頁四第張六第日七廿月四閏年戌壬歷夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1982
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Describe the economic
policies that Stalin
adopted for Soviet Russia from 1928 to 1937. What were the reasons for his adopting these: policies?
(a) What to include The first part of the question is easier tọ answer. However, do bear in mind that the period asked is only. 1928–1937. That means Lenin's New Economie Policy is not
required as far as this question is concerned. The second part of the question which calls for more argumentative. material should not be neglected. You can give the reasons before describing the economic policies, you can explain the reasons while
describing the
polícies systematic ally. On the whole,
the question is straitforward.
Or
(b) The following are the
main points you can include in an essay on such a question: In the introduc- tory part, you can explain the following reasons
før Stalin's adoption of his economic policies: (1)Need to
organize the
Russian economy along Communi at Tines
Because
of the social- economic
disorder following the Russian Civil War, Lenin had followed a New Economic Policy that relaxed measures for
turning Russia
into a purely
communist atate. By
1928, however
the Russian economy had been set in order, and the harmful economic effects of the Russian Civil War bad, become a thing of the past. So Stalin decided to
change Russia further into a communist country. (2)Shortage of
food supply for. workers in cities -Under Lenin's New Economic Policy many peasanta. “ ate their own produce rather than selling it
So there was not enough food for urban workers. Stalin wanted to: change this situation.
(3)Personal:
ambition”
Stalin thought
that some new
economic
policies replacing Lenin's would. strengthen his position in
Soviet Russia.
Stalin's
dictatorship
would become more solid too.
(4)Catching up
with the West's
economic power
Although
Stalin Was
ambitious
it
it was still true that he wanted Soviet Russia to catch up with the West in
economic power.
Don't forget that the relations between Russia and the Weat were very bad. in this period. Russia always wanted economic
aelf-sufficien-
cy.
Then you can describe the main. economic policies adopted by Stalin: Collectivisation
of agriculture: The privately. owned land of the peasants seized and
grouped into
state-run collective
farms. The peasants became atate employees under strict supervision. The farms had to meet the requirements of agricultural produce that the government laid down. The ba peasant's Income was a share in what produce was left after the collective farm had given the state an amount of agricultural produce. Because of this programme, millions of peasants were uprooted and deported,
vith much social violence and starvation. The results of collectivization were not
favourable;
becagemany:
farmers passively disobedied the government, agricultural productivity
fell rather than rising..
Five-year plans for industry: The Five-year
Plane Te
econony
adopted to develop the Russian more rapidly. With major industries in government hande, Stalin told the factory. organizers what and how much he expected then to produce. Some targeta were Bet for them to reach in 5. years. Steel mills, railways, coal and oil industries and other industries were built. The overall
objective was to increase industrial production on all lines. The First Fi Year Plan was from 1928, to
7.
郭台倫
1932. This
concentrated on. developing
energy, and
producer goods
such as stell roads and mining. However, consumer goods were neglected. The Second Five- Year Plan was from 1933 to 1937. Then transport
services and heavy industriea as well as some luxury goods vere given emphasis.
Consumer goods were also" developed. After 1936, however,
industry w&8
increasing K
changed to the production of armamente. This vas because of the threats to peace by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. There were other five-year plans, but they are not required in this question.
Give reasons for the holding of the Yalta Conference and the Man Potadam Conference during the Second World War. Describe the
he important
decisions of these two conferences that affected the settlement of Europe after 1945
(a) What to include The causes of the two conferences must be discussed in the background of the
Second World e
Both held
the defeat of Nazi Germany seemed almost certain to the Allies. So the main purpose of the conferences was to work out a plan for the settle- ment of Europe after the fall of Nazi Germany. This is why the second part of the question aska about those decisions concerning the post- war settlement. Don't forget this part of the question, TE
(b) The following
main points you can include in an essay for such an question: Causes of the Yalta Conference, February 1945A) (1)Need to discuss the
political settlement of Europe after the defeat of Nazi Germany – This has been discussed above (2)Wish of the USA to obtain Russia's support in the war against Imperial Japan - This was because the USA had been taking up the major part in fighting against Japan,
(3)Intention of setting
up a United Nations Organization → President Roosevelt Believed that such world body was necessary for post-
war peace.
ii, Major decisions
reached at the conference
(1)After the defeat of
-Nazi Germany,
Germany would be divided into four zones, each occupied by the USA, Britain,
France and Soviet Russid respectively After 1945, this
五期星
Ted to the division of Germany into a western, democratic one and an eastern, communist one. (2)Poland was to have
its frontier at the Curzon Line. This meant that some formerly Polish territory went to Soviet Russia, while some formerly German territory went to Poland. Soviet Russia obtained some formerly German: land too. After 1945, this accounted in part for Soviet expansion in East Europe (3)It was also agreed
that in countries liberated from Nazi conquest, "democratic'
governments" should be set up. However, Soviet Russia considered. communist governments to be perfectly
democratic. This paved the way for the setting up of communist govern- ments in East Europe after 1945. (4)More concrete
measures to form
the future United Nations were agreed upon.
iti. Causes of the
iv
Potsdam Conference, July 1945 – 1)Need to work out
further details. concerning the Yalta Conference Nazi Germany was defeated in May 1945. Allied forces occupied Germany, and it vas necessary for more concrete measures towards a post-war settlement. (2)Change of leaders
President Roosevelt died shortly after the Yalta Conference, and, Churchill of Britain fell from power during the Potsdam Conference Stalin was the
日八十月六年二八九一屣公年一十七國華中有教僑
had attended the Yalta Conference. Another conference was thus necessary
for the new leaders to meet and discuss previous agreements. (3)Worsening
relations between the Western Allies ( the USA, Britain, France) and Soviet
Russia Soviet Russia had taken up large patches of land and
encouraged the. :formation of
communist govern» ments during the defeat of Nazi Germany. The Western Allies wanted to do -Яomething about
this.: Major decisions reached at the conference →
(1)The settlement of
Poland was
confirmed. Soviet territories had
been enlarged. Later, Poland became a communist state dominated by -Soviet Russia.
(2) The division of
Germany among the Allies was confirmed too. A publicly declared aim of the Allies
was to re-unite the four parta of
Germany in future
Later, the three
.
parts occupied by Britain, France and the USA were united to form West Germany. However, the part under Soviet control became communist state, and this was East Germany.
(3)A similar of
division among the Allies was carried Cout in Austria.
However, Austria was later united to become a state again..
(4)The USA had always
hoped to win Soviet trust so that after the Second World War the two
countries coop tion would safeguard world peace. At the Potsdam Conference President Truman (who succeeded Roosevelt) knew about the ambition of Soviet Russia and became very suspicious. This marked the
8
beginning of the Gold War between the USA and Soviet Russia after 1945. On the whole the two conferences laid the groundwork for Soviet expansion in East Europe and the rise of communist states there Thia marked the beginning of the confrontation between the Western democracies and the Eastern Communist bloc after the Second World War.
Give reasons for economic cooperation among Western European countries: from 1944 to 1960. What: efforts at aconomic cooperation were there in the same period?
(a) What to include. – A
brief survey of the main efforts at economic cooperation vill do for the
second part of the question. Bear in
economic matters should be included, which means that topics like the Cold War can be omitted. For the first part the question, the reasons must be elaborated in greater Gepth. You can
explain the reasons before writing on the second part of the question. Or you can do so after pointing out the main efforts at econoníc cooperation.
i. Efforts at economic
cooperation
1. Cooperation in
sharing the Marshall Plan aid since 1947 The Marshall Plan.. (European Economic Recovery Program) vas financial aid sent by the USA to Western Europe. The Western European
countries set up a body called the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (QEEC) so as to make use 2. Prevention of var
France and Germany had been enemies for nearly a hundred years. Their unfriendly relations partly led to the First and Second World Wars. By 1945,
they were tired of var, its destruction
and so on. So they patched up their old hatred,
Threat of Communism - After 1945, much of Eastern Europe was under communist control. The Cold War started between the capitalist West and the communist East. The Western European countries feared the communism. They believed if a country's economy was sound and its. defence strong, communî sn could not succeed. Therefore they attempted
cooperation on economic and military matters. of the sid. The objectives were to re-construct. economies, to develop nations, ease payments of debts between nations, and to improve world trade. 2. Creation of the
Benelux, 1947 -- It was an economic union of Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, Thus the name. Later, France. and Britain joined in the Treaty of Brussels. 3. Creation of the
Council of Europe, 1948 - These five countries joined to form the Council of Europe. The aim was political unity. However, Britain did not want to give up too much independence.. Creation of the. Nordic Council, 1951
- It consisted of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, The aim was consultation on economic matters. 5. The Schuman Plan
(b) The following are the
main points you can- include in an essay. on such a q question: Reasons for economic cooperation
1. Decline of Europe.
Since the First World War,
European power as a whole in the world had been on the decline. The USA rose as a super-power. She entered the two world wars as a victor. After 1945, the USA and the USSR were the strongest povers the world. Sandwiched in between, the European powers found it necessary. to come together to stop Europe from further decline.
It was a proposal to place French and German coal and steel under common administra- tion, so that production could be more efficient. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 1951 – The aim was to create an economic community. The members vera France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Holland- and Luxembourg. Treaties of Rome 1957, and formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) The six
countries of the ECSC decided to set up the European Economic Community (EEC) or the Common Market in the
treaties of Rome in1957. 8. Formation of the
European Free Trade.. Association (EFT)fa 1959.