenta such as the Kuro Shio aud Oya Shio, so the temperatures are not so extreme as those of Lanchov.
4. ISOTHERMS OF AN
CONTINENT
OCEAN
4.
Above is a
generalized pattern of distribution for summer and winter isotherms as they may appear
hypothetical continent
in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Deacribe the
characteristics of summer and winter temperatures as shown by the pattern.
Account for such a distribution pattern.
Suggested Answers:
Characteristics Comparison between the coast and interior
The isotherus, though in general run east-vest, do not follow the parallels exactly. In winter, isotherms bend strongly equatorward, which means that temperatures along the coasts are warmer than those of the interior In summer, the reverse is true - isotherms bend strongly polevard, indicating that the coasts are much cooler than the
interior. (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1(a)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WINTER ISOTHERMS
OCEAN
Winter T 4: 10°c
LAND
HIGH LATITUDE
B: -1
C:
OCEAN
LOW
LATITUDE
Winter Isotherm.. Summer Isotherm
LAND
OCEAN
(A & C are warmer than
B in winter)
Fig. 2(b)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUMMER ISOTHERMS
OCEAN
Summer
4: 10°C
B: 300
G. 20 °C
LAND
OCEAN
(A & C are cooler than
Din sumMÉ
2) Comparison between
the West and East Coasta
The isotherms strike: the western coast at a much higher latitude than the east winter
temperatures along the western coast are warmer than the Beastp
(Fig. 1(a), A
warmer than C).
ii)The summer
b
isotherms skew to the west summer temperatures on the western coast are” cooler than the east. (Fig. 1(b), A is cooler than C).
Reasons
1) Reasons for the more extreme temperatures in the interior:s
The coastal regions experience varner vinter:
temperatures and
cooler summer.
temperatures since they can be modified.
by the ocean, Water codies are always warmer in winter and cooler in sunner since they warm and cool more slowly than do land areas. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in land and water temperatures:
1) Water is mobile and experiences both vertical and horizontal movements which distribute heat energy absorbed at the surface throughout its masa, whereas
insolation
is
absorbed
by land only at the
surface and is
transmitted downward. slowly by conduction
ii)The specific heat
of water is bigher than that of land. That is, a given mass of water requir more heat energy to raise its temperature 1 than does an equal mass of dry land. Consequently, the same amount of insolation will produce a higher temperature on surface than on water surface,
land
Conversely, in cooling, water will have to lose a greater amount of heat than will land to produce
the same drop in temperature,
The general effect of the contrast in heating of land and water areas is to produce colder winters and hotter summers in the centre of continents than along coasts and over oceans, Coastal or marine climates tend to be moderate, experiencing no great extremes im either daily or annual temperature change
2. Reasons for the more favourable climate Ở thewestern coast
The western coast
of a continent always experiences a more. climate, with a summer and warmer winter than the east.
cooler
It is primarily due to the effect of ocean current, of which the effect is made more signigicant by the onshore prevailing winds.
Through the horizontal transport of ocean water in the form of currents and drifts, heat is carried from one part of the earth to another. As all of us know that an ocean current. travelling towards a pole will varm air which passes
øver ït, producing air temperatures higher than that would
normally be expected
for the latitude,
However, it should be noted that neither oceans, nor ocean. currents can have their maximum effect upon temperature unless the prevailing winds blow from water to the land. Prevailing wind direction and the movements of air masses have a direct influence
an a
the
average temperature of area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of
prevailing winds (Fig. 2):
Fig. 2
OCEAN CURRENTS AND PREVAILING WINDS
•·LAND
OCEAN
Westerlies
[NE Trades
·SE Trades·
・Westertica
Werm: Ocean Current. Cold Ocean Current Prevailing Winds
From the "aboy
can diagram, we
that winter
temperatures of the Western coast,
especially in higher
latitudes, can be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm air is brought to the land by oushore westerlies. In the northern part of the eastern coast, cold ocean current is following along, 'so temperature is lower, In summer, the southern part of the eastern coast is much hotter than in corresponding latitude on west side of the continent since the warm air above the warm water is brought Tandvard by the onshore NE trades.
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